LECTURE 8

Hydraulic machines and systems II

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Basic hydraulic machines & components

Graphical Nomenclature

Arrows show direction of flow

Control Volume

Pipe or hose with fluid flow

Power out

Pipe or hose without fluid flow

Pay attention to flows in/out

Power in
port
port

Motor

Pump

Cylinder

Valve
Pressure
Gauge

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Reservoir

Example I Pump & cylinder

Solve for the the velocity of piston and the force exerted by piston
Note where power crosses into and out of the system boundary
Tp = 10 in-lbf
p = 1000 rpm
2

Power in
Power out
p4 = 14 psi

p3
Pump

Fcyl

Valve
p3 = 1014 psi

Cylinder
Acyl = 10 in2

Reservoir

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Example I Pump & cylinder cont.

Force exerted by piston:

= Acyl p
cyl

= p3 - p4
= 10 in2 1000 lbf/in2

Fcyl
p
cyl
Fcyl

= 1014 psi 14 psi = 1000 psi

= 10 000 lbf

If we know F and v, we know the power output of the cylinder

At the boundary of the hydraulic system we see one inflow & one outflow of power
From the power balance:
Pin= Pout + Ploss + (dEstored/dt); If Ploss & (dEstored/dt) are small compared to
Pout:
Pin ~ Pout
Tp p ~ Fcyl vcyl
vcyl

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~ (Tp p )/ Fcyl
= (10 in-lbf) (1000/2 rev/min) (2 rad/rev) (1/60 min/s) / (10 000 lbf)
= 0.0167 in/s
Always check and list your units!!!

Example II Pump, motor, & cylinder

Given the diagram, solve for Tm and m

Note where power

crosses into
and out of the system boundary

3
3
Dp = 0.5 in /rev

Dm = 1 in /rev

Tp = 7.16 in-lbf

Tm = ?

p = 1000 rpm
2

m = ?

p4 = 33.2 psi
x
p3
Pump

Motor

Valve
Fcyl

p3 = 44 psi
Acyl = 5 in2

Reservoir

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Example II Pump, motor, & cylinder cont.

Motor speed: We know that the mass flow rate through the pump and
motor has to be the same. As we assume the liquid is incompressible,
this means the volumetric flow rate is the same:

= p Dp = Qm = m Dm
= p (Dp/Dm)
= [1000/(2)
) rev/min ] [( 0.5 in3/rev ) / ( 1 in3/rev ) ]

Qp
m

= 500/(2)
) rev/min

Motor torque:

Pin= Pout + Ploss + (dEstored/dt) ; If Ploss & dEstored/dt are small compared to Pin:
Pin ~ Pout
Tp p ~ Tm m + Fcyl vcyl
~
Tm
~ [ Tp p - (pcyl Acyl) vcyl ] / m

Tm m + (pcyl Acyl) vcyl

We can not solve as we dont know vcyl, we find vcyl via volumetric flow rate

Volumecyl = Acyl xcyl ;

Qcyl = d(Volumecyl)/dt;
Qcyl = d(Acylxcyl)/dt = Acyl vcyl
Qcyl = Qp = Qm
therefore m Dm = p Dp = Acyl vcyl
vcyl = p Dp / Acyl

Tm ~ [ Tp p - (pcyl Acyl) vcyl ] / m ~ [ Tp p - (pcyl Acyl) (p Dp / Acyl ) ] / m

The numerical plug and chug is left to you, Tm = 8.91 in lbf

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Example III Pump, motor, & cylinder cont.

Given the diagram, solve for Tp, Tm, and m

Note where power crosses into and out of the system boundary

Dp = 0.5 in3/rev

Dm = 1 in3/rev

Tp = ?

Tm = ?

p = 1000 rpm
2

m = ?

p5 = 33.2 psi
x
p1

p2
Pump

p1 = 10 psi

p3
Motor

p2 = 100 psi

p3
Valve

p3 = 44 psi

Fcyl

p4 = 44 psi
Acyl = 5 in2

Reservoir

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Example III Pump, motor, & cylinder cont.

Use a power balance on the pump to determine the pump torque:

Pin= Pout + Ploss + (dEstored/dt); If Ploss & (dEstored/dt) are small compared to Pin:
Pin
= Pout
Tp p
= pp Qp
Tp = pp ( Qp ) / p = pp (Dp p ) / p = pp (Dp)
(100psi 10 psi)

0.5 in3/rev (1/2) rev/rad

7.16 in lbf

The solution to the rest of the problem is the solution to Example II

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PROJECT I AND HWK 6

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PLANETARY GEAR

TRAINS

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Planetary relationships (ala Patrick Petri)

Say the arm is grounded.

Planet gears = idler gears

Ns
'ri
=

Nr
' si
2

Now say the arm spins. we can say

'ri = ri a
' si = si a

N si ri ai
=
N ri si ai

Finding the train ratio: Say the ring is grounded, sun = input, arm = output

N si
0 ai
=
N ri si ai

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Ns
ai
=
si N R + N s

Planetary gear systems: Arm as output

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THREADED

MECHANISMS

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Threaded mechanisms: Geometry

Threaded mechanisms are used in applications such as:

Bolts

Lead screws (i.e. mills and lathes)

General threaded mechanism geometry

Control volume

vs
Lead, l
Forceexert

Torqueapplied

Nut with interior threads

Usually, either the nut or the screw is grounded

Figure above shows the nut grounded
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Shaft with exterior threads

Threaded mechanisms: Modeling power flow

From power balance for our control volume:

d (Estored )
Pin = [Pout ] +

dt

Papplied

Power in via work by applied Torque :

Papplied

Power out via work done by exerted Force :

Power loss due to friction Torque :

Rate of energy storage in stretched "cylinder":

From geometry : v =
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( )l

d (Estretch )
= [Pexert + Ploss ] +
dt

Lead = l

= Tapplied ( )

Pexert

= Fexert (v ) v

Ploss

= Tfriction ( )

Pstretch

= Fstretch (v s ) v s