STEAM TURBINE

Diagram of steam turbine

WHAT IS TURBINE?
A turbine is a machine that transforms rotational energy from a fluid that is picked up by
a rotor system into usable work or energy. In others word, turbine is an engine that converts
energy of fluid into mechanical energy. Turbines achieve this either through mechanical gearing
or electromagnetic induction to produce electricity.

WHAT IS STEAM TURBINE?

The steam turbine is steam driven rotary engine which that extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.

MECHANISM OF STEAM TURBINE

Steam turbine is powered by the hot and gaseous steam. The steam energy is converted
into mechanical work by expansion through the turbine. Expansion takes place through a series
of fixed blades and moving blades. The blades fit snugly inside a sealed outer container so the
steam is constrained and forced past them at speed. As the steam each stage blading it expand as
it transfer its energy to the rotor so each stage ratings larger to capture as much energy.
it would be clear that a blade is a collection of airfoil cross sections from bottom to top.
When flow passes through such airfoils it induces a low pressure on bottom surface and high
pressure on top surface of airfoil as shown in figure below. This pressure difference will induce a
resultant force in upward direction, thus making the blade rotate.
After the steam passes through the turbine steam bath its exhausted into a condenser turn
back into condensate and return to the boiler to be made into steam once again.

REACTION STEAM TURBINE

In this type of turbine, there is a gradual pressure drop and takes place continuously over
the fixed and moving blades. The rotation of the shaft and drum, which carrying the blades is the
result of both impulse and reactive force in the steam. The reaction turbine consist of a row of
stationary blades and the following row of moving blades
The fixed blades act as a nozzle which are attached inside the cylinder and the moving blades are
fixed with the rotor as shown in figure
When the steam expands over the blades there is gradual increase in volume and decrease
in pressure. But the velocity decrease in the moving blades and increases in fixed blades with
change of direction because of the pressure drops in each stage, the number of stages required in
a reaction turbine is much greater than in a impulse turbine of same capacity.
It also concluded that as the volume of steam increases at lower pressures therefore the
diameter of the turbine must increase after each group of blade rings.

IMPULSE STEAM TURBINE

The steam jets are directed at the turbine's bucket shaped rotor blades where the pressure
exerted by the jets causes the rotor to rotate and the velocity of the steam to reduce as it imparts
its kinetic energy to the blades. The blades in turn change the direction of flow of the steam.
However its pressure remains constant as it passes through the rotor blades since the cross
section of the chamber between the blades is constant.

COMPRESSER

Diagram of air compressor

WHAT IS COMPRESSOR?
Compressor is a device that increase the pressure by decreasing the volume of the tank

FUNCTION OF AIR COMPRESSOR

Air compressor is a device that converts power into potential energy stored in pressurized

MECHANISM OF AIR COMPRESSOR

In an air compressor, there are two major parts a compressing system and a power source.
The compressing mechanism can be a piston or rotating impeller. As for the power, it is supplied
by an electric motor or other energy sources. The compressing mechanism, as the name suggests,
helps in compressing atmospheric air by using energy from the power source.
The basic working principle of an air compressor is to compress atmospheric air. In the
process, atmospheric air is drawn in through an intake valve, more and more air is pulled inside a
limited space. Since the amount of pulled atmospheric air is increased in the storage tank,
volume is reduced and pressure is raised automatically.
There is a pressure setting knob that can be change as per the demands of the operator. When
pressure in the receiver or tank increases to the maximum level, the pressure switch is shut off
and intake of air in the compressor is stopped. Contrary to this, when the compressed air is used,
the pressure inside the compressor falls. As a consequence, the pressure drops to a low setting,
and the pressure switch is turned on, thus allowing atmospheric air to enter the unit. This way,
the cycle of taking air inside the unit and removing compressed air continues in an air
compressor.

REFERENCE
STEAM TURBINE
1. Steam turbine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine)
2. Working Principle of Steam Turbine (http://www.learnengineering.org/2013/02/workingof-steam-turbine.html)
3. Mechanism Of Steam Turbine (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/steam-turbines.html)
4. Thermodynamics an Engineering Approach (Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles)

COMPRESSOR
1. Function of air compressor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressor)
2. How does an Air Compressor Works (http://aeomachine.com/article_read_54.html)
3. How it work: The Air Compressor (http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/howto/a151/how-air-compressors-work/)