Section 5.

Cauchys Residue Theorem

101

Solutions to Exercises 5.1

1. Write

1+z
1
= + 1.
z
z
f has one simpe pole at z0 = 0. The Laurent series expansion of f(z) at z0 = 0 is already given.
The residue at 0 is the coefficient of 1z in the Laurent series a1 . Thus a1 = Res (f, 0) = 1.
f(z) =

5. We have one pole of order 3 at z0 = 3i.

Laurent series of f around z0 :

3
z 1
1
3
=
[(z + 3i) + (3i 1)]
z + 3i
(z + 3i)3


1
(z + 3i)3 + 3(z + 3i)2 (1 3i) + 3(z + 3i)(1 3i) + (3i 1)3
=
3
(z + 3i)
(1 3i)
(1 3i) (3i 1)3
= 1+3
+
+3
z + 3i
(z + 3i)2
(z + 3i)3
Thus a1 = 3(1 3i) = Res (3i).
9. Write

z+1
1 z+1
=
.
z1
sin z z 1
Simple poles at the integers, z = k, z 6= 1. For k 6= 1,
f(z) = csc(z)

Res (f, k)

1 z +1
sin z z 1
z+1
(z k)
= lim
lim
zk z 1 zk sin z
k+1
1
=
lim
(LHospitals rule)
k 1 zk cos z
k+1
1
(1)k k + 1
=
=
.
k 1 cos k
k1

lim (z k)

zk

At z0 = 1, we have a pole of order 2. To simplify the computation of the residue, lets rewrite f(z)
as follows:
1 z+1
sin z z 1

=
=

We have

1 (z 1) + 2
sin z
z1
1
2
+
sin z
(z 1) sin z

1
2
, 1) + Res (
, 1);
sin z
(z 1) sin z
1
1
1
Res (
, 1) = lim (z 1)
=
(Use lHospitals rule.);
z1
sin z
sin z

Res (f, 1) = Res (

Res (

2
, 1) =
(z 1) sin z
=
=

d 2(z 1)
dz sin z
sin z (z 1) cos z
2 lim
z1
(sin z)2
cos z cos z + (z 1) sin z
2 lim
=0
z1
2 sin z cos z
lim

z1

102 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

So Res (f, 1) = 1 .
13. The easiest way to compuet the integral is to apply Cauchys generalized formula with
f(z) =

z 2 + 3z 1
,
z2 3

which is analytic inside and on C1(0). Hence

Z
z 2 + 3z 1
1
2i
dz = 2if(0) = 2i( ) =
.
2 3)
z(z
3
3
C1 (0)
Note that from this value, we conclude that
Res (

z 2 + 3z 1
1
, 0) =
z(z 2 3)
3

because the integral is equal to 2i times the residue at 0.

17. The function
f(z) =

1
z(z 1)(z 2) (z 10)

has simple poles at 0 and 1 inside C 32 (0). We have

Res (f(z), 0) =

1
1
=
(0 1)(0 2) (0 10)
10!

Res (f(z), 1) =
Hence

Z
C 3 (0)

1
1
= .
1 (1 2) (1 10)
9!

dz
z(z 1)(z 2) (z 10)

2i ( Res (f(z), 0) + Res (f(z), 1))

=
21. The function

2i

1
1

10! 9!

18
i
10!

ez
z6
has a pole of order 6 at 0. To compute the residue at 0, we find the coefficient a1 in the Laurent
serie expansion about 0. We have

1 z2
1 X (z 2 )n
e
=
.
z6
z 6 n=0 n!
f(z) =

It is clear that this expansion has no terms with odd powers of z, positive or negative. Hence a1 = 0
and so
Z
2
ez
dz = 2i Res (0) = 0.
6
C1 (0) z
25. Same approacha s in Exercise 21:
sin z
z6

=
=

z 2k+1
1 X
(1)k
6
z
(2k + 1)!
k=0


1
z3
z5
z

z6
3!
5!

Section 5.1

Coefficient of 1z : a1 =

1
5! ,

103

so
Z
C1 (0)

29.

Cauchys Residue Theorem

sin z
2i
dz = 2i Res (0) =
.
z6
5!

(a) The Order of a pole of csc(z) =

1
sin z

is the order of the zero of

1
= sin z.
csc(z)
Since the zeros of sin z occur at the integers and are all simple zeros (see Example 1, Section 4.6),
it follows that csc z has simple poles at the integers.
(b) For an integer k,
Res csc z, k

=
=
=

(c)

lim (z k) csc z = lim

zk

zk

1
zk cos z
(1)k
.

lim

zk
sin z

(lHospitals rule)

Suppose that f is analytic at an integer k. Apply Proposition 1(iii), then

(1)k
Res f(z) csc(z), k =
f(k).

33. A Laurent series converges absolutely in its annulus of convergence. Thus to multiply two
Laurent series, we can use Cauchy products and sum the terms in any order. Write
f(z)g(z)

n=

an(z z0 )n

bn(z z0 )n

n=

cn(z z0 )n ,

n=

where cn s obtained by collecting all the terms in (z z0 )n, after expanding the product. Thus

cn =

aj bnj ;

j=

in particular

c1 =

aj b1j ,

j=

and hence

Res f(z)g(z), z0 =

aj bj1.

j=

37. (a) We have, Exercise 35(a), Section 4.5,

J0 (z) =

1
2i

e2
C1 (0)

1 )

d
.

104 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

Thus

J0(t)est dt =
0

1
2i

et

s 12 ( 1 )

C1 (0)

d
dt

(b) For on C1 (0), we have

1
= = 2i Im (),

which is 0 if Im () = 0 (i.e., = 1) or is purely imaginary. In any case, for all C1(0), and all
real s > 0 and t, we have


 t s 1 ( 1 )
  ts  t ( 1 ) 
e
 = e  e 2
2

 = ets .


So, by the inequality on integrals (Th.2, Sec. 3.2),





 1 Z
 t s 1 ( 1 )
1 
2

t s 12 ( 1 ) d 


2

e
max e


 2i C1 (0)

2 C1 (0) 



 t s 1 ( 1 )



2

=
max e
(|| = 1)

C1 (0)

ets

Thus the iterated integral in (a) is absolutely convergent because



Z Z




 1 Z Z

1
1
1
1
d
d 



et s 2 ( )
et s 2 ( )
dt


 dt
 2i 0




C1 (0)
C1 (0)
0
Z
1

ets dt = <
s
0
(c) Interchange the order of integration, and evaluate the integral in t, and get
Z
Z
Z


1
1
d
1
J0(t)est dt =
et s 2 ( ) dt
2i

C1 (0) 0
0
Z


1
1
d
t s 12 ( 1 ) 

e
=


2i C1 (0) s 12 ( 1 )
0
Z
1
1
=
d
i C1 (0) 2 + 2s + 1
because, as t ,


 t
e


s 12 ( 1 )


 = ets 0.


(d) We evaluate the integral using the residue theorem. We have simple poles at

p
s s2 + 1
=
= s s2 + 1.
1

Onlys s2 + 1 is inside C0 (1). To see this, note that because s > 0 and s2 + 1 > 1, we have
s + s2 + 1 > 1. Also
p
p
p
s < s2 + 1 < 1 + s 1 s < s2 + 1 < s 1 < s s2 + 1 < 0.

Section 5.1

Cauchys Residue Theorem

105

By Proposition 1(ii)
Res



1

2 + 2s =ss2 +1
1

2 s2 + 1


p
1
2
=
,s s +1
2 + 2s + 1
=

Thus, for s > 0,

Z

2i
1
1

=
.
2
2
i 2 s + 1
s +1

J0 (t)est dt =
0

(e) Repeat the above steps making the appropriate changes.

Step (a): Use the integral representation of Jn and get
In =

st

Jn (t)e
0

1
dt =
2i

et

s 12 ( 1 )

C1 (0)

d
dt
n+1

Step (b) is exactly like (b) because, for on C1(0), we have | n+1 | = || = 1.
Step (c): As in (c), we obtain
In =

1
i

Z
C1 (0)

1
d.
( 2 + 2s + 1) n

Let = 1 = . Then d = 12 d. As runs through C1(0) in the positive direction, runs through
C1(0) in the negative direction. Hence
1
In =
i

12 d
1
C1 (0) ( 2

2s 1

1) 1n

1
=
i

Z
C1 (0)

nd
.
2 + 2s 1

Step (d): We evaluate the integral using the residue theorem. We have simple poles at

Only s +

p
s2 + 1
= s s2 + 1.
1

s2 + 1 is inside C0(1). (Just arge as we did in (d).) By Proposition 1(ii)

Res


p
n
2
=
, s + s + 1
2 + 2s 1
=


n 
2 + 2s =s+s2 +1

n

s2 + 1 s

2 s2 + 1

Thus, for s > 0,

Z

Jn(t)est dt =
0

n
p
1
s2 + 1 s .
s2 + 1

106 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

Solutions to Exercises 5.2

1. Let z = ei , dz = iei d, d =
Z

2
0

i
z

dz, cos =

d
2 cos

z+1/z
2 .

zi dz
C1 (0)

=
=

Then

Z
Z

(z+1/z)
2

dz
C1 (0)

2z

z2
2

1
2

dz
2
z2 + 2z 12

 2
X
z
1
2
Res + 2z , zj ,
2
2
j

C1 (0)

where the sum of the residues extends over all the poles of

z2
1
+ 2z = 0
2
2

1
2
2z z2 12

inside the unit disk. We have

z 2 4z + 1 = 0.

The roots are z = 2 3, and only z1 = 2 3 is inside C1(0). We compute the residue using
Proposition 1(ii), Sec. 5.1:
 2

z
1
1
1
Res + 2z , z1 =
= .
2
2
z1 + 2
3
Hence

2
0

d
2
= .
2 cos
3

Section 5.2

5. Let z = ei , dz = iei d, d =
Z

2
0

i dz
z ,

cos 2
d
5 + 4 cos

=
=
=

z+1/z
2 ,

cos =

Definite Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

and cos 2 =

1
1 2
2 (z + z 2
(z+1/z)
C1 (0) 5 + 4
2
Z
4

i
2

C1 (0)

5z 2

e2i +e2i
2

z 2 + 12
z
2

107

. Then

dz
z

z +1
dz
3
+ 2z + 2z z

z4 + 1
dz
+ 5z + 2)
C1 (0)


X
i
z4 + 1
2i
Res
, zj
2
z 2 (2z 2 + 5z + 2)
j


X
z4 + 1

Res
, zj ,
z 2 (2z 2 + 5z + 2)

i
2

z 2(2z 2

+1
where the sum of the residues extends over all the poles of z2 (2zz2 +5z+2)
inside the unit disk. We
have a pole of order 2 at 0 and possible more poles at the roots of 2z 2 + 5z + 2. Lets compute the
residue at 0.


z4 + 1
d
z4 + 1
Res
,
0
=
lim
z0 dz (2z 2 + 5z + 2)
z 2 (2z 2 + 5z + 2)

4z 3 (2z 2 + 5z + 2) (z 4 + 1)(4z + 5) 
5
=
= .

2
2
(2z + 5z + 2)
4
z=0

For the nonzero poles, solve

2z 2 + 5z + 2 = 0.
The roots are z =
1(ii), Sec. 5.1:

53
4 .

Res

Hence

Only z1 = 12 is inside C1 (0). We compute the residue using Proposition

z4 + 1
, z1
2
z (2z 2 + 5z + 2)

2
0

z14 + 1
z12

( 12 )4 + 1
17
.
=
1
1
12
(4(
)
+
5)
4
2

cos 2
d =
5 + 4 cos

d
(2z 2
dz

17 5

12 4

1

+ 5z + 2)z

.
6

108 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

9. . Let z = ei , dz = iei d, d =
Z

2
0

i dz
,
z

d
7 + 2 cos + 3 sin

=
=
=

cos =

z+1/z
,
2

sin =

z1/z
.
2i

Then

dz
3 2
3
z(7
+
(z
+
1/z)
+ 2i
z 2i
C (0)
Z 1
dz
i
3
2 + 7z + (1 + 3 i)
(1

i)z
C1 (0)
2

 2
X
1
2
Res
, zj ,
(1 32 i)z 2 + 7z + (1 + 32 i)
j

1
where the sum of the residues extends over all the poles of (1 3 i)z2 +7z+(1+
inside the unit disk.
3
2
2 i)
Solve
3
3
(1 i)z 2 + 7z + (1 + i) = 0.
2
2
Youll find
q
q
7 49 4(1 32 i)(1 + 32 i)
7 49 4(1 + 94 )
z =
=
2(1 32 i)
2(1 32 i)

7 36
7 6
=
=
2 3i
2 3i
13
1
=
or
2 3i
2 3i
13(2 + 3i)
(2 + 3i)
=
= (2 + 3i) or
.
13
13

We have
|2 + 3i| =
So only z1 =

(2+3i)
13

 (2 + 3i) 
 = 13 < 1.
13 > 1 and 

13
13

is inside C1(0). We compute the residue using Proposition 1(ii), Sec. 5.1:
Res (z1 )

1
2(1

3
i)z1
2

=
2(1
Hence

2
0

+7

1
3 (2+3i)
2 i)
13

=
+7

d
1

= 2 = .
7 + 2 cos + 3 sin
6
3

1
.
6

Section 5.2

Definite Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

109

13. The solution will vary a little from what is in the text. Note the trick based on periodicity.
Step 1: Double angle formula


2a + b + b cos 2
1 + cos 2
=
,
a + b cos2 = a + b
2
2
so

1
2
=
.
a + b cos2
2a + b + b cos 2
Step 2. Change variables in the integral: t = 2, dt = 2d. Then
Z 2
Z 4
d
dt
I=
=
.
2
a + b cos
2a + b + b cos t
0
0
1
The function f(t) = 2a+b+b
cos t is 2-periodic. Hence its integral over intervals of length 2 are
equal. So
Z 2
Z 4
Z 2
dt
dt
dt
I=
+
=2
.
2a
+
b
+
b
cos
t
2a
+
b
+
b
cos
t
2a
+
b
+ b cos t
0
2
0

Step 4. Now use the method of Section 5.2 to evaluate the last integral. Let z = eit , dz = ieit dt,
dt = izdz , cos t = z+1/z
2 . Then
Z 2
Z
dt
dz
2
= 4i
2
2a + b + b cos t
C1 (0) bz + (4a + 2b)z + b
0


X
1
= 8
Res
,
z
j ,
bz 2 + (4a + 2b)z + b
j

where the sum of the residues extends over all the poles of

1
bz 2 +(4a+2b)z+b

inside the unit disk. Solve

bz 2 + (4a + 2b)z + b = 0,
and get
z

p
p
(4a + 2b)2 4b2
(2a + b) 2 a(a + b)
=
2b p
b
p
(2a + b) + 2 a(a + b)
(2a + b) 2 a(a + b)
= z1 =
or z2 =
.
b
b

(4a + 2b)

It is not hard to prove that |z1 | < 1 and |z2| > 1. Indeed, for z2 , we have
p
p
2a + b 2 a(a + b)
2a 2 a(a + b)
|z2| =
+
=1+
+
>1
b
b
b
b
because a, b are > 0. Now the product of the roots of a quadratic equation z 2 + z + = 0 ( 6= 0)

is always equal to
. Applying this in our case, we find that z1 z2 = 1, and since |z2| > 1, we must
have |z1| < 1.
We compute the residue at z1 using Proposition 1(ii), Sec. 5.1:


1
1
Res
=
,
z
1
2
bz + (4a + 2b)z + b
2bz1 + (4a + 2b)
1
p
=
(2a + b)2 + 4 a(a + b) + (4a + 2b)
1
p
=
.
4 a(a + b)

110 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

Hence

2
0

d
1
2
= 2 p
=p
.
a + cos2
4 a(a + b)
a(a + b)

Section 5.3

Improper Integrals Involving Rational and Exponential Functions

111

Solutions to Exercises 5.3

1. Use the same contour as Example 1. Several steps in the solution are very similar to those
in Example 1; in particular, Steps 1, 2, and 4. Following the notation of Example 1, we have
IR = I[R, R] + IR . Also, limR IR = 0, and
lim I[R, R] = I =

dx
.
+1

x4

These assertions are proved in Example 1 and will not be repeated here. So all we need to do is
evaluate IR for large values of R and then let R . We have


X
1
IR = 2i
Res
, zj ,
z4 + 1
j
where the sum ranges over all the residues of z41+1 in the upper half-plane. The function z41+1 have
four (simple) poles. These are the roots of z 4 + 1 = 0 or z 4 = 1. Using the result of Example 1,
we find the roots to be
1+i
z1 = ,
2

z2 =

1 + i
,
2

z3 =

1 i
,
2

1i
z4 = .
2

In exponential form,

z1 = ei 4 ,

z2 = ei

3
4

z3 = ei

5
4

z4 = ei

7
4

Only z1 and z2 are in the upper half-plane, and so inside R for large R > 0. Using Prop.1(ii),
Section 5.1,
 4

z +1
1
3
1
1

Res 1
=
= 3 = ei 4 ;
z1
d 4

,
4z
4
z
+
1
1
dz
z=z1
 4

z +1
1
9

1
1
1

Res 1
=
= 3 = ei 4 = ei 4 .
z2
d 4

,
4z
4
4
z
+
1
2
dz
z=z2

So
IR

1  i 3
= 2i
e 4 + ei 4
4


i
3
3

=
cos
i sin
+ cos i sin
2
4
4
4
4

=
(i 2) = .
2
2

Letting R , we obtain I =

.
2

112 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

5. The integral converges absolutely, as in Step 1 of Example 1. We will reason as in this example,
and omit some of the details. Here IR = I[R, R] + IR ; limR IR = 0, and
lim I[R, R] = I =

dx
=.
(x2 + 1)3

All we need to do is evaluate IR for large values of R and then let R . The function f(z) =
1
(z 2 +1)3 has poles of order 3 at z1 = i and z2 = i, but only z1 is in the upper half-plane. You can
evaluate the integral IR using the residue theorem; however, an equal good and perhaps faster way
in this case is to use Cauchys generalized integral formula (Sec. 3.6). Write
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
dz
IR =
dz =
dz =
.
2
3
3
3
3
R (z + 1)
R [(z + i)(z i)]
R (z + i) (z i)
Let g(z) =

1
(z+i)3 .

According to Theorem 2, Sec. 3.6,

IR = 2i

g00 (i)
.
2!

Compute:
g0 (z) = 3(z + i)4 ,

g00(z) = 12(z + i)5 ,

so
g00 (i) = 12(2i)5 =

12
(i).
25

Finally,
IR =
Letting R , we obtain I =

12
3
=
.
5
2
8

3
8 .

9. Proceed as in Example 3, as follows. Let x = et , dx = et dt. Then

Z
Z
Z
dx
et
ex
=
dt
=
dx,
3t
3x + 1
x3 + 1
0
e + 1
e
where in the last integral we reverted to the variable x for convenience. Use a contour as in Fig.6.
Refer to Example 3 for notation. As in Example 3, limR |I2| = 0 and limR |I4| = 0. Let us
repeat the proof for I4 here. For I4 , z is on 4 , so z = R + iy, where 0 y 2
3 . Hence
Z

|I4 | = 

where l(I4 ) =
on 4 ,

2
3



ez
 l(I4 ) M,
dz
3z
e +1 

 z 


= length of vertical side 4 , and M is the maximum value of  e3ze +1  on 4 . For z

 

 ez   eR+iy

eR

=

 e3z + 1   e3(R+iy) + 1  1 e3R ,

which tends to 0 as R . To justify the last inequality, note that by the reverse triangle inequality:


 3(R+iy)

+ 1
e
=

=1

 z }| {

1 e3R  e3iy 
1 e3R ,

Section 5.3

Improper Integrals Involving Rational and Exponential Functions

113

so
1
1


e3(R+iy) + 1 1 e3R ,
as desired.
As in Example 3, I1 I as R . For I3 , we have z = x +
dz = dx, so
Z

I3

ex+

2i
3 ,

x varies from R to R,

2i
3

dx
e3x+2i + 1
Z R
2i
ex
2i
e 3
dx = e 3 I1 .
3x + 1
e
R
R

=
Now

e3z + 1 = 0 e3z = 1 = ei
3z = i + 2ki,
i
z = (2k + 1).
3
Only one root, z = i
3 , is inside R , and so the function
Hence (see Example 3 for a justification)


1 e

2i
3

2i Res

2i

(k = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

ez
e3z +1

ez
i
,
3z
e +1 3

has one pole at z =

i
3

inside R .

e3
e3

= 2i 3 i
d
3z

+ 1) z= i
3e 3
dz (e
3

i
3

2i

i
3

e
e
= 2i
.
3
3

Solving for I,
I=

2 i
1
2
1
,
ie 3
i i
2i =
i
3
3
1e 3
e 3 e3

where we have multiplied numerator and denominator by e

I=

i
3

. Now e

i
3

i
3

= 2i sin 3 . So

2
= = .
3
3 sin 3
3 3
3 2

13. Use the same reasoning as in Example 3. Let x = et , dx = et dt. Then

I=

Z
Z
t
3x
x
e2
e2
t
dt
=
dx
=
e
dx.
3t
3x + 1
x3 + 1
e + 1
e

Use a contour as in Fig.6. Refer to Example 3 for notation: limR |I2| = 0, limR |I4 | = 0, and
limR |I1| = I, the desired integral. For I3 , we have z = x + 2i
, x varies from R to R, dz = dx,
3
so
Z R 3 x+ 3 2i
Z R 3 x i
Z R
3
e2 2 3
e2 e
e2x
I3 =
dx
=
dx
=
dx = I1 .
3x + 1
e3x+2i + 1
e3x + 1
R
R
R e

114 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

Same poles as in Exercise 9. So
3

2I

2i Res

2i

e2z
i
,
3z
e +1 3

3 i

e2 3

d
3z + 1)
dz (e
z= i
3

=
I

e2
2i(i)
2
2i i =
=
;
3e
3
3

17. As in Example 4: Let 2x = et, 2dx = et dt. Then

I=

ln(2x)
1
dx =
x2 + 4
2

t
et dt = 2
e2t
+
4
4

xex
dx.
e2x + 16

Use a rectangular contour as in Fig.6, whose vertical sides have length . Refer to Example 3 for
notation: limR |I2| = 0, limR |I4 | = 0, and limR |I1| = I, the desired integral. For I3,
z = x + i, x varies from R to R, dz = dx, so
I3

(x + i)ex+i
dx
e2x+2i + 16

R
R

(x + i)ex (1)
dx
e2x + 16
=BR i

R
R

xex
dx + 2i
2x
e + 16

R
R

}|

{
ex
dx = I1 + BR i,
e2x + 16

where BR is a real constant, because the integrand is real-valued. We have

IR = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 2I1 + I2 + I4 + iBR .
Letting R , we get
lim IR = 2I + iB,

where
B = lim BR =

At the same time

IR = 2i Res

ex
dx.
e2x + 16


2zez
, z0 ,
e2z + 16

where z0 is the root of e2z + 16 = 0 that lies inside R (there is only one root, as you will see):
e2z + 16 = 0 e2z = 16ei = eln(16)+i
2z = 4 ln 2 + i + 2ki

z = 2 ln 2 + i (2k + 1).
2

Section 5.3

Improper Integrals Involving Rational and Exponential Functions

115

Only z = 2 ln 2 + i 2 is inside the contour. So

IR

2i Res

2zez

, 2 ln 2 + i
2z
e + 16
2

2(2 ln 2 + i 2 )e2 ln 2+i 2

2e2(2 ln 2+i 2 )

(4 ln 2 + i)
4

=
=
Thus

2I + 2iB = ln 2 + i

2
.
4

Taking real and imaginary parts, we find

I=

ln 2
2

and

B=

.
8

This gives the value of the desired integral I and also of the integral
Z

ex
=B=
dx.
2x + 16
8
e
21. We use the contour R in Figure 9 and follow the hint. Write IR = I1 + I2 + I3. On 1 , z = x,
dz = dx,
Z
Z R
Z
1
1
1
dz
=
dx

I
=
dx, as R .
3+1
3+1
3+1
z
x
x
1
0
0
On 3 , z = e

2
3

x, dz = e
Z
3

2
3 i

dx, x varies from R to 0:

1
dz
z3 + 1

2
3 i

e3

2
3

R
0

For I2 , we have z = Reit , 0 t 2

3 :
Z



1


dz


3
2 z + 1

2
3 i

x3

1
dx
x3 + 1

1
2
dx e 3 i I as R .
+1



 1 

l(2 ) max  3
z on 2 z + 1 
2
1
R 3
0as R .
3
R 1

Now
I1 + I2 + I3 = IR = 2i Res

where z0 = ei 3 is the only pole of

Res

1
z 3 +1


1
, z0 ,
z3 + 1

inside R . By Proposition 1(ii), Sec. 5.1,

, ei 3
z3 + 1

1
ei 3
.
2 =
3
3ei 3

So

I1 + I2 + I3 = 2i

ei 3
.
3

116 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

Letting R , we get
2

I e

2
3

ei 3
I = 2i
3

ei 3
(1 e )I = 2i
3

i 2
3
2i e
e 3 i
I=

3 (1 e 2
3 i)
e 3 i
2
3 i

2i
ei

3 (e 3 i e 3 i)
3 sin 3
2
I= .
3 3
I=

Solutions to Exercises 5.4

1. Use a contour as in Fig. 2 and proceed exactly as in Example 1, replacing s by 4. No need to
repeat the details.
5. The degree of the denominator is 2 more than the degree of the numerator; so we can use the
contour in Fig. 2 and proceed as in Example 1.
Step 1: The integral is absolutely convergent.
 2

 x cos 2x 
x2
1


 (x2 + 1)2  (x2 + 1)2 x2 + 1 ,
because

x2
(x2 + 1) 1
1
1
1
=
= 2
2
2
.
2
2
2
2
2
(x + 1)
(x + 1)
x + 1 (x + 1)
x +1

R
Since x21+1 dx < (you can actually compute the integral = ), we conclude that our integral
is absolutely convergent.
Step 2:
Z 2
Z 2
Z 2
Z
x cos 2x
x cos 2x
x sin 2x
x2 e2ix
dx
=
dx
+
i
dx
=
dx
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(x + 1)
(x + 1)
(x + 1)
(x + 1)
because

As in (7) in Sec. 5.4, for z on R ,

 2iz 
e  e2R sin 1.

x2 sin 2x
dx = 0,
2
2
(x + 1)
being the integral of an odd function over a symmetric interval.
Step 3: Let R and R be as in Fig. 2. We will show that
Z
z 2e2iz
dz 0 as R .
2
2
R (z + 1)
 2 2iz 
Z

 z e



z 2e2iz

 = R M.


|IR | = 
dz

l(
)
max
R


2
2
z on R (z 2 + 1)2 
R (z + 1)

So

 2 2iz 
 z e



 (z 2 + 1)2 


  2


 z + 1 1
z2




 2

(z + 1)2   (z 2 + 1)2 


 
 1  

1




 2
+
z + 1   (z 2 + 1)2 
1
1

.
+
R2 1 (R2 1)2

Section 5.4

Improper Integrals of Products of Rational and Trigonometric Functions

So
|IR | =

R
R
+
,
R2 1 (R2 1)2

and this goes to zero as R .

Step 4: We have
Z
R

117

z 2e2iz
dz = 2 Res
(z 2 + 1)2


z 2 e2iz
, i ,
(z 2 + 1)2

because we have only one pole of order 2 at i in the upper half-plane.


 2 2iz


2 2iz
z e
d
2 z e
Res
, i
= lim
(z i) 2
zi dz
(z 2 + 1)2
(z + 1)2
 2 2iz 

d
z e

=
2
dz (z + i) z=i
= i

e2
,
4

after many (hard-to-type-but-easy-to-compute) steps that we omit. So IR = 2i(i e 4 ) = e 2 .

2
Letting R and using the fact that IR I, the desired integral, we find I = e 2 .
9. In the integral the degree of the denominator is only one more than the degree of the numerator.
So the integral converges in the principal value sense as in Examples 2 or 4. Let us check if the
denominator has roots on the real axis:

35
1
2
x +x+9= 0x= i
.
2
2
We have no roots on the real axis, so we will proceed as in Example 2, and use Jordans Lemma.
Refer to Example 2 for further details of the solution. Consider
Z
Z
z
iz
dz
=
f(z)eiz dz,
e
2
R z + z + 9
R
where R is as in Fig. 5. By Corollary 1,
Z



iz

f(z)e dz  0, as R .

R

Apply the residue theorem:

Z

f(z)eiz dz = 2i Res f(z)eiz , z1 ,
R

where z1 = 12 + i 235 is the only (simple) pole of f(z)eiz in the upper half-plane. By Proposition
1(ii), Sec. 5.1, we have


iz


ze

Res f(z)eiz , z1 =

d
2
(z + z + 9) 
dz
iz1

z1 e
=
2z1 + 1

z=z1

+ 235 i) 35
2

35

35

( 12

e 2
e

i
2
2 35

35
2

118 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

So
Z

35

iz

f(z)e

dz

e 2
e
2i
i
2
2 35

35
2

35

=
But
lim

f(z)eiz dz =

35
2

e 2
+ i
35

x cos x
dx + i
x2 + x + 9

Taking real and imaginary parts, we get

Z

35
x cos x
dx = e 2
2
x
+
x
+
9

and

x sin x
dx.
x2 + x + 9

35

x sin x
e 2
.
dx =
2
x +x+9
35

13. Use an indented contour r,R as in Fig. 9, with an indentation around 0, and consider the
integral
Z
Z
1 eiz
Ir,R =
dz =
g(z) dz,
z2
r,R
r,R
iz

where g(z) = 1e
z 2 . Note that g(z) has a simple pole at 0. To see this, consider its Laurent series
expansion around 0:



1
g(z) =
1 1 + (iz) + (iz)2 /2! + (iz)3 /3! +
z2
i
1
z
= + +i
z
2
3!
Moreover, Res (g(z), 0) = i. By Corollary 2,
Z
lim
g(z) = i(i) = .
r0+

(Keep in mind that r has a positive orientation, so it is traversed in the opposit direction on r,R .
See Fig. 9.) On the outer semi-circle, we have
Z


 R


g(z) dz  2 max |1 eiz | =
max |1 eiz |.

z
on

z on R
R
R
R
R
Using an estimate as in Example 1, Step 3, we find that for z on R ,
 iz 
e  eR sin 1.
Hence maxz on R |1 eiz | 1 + 1 = 2. So |IR | 2
R 0, as R . Now g(z) is analytic inside
and on the simple path r,R . So by Cauchys theorem,
Z
g(z) dz = 0.
r,R

So
0=

g(z) dz =
r,R

zZ

}|

g(z) dz
R

zZ

}|

g(z) dz +
r

zZ

}| Z
g(z) dz +
[R, r]

As r 0+ and R , we obtain
Z
1 cos x
P.V.
dx = Re (I) = Re () = .
x2

g(z) dz .
[r, R]

Section 5.4

Improper Integrals of Products of Rational and Trigonometric Functions

119

17. Use an indented contour as in Fig. 9 with an indentation around 0. We have



Z
Z
sin x
eix
P.V.
dx
=
Im
P.V.
dx
= Im (I).
2
2
x(x + 1)
x(x + 1)
Ir,R =

Z
r,R

where g(z) =

eiz
z(z 2 +1) .

eiz
dz =
z(z 2 + 1)

g(z) dz,
r,R

Note that g(z) has a simple pole at 0, and Res (g(z), 0) = 1. By Corollary 2,
lim

r0+

g(z) = i(1) = i.
r

(As in Exercise 13, r has a positive orientation, so it is traversed in the opposit direction on r,R .
See Fig. 9.) As in Example 1, |IR | 0, as R . Now g(z) has a simple pole at i inside r,R .
So by the residue theorem,
Z
ei(i)
g(z) dz = 2 Res (g(z), i) = 2i
= e1 .
i(2i)
r,R
So
1

g(z) dz =
r,R

zZ

}|

g(z) dz
R

zZ

}|

g(z) dz +
r

zZ

}| Z
g(z) dz +
[R, r]

As r 0+ and R , we obtain
e1 = I i.
Solving for I and taking imaginary parts, we find
I = i( e1 )
which is the value of the desired integral.

Im (I) = e1 ,

g(z) dz .
[r, R]

120 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

25.

(a) For w > 0, consider

J=

Z
C

eiwz
dz,
e2z 1

where C is the indented contour in Figure 14. The integrand is analytic inside and on C. So
Z
eiwz
(1)
0=J =
dz = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I6 + I6 ,
2z
1
C e
where Ij is the integral over the jth component of C, starting with the line segement [, R] and
moving around C counterclockwise. As  0+ and R , I1 I, the desired integral.
For I3 , z = x + i, where x varies from R to :
Z R
Z 
eiw(x+i)
eiwx
w
I3 =
dx.
dx
=
e
2x 1
2(x+i) 1
R e
 e
As  0+ and R , I3 ew I.
For I2 , z = R + iy, where y varies from 0 to 1:
 iwz 
 e

;
|I3| 1 max  2z
z=R+iy e
1
0y1

 iwz 
 e



 e2z 1 

=
=

 iw(R+iy) 
 e



 e2(R+iy) 1 
 iwR 
 e



 e2R 1  0, as R .

So I2 0, as R .
For I5 , z = iy, where y varies from 1  to :
Z 
Z 1
eiw(iy)
ewy
I5 =
dy.
i
dy
=
i
2(iy) 1
e2iy 1
1 e

For I4 , the integral over the quarter circe from (,  + i) to (0, i i), we apply Corollary 2, to
compute the limit
 iwz

Z
eiwz

e
lim
dz = i Res
,i
0 e2z 1
2
e2z 1
4
= i

eiw(i)
ew
= i
.
2(i)
2 2e
4

For I6 , the integral over the quarter circe from (0, i) to (, 0), we apply Corollary 2, to compute
the limit
 iwz

Z
eiwz

e
lim
dz = Res
,0
0 e2z 1
2
e2z 1
6
=

eiw(0)
i
i
= .
2(0)
2 2e
4

Plug these findings in (1) and take the limit as R then as  0, and get
Z

Z
Z 1
eiwx
eiwx
ewy
ew
i
w
lim
dx

e
dx

i
dy
i
=0
2x
2x
2iy
0
e

1
e

1
e

1
4
4




Section 5.4

or
lim

Z

0

Improper Integrals of Products of Rational and Trigonometric Functions

eiwx
dx ew
e2x 1

eiwx
dx i
e2x 1

1


121


ewy
ew
1
dy
=
i(
+ ).
2iy
e
1
4
4

(Note: The limits of each individual improper integral does not exist. But the limit of the sum,
as shown above does exist. So, we must work wth the limit of the three terms together.) Take
imaginary parts on both sides:
(2)

lim Im

Z

0

eiwx
dx ew
2x
e
1

eiwx
dx i
2x
e
1

1



ewy
ew + 1
dy
=
.
2iy
e
1
4

Now
Z

Im

(3)

Im

(i)ewy
e2iy 1


Z 1
eiwx
ewy
dx

i
dy
e2x 1
e2iy 1




Z 1
sin wx
(i)ewy
w
)
dx
+
Im
(1

e
dy;
e2x 1
e2iy 1


eiwx
dx ew
e2x 1

=
=
=
=


(i)ewy
Re
e2iy 1
 wy 
e
Re
e2iy 1




1
eiy
wy
wy
e
Re
Re
= e
e2iy 1
eiy eiy


wy
cos y i sin y
e
ewy Re
=
.
2i sin y
2

Plugging this in (3) and using (2), we get

lim

Z

0

sin wx
(1 ew ) dx +
e2x 1

1



ewy
ew + 1
dy =
.
2
4

Evaluate the second integral and get

Z

lim

0

lim

0


sin wx
ew(1) ew
ew + 1
w
)
dx
+
(1

e
=
.
e2x 1
2(w)
4

sin wx
ew(1) ew
ew + 1
w
)
dx
+
lim
(1

e
=
.
0
e2x 1
2(w)
4

Z
sin wx
1 ew
ew + 1
(1 ew ) lim
dx +
=
.
2x
0 
e
1
2w
4

So
w

(1 e

) lim

lim

0 

0 

sin wx
dx =
e2x 1
sin wx
dx =
e2x 1
sin wx
dx =
e2x 1

ew + 1 1 ew

;
4
2w
 w

e
+ 1 1 ew
1

1 ew
4
2w
w
1 1 e + 1
+
.
2w 4 ew 1

122 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

(b)

From (10), Section 4.4 (recall B0 = 1):

z coth z
z
z
coth
2
2
z
2

22n

n=0

B2n 2n
z ,
(2n)!

22n

n=0

B2n z 2n
( ) ,
(2n)! 2

z2

ze +e
z
z
2 e 2 e 2

B2n 2n
z ,
(2n)!
n=0

|z| <
z
| |<
2

|z| < 2

B0 X B2n 2n1
,
+
z
z
(2n)!
n=1

1 e 2 + e 2
B0
z
z

2
2
2e e
z

X
B2n 2n1
,
z
(2n)!
n=1

1 ez + 1
1

z
4 e 1 2z

1 X B2n 2n1
,
z
2 n=1 (2n)!

1 e 2 + e 2
z
z
2 e 2 e 2

(c)

|z| < 2

|z| < 2
|z| < 2

Replace sin wx in the integral in (a) by its Taylor series

sin wx =

(1)k1

k=1

w2k1x2k1
,
(2k 1)!

ue (b), and interchange order of integration, and get

Z

(1)n

e2x 1 n=0

(wx)2n+1
dx =
(2n + 1)!

X
(1)n
w2n+1
(2n + 1)!
0
n=0
Z

X (1)n1
w2n1
(2n 1)!
0
n=1

1 X B2n 2n1
w
2 n=1 (2n)!

x2n+1
dx =
e2x 1

1 X B2n 2n1
w
2 n=1 (2n)!

x2n1
dx =
2x
e
1

1 X B2n 2n1
.
w
2 n=1 (2n)!

Comparing the coefficients of w, we obtain

Z 2n1
x
(1)n1
dx
=
B2n
e2x 1
4n
0

(n = 1, 2, . . .).

Section 5.5

Advanced Integrals by Residues

123

Solutions to Exercises 5.5

1. As in Example 1, take w > 0 (the integral is an even fnction of w),
Z
Z
Z
2
2
1
x2
1
x2
x2 iwx

e
cos wx dx =
e
e
dx
(because
e 2 sin wx dx = 0)
2
2

Z
2
1
1 2
1
=
e 2 (xiw) 2 w dx
2
12 w 2

=J

zZ

}|

12 (xiw)2

e 2 w
dx =
J.
2

To evaluate J, consider the integral

I=

e 2 (ziw) dz,
R

where R is a rectangualr contour as in Fig. 1, with length of the vertical sides equal to w. By
Cauchys theorem, I = 0 for all R.
Let Ij denote the integral on j (see Example 1). Using the estimate in Example 1, we see that
I2 and I4 tend to 0 as R . On 3 , z = z + iw, where x varies from R ro R:
Z

e 2 (x+iwiw) dx =
R

e 2 x dx,
R

and this tends to 2 as R , by (1), Sec. 5.4. Since I = 0 for all R, it follows that

J = lim I1 = lim I3 = 2.
R

Consequently,
1

x2
2

cos wx dx = e

w2
2

for all w > 0. Since the integral is even inw, the formula holds for w < 0. For w = 0 the formula
follows from (1), Sec. 5.5.

124 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

5. . (a) Let f(x) = cos 2x, then f 0 (x) = 2 sin 2x and f 00 (x) = 4 cos 2x. If x (0, 4 ), then
f 00 (x) < 0 and the graph concaves down. So any chord joining two points on the graph of y = cos 2x
above the interval (0, 4 ) lies under the graph of y = cos 2x. take the two points on the graph, (0, 1)
and ( 4 , 0). The equation of the line joining them is y = 4 x + 1. Since it is under the graph of
y = cos 2x for x (0, 4 ), we obtain
4
x + 1 cos 2x

for 0 x

(b) Let Ij denote the integral of ez over the path j in Fig. 13. Since ez is entre, by Cauchys
theorem, I1 + I2 + I3 = 0.
(c) For I1 , z = x,

Z R
Z

x2
x2
I1 =
e
dx
e
dx =
, as R ,
2
0
0
by (1), Sec. 5.5. On 2 , z = Rei z 2 = R2(cos 2 + i sin 2),
 2 

2
2
4
 z   R2 (cos 2+i sin 2)
e  = e
 = eR cos 2 eR (1 ).
Parametrize the integral I2 and estimate:
Z

 4



R2 e2i
i
|I2 | = 
e
Rie d
 0

Z 4 
Z

 R2 e2i i 
R
e  d R
e
0

ReR

eR

2 4

eR

4
(1
)


i
1 R2 4  4
R2 h R2

e
=

1
,
e
e

R2 4
4R
0

R2

Re

which tends to 0 as R .

(d) On 3 , z = xei 4 , where x varies from R to 0, dz = ei 4 dx. So

I3

= ei 4

= ei 4

Z
Z

2 i
e 2

ex

dx = ei 4

ex idx
0

(cos x2 i sin x2 )dx.

0

As R , I3 converges to

ei 4

(cos x2 i sin x2 )dx.

0

(e)

Let R in the sum I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 and get

R
ei 4 0 (cos x2 i sin x2 )dx = 0;

R
ei 4 0 (cos x2 i sin x2)dx = 2 ;

R
i
2
2
4 ;
(cos
x

i
sin
x
)dx
=
2 e
0


R
(cos x2 i sin x2)dx = 2 22 i 22 .
0

The desired result follows upon taking real and imaginary parts.

Section 5.5

Advanced Integrals by Residues

125

9. We will integrate the function f(z) = z(z1)1z2 around the contour in Figure 16. Here z 2
is defined with the branch of the logarithm with a branch cut on the positive real axis. It is
mulitple valued
on the semi-axis
x > 2. Aproaching the real axis from above and to right of 2,

we havelimzx z
2 = x 2. Aproaching the real axis from below and to right of 2, we have
limzx z 2 = x 2. Write
I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 ,
where I1 is the integral over the small circular part; I2 is the integral over the interval above the
x-axis to the right of 2; I3 is the integral over the larger circular path; I4 is the integral over the
interval (neg. orientation) below the x-axis to the right of 2. We have I1 0 as r 0 and I3 0
as R . (See Example 3 for similar details.) We have I2 I as R and I4 I as R ,
where I is the desired integral. So
2I
Res (0)

Res (1)
I

= 2i [ Res (0) + Res (1)] ;

1
1

= lim
=
z0 (z 1) z 2
2
1
1
= 1 log (2) = 1 (ln 2+i)
e2 0
e2
1
i
= = ;
i 2
2
1
=
= i;
1




i
1
= i i = 1 .
2
2

13. (a) In Figure 19, let

1 denote the small circular path around 0 (negative direction);
2 the line segment from r to 1 r, above the x-axis (positive direction);
3 the small semi-circular path around 1 above the x-axis (negative direction);
4 the line segment from 1 + r to R 1, above the x-axis (positive direction);
5 the large circular path around 0 (positive direction);
6 the line segment from R to 1 + r, below the x-axis (negative direction);
7 the small semi-circular path around 1 below the x-axis (negative direction);
8 the line segment from 1 r to r, below the x-axis (negative direction).
We integrate the function
zp
f(z) =
z(1 z)
on the contour , where z p = ep log0 z (branch cut along positive x-axis). By Cauchys theorem,
Z

f(z) dz = 0

8
X

Ij = 0.

j=1

Review the integrals I3 , I4, I7 , and I8 from Example 3, then you can show in a similar way that I1,
I3 , and I7 tend to 0 as r 0. Also I5 0 as R . We will give some details. For I1 ,
Z



zp
|I1| = 
dz 
1 z(1 z)
rp
rp
= 2r
= 2
0 as r 0.
r(1 r)
(1 r)

126 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

For I2 and I5 , we have
Z

I2 + I5

For I3 and I6 , we have

Z
I3 + I6

xp
dx, as r 0 and R .
x(1 x)

ep log0 x
dx = e2pi
x(1 x)

xp
dx, as r 0 and R .
x(1 x)

To evaluate I4 and I7 , we use a trick that will allow us to apply Lemma 2, Sec. 5.4. Note that on
4 , log0 z = Log z, and on 7 , log0 z = log 2 z. This allows us to replace log0 by a branch of the log
which is analytic in a neighborhood of the contour of integration and ths allows us to apply Lemma
2 of Sec. 5.4. According to this lemma, as r 0,
Z
ep Log z
I4 =
iep Log (1) = i;
z(1

z)
4
and
I7 =

p log z

2
e
p log (1)
2
= ie2pi .
ie
z(1 z)

So as r 0,

I4 + I7 =

ep Log z
i(1 + e2pi ).
z(1 z)

Adding the integrals together and then taking limits, we get

(1 e2pi )I + i(1 + e2pi ) = 0
2pi

I = i 1+e
1e2pi
pi

pi

I = i eepi +e
= cot p.
epi
(b)

Use x = et , do the substitution, then replace t by x, and get, from (a),

Z
epx
P.V.
dx = cot p
(0 < p < 1).
x
1 e

(c)

Change variables x = 2u, dx = 2 du, then

Z
cot p = 2P.V.
=
cot(

w+1
) =
2

2P.V.
Z
P.V.

Z (2p1)u
e2pu eu
e
du
=
P.V.
du
u eu
e

sinh u

ewu
du
(w = 2p 1).
sinh u

But
cot(
so
P.V.

Replace u by x and get

P.V.

e2pu
du
1 e2u

w+1
w
) = tan
,
2
2
ewu
w
du = tan
.
sinh u
2

ewx
w
dx = tan
.
sinh x
2

Section 5.5

Advanced Integrals by Residues

(d)

If |a| < b, take t = bx and w = a, then

Z
eax

a
dx = tan
.
P.V.
b
2b
sinh bx

(e)

Replace a by a in (d) and get

P.V.

Subtract from (d) and divide by 2:

Z

127

eax

a
dx = tan
.
sinh bx
b
2b

sinh ax

a
dx = tan
sinh bx
b
2b

(b > |a|).

Note that the integral is convergent so there is no need to use the principal value.
17. We use a contour like th eone in Fig. 17: Let
1 denote the small circular path around 0 (negative direction);
2 the line segment from r to R, above the x-axis (positive direction);
3 the large circular path around 0 (positive direction);
4 the line segment from R to r, below the x-axis (negative direction). We integrate the function

z
f(z) = 2
z +z+1

1
on the contour , where z = e 2 log0 z (branch cut along positive x-axis). By the residue theorem,
Z

f(z) dz = 2i

Res (f, zj )

4
X

Ij = 2i

j=1

Res (f, zj ),

where the sum is over all the residues of f in the region inside . The poles of f in this region are
at the roots of z 2 + z + 1 = 0 or

1 3
3
3
1
1
z=
; z1 =
+i
, z2 =
i
.
2
2
2
2
2
We have
|z1 | =

3 2
2
( 1
2 ) + ( 2 ) = 1,

z1 = ei

2
3

log0 (z1 ) = ln |z1| + i arg 0 (z1 ) = 0 + i 2

= i 2
3
3

Res (z1 ) =

z1
2z1 +1

e 2 log 0 (z1 )
2z1 +1

Res (z1 ) =

ei 3
2
2ei 3

+1

Similarly,
|z2 | =

3 2
2
( 1
2 ) + ( 2 ) = 1,

z2 = ei

4
3

log0 (z2 ) = ln |z2| + i arg 0 (z2 ) = 0 + i 4

= i 4
3
3

Res (z2 ) =

z2
2z2 +1

Res (z2 ) =

=
ei

e 2 log 0 (z2 )
2z2 +1
2
3

4
2ei 3

+1

128 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

Let us now compute the integrals. For I1 ,
Z

|I1| = 



z
dz 
2
1 z + z + 1

r
0 as r 0.
2r
1 r2 r

=
For I2 , we have

x
dx = I, as r 0 and R .
2
x +x+1
0

1
A simple estimate shows that I3 0 as R . For I4 , z = e 2 (ln |z|+2i) = xei . So
I2

I4

e 2 log0 x
dx = ei
x2 + x + 1

x2

x
dx = I, as r 0 and R .
+x+1

Adding the integrals together and then taking limits, we get

2I

ei 3

= 2i

2ei

2
3

+1

ei
2ei

i
3

i 2
3

2e

i 5
3

2e

= i

i 6
3

4e

4
3

+1
!

i 2
3

= i

+1

i
3

+e

i 4
3

2e

+1

i 4
3

+ 2e

i 2
3

+ 2e

2
3

+ ei

i 4
3

+ 2e

2
3

+1

= .
3

Use

ei 3 =

1
i
3,
+
2 2

ei

2
3

= 1,

ei

4
3

1
i
3,

2 2

ei

6
3

ei
ei

5
3

3
3

1
= +
2
1
=
2
=1

i
3,
2
i
3,
2

Section 5.6

Summing Series by Residues

129

Solutions to Exercises 5.6

1. Note that f(z) = z21+9 has two simples poles at 3i. Since f(z) does not have poles on the
integers, we may apply Proposition 1 and get

X
k=

1
k2 + 9

[ Res (f(z) cot z, 3i) + Res (f(z) cot z, 3i)]




cot z
cot z
lim
+ lim
z3i z + 3i
z3i z 3i


1
1

cot(3i) cot(3i)
6i
6i

[i cot(3i)] = coth(3),
3
3

=
=
=

because cot(iz) = i coth(z). You can prove the last identity by using (25) and (26) of Section 1.6.
5. Reason as in Exercise 1 with f(z) = 4z211 , which has two simples poles at 12 . Since f(z) does
not have poles on the integrers, we may apply Proposition 1 and get

X
k=

1
4k2 1

=
=

1
1
Res (f(z) cot z, ) + Res (f(z) cot z, )
2
2
"
#
cot z
cot z
lim
+ lim
1
1
z 12 4(z + 2 )
z 12 4(z 2 )
h

i
cot( ) cot( ) = 0,
2
2
2

because cot( 2 ) = 0.
1
9. Reason as in Exercise 1 with f(z) = (z2)(z1)+1
, which has two simples poles where z 2 3z+3 = 0
or

3 3
3+i 3
3i 3
z=
; z1 =
, z2 =
.
2
2
2

Since f(z) does not have poles on the integrers, we may apply Proposition 1 and get

X
k=

1
= [ Res (f(z) cot z, z1 ) + Res (f(z) cot z, z2 )]
(k 2)(k 1) + 1

Lets compute:
cot z
cot z1
=
(z z2 )
(z1 z2 )

z1 z2 = i 3,
!
!
!
3
3
3+i 3
cot(z1 ) = cot
= tan i
= i tanh
.
2
2
2
Res (z1 ) = lim

zz1

(Prove and use the identities cot(z +

3
2 )

= tan(z) and tan(iz) = i tanh z.) So

 
 
i tanh 23
tanh 23

Res (z1 ) =
=
.
i 3
3

130 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

A similar computation shows that Res (z2 ) = Res (z1 ), hence

1
2
= tanh
(k 2)(k 1) + 1
3
k=

!
3

13. Just reapeat the proof of Proposition 1. The only difference is that here w no longer have
Res (f(z) cot z, 0) = f(z). This residue has to be computed anew.
17. (a) Apply the result of Execrise 13 with f(z) =

X
k=

1
z 2n

1
cot(z)

= Res
,0 ,
k2n
z 2n

k6=0

because f has only one pole of order 2n at 0. The sum on the left is even, so

X
1

cot(z)

= Res
,0 ,
2n
k
2
z 2n
k=1

(b) Recall the Taylor series expansion of z cot z from Exercise 31, Section 4.4,
z cot z =

(1)k

k=0

(z) cot(z) =

(1)k

k=0

cot(z) =

X
k=0

So

22k B2k 2k
z
(2k)!

(1)k

22k B2k 2k 2k
z
(2k)!

22k B2k 2k1 2k1

.
z
(2k)!

2k
2k1
cot(z) X
k 2 B2k
=
(1)
z +2k2n1.
z 2n
(2k)!
k=0

The residue at 0 is a1 , the coefficient of 1z , which is obtained from the series above when 2k2n1 =
1 or n = k. Hence
2n
2n1
cot(z)

n 2 B2n
Res
,
0
=
(1)
.
z 2n
(2n)!
Using (a), we get

2n1
X
1
B2n2n
n1 2
=
(1)
.
k2n
(2n)!
k=1

Section 5.7

The Counting Theorem and Rouche Theorem

131

Solutions to Exercises 5.7

1. The roots of the polynomial are easy to find using the quadratic formula:
z 2 + 2z + 2 = 0

z = 1 i.

Thus no roots are in the first quadrant. This, of course, does not answer the exercise. We must
arrive at this answer using the method of Example 1, with the help of the argument principle.
First, we must argue that f has no roots of the positive x axis. This is clear, because if x > 0
then x2 + x + 2 > 2 and so it cannot possibly be equal to 0. Second, we must argue that there are
no roots on the upper imaginary axis. f(iy) = y2 + 2y + 2 = 2 y2 + 2y. If y = 0, f(0) = 2 6= 0.
If y > 0, then Im (f(y)) = 2y 6= 0. In all cases, f(iy) 6= 0 if y 0.
The number of zeros of the polynomial f(z) = z 2 + 2z + 2 is equal to the number of times the
image of R wraps around the origin, where R is the circular path in the first quadrant, in Fig. 4.
This path consists of the interval [0, R], the circular arc R , and the interval on the imaginary axis
from iR to 0. To find the image on R , we consider the image of each component separately.
Since f(x) is real for real x, we conclude that the image of the interval [0, R] is also an interval,
and it is easy to see that this interval is [2, R2 + 2R + 2]. So its initial point is w0 = 2 and its
terminal point is w1 = R2 + 2R + 2.
The image of the arc R starts at the point w1 = R2 +2R+2 and ends at f(iR) = R2 +2iR+2 =
w2, which is the image of the terminal point of R . We have Im (w2 )) = 2R and Re (w2 ) = 2R2 < 0
if R is very large. Hence the point f(w2 ) is in the second quadrant. Also, for very large R, and
|z| = R, the mapping z 7 f(z) is approximately like z 7 z 2 . So f(z) takes R and maps it
approximately to the semi-circle (the map w = z 2 doubles the angles), with initial point w1 and
terminal point w2.
We now come to the third part of the image of R . We know that it starts at w2 and end at w0.
As this image path go from w2 to w0 , does it wrap around zero or not? To answer this question, we
consider f(iy) = 2 R2 + 2iy. Since Im (f(iy) > 0 if y > 0, we conclude that the image point of iy
remains in the upper half-plane as it moves from w2 to w0. Consequently, the image curve does not
wrap around 0; and hence the polynomial has no roots in the first quadrant-as expected.
5. Follow the steps in the solution of Exercise 1, but here the roots of z 4 + 8z 2 + 16z + 20 = 0 are
not so easy to find, so we will not give them.
Argue that f has no roots of the positive x axis. This is clear, because if x > 0 then
x4 + 8x2 + 16z + 20 > 20 and so it cannot possibly be equal to 0. Second, we must argue that there
are no roots on the upper imaginary axis. f(iy) = y4 8y2 + 16iy + 20 = y4 8y2 + 20 8iy. If
y = 0, f(0) = 20 6= 0. If y > 0, then Im (f(y)) = 8y 6= 0. In all cases, f(iy) 6= 0 if y 0.
The number of zeros of the polynomial f(z) = z 4 + 8z 2 + 16z + 20 is equal to the number of
times the image of R wraps around the origin, where R is the circular path in the first quadrant,
in Fig. 4. This path consists of the interval [0, R], the circular arc R , and the interval on the
imaginary axis from iR to 0. To find the image on R , we consider the image of each component
separately.
Since f(x) is real for real x, we conclude that the image of the interval [0, R] is also an interval,
and it is easy to see that this interval is [20, R4 + 8R2 + 16R + 20]. So its initial point is w0 = 2
and its terminal point is w1 = R4 + 8R2 + 16R + 20.
The image of the arc R starts at the point w1 = R4 + 8R2 + 16R + 20 on the real axis and ends
at f(iR) = R4 8R2 + 20 + 16iR = w2, which is the image of the terminal point of R . We have
Im (w2)) = 16R > 0 and Re (w2 ) = R4 8R2 + 20 > 0 if R is very large. Hence the point f(w2 ) is
in the first quadrant. Also, for very large R, and |z| = R, the mapping z 7 f(z) is approximately
like z 7 z 2 . So f(z) takes R and maps it approximately to a circle (the map w = z 4 multiplies
angles by 4), with initial point w1 and terminal point w2. So far, the image of [0, R] and R wraps
one around the origin.

132 Chapter 5 Residue Theory

We now come to the third part of the image of R . We know that it starts at w2 and end at
w0. As this image path go from w2 to w0, does it close the loop around 0 or does it unwrap it? To
answer this question, we consider f(iy) = R4 8R2 + 20 + 16iy. Since Im (f(iy) = 16y > 0 if y > 0,
we conclude that the image point of iy remains in the upper half-plane as it moves from w2 to w0.
Consequently, the image curve wraps around 0; and hence the polynomial has one root in the first
quadrant.
9. Apply Rouches theorem with f(z) = 11, g(z) = 7z 3 + 3z 2. On |z| = 1, |f(z)| = 11 and
|g(z)| 7 + 3 = 10. Since |f| > |g| on |z| = 1, we conclude that N (f) = N (f + g) inside C1(0).
Since N (f) = 0 we conclude that the polynomial 7z 3 + 3z 2 + 11 has no roots in the unit disk.
13.

Apply Rouches theorem with f(z) = 3z, g(z) = ez . On |z| = 1, |f(z)| = 3 and


|g(z)| = ecos t+i sin t  = ecos t e.

Since |f| > |g| on |z| = 1, we conclude that N (f) = N (f + g) inside C1(0). Since N (f) = 1 we
conclude that the function ez 3z has one root in the unit disk.
17. Apply Rouches theorem with f(z) = 5, g(z) = z 5 + 3z. On |z| = 1, |f(z)| = 5 and |g(z)| 4.
Since |f| > |g| on |z| = 1, we conclude that N (f) = N (f + g) inside C1(0). Since N (f) = 0 we
1
conclude that the function z 5 + 3z + 5 has no roots in the unit disk. Hence z5 +3z+5
is analytic in
the unit disk and by Cauchys theorem
Z
dz
= 0.
5
C1 (0) z + 3z + 5
21. (a) Let g(z) = z and f(z) = z n 1. Then
1
2i

z
CR (0)

nz n1
1
dz =
zn 1
2i

X
f 0 (z)
g(zj ),
dz =
f(z)
j=1
n

g(z)
CR (0)

Pn
where zj are the roots of f(z). These are precisely the n roots of unity. Hence
j=1 g(zj ) =
Pn
1
1
z
=
S.
Let

=
,
d
=

dz,
as
z
runs
through
C
(0)
in
the
positive
direction,
runs
j
2
R
j=1
z
z
through C1/R(0) in the negative direction. So
1
2i

z
CR (0)

nz n1
1
dz =
n
z 1
2i

n
C 1
R

n 1
(0) ( n

n
d
=
2
2i
1)

Z
C 1 (0)

d
.
(1 n )

(b) Evaluate the second integral in (a) using Cauchys generalized integral formula and conclude
that


Z
n
d
n n1 
d
1 
=
= 0.
=
2i C 1 (0) (1 n )
d 1 n =0
(1 n )2 =0
R

Using (a), we find S = 0.

A different way to evaluate S is as follows: From (a),
Z
n
zn
S =
dz
2i CR (0) z n 1
Z
Z
n
zn 1
1
n
=
dz
+
dz
n
n
2i CR (0) z 1
2i CR (0) z 1
Z
Z
n
1
n
=
1 dz +
dz
n
2i CR (0)
2i CR (0) z 1
= 0 + 0 = 0.

Section 5.7

The Counting Theorem and Rouche Theorem

133

The first integral is 0 by Cauchys theorem. The second integral is zero because CR (0) contains all
the roots of p(z) = z n 1 (see Exercise 38, Sec. 3.4).
25. Suppose that f is not identically 0 in , and let Br (z0 ) be a disk such that f(z) 6= 0 for
all z on Cr (z0 ). Since |f| is continuous, it attains its maximum and minimum on Cr (z0 ). So there
is a point z1 on Cr (z0 ) such that |f(z1 )| = m = min |f| on Cr (z0 ). Since |f(z1 )| 6= 0, we find that
m > 0.
Apply uniform convergence to get an index N such that n > N implies that |fn f| < m |f|
on Cr (z0 ). Now, |f| m on Cr (z0 ), so we can apply Rouches theorem and conclude that N (f) =
N (fn f + f) = N (fn ) for all n N . That is, the number of zeros of fn inside Cr (z0 ) is equal to
the number of zeros of f inside Cr (z0 ).
29. Follow the steps outlined in Exercise 28. Let denote the open unit disk and let fn (z) =
z 5 + z 4 + 6z 2 + 3z + 11 + n1 . Then fn(z) converge uniformly to p(z) = z 5 + z 4 + 6z 2 + 3z + 11 on any
closed disk in . Since p(z) is clearly not identically zero, it follows from Hurwitzs theorem that
N (fn ) = N (p) in |z| < 1 for all sufficiently large n. But, an application of Rouches theorem shows
that fn (z) has no zeros in N1 (0) or on C1(0). (Take f(z) = 11 + n1 and g(z) = z 5 + z + 6z 2 + 3z.)
Hence p(z) has no roots in N1 (0).
Note: Hurwitzs theorem does not apply to p(z) on the boundary of N1 (0). On this boundary,
p(z) may have roots. Consider another simpler example: p(z) = z 2 + 1, fn (z) = z 2 + 1 + n1 . Then
fn converges to p uniformly on any closed set. Clearly, p(z) has two roots, i, on the boundary of
the unit disk, but fn (z) has no roots inside or on the boundary of the unit disk.