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Manual Etabs 8 PDF
Manual Etabs 8 PDF
Version 8
January 2002
Copyright
The computer program ETABS and all associated documentation are proprietary and
copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership rest with Computers and
Structures, Inc. Unlicensed use of the program or reproduction of the documentation in
any form, without prior written authorization from Computers and Structures, Inc., is
explicitly prohibited.
Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:
Computers and Structures, Inc.
1995 University Avenue
Berkeley, California 94704 USA
Phone: (510) 845-2177
FAX: (510) 845-4096
e-mail: info@csiberkeley.com (for general questions)
e-mail: support@csiberkeley.com (for technical support questions)
web: www.csiberkeley.com
DISCLAIMER
CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE
DEVELOPMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF ETABS. THE PROGRAM HAS
BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED AND USED. IN USING THE PROGRAM,
HOWEVER, THE USER ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY
IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS
ON THE ACCURACY OR THE RELIABILITY OF THE PROGRAM.
THIS PROGRAM IS A VERY PRACTICAL TOOL FOR THE DESIGN/CHECK OF
STEEL STRUCTURES. HOWEVER, THE USER MUST THOROUGHLY READ THE
MANUAL AND CLEARLY RECOGNIZE THE ASPECTS OF COMPOSITE DESIGN
THAT THE PROGRAM ALGORITHMS DO NOT ADDRESS.
THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE
PROGRAM AND MUST INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS.
Contents
2-1
2-4
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
Input Data
General
Using the Print Composite Beam Design
Tables Form
Material Properties Input Data
Section Properties Input Data
Deck Properties Input Data
Design Preferences Input Data
Beam Overwrites Input Data
ii
3-5
3-5
Output Data
Overview
Using the Print Composite Beam Design
Tables Form
Summary of Composite Beam Output
Composite Beam Properties
Beam Properties
Metal Deck and Slab Properties
Shear Stud Properties
Cover Plates
5-1
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-6
5-8
6-1
6-1
6-2
7-1
7-3
7-5
7-5
Contents
Effect of Openings on Effective Slab
Width
Effective Slab Width and Transformed
Section Properties
9
10
11
12
13
8-8
8-9
9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-7
10-4
11-1
11-4
Beam Vibration
Overview
Vibration Frequency
Murray's Minimum Damping Requirement
Initial Displacement Amplitude
Effective Number of Beams Resisting
Heel Drop Impact
References
10-1
10-2
12-1
12-1
12-4
12-4
12-6
12-7
iii
iv
14
15
Contents
17
Preferences
General
Using the Preferences Form
Preferences
Factors Tab
Beam Tab
Deflection Tab
Vibration Tab
Price Tab
18
19
Overwrites
General
Using the Composite Beam Overwrites
Form
Overwrites
Beam Tab
Bracing (C) Tab and Bracing Tab
Deck Tab
Shear Studs Tab
Deflection Tab
Vibration Tab
Miscellaneous Tab
EQ Factor
Width-to-Thickness Checks
Overview
Limiting Width-to-Thickness Ratios for
Flanges
Compact Section Limits for Flanges
Noncompact Section Limits for
Flanges
17-1
17-1
17-2
17-3
17-3
17-4
17-5
17-6
18-1
18-2
18-3
18-4
18-6
18-9
18-10
18-13
18-14
18-14
18-15
19-1
19-2
19-2
19-2
vi
19-3
19-3
19-3
19-4
19-5
19-5
20
21
22
22-1
Contents
Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam
Alone
Allowable Bending Stresses for Positive
Bending in the Composite Beam
23
24
25
22-2
22-6
23-1
23-2
23-5
23-5
23-6
24-1
24-1
24-2
24-3
24-4
24-7
25-1
25-1
25-2
25-3
25-4
25-5
25-6
25-6
vii
27
Input Data
Beam Overwrites Input Data
27-1
Output Details
Short Form Output Details
28-1
28
30
31
viii
29-1
29-7
Preferences
General
Using the Preferences Form
Preferences
Factors Tab
Beam Tab
Deflection Tab
Vibration Tab
Price Tab
30-1
30-1
30-2
30-3
30-4
30-5
30-5
30-6
Overwrites
General
Using the Composite Beam Overwrites
Form
Resetting Composite Beam
Overwrites to Default Values
Overwrites
Beam Tab
Brace (C) Tab and Bracing Tab
31-1
31-2
31-3
31-3
31-4
31-6
Contents
Deck Tab
Shear Studs Tab
Deflection Tab
Vibration Tab
Miscellaneous Tab
32
31-9
31-10
31-12
31-13
31-14
32-1
32-2
32-2
32-3
33
34
ix
34-11
34-12
34-13
34-15
34-16
35
36
Contents
AISC-LFRD93 Equation A-F1-3 for
WLB
36-12
37
38
39
40
41
Shear Connectors
Shear Stud Connectors
Horizontal Shear for Full Composite
Connection
Number of Shear Connectors
Between Maximum Moment and
Point of Zero Moment
Between Point Load and Point of
Zero Moment
38-1
38-1
38-2
39-1
39-1
39-2
39-2
39-3
40-1
40-2
40-2
Input Data
Beam Overwrites Input
41-1
xi
xii
Output Details
Short Form Output Details
Long Form Output Details
42-1
42-8
Technical Note 1
Design Codes
The design code is set using the Options menu > Preferences > Composite Beam Design command. You can choose to design for any one design
code in any one design run. You cannot design some beams for one code and
others for a different code in the same design run. You can however perform
different design runs using different design codes without rerunning the
analysis.
Units
For composite beam design in this program, any set of consistent units can be
used for input. Typically, design codes are based on one specific set of units.
The documentation in the Composite Beam Design series of Technical Notes is
presented in kip-inch-seconds units unless otherwise noted.
Again, any system of units can be used to define and design a building in the
program. You can change the system of units at any time using the pull-down
menu on the Status Bar or pull-down menu on individual forms where available.
Note:
You can use any set of units in composite beam design and you can change the units "on
the fly."
Design Codes
Technical Note 1 - 1
built-in program section database, or they can be user defined. The userdefined sections can be specified using the Define menu > Frame Sections
command and clicking either the Add I/Wide Flange or the Add Channel option.
Note that beam sections that are defined in Section Designer are always
treated as general sections. Thus, if you define an I-type or channel-type
section in Section Designer, the program will consider it as a general section,
not an I-shaped or channel-shaped section, and will not allow it to be designed as a composite beam.
Note:
Beam sections defined in the section designer utility cannot be designed as composite
beams.
Technical Note 1 - 2
shears will still be correct but the design performed by the Composite Beam
Design processor probably will not be correct.
The beam must meet the section requirements described in the subsection
entitled "Section Requirements for Composite Beams" in this Technical
Note.
The beam must meet the material property requirement described in the
subsection entitled "Material Property Requirement for Composite Beams"
in this Technical Note.
The beam must meet the two other requirements described in the subsection entitled "Other Requirements for Composite Beams" in this Technical
Note.
At least one side of the beam must support deck that is specified as a
Deck section (not a Slab or Wall section). The deck section can be filled,
unfilled or a solid slab. When the deck is unfilled, the beam will still go
through the Composite Beam Design postprocessor and will simply be designed as a noncomposite beam.
The beam must not frame continuously into a column or a brace. Both
ends of the beam must be pinned for major axis bending (bending about
the local 3-axis).
No design
By default, steel sections are designed using either the composite beam design procedure or the steel frame design procedure. All steel sections that
Technical Note 1 - 3
Technical Note 1 - 4
Technical Note 1 - 5
adequate section and then determines the theoretical heaviest section that
could still have a cost equal to the adequate section by dividing the total price
of the beam with the adequate section (steel plus camber plus shear connectors) by the unit price of the steel. This assumes that when the cost of the
steel section alone is equal to or greater than the total cost of the adequate
section, the section could not have a total cost less than the adequate section. The program then checks any other sections in the shorter common section list that have a weight less than or equal to the calculated maximum
weight. If any of the other sections are also adequate, a cost is calculated for
them. Finally, the section with the lowest associated cost is selected as the
optimum section for the design group.
Regardless of whether the optimization is based on weight or cost, if all sections in the shorter common section list are tried and none of them are adequate for all of the beams in the design group, the program proceeds to design each beam in the design group individually based on its own auto section
list and ignores the rest of the design group. If for a particular beam none of
the sections in the auto select section list are adequate, the program displays
results for the section in the auto select list with the smallest controlling ratio
in a red font. Note that the controlling ratio may be based on stress or deflection.
Note:
By default, the program selects the optimum composite beam size based on weight, not
price.
Technical Note 1 - 6
You can request that the program use price to determine the optimum section
by clicking the Options menu > Preferences > Composite Beam Design
command, selecting the Price tab and setting the "Optimize for Price" item to
Yes. If you request a price analysis, the program compares alternate acceptable beam designs based on their price and selects the one with the least cost
as the optimum section.
For the cost comparison, specify costs for steel, shear studs and beam camber. The steel cost is specified as a part of the steel material property using
the Define menu > Material Properties command. The shear stud and
beam camber costs are specified in the composite beam preferences.
The costs for steel and cambering are specified on a unit weight of the beam
basis; for example, a cost per pound of the beam. The shear connector cost is
specified on a cost per connector. By assigning different prices for steel, shear
Technical Note 1 - 7
connectors and camber, you can influence the choice of optimum section. The
cost of the cover plate is not included in the comparison (but it would be the
same for all beam sections if it were included).
See the previous "Important Note about Optimizing Beams by Weight and
Price" for additional information.
You can specify as many load combinations as you want for each of these
types. In addition, the program creates special live load patterns for cantilever beams. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 20 Design Load Combinations for additional information on design load combinations for the Composite Beam Design postprocessor.
Technical Note 1 - 8
The Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Verify Analysis vs Design Section command is useful for this task.
The program keeps track of the analysis section and the design section
separately. Note the following about analysis and design sections:
Assigning a beam a frame section property using the Assign menu >
Frame/Line > Frame Section command assigns the section as both the
analysis section and the design section.
Running an analysis using the Analyze menu > Run Analysis command
(or its associated toolbar button) always sets the analysis section to be
the same as the current design section.
Assigning an auto select list to a frame section using the Assign menu >
Frame/Line > Frame Section command initially sets the design section
to be the beam with the median weight in the auto select list.
Unlocking a model deletes the design results, but it does not delete or
change the design section.
Using the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Select Design
Combo command to change a design load combination deletes the design
results, but it does not delete or change the design section.
Using the Options menu > Preferences > Composite Beam Design
command to change any of the composite beam design preferences deletes the design results, but it does not delete or change the design section.
Deleting the static nonlinear analysis results also deletes the design results for any load combination that includes static nonlinear forces. Typically, static nonlinear analysis and design results are deleted when one of
the following actions is taken:
9
Use the Define menu > Frame Nonlinear Hinge Properties command to redefine existing or define new hinges.
Technical Note 1 - 9
Use the Define menu > Static Nonlinear/Pushover Cases command to redefine existing or define new static nonlinear load cases.
Use the Assign menu > Frame/Line > Frame Nonlinear Hinges
command to add or delete hinges.
Again, note that these actions delete only results for load combinations that
include static nonlinear forces.
Output Stations
Frame output stations are designated locations along a frame element. They
are used as locations to report output forces and to perform design, and as
plotting points used for graphic display of force diagrams. When force diagrams are plotted, exact forces are plotted at each output station and then
those points are connected by straight lines. Output stations occur at userspecified locations and at point load locations along a beam. Designate the
output stations for a frame element using the Assign menu.
Note:
Access the display of frame element output stations using the View menu.
For composite beam design, the program checks the moments, shears and
deflections at each output station along the beam. No checks are made at any
points along the beam that are not output stations.
Technical Note 1 - 10
Output Stations
Technical Note 2
Technical Note 2 - 1
the default values. Note that the overwrites can be assigned before or after the analysis is run. See AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 18 Overwrites and See AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design
Technical Note 31 Overwrites.
5. Designate design groups, if desired, using the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Select Design Group command. Note that you
must have already created some groups by selecting objects and clicking
the Assign menu > Group Names command.
6. To use design load combinations other than the defaults created by the
program for composite beam design, click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Select Design Combo command. Note that you
must have already created your own design combos by clicking the Define menu > Load Combinations command.
Note that for composite beam design, you specify separate design load
combinations for construction loading, final loading considering strength,
and final loading considering deflection. Design load combinations for each
of these three conditions are specified using the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Select Design Combo command. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 10 Design Load Combinations.
7. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to run the composite beam design.
8. Review the composite beam design results by doing one of the following:
a. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Display Design Info command to display design input and output information on
the model. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 4 Data Plotted
Directly on the Model.
b. Right click on a beam while the design results are displayed on it to
enter the interactive design mode and interactively design the beam.
Note that while you are in this mode, you can also view diagrams
(load, moment, shear and deflection) and view design details on the
screen. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 3 Interactive
Composite Beam Design for more information.
Technical Note 2 - 2
If design results are not currently displayed (and the design has been
run), click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Interactive Composite Beam Design command and then right click a
beam to enter the interactive design mode for that beam.
c. Use the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design
command to print composite beam design data. If you select beams
before using this command, data is printed only for the selected
beams. See AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 27
Input Data, AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 41
Input Data, AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28
Output Details, and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical
Note 42 Output Details for more information.
d. Use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Verify all
Members Passed command to verify that no members are overstressed or otherwise unacceptable.
9. Use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Change Design
Section command to change the beam design section properties for selected beams.
10. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to rerun the composite beam design
with the new section properties. Review the results using the procedures
described in Step 8.
11. Rerun the building analysis using the Analyze menu > Run Analysis
command. Note that the beam section properties used for the analysis are
the last specified design section properties.
12. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to rerun the composite beam design
with the new analysis results and new section properties. Review the results using the procedures described in Step 8.
13. Again use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Change
Design Section command to change the beam design section properties
for selected beams, if necessary.
Technical Note 2 - 3
Technical Note 2 - 4
for a new building because iteration is not required. Note that although the
sequence of steps you follow may vary, the basic process probably will be essentially the same.
Tip:
You can define your own shear stud patterns on the Shear Studs tab in the composite
beam overwrites. This allows you to model existing structures with composite floor framing.
1. Use the Options menu > Preferences > Composite Beam Design
command to choose the composite beam design code and to review other
composite beam design preferences and revise them if necessary. Note
that default values are provided for all composite beam design preferences so it is unnecessary to define preferences unless you want to
change some of the default preference values. See AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 17 Preferences and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 30 Preferences for more information
about preferences.
2. Create the building model, as explained in Volumes 1 and 2.
3. Run the building analysis using the Analyze menu > Run Analysis
command.
4. Assign composite beam overwrites, including the user-defined shear stud
patterns, using the Design menu > Composite Beam Design >
View/Revise Overwrites command. Note that you must select beams
first before using this command. See AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 18 Overwrites and See AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam
Design Technical Note 31 Overwrites.
5. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Start Design/Check of Structure command to run the composite beam design.
6. Review the composite beam design results by doing do one of the following:
a. Click the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Display Design Info command to display design input and output information on
the model. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 4 Data Plotted
Directly on the Model.
Technical Note 2 - 5
Technical Note 2 - 6
Technical Note 3
Member Identification
Story ID
This is the story level ID associated with the composite beam.
Beam Label
This is the label associated with the composite beam.
Design Group
This list box displays the name of the design group that the beam is assigned
to if that design group was considered in the design of the beam. If the beam
is part of a design group but the design group was not considered in the design, N/A is displayed. If the beam is not assigned to any design group,
"NONE" is displayed.
If a beam is redesigned as a result of a change made in the Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form, the design group is ignored and only
the single beam is considered. Thus, as soon as you design a beam in the
Member Identification
Technical Note 3 - 1
Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form, the Design Group box
either displays N/A or None.
You cannot directly edit the contents of this list box.
Section Information
Auto Select List
This drop-down box displays the name of the auto select section list assigned
to the beam. If no auto select list has been assigned to the beam, NONE is
displayed. You can change this item to another auto select list or to NONE
while in the form and the design results will be updated immediately. If you
change this item to NONE, the design is performed for the Current Design/Next Analysis section property.
Optimal
If an auto select section list is assigned to the beam, this list box displays the
optimal section as determined by beam weight or price, depending on what
has been specified in the composite beam preferences. If no auto select list is
assigned to the beam, N/A is displayed for this item.
You cannot directly edit the contents of this list box.
Last Analysis
This list box displays the name of the section that was used for this beam in
the last analysis. Thus, the beam forces are based on a beam of this section
property. For the final design iteration, the Current Design/Next Analysis section property and the Last Analysis section property should be the same.
You cannot directly edit the contents of this list box.
Technical Note 3 - 2
Section Information
If no auto select list has been assigned to the beam, the beam design is performed for the section property specified in this edit box.
It is important to note that subsequent analyses use the section property
specified in this list box for the next analysis section for the beam. Thus, the
forces and moments obtained in the next analysis are based on this beam
size.
The Current Design/Next Analysis section property can be changed by clicking
the Sections button that is described later in this Technical Note.
Important note: Changes made to the Current Design/Next Analysis section
property are permanently saved (until you revise them again) if you click the
OK button to exit the Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form. If
you exit the form by clicking the Cancel button, these changes are considered temporary and are not permanently saved.
Section name
Connector layout
Camber
Ratio
Tip:
A single beam displayed in a red font in the Acceptable Sections List means that none of
the sections considered were acceptable.
Typically, the ratio displayed is the largest ratio obtained considering the
stress ratios for positive moment, negative moment and shear for both construction loads and final loads, as well as the stud ratio(s), deflection ratios,
and if they are specified to be considered when determining if a beam section
is acceptable, the vibration ratios.
Technical Note 3 - 3
If the beam is assigned an auto select list, many beam sections may be listed
in the Acceptable Sections List. If necessary, use the scroll bar to scroll
through the acceptable sections. The optimal section is initially highlighted in
the list.
If the beam is not assigned an auto select list, only one beam section will be
listed in the Acceptable Sections List. It is the same section as specified in the
Current Design/Next Analysis edit box.
At least one beam will always be shown in the Acceptable Sections List, even
if none of the beams considered are acceptable. When no beams are acceptable, the program displays the section with the smallest maximum ratio in a
red font. Thus, a single beam displayed in a red font in the Acceptable Sections List means that none of the sections considered were acceptable.
ReDefine
Sections Button
Use the Sections button to change the Current Design/Next Analysis section
property. This button can designate a new section property whether the section property is or is not displayed in the Acceptable Sections List.
When you click on the Sections button, the Select Sections form appears.
Assign any frame section property to the beam by clicking on the desired
property and clicking OK. Note that if an auto select list is assigned to the
beam, using the Sections button sets the auto select list assignment to
NONE.
Overwrites Button
Click the overwrites button to access and make revisions to the composite
beam overwrites and then immediately see the new design results. Modifying
some overwrites in this mode and exiting both the Composite Beam Overwrites form and the Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form by
clicking their respective OK buttons permanently saves changes made to the
overwrites.
Exiting the Composite Beam Overwrites form by clicking the OK button temporarily saves changes. Subsequently exiting the Interactive Composite Beam
Design and Review form by clicking the Cancel button cancels the changes
made. Permanent saving of the overwrites does not occur until the OK but-
Technical Note 3 - 4
ReDefine
tons in both the Composite Beam Overwrites form and the Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form have been clicked.
Temporary
Combos Button
Click this button to access and make temporary revisions to the design load
combinations considered for the beam. This is useful for reviewing the results
for one particular load combination, for example. You can temporarily change
the considered design load combinations to be just the one you are interested
in and review the results.
The changes made to the considered design load combinations using the
combos button are temporary. They are not saved when you exit the Interactive Composite Beam Design and Review form, whether you click OK or Cancel to exit it.
Show Details
Diagrams Button
Clicking the Diagrams button displays a form with the following four types of
diagrams for the beam.
Applied loads
Shear
Moment
Deflection
The diagrams are plotted for specific design load combinations specified in the
form by the user.
Details Button
Clicking the Details button displays design details for the beam. The information displayed is similar to the short form output that can be printed using
the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command. The
Technical Notes describe short form output.
Temporary
Technical Note 3 - 5
Note:
Stud Details Information is available using the Details button, but is not included in the
short form output printed using File Menu > Print Tables> Composite Beam Design.
Stud details information is one item included in the interactive design details
that is not included in the short form output details (and thus not described in
AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28 Output Details or
AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 42 Output Details). This
information is provided in a table with six columns on the Stud Details tab.
The definitions of the column headings in this table are given in the following
bullet items.
Distance: The distance of the Max Moment or Point Load location measured from the center of the support at the left end (I-end) of the beam.
Combo: The final strength design load combination considered for the associated row of the table.
L1 left: The dimension L1 left associated with the specified location. See
"How the Program Distributes Shear Studs on a Beam" in Composite
Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Beam for
more information.
Recall that L1 left is the distance from an output station to an adjacent point
of zero moment or physical end of the beam top flange, or physical end of
the concrete slab, measured toward the left end (I-end) of the beam.
L1 right: The dimension L1 right associated with the specified location. See
"How the Program Distributes Shear Studs on a Beam" in Composite
Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Beam for
more information.
Recall that L1 right is the distance from an output station to an adjacent
point of zero moment or physical end of the beam top flange, or physical
Technical Note 3 - 6
Show Details
end of the concrete slab, measured toward the right end (J-end) of the
beam
Studs: The number of shear studs required between the specified location
and adjacent points of zero moment, the end of the concrete slab, or the
end of the beam top flange.
The Stud Details table reports information at each maximum moment location
and each point load location (if any) for each final strength design load combination.
The Stud Detail information allows you to report your shear studs in composite beam segments that are different from the default composite beam segments used by the program. See "Composite Beam Segments" in Composite
Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Beam for a
definition of composite beam segments. It is very important that you understand how the program defines composite beam segments, because in the composite beam output, the program reports the required number of shear studs in each composite beam segment. See
"How the Program Distributes Shear Studs on a Beam" in Composite Beam
Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Beam for discussion of how the program distributes shear studs along a beam.
Show Details
Technical Note 3 - 7
Technical Note 4
Overview
Use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > Display Design Info
command to display on-screen output plotted directly on the model. If desired, the screen graphics can then be printed using the File menu > Print
Graphics command.
The on-screen display data is organized into four data groups, as follows.
Labels
Design Data
Stress Ratios
Deflection Ratios
Each of these data groups is described in more detail later in this Technical
Note. It is important to note that items from different data groups cannot be
displayed simultaneously.
Tip:
The colors related to the beam ratios can be modified by clicking the Options menu >
Colors > Output command.
When design information is displayed directly on the model, the frame elements are displayed in a color that indicates the value of their controlling ratio. (Note that this controlling ratio may be a stress ratio or a deflection ratio.) The colors associated with various ranges of ratios are specified in the
Steel Ratios area of the Assign Output Colors form, which is accessed using
the Options menu > Colors > Output command.
Overview
Technical Note 4 - 1
B8
Group01
B24
Group07
B2
Grou 3
p08
B7
B9
Group01
Floor Plan
Figure 1: Example of Beam and Design Group Labels
Technical Note 4 - 2
Tip:
The design data and ratios output that is plotted directly on the model is also available in
text form in the short and long form printed output, which are described in AISC-ASD89
Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28 Output Details and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 42 Output Details.
Design Data
The following design data can be displayed on the model:
Beam camber
One or more of these items can be displayed at the same time. Figure 2
shows an example where all five of these items are displayed. The beam section size (e.g., W18X35) is apparent and needs no further explanation.
The beam yield stress is displayed just after the beam section size.
The shear stud layout pattern is displayed in parenthesis just after the beam
yield stress. The number of equally spaced shear studs is reported for each
composite beam segment. See Composite Beam Segments in Composite
Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite
Beam for more information on composite beam segments.
Important note: It is very important that you fully understand the concept
of composite beam segments. This is necessary to properly interpret the output results for shear studs.
The beam camber is displayed below or to the right of the beam. All other
data is displayed above or to the left of the beam.
The end reactions are displayed at each end of the beam. They are displayed
below or to the right of the beam. The end reactions displayed are the maximum end reactions obtained from all design load combinations. Note that the
Design Data
Technical Note 4 - 3
W24
X55
Fy=5
0 (16
C=1.
,16)
00
18.4
16.2
18.4
20.7
25.2
20.7
Yield stress
Right reaction
Shear stud layout in
parenthesis
Camber
Beam section
Left reaction
25.2
Floor Plan
Figure 2: Example of Design Data that Can be Displayed on the Model
left end reaction and the right end reaction displayed may be from two different design load combinations.
Note that cover plate information is not displayed on the model. This information is available in the printed output (short form or long form; see AISCASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28 Output Details and AISC-LRFD93
Composite Beam Design Technical Note 42 Output Details) and in the overwrites.
Tip:
The length of the composite beam segments associated with the shear stud layout is
documented in the short and long form printed output, which are described in AISCASD89 Composite Beam Design Technical Note 28 Output Details and AISC-LRFD93
Composite Beam Design Technical Note 42 Output Details.
Stress Ratios
The following design data can be displayed on the model:
Technical Note 4 - 4
Stress Ratios
You can display the construction load ratios, the final load ratios, or both.
Bending ratios are always displayed above or to the left of the beam. Shear
ratios are always displayed below or to the right of the beam.
When both construction and final stress ratios are displayed, the construction
load ratios are displayed first, followed by the final load ratios. See Figure 3
for an example.
0.882, 0.978
0.134, 0.222
0.765, 0.994
0.179, 0.311
Floor Plan
0.561, 0.983
0.213, 0.293
0.46
7,
0.13 0.968
5, 0.
224
0.678, 0.961
0.121, 0.245
Construction
Final load
load bending
bending ratio
ratio
0.678, 0.961
0.121, 0.245
Construction
load shear
ratio
Final load
shear ratio
Legend
Deflection Ratios
When the Deflection Ratios option is chosen, the program plots one or both of
the following two ratios.
The maximum live load deflection ratio (live load deflection divided by allowable live load deflection) for deflection loads.
The maximum total load deflection ratio (total load deflection divided by
allowable total load deflection) for deflection loads.
When both ratios are plotted, the live load deflection ratio is plotted first, followed by the total load deflection ratio, as shown in Figure 4.
Deflection Ratios
Technical Note 4 - 5
0.392, 0.372
0.612, 0.433
0.41
9, 0.
326
0.521, 0.426
Live load
deflection ratio
Total load
deflection ratio
0.445, 0.409
0.521, 0.426
Floor Plan
Figure 4:
Technical Note 4 - 6
Legend
Deflection Ratios
Technical Note 5
Input Data
General
This Technical Note describes the composite beam input data that can be
printed to a printer or to a text file when you click the File menu > Print
Tables > Composite Beam Design command. You can print any combination of five data categories.
General
Technical Note 5 - 1
Input Data
Composite Beam Design Tables form. Data will be added to this file. Or use
the Filename>> button to locate another file, and when the Open File for
Printing Tables caution box appears, click Yes to replace the existing file.
If you select a specific composite beam(s) before using the File menu >
Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command, the Selection Only
check box will be checked. The print will be for the selected beam(s) only. If
you uncheck the Selection Only check box, the print will be for all composite
beams.
DESCRIPTION
Modulus of Elasticity
Unit Weight
Concrete f'c
Technical Note 5 - 2
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Modulus of Elasticity
Unit Weight
Steel Fy
Steel Fu
Steel Price
DESCRIPTION
Material Label
bf Top
tf Top
d Depth
Depth of beam measured from the top of the beam top flange to
the bottom of the beam bottom flange.
tw Web Thick
bf Bottom
tf Bottom
Technical Note 5 - 3
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Material Label
I33 Major
S33 Major
Z33 Major
DESCRIPTION
Solid Slab
This item is Yes if the deck section represents a solid slab with
no metal deck. Otherwise it is No.
Slab Cover
The depth of the concrete slab above the metal deck, tc. If the
deck section represents a solid slab with no metal deck, this is
the thickness of the solid slab.
Deck Depth
The height of the metal deck ribs, hr. This item is specified as
N/A if the deck section represents a solid slab.
Technical Note 5 - 4
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Rib Width
The average width of the metal deck ribs, wr. This item is specified as N/A if the deck section represents a solid slab.
Rib Spacing
Deck Type
This item is either Filled, Unfilled or Solid. Filled means that the
deck section is a metal deck filled with concrete. Unfilled means
it is a bare metal deck. Solid means it is a solid slab with no
metal deck.
Slab Material
This is the concrete material property associated with the concrete slab defined by the deck section. If the Deck type is Unfilled, this item is specified as N/A.
Deck Material
This is the shear thickness of the metal deck. This item is only
specified when the Deck Type is Unfilled. It is used for calculating the shear (in-plane, membrane) stiffness of the deck. If
the Deck type is not Unfilled, this item is specified as N/A.
This is the weight per unit area of the metal deck, wd. See
"Metal Deck and Slab Properties" in Composite Beam
Design Technical Note 7 Composite Beam Properties for
more information.
Stud Diameter
Stud Height
Height after welding of the shear studs associated with the deck
section, Hs.
Stud Fu
Minimum specified tensile strength of the shear studs associated with the deck section, Fu.
Technical Note 5 - 5
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Factors
The input data related to factors is described in AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design
Technical Note 17 Preferences and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam Design Technical
Note 30 Preferences.
Beam Properties
Shored Floor
Technical Note 5 - 6
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Middle Range
Pattern LL Factor
Factor applied to live load for special pattern live load check for
cantilever back spans and continuous spans. See "Special Live
Load Patterning for Cantilever Back Spans" and "Special Live
Load Patterning for Continuous Spans" in Composite Beam
Design Technical Note 10 Design Load Combinations for more
information.
Camber DL Percent
Vibration
Note:
Vibration is described in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam
Vibration.
Percent Live Load
Technical Note 5 - 7
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Consider Frequency
Minimum Frequency
Murray Damping
Inherent Damping
Price
Consider Price
If this item is Yes, the section price rather than steel weight is
considered when selecting the optimum beam section from an
auto select section list. If this item is No, section price is not
considered when selecting the optimum beam section. The
section price is based on specified prices for steel, shear studs,
and camber.
Stud Price
Camber Price
Technical Note 5 - 8
Technical Note 6
Output Details
Overview
This Technical Note describes the composite beam output summary that can
be printed to a printer or to a text file. Additionally, both short form and long
form of the output details can be printed. See AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam
Design Technical Note 28 Output Details and AISC-LRFD93 Composite Beam
Design Technical Note 42 Output Details for more information about the
short- and long-form outputs.
Overview
Technical Note 6 - 1
Output Details
Note:
The File menu > Display Input/Output Text Files command is useful for displaying output that is printed to a text file.
The Append check box allows you to add data to an existing file. The path and
filename of the current file is displayed in the box near the bottom of the Print
Composite Beam Design Tables form. Data will be added to this file. Or use
the Filename button to locate another file, and when the Open File for Printing Tables caution box appears, click Yes to replace the existing file.
If you select a specific composite beam(s) before using the File menu >
Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command, the Selection Only
check box will be checked. The print will be for the selected beam(s) only. If
you uncheck the Selection Only check box, the print will be for all composite
beams.
DESCRIPTION
Story Level
Beam Label
Label associated with the line object that represents the beam.
A typical beam label example is "B23." Do not confuse this with
the Section Label, which may be identified as "W18X35."
Section Name
Beam Fy
Technical Note 6 - 2
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Stud Diameter
Stud Layout
Beam Shored
Beam Camber
The camber for the beam. This item may be calculated by the
program, or it may be user-specified.
Technical Note 6 - 3
Technical Note 7
Beam Properties
Figure 1 shows a typical composite beam for reference. The beam shown is a
rolled beam section from the built-in section database.
Tip:
The Composite Beam Design postprocessor only designs beams that are I-shaped sections and channel sections.
Basic steel beam properties are defined using the Define menu > Frame
Sections command. Use this command to define the basic geometry of the
steel section, except for the cover plate, if it exists. Define the cover plate on
the Beam tab in the composite beam overwrites. When defining a beam, a
material property that includes the yield stress for that beam is also assigned.
That yield stress is assumed to apply to the beam and the cover plate unless
it is revised in the beam overwrites. The steel Material Property also includes
the price or cost-per-unit-weight that is assigned to the beam.
Beam Properties
Technical Note 7 - 1
Concrete slab
Sr
hr
Hs
tc
wr
Metal deck
Shear stud
Cover plate
bcp
tcp
Steel beam
Technical Note 7 - 2
Beam Properties
Beam sections defined using Section Designer are considered as general sections, not I-shaped or channel-shaped sections (even if they really are Ishaped or channel-shaped), and cannot be designed using the Composite
Beam Design postprocessor.
If you define a beam section by selecting it from the built-in section database,
the program assumes that it is a rolled section and applies the design equations accordingly. If you create your own user-defined section, the program
assumes it is a welded section and revises the design equations as necessary.
The program does not check or design any of the welding for these welded
beams.
Technical Note 7 - 3
Slab Depth: The depth of concrete fill above the metal deck. This item is
labeled tc in Figure 1.
Deck Depth: The height of the metal deck ribs. This item is labeled hr in
Figure 1.
Rib Width: The average width of the metal deck ribs. This item is labeled
wr in Figure 1.
Rib Spacing: The center-to-center spacing of the metal deck ribs. This
item is labeled Sr in Figure 1.
In the Composite Deck Studs area of the Deck Section form, the following
items are specified:
Height: The height of the shear stud. This item is labeled Hs in Figure 1.
Tensile Strength, Fu: The specified tensile strength of the shear stud.
In the Material area of the Deck Section form, if the Deck type is Filled Deck
or Solid Slab (not Unfilled Deck), specify a Slab Material for the concrete. This
should be a previously specified concrete material property. This concrete
material property is used to specify all material properties of the concrete,
except in some code-specific cases. See "Effective Slab Width and Transformed Section Properties" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab for additional information.
If the Deck type is Unfilled Deck, specify a steel material property for the
deck material and an equivalent shear thickness for the deck. These two
items are used by the program to determine the membrane shear stiffness of
the deck.
Note:
Deck section properties can be specified as a metal deck filled with concrete, unfilled
metal deck, or a solid slab with no metal deck.
In the Metal Deck Unit Weight area of the Deck Section form, specify the
weight-per-unit-area of the deck, wd.
Technical Note 7 - 4
The self-weight of the deck element representing the concrete slab over metal
deck is calculated using the weight-per-unit-area shown in Equation 1. In the
equation, wc is the weight-per-unit-volume of concrete. The first term is the
weight-per-unit-area of the concrete and the second term is the weight-perunit-area of the metal deck.
w h
Weight-per-Unit-Area = w c r r + t c + w d
Sr
Eqn. 1
Note that the program does not check the design of the metal deck itself.
Cover Plates
In this program, full-length cover plates can be specified on the bottom flange
of a composite beam. Cover plates are not defined as part of the beam properties. They can only be specified on the Beam tab of the composite beam
overwrites. Thus, to specify a beam with a cover plate, define the beam as
you normally would without the cover plate and then add the cover plate in
the overwrites by selecting a composite beam(s) and using the Design Menu
> Composite Beam Design > View/Revise Overwrites command.
Technical Note 7 - 5
One consequence of this process is that the cover plate is not included for
overall analysis of the building. However, the cover plate is considered both
for resisting moments and deflections for design of the composite beam
within the program's Composite Beam Design postprocessor.
Tip:
Cover plates are specified in the composite beam overwrites.
The properties specified for a cover plate on the Beam tab of the Composite
Beam Overwrites form are the width, bcp, the thickness, tcp, and a yield
stress, Fycp. The width and thickness dimensions are illustrated in Figure 1.
The program does not check or design any of the welding between the cover
plate and the beam bottom flange. It also does not determine cutoff locations
for the full length cover plate.
Technical Note 7 - 6
Cover Plates
Technical Note 8
The steel beam alone is capable of resisting the entire moment in the
composite beam for the last 15% of the beam length at each end of the
beam. Note that for a uniformly loaded beam, the moment drops off to
half of the maximum moment or less in the last 15% of the beam.
Redefine this default middle range of 70% in the composite beam design
preferences, if desired. In the preferences, the Middle Range item is on the
Beam tab (display using the Options > Preferences > Composite Beam
Design command).
Technical Note 8 - 1
1
j-end of beam
3
i-end of beam
Figure 1: Example of How the Program Defines the Left and Right
Sides of the Beam
Technical Note 8 - 2
Figure 2:
tion). When multiple deck types or deck directions occur on the same side of
a composite beam, the program decides which single deck section and direction to use on that side of the beam.
The program goes through these steps in this order to choose the deck section.
1. The program calculates the product of tc * f c' for each deck where tc is
the depth of the concrete above the metal deck and f c' is the concrete
slab compressive strength. It uses the deck section that has the smallest value of tc * f c' in the calculations for the beam.
2. If two or more deck sections have the same value of tc * f c' but the
deck spans in different directions, the program uses the deck section
that spans perpendicular to the beam.
Important note about deck orientation: In this program's composite beam design, the deck is assumed either parallel or perpendicular
to the span of the beam. If the deck span is exactly parallel to the
beam span or within 15 degrees of parallel to the beam span, the deck
span is assumed to be parallel to the beam span. Otherwise, the deck
span is assumed to be perpendicular to the beam span.
Technical Note 8 - 3
3. If two or more deck sections span in the same direction and have the
same value of tc * f c' , the program uses the deck section with the
smaller tc value.
4. If two or more deck sections span in the same direction and have the
same values of tc and f c' , the program use the first defined deck section.
Tip:
You can change the assumed deck type and deck direction on each side of the beam on
the Deck tab in the composite beam overwrites.
Refer to the floor plan shown in Figure 3. The typical floor in this plan consists
of 2-1/2" normal weight concrete over 3" metal deck that is designated Deck
Type A. However, the upper left-hand quadrant of the floor consists of 4-1/2"
normal weight concrete over 3" metal deck that is designated Deck Type B.
Assume that the concrete compressive strength is 3,500 psi for both deck
types.
Now consider the beam labeled Girder F in the figure. Deck Type A exists
along the entire length of the right-hand side of this beam. Thus, the program
Girder F
Floor Plan
Figure 3: Example of Different Deck Types on the Left and Right Sides of
a Beam
Technical Note 8 - 4
uses Deck Type A on the right side of the beam in the calculations. Both Deck
Type A and Deck Type B exist along the left-hand side of the beam. The program uses the following method to determine which of these deck types to
use on the left side of the beam in the calculations:
1. Determine the product of tc * f c' for each deck type.
a. For Deck Type A: tc * f c' = 2.5 * 3,500 = 8,750 lbs/in.
b. For Deck Type B: tc * f c' = 4.5 * 3,500 = 15,750 lbs/in.
2. Use Deck Type A on the left side of the girder in the composite beam
calculations because it has the smaller value of tc * f c' .
Note that the loads applied to the beam are still based on the actual deck
types. Thus, the load applied to the upper half of Girder F in Figure 3 would
include the contribution from Deck Type B even though Deck Type B might
not be used in calculating the composite beam properties.
A second example is shown in Figure 4. In this example, the deck type is the
same throughout the floor, but the direction of the deck changes in the upper
left-hand quadrant of the floor.
Now consider the beam labeled Girder G in the figure. The deck ribs are
oriented parallel to the span of Girder G along the entire length of the righthand side of this beam. Thus, the program uses Deck Type A oriented parallel
to the span of Girder G on the right side of the beam in the calculations.
Deck ribs oriented both perpendicular and parallel to the span of Girder G
exist along the left-hand side of the beam. Because only the deck direction is
different along the left side of the beam, not the deck type (and thus tc and
f c' do not change), the program uses the deck that spans perpendicular to
Girder G on the left side of the beam.
Technical Note 8 - 5
Girder G
Edge of deck
Floor Plan
Figure 4: Example of Different Deck Orientations on Left and Right Sides
of the Beam
Technical Note 8 - 6
Beam X
Be
am
xA * LA
Beam B
Gird
er Y
Beam A
LA
Plan A
Plan B
am
Z2
Be
am
Z1
Be
1
Beam C
Plan C
Figure 5:
Now consider the example shown in Plan B of Figure 5. Assume that the effective width of Beam B is controlled by the distance to the centerline of the
adjacent beam. When considering the perpendicular distance from Beam B to
the adjacent beam on the upper side of Beam B, the program considers the
diagonal beam labeled Beam Z when the angle is less than 45 degrees. If
the angle is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, Beam Z is ignored when
calculating the effective slab width on the upper side of Beam B.
Plan C in Figure 5 shows a special case where two diagonal beams frame into
Beam C at the same point. In this special case, the program assumes that the
effective width of the slab on the side of the beam where the two diagonals
exist is zero. You can, of course, change this in the overwrites. The program
assumes the zero effective width because although it is checking the effective
Technical Note 8 - 7
Beam D
Plan D
Figure 6:
Technical Note 8 - 8
Technical Note 8 - 9
Technical Note 9
Beam Unbraced Length and Design Check Locations
Overview
The program considers the unbraced length for construction loading separately from that for final loads. For both types of loading, the unbraced length
of the beam associated with buckling about the local 2-axis (minor) of the
beam is used to determine the flexural capacity of the noncomposite beam.
The local 2-axis is illustrated in Figure 1.
By default, the program automatically determines the locations where the
beam is braced for buckling about the local 2-axis. This information is then
used to determine the unbraced length associated with any point on the
beam. Instead of using the program calculated bracing points, you can specify
in the overwrites your own brace points for any beam.
i-end of beam
Technical Note 9 - 1
Tip:
The program considers the unbraced length for construction loading separately from that
for final loads.
For buckling about the local 2-axis, the program differentiates between bracing of the top flange of the beam and bracing of the bottom flange of the
beam. The program automatically recognizes which flange of the beam is the
compression flange at any point along the beam for any design load combination. With this ability and the program-determined or user-specified bracing
point locations, the program can automatically determine the unbraced length
of any segment along the beam and can apply appropriate code-specified
modification factors (e.g., Cb factor for flexure) to the flexural strength of the
beam.
Note:
The program can automatically determine the unbraced length of any beam segment
based on the assumed or specified bracing points.
The top flange is assumed to be continuously laterally supported (unbraced length of zero) anywhere there is metal deck section with concrete
fill framing into one or both sides of the beam or there is a slab section
framing into both sides of the beam.
Note:
In the Composite Beam Design postprocessor, either deck or slab sections can brace the
top flange of a beam.
Tip:
You can choose to accept the program default bracing points for a beam. Alternatively,
you can enter the composite beam overwrites and specify the actual bracing points for a
beam or specify a maximum unbraced length.
Technical Note 9 - 2
Beam Considered
Br
ac
ing
Be
am
> 30
When the bracing is program calculated or brace points are user specified,
the program always assumes that each end of the beam is braced at both
the top and the bottom flange. If the unbraced length of a beam is longer
than the actual beam, specify a user-defined unbraced length, not userdefined brace points.
Technical Note 9 - 3
Point Braces
To define point braces, specify a distance along the beam that locates the
brace point, and then indicate whether the top, bottom, or both flanges are
braced at this location. Specify the distance as an actual distance or as a
relative distance, both measured from the I-end of the beam. All distances
are measured from the center of the support, not the physical end of the
beam. The distances may be specified as either absolute (actual) distances or
as relative distances. A relative distance to a point is the absolute distance to
that point divided by the length of the beam measured from the center-ofsupport to center-of-support.
Tip:
You can change the default bracing assumed for a beam in the composite beam overwrites. The bracing specified can be different for construction loading and final loading.
Use the following procedure in the composite beam overwrites (display using
the Design menu > Composite Beam Design > View/Revise Overwrites command) on the Bracing (C) or Bracing tab to specify point braces:
1. Check the box next to the Bracing Condition overwrite item and then
select Bracing Specified from the drop-down box to the right of the
Bracing Condition title.
2. Check the box next to the No. Point Braces title and then click in the
cell to the right of the title.
3. The Point Braces form appears. In this form:
Technical Note 9 - 4
Technical Note 9 - 5
Uniform Braces
To define uniform or continuous bracing, specify a distance along the beam
that locates the starting point of the continuous bracing, specify a second
(longer) distance along the beam that locates the ending point of the continuous bracing, and then indicate whether the top, bottom, or both flanges are
continuously braced over this length. You can specify the distances as absolute (actual) distances or as relative distances, both measured from the I-end
of the beam. A relative distance to a point is the absolute distance to that
point divided by the length of the beam measured from the center-of-support
to center-of-support.
Use the following procedure in the composite beam overwrites on the Bracing
(C) or Bracing tab to specify point braces:
1. Check the box next to the Bracing Condition overwrite item and then
select Bracing Specified from the drop-down box to the right of the
Bracing Condition title.
2. Check the box next to the No. Uniform Braces title and then click in
the cell to the right of the title.
3. The Uniform Braces form appears. In this form:
a. Indicate whether the specified distances will be relative or absolute
from the I-end of the beam by selecting the appropriate option
near the bottom of the form.
b. In the Define Uniform Braces area, input distances from end-I in
the Start and End boxes and choose a brace type in the Type box.
The distance in the End box must be larger than that in the Start
box. In the Type box, Top means only the top flange is braced;
Bottom means only the bottom flange is braced; and All means
both flanges are braced at that point.
Note:
You can specify whether a bracing point braces the top flange, bottom flange or both
flanges of a beam.
c. Click the Add button to add the brace point.
4. Repeat step 3 as many times as required.
Technical Note 9 - 6
The point of maximum positive moment for each design load combination
used for checking the strength of the beam to carry the final design loads
is a design check location. Note that there may be more than one of these
design load combinations and thus there may be more than one point of
maximum moment to consider.
The point of maximum negative moment (if negative moment exists) for
each design load combination used for checking the strength of the beam
to carry the final design loads is a design check location.
Technical Note 9 - 7
A point load or point moment location for any design load combination
used for checking the strength of the beam to carry the final design loads
is a design check location.
The ends of a cover plate, if one is specified, are design check locations.
The end or edge of the deck. This occurs, for example, at locations where
the beam spans through an opening in the deck.
At each design check location the program checks the moment capacity of the
composite beam and determines the number of shear connectors required
between that location and the nearest point of zero moment (or in some special cases, the end of the slab).
Note:
The program determines one set of design check locations that applies to all design load
combinations.
Consider, for example, a composite beam with two design load combinations
used for checking the strength of the beam to carry the final design loads.
Assume one of those load combinations is a uniform load over the full length
of the beam and the other is a point loads at the third points of the beam.
Also assume there is positive moment only in the beam and no cover plate. In
this example, the program considers the following design check locations:
The point of maximum positive moment for the design load combination
with uniform load only.
The point of maximum positive moment for the design load combination
with point loads at the third points.
The locations of the point loads, that is, the third points of the beam.
The program checks the moment capacity and the number of shear connectors required between each of these four locations and the nearest point of
zero moment for both of the design load combinations. Thus, for the design
load combination with uniform load only, the program still checks how many
shear studs are required between the location of the point load in the other
design load combination and the nearest point of zero moment. This ensures
that there is always a sufficient number of shear connectors in the appropriate location on the beam.
Technical Note 9 - 8
Technical Note 10
Strength Check for Final Loads: Design load combinations for checking
the strength of the beam to carry the final design loads.
Deflection Check for Final Loads: Design load combinations for checking the deflection of the beam under final design loads.
Note:
This program automatically creates code-specific design load combinations for composite
beam design.
Tip:
None of the program default load combinations include the effect of lateral loads. If lateral
loads need to be considered, you should specify your own design load combinations.
Overview
Technical Note 10 - 1
The design load combinations are defined separately for each of these three
conditions. The program automatically creates code-specific composite beam
design load combinations for each of the three types of design load combinations based on the specified dead, superimposed dead, live and reducible live
load cases. You can add additional design load combinations and modify or
delete the program-created load combinations. Use the Design menu >
Composite Beam Design > Select Design Combo command to review or
modify design load combinations. Note that the Design Load Combinations
Selection form that appears when you use this command has three separate
tabs. There is one tab for each of the three types of load combinations.
Technical Note 10 - 2
DL
SDL
LL + RLL
Other
1.
DL + SDL + Other
2.
DL + SDL (+ any other type of load if it exists) over the full length (back
span plus overhang) of the cantilever beam plus the (LL + RLL) multiplied
by the Pattern Live Load Factor applied to the simply supported back
span.
Technical Note 10 - 3
Note:
The live load patterning used for continuous spans is slightly different from what you
might expect, so you should read this section carefully to understand what the program
does.
If load patterning different from that provided by the program is needed, you
should create your own design load combination. When creating your own live
load patterning, it typically works best if you give the specially defined pattern live load cases an Other design type instead of a Live Load design
type. That way, the special pattern live load cases are not included in the
automatically created default design load combinations, avoiding possible
double counting of some live loads in those load combinations.
Technical Note 10 - 4
DL
SDL
LL + RLL
Other
1.
DL + SDL + Other
2.
Technical Note 10 - 5
Note that the conditions described herein are only considered for strength design for final loads. The program does not do any special pattern loading
checks for deflection design or for construction loading design.
If load patterning different from that provided by the program is needed, you
should create your own design load combination. When creating your own live
load patterning, it typically works best if you give the specially defined pattern live load cases an Other design type instead of a Live Load design
type. That way, the special pattern live load cases are not included in the
automatically created default design load combinations, avoiding possible
double counting of some live loads in those load combinations.
Technical Note 10 - 6
Technical Note 11
Deflection
In the Composite Beam Design postprocessor, when a beam is shored, the
deflection is calculated using (a) the transformed moment of inertia, Itr, if
there is full (100%) composite connection, (b) the effective moment of inertia, Ieff, if there is partial composite connection, or (c) the moment of inertia
of the steel beam alone, Ibare, if the beam is designed noncompositely or
found to be a cantilever overhang.
Note:
The program checks the deflection of composite beams against default or user-specified
deflection limits.
Itr is calculated as follows:
I tr =
2
tr y1
( A ) y
Eqn. 1
tr
where,
Atr
yl
IO
Deflection
Technical Note 11 - 1
Eqn. 2
where,
PCC =
Ibare =
Ieff
Itr
I bare =
(Ay )+ I
2
( A ) y
2
bare
Eqn. 3
where,
(Ay12) = Sum of the product A times y12 for all of the elements of the
steel beam section (including the cover plate, if it exists), in4.
Io
ybare
Technical Note 11 - 2
Deflection
Line between
position of beam
shown
Deflection reported by
Composite Beam
postprocess
a)
b) Deflected Shape of
Deflection
Technical Note 11 - 3
along the beam labeled A. Figure 1b shows the beam in its deformed position
and illustrates the deflection that the Composite Beam Design postprocessor
reports for the beam at point A.
Camber
When beam camber is calculated, the amount of camber is based on a percentage of the dead load (not including superimposed dead load) deflection.
By default, this percentage is 100%, but you can modify this value on the
Deflection tab of the composite beam design preferences. The name of the
item to modify is "Camber DL (%)." Use the Options menu > Preferences
> Composite Beam Design command to access the composite beam design
preferences.
The minimum camber that the program specifies (other than zero) is inch.
The maximum camber the program specifies is 4 inches. The program specifies the camber in inch increments. Table 1 shows how the program assigns camber to a beam based on the specified percentage of dead load deflection.
Technical Note 11 - 4
Camber
CP * DL
(inches)
Camber
Specified by
the Program
CP * DL
(inches)
(inches)
<
N.A.
0.5
0.875
1.125
1.375
1.625
1.875
2.125
0.5
0.875
1.125
1.375
1.625
1.875
2.125
2.375
0
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
2.25
(inches)
<
2.375
2.625
2.875
3.125
3.375
3.625
3.875
2.625
2.875
3.125
3.375
3.625
3.875
N.A.
2.5
2.75
3
3.25
3.5
3.75
4
In the table, CP is the specified percentage of dead load deflection upon which
the camber is based. The CP * DL column is broken into two subcolumns labeled and <. These two subcolumns specify the range of CP * DL for
which the program specifies a particular camber.
The program specifies camber for those beams for which you request it to
specify camber, regardless of the beam depth or length. Review the beam
cambers calculated by the program together with beam camber information
related to your design code and any other information provided by your steel
fabricator to make any necessary adjustments.
Camber
Technical Note 11 - 5
Technical Note 12
Beam Vibration
Overview
By default the program calculates the first natural vibration frequency for
each beam and reports it in the output, but it does not by default use this information to determine the adequacy of a composite beam section. You can
change this on the Preferences tab in the composite beam design preferences.
You can also indicate that a beam section must satisfy the Murray minimum
damping requirement to be considered acceptable.
Vibration Frequency
The program calculates the first natural vibration frequency of a beam using
Equation 1.
f = Kf
gE s I tr
Eqn. 1
WL3
where,
f
Overview
Technical Note 12 - 1
Beam Vibration
actual percent composite connection, in4. Itr is calculated using Equation 1 of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection
and Camber. If there is no deck supported by the beam, Ibare is used
for this item. Ibare is calculated using Equation 3 of Composite Beam
Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber.
W = Total load supported by the beam, kips. This is calculated by the program as the sum of all of the dead load and superimposed dead load
supported by the beam, plus a percentage of all of the live load and
reducible live load supported by the beam. The percentage of live
load is specified in the composite beam preferences. The percentage
is intended to be an estimate of the sustained portion of the live load
(about 10% to 25% of the total design live load). See Naeim (1991).
Also see the Important Note About W.
L
Note:
For vibration calculations, the program calculates the moment of inertia assuming full
(100%) composite connection, regardless of the actual percent composite connection.
Technical Note 12 - 2
Vibration Frequency
Beam Vibration
1.6
L
1.4
f = Kf
g E I tr
W L3
Frequency Coefficient, Kf
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
H/L
Kf
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.5
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.53
1.5
1.44
1.35
1.25
1.03
Vibration Frequency
Point
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
H/L
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Kf
0.8
0.64
0.52
0.43
0.37
0.31
0.27
0.22
0.2
0.17
Point
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
H/L
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Kf
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
Technical Note 12 - 3
Beam Vibration
A sb
f + 2.5
Neff
Eqn. 2
where,
D
Asb
Neff
= First natural frequency of the beam in cycles per second as calculated from Equation 1.
If the damping ratio, D, is greater than the right side of Equation 2, the beam
is considered acceptable. Approximate damping ratio values for typical building configurations are published in the literature (see, for example, Allen
1974; Allen and Rainer 1976; Allen, Rainer and Pernica 1979; Murray 1975;
and Murray 1991). The derivation of the initial displacement amplitude is described herein.
Technical Note 12 - 4
1
tan-1(0.1f)
f
Eqn. 3
Beam Vibration
POL3
(0.1 tO ) ,
2.4EsItr
A sb =
1
POL3
* VF ,
*
2f
2.4EsItr
if tO 0.05 sec
Eqn. 4a
Eqn. 4b
Eqn. 4c
where,
2
In Equation 4c, the terms sin(0.1f) and cos(0.1f) are evaluated in radians.
In Equations 4a through 4c,
Asb
PO
Es
Itr
Technical Note 12 - 5
Beam Vibration
When calculating Neff using Equation 5, the program does not check or
consider the number of parallel, equally spaced identical beams.
The beam spacing used in Equation 5 is user input in the composite beam
overwrites.
If the beam considered has deck on one side, or less, the program calculated value of Neff is always set to 1.0.
N eff = 2.967
0.05776
2.556 * 10
L4
I tr
sb
d avg
+ 0.00010
s
b
Eqn. 5
where,
Neff
sb
Technical Note 12 - 6
Itr
Beam Vibration
davg
wr lefthr left
Sr left
wr righthr right
+ t c right beff
Sr right
=
beff left + beff right
right
Eqn. 6
where,
wr
hr
Sr
tc
beff
Each of the above quantities may be different on the left and right sides of
the beam.
References
Allen, D.L. 1974. Vibrational Behavior of Long Span Floor Slabs. Canadian
Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol. 1, No. 1. September.
References
Technical Note 12 - 7
Beam Vibration
Allen, D. E., and J.H. Rainer. 1976. Vibration Criteria for Long Span Floors.
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol. 3, No.2. June.
Allen, D.E., J.H. Rainer, and G. Pernica. 1979. Vibration Criteria for Long Span
Concrete Floors. Vibrations of Concrete Structures. Publication SP-60.
American Concrete Institute. Detroit, MI.
Murray, T.H. 1975. Design to Prevent Floor Vibration. Engineering Journal.
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Vol. 12, No. 3.
Murray, T.H. 1981. Acceptability Criterion for Occupant-Induced Floor Vibrations. Engineering Journal. American Institute of Steel Construction,
Inc. Vol. 18, No. 2.
Murray, T.M. 1991. Building Floor Vibrations. Engineering Journal. American
Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Vol. 28, No. 3.
Murray, T.M. and W.E. Hendrick. 1977. Floor Vibrations and Cantilevered
Construction. Engineering Journal. American Steel Institute of Steel
Construction, Inc. Vol. 14, No. 3.
Naeim, F. 1991. Design Practice to Prevent Floor Vibration. Steel Tips, Technical Information & Product Service. Structural Steel Educational Council. September.
Technical Note 12 - 8
References
Technical Note 13
Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam
Overview
This Technical Note describes how the program calculates and reports the
distribution of shear studs on a composite beam. It begins by introducing the
term composite beam segments. Next it describes how the program calculates the shear stud distribution for a beam.
Overview
Technical Note 13 - 1
some examples of composite beam segments. The figure uses the following
notation:
L
Technical Note 13 - 2
LCBS
L
LCBS
L
Figure 1:
LCBS
LCBS
Examples of Composite
Beam Segments, LCBS.
LCBS
LCBS
L
Technical Note 13 - 3
Column
am
G
bf
S = 2sin
Beam
bf
S= 2
G = 0.5"
Case 1
Be
Beam
Girder
Girder
bf
S= 2
G = 0.5"
G = 0.5"
Case 3
Case 2
Beam
d
2
G = 0.5"
S=
Case 4
Be
am
Column
Column
bfsin + dcos
, 90
2
G = 0.5"
S=
Case 5
Notes:
1. S is the support distance.
2. G is the gap distance.
3. If a beam is supported by a wall or a point support, the program assumes that the
dimension S is 0".
4. The dimension bf in Cases1 and 2 is the top flange width of the supporting girder.
5. The dimension bf in Cases 3 and 5 is the flange width of the supporting column
(dimension parallel to the local 3-axis). If the two flanges have different widths, the
larger flange width is used.
6. The dimension d in Cases 4 and 5 is the depth of the supporting column
(dimension parallel to the local 2-axis).
Technical Note 13 - 4
In the unusual case of some other column shape, the program draws a
bounding rectangle around the shape. The sides of the rectangle are parallel
to the local 2- and 3-axes of the shape. The beam is assumed to connect to
the center of the bounding rectangle. The dimensions of the edges of the
rectangle are assumed to be bf and d, where bf is the dimension parallel to
the local 3-axis and d is the dimension parallel to the local 2-axis.
Technical Note 13 - 5
bf 7.005
=
= 3.50 in
2
2
G = 0.5 in
S=
bf 9.990
=
= 5.00 in
2
2
G = 0.5 in
S=
W18X40
W24X55
4.00 in
L1 left = 116.00 in
L1 right = 234.50 in
W27X94
5.50 in
L = 30 ft = 360 in
L1 left
Technical Note 13 - 6
beam segment along the beam, the program must also work back along the
beam from right to left, again making calculations at each considered output
station along the way, after finishing the pass from left to right.
When the program completes the necessary calculations at each considered
output station, it has determined the required uniformly spaced shear studs in
each composite beam segment along the beam based on strength considerations. If the calculated number of studs is then found to be less than the
minimum required number of studs on the beam, the program increases the
number of studs on the beam accordingly. This check is described later in the
subsection entitled "Minimum and Maximum Number of Shear Studs in a
Composite Beam Segment."
The program also checks if the number of shear studs required based on
strength considerations or minimum stud requirements actually fit on the
beam. This check is described in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 14
The Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment. If the required number of studs does not fit on the beam, the program considers the
beam to be inadequate.
In the following description of the calculations the program performs as it
steps along the beam and then back again, the terms LCBSn and NCBSn are
used. LCBS is the length of a composite beam segment and NCBS is the number
of uniformly spaced shear studs required in a composite beam segment. The
n is the composite beam segment number. The leftmost composite beam
segment is always LCBS1 and the numbering of composite beam segments then
proceeds in order toward the right end of the beam.
The values we are ultimately interested in are the NCBSn values. Note that the
final NCBSn values calculated are the values of interest. All other NCBSn values
are intermediate values.
Also in the equations used (Equations 1 through 4d) note that NCBSx Prev is the
value of NCBSx calculated at the previously considered output station. Finally
the term Roundup used in Equations 1 through 5 means to calculate the indicated quantity and round it up to the next integer.
Technical Note 13 - 7
Roundup Max
N
N
,
L 1 left L 1 right
Eqn. 1
Values of NCBSn where n > 1 (i.e., values of NCBS for composite beam segments 2, 3, etc.) are not applicable and thus not calculated at these stations
when working along the beam from left to right.
Note:
In the term NCBS1, the "1" denotes composite beam segment 1.
NCBSi = Roundup
* L CBSi NCBSi Prev
L 1 left
Technical Note 13 - 8
Eqn. 2a
N
L 1 left
n 1
i =1
L CBSi <
n 1
CBSi
i =1
N
NCBSi
i =1
Roundup
*
L
NCBSn Prev
CBSn
n 1
L CBSi
L 1 left
i =1
Eqn. 2b
N
* L CBSn NCBSn Prev
NCBSn = Roundup
L 1 left
Eqn. 2c
When i > n, values of NCBSi are not applicable and thus are not calculated at
those stations when working along the beam from left to right.
N
N
* L CBS rightmost ,
Roundup Max
,
L 1 left L 1 right
NCBS rightmost NCBS rightmost prev
Eqn. 3a
Technical Note 13 - 9
For other composite beam segments that are not the right-most composite
beam segment, Equation 3b applies. In Equation 3b, i represents the composite beam segment number.
NCBSi = NCBSi Prev
Eqn. 3b
NCBSi = Roundup
* L CBSi NCBSi Prev
L1 right
Eqn. 4a
Equations 4b and 4c apply for composite beam segment n. For example, if the
output station considered falls in composite beam segment 2, Equations 4b
and 4c apply to composite beam segment 2 only.
If
N
L1 right
rightmost
rightmost
CBSi
i = n +1
<
CBSi
i = n +1
N
NCBSi
i =n +1
NCBSn Prev
Roundup
*
L
CBSn
rightmost
L CBSi
L 1 right
i =n +1
Eqn. 4b
NCBSn = Roundup
* L CBSn NCBSn Prev
L 1 right
Technical Note 13 - 10
Eqn. 4c
Eqn. 4d
Eqn. 5
The program also checks that the number of studs required in a composite
beam segment does not exceed the number that can actually fit in the segment. Composite Beam Design Technical Note 14 The Number of Shear Studs
that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment describes how the program determines
the maximum number of shear studs that can fit into a composite beam segment.
Note:
The minimum number of shear studs required in a composite beam segment is calculated based on the maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs specified on the Shear
Studs tab in the overwrites.
Technical Note 13 - 11
and Figure 4b shows the stud distribution obtained for the second design load
combination. Note that the term NCBS in the figure denotes the number of
shear studs in the corresponding composite beam segment.
Figure 4c shows the final stud distribution that reports for this beam. Note
that the intelligent algorithm allows the program to shift one of the five shear
studs required in composite beam segment 2 for design load combination 1
out into composite segment 1.
CBS1
CBS2
CBS3
CBS4
NCBS = 5
NCBS = 5
NCBS = 5
NCBS = 5
CBS1
CBS2
CBS3
CBS4
NCBS = 6
NCBS = 2
NCBS = 2
NCBS = 4
CBS1
CBS2
CBS3
CBS4
NCBS = 6
NCBS = 4
NCBS = 5
NCBS = 5
Figure 4: Example for Shear Stud Distribution When Multiple Design Load
Combinations Are Considered.
Technical Note 13 - 12
Technical Note 14
Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a
Composite Beam Segment
General
Composite beam segments are defined in "Composite Beam Segments" of
Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a
Composite Beam. In short, a composite beam segment spans between any of
the following: (1) physical end of the beam top flange, (2) another beam
framing into the beam being considered, (3) physical end of the concrete slab
on top of the beam. When the program designs a composite beam, it reports
the required number of uniformly spaced shear studs in each composite beam
segment.
Tip:
It is very important that you understand how the program defines composite beam segments. See "Composite Beam Segments" of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13
Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam for more information.
For a beam section to be adequate in the program Composite Beam Design
postprocessor, the stresses and deflections for the beam must be less than
the allowable stresses and deflections, and the number of shear studs required in each composite beam segment must be less than or equal to the
maximum number of shear studs that can fit in the composite beam segment.
This Technical Note describes how the program calculates the maximum
number of shear studs that fit in a composite beam segment.
The program uses the same process to determine the number of shear connectors that can fit on a composite beam when there is a solid slab with no
metal deck and when the deck ribs span parallel to the beam span. The program uses a different process when the deck ribs span perpendicular to the
beam. These conditions are described in the next two sections.
General
Technical Note 14 - 1
ds & 1"
In the preceding paragraph and the sketch (above right), ds is the diameter of the shear stud. The clearance requirement means that the
minimum clear distance from the face of a shear stud to the edge of
the beam flange is equal to one-half of a shear stud diameter. For
shear studs less than 1" in diameter (typically they are 3/4" in diameter), the program clearance is slightly more than one-half of a shear
Technical Note 14 - 2
hr
(ds + hr/4)
(ds + hr/4)
wr
Technical Note 14 - 3
Tip:
Modify the default minimum transverse and longitudinal shear stud spacing
using the composite beam overwrites.
Figure 1 is a flowchart that illustrates the details of how the program calculates the maximum number of shear studs that fit in a composite beam segment when there is a solid slab or when the span of the metal deck is parallel
to the beam span.
The term "Int" in the flowchart means to calculate the indicated quantity and
round the result down to the nearest integer. The definitions of the variables
used in the flowchart are:
tf-top
ds
SPRmax = Maximum number of shear studs that can fit in one row
across the top flange of a composite beam, unitless.
Temp = Temporary variable equal to the minimum of the 2 or 3 items
specified in the parenthesis, in. The items specified are separated by commas.
bf-top
wr
hr
MTS
MSPR = Maximum shear studs per row across the beam top flange as
specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam
overwrites, unitless.
Technical Note 14 - 4
Start
Here
Is t f top <
ds
?
2.5
Yes
SPRmax = 1
No
Yes
No
Temp
+ 1 MSPR
SPR max = Int
MTS
MLS
L
L
+ 1 = Int CBS
RSmax = Int CBS
MLS
MLS
NSmax = SPRmax * RSmax
Figure 1:
MLS
Technical Note 14 - 5
ds & 1"
In the preceding paragraph and the sketch, ds is the diameter of the shear
stud. The clearance requirement means that the minimum clear distance
from the face of a shear stud to the edge of the beam flange is equal to
one-half of a shear stud diameter. For shear studs less than 1" in diameter (typically they are 3/4" in diameter), the program clearance is slightly
more than one-half of a shear stud diameter. This clear distance is provided by the program to allow for adequate welding of the shear stud.
Technical Note 14 - 6
wr
Figure 2:
Note:
If the diameter of the shear studs exceeds 2.5 times the thickness of the beam top flange,
the shear studs can only be placed directly over the beam web.
Some codes require that if the thickness of the beam flange is less than
the diameter of the stud divided by 2.5, the shear studs must be located
on top of the beam web. This means that only one stud can fit across the
width of the beam flange if tf < ds/2.5. The program checks the top flange
thickness for this requirement when determining the number of studs that
fit across the width of the beam flange.
2. The program determines how many deck ribs are available to receive
shear studs within the length of the composite beam segment. To determine this, the program makes several assumptions, which are described
as follows:
a. The midheight of a side of the metal deck rib is assumed to align with
one end of the composite beam segment, as shown in Figure 2. In
other words, one end of the composite beam segment is always assumed to start with an "up" flute.
b. If one-half or more of the width of a metal deck rib down flute is within
the length of the composite beam segment, the program assumes that
Technical Note 14 - 7
NR
Technical Note 14 - 8
Start
Here
Is t f top <
ds
?
2.5
Yes
No
Is ds 1" ?
No
SPRmax = 1
b f top 2d s
+ 1 MSPR
SPR max = Int
MTS
Yes
b f top 2
+ 1 MSPR
SPR max = Int
MTS
Sr + 0.5w r
+ 1
NR = Int CBS
MLS
Int
S + 1 Sr
NSmax = SPRmax * NR
Technical Note 14 - 9
Technical Note 15
User-Defined Shear Stud Patterns
This Technical Note explains how to specify the shear stud pattern yourself
rather than having the program determine the distribution of shear studs for
you. This can be useful if you are checking an existing building or if there is a
certain shear stud pattern that you want; for example, one shear stud per
foot of beam length.
Technical Note 15 - 1
The following two sections describe the two methods of specifying userdefined shear studs.
TFL - MLS
* Specified Spacing
TFL - Int
Specified Spacing
ED =
2
Technical Note 15 - 2
Eqn. 1
Specified uniform
shear connector
spacing
Elevation
Shear studs at specified uniform spacing centered along length of beam top flange
End distance
is the same
at each end
End distance
is the same
at each end
Figure 1:
= Distance from the end of the beam top flange (or end of
the concrete slab) to the first shear stud, in.
Technical Note 15 - 3
After the shear studs at the end of the beam top flange (or end of the
concrete slab) have been located using Equation 1, the program knows
the exact location of each uniformly spaced shear stud along the length of
the beam.
In Equation 1, the studs at the ends of the beam are assumed to be no
closer than MLS/2 from the end of the beam top flange. The studs at the
ends of the beam are also assumed to be no farther than (MLS + Specified Spacing)/2 from the end of the beam top flange. Finally, the distance
from the studs at the ends of the beam to the end of the beam top flange
is assumed to be the same at each end of the beam.
Similar to the preceding, if the concrete slab stops before the end of the
beam, the first shear stud at that end of the beam is assumed to occur at
a distance not less than MLS/2 from the end of the slab and not more
than (MLS + the specified uniform spacing)/2 from the end of the slab.
Technical Note 15 - 4
Left end of
beam section
5"
Right end of
beam section
Technical Note 15 - 5
formly spaced studs in the No. Studs box. The distance in the End
box must be larger than that in the Start box.
c. Click the Add button to add the additional beam section.
4. Repeat step 3 as many times as required to define additional beam
sections.
5. To modify an existing additional beam section specification, do the
following:
a. Highlight the item to be modified in the Define Additional Beam
Sections area. Note that the highlighted distances and number of
studs appear in the edit boxes at the top of the area.
b. Modify the distances and number of studs in the edit boxes as desired.
c. Click the Modify button to modify the additional beam section.
6. To delete an existing additional beam section specification, do the following:
a. Highlight the item to be deleted in the Define Additional Beam Sections area. Note that the highlighted distances and number of studs
appear in the edit boxes at the top of the area.
b. Click the Delete button to delete the additional beam section.
7. Click the OK button and you return to the Composite Beam Overwrites
form. Note that the No. Additional Sections item is automatically updated by the program to reflect the beam sections modifications that
you specified.
Note the following about the shear studs specified for additional beam sections:
The program assumes that the specified shear studs occur in a single line
along the beam web within the specified length of the beam section. It
further assumes that the end shear studs in the beam section are located
one-half of the equal space from ends of the specified beam section.
These assumptions mean that the spacing of shear studs in a beam sec-
Technical Note 15 - 6
tion is equal to the length of the beam top flange available to receive
shear studs in the beam section divided by the specified number of shear
studs. See Figure 2 for an example.
The figure shows a beam section that is 110 inches long. Assume that 11
shear studs have been specified for this beam section. The spacing of
shear studs in the beam section is equal to the beam section length divided by the number of studs, that is, 110"/11 studs = 10"/stud. The end
studs are located one-half of a space, that is, 10"/2 = 5", from each end
of the beam section.
Note:
The program does not check shear stud spacing requirements for user-defined shear
stud patterns.
Assume you specify a beam section at the end of a beam and the beam
top flange does not exist over a portion of that beam section length. This
can often happen because, as described Physical End of the Beam Top
Flange of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of
Shear Studs on a Composite Beam, the program subtracts a support distance and a gap distance from the end of the beam when computing the
length of the beam top flange.
In that case, the program places all of the specified shear studs on the
portion of the top flange that does exist. See Figure 3 for an illustration.
The figure shows a beam section at the end of the beam that is 120
inches long. The end of the beam top flange starts 10 inches from the
specified left end of the beam section. Thus, the actual length of top
flange available for shear studs is 110 inches. Assume that 11 shear studs
have been specified for this beam section.
As previously mentioned, the spacing of shear studs in a beam section is
equal to the length of the beam top flange available to receive shear studs
in the beam section divided by the specified number of shear studs. In
this case, 110"/11 studs = 10"/stud. The end studs are located one-half of
a space, that is 10"/2 = 5", from each end of the beam top flange within
the beam section.
Technical Note 15 - 7
Left end of
beam section
Figure 3:
5"
Right end of
beam section
If the beam top flange does not exist over the entire length of the specified beam section, the program ignores the shear studs that are specified
for that beam section.
Starting Point
Ending Point
Number of Studs
1
2
3
0'
3.5'
7.5'
3.5'
7.5'
11'
6
4
6
Technical Note 15 - 8
0.8'
5 spaces @ 0.45'
0.225'
0.5'
3 spaces @ 1.00'
5 spaces @ 0.45'
0.5'
0.225'
0.225'
0.8'
0.225'
0.8'
3.5'
4'
3.5'
6 shear studs
4 shear studs
6 shear studs
0.8'
Technical Note 15 - 9
Technical Note 16
Checks the width-to-thickness ratios of the beam flanges and web, and, if it
exists, the cover plate as specified for compact and noncompact sections in
AISC-ASD89 Specification Chapter B, Table B5.1; see Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 19 Width to Thickness Checks.
Calculates elastic stresses for positive bending in the steel section and the
concrete slab when there is partial composite connection; see Composite
Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial
Composite Connection.
Technical Note 16 - 1
Determines the allowable bending stresses using the AISC-ASD89 specification for composite beams; see Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89
Technical Note 22 Allowable Bending Stresses.
Checks the bending stress for AISC-ASD89 design for cases with and without composite action; see Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical
Note 23 Bending Stress Checks.
Check the beam and reaction for shear for AISC-ASD89 composite beam
design; see Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 24 Beam
Shear.
Defines the program fault allowable shear stud horizontal loads for AISCASD89 composite beam design and provides basic equations used to determine the number of shear studs on the beam; see Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 25 Shear Studs.
The program also provides input and output data summaries, which are described in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 27 Input
Data and Technical Note 28 Output Details Composite Beam Design AISCLRFD93.
Notation
Abare
Area of steel beam (plus cover plate if one exists), in2. This
area does not include any contribution from the concrete
slab.
Ac
Area of the concrete slab, in2. When the deck span is perpendicular to the beam span, this is the area of concrete in
the slab above the metal deck that is above the elastic
Technical Note 16 - 2
Af
Agt
Ans
As
Asb
Asc
Atr
Cb
Bending coefficient
unitless.
Cbot
Ctop
Cope depth at top of beam, in. This item is internally calculated by the program and it may be different at each end
of the beam. It is used in the shear calculations.
dependent
on
moment
gradient,
Technical Note 16 - 3
DL
Ec
Es
ENA
Fb
Fb-bbf
Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the beam bottom flange, ksi
Fu
Fv
Fy
Fycp
Hs
Technical Note 16 - 4
Ibare
Ieff
I0
Is
Itr
Kf
Lc
LCBS
Technical Note 16 - 5
L1left
L1right
LL
Moment, kip-in.
MAll Other
MDL
Mmax station
Mstation
M1
M2
MaxLS
MLS
Technical Note 16 - 6
MSCBS
MSPR
Maximum shear studs per row across the beam top flange
as specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam
overwrites, unitless.
MTS
NCBS
Neff
The effective number of beams resisting a heel drop impact, unitless. This item is used in the vibration calculations.
Nr
N1
N2
Technical Note 16 - 7
NR
Number of metal deck ribs within a composite beam segment that are available to receive shear studs when the
metal deck span is oriented perpendicular to the beam
span, unitless.
NSmax
PO
PCC
RF
RLL
RLLF
RSmax
Sbare
Seff
Technical Note 16 - 8
Sr
Ss
St-eff
The section modulus for the partial composite section referred to the top of the effective transformed section, in3.
This item may be different on the left and the right sides of
the beam.
Str
Section modulus for the fully (100%) composite transformed section referred to the extreme tension fiber of the
steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3. Referring to Figure 1 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89
Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite
Connection, Str is calculated using Equation 3 of Composite
Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic
Stresses with Partial Composite Connection.
SDL
SPRmax
Vall
Vh
Total horizontal shear to be resisted by shear studs between the point of maximum moment and points of zero
moment for full (100%) composite connection, kips.
V'h
Total horizontal shear to be resisted by shear studs between the point of maximum moment and points of zero
moment for partial composite connection, kips.
Technical Note 16 - 9
a3
a4
Width, in.
bcp
beff
beff par
bf
Technical Note 16 - 10
bf-bot
bf-top
b1
b2
Depth of steel beam from the top of the beam top flange to
the bottom of the beam bottom flange, in.
davg
delement
ds
fb
fbot-bm
fbot-st
fc
ftop-st
Technical Note 16 - 11
fv
f'c
Clear distance between flanges less the fillet of corner radius for rolled shapes and clear distance between flanges
for other shapes, in.
hr
h *r
Height of the metal deck ribs above the elastic neutral axis
(i.e., that is in compression) used for calculating the
transformed section properties, in. Note that this could be
different on the left and right sides of the beam.
If the deck ribs are oriented perpendicular to the beam
span, h *r = 0.
If the deck ribs are oriented parallel to the beam span, one
of the following three items applies:
1.
2.
3.
kc
lh
Technical Note 16 - 12
lv
The distance from the center of the top bolt hole to the top
edge of the beam web (at the cope), in. The program assumes this distance to be 1.5 inches as shown in Figure 2
of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 24
Beam Shear Checks.
The number of bolts as determined from Table 1 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 24 Beam
Shear Checks, unitless.
rT
sb
Thickness, in.
tc
t *c
Height of the concrete slab above the metal deck (or solid
slab) that lies above the elastic neutral axis (i.e., is in
compression) that is used for calculating the transformed
section properties, in. Note that this could be different on
the left and right sides of the beam.
One of the following three items applies:
1.
2.
Technical Note 16 - 13
3.
tcp
tf
tf-bot
tf-top
tO
tw
wc
wd
Weight per unit area of metal deck, ksi. This item may
be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
wr
Average width of the metal deck ribs, in. This item may
be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
ws
ybare
ye
The distance from the ENA of the steel beam (plus cover
plate, if it exists) alone to the ENA of the fully composite
beam, in.
yeff
Technical Note 16 - 14
y1
Atr
(Ay1)
(Atry1)
(Ay12)
(Atry12)
Sum of the product Atr times y12 for all of the elements of
the composite steel beam section, in4.
IO
Technical Note 16 - 15
Technical Note 17
Preferences
General
The composite beam design preferences are basic assignments that apply to
all composite beams. Use the Options menu > Preferences > Composite
Beam Design command to access the Preferences form where you can view
and revise the composite beam design preferences. The Composite Beam Design Preferences form has five separate tabs: Factors, Beam, Deflection, Vibration, and Price.
Default values are provided for all composite beam design preference items.
Thus, it is not required that you specify or change any of the preferences. You
should, however, at least review the default values for the preference items
to make sure they are acceptable to you.
Note:
Default values are provided for all preference items. Thus, if you are happy with the defaults, you do not need to specify any of the composite beam preferences.
General
Technical Note 17 - 1
Preferences
highlights the current preference value. If the drop-down box appears, select
a new value. If the cell is highlighted, type in the desired value. The preference value will update accordingly. You cannot overwrite values in the dropdown boxes.
When the preference item is clicked in either column, a short description of
that item displays in the large text box just below the list of items. This description helps you remember the purpose of each preference item without
referring to the documentation.
To set all of the composite beam preference items on a particular tab to their
default values, click on that tab to view it and then click the Reset Tab button. This button resets the preference values on the currently selected tab.
To set all of the composite beam preference items on all tabs to their default
values, click the Reset All button. This button immediately resets all of the
composite beam preference items.
Important note about resetting preferences: The defaults for the preference items are built into the program. The composite beam preference values
that were in a .edb file that you used to initialize your model may be different
from the built-in default values. Clicking a reset button resets the preference
values to built-in values, not to the values that were in the .edb file used to
initialize the model.
When you have finished making changes to the composite beam preferences,
click the OK button to close the form. You must click the OK button for the
changes to be accepted by the program. If you click the Cancel button to exit
the form, any changes made to the preferences are ignored and the form is
closed.
Preferences
For purposes of explanation in this Technical Note, the preference items are
presented in tables. The column headings in these tables are described as
follows:
Item: The name of the preference item as it appears in the cells at the
left side of the Preferences form.
Technical Note 17 - 2
Preferences
Preferences
Possible Values: The possible values that the associated preference item
can have.
Default Value: The built-in default value that the program assumes for
the associated preference item.
Factors Tab
For AISC-ASD89 design there are no items on the Factors tab. Thus, if you
click this tab, it will appear blank.
Beam Tab
Table 1 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Beam tab
in the Preferences form.
Possible
Values
Default
Value
Shored?
Yes/No
No
Middle Range
(%)
0%
70%
Pattern Live
Load Factor
0.75
Stress Ratio
Limit
>0
0.95
Description
Toggle for shored or unshored construction.
Length in the middle of the beam over
which the program checks the effective
width on each side of the beam, expressed as a percentage of the total
beam length.
Factor applied to live load for special
pattern live load check for cantilever
back spans and continuous spans.
The acceptable stress ratio limit. This
item only applies to design optimization.
The Shored item affects both the deflection calculations and the flexural calculations for the beam. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam
Deflection and Camber for a description of beam deflection. Flexural calculations are described in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20
Transformed Section Moment of Inertia, Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses
Factors Tab
Technical Note 17 - 3
Preferences
Deflection Tab
Table 2 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Deflection
tab in the Preferences form.
Default
Value
Live Load
Limit, L/
>0
360
Total Load
Limit, L/
>0
240
Camber DL
(%)
>0
100%
Item
Description
Live load deflection limitation denominator (inputting 360 means that the deflection limit is L/360).
Total load deflection limitation denominator (inputting 240 means that the deflection limit is L/240).
Percentage of dead load (not including
superimposed dead load) on which
camber calculations are based.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber
for a description of beam deflection and camber.
Technical Note 17 - 4
Deflection Tab
Preferences
Vibration Tab
Table 3 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Vibration
tab in the Preferences form.
Possible
Values
Default
Value
Percent Live
Load (%)
25%
Consider
Frequency?
Yes/No
No
Minimum
Frequency
> 0 Hz
8 Hz
Consider
Murray Damping?
Yes/No
No
Inherent
Damping (%)
> 0%
4%
Description
Percentage of live load plus reduced
live load considered (in addition to full
dead load) when computing weight
supported by the beam for use in
calculating the first natural frequency of
the beam.
Toggle to consider the frequency as
one of the criteria to be used for determining if a beam section is acceptable.
Minimum acceptable first natural
frequency for a floor beam. This item is
used when the Consider Frequency
item is set to Yes.
Toggle to consider Murray's minimum
damping requirement as one of the
criteria to be used for determining if a
beam section is acceptable.
Percentage of critical damping that is
inherent in the floor system. This item is
used when the Consider Murray
Damping item is set to Yes.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam Vibration for a description of beam vibration.
Vibration Tab
Technical Note 17 - 5
Preferences
Price Tab
Table 4 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Price tab
in the Preferences form.
Default
Value
Optimize for
Price?
Yes/No
No
$0
Camber Price
($)
$0
Item
Description
Toggle to consider price rather than
steel weight when selecting the optimum beam section from an auto select
section list.
Installed price for a single shear stud
connector.
Camber price per unit weight of steel
beam (including cover plate, if it
exists).
See "Using Price to Select Optimum Beam Sections" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 1 General Design Information for additional information
on the "Optimize for Price?" item.
Note that the price per unit weight for the steel beam (plus cover plate, if applicable) is input as part of the material property specification for the beam.
The material properties can be reviewed or defined using the Define menu >
Material Properties command. Be sure that you use the same currency
units (for example, U.S. dollars) for the steel price in the material properties,
the stud price in the preferences, and the camber price in the preferences.
Technical Note 17 - 6
Price Tab
Technical Note 18
Overwrites
This Technical Note provides instructions on how to use the Composite Beam
Overwrites form and describes the items available on each of the tabs in the
form. One section is devoted to each of the tabs.
General
The composite beam design overwrites are basic assignments that apply only
to those composite beams to which they are assigned. After selecting one or
more composite beams, use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design
> View\Revise Overwrites command to access the Composite Beam Overwrites form where you can view and revise the composite beam design overwrites.
Note:
There are default values provided for all overwrite items. Thus, if you are happy with the
defaults, you do not need to specify any of the composite beam overwrites.
The Composite Beam Overwrites form has eight separate tabs. They are
Beam, Bracing (C), Bracing, Deck, Shear Studs, Deflection, Vibration and Miscellaneous. Descriptions of the various overwrite options available on each tab
are provided later in this Technical Note.
Default values are provided for all composite beam overwrite items. Thus, it is
not required that you specify or change any of the overwrites. However, at
least review the default values for the overwrite items to make sure they are
acceptable. When changes are made to overwrite items, the program applies
the changes only to the elements to which they are specifically assigned; that
is, to the elements that are selected when the overwrites are changed.
General
Technical Note 18 - 1
Overwrites
Technical Note 18 - 2
Overwrites
Overwrites
For purposes of explanation in this Technical Note, the overwrite items are
presented in tables. The column headings in these tables are described as
follows.
Item: The name of the overwrite item as it appears in the cells at the left
side of the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Possible Values: The possible values for the associated overwrite item.
Default Value: The built-in default value that the program assumes for
the associated overwrite item.
Overwrites
Technical Note 18 - 3
Overwrites
Beam Tab
Table 1 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Beam tab in
the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Default
Value
Yes/No
No
(unshored)
Beam type
Composite,
NC w studs, or
NC w/o studs
Composite
b-eff left
Condition
Program
calculated or
user-defined
Program
calculated
b-eff left
Program
calculated
value
b-eff right
Condition
Program
calculated or
user-defined
Program
calculated
b-eff right
Program
calculated
value
Beam Fy
Specified in
Material
Properties
Beam Fu
Specified in
Material
Properties
Item
Shored?
Technical Note 18 - 4
Description
Beam Tab
Overwrites
Default
Value
Cover Plate
Present?
Yes/No
No
Plate width
Plate thickness
Plate Fy
>0
Cover plate yield stress, Fycp. Specifying 0 means that Fycp is set to that
specified in the beam material properties
Item
Description
Toggle switch indicating if a full length
cover plate exists on the bottom of the
beam bottom flange.
The Shored item affects both the deflection calculations and the flexural
stress calculations for the beam. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note
11 Beam Deflection and Camber for a description of beam deflection. If the
beam is shored, no checks are performed for the construction loading design
load combination.
Note:
The Middle Range item is specified on the Beam tab in the composite beam preferences
and is described in "Location Where Effective Slab Width is Checked" in Composite
Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab.
Typically, when a beam is designed using the Composite Beam Design postprocessor that beam is designed as a composite beam if it has a deck section
(not slab section) assigned along the full length of the specified Middle Range
on at least one side of the beam. The Beam Type overwrite allows you to
specify that a beam that would ordinarily be designed as a composite beam
be designed as a noncomposite beam. The overwrite does not and cannot
force a beam that has been designed as a noncomposite beam because there
is no deck section along at least one side to be designed as a composite
beam. When using the Composite Beam Design postprocessor, a beam that
does not have a deck section along at least one side is always designed as a
Beam Tab
Technical Note 18 - 5
Overwrites
Technical Note 18 - 6
Overwrites
Default
Value
Cb factor
Program
calculated
Bracing
Condition
Program
calculated,
bracing
specified or
length
specified
Program
calculated
Item
Description
M
M
C b = 1.75 + 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
M2
M2
Eqn. 1
where,
M1 and M2 are the end moments of any unbraced span of the beam. M1 is
numerically less than M2.
The ratio M1/M2 is positive for double curvature bending and negative for
single curvature bending within the unbraced beam span.
If any moment within the unbraced beam span is greater than M2, the
numeric value of Cb is 1.0.
When the Cb factor is program calculated and the Bracing Condition is set in
the overwrites to Length Specified, the programs uses 1.0 for Cb.
Technical Note 18 - 7
Overwrites
Default
Value
No. Point
Braces
No. Uniform
Braces
Item
Description
The number of user-specified point
brace locations. Clicking in this box
opens the Point Braces form where you
specify the point braces.
The number of user-specified uniform
braces. Clicking in this box opens the
Uniform Braces form where you specify
the uniform braces.
The No. Point Braces and No. Uniform Braces items allow you to specify actual
bracing for the beam. These items are described in "User-Specified Uniform
and Point Bracing" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 9 Beam Unbraced Length.
When the Bracing Condition is specified as Length Specified, two items appear
in the tab in addition to those shown in Table 2a. The two additional items are
shown in Table 2c.
Technical Note 18 - 8
Overwrites
Table 2c: Additional Composite Beam Overwrite Items On the Bracing (C) Tab and the Bracing Tab When the Bracing Condition Is Specified As Length Specified
Item
Absolute
Length?
Unbraced L22
Possible
Values
Yes/No
Default
Value
No
0 and
beam length
Length of
beam
Description
Toggle switch for whether the maximum unbraced length is given as an
absolute length or a relative length.
Maximum unbraced length for buckling
about the beam local 2 axis.
Deck Tab
Table 3 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Deck tab in
the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Item
Deck ID Left
Deck Tab
Possible
Values
Default
Value
Program
calculated, any
defined deck
property, or
None
Program
calculated
Description
Deck ID assigned to left side of beam.
Technical Note 18 - 9
Overwrites
Item
Possible
Values
Deck direction
Left
Program
calculated,
parallel, or
perpendicular
Deck ID Right
Program
calculated, any
defined deck
property, or
None
Deck direction
Program
Right
calculated,
parallel, or
perpendicular
Default
Value
Description
Program
calculated
Program
calculated
Program
calculated
When the Deck ID is program calculated, you must refer to the output data to
see what the program assumed for this item. It is not shown in the overwrites.
If the deck direction is program calculated, do not overlook the important
note about deck orientation in "Multiple Deck Types or Directions Along the
Beam Length" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of
the Concrete Slab.
Technical Note 18 - 10
Possible
Values
Yes/No
Default
Value
No
Description
Toggle to indicate if a user-defined
shear connector pattern is defined.
Overwrites
Possible
Values
0
No. Additional
Sections
Min Long
Spacing
>0
Max Long
Spacing
Min Tran
Spacing
>0
Max Studs
per Row
q
>0
>0
Program
calculated or
>0
Default
Value
0, indicating
there are no
uniformly
spaced
connectors
0, indicating
there are no
additional
connectors
specified
Description
Uniform spacing of shear studs along
the beam. There is one shear stud per
row along the beam.
The Uniform Spacing and No. Additional Sections items are only available if
the User Pattern item is set to Yes. See Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89
Technical Note 24 Beam Shear Checks for discussion of user-defined shear
stud patterns.
The program default value for the minimum longitudinal spacing of shear
studs along the length of the beam is six shear stud diameters. Note that this
item is input as an absolute length, not as a multiplier on the stud diameter.
The program default value for the maximum longitudinal spacing of shear
studs along the length of the beam is 36 inches. The design code used may
specify the maximum longitudinal spacing is eight times the total slab thick-
Technical Note 18 - 11
Overwrites
ness (rib height, hr, plus concrete slab above metal deck, tc). AISC-ASD89
Specification Section I5.2.2 specifies that the maximum longitudinal spacing
of shear studs along the length of a beam shall not exceed 36 inches for
beams when the span of the metal deck is perpendicular to the span of the
beam. If your total slab thickness is less than 36"/8 = 4.5", the program default value may be unconservative and should be revised.
The program default value for the minimum transverse spacing of shear studs
across the beam flange is four shear stud diameters. This is consistent with
the last paragraph of AISC-ASD89 Specification Section I4. Note that this
item is input as an absolute length, not as a multiplier on the stud diameter.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on
a Composite Beam for additional discussion of how shear studs are distributed
on composite beams.
The "Max Studs per Row" item indicates the maximum number of shear studs
that is allowed in a row across the beam flange. For wider beams, the Min
Tran Spacing item might indicate that more studs could be accommodated
across the beam flange but the Max Studs per Row item will limit the number
of studs in any row. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam for additional discussion of how
shear studs are distributed on beams.
See "Shear Stud Connector" in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 25 Shear Studs for discussion of how the program calculates the allowable shear load for a single shear stud. Note that when a q value is specified in the overwrites, the program assumes that the specified value of q has
already been modified by any applicable reduction factors for the metal deck.
Finally, note that specifying 0 (zero) in the overwrites for this item means
that the allowable shear stud load is calculated by the program, not that it is
zero.
Shear studs are discussed in detail in Composite Beam Design Technical Note
13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam, Technical Note 14 The
Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment, and Technical
Note 15 User-Defined Shear Stud Patterns.
Technical Note 18 - 12
Overwrites
Deflection Tab
Table 5 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Deflection
tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Default
Value
Yes/No
No
>0
Specified in
Preferences
Total Load
Limit
>0
Specified in
Preferences
Yes/No
Yes
Item
Deflection
Absolute?
Calculate
Camber?
Fixed Camber
Description
Toggle to consider live load and total
load deflection limitations as absolute
or as divisor of beam length (relative).
Deflection limitation for live load. For
relative deflection, inputting 360 means
that the limit is L/360.
Deflection limitation for total load. For
relative deflection, inputting 240 means
that the limit is L/240.
Toggle for the program to calculate
beam camber.
User-specified camber when the program does not calculate beam camber
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber
for discussion of beam deflection and camber.
Deflection Tab
Technical Note 18 - 13
Overwrites
Vibration Tab
Table 6 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Vibration
tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Item
Neff Condition
No. Effective
Beams
User Defined
or Program
Calculated
1
Default
Value
Description
User Defined Toggle to select user defined or program calculated based on beam spacing, N effective.
1.0
Effective number of beams resisting a
heel drop impact.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam Vibration for a description of beam vibration.
Miscellaneous Tab
Table 7 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Miscellaneous tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Default
Value
Yes/No
No
Maximum
Depth
>0
44 inches
Minimum
Depth
Maximum
PCC(%)
>0
100%
Item
Consider
Beam Depth?
Technical Note 18 - 14
Description
Toggle to select if beam depth is to be
considered in an auto select section
list. If yes, maximum and minimum
depths must be input.
Maximum actual (not nominal) beam
depth to be considered in auto select
section list.
Minimum actual (not nominal) beam
depth to be considered in auto select
section list.
Maximum percent composite connection considered for the beam.
Vibration Tab
Overwrites
Item
Minimum PCC
(%)
LL Reduction
Factor
Horizontal EQ
Factor
Possible
Values
Default
Value
>0
25%
0<, >1.0
1.0
0<, >1.0
1.0
Description
Minimum percent composite connection
considered for the beam.
Reducible live load is multiplied by this
factor to obtain the reduced live load. If
zero is selected, the program calculated valued is used.
Multiplier applied to the earthquake
portion of the load in a design load
combination.
EQ Factor
The EQ (earthquake) factor is a multiplier that is typically applied to the
earthquake load in a design load combination. Following are the five types of
loads that can be included in a design load combination, along with an explanation of how the EQ factor is applied to each of the load types.
Time History Case: The EQ factor is applied to all time history cases.
Static Nonlinear Case: The EQ factor is not applied to any static nonlinear cases.
EQ Factor
Technical Note 18 - 15
Overwrites
Now assume that you create a design load combination named DESCOMB1
that includes DL and EQ. For design load combination DESCOMB1, the EQ
load is multiplied by the EQ factor.
Next assume that you create a load combination called COMB2 that includes EQ. Now assume that you create a design load combination called
DESCOMB3 that included DL and COMB2. For design load combination
DESCOMB3, the EQ load that is part of COMB2 is not multiplied by the EQ
factor.
The EQ factor allows you to design different members for different levels of
earthquake loads in the same run. It also allows you to specify memberspecific reliability/redundancy factors that are required by some codes. The
factor specified in Section 1630.1.1 of the 1997 UBC is an example of this.
Technical Note 18 - 16
EQ Factor
Technical Note 19
Width-to-Thickness Checks
This Technical Note describes how the program checks the AISC-ASD89
specification width-to-thickness requirements for compact and noncompact
sections. The width-to-thickness requirements for compact and noncompact
sections are spelled out in AISC-ASD89 Specification Chapter B, Table B5.1.
This program checks the width-to-thickness ratios of the beam flanges and
web, and, if it exists, the cover plate.
Overview
The program classifies beam sections as either compact, noncompact or slender on the basis of their width-to-thickness ratios. The program checks the
compact and noncompact section requirements for each design load combination separately. A beam section may be classified differently for different
design load combinations. For example, it may be classified as compact for
design load combination A and as noncompact for design load combination B.
One reason that a beam may be classified differently for different design load
cases is that the compression flange may be different for different design load
combinations. If the sizes of the top and bottom flanges are not the same,
classification of the section as compact or noncompact may depend on which
flange is determined to be the compression flange.
For each design load combination, the program first checks a beam section
for the compact section requirements for the compression flange, web and
cover plate (if applicable). If the beam section meets all of those requirements, it is classified as compact for that design load combination. If the
beam section does not meet all of the compact section requirements, it is
then checked for the noncompact requirements for the flanges, web and
cover plate (if applicable). If the beam section meets all of those requirements, it is classified as noncompact for that design load combination. If the
beam section does not meet all of the noncompact section requirements, it is
classified as slender for that design load combination, and the program does
not consider it for composite beam design.
Overview
Technical Note 19 - 1
Width-to-Thickness Checks
b
65
Eqn. 1
where Fy is the specified yield stress of the beam. Equation 1 applies to both
rolled sections selected from the program's database and to user-defined
(welded) sections.
95
Fy k c
Eqn. 2
kc is equal to one (1.0) for rolled sections selected from the program database.
kc is equal to one (1.0) for user-defined (welded) sections with h/tw less
than or equal to 70.
Technical Note 19 - 2
kc =
4.05
(h t w )0.46
Width-to-Thickness Checks
Eqn. 3
d
640
tw
Fy
Eqn. 4
h
760
tw
Fb
Eqn. 5
Technical Note 19 - 3
Width-to-Thickness Checks
Beam
Beam
b2
b1
b2
tcp
b1
tcp
Cover plate
Cover plate
Case A
Case B
Technical Note 19 - 4
Width-to-Thickness Checks
Cover Plate Width Less Than or Equal to Beam Bottom Flange Width
When the cover plate width is less than or equal to the width of the beam
bottom flange, Equation 6 applies for the compact check for the cover plate.
b1
190
t cp
Fycp
Eqn. 6
b2
t cp
95
Fycp
Eqn. 7
Cover Plate Width Less Than or Equal to Beam Bottom Flange Width
When the cover plate width is less than or equal to the width of the beam
bottom flange, Equation 8 applies for the noncompact check for the cover
plate.
b1
238
t cp
Fycp
Eqn. 8
Technical Note 19 - 5
Width-to-Thickness Checks
b2
t cp
95
Eqn. 9
Fycp
Technical Note 19 - 6
Technical Note 20
Transformed Section Moment of Inertia
This Technical Note describes in general terms how the program calculates
the transformed moment of inertia for a composite section, Itr. The calculated
transformed moment of inertia applies for full (100%) composite connection.
See Composite Beam AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with
Partial Composite Connection for a description of partial composite connection.
The Technical Note also describes in detail a method that can be used to calculate the transformed section moment of inertia by hand that will yield the
same result as the program. The exact methodology used by the program is
optimized for computer-based calculations and is unsuitable for hand calculations and for presentation in this Technical Note.
Note that for the AISC-ASD89 specification, the transformed section properties used for stress calculations for a beam may be different from those used
for deflection calculations for the same beam. For AISC-ASD89 composite
beam design stress calculations, the value of Ec is always calculated from
Equation 1, assuming that the unit weight of concrete, wc, is 150 pounds per
cubic foot, regardless of its actual specified weight.
E c = w1.5
33 fc'
c
Eqn. 1
Background
Technical Note 20 - 1
Background
Figure 1 shows a typical rolled steel composite floor beam with the metal deck
ribs running parallel to the beam. Figure 2 shows a typical composite userdefined steel beam with the metal deck ribs running parallel to the beam.
Note that the user-defined beam may have a different top and bottom flange
size, and that no fillets are assumed in this beam.
For each of these configurations the following items may or may not be
included when calculating the transformed section moment of inertia:
Concrete in the metal deck ribs: The concrete in the metal deck ribs is
included in the calculation when the deck ribs are oriented parallel to the
beam (typically the case for girders). It is not included when the deck ribs are
oriented perpendicular to the beam (typically the case for infill beams).
Cover plate: The cover plate is only included if one is specified by you in
the composite beam overwrites.
Note that the deck type and deck orientation may be different on the two
sides of the beam as described in "Multiple Deck Types or Directions Along
the Beam Length" of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective
Width of the Concrete Slab.
Because composite behavior is only considered for positive bending, the
transformed section moment of inertia is only calculated for positive bending
(top of composite section in compression). Calculation of the transformed
section moment of inertia is greatly complicated by the requirement that the
concrete resist no tension.
The first task in calculating the transformed section moment of inertia of the
composite section is to compute properties for the steel beam alone (plus the
cover plate, if it exists). The properties required are the total area, Abare; the
location of the ENA, ybare; and the moment of inertia, Is.
Technical Note 20 - 2
Background
hr
tc
Concrete slab
Metal deck
tcp
bcp
Concrete slab
hr
tf-top
tc
Figure 1: Composite Rolled Steel Beam Shown With Metal Deck Ribs
Running Parallel To Beam
Beam web
tw
tf-bot
h = d - tf-top - tf-bot
bf-top
Metal deck
bcp
tcp
bf-bot
Background
Technical Note 20 - 3
ybare
Technical Note 20 - 4
Table 1:
Item
Area, A
Steel beam
As
Cover plate
bcptcp
Sums
Table 2:
y1
d
2
t cp
2
IO
Ay1
Is
Ay1
Ay1
(Ay1)
(Ay1 )
Ay1
Ay1
Ay1
b cp t 3cp
12
IO
Item
Area, A
Top flange
bf-toptf-top
Web
Bottom flange
Cover plate
Sums
y1
t f top
2
Ay1
Ay1
Ay1
Ay1
IO
b f top t 3f top
12
t wh3
12
b f bot t 3f bot
12
htw
d
2
Ay1
Ay1
bf-bottf-bot
t f bot
2
Ay1
Ay1
Ay1
Ay1
(Ay1)
2
(Ay1 )
bcptcp
t cp
2
b cp t 3cp
12
IO
The area of the steel section (including the cover plate if it exists), Abare, is
given by Equation 1.
Abare = A
Eqn. 1
The ENA of the steel section is located a distance ybare from the bottom of the
bottom flange of the steel beam section (not bottom of cover plate) where
ybare is determined from Equation 2.
Technical Note 20 - 5
y bare =
(Ay )
A
1
Eqn. 2
The moment of inertia of the steel section (plus cover plate, if one exists)
about its ENA, Ibare, is given by Equation 3.
I bare =
(Ay ) + I
2
( A ) y
2
bare
Eqn. 3
As
Ibare
IO
Is
bcp
bf-bot
bf-top
tcp
tf-bot
Technical Note 20 - 6
tf-top
tw
ybare
y1
(Ay1)
(A y12 ) = Sum of the product A times y12 for all of the elements of
the steel beam section, in4.
IO
Technical Note 20 - 7
ye
(A element delement )
A element
Eqn. 4
where,
Technical Note 20 - 8
Aelement
delement
If the ENA as calculated is within the height of the steel beam, as assumed, the assumed location of the ENA is correct and the calculation
for ye is complete.
b. If the calculated ENA is not within the height of the steel beam, as assumed in Step a, the assumed location of the ENA is incorrect and calculation for ye continues.
i
ii
If the newly calculated location of the ENA is the same as the previously calculated location (Step i), the assumed location of the
ENA has been identified and the calculation for ye is complete.
c. If the newly calculated location of the ENA is not the same as the previously calculated location (Step i), the most recent assumed location
of the ENA is incorrect and another iteration is made.
The program repeats the iterations until the location of the ENA has
been determined. After the location of the ENA is known, the rest of
the process for calculating the composite properties is non-iterative.
2. Given that the ENA has been located, the program determines if any concrete is below the ENA. If so, the program ignores it in the remaining calculations.
Technical Note 20 - 9
3. The program sums the product of the area of each element of the composite section (except concrete in tension) times its distance to a convenient axis (such as the bottom of the beam bottom flange).
4. The program divides the sum calculated in step 3 by the sum of the areas
of each element of the composite section (except concrete in tension).
This calculation yields the distance from the convenient axis to the ENA of
the composite section.
5. After the ENA of the composite section has been determined, the section
properties of the composite section are quickly calculated using standard
methods.
A hand calculation method for determining the distance ye described in steps
1a through 1c above is presented in the next section entitled "Equivalent
Hand Calculation Method to Calculate the Distance ye." A hand calculation
method for the calculation of the composite properties described in steps 2
through 5 above is presented in the section entitled "Equivalent Hand Calculation Method to Calculate the Composite Properties" later in this Technical
Note.
ye =
X1 + X 2 + X 3 + X 4
A bare + X 5 + X 6 + X 7 + X 8
2
- X10 X10
4X 9 (X1 + X 2 + X 3 + X 4 )
Technical Note 20 - 10
2X 9
Eqn. 5a
Eqn. 5b
Equations for use in calculating values for the variables X1 through X10 in
Equations 5a and 5b are presented in the following subsection entitled "Background Equations." The actual process to calculate ye is described in the subsection of this Technical Note entitled "Hand Calculation Process for ye."
Background Equations
This subsection presents the equations for the variables X1 through X10 in
Equations 5a and 5b. The exact equation to use for the variables X1 through
X10 depends on the assumed location of the ENA.
For the purposes of determining the ye distance, there are nine possible locations for the ENA. Those locations are as follows:
1. The ENA is located within the height of the steel section (including
cover plate, if it exists).
2. The ENA is located within the height of the metal deck on both the left
and the right sides of the beam.
3. The ENA is located within the height of the metal deck on the left side
of the beam and within the height of the concrete above the metal
deck (or within a solid slab) on the right side of the beam.
Note: Recall that you can have different deck properties on the two
sides of the beam.
4. The ENA is located within the height of the metal deck on the left side
of the beam and above the concrete on the right side of the beam.
5. The ENA is located within the height of the concrete above the metal
deck (or within a solid slab) on the left side of the beam and within the
height of the metal deck on the right side of the beam.
6. The ENA is located within the height of the concrete above the metal
deck (or within a solid slab) on both sides of the beam.
7. The ENA is located within the height of the concrete above the metal
deck (or within a solid slab) on the left side of the beam and above the
concrete on the right side of the beam.
Technical Note 20 - 11
8. The ENA is located above the concrete on the left side of the beam and
within the height of the metal deck on the right side of the beam.
9. The ENA is located above the concrete on the left side of the beam and
within the height of the concrete above the metal deck (or within a
solid slab) on the right side of the beam.
The first two columns in Table 3 list the nine possible locations of the ENA of
the composite section. The columns labeled Left Side and Right Side indicate
the location of the ENA relative to the left and right sides of the beam, respectively. The third column of Table 3, labeled "ye Eqn" specifies whether
Equation 5a or 5b should be used to calculate ye. Columns 4 through 13 of
Table 3 list the equation numbers to be used to determine the value of the
variables X1 through X10 for the location of the ENA specified in the first two
columns of the table.
When using Table 3, the location of the ENA of the composite section and the
location of the ENA of the composite section relative to the elements that
make up the composite section are initially unknown. Thus, begin by assuming a location of the ENA. It works best if you assume that the ENA of the
composite section is within the steel section. Then, calculate the actual location of the ENA and check the validity of the assumption. This process is described in the subsection entitled "Hand Calculation Process for ye."
Equations 7 through 16 define the terms X1 through X10 in Table 3 and Equations 5a and 5b. A term that is repeatedly used in Equations 7 through 16 is
z. As previously illustrated in Figure 4, z is the distance from the ENA of the
steel beam alone (plus cover plate, if it exists) to the top of the concrete slab.
The distance z, which can be different on the left and right sides of the beam,
is defined by Equations 6a and 6b.
zleft = d + hr left + tc left - ybare
Eqn. 6a
Eqn. 6b
The equations for the variables X1 through X10 in Equations 5a and 5b and Table 3 follow. In most cases, there are multiple equations for each variable.
See Table 3 for specification of which equation to use for any assumed location of the ENA.
Technical Note 20 - 12
Right
Side
ye
Eqn
X1
Eqn
X2
Eqn
X3
Eqn
X4
Eqn
X5
Eqn
X6
Eqn
X7
Eqn
X8
Eqn
X9
Eqn
X10
Eqn
Steel section
hr
hr
hr
tc
hr
>tc
tc
hr
tc
tc
tc
>tc
>tc
hr
>tc
tc
5a
5b
5b
5b
5b
5b
5b
5b
5b
7a
7a
7a
7a
7b
7b
7b
0
0
8a
8b
8b
8b
0
0
0
0
0
9a
9a
9b
0
9a
9b
0
9a
9b
10a
10b
0
0
10b
0
0
10b
0
11a
11a
11a
11a
11b
11b
11b
0
0
12a
12b
12b
12b
12c
12c
12c
0
0
13a
13a
13b
0
13a
13b
0
13a
13b
14a
14b
14c
0
14b
14c
0
14b
14c
N.A.
15a
15a
15a
15a
15a
15a
15a
15a
N.A.
16a
16c
16a
16d
16b
16b
16a
16b
The columns labeled Left Side and Right Side indicate the assumed location of the
ENA of the composite section relative to the left and right sides of the beam. Steel
section means that the ENA falls within the height of the steel section (including the
cover plate, if it exists). The designation hr means that the ENA is within the height of
the metal deck. The designation tc means that the ENA is within the height of the
concrete slab above metal deck or within the height of a solid slab. The designation
>tc means that the ENA is above the concrete slab.
2. The column labeled "ye Eqn" tells you whether to use Equation 5a or Equation 5b to
calculate ye for the assumed location of the ENA listed in the first two columns of the
table.
3. The columns labeled "X1 Eqn" through "X10 Eqn" indicate the equation numbers that
should be used to calculate the value of the variables X1 through X10 for use in Equations 5a and 5b. If one of the cells for X1 through X8 contains a "0," the value of Xn is
zero for that location of the ENA.
4. The variables X9 and X10 are not used if the ENA falls within the height of the steel
beam.
5. The variables X2, X4, X6 and X8 are always taken as zero if the deck span is oriented
perpendicular to the beam span.
6. Using this table requires a trial and error process. You must assume a location for the
ENA and then check if the assumption is correct. See the subsection entitled "Hand
Calculation Process for ye" later in this chapter for more information.
Technical Note 20 - 13
Important note: The terms X2, X4, X6 and X8 are always taken as zero if the
deck span is oriented perpendicular to the beam span; otherwise they are
taken as given in the equations below.
t c left
X1 = X 5 z left
2
z
X1 = X 5 left
2
Eqn. 7a
Eqn. 7b
X 2 = X 6 z left t c left
2
X 2 = X 6 zleft t c left
Eqn. 8a
)2
Eqn. 8b
t c right
X 3 = X 7 z right
2
zright
X 3 = X 7
2
Eqn. 9a
Eqn. 9b
X 4 = X 8 z right t c right
2
X 4 = X 8 zright t c right
X5 =
Technical Note 20 - 14
Es
)2
Eqn. 10a
Eqn. 10b
Eqn. 11a
X5 =
Eqn. 11b
X6 =
X6 =
X7 =
Eqn. 12b
Eqn. 12c
2E s
b eff right E c right t c right
Es
X7 =
Eqn. 12a
Eqn. 13a
Eqn. 13b
X8 =
X8 =
2E s Sr right
b eff right E c right
2E s
Eqn. 14a
Eqn. 14b
Eqn. 14c
X9 = X6 + X8
Eqn. 15a
X9 = X8
Eqn. 15b
Technical Note 20 - 15
X9 = X6
Eqn. 15c
X 7 2X 8 z right t c right
Eqn. 16a
Eqn. 16b
X10 = A bare X 5 X 7
Eqn. 16c
Eqn. 16d
= Area of the steel beam (plus cover plate), in2. This area
does not include the concrete area.
Ec
Es
Sr
beff
hr
= Height of metal deck rib, in. Note that this may be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
Technical Note 20 - 16
tc
wr
= Average width of a metal deck rib, in. Note that this may
be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
ybare
ye
= The distance from the ENA of the steel beam (plus cover
plate, if it exists) alone to the ENA of the fully composite
beam, in.
Technical Note 20 - 17
4. Use Equation 5b to calculate the location of the ENA. Note that Table 3
identifies the equations to use to determine values for the variables X1
through X10 for use in solving Equation 5b.
5. If the calculated location of the ENA is the same as the new location assumed in step 3, then the assumption is correct and the calculation for ye
is complete.
6. If the calculated location of the ENA is not the same as the location assumed in step 3, the location is incorrect and another iteration is made.
The new assumption for the location of the ENA is wherever it was calculated to be in step 4 and is one of the choices defined in the first two columns of Table 3.
7. Repeat steps 4 through 7 as many times as required until the assumed
location of the ENA (based on the choices in the first two columns of Table
3) and the calculated location of the ENA match.
c. The concrete slab and metal deck may not exist on one side of the
beam or the other.
Technical Note 20 - 18
Item
Transformed
Area, Atr
Concrete
slab, left side
b eff t *c E c
Es
d + hr + tc
b eff t *c E c
Es
t*
d + hr + tc c
2
Concrete
slab, right
side
Concrete in
metal deck
ribs, left side
Concrete in
metal deck
ribs, right side
Steel beam
plus cover
plate
Sums
y1
t *c
2
Atry1
Atry1
IO
Atry1
Atry1
b eff E c t *c 3
12E s
Atry1
Atry1
b eff E c t *c 3
12E s
Atry1
Atry1
b eff w r E c h *r 3
12S r E s
b eff w r E c h *r 3
12S r E s
b eff h *r w r E c
Sr E s
d + hr
b eff h *r w r E c
Sr E s
h*
d + hr r
2
Atry1
Atry1
Abare
ybare
Atry1
Atry1
(Atry1)
(Atry1 )
Atr
h *r
2
Ibare
2
IO
d. The top of the concrete slab may be at a different elevation on the two
sides of the beam.
e. Any concrete that is below the ENA of the composite section is not included in the calculation.
Following is a list of the variables introduced in Table 4 that have not been
mentioned previously in this Technical Note.
Atr
h *r
= Height of the metal deck ribs above the ENA (i.e., that is in
compression) used for calculating the transformed section
properties, in. Note that this could be different on the left and
right sides of the beam.
Technical Note 20 - 19
h *r = 0.
If the deck ribs are oriented parallel to the beam span, one of
the following three items applies:
1. If the ENA is below the metal deck, h r = hr.
*
t *c
(or solid
Atr
(Atry1) =Sum of the product Atr times y1 for all of the elements of the
composite steel beam section, in3.
(Atry12) =Sum of the product Atr times y12 for all of the elements of the
composite steel beam section, in4.
Technical Note 20 - 20
y can
y=
(A y )
A
tr
Eqn. 17a
tr
y = ybare + ye
The distance
Eqn. 17b
y is illustrated in Figure 5.
I tr =
2
tr y1
( A ) y
Eqn. 18
tr
ybare
ye
Figure 5: Illustration of y
Technical Note 20 - 21
Technical Note 21
Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection
This Technical Note describes how the program calculates elastic stresses in
the steel section and the concrete slab when there is partial composite connection. Note that because composite action is only considered by the program for positive bending, the description in this Technical Note only applies
to positive bending.
When there is partial composite connection, the number of shear connectors
provided controls the amount of horizontal shear that can be transferred between the steel beam and the concrete slab. For beams with partial composite
connection, the program checks for deflections and stress assuming an elastic
distribution of stress, where the strain in both the concrete and the steel is
proportional to the distance from the elastic neutral axis (ENA) of the transformed section.
Eqn. 1
Note:
Equation 1 is the same as AISC-ASD89 Specification Equation I4-4.
where,
PCC
Ibare
Technical Note 21 - 1
Ieff
Itr
Eqn. 2
Note:
Equation 2 is the same as AISC-ASD89 Specification Equation I2-1.
where,
PCC
Sbare
Seff
Str
= Section modulus for the fully (100%) composite transformed section referred to the extreme tension fiber of
the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3.
Referring to Figure 1, Str is calculated using Equation 3.
Note:
The section moduli Str and Seff are referenced to the bottom of the cover plate, if it exists.
Otherwise they are referenced to the bottom of the beam bottom flange.
Technical Note 21 - 2
tcp
Str =
I tr
y + t cp
Eqn. 3
where,
Itr
Technical Note 21 - 3
Refer to Figure 2. In the figure, the distance from the bottom of the beam
bottom flange to the ENA of the partially composite beam, yeff, is given by
Equation 4:
y eff =
I eff
t cp
Seff
Eqn. 4
Note:
The distance yeff is measured from the bottom of the beam bottom flange even when
there is a cover plate.
CL
beff left
beff right
beff leftEc left
Es
beff-par right
hr
tc
beff-par left
tcp
ybare
yeff
ENA of partially
composite beam.
ENA of fully
composite beam. Itr
is taken about this
axis.
Technical Note 21 - 4
where,
yeff
Ieff
Seff
tcp
M
Seff
Eqn. 5
If a cover plate exists, Equation 6 gives the stress at the bottom of the beam
bottom flange. If there is no cover plate, Equations 5 and 6 are the same.
Technical Note 21 - 5
fbot-bm =
My eff
Ieff
Eqn. 6
Equation 7 gives the stress at the top of the steel beam section.
ftop-st =
M [Abs (d - yeff )]
Ieff
Eqn. 7
The term "Abs" in Equation 7 means to take the absolute value of the
(d - yeff) term. The following notation that has not been previously introduced
in this Technical Note is used in Equations 5 through 7.
M
fbot-bm
fbot-st
ftop-st
For full (100%) composite connection Ieff and yeff in Equations 6 and 7 are
modified as shown in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 23
Bending Stress Checks Equations 1e and 1f.
Technical Note 21 - 6
This section describes in detail a method that can be used to calculate the
concrete slab stresses for partial composite connection by hand that will yield
the same result as the program. The method presented here parallels much
of what is done internally in the program.
Note:
Although the equation for the effective slab width of a partially composite beam is derived
by considering bounding conditions of 0% and 100% composite connection, the program
actually limits the minimum percent composite connection to 25%.
Refer to Figure 2. On each side of the beam the effective width of the slab for
the partially composite beam, beff-par left and beff-par right, varies from the value
for full composite action, beff left(Ec left /Es) and beff right(Ec right /Es), to zero as the
percent composite connection varies from 100% to 0%. Formulas for beff-par left
and beff-par right are derived from the definition of the elastic neutral axis (ENA)
together with the assumption that the ratio of the effective widths of the concrete slab on the left and right sides of the beam remains constant for any
percentage of composite connection. Equation 8 is a formula representing this
assumption.
beff left
beff right
Eqn. 8
From the definition of the ENA, if you multiply the area of individual elements
of a composite section times their distance to the ENA (considering the sign of
the distance term), and then sum up these products for all elements of the
composite section, the result is zero. This statement is shown as a formula in
Equation 9.
X1 - beff-par left ( X2 + X4) - beff-par right ( X3 + X5) = 0
Eqn. 9
Note:
See Figures 3, 4 and 5 for illustrations of the physical distances represented by the variables a3 and a4 in Equations 9a through 9e.
where:
X1 = Abare (yeff - ybare)
X2 = a3 left (d + hr left + tc left -
Eqn. 9a
a3 left
2
- yeff)
Eqn. 9b
Technical Note 21 - 7
a3 right
2
- yeff)
Eqn. 9c
X4 =
a4 left wr left
a
Sr left
2
Eqn. 9d
X5 =
a4 right wr right
a
Sr right
2
Eqn. 9e
Table 1 lists the values that should be used for the variables a3 and a4 in
Equations 9a through 9e for all possible conditions. The possible conditions
are different combinations of the location of the ENA for the partially composite beam and the deck direction. Note that a3 and a4 are evaluated separately
for each side of the beam and can be different for the left and right sides of
the beam.
Table 1:
Values that Should Be Used for the Variables A3 and A4 in Equations 9a through 9e. Physical Representations of A3 and A4 are
Shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5
ENA Location
Above the concrete slab over metal deck (or
the solid slab)
In the concrete slab over metal deck (or the
solid slab)
Deck
Direction
Parallel or
Perpendicular
Parallel or
Perpendicular
a31, 2
a41, 3
N.A.4
N.A.4
d + hr + tc - yeff
N.A.4
Parallel
tc
d + hr - yeff
Perpendicular
tc
N.A.5
Parallel
tc
hr
Perpendicular
tc
N.A.5
When the cell for an an value indicates "N.A." a value of 0 should be used in Equations 9a through 9e
for that item. The notes below explain why the various "N.A." items are indicated.
2.
The a3 dimension represents a distance within the height of the concrete slab.
3.
The a4 dimension represents a distance within the height of the metal deck ribs.
Technical Note 21 - 8
4.
The an dimension is not applicable because it would represent concrete below the ENA, which is in tension and thus ignored in the calculations.
5.
The a4 dimension is not applicable because it represents concrete in the metal deck ribs. This concrete
is ignored in the calculations when the deck span is perpendicular to the beam span.
tc
d
tcp
ENA of partially
composite beam
located within
concrete slab above
the metal deck (or in
a solid slab)
yeff
hr
a3
Technical Note 21 - 9
a3
a4
hr
ENA of partially
composite beam
located within metal
deck
d
eff
cp
tc
hr
tcp
ENA of partially
composite beam
located within the
height of the steel
section
yeff
a3
a4
Technical Note 21 - 10
Next we can substitute Equation 8 into Equation 9 and solve for beff-par left and
beff-par right. The resulting equations are shown here as Equations 10a and 10b.
beff par right =
X1
beff left
+ (X3 + X5 )
(X2 + X 4 )
beff right
beff left
X1
beff right
beff left
+ (X3 + X5 )
(X2 + X 4 )
beff right
Eqn. 10a
Eqn. 10b
Note:
The width beff-par is the effective width of the concrete slab for partial composite connection. It is transformed to an equivalent width of steel.
The following notation is used in Equations 8 through 10b:
Abare
Sr
a3
a4
Technical Note 21 - 11
beff
beff-par
= The effective width of the concrete slab for partial composite action transformed to have the same E as the
steel section, in. Note that this item may be different on
the left and right sides of the beam.
hr
= Height of the metal deck ribs, in. Note that this item
may be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
tc
wr
= Average width of metal deck rib, in. Note that this item
may be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
ybare
yeff
Technical Note 21 - 12
The section moduli on each side of the beam referred to the top of the partially composite section, St-eff left and St-eff right, are given by Equations 11a and
11b:
St eff left =
(d + hr left
St eff right =
Ieff
+ t c left yeff
Ieff
(d + hr right + tc right
Eqn. 11a
yeff
Eqn. 11b
where,
Ieff
Finally, the concrete compressive stress, fc, for a partially composite beam is
calculated as the larger of Equations 12a and 12b:
fc left =
M
St eff left
fc right =
b
eff left
M
St eff right
beff right
Eqn. 12a
Eqn. 12b
where,
M
St-eff
Technical Note 21 - 13
beff
beff-par
= The effective width of the concrete slab for partial composite action transformed to have the same E as the
steel section, in. This item is calculated using Equation
10a for the slab on the right side of the beam and 10b
for the slab on the left side of the beam. (For full
[100%] composite connection see Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 23 Bending Stress
Checks, Equations 1b and 1d instead of Equations 10a
and 10b.)
fc
Technical Note 21 - 14
Technical Note 22
Fy cp
Fb-bcp = Fb bbf
Fy
Eqn. 1
where,
General
Fb-bbf
Fb-bcp
Fy
Fycp
Technical Note 22 - 1
Technical Note 22 - 2
Web
Beam
Fy
Unsupported
Length of
Compression
Flange1
compact
compact
65 ksi
Lc
compact
compact
> 65 ksi
Lc
compact
Rolled I-shaped or
channel section noncompact
from the program
database
noncompact
noncompact
No limit
Lc
compact
65 ksi
Lc
compact
> 65 ksi
Lc
noncompact
noncompact
No limit
Lc
compact or
noncompact
compact or
noncompact
No limit
> Lc
compact
compact
65 ksi
Lc
compact
compact
> 65 ksi
Lc
compact
noncompact
No limit
Lc
compact or
noncompact
compact or
noncompact
65 ksi
Lc
> 65 ksi
Lc
No limit
> Lc
Type of
Beam Section
User defined
(welded) section
that is
I-shaped or a
channel
Flange
and
Cover
Plate
noncompact
noncompact
compact or
noncompact
compact or
noncompact
Technical Note 22 - 3
L c = smaller of
76b f
Fy
and
20000
(d A f )Fy
Eqn. 2
The Af and bf terms in Equation 2 are the area and width of the beam compression flange (not including cover plate even if it exists), respectively.
These terms are never based on the cover plate dimensions. The Fy term is
the yield stress of the beam (not cover plate)
The equations referred to in the last column of Table 1 are listed below.
Fb = 0.66 Fy
Eqn. 3
b
Fb = Fy 0.79 0.002 f
2t f
Fy
Eqn. 4
b
Fb = Fy 0.79 0.002 f
2t f
Fy
kc
Eqn. 5
where
kc =
4.05
(h t w )0.46
Fb = 0.60 Fy
Eqn. 5a
Eqn. 6
When
102 * 10 3 C b
510 * 10 3 C b
l
Fy
rT
Fy
2
2
Fy (l rT )
Fy 0.60Fy
Fb =
3 1,530 * 10 3 C b
Technical Note 22 - 4
Eqn. 7
When
Fb =
Fb =
l
510 * 103 Cb
>
rT
Fy
170 * 103 Cb
(l rT )2
Eqn. 8
0.60Fy
12 * 103 Cb
0.60Fy
(ld A f )
Eqn. 9
In Equations 7 and 8, the l term in l/rT is the unbraced length of the compression flange. The rT term is based on the compression flange of the beam. This
is significant when the dimensions of the top and bottom flanges are different.
For rolled sections, the rT term is taken from the program database. For userdefined (welded) sections, the rT term is calculated using Equation 10a or
10b. Equation 10a applies for positive bending and Equation 10b applies for
negative bending. If it exists, the cover plate is ignored when calculating rT.
For positive bending:
b 3f top t f top
rT =
12
b f top t f top +
(d y bare
t f top ) t 3w
36
(d y bare t f top ) t w
Eqn. 10a
rT =
(y t f bot ) t 3w
b 3f bot t f bot
+ bare
12
36
(y t f bot ) t w
b f bot t f bot + bare
3
Eqn. 10b
The Cb term in Equations 7, 8 and 9 is defined in "Bracing (C) Tab and Bracing Tab" in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASC89 Technical Note 18 Overwrites.
In Equation 9 Af is the area of the compression flange (not including the cover
plate even if it exists).
Technical Note 22 - 5
Tension or compression at the top of the top flange of the beam. See Table
2 for the allowable stress.
Tension at the bottom of the cover plate. See Table 2 and the section entitled General at the beginning of this Technical Note for the allowable
stress.
Table 2 defines the equations that are used to calculate the allowable bending
stress for the steel beam portion of a composite beam section for various
conditions. The equation used depends on whether the beam web is compact
and whether the yield stress is less than or equal to 65 ksi.
Technical Note 22 - 6
hr
tc
Concrete slab
Metal deck
tcp
Steel beam
bcp
Cover plate
Table 2:
Equations the Program Uses to Calculate the Allowable Bending Stress in the Steel Beam Portion of a Composite Beam
Type of Beam
Section
Any
composite beam
Web
Beam Fy
compact
noncompact
compact or
noncompact
65 ksi
11
11
65 ksi
12
12
> 65 ksi
12
12
Fb = 0.66 Fy
Eqn.11
Fb = 0.60 Fy
Eqn. 12
Technical Note 22 - 7
Technical Note 23
Table 1 lists the equations that ETABS uses to calculate both the actual
bending stress and the allowable bending stress at each of these positions.
Location
Top of beam
top flange
Bottom of
beam
bottom
flange
Equation for
Calculating Actual Bending
Stress
Equation for
Calculating Allowable Bending
Stress
M (d y bare )
I bare
M y bare
I bare
Technical Note 23 - 1
Location
Bottom of
cover plate
Equation for
Calculating Actual Bending
Stress
Equation for
Calculating Allowable Bending
Stress
M (y bare + t cp )
I bare
tcp
ybare
The top of the concrete slab. This check is performed separately on each
side of the beam.
Technical Note 23 - 2
Table 2 lists the equations that the program uses to calculate both the actual
bending stress and the allowable bending stress at each of these positions. In
addition to the checks listed in Table 2, if the beam is unshored, the program
performs additional checks. These checks are described in the section entitled
"Important Notes Regarding Unshored Composite Beams" later in this Technical Note.
Location
Top of concrete
12a, 12b
in Composite Beam Design AISCASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic
Stresses with Partial Composite
Connection.
Top of beam top
7
flange
in Composite Beam Design AISCASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic
Stresses with Partial Composite
Connection.
Bottom of beam
6
bottom flange
in Composite Beam Design AISCASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic
Stresses with Partial Composite
Connection.
Bottom of cover
5
plate
in Composite Beam Design AISCASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic
Stresses with Partial Composite
Connection.
11 or 12 in Composite Beam
Design AISC-ASD89 Technical
Note 22 Allowable Bending
Stresses.
See Table 2 in the same Note.
11 or 12 in Composite Beam
Design AISC-ASD89 Technical
Note 22 Allowable Bending
Stresses.
See Table 2 in the same Note.
1 together with 11 or 12 in
Composite Beam Design
AISC-ASD89 Technical Note
22 Allowable Bending
Stresses.
See Table 2 in the same Note.
Technical Note 23 - 3
The equations referred to in the second column of Table 2 for calculating actual bending stress are derived for partial composite connection. When there
is full (100%) composite connection, make the substitutions shown in Equations 1a through 1g into those equations:
Note:
The formulas shown in Equations 1a through 1g are not in general true. They only apply
as substitutions into the equations listed in Table 2 when you are considering full (100%)
composite connection rather than partial composite connection.
Equations 1a and 1b show the substitutions to make into Equation 12a of
Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with
Partial Composite Connection if you are considering full (100%) composite
connection.
St eff left =
Itr
d + hr left + tc left y
Eqn. 1a
Eqn. 1b
Itr
(d + hr right + tc right y )
Eqn. 1c
Eqn. 1d
Eqn. 1e
Ieff = Itr
Eqn. 1f
The y term in Equations 1a, 1c and 1e is the distance from the bottom of the
beam bottom flange to the elastic neutral axis (ENA) of the composite beam.
Technical Note 23 - 4
Eqn. 1g
The Str term in Equation 1g is the section modulus for the fully (100%) composite transformed section referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel
section (including cover plate, if it exists). This section modulus can be calculated using Equation 3 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical
Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection.
Technical Note 23 - 5
Eqn. 2a
Eqn. 2b
) + MAll Other
Seff
0.9 Fy
Eqn. 2c
In Equations 2a through 2c, MDL is the moment due to dead load and MAll Other
is the moment due to all other loads (except dead load).
= dead load
SDL
LL
= live load
TL
= total load
Technical Note 23 - 6
Technical Note 24
Eqn. 1
where,
Fv
Fy
Technical Note 24 - 1
fv =
V
d C bot C top t w
Eqn. 2
where,
Cbot
Ctop
= Beam end shear at the inside end of the rigid end offset
along the length of the beam (if the offset exists), kips.
fv
tw
Note:
The top and bottom copes are internally calculated by the program and reported in the
long- and short-form printed output. See the section entitled "Copes" later in this Technical Note for more information on beam copes.
Note that Equation 2 is based on the full depth of the beam minus the top and
bottom copes. The copes are internally calculated by the program and are reported in the printed output. See the following section titled "Copes" for information on how the program determines the assumed copes.
Slender Web
For h/tw > 380
Fy
2.89
0.40Fy
Eqn. 3
where
Cv =
Technical Note 24 - 2
45,000 * 5.34
Fy (h t w )
when Cv 0.8
Eqn. 3a
Cv =
190
h tw
5.34
when Cv > 0.8
Fy
Eqn. 3b
(d
V
*
C bot
C *top t w
Eqn. 4
where
C*bot = maximum of Cbot or tf bot
Eqn. 4a
Eqn. 4b
Note that Equation 4 is based on the clear distance between the flanges of the
beam minus any portion of the top and bottom copes that extends into this
clear distance. This is different from the typical, non-slender web case.
Finally, note that the value of h/tw is limited by the requirements for a noncompact web. See "Noncompact Section Limits for Webs" in Composite Beam
Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 19 Width-to-Thickness Checks for more
information.
Copes
The program calculates the default beam copes as follows:
If the beam frames into a column or a brace, by default, no cope is assumed at either the top or the bottom of the beam.
If a beam, call it Beam A, frames into another beam, call it Beam B, the
following copes are assumed in Beam A, as shown in Figure 1:
9
The depth of the cope at the top of Beam A is equal to the thickness of
the Beam B top flange plus 1/4".
If the depth of Beam A is greater than the depth of Beam B minus the
bottom flange thickness of Beam B minus 1/4", the depth of the cope
at the bottom of Beam A is equal to the depth of Beam A minus the
depth of Beam B plus the bottom flange thickness of Beam B plus
1/4".
Copes
Technical Note 24 - 3
Beam A
dA - d +
f-bot + 1/4"
dA
tf-bot + 1/4"
tf-bot
dB
Beam B
tf-top + 1/4"
tf-top
Technical Note 24 - 4
3. Standard bolt holes are assumed. The diameter of the bolt hole is assumed to be 15/16".
4. The number of bolts assumed is based on the T dimension of the beam as
shown in Table 1. For rolled sections, the T dimension, which is tabulated
in the AISC manual, is equal to d -2k. For welded sections, the program
assumes that the T dimension equals d - tf-top - tf-bot - 1 inch.
where,
d
tf-bot
tf-top
5. The distance from the center of the top bolt hole to the top edge of the
beam web (at the cope), lv, is 1.5 inches.
6. The distance from the center of any bolt hole to the end of the beam web,
lh, is 1.5 inches.
Technical Note 24 - 5
Shear plane
3 typ.
lv = 1.5"
Tension plane
lh = 1.5"
Eqn. 5
where,
Agt
Ans
Fu
Vall
The gross area along the tension plane, Agt, is given by Equation 6.
Agt = lh tw
Technical Note 24 - 6
Eqn. 6
where,
lh
tw
The net area along the shear plane, Ans, is given by Equation 7.
Ans = [lv + 3(n - 1) - (15/16)(n - 0.5)] tw
Eqn. 7
where,
lv
= The distance from the center of the top bolt hole to the
top edge of the beam web (at the cope), in. The program assumes this distance to be 1.5 inches, as shown
in Figure 2.
tw
If the allowable shear at the end of the beam, Vall, is less than the beam end
reaction, the program prints a design warning message in the output.
Technical Note 24 - 7
shear) is issued in the output. The program does not fail the beam because it does not pass the shear rupture check.
4. Tension field action, as described in AISC-ASD89 specification Chapter G
is not considered.
Technical Note 24 - 8
Technical Note 25
Shear Studs
Overview
This Technical Note begins by defining the program default allowable shear
stud horizontal loads for AISC-ASD89 composite beam design. Next some of
the basic equations used for determining the number of shear studs on the
beam are provided.
Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 26 Calculations for
Number of Shear Studs describes how the program determines the distribution of shear studs on a composite beam. It also introduces the concept of
composite beam segments. It is very important that you understand the definition of a composite beam segment so that you can properly interpret the
reported number of shear studs in the composite beam output.
Composite Beam Design Technical Note 14 The Number of Shear Studs that
Fit in a Composite Beam Segment describes how the program determines the
maximum number of shear studs that fit in a composite beam segment. The
program also checks that the shear studs it specifies can fit on the beam. See
also Composite Beam Design Technical Note 15 User-Defined Shear Stud
Patterns for more information.
Eqn. 1
where,
Asc
Overview
Technical Note 25 - 1
Shear Studs
f'c
Ec
Fu
Important note #2: When there is slab on both sides of the beam, the program calculates q for each side of the beam separately using Equation 1 and
the appropriate metal deck reduction factor if applicable. The program then
uses the smaller of the two q values in the calculations.
Important note #3: When you specify a q value in the composite beam
overwrites, the program assumes that the specified value of q already includes a metal deck reduction factor, if applicable. Thus the program does not
modify the specified q value based on the metal deck configuration.
Technical Note 25 - 2
Shear Studs
the reduction factor specified in Equation 2 to yield the final allowable horizontal load for a single shear stud.
0.85
RF =
N
r
wr
h
r
Hs
h 1.0 1.0
Eqn. 2
where,
RF
hr
Hs
Nr
wr
Hs
1.0 1.0
h
r
Eqn. 3
where,
RF
hr
Technical Note 25 - 3
Shear Studs
Hs
wr
Eqn. 4
where,
fc
Ac
Area of the concrete slab, in2. When the deck span is perpendicular to the beam span, this is the area of concrete in
the slab above the metal deck that is above the elastic
neutral axis (ENA) of the fully composite beam. When the
deck span is parallel to the beam span, this is the area of
concrete in the slab, including the concrete in the metal
deck ribs, that is above the ENA of the fully composite
beam. This item may be different on the left and right
sides of the beam.
A sFy + bcptcpFycp
2
Eqn. 5a
Technical Note 25 - 4
Vh =
bf -topt f -topFy
2
ht wFy
2
bf -bot t f -botFy
2
Shear Studs
+
+
Eqn. 5b
bcp t cpFycp
2
Fy
Fycp
bcp
bf-bot
bf-top
tcp
tf-bot
tf-top
Technical Note 25 - 5
Shear Studs
Between the Output Station with Maximum Moment and the Point of Zero Moment
For full (100%) composite action, the number of shear studs required between the output station with the maximum positive moment and adjacent
points of zero moment, N1, for a given design load combination is given by
Equation 6.
N1 =
Vh
q
Eqn. 6
Vh'
q
Eqn. 7
In Equation 7, V'h is equal to the percent composite connection times Vh. For
example, if there is 70% composite connection, V'h = 0.7 Vh. Thus, the percent composite connection, PCC, for AISC-ASD89 design is given by Equation
8.
PCC =
Vh'
Vh
Eqn. 8
1
N1 station
Mstation max
0
N2 =
1
Eqn. 9
where,
Technical Note 25 - 6
Shear Studs
Mstationmax
Mstation
Moment at the output station considered for the design load combination, k-in.
N1
N2
The Str term is the section modulus for the fully (100%) composite transformed section referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel section
(including cover plate, if it exists), in3. This section modulus can be calculated using Equation 3 of Composite Bean Design AISC-ASD89 Technical
Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection.
The Sbare term is the section modulus for the steel section alone (plus
cover plate, if it exists) referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel
section, in3. This section modulus can be calculated as Ibare/ybare where Ibare
is calculated using Equation 3 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89
Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia and ybare is calculated using Equation 2 of Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 20 Transformed Section Moment of Inertia.
The Seff term is the effective section modulus of the partially composite
beam referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3. This section modulus can be calculated using Equation 2 of Composite Bean Design AISC-ASD89 Technical
Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection.
Technical Note 25 - 7
Technical Note 26
Basic Equations
Equation 1 applies at the output station with the maximum positive moment
when there is full (100%) composite connection.
N1 =
Vh
q
Eqn. 1
where,
Vh is the total horizontal shear to be resisted between the point of maximum
positive moment (where the concrete is in compression) and the points of
zero moment for full composite connection. Vh is derived by the smaller of
Equations 1a, 1b or 1c as applicable. Note that Equation 1a applies to both
rolled beams and user-defined (welded) beams. Equation 1b only applies to
rolled beams and Equation 1c only applies to user-defined (welded) beams.
Vh =
Eqn. 1a
where,
fc
Ac
Basic Equations
Technical Note 26 - 1
When the deck span is perpendicular to the beam span, Ac is the area of concrete in the slab above the metal deck that is above the elastic neutral axis
(ENA) of the fully composite beam. When the deck span is parallel to the
beam span, Ac is the area of concrete in the slab, including the concrete in the
metal deck ribs, that is above the ENA of the fully composite beam. This item
may be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
For rolled beams only:
Vh =
A s Fy + b cp t cp Fycp
Eqn. 1b
b f - top t f - top Fy
ht wFy
2
2
b f - bot t f - bot Fy
2
+
b cp t cpFycp
Eqn. 1c
Fy
bcp
bf-bot
bf-top
tcp
Fycp
tf-bot
Technical Note 26 - 2
Basic Equations
tf-top
Equation 2 applies at the output station with the maximum positive moment
when there is partial composite connection.
N1 =
Vh'
q
Eqn. 2
In Equation 2, V'h is equal to the percent composite connection times Vh. For
example, if there is 70% composite connection, V'h = 0.7 Vh.
Equation 3 applies at any other output station regardless of the percent composite connection.
M
N1 station
1
Mstation max
N2 =
0
1
Eqn. 3
where,
N2
= Number of shear studs required between the output station considered and adjacent points of zero moment for
the design load combination, unitless.
N1
= Number of shear studs required between the output station with the maximum positive moment and adjacent
points of zero moment for the design load combination,
unitless.
Mstation
= A term equal to Str/Sbare for full (100%) composite connection and Seff/Sbare for partial composite connection,
unitless. Str is the section modulus for fully (100%) composite transformed section referred to the extreme tension
fiber of the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3. Sbare is the section modulus of the steel beam
alone (plus cover plate, if it exists) referred to the ex-
Basic Equations
Technical Note 26 - 3
The allowable horizontal load for a single shear stud, q, is 12.4 kips.
The horizontal shear to be resisted between the point of maximum moment and adjacent points of zero moment, Vh', is 245 kips.
The support distance, S, plus the gap distance, G, is equal to 0.50 foot (6
inches) at each end of the beam.
The maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the
beam is 36 inches.
As shown in Figure 1, this beam has one composite beam segment that has a
length, LCBS, of 29 feet.
Note:
Use the Assign menu > Frame/ Line >Frame Output Stations command to modify the
number of output stations for a beam.
Technical Note 26 - 4
50 k-ft
30'
13.33 k
16.67 k
13.33 k
Shear
13.33'
16.67 k
50 k-ft
Moment
3.33'
0.5'
L1 left = 13.50'
L1 right = 12.63'
2.87'
Center of support
Actual point of
zero moment
ETABS calculated
point of zero moment
Output station 14 ft
from left end of beam
Center of support
L1 and
LCBS
0.5'
LCBS = 29'
L = 30'
Technical Note 26 - 5
Table 1 illustrates how the bending moment is calculated by the program for
this beam at each output station. Note the following about Figure 1 and Table
1:
The actual maximum moment for this beam of 88.89 k-ft occurs at a distance of 13.33 feet from the left end of the beam, as shown in the moment diagram in Figure 1. As shown in Table 1, since the program only
calculates moment at the designated output stations, it picks up the
maximum moment as 88.67 k-ft at the station located 14 feet from the
(center of the support at the) left end of the beam. Increasing the number
of output stations will decrease the difference between the programcalculated maximum moment and the actual maximum moment.
The actual point of zero moment near the right end of the beam occurs
26.67 feet from the left end of the beam (3.33 feet from the right end of
the beam), as shown in the moment diagram in Figure 1. Referring to Table 1, the program calculates the point of zero moment by assuming a linear variation of moment between output stations located 26 and 28 feet
from the left end of the beam. This assumption yields a point of zero moment that is 26.63 feet from the left end of the beam (3.37 feet from the
right end of the beam). The dimensions shown in the bottom sketch of
Figure 1 reflect this program-calculated point of zero moment.
Technical Note 26 - 6
Station
Moment
(ft)
(k-ft)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0.00
24.67
45.33
62.00
74.67
83.33
88.00
88.67
85.33
78.00
66.67
Moment
(ft)
(k-ft)
22
24
26
28
30
51.33
32.00
8.67
-18.67
-50.00
The program calculates the maximum moment as 88.67 k-ft at the output
station located 14 feet from the left end of the beam. Multiplying Mmax by
0.999 yields 0.999 *88.67 = 88.58 k-ft. Because no other output station has
a moment that exceeds 0.999Mmax (88.58 k-ft) and no point loads are on this
beam (for any load case), the only output station that is considered when
determining the shear stud distribution is the station 14 feet from the left end
of the beam (the maximum moment location).
The required number of shear studs between the maximum moment and adjacent points of zero moment, N1, is calculated using Equation 2 as:
N1 =
Vh'
245 kips
=
= 19.76 studs
q
12.4 kips per stud
The distances L1 left and L1 right for the output station located 14 feet from the
left end of the beam are shown in Figure 1.
N
N
,
L 1 left L 1 right
* L CBS1
* 29 ft
,
12.63 ft
13.50 ft
19.76 studs
NCBS1 = Roundup
* 29 ft
12.63 ft
Technical Note 26 - 7
NCBS1 = 46 studs
The minimum number of studs required in the composite beam segment for
this beam is calculated using Equation 5 of Composite Beam Design Technical
Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam as:
L
29 ft
MS CBS = Roundup
36 in
12 in
= 10 studs
1 ft
Thus, the number of shear studs does not need to be increased to meet the
minimum requirements. Assuming that the shear studs are found to fit on the
beam, the final number of uniformly spaced shear studs specified for the
beam is 46.
The point loads do not come from other beams in the program model.
Thus, this beam has one composite beam segment instead of three composite beam segments.
The allowable horizontal load for a single shear stud, q, is 12.4 kips.
The horizontal shear to be resisted between the point of maximum moment and adjacent points of zero moment, Vh', is 124 kips.
Technical Note 26 - 8
20 k
5k
10'
10'
10 k
10'
15 k
30'
10 k
5k
Shear
15 k
Moment
100 k-ft
0.5'
L1 left = 9.5'
L1 right = 19.5'
L1 left = 19.5'
Center of support
Output station 20 ft
from left end of beam
Output station 10 ft
from left end of beam
Center of support
0.5'
L1 right = 9.5'
LCBS = 29'
L = 30'
Technical Note 26 - 9
The support distance, S, plus the gap distance, G, is equal to 0.50 foot (6
inches) at each end of the beam.
The maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the
beam is 36 inches.
As shown in Figure 2, this beam has one composite beam segment that has a
length, LCBS, of 29 feet.
Table 2 shows the bending moment calculated by the program for this beam
at each output station.
Moment
(k-ft)
L1 left
(ft)
L1 right
(ft)
0.00
N.A.
N.A.
20.00
N.A.
N.A.
40.00
N.A.
N.A.
60.00
N.A.
N.A.
80.00
N.A.
N.A.
10
100.00
9.5
19.5
12
110.00
N.A.
N.A.
14
120.00
N.A.
N.A.
16
130.00
N.A.
N.A.
18
140.00
N.A.
N.A.
20
150.00
19.5
9.5
22
120.00
N.A.
N.A.
24
90.00
N.A.
N.A.
26
60.00
N.A.
N.A.
28
30.00
N.A.
N.A.
30
0.00
N.A.
N.A.
Technical Note 26 - 10
The required number of shear studs between the maximum moment (located
at the output station 20 feet from the left end of the beam) and adjacent
points of zero moment, N1, is calculated using Equation 2 as:
N1 =
Vh'
124 kips
=
= 10.00 studs
q
12.4 kips per stud
The required number of shear studs between the point load located at the
output station 10 feet from the left end of the beam and adjacent points of
zero moment, N2, is calculated using Equation 3 as:
Mstation
1
N1
Mstation max
=0
N2 =
1
100 k - ft * 1.40
10.00 studs
1
150 k - ft
N2 =
= Negative
1.40 1
N2 = 0 studs
The distances L1 left and L1 right for the output stations located 10 feet and 20
feet from the left end of the beam are shown in Figure 2.
For the output station located 10 feet from the left end of the beam:
N
N
,
L 1 left L 1 right
* L CBS1
0 studs 0 studs
* 29 ft
,
9.50 ft 19.50 ft
NCBS1 = 0 studs
For the output station located 20 feet from the left end of the beam:
N
N
,
L 1 left L 1 right
* L CBS1
Technical Note 26 - 11
* 29 ft
,
9.50 ft
19.50 ft
10.00 studs
NCBS1 = Roundup
* 29 ft
9.50
ft
29 ft
MS CBS = Roundup
36 in
12 in
= 10 studs
1 ft
Thus, the number of shear studs does not need to be increased to meet the
minimum requirements. Assuming that the shear studs are found to fit on the
beam, the final number of uniformly spaced shear studs specified for the
beam is 31.
Technical Note 26 - 12
The allowable horizontal load for a single shear stud, q, is 12.4 kips.
The horizontal shear to be resisted between the point of maximum moment and adjacent points of zero moment, Vh', is 124 kips.
The support distance, S, plus the gap distance, G, is equal to 0.50 foot (6
inches) at each end of the beam.
The maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the
beam is 36 inches.
As shown in Figure 3, this beam has three composite beam segments labeled
1, 2 and 3 from the left end of the beam to the right end of the beam. The
lengths of these composite beam segments are LCBS1 = 9.5 feet, LCBS2 = 10
feet and LCBS3 = 9.5 feet.
Table 2 shows the bending moment calculated by the program for this beam
at each output station. Table 3 summarizes how the shear stud distribution is
determined for this beam.
Technical Note 26 - 13
20 k
5k
10'
10'
10 k
10'
15 k
30'
10 k
5k
Shear
15 k
Moment
100 k-ft
0.5'
L1 left = 9.5'
L1 right = 19.5'
L1 left = 19.5'
LCBS1 = 9.5'
Center of support
Output station 20 ft
from left end of beam
Output station 10 ft
from left end of beam
Center of support
0.5'
L1 right = 9.5'
LCBS2 = 10'
LCBS3 = 9.5'
L = 30'
Technical Note 26 - 14
Station
Moment
L1 left
10 ft
20 ft
100 k-ft
150 k-ft
9.5 ft
19.5 ft
Station
Moment
20 ft
10 ft
150 k-ft
100 k-ft
NCBS2
NCBS3
0 (1)
5 (2a)
N.A.
5 (2b)
N.A.
N.A.
NCBS2
NCBS3
5 (3b)
5 (4b)
10 (3a)
10 (4a)
19.5 ft
9.5 ft
19.5 ft
9.5 ft
9.5 ft
19.5 ft
0.00
10.00
10.00
0.00
5 (3b)
5 (4d)
The numbers in parenthesis identify equations from Composite Beam Design Technical
Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam.
The number of shear studs listed in the Studs column of Table 3 is calculated
exactly as described for Example 2. Equation 3 is used at the station 10 feet
from the left end of the beam, and Equation 2 is used at the station 20 feet
from the left end of the beam.
The columns labeled NCBS1, NCBS2 and NCBS3 show the number of studs required
in composite beam segments 1, 2 and 3, respectively, along with the equation
used to calculate that number of studs. The equation number is shown in parenthesis.
The calculation proceeds from left to right along the beam and then back
along the beam from right to left. The detailed calculations associated with
Table 3 are shown in the next subsection entitled "Detailed Calculations."
The final required number of shear studs for each of the composite beam
segments is shown in the last row of Table 3. Composite beam segments 1, 2
and 3 require 5, 5 and 10 shear studs, respectively. This is a total of 20 shear
studs. This compares with 31 studs required in Example 2, where a uniform
intensity of shear studs is assumed over the entire beam rather than over
each of the three composite beam segments.
Detailed Calculations
This subsection shows the calculations required to obtain the values in the
columns labeled NCBS1, NCBS2 and NCBS3 in Table 3.
Technical Note 26 - 15
N
N
,
L 1 left L 1 right
* L CBS1
0 studs 0 studs
* 9.5 ft
,
19.5 ft
9.5 ft
NCBS1 = 0 studs
Thus, NCBS1 is calculated as zero studs. Because the output station considered
is in composite beam segment 1 and we are working from left to right along
the beam, NCBS2 and NCBS3 are not yet applicable.
N
* L CBS1 NCBS1 Prev
NCBS1 = Roundup
L 1 left
10.00 studs
NCBS1 = Roundup
* 9.5 ft 0 studs
19.5 ft
NCBS1 = 5 studs
Next, we need to determine whether to use Equation 2b or Equation 2c of
Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a
Composite Beam for composite beam segment 2.
Technical Note 26 - 16
N
L 1 left
n 1
? n 1
L CBSi <
i =1
10.00 studs
*
19.5 ft
CBSi
i =1
L CBSi <
i =1
CBSi
i =1
?
10.00 studs
* L CBS1 < NCBS1
19.5 ft
?
10.00 studs
* 9.5 ft < 5 studs
19.5 ft
4.87 studs < 5 studs Use Equation 2b of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite
Beam.
Thus, Equation 2b of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution
of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam is used to calculate the studs required
in composite beam segment 2.
NCBS2
N
NCBSi
i =1
= Roundup
* L CBS2 NCBS2 Prev
1
L CBSi
L 1 left
i =1
NCBS2 = Roundup
* 10 ft 0 studs
19.5
ft
9.5
ft
NCBS2 = 5 studs
Because the output station considered is in composite beam segment 2 and
we are working from left to right along the beam, NCBS3 is not yet applicable.
Technical Note 26 - 17
N
N
N CBS3 = Roundup Max
,
L1 left L1 right
10 studs 10 studs
* 9.5 ft 0 studs
N CBS 3 = Roundup Max
,
9.5 ft
19.5 ft
10 studs
N CBS 3 = Roundup
* 9.5 ft 0 studs
9.5 ft
NCBS3 = 10 studs
Equation 3b of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of
Shear Studs on a Composite Beam is used to calculate the shear studs required in composite beam segments 1 and 2.
NCBS1 = NCBS1 Prev = 5 studs
NCBS2 = NCBS2 Prev = 5 studs
NCBS3 = Roundup
* L CBS3 NCBS3 Prev
L 1 right
0 studs
NCBS3 = Roundup
* 9.5 ft 10 studs
19.5 ft
Technical Note 26 - 18
rightmost
? rightmost
L CBSi <
i =n +1
CBSi
i =n +1
?
0 studs
* L CBS3 < NCBS3
19.5 ft
?
0 studs
* 9.5 ft < 10 studs
19.5 ft
NCBS2
rightmost
N
NCBSi
i=3
* L CBS2 NCBS2 Prev
= Roundup
rightmost
L CBSi
L 1 right
i=3
N - NCBS3
NCBS2 = Roundup
* L CBS2 NCBS2 Prev
L 1 right L CBS3
0 - 10
NCBS2 = Roundup
* 10 ft 5 studs
19.5
ft
9.5
ft
Technical Note 26 - 19
12 in
= 4 studs
1 ft
L
10 ft 12 in
= 4 studs
MS CBS2 = Roundup CBS2 =
MaxLS 36 in 1 ft
L
9.5 ft
12 in
= 4 studs
1 ft
Thus, the number of shear studs does not need to be increased to meet the
minimum requirements. Assuming that the shear studs are found to fit on the
beam, the final number of uniformly spaced shear studs specified for the
beam is 5 in composite beam segment 1, 5 in composite beam segment 2 and
10 in composite beam segment 3, for a total of 20 shear studs.
Technical Note 26 - 20
Technical Note 27
Input Data
This Technical Note describes the composite beam design input data for AISCASD89. The input can be printed to a printer or to a text file when you click
the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command. A
printout of the input data provides the user with the opportunity to carefully
review the parameters that have been input into the program and upon which
program design is based. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 5 Input
Data for further information about using the print Composite Beam Design
Tables Form, as well as other non-code-specific input data for composite
beam design.
Technical Note 27 - 1
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Length
Beam Properties
Composite Type
Shoring Provided
b-eff Left
If the beff left width is program calculated, this item reads "Prog
Calc." Otherwise, this item is the user-defined width for beff left.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width
of the Concrete Slab for description of the effective width of the
slab.
b-eff Right
If the beff right width is program calculated, this item reads "Prog
Calc." Otherwise, this item is the user-defined width for beff right.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width
of the Concrete Slab for description of the effective width of the
slab.
Beam Fy
If the beam yield stress is based on the material property specified for the beam, this item reads "Prog Calc." Otherwise, this
item is the user-defined yield stress of the beam.
Beam Fu
Technical Note 27 - 2
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Cover Plate
This information is included on the Beam tab of the overwrites.
Plate Width
Plate Thick
Plate Fy
Unbraced L22
If the Bracing State item is "Length Given," this item is the userspecified maximum unbraced length of the beam. Otherwise,
this item is specified as N/A.
L22 Absolute
Cb Factor
Technical Note 27 - 3
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Point Braces
The heading of the point braces data table specifies whether the point braces are program calculated or user-defined, and whether the distances used to locate the point
braces (Location item) are absolute (actual) distances or relative distances. A relative
distance is the distance divided by the length of the beam.
Location
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the point
brace. As described in the preceding paragraph, it may be an
absolute or a relative distance.
Type
Uniform Braces
The heading of the uniform braces data table specifies whether the point braces are program calculated or user-defined, and whether the distances used to define the extent of
the uniform braces (Start and End items) are absolute (actual) distances or relative distances. A relative distance is the distance divided by the length of the beam.
Note:
Details about the location and type of program calculated point and uniform
braces is only reported after you have run the design. Before you run the design, this information is not available.
Start
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the starting
point of the uniform brace. As described in the preceding paragraph, it may be an absolute or a relative distance.
End
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the ending
point of the uniform brace. This distance is always larger than
the Start item. As described previously, it may be an absolute
or a relative distance.
Type
Technical Note 27 - 4
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Deck Properties
Beam Side
Deck Label
Deck Direction
Stud q
Technical Note 27 - 5
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Start
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the starting
point of the uniform stud section. As described previously, it
may be an absolute or a relative distance.
End
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the ending
point of the uniform stud section. As described previously, it
may be an absolute or a relative distance.
Length
This is the length of the uniform stud section. As described previously, it may be an absolute or a relative distance.
Number
If the live load and total load deflection limits are specified as
absolute (actual) distances, this item is Yes. If they are specified as a divisor of beam length (relative), this item is No.
Calculate Camber
If this item is Yes, the program calculates the camber for the
beam. If it is No, the program does not calculate a camber, but
if desired, the user can specify the camber.
Specified Camber
Neff Beams
Other Restrictions
Limit Beam Depth
Minimum Depth
Maximum Depth
Technical Note 27 - 6
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Minimum PCC
Minimum percent composite connection considered by the program for the beam.
Maximum PCC
RLLF
EQF
1/3 Increase
Technical Note 27 - 7
Technical Note 28
Output Details
This Technical Note describes the composite beam output for AISC-ASD89
that can be printed to a printer or to a text file in either short form or long
form. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 6 Output Data for information about using the Print Composite Beam Design Tables Form, as well as the
Summary of Composite Beam Output.
The program provides the output data in a series of tables. The column
headings for output data and a description of what is included in the columns
of the tables are provided in Table 1 of this Technical Note.
DESCRIPTION
Label associated with the line object that represents the beam.
A typical label beam would appear as "B23." Do not confuse
this with the Section Label, which would be identified as
"W18X35."
Group
Name of the design group (if any) to which the beam has been
assigned.
Beam
Technical Note 28 - 1
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Fy
Fu
Stud Layout
Seg. Length
Length of each composite beam segment separated by commas. The lengths are listed starting with the composite beam
segment at the I-end of the beam and working toward the J-end
of the beam.
Stud Ratio
Story
Length
Loc X
Loc Y
RLLF
A reducible live load is multiplied by this factor to obtain the reduced live load.
Shored
Technical Note 28 - 2
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Camber
The camber for the beam. This item may be calculated by the
program or it may be user-specified.
Comparative
Price of the beam using the input price parameters for steel,
shear studs and camber. This price is intended for comparison
of alternative designs only. It is not intended to be used for cost
estimating purposes.
Stud Diam
EQ Factor
Overwrites
If this item is Yes, one or more items have been overwritten for
this beam. If it is No, nothing has been overwritten. The values
for all overwrite items are included in the long form output.
Thus, if this item is "Yes," you may want to print the long form
output.
b-cp
t-cp
Fy-cp
Consider-cp
The deck section labels (names) on the left and right sides of
the beam.
The deck directions on the left and right sides of the beam.
Perpendclr means that the deck span is perpendicular to the
beam span. Parallel means that the deck span is parallel to the
beam span.
Technical Note 28 - 3
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
The slab effective widths on the left and right sides of the beam.
The program calculated cope of the beam top flange at the left
and right ends of the beam. Do not confuse the left and right
ends of the beam with the left and right sides of the beam. The
left end of the beam is the I-end and the right end of the beam
is the J-end.
Itrans
Transformed section moment of inertia for full (100%) composite connection for positive bending, Itr.
Ibare
Is
Ieff
PCC
ytrans
Distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange (not bottom of cover plate, even if it exists) to the elastic neutral axis
(ENA) of the beam, with full (100%) composite connection, y .
ybare
Distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange (not bottom of cover plate, even if it exists) to the ENA of the beam,
plus cover plate alone (if it exists).
yeff
Distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange (not bottom of cover plate, even if it exists) to the ENA of the beam,
with partial composite connection.
Technical Note 28 - 4
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Moment Design
This table of output data reports the controlling moments for both construction loads and
final loads.
Pmax
The largest axial load in the beam for any design load combination.
Important note: This value is not used in the Composite Beam
Design postprocessor design. It is reported to give you a sense
of how much axial load, if any, is in the beam. If there is a significant amount of axial load in the beam, you may want to design it noncompositely using the Steel Frame Design postprocessor. The Steel Frame Design postprocessor does consider
axial load.
Pmax Combo
Type
This item is either Constr Pos, Constr Neg, Final Pos or Final
Neg. Const Pos means it is a positive moment for construction
loading. Const Neg means it is a negative moment for construction loading. Final Pos means it is a positive moment for
final loading. Final Neg means it is a negative moment for final
loading.
Combo
Location
The critical location over the height of the beam section for
bending stress. Possible values for this are:
ConcLeft:
Technical Note 28 - 5
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
fb
Fb
1/3 Factor
This item is either Yes or No. It indicates whether a 1/3 allowable stress increase was used for the ratio calculated in this
row in the table.
Ratio
Shear Design
This table of output data reports the controlling shears for both construction loads and
final loads.
Type
This item is either Constr Left, Constr Right, Constr Worst, Final
Left or Final Right. Constr Left means it is a construction loading shear at the left end of the beam. Constr Right means it is a
construction loading shear at the right end of the beam. Constr
Worst means it is a construction loading shear somewhere in
the middle of the beam and it is the worst-case shear.
Final Left means it is a final loading shear at the left end of the
beam. Final Rght means it is a final loading shear at the right
end of the beam. Final Worst means it is a construction loading
shear somewhere in the middle of the beam and it is the worstcase shear.
Technical Note 28 - 6
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
The Constr Worst and Final Worst items only appear when they
control the design. The shear checks at the left and right ends
of the beam always appear.
Combo
Block
The controlling shear for the shear type considered in the table
row.
fv
Fv
1/3 Factor
This item is either Yes or No. It indicates whether a 1/3 allowable stress increase was used for the ratio calculated in this
row in the table.
Ratio
Deflection Design
This table of output data reports the controlling deflections for both live load and total
load.
Type
Consider
Technical Note 28 - 7
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Combo
Deflection
Note:
Deflection is described in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber.
Limit
The deflection limit for the deflection type considered in the table row.
Ratio
Technical Note 28 - 8
Technical Note 29
Technical Note 29 - 1
Determine design
check locations.
Determine design
load combinations.
3
Determine checking
order for beams.
4
Select a trial beam
section.
Yes
Is the section
compact or
noncompact?
On the basis of
compact section
requirements,
determine whether
to use a plastic or
an elastic stress
distribution to
calculate the
moment capacity,
Mn.
19
20
Determine if trial
section is the current
optimum section.
18
No
6
Determine price of
section.
Determine
transformed section
properties for full
composite action.
17
Calculate required
camber.
Considering full
composite
connection, are the
maximum moment
and deflection
acceptable?
Yes
No
No
Is the vibration
criteria satisfied?
No
10
Yes
No
Considering full
composite action, is
the interaction for the
combined stresses Yes
acceptable?
Yes
Is beam shear
acceptable?
16
15
Yes
Do the required
No
shear connectors fit
on the beam?
14
Determine the
required number of
shear connectors.
13
Determine the
minimum acceptable
percent composite
connection
considering
combined stresses
and deflection
criteria.
11
12
Technical Note 29 - 2
Technical Note 29 - 3
Technical Note 29 - 4
Box 16 - Camber
The program determines the camber for the beam, if it is specified to have
camber. Refer to Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection
and Camber for more information.
Technical Note 29 - 5
the program determines the price of the current beam. Refer to Using Price
to Select Optimum Beam Sections in Composite Beam Design Technical Note
1 General Design Information for more information.
Technical Note 29 - 6
For more information on the design by group feature, refer to the section
"How the Program Optimizes Design Groups" in Composite Beam Design
Technical Note 1 General Design Informaiton. The extension of the methodology described in Part 3 to designing by groups is relatively simple and is assumed to be apparent to the reader.
Notation
Abare
Ac
Af
Ag
As
ASb
Asc
Atr
Aw
Area of the web equal to the overall depth d times the web
thickness tw, in2.
B1
Technical Note 29 - 7
Cb
Cbot
CC1
CC2
CFT
CKT
CR
Compressive force in the slab rebar, kips. This force only occurs when the plastic neutral axis is below the rebar, and you
have specified the rebar to be considered.
Ctop
Cw
CWeb
Compressive force in the steel beam web, kips. This force only
occurs when the plastic neutral axis is within the beam web.
Ec
Es
Technical Note 29 - 8
Fcr
FL
Fr
Fu
Fy
Fycp
Fyf-bot
Fyf-top
Fyw
Hs
Ieff
IO
Is
Itr
Ix, Iy
Moment of inertia about the x and y axes of the beam respectively, in4.
Iyc
Technical Note 29 - 9
Kf
Lb
Lc
LCBS
Lcsc
Lp
Lr
Limiting laterally unbraced length of beam for inelastic lateraltorsional buckling, in.
Ls
Distance between two points used when the program is calculating the maximum number of shear studs that can fit between those points, in. If the deck span is oriented parallel to
Technical Note 29 - 10
the beam span and at least one of the points is at the end of
the beam, then Ls is taken as the distance between the two
points minus 3 inches.
L1
L2
L3
Moment, kip-in.
MA
MB
MC
Mcr
Mmax
Mn
Mp
Technical Note 29 - 11
Mpt load
Mr
Mu
MPFconc
MPFsteel
NCBS
The number of uniformly distributed shear connectors the program specifies for a composite beam segment, unitless.
Neff
Nr
Number of shear stud connectors in one rib at a beam intersection; not to exceed three in computations, although more
than three studs may be installed, unitless.
N1
N2
NR
NSmax
Pe
Pn
Technical Note 29 - 12
Pnc
Pnt
PO
Pu
Py
PCC
Qn
RF
RSmax
Sed
Seff
Effective section modulus of a partially composite beam referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam section
(including cover plate), in3.
Sr
Ss
Technical Note 29 - 13
St-eff
Stop
Section modulus for the fully composite uncracked transformed section referred to the extreme compression fiber, in3.
Str
Section modulus for the fully composite uncracked transformed section referred to the the extreme tension fiber of the
steel beam section (including cover plate), in3.
S x, S y
Section modulus about the x and y axes of the beam respectively, in3.
Sxc
Sxt
SRmax
TB
TCP
TFB
TFT
TKB
TKT
TWeb
Vn
Vu
Technical Note 29 - 14
X1
X2
Z x, Z y
ar
a1
a2
Distance from top of metal deck to bottom of effective concrete for partial composite connection when bottom of effective concrete is within the height of the metal deck, in.
a3
a4
a5
a6
Width, in.
Technical Note 29 - 15
bcp
beff
bf
bf-bot
bf-top
davg
dsc
f'c
hc
For rolled shapes, twice the distance from the beam centroid
to the inside face of the compression flange less the fillet or
corner radius. In a user-defined section, twice the distance
from the centroid of the steel beam alone, not including the
cover plate even if it exists, to the inside face of the compression flange, in.
hr
kc
Technical Note 29 - 16
kdepth
kwidth
l22, l33
l x, l y
rd
r22, r33
rT
rx, ry
Radius of gyration about the x and y axes of the beam respectively, in.
ryc
sb
Thickness, in.
tc
tcp
Technical Note 29 - 17
tf
tf-bot
tf-top
tO
tw
wa
Additional metal deck rib width, in. This term is used to specify
metal deck ribs that are split over the beam. The width wa is
added to the width wr when determining the width of deck rib
available for shear studs.
wc
wd
wr
x1
The assumed gap distance from the supporting beam or column flange to the end of the beam flange, in. The default
value for this length is 0.5 inches.
ybare
The distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel
beam to the neutral axis of the noncomposite steel beam plus
cover plate if applicable, in.
ye
The distance from the elastic neutral axis of the bare steel
beam alone (plus cover plate, if applicable) to the elastic neutral axis of the fully composite beam, in.
yeff
The distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel
beam to the neutral axis of the partially composite beam, in.
Technical Note 29 - 18
y1
y2
Distance from the top of the top flange of the steel beam section to the plastic neutral axis when the plastic neutral axis is
within the beam top flange, in.
y3
y4
For a rolled steel beam, the distance from the bottom of the
top fillet to the plastic neutral axis when the plastic neutral
axis is within the beam web, in. For a user-defined steel beam,
the distance from the bottom of the top flange to the plastic
neutral axis when the plastic neutral axis is within the beam
web, in.
yp
Distance from the elastic neutral axis of the steel beam (plus
cover plate, if it exists) alone to the top of the concrete slab,
in. Note that this distance may be different on the left and
right sides of the beam.
zp
Sum of the areas of all of the elements of the steel beam section, in2.
Atr
(Atry1)
Sum of the product Atr times y1 for all of the elements of the
composite steel beam section, in3.
Technical Note 29 - 19
(Ay1)
(Ay12)
Sum of the product A times y12 for all of the elements of the
steel beam section, in4.
(Atry12)=
Sum of the product Atr times y12 for all of the elements of the
composite steel beam section, in4.
IO
Sum of the moments of inertia of each element of the composite steel beam section taken about the center of gravity of
the element, in4.
Qn
Qn-pcc
Qn-100
Unitless factor used in calculating number of shear studs between a point load and a point of zero moment equal to Str/Ss
for full composite connection and Seff/Ss for partial composite
connection.
bcne
bcnp
Technical Note 29 - 20
bcpp
bs
Technical Note 29 - 21
Technical Note 30
Preferences
General
The composite beam design preferences are basic assignments that apply to
all composite beams. Use the Options menu > Preferences > Composite
Beam Design command to access the Preferences form where you can view
and revise the composite beam design preferences. The Composite Beam Design Preferences form has five separate tabs: Factors, Beam, Deflection, Vibration, and Price.
Default values are provided for all composite beam design preference items.
Thus, it is not required that you specify or change any of the preferences. You
should, however, at least review the default values for the preference items
to make sure they are acceptable to you.
Preferences
Technical Note 30 - 1
Preferences
Preferences
For purposes of explanation in this Technical Note, the preference items are
presented in tables. The column headings in these tables are described as
follows:
Item: The name of the preference item as it appears in the cells at the
left side of the Preferences form.
Possible Values:
item can have.
Default Value: The built-in default value that the program assumes for
the associated preference item.
Technical Note 30 - 2
Preferences
Preferences
Factors Tab
Phi Factors
Table 1 lists the preference items available for phi factors in AISC-LRFD93 design. Some of those phi factors are specified by the AISC specification. Others
have been created by CSI to give you more control over the capacities for the
composite section.
Possible
Values
>0
Default
Value
0.9
phi-bcne
>0
0.9
phi-bcnp
>0
0.85
phi-bcpe
>0
0.9
Preferences
Description
Resistance factor for bending capacity
in a steel beam alone, b. See AISCLRFD93 Composite Beam Design
Technical Note 36 Moment Capacity for
Steel Section Alone.
Resistance factor applied to the negative bending capacity in a composite
beam section when the bending capacity, Mn, is determined from an elastic
stress distribution, bcne. See AISCLRFD93 Composite Beam Design
Technical Note 35 Composite Section
Elastic Moment Capacity.
Resistance factor applied to the negative bending capacity in a composite
beam section when the bending capacity, Mn, is determined from a plastic
stress distribution, bcnp.
Resistance factor applied to the positive bending capacity in a composite
beam section when the bending capacity, Mn, is determined from an elastic
stress distribution, bcne. See AISCLRFD93 Composite Beam Design
Technical Note 35 Composite Section
Elastic Moment Capacity.
Technical Note 30 - 3
Preferences
Possible
Values
>0
Default
Value
0.85
phi-v
>0
0.9
Description
Resistance factor applied to the positive bending capacity in a composite
beam section when the bending capacity, Mn, is determined from a plastic
stress distribution, bcnp. See AISCLRFD93 Composite Beam Design
Technical Note 34 Composite Plastic
Moment Capacity for Positive Bending.
Resistance factor for shear capacity in
steel beam, v. See AISC-LRFD93
Composite Beam Design Technical
Note 40 Beam Shear Capacity.
Refer to the Technical Notes mentioned in the Description column of the table
for more information.
Beam Tab
Table 2 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Beam tab
in the Preferences form.
Possible
Values
Default
Value
Shored?
Yes/No
No
Middle Range
(%)
0%
70%
Pattern Live
Load Factor
0.75
Stress Ratio
Limit
>0
0.95
Technical Note 30 - 4
Description
Toggle for shored or unshored construction.
Length in the middle of the beam over
which the program checks the effective
width on each side of the beam, expressed as a percentage of the total
beam length.
Factor applied to live load for special
pattern live load check for cantilever
back spans and continuous spans.
The acceptable stress ratio limit. This
item only applies to design optimization.
Preferences
Preferences
Deflection Tab
Table 3 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Deflection
tab in the Preferences form.
Default
Value
Live Load
Limit, L/
>0
360
Total Load
Limit, L/
>0
240
Camber DL
(%)
>0
100%
Item
Description
Live load deflection limitation denominator (inputting 360 means that the deflection limit is L/360).
Total load deflection limitation denominator (inputting 240 means that the deflection limit is L/240).
Percentage of dead load (not including
superimposed dead load) on which
camber calculations are based.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber
for description of beam deflection and camber.
Vibration Tab
Table 4 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Vibration
tab in the Preferences form.
Possible
Values
Default
Value
Percent Live
Load (%)
25%
Consider
Frequency?
Yes/No
No
Preferences
Description
Percentage of live load plus reduced
live load considered (in addition to full
dead load) when computing weight
supported by the beam for use in
calculating the first natural frequency of
the beam.
Toggle to consider the frequency as
one of the criteria to be used for determining if a beam section is acceptable.
Technical Note 30 - 5
Preferences
Default
Value
Minimum
Frequency
> 0 Hz
8 Hz
Consider
Murray Damping?
Yes/No
No
Inherent
Damping (%)
> 0%
4%
Item
Description
Minimum acceptable first natural
frequency for a floor beam. This item is
used when the Consider Frequency
item is set to Yes.
Toggle to consider Murray's minimum
damping requirement as one of the
criteria to be used for determining if a
beam section is acceptable.
Percentage of critical damping that is
inherent in the floor system. This item is
used when the Consider Murray
Damping item is set to Yes.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam Vibration for a description of beam vibration.
Price Tab
Table 5 lists the composite beam preference items available on the Price tab
in the Preferences form.
Default
Value
Optimize for
Price?
Yes/No
No
$0
Camber Price
($)
$0
Item
Description
Toggle to consider price rather than
steel weight when selecting the optimum beam section from an auto select
section list.
Installed price for a single shear stud
connector.
Camber price per unit weight of steel
beam (including cover plate, if it
exists).
See "Using Price to Select Optimum Beam Sections" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 1 General Design Information for additional information
on the "Optimize for Price?" item.
Technical Note 30 - 6
Preferences
Preferences
Note that the price per unit weight for the steel beam (plus cover plate, if applicable) is input as part of the material property specification for the beam.
The material properties can be reviewed or defined using the Define menu >
Material Properties command. Be sure that you use the same currency
units (for example, U.S. dollars) for the steel price in the material properties,
the stud price in the preferences, and the camber price in the preferences.
Preferences
Technical Note 30 - 7
Technical Note 31
Overwrites
This Technical Note provides instructions on how to use the Composite Beam
Overwrites form and describes the items available on each of the tabs in the
form. One section is devoted to each of the tabs.
General
The composite beam design overwrites are basic assignments that apply only
to those composite beams to which they are assigned. After selecting one or
more composite beams, use the Design menu > Composite Beam Design
> View\Revise Overwrites command to access the Composite Beam Overwrites form where you can view and revise the composite beam design overwrites.
Note:
There are default values provided for all overwrite items. Thus, if you are happy with the
defaults, you do not need to specify any of the composite beam overwrites.
The Composite Beam Overwrites form has eight tabs. They are Beam, Bracing
(C), Bracing, Deck, Shear Studs, Deflection, Vibration and Miscellaneous. Descriptions of the various overwrite options available on each tab are provided
later in this Technical Note.
Default values are provided for all composite beam overwrite items. Thus, it is
not required that you specify or change any of the overwrites. However, at
least review the default values for the overwrite items to make sure they are
acceptable. When changes are made to overwrite items, the program applies
the changes only to the elements to which they are specifically assigned; that
is, to the elements that are selected when the overwrites are changed.
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 1
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 2
Overwrites
Overwrites
Overwrites
For purposes of explanation in this Technical Note, the overwrite items are
presented in tables. The column headings in these tables are described as
follows.
Item: The name of the overwrite item as it appears in the cells at the left
side of the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Possible Values: The possible values for the associated overwrite item.
Default Value: The built-in default value that the program assumes for
the associated overwrite item.
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 3
Overwrites
Beam Tab
Table 1 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Beam tab in
the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Default
Value
Yes/No
No
(unshored)
Beam type
Composite,
NC w studs, or
NC w/o studs
Composite
b-eff left
Condition
Program
calculated or
user-defined
Program
calculated
b-eff left
Program
calculated
value
b-eff right
Condition
Program
calculated or
user-defined
Program
calculated
b-eff right
Program
calculated
value
Beam Fy
Specified in
Material
Properties
Beam Fu
Specified in
Material
Properties
Item
Shored?
Technical Note 31 - 4
Description
Overwrites
Overwrites
Default
Value
Cover Plate
Present?
Yes/No
No
Plate width
Plate thickness
Plate Fy
>0
Cover plate yield stress, Fycp. Specifying 0 means that Fycp is set to that
specified in the beam material properties
Item
Description
Toggle switch indicating if a full length
cover plate exists on the bottom of the
beam bottom flange.
The Shored item affects both the deflection calculations and the flexural
stress calculations for the beam. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note
11 Beam Deflection and Camber for a description of beam deflection. If the
beam is shored, no checks are performed for the construction loading design
load combination.
Note:
The Middle Range item is specified on the Beam tab in the composite beam preferences
and is described in "Location Where Effective Slab Width is Checked" of Composite
Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete Slab.
Typically, when a beam is designed using the Composite Beam Design postprocessor that beam is designed as a composite beam if it has a deck section
(not slab section) assigned along the full length of the specified Middle Range
on at least one side of the beam. The Beam Type overwrite allows you to
specify that a beam that would ordinarily be designed as a composite beam
be designed as a noncomposite beam. The overwrite does not and cannot
force a beam that has been designed as a noncomposite beam, because there
is no deck section along at least one side, to be designed as a composite
beam. When using the Composite Beam Design postprocessor, a beam that
does not have a deck section along at least one side is always designed as a
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 5
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 6
Overwrites
Overwrites
Default
Value
Cb factor
Program
calculated
Bracing
Condition
Program
calculated,
bracing
specified or
length
specified
Program
calculated
Item
Description
Cb =
2.5 M max
12.5 M max
+ 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C
Eqn. 1
where,
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 7
Overwrites
tion loading condition, the program assumes that the concrete fill does not
assist in bracing the beam.
When the Bracing Condition is specified as Bracing Specified, two items appear in the tab in addition to those shown in Table 2a. The two additional
items are shown in Table 2b.
Default
Value
No. Point
Braces
No. Uniform
Braces
Item
Description
The number of user-specified point
brace locations. Clicking in this box
opens the Point Braces form where you
specify the point braces.
The number of user-specified uniform
braces. Clicking in this box opens the
Uniform Braces form where you specify
the uniform braces.
The No. Point Braces and No. Uniform Braces items allow you to specify actual
bracing for the beam. These items are described in "User-Specified Uniform
and Point Bracing" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 9 Beam Unbraced Length.
When the Bracing Condition is specified as Length Specified, two items appear
in the tab in addition to those shown in Table 2a. The two additional items are
shown in Table 2c.
Technical Note 31 - 8
Overwrites
Overwrites
Table 2c: Additional Composite Beam Overwrite Items on the Bracing (C) Tab and the Bracing Tab When the Bracing Condition Is Specified as Length Specified
Item
Absolute
Length?
Unbraced L22
Possible
Values
Yes/No
Default
Value
No
0 and
beam length
Length of
beam
Description
Toggle switch for whether the maximum unbraced length is given as an
absolute length or a relative length.
Maximum unbraced length for buckling
about the beam local 2 axis.
Deck Tab
Table 3 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Deck tab in
the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Item
Deck ID Left
Overwrites
Possible
Values
Default
Value
Program
calculated, any
defined deck
property, or
None
Program
calculated
Description
Deck ID assigned to left side of beam.
Technical Note 31 - 9
Overwrites
Item
Possible
Values
Deck direction
Left
Program
calculated,
parallel, or
perpendicular
Deck ID Right
Program
calculated, any
defined deck
property, or
None
Deck direction
Program
Right
calculated,
parallel, or
perpendicular
Default
Value
Description
Program
calculated
Program
calculated
Program
calculated
When the Deck ID is program calculated, you must refer to the output data to
see what the program assumed for this item. It is not shown in the overwrites.
If the deck direction is program calculated, do not overlook the important
note about deck orientation in "Multiple Deck Types or Directions Along the
Beam Length" in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of
the Concrete Slab.
Technical Note 31 - 10
Possible
Values
Yes/No
Default
Value
No
Description
Toggle to indicate if a user-defined
shear connector pattern is defined.
Overwrites
Overwrites
Possible
Values
0
No. Additional
Sections
Min Long
Spacing
>0
Max Long
Spacing
Min Tran
Spacing
>0
Max Studs
per Row
Qn
>0
>0
Program
calculated or
>0
Default
Value
0, indicating
there are no
uniformly
spaced
connectors
0, indicating
there are no
additional
connectors
specified
Description
Uniform spacing of shear studs along
the beam. There is one shear stud per
row along the beam.
The Uniform Spacing and No. Additional Sections items are only available if
the User Pattern item is set to Yes. See Composite Beam Design Technical
Note 15 User-Defined Shear Stud Patterns for a more information.
The program default value for the minimum longitudinal spacing of shear
studs along the length of the beam is six shear stud diameters. Note that this
item is input as an absolute length, not as a multiplier on the stud diameter.
The program default value for the maximum longitudinal spacing of shear
studs along the length of the beam is 36 inches. The design code used may
specify the maximum longitudinal spacing is eight times the total slab thickness (rib height, hr, plus concrete slab above metal deck, tc). AISC-LRFD-93
Specification Section I5 specifies that the maximum longitudinal spacing of
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 11
Overwrites
shear studs along the length of a beam shall not exceed 36 inches for beams
when the span of the metal deck is perpendicular to the span of the beam. If
your total slab thickness is less than 36"/8 = 4.5", the program default value
may be unconservative and should be revised.
The program default value for the minimum transverse spacing of shear studs
across the beam flange is four shear stud diameters. This is consistent with
the last paragraph of AISC-LRFD-93 Specification Section I5. Note that this
item is input as an absolute length, not as a multiplier on the stud diameter.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on
a Composite Beam for an additional description of how shear studs are distributed on composite beams.
The "Max Studs per Row" item indicates the maximum number of shear studs
that is allowed in a row across the beam flange. For wider beams, the Min
Tran Spacing item might indicate that more studs could be accommodated
across the beam flange but the Max Studs per Row item will limit the number
of studs in any row. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam for an additional description of how
shear studs are distributed on beams.
See "Shear Stud Connector" in Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 25 Shear Studs for a description of how the program calculates the
allowable shear load for a single shear stud. Note that when a q value is
specified in the overwrites, the program assumes that the specified value of q
has already been modified by any applicable reduction factors for the metal
deck. Finally, note that specifying 0 (zero) in the overwrites for this item
means that the allowable shear stud load is calculated by the program, not
that it is zero.
Shear studs are described in more detail in Composite Beam Design Technical
Note 13 Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam, Technical Note 14
The Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment, and
Technical Note 15 User-Defined Shear Stud Patterns.
Deflection Tab
Table 5 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Deflection
tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Technical Note 31 - 12
Overwrites
Overwrites
Default
Value
Yes/No
No
>0
Specified in
Preferences
Total Load
Limit
>0
Specified in
Preferences
Yes/No
Yes
Item
Deflection
Absolute?
Calculate
Camber?
Fixed Camber
Description
Toggle to consider live load and total
load deflection limitations as absolute
or as divisor of beam length (relative).
Deflection limitation for live load. For
relative deflection, inputting 360 means
that the limit is L/360.
Deflection limitation for total load. For
relative deflection, inputting 240 means
that the limit is L/240.
Toggle for the program to calculate
beam camber.
User-specified camber when the program does not calculate beam camber
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber
for a description of beam deflection and camber.
Vibration Tab
Table 6 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Vibration
tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Item
Neff Condition
No. Effective
Beams
Possible
Values
User Defined
or Program
Calculated
1
Default
Value
Description
User Defined Toggle to select user defined or program calculated based on beam spacing, N effective.
1.0
Effective number of beams resisting a
heel drop impact.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 12 Beam Vibration for a description of beam vibration.
Overwrites
Technical Note 31 - 13
Overwrites
Miscellaneous Tab
Table 7 lists the composite beam overwrite items available on the Miscellaneous tab in the Composite Beam Overwrites form.
Default
Value
Yes/No
No
Maximum
Depth
>0
44 inches
Minimum
Depth
Maximum
PCC(%)
Minimum PCC
(%)
LL Reduction
Factor
>0
100%
>0
25%
0<, >1.0
1.0
Horizontal EQ
Factor
0<, >1.0
1.0
Ignore Similarity
Yes/No
No
Item
Consider
Beam Depth?
Technical Note 31 - 14
Description
Toggle to select if beam depth is to be
considered in an auto select section
list. If yes, maximum and minimum
depths must be input.
Maximum actual (not nominal) beam
depth to be considered in auto select
section list.
Minimum actual (not nominal) beam
depth to be considered in auto select
section list.
Maximum percent composite connection considered for the beam.
Minimum percent composite connection
considered for the beam.
Reducible live load is multiplied by this
factor to obtain the reduced live load. If
zero is selected, the program calculated valued is used.
Multiplier applied to the earthquake
portion of the load in a design load
combination.
Defines if the story level similarity to a
master story level is to be ignored when
designing the beam.
Overwrites
Technical Note 32
Eqn. 1
where,
WDL = The sum of all wet dead load (WDL) load cases defined for
the model. Note that if a load case is simply defined as dead
load, it is assumed to be a WDL load case.
LL
= The sum of all live load (LL) load cases defined for the
model.
Technical Note 32 - 1
RLL
= The sum of all reducible live load (RLL) load cases defined
for the model.
In Equation 1 the term 0.2 (LL + RLL) is an assumed construction live load.
Note that the load factor for dead loads is assumed the same as that for live
load when considering construction loads (e.g., placing of concrete, etc.). See
R. Vogel (1991).
Eqn. 2
Eqn. 3
where,
SDL = The sum of all superimposed dead load (SDL) load cases
defined for the model.
and the remainder of the terms are as defined for Equation 1.
Eqn. 4
where all of the terms are as described for Equations 1 through 3. Note that
all of the load factors for this servicability check are 1.0.
If the beam is unshored, the WDL portion of the deflection is based on the
moment of inertia of the steel beam alone and the remainder of the deflection
is based on the effective moment of inertia of the composite section. If the
beam is shored, the entire deflection is based on the effective moment of inertia of the composite section.
Technical Note 32 - 2
Reference
Vogel, R. 1991. LRFD-Composite Beam Design with Metal Deck, Steel Tips,
Technical Information & Product Service, Steel Committee of California, March.
Technical Note 32 - 3
Technical Note 33
Overview
The program classifies beam sections as either compact, noncompact or slender. It checks the compact and noncompact section requirements at each design location along the beam for each design load combination separately. A
beam section may be classified differently for different design load combinations. For example, a beam may be classified as compact for design load
combination A and as noncompact for design load combination B. Two reasons that a beam may be classified differently for different design load cases
are:
The compact section requirements for beam webs depend on the axial
load in the beam. Different design load combinations may produce different axial loads in the beam.
The compression flange may be different for different design load combinations. If the sizes of the top and bottom flanges are not the same, classification of the section may depend on which flange is determined to be
the compression flange.
At each design location, for each design load combination, the program first
checks a beam section for the compact section requirements for the compression flange, web, cover plate (if applicable) and lateral torsional buckling (if
applicable) described herein. If the beam section meets all of those require-
Technical Note 33 - 1
b
65
Eqn. 1
where Fyf is the specified yield stress of the flange considered. Equation 1 applies to both rolled sections selected from the program's database and to
user-defined sections.
141
Eqn. 2
Fy - 10
Technical Note 33 - 2
162
Eqn. 3
Fyf - 16.5
kc
kc =
4
h
tw
Eqn. 4
The program uses b = 0.85 if a plastic stress distribution is used for moment and b = 0.9 if an elastic stress distribution is used for moment.
The program computes the axial compression stress ratio (Pu / bPy) based
on the area of the steel beam alone not including the cover plate, even if
it exists, and not including the concrete slab.
When (Pu / bPy) 0.125, Equation 5a defines the compact section limit for
webs. When (Pu / bPy) > 0.125, Equation 5b defines the compact section limit
for webs.
Technical Note 33 - 3
2.75Pu
h
640
b Py
tw
Fy
, when Pu 0.125
b Py
P
h
191
2.33 u
b Py
tw
Fy
253
Fy
P
when u > 0.125
b Py
Eqn. 5a
Eqn. 5b
In Equations 5a and 5b, the value of Fy used is the largest of the Fy values for
the beam flanges and the web.
If there is no axial force, or if there is axial tension only (i.e., no axial compressive force), only Equation 5a applies.
0.74Pu
h
970
b Py
tw
Fy
Eqn. 6
In Equation 6, the value of Fy used is the largest of the Fy values for the beam
flanges and the web.
Technical Note 33 - 4
h
h
253
1 + 2.83
tw
Fy
hc
where,
0.74Pu
1
b Py
Eqn. 7
3 h
3
4 hc 2
In Equation 7, the value of Fy used is the largest of the Fy values for the beam
flanges and the web. Equation 7 is Equation A-B5-1 in the AISC-LRFD93
specification.
b1
190
t cp
Fycp
Eqn. 8
Technical Note 33 - 5
Beam
Beam
b2
b1
b2
tcp
b1
tcp
Cover plate
Cover plate
Case A
Case B
b1
238
t cp
Fycp
Eqn. 9
Technical Note 33 - 6
b2
t cp
95
Eqn. 10
Fycp
Technical Note 33 - 7
Technical Note 34
Composite Plastic Moment Capacity for
Positive Bending
This Technical Note describes how the program calculates the positive bending moment capacity for a composite section assuming a plastic stress distribution.
Overview
Figure 1 illustrates a generic plastic stress distribution for positive bending.
Note that the concrete is stressed to 0.85 f'c and the steel is stressed to Fy.
The distance yp is measured from the bottom of the beam bottom flange (not
cover plate) to the plastic neutral axis (PNA). The distance zp is measured
from the top of the concrete slab to the PNA; it can be different on the two
sides of the beam as described later. The illustrated plastic stress distribution
is the basic distribution of stress used by the program when considering a
plastic stress distribution for positive bending. Note that if the metal deck ribs
are parallel to the beam, the concrete in the ribs is also considered.
0.85fc
CConc
zp
CSteel
Fy
yp
Fy
Beam Section
Figure 1:
Beam Elevation
Plastic Stress
Distribution
Technical Note 34 - 1
Figure 2 illustrates how the program idealizes a steel beam for calculating the
plastic stress distribution. Two different cases are shown, one for a rolled
section and the other for a user-defined section. The idealization for the rolled
section considers the fillets whereas the idealization for the user-defined section assumes there are no fillets because none are specified in the section
definition. Although not shown in those figures, the deck type and orientation
may be different on the left and right sides of the beam as shown in Figure 2
of Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width of the Concrete
Slab.
For a rolled steel section, the fillets are idealized as a rectangular block of
steel. The depth of this rectangular block, kdepth, is:
kdepth = k - tf
Eqn. 1
Eqn. 2
The basic steps in computing the positive plastic moment capacity are:
Calculate the plastic moment capacity of the composite section using Equation 11 together with the appropriate table chosen from Tables 2 through
11 depending on the location of the PNA. Note that for user-defined sections, the terms related to the top and bottom fillets are ignored.
Technical Note 34 - 2
hr
tf-top
tc
tcp
kwidth
tf-bot
kdepth
tw
bf-top
kdepth
kwidth
bcp
bf-bot
hr
tf-top
tc
bcp
tcp
tf-bot
tw
bf-top
bf-bot
Figure 2:
Technical Note 34 - 3
wrhr
Sr
(0.85f'c beff t c +
Eqn. 3a
)left +
wrhr
Sr
)right
Eqn. 3b
The maximum steel force, MPFsteel, is calculated from Equation 4a if the beam
is a rolled section or Equation 4b if it is a user-defined section.
MPFsteel = (AsFy + bcp tcp Fycp)
Eqn. 4a
Eqn. 4b
When computing the location of the PNA, it important to remember that the
concrete is assumed to take no tension. Also, the concrete in the metal deck
ribs is only considered effective in compression if the metal deck ribs are oriented parallel to the beam span.
The maximum concrete and steel forces are compared to determine whether
the PNA is within the concrete slab or the steel section. If MPFconc > MPFsteel,
the PNA is within the concrete slab. If MPFsteel > MPFconc, the PNA is within the
steel section. If MPFsteel = MPFconc, the PNA is at the top of the steel beam if
there is full composite connection and within the steel beam if there is partial
composite connection.
If the PNA is within the slab, the fact that the concrete slab can be different
on each side of the beam complicates locating the PNA. If the PNA is within
the steel section, there are several general locations for it. After the general
locations have been identified, it is a straightforward process to determine the
location of the PNA. The general locations are:
Within the beam top fillet (applies to rolled shapes from the program's
section database only).
Technical Note 34 - 4
Within the beam bottom fillet (applies to rolled shapes from the program's
section database only).
Note it is very unlikely that the PNA would be below the beam web but there
is nothing in the program to prevent it. This condition would require a very
large beam bottom flange and/or cover plate. Each of the PNA locations in the
steel section is described following the description of the PNA in the concrete
slab.
Next the program sums the compressive forces of those four items, starting
with the item at the highest elevation and proceeding downward. As each
item is added into the sum, the sum of compressive forces is compared with
the maximum tension value, which is the sum of MPFsteel. As soon as the sum
of forces exceeds MPFsteel, the program recognizes that the last location considered is below the PNA, and the second to last location considered is above
the PNA. Using this information, the program can solve directly for the location of the PNA.
Figures 3a and 3b show the internal forces for a rolled steel section and a
user-defined steel section, respectively, for the condition where the PNA is in
the concrete slab above the metal deck.
Technical Note 34 - 5
zp
CC 1
TF T
TK T
yp
TK B
TF B
TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
zp
Figure 3a: Rolled Steel Section with PNA in Concrete Slab Above Metal
Deck, Positive Bending
CC 1
TF T
yp
TF B
TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 3b: User-Defined Steel Section with PNA in Concrete Slab Above
Metal Deck, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 6
Figures 4a and 4b show the internal forces for a rolled steel section and a
user-defined steel section, respectively, for the condition where the PNA is
within the height, hr, of the metal deck ribs.
zp
CC 1
CC 2
TF T
TK T
yp
TK B
TF B
TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
zp
Figure 4a: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Height, hr, of Metal Deck,
Positive Bending
CC 1
CC 2
TF T
yp
TF B
TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 4b: User-Define Steel Section with PNA within Height, hr, of Metal
Deck, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 7
Note that in Figures 3a through 4b, the concrete compression forces (CC1 and
CC2) may have different magnitudes and locations (elevations) for the left and
right sides of the beam.
MPFsteel MPFconc
2b f top Fyf top
Eqn. 5
y2
zp
y2 =
CC 1
CC 2
CF T
TF T
TK T
yp
TK B
TF B
TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 5a: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Top Flange,
Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 8
CC 1
CC 2
CF T
TF T
y2
zp
yp
TF B
TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 5b: User-Defined Steel Section with PNA within Beam Top Flange,
Positive Bending
y3
zp
The PNA lies within the beam top fillet only if the beam section is a rolled section. Figure 6 shows the internal forces for this condition.
CC 1
CC 2
CF T
CK T
TK T
yp
TK B
TF B
TC P
Beam Section
Figure 6:
Beam Elevation
Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Top Fillet, Positive
Bending
Technical Note 34 - 9
The term y3, which is the distance from the bottom side of the beam top
flange to the PNA, is shown in Figure 6 and is defined by Equation 6.
y3 =
Eqn. 6
2k width Fyw
y4 =
Eqn. 7
The last term in Equation 7 only applies to rolled steel beams; it reduces to
zero for user-defined beams.
y4
zp
CC 1
CC 2
CF T
CK T
CWeb
yp
TWeb
TK B
TF B
TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 7a: Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Web, Positive
Bending
Technical Note 34 - 10
CC 1
CC 2
CF T
zp
y4
CWeb
yp
TWeb
TF B
TC P
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
Figure 7b: User-Defined Steel Section with PNA within Beam Web,
Positive Bending
zp
CC 1
CC 2
CF T
CK T
yp
y5
CWeb
Beam Section
Figure 8:
Beam Elevation
CK B
TK B
TF B
TC P
Rolled Steel Section with PNA within Beam Bottom Fillet, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 11
The term y5, which is the distance from the top side of the beam bottom fillet
to the PNA, is shown in Figure 8 and is defined by Equation 8.
y5 =
Eqn. 8
2ht w Fyw
2k width Fyw
Note that it is unlikely that the PNA will be this low. It requires a very large
beam bottom flange and/or cover plate.
zp
CC 1
CC 2
CF T
CK T
yp
y6
CWeb
Beam Section
Figure 9a:
Beam Elevation
CK B
CF B
TF B
TC P
Technical Note 34 - 12
zp
CC 1
CC 2
CF T
yp
y6
CWeb
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
CF B
TF B
TC P
Figure 9b: User-Defined Steel Section with PNA within Beam Bottom
Flange, Positive Bending
The term y6, which is the distance from the top of the beam bottom flange to
the PNA, is shown in Figure 9 and 9b and is defined by Equation 9.
y6 =
2ht w Fyw
Eqn. 9
Note that it is unlikely that the PNA will be this low. It requires a very large
beam bottom flange and/or cover plate.
Technical Note 34 - 13
zp
CC 1
CC 2
CF T
CK T
yp
y7
CWeb
Beam Section
Figure 10a:
Beam Elevation
CK B
CF B
CCP
TC P
zp
CC 1
CC 2
CF T
yp
y7
CWeb
Beam Section
Figure 10b:
Beam Elevation
CF B
CCP
TC P
User-Defined Steel Section with PNA within Cover Plate, Positive Bending
Technical Note 34 - 14
The term y7, which is the distance from the top of the cover plate to the PNA,
is shown in Figure 10a and 10b and is defined by Equation 10.
y7 =
2ht w Fyw
2b cp Fycp
Eqn. 10
Technical Note 34 - 15
If the calculated distance y3 is not within the beam top fillet, the program
continues by assuming that the PNA occurs in the beam web. The distance y4
is calculated using Equation 7. The calculated distance y4 is then checked to
see if it actually is within the beam web. If it is, the location of the PNA has
been identified.
In any practical case, the PNA is not expected to be below the beam web.
However, in the event the PNA has not yet been located, the program continues down the beam section through the bottom fillet, the bottom flange and
finally the cover plate until the location of the PNA has been identified.
bcpp M n = bcpp
10
Piece = 1
bcpp
+
Eqn. 11
10
Piece = 1
where:
Cpiece
Mn
Tpiece
xPNA-piece
bcpp
Technical Note 34 - 16
Concrete above the metal deck, not including rebar, on the left side
of the beam: The concrete can only carry a compression force; tension is
not allowed in the concrete.
Concrete above the metal deck, not including rebar, on the right
side of the beam: The concrete can only carry a compression force; tension is not allowed in the concrete.
Concrete within height of metal deck on the left side of the beam:
The concrete can only carry a compression force; tension is not allowed in
the concrete.
Concrete within height of metal deck on the right side of the beam:
The concrete can only carry a compression force; tension is not allowed in
the concrete.
Beam top flange: The force in the beam top flange can be tension, compression, or compression in the upper portion of the flange and tension in
the lower portion.
Beam top fillet: The force in the beam top fillet can be tension, compression, or compression in the upper portion of the fillet and tension in the
lower portion.
Beam web: The force in the beam web can be tension, compression, or
compression in the upper portion of the web and tension in the lower portion.
Beam bottom fillet: The force in the beam bottom fillet can be tension,
compression, or compression in the upper portion of the fillet and tension in
the lower portion.
Beam bottom flange: The force in the beam bottom flange can be tension, compression, or compression in the upper portion of the flange and
tension in the lower portion.
Cover plate: The force in the cover plate can be tension, or compression in
the upper portion of the cover plate and tension in the lower portion.
In Equation 11 the values used for Tpiece, Cpiece and xPNA-piece depend on the location of the PNA. The appropriate values for these items are given in Tables
Technical Note 34 - 17
2 through 11. Table 1 serves as a guide to which of those tables to use based
on the location of the PNA.
Note, because the metal deck and concrete slab can be in different locations
relative to the PNA on the two sides of the beam, you may need to use values
from two different tables listed in Table 1.
Table 1:
Table to determine which table to use in conjunction with Equation 11 to determine
the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending.
Location of PNA
Table
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Table 2:
When the PNA is above the centroid of the rebar in the concrete above the metal deck,
use the equations specified in this table together with Equation 11 to determine the
plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending.
Piece
Concrete above metal deck (left)
Concrete above metal deck (right)
Concrete in metal deck (left)
Concrete in metal deck (right)
Beam top flange
Beam top fillet
Beam web
Beam bottom fillet
Beam bottom flange
Cover plate
Technical Note 34 - 18
xPNA
xPNA
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
15a
16a
17a
18a
19a
20a
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
23a
24a
25a
26a
27a
28a
12a
12a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21a
21a
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
Table 3:
When the PNA is in the concrete within the metal deck, use the equations specified in
this table together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending.
Piece
Concrete above metal deck (left)
Concrete above metal deck (right)
Concrete in metal deck (left)
Concrete in metal deck (right)
Beam top flange
Beam top fillet
Beam web
Beam bottom fillet
Beam bottom flange
Cover plate
xPNA
xPNA
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
15a
16a
17a
18a
19a
20a
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
23a
24a
25a
26a
27a
28a
12b
12b
14a
14a
0
0
0
0
0
0
21b
21b
22a
22a
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
Table 4:
When the PNA is in the beam top flange, use the equations specified in this table together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section
for positive bending.
Piece
Concrete above metal deck (left)
Concrete above metal deck (right)
Concrete in metal deck (left)
Concrete in metal deck (left)
Beam top flange
Beam top fillet
Beam web
Beam bottom fillet
Beam bottom flange
Cover plate
xPNA
xPNA
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
15b
16a
17a
18a
19a
20a
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
23b
24a
25a
26a
27a
28a
12b
12b
14b
14b
15c
0
0
0
0
0
21b
21b
22b
22b
23c
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
Technical Note 34 - 19
Table 5:
When the PNA is in the beam top fillet, use the equations specified in this table together
with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for
positive bending.
Piece
Concrete above metal deck (left)
Concrete above metal deck (right)
Concrete in metal deck (left)
Concrete in metal deck (right)
Beam top flange
Beam top fillet
Beam web
Beam bottom fillet
Beam bottom flange
Cover plate
xPNA
xPNA
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
0
16b
17a
18a
19a
20a
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
24b
25a
26a
27a
28a
12b
12b
14b
14b
15d
16c
0
0
0
0
21b
21b
22b
22b
23d
24c
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
Table 6:
When the PNA is in the beam web, use the equations specified in this table together
with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for
positive bending.
Piece
Concrete above metal deck (left)
Concrete above metal deck (right)
Concrete in metal deck (left)
Concrete in metal deck (right)
Beam top flange
Beam top fillet
Beam web
Beam bottom fillet
Beam bottom flange
Cover plate
Technical Note 34 - 20
xPNA
xPNA
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
0
0
17b
18a
19a
20a
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
25b
26a
27a
28a
12b
12b
14b
14b
15d
16d
17c
0
0
0
21b
21b
22b
22b
23d
24d
25c
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
Table 7:
When the PNA is in the beam bottom fillet, use the equations specified in this table together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section
for positive bending.
Piece
Concrete above metal deck (left)
Concrete above metal deck (right)
Concrete in metal deck (left)
Concrete in metal deck (right)
Beam top flange
Beam top fillet
Beam web
Beam bottom fillet
Beam bottom flange
Cover plate
xPNA
xPNA
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
0
0
0
18b
19a
20a
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
27b
27a
28a
12b
12b
14b
14b
15d
16d
17d
18c
0
0
21b
21b
22b
22b
23d
24d
25d
26c
N. A.
N. A.
Table 8:
When the PNA is in the beam bottom flange, use the equations specified in this table
together with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for positive bending.
Piece
Concrete above metal deck (left)
Concrete above metal deck (right)
Concrete in metal deck (left)
Concrete in metal deck (right)
Beam top flange
Beam top fillet
Beam web
Beam bottom fillet
Beam bottom flange
Cover plate
xPNA
xPNA
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
0
0
0
0
19b
20a
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
27b
28a
12b
12b
14b
14b
15d
16d
17d
18d
19c
0
21b
21b
22b
22b
23d
24d
25d
26d
27c
N. A.
Technical Note 34 - 21
Table 9:
When the PNA is in the cover plate, use the equations specified in this table together
with Equation 11 to determine the plastic moment capacity of composite section for
positive bending.
Piece
Concrete above metal deck (left)
Concrete above metal deck (right)
Concrete in metal deck (left)
Concrete in metal deck (right)
Beam top flange
Beam top fillet
Beam web
Beam bottom fillet
Beam bottom flange
Cover plate
xPNA
xPNA
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
0
0
0
0
0
20b
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
N. A.
28b
12b
12b
14b
14b
15d
16d
17d
18d
19d
20c
21b
21b
22b
22b
23d
24d
25d
26d
27d
28c
Equations 12a and 12b are used for the compression force in the concrete
above the metal deck. Note that these equations are applied to each side of
the beam separately.
CC1 = 0.85 f'c beff zp
Eqn. 12a
Eqn. 12b
Note that for partial composite connection Equation 12b is replaced with
Equation 3 of Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 37 Partial
Composite Connection with a Plastic Stress Distribution.
Equations 13a and 13b are used for the tension and compression forces in the
rebar in the concrete slab above the metal deck. Note that these equations
are applied to each side of the beam separately.
TR = ArFyr
Eqn. 13a
CR = ArFyr
Eqn. 13b
Technical Note 34 - 22
Equations 14a and 14b are used for the compression force in the concrete
within the metal deck. Note that these equations are applied to each side of
the beam separately. Also note that these equations only apply if the span of
the metal deck ribs is oriented parallel to the beam span. If the metal deck
ribs are oriented perpendicular to the beam span, there is no compression
force allowed on the concrete within the metal deck ribs.
w r (z p t c )
Sr
wrhr
Sr
Eqn. 14a
Eqn. 14b
Note that for partial composite connection Equation 14b is replaced with
Equation 4 in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 37 Partial
Composite Connection with a Plastic Stress Distribution.
Equations 15a through 15d are used for the tension and compression forces
in the beam top flange.
TFT = bf-top tf-top Fyf-top
Eqn. 15a
Eqn. 15b
Eqn. 15c
Eqn. 15d
Equations 16a through 16d are used for the tension and compression forces
in the beam top fillet. Note that these equations do not apply to user-defined
sections.
TKT = kwidth kdepth Fyw
Eqn. 16a
Eqn. 16b
Eqn. 16c
Eqn. 16d
Technical Note 34 - 23
Equations 17a through 17d are used for the tension and compression forces
in the beam web.
TWeb = tw h Fyw
Eqn. 17a
Eqn. 17b
CWeb = tw y4 Fyw
Eqn. 17c
CWeb = tw h Fyw
Eqn. 17d
Equations 18a through 18d are used for the tension and compression forces
in the beam bottom fillet. Note that these equations do not apply to userdefined sections.
TKB = kwidth kdepth Fyw
Eqn. 18a
Eqn. 18b
Eqn. 18c
Eqn. 18d
Equations 19a through 19d are used for the tension and compression forces
in the beam bottom flange.
TFB = bf-bot tf-bot Fyf-bot
Eqn. 19a
Eqn. 19b
Eqn. 19c
Eqn. 19d
Equations 20a through 20c are used for the tension and compression forces in
the cover plate.
TCP = bcp tcp Fycp
Eqn. 20a
Eqn. 20b
Eqn. 20c
Technical Note 34 - 24
Equations 21a and 21b are used for the distance from the center of the force
in the concrete above the metal deck to the PNA. Note that these equations
are applied to each side of the beam separately.
xPNA =
zp
Eqn. 21a
xPNA = z p
tc
2
Eqn. 21b
Note that for partial composite connection Equation 21b is replaced with
Equation 5 in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 37 Partial
Composite Connection with a Plastic Stress Distribution.
Equations 22a and 22b are used for the distance from the center of the force
in the concrete within the metal deck ribs to the PNA. Note that these equations are applied to each side of the beam separately.
xPNA =
zp t c
Eqn. 22a
xPNA = z p t c
hr
2
Eqn. 22b
Note that for partial composite connection, Equation 22b is replaced with
Equation 6 in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 37 Partial
Composite Connection with a Plastic Stress Distribution.
Equations 23a through 23d are used for the distance from the center of the
force(s) in the beam top flange to the PNA.
xPNA = y p d +
xPNA =
xPNA =
t f -top
2
t f -top - y 2
2
y2
2
Eqn. 23a
Eqn. 23b
Eqn. 23c
Technical Note 34 - 25
xPNA = z p t c h r rd
t f top
Eqn. 23d
Note the terms zp, tc, hr and rd in Equation 23d must all be for the left side of
the beam or all for the right side of the beam. It does not matter which side
of the beam is used, but all of the terms must be consistent.
Equations 24a through 24d are used for the distance from the center of the
force(s) in the beam top fillet to the PNA.
xPNA = y p d + t f top +
xPNA =
xPNA =
k depth
Eqn. 24a
k depth - y 3
Eqn. 24b
2
y3
2
Eqn. 24c
xPNA = z p t c h r rd t f top
k depth
Eqn. 24d
Note the terms zp, tc, hr and rd in Equation 24d must all be for the left side of
the beam or all for the right side of the beam. It does not matter which side
of the beam is used, but all of the terms must be consistent.
Equations 25a through 25d are used for the distance from the center of the
force(s) in the beam web to the PNA.
xPNA = y p d + t f top + k depth +
h
2
Eqn. 25a
xPNA =
h - y4
2
Eqn. 25b
xPNA =
y4
2
Eqn. 25c
Technical Note 34 - 26
h
2
Eqn. 25d
Note the terms zp, tc, hr and rd in Equation 25d must all be for the left side of
the beam or all for the right side of the beam. It does not matter which side
of the beam is used, but all of the terms must be consistent.
Equations 26a through 26d are used for the distance from the center of the
force(s) in the beam bottom fillet to the PNA.
xPNA = y p d + t f top +
xPNA =
xPNA =
3k depth
2
+h
Eqn. 26a
k depth - y 5
Eqn. 26b
2
y5
2
Eqn. 26c
xPNA = z p t c h r rd t f top
3k depth
2
Eqn. 26d
Note the terms zp, tc, hr and rd in Equation 26d must all be for the left side of
the beam or all for the right side of the beam. It does not matter which side
of the beam is used, but all of the terms must be consistent.
Equations 27a through 27d are used for the distance from the center of the
force(s) in the beam bottom flange to the PNA.
xPNA = y p d + t f top + 2k depth + h +
t f -bot
2
Eqn. 27a
xPNA =
t f -bot - y 6
2
Eqn. 27b
xPNA =
y6
2
Eqn. 27c
x PNA = z p t c h r rd t f top
2k depth h -
t f -bot
2
Eqn. 27d
Technical Note 34 - 27
Note the terms zp, tc, hr and rd in Equation 27d must all be for the left side of
the beam or all for the right side of the beam. It does not matter which side
of the beam is used, but all of the terms must be consistent.
Equations 28a through 28c are used for the distance from the center of the
force(s) in the cover plate to the PNA.
xPNA =
Technical Note 34 - 28
t cp - y 7
2
y7
2
t cp
Eqn. 28a
2
Eqn. 28b
Eqn. 28c
Technical Note 35
Composite Section Elastic Moment Capacity
This Technical Note describes how the program calculates the moment capacity of a composite section when an elastic stress distribution is assumed.
A moment capacity is calculated based on the allowable stress and the section
modulus at each of these five locations that is applicable to the beam considered. The smallest moment capacity calculated is the positive moment capac-
Technical Note 35 - 1
Compression 0.85f Es
c E
c
Fyr
hr
tc
ity for the beam. Figure 1 illustrates the allowable stress assumed for each of
these locations.
Fyf-top
tcp
yeff
Composite Beam
Tension
Fyf-bot
Fycp
Allowable Elastic
Stress at Key Points
Figure 1:
Table 1:
Table to determine which of Equations 1a through 1e apply to a particular location in
a composite beam
Location in Beam
Top of concrete on left side of beam
Top of concrete on right side of beam
Top of beam top flange
Bottom of beam bottom flange
Bottom of cover plate
Technical Note 35 - 2
Equation
1a
1b
1c
1e
1f
Es
*
bcpe M n = bcpe 0.85f c' -left
E c-left
I eff
Eqn. 1a
Es
*
bcpe M n = bcpe 0.85f c' -right
E c-left
I eff
Eqn. 1b
In Equation 1c, the term "ABS" means to take the absolute value of the
amount in the associated brackets.
I eff
ABS [d - y eff ]
Ieff
y eff
Ieff
y eff + t cp
Eqn. 1c
Eqn. 1d
Eqn. 1e
The positive moment capacity of a composite beam with an elastic stress distribution is the smallest of the moment capacities obtained from the equations
included in Equations 1a through 1e that are applicable to the beam considered. If the denominator of Equation 1c is zero, the program does not need to
consider the moment capacity associated with that equation.
Note that the term bcpe in these equations is the resistance factor for positive
bending in a composite beam when Mn is determined from an elastic stress
distribution.
Technical Note 35 - 3
Technical Note 36
Overview
The program only calculates the moment capacity, Mn, if the beam is compact
or noncompact. It does not calculate Mn if the section is slender.
The plastic moment, Mp, for a noncomposite rolled steel beam section without
a cover plate is calculated as Mp = ZFy.
The exact methodology used to compute the plastic moment capacity in the
other cases depends on whether the beam, including the cover plate if it exists, is doubly or singly symmetric, and whether the beam web is classified as
compact or noncompact.
Figure 1 shows a flowchart that directs you to the appropriate section in this
chapter for calculating the moment capacity of the steel section alone. The
figure has boxes labeled a through g; start in the box labeled a. Note that the
criteria used by the program to determine if a section is compact or noncompact for the AISC-LRFD93 specification is described in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 33 Compact and Noncompact Requirements.
Technical Note 36 - 1
Is section doubly No
symmetric or a
channel?
Yes a
No
Yes b
Yes c
Refer to
Moment
Capacity for a
Doubly Symmetric
Beam or a
Channel Section
in this
Technical Note.
Refer to
Moment
Capacity for a
Singly Symmetric
Beam with a
Compact Web
in this
Technical Note.
Refer to
Moment
Capacity for a
Singly Symmetric
Beam with a
Noncompact
Web in this
Technical Note.
Figure 1:
No
Beam section is
classified as
slender and is not
designed. Go to
next trial section.
After the moment of inertia has been calculated, the section moduli and radius of gyration are calculated using standard formulas. This process is repeated to get properties about both axes. The torsional constant is determined by summing the torsional constants for the various components of the
section. For example, it may be determined by summing the J's of a rolled
section and the cover plate, if applicable, or in a user-defined section, by
summing the J's for the top flange, web, bottom flange and cover plate, if applicable.
Technical Note 36 - 2
Is the web
noncompact?
No
No
Yes g
a
Yes b
Is Lb Lr?
No
k
No
Is Lb Lr?
No
Is Lb Lp?
Yes h
Yes d
Determine Mn
based on yielding
criteria in AISCLRFD93 Section
F1.1.
Are the
compression
flange and
compression
cover plate
compact?
No
Yes i
Determine Mn
based on smallest
of yielding criteria
in AISC-LRFD93
Section F1.1 and
lateral torsional
buckling criteria
in AISC-LRFD93
Section F1.2a.
Determine Mn
based on smallest
of yielding criteria
in AISC-LRFD93
Section F1.1,
lateral torsional
buckling criteria
in AISC-LRFD93
Section F1.2a and
flange and web
local buckling
criteria in AISCLRFD93 Appendix
F1(b) equation (AF1-3).
Figure 2:
or a channel section. Subsequent subsections discuss each of the code sections mentioned in Figure 2 that are used to calculate the moment capacity.
Technical Note 36 - 3
Lb
Lp
Lr
Limiting laterally unbraced length of beam for inelastic lateral-torsional buckling, in.
Lp =
300ry
Eqn. 1
Fyf
In Equation 1, ry is taken for the steel beam section including the cover plate,
if applicable. The Fyf term in Equation 1 is for the compression flange.
The limiting unbraced length for lateral torsional buckling, Lr, is determined
from Equation 2 which is also Equations F1-6 through F1-8 in AISC-LRFD93.
Lr =
ry X1
FL
X1 =
Sx
1 + 1 + X 2 FL2 , where
EGJA
2
C S
and X 2 = 4 w x
I y GJ
Eqn. 2
Technical Note 36 - 4
t f top t f bot
I y d
2
2
Cw =
4
Eqn. 3
M n = C b M p M p M r
) LL
b
r
L p
M p
L p
Eqn. 4
Cb =
2.5M max
12.5M max
+ 3M A + 4M B + 3M C
Eqn. 5
M r = FL S x
Eqn. 6
p
Mn = Mp Mp Mr
r p
Eqn. 7
Equation 7 applies to both flange local buckling and web local buckling.
Technical Note 36 - 5
is equal to bf /(2tf) for I-sections and bf/tf for channels. The bf and tf
terms are for the compression flange.
p is given by Equation 8a if the section is a rolled or user-defined Isection, or Equation 8b if the section is a rolled channel. The Fyf in these
equations is for the compression flange.
bf
65
2t f
Fyf
Eqn. 8a
bf
65
tf
Fyf
Eqn. 8b
r =
r =
141
Eqn. 9a
FL
162
FL
Eqn. 9b
kc
kc = 4
Mr is calculated using Equations 10 and 11 for both the top and bottom
flanges separately. The smaller value of Mr is used.
Mr = ReFyfSx
Technical Note 36 - 6
Eqn. 10
In Equation 10, Re is equal to 1.0 for rolled shapes and is given by Equation
11 for user-defined shapes. Equation 10 is taken from AISC-LRFD93 Table AF1.1.
Re =
12 + a r 3m m 3
1.0
12 + 2a r
Eqn. 11
is equal to h/tw.
r is given by one of Equations 6 and 7 in Composite Beam Design AISCLRFD93 Technical Note 33 Compact and Noncompact Requirements depending on the type of member and the amount of axial compression, if
any. See the description accompanying these equations for more information.
Technical Note 36 - 7
Is web compact?
No
Yes a
Are the
compression
flange and
compression
cover plate
compact?
e
No
Are the
compression
flange and
compression
cover plate
noncompact?
No
Yes b
Is beam compact
for LTB?
Is beam compact
for LTB?
g
No
Is beam
noncompact for
LTB?
Yes h
Determine Mn
based on smallest
of the following
AISC-LRFD93
Appendix F
equations:
A-F1-1 for WLB
A-F1-1 for FLB
A-F1-1 for LTB.
Determine Mn
based on smallest
of the following
AISC-LRFD93
Appendix F
equations:
A-F1-1 for WLB
A-F1-1 for FLB
A-F1-2 for LTB.
Determine Mn
based on smallest
of the following
AISC-LRFD93
Appendix F
equations:
A-F1-1 for WLB
A-F1-3 for FLB
A-F1-1 for LTB.
Determine Mn
based on smallest
of the following
AISC-LRFD93
Appendix F
equations:
A-F1-1 for WLB
A-F1-3 for FLB
A-F1-2 for LTB.
Yes
Figure 3:
No
Yes
Yes j
No
l
No
Is beam
noncompact for
LTB?
Yes m
The following subsection describes the lateral torsional buckling (LTB) checks
in the program that are used to determine how to calculate Mn for a singly
symmetric beam with a compact web. Subsequent subsections describe each
of the AISC-LRFD93 Specification Appendix F equations mentioned in Figure 3
that are used to calculate the moment capacity.
Technical Note 36 - 8
p
Mn = Mp Mp Mr
r p
Mp
Eqn. 12a
where
M r = FL S x
Eqn. 12b
bf
2t f
Eqn. 12c
p =
65
Fyf
r =
141
r =
162
Eqn. 12d
Eqn. 12e
, user-defined beams
Eqn. 12f
FL
FL
kc
In Equation 12b, FL and Sx are for the beam compression flange (not cover
plate).
In Equations 12c and 12d, bf, tf and Fyf are for the beam compression flange
(not cover plate).
In Equation 12e, FL is for the beam compression flange (not cover plate).
In Equation 12f, FL is for the beam compression flange (not cover plate), and
kc = 4
Technical Note 36 - 9
M n = C b M p M p M r
M p
Eqn. 13a
where,
M r = FL S xc Fyf S xt
Eqn. 13b
Lb
ryc
p =
Eqn. 13c
300
Eqn. 13d
Fyf
The term r in Equation 13a is the value of for which Mcr as defined by
Equations 14a through 14c is equal to the smaller of FLSxc and FyfSxt where FL
is the smaller of (Fyf - Fr) and Fyw. When calculating FL, the term Fyf is the
yield stress of the compression flange and when calculating FyfSxt, the term Fyf
is the yield stress of the tension flange.
M cr =
(57000)(1)
Lb
I y J B1 + 1 + B 2 + B12
Eqn. 14a
where,
I yc h
1
B1 = 2.25 2
I y L b
Iy
I yc I yc h
B 2 = 25 1
I
y J Lb
Technical Note 36 - 10
Eqn. 14b
Eqn. 14c
To calculate r for Equation 13a, the program determines the value of Lb for
which Mcr is equal to the smaller of FLSxc and FyfSxt. Then it divides that value
of Lb by ryc to get r.
Is web
noncompact?
Yes a
Are the
compression
flange and
compression
cover plate
compact?
e
No
Are the
compression
flange and
compression
cover plate
noncompact?
No
Yes b
Is beam compact
for LTB?
Is beam compact
for LTB?
g
No
Is beam
noncompact for
LTB?
Yes h
Determine Mn
based on smallest
of the following
AISC-LRFD93
Appendix F
equations:
A-F1-3 for WLB
A-F1-1 for FLB
A-F1-1 for LTB.
Determine Mn
based on smallest
of the following
AISC-LRFD93
Appendix F
equations:
A-F1-3 for WLB
A-F1-1 for FLB
A-F1-2 for LTB.
Determine Mn
based on smallest
of the following
AISC-LRFD93
Appendix F
equations:
A-F1-3 for WLB
A-F1-3 for FLB
A-F1-1 for LTB.
Determine Mn
based on smallest
of the following
AISC-LRFD93
Appendix F
equations:
A-F1-3 for WLB
A-F1-3 for FLB
A-F1-2 for LTB.
Yes
Figure 4:
No
Yes
Yes j
No
l
No
Is beam
noncompact for
LTB?
Yes m
Technical Note 36 - 11
Information relating to how the program calculates the compact and noncompact section requirements is in Composite Beam Design AISC-LRFD93 Technical Note 33 Compact and Noncompact Requirements.
The lateral torsional buckling checks and all but one of the Appendix F equations mentioned in Figure 4 are described in the previous section entitled,
"Moment Capacity for a Singly Symmetric Beam with a Compact Web." Refer
to that section for more information.
The one equation that has not been described previously is AISC-LRFD93
Specification Appendix F Equation A-F1-3. This equation is described in the
following subsection.
p
Mn = Mp Mp Mr
r p
Mp
Eqn. 15a
In Equation 15a:
Mr is calculated using Equations 15b and 15c for both the top and bottom
flanges separately. The smaller value of Mr is used.
Mr = ReFyfSx
Eqn. 15b
Re =
12 + a r 3m m 3
1.0
12 + 2a r
Eqn. 15c
Equation 15c comes from the definition of Re given with Equation A-G2-3 in
AISC-LRFD93 Appendix G. In Equation 15c, the term ar is the ratio of the web
area (htw) to the flange area (bftf), but not more than 10, and m is the ratio
of the web yield stress to the flange yield stress.
is equal to h/tw.
Technical Note 36 - 12
p =
2.75Pu
640
1
b Py
Fy
, for Pu 0.125
b Py
p =
P
191
2.33 u
b Py
Fy
253
Fy
P
for u > 0.125
b Py
Eqn. 15d
Eqn. 15e
r =
0.74Pu
970
1
b Py
Fy
Eqn. 15f
In Equation 15f, the value of Fy used is the largest of the Fy values for the
beam flanges and the web.
Equation 15g defines the noncompact section limit for webs in beams with
unequal size flanges:
h
253
1 + 2.83
Fy
hc
where,
r =
0.74Pu
1
b Py
Eqn. 15g
3 h
3
4 hc 2
In Equation 15g, the value of Fy used is the largest of the Fy values for the
beam flanges and the web. Equation 15g is based on Equation A-B5-1 in the
AISC-LRFD93 specification.
Technical Note 36 - 13
Technical Note 37
Partial Composite Connection with a Plastic
Stress Distribution
Partial composite connection for an elastic stress distribution is described in
Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with
Partial Composite Connection and Composite Beam Design AISC-LFRD93
Technical Note 35 Composite Section Elastic Moment Capacity. This Technical
Note describes partial composite connection for a plastic stress distribution. In
particular, it describes how the positive moment capacity of the composite
beam using a plastic stress distribution is calculated for partial composite
connection.
M u M n steel beam
PCC =
M n X % comp M n steel beam
* X%
Eqn. 1
where,
PCC
Mu
Mn X% comp
Technical Note 37 - 1
X%
Equation 1 is based on Example 3 in Vogel (1991). Equation 1 might be considered the LRFD equivalent to Equation 2 in Composite Beam Design AISCASD89 Technical Note 21 Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection,
with some rearrangement of terms.
The program initially uses Equation 1 with Mn X% comp equal to the Mn for full
(100%) composite connection to estimate the required percent composite
connection (PCC) for a composite beam. The program checks the moment capacity using this PCC. If the moment capacity is adequate, the iteration is
complete. If the moment capacity is not adequate, the program calculates a
new PCC, using the last considered PCC for X% and Mn X% comp, and determines a new moment capacity. This process continues until a PCC that provides an adequate moment capacity is found.
Calculating MPFconc
The program calculates MPFconc as the smaller of the values obtained from the
equations specified in Table 1 for the particular circumstances of the beam
considered.
Table 1:
Table identifying equations to be used to calculate initial value of Qn for partial composite connection
Beam Type
Rolled Beam from Database
User-Defined Beam
Technical Note 37 - 2
Deck Orientation
Deck Ribs Perpendicular
to Beam Span, or
No Metal Deck Exists
Deck Ribs Parallel
(Solid Concrete Slab)
to Beam Span
2b, 2c
2b, 2d
2a, 2c
2a, 2d
(0.85f'c beff t c +
left +
wrhr
Sr
wrhr
Sr
right ]
Eqn. 2a
Eqn. 2b
Eqn. 2c
Eqn. 2d
In Equations 1a through 1d, the term PCC is the percent composite connection. For 50 percent composite connection PCC is 0.5, not 50. The next subsection describes how the program initially estimates PCC.
Technical Note 37 - 3
Next the program sums the compressive forces of these six items, starting
with the item at the highest elevation and proceeding downward. As each
item is added into the sum, the sum of compressive forces is compared with
the MPFconc as determined in one of Equations 2a through 2d.
As soon as the sum of forces exceeds MPFconc, the program recognizes that
the last location considered is below the bottom of the effective concrete, and
the second to last location considered is above the bottom of the effective
concrete. Using this information, the program can solve directly for the location of the bottom of the effective concrete.
Figure 1a shows the internal concrete forces for a rolled steel section (a userdefined steel section is similar) for the condition where the bottom of the effective concrete is in the concrete slab above the metal deck. In this case, a1
represents the distance from the top of the concrete slab to the bottom of the
effective concrete. Note that the distance a1 can be different on the left and
right sides of the beam.
Technical Note 37 - 4
a1
CC 1
Beam Section
Figure 1a:
Beam Elevation
a2
Figure 1b shows the internal concrete forces for a rolled steel section (a userdefined steel section is similar) for the condition where the bottom of the effective concrete is within the height, hr, of the metal deck ribs. In this case, a2
represents the distance from the top of the metal deck ribs to the bottom of
the effective concrete. Note that the distance a2 can be different on the left
and right sides of the beam.
CC 1
CC 2
Beam Section
Figure 1b:
Beam Elevation
Technical Note 37 - 5
wra 2
Sr
Eqn. 4
Eqn. 3
a1
2
Eqn. 5
Technical Note 37 - 6
xPNA = z p a 1
a2
2
Eqn. 6
Reference
Vogel, R. 1991. LRFD-Composite Beam Design with Metal Deck, Steel Tips,
Technical Information & Product Service, Steel Committee of California, March.
Technical Note 37 - 7
Technical Note 38
Bending Check
The program uses Equation 1 to perform bending checks for both composite
and noncomposite beams.
Mu
1 .0
Mn
Eqn. 1
where,
Mu
Mn
= Moment capacity for full composite connection or partial composite connection, as applicable, kip-in.
Technical Note 38 - 1
Deflection Check
Deflection is calculated as described in Composite Beam Design Technical
Note 11 Beam Deflection and Camber. For full composite connection Itr is
used in the deflection calculations. For partial composite connection Ieff is
used in the deflection calculations.
Note that camber is subtracted from the total load deflection for checking.
Technical Note 38 - 2
Technical Note 39
Shear Connectors
This Technical Note begins by defining the program's default allowable shear
connector loads for AISC-LRFD93 composite beam design. Shear connector
capacities are defined for both shear studs. Next the equations used for determining the number of shear connectors on the beam are provided.
Eqn. 1
term in Equation 1.
Shear Connectors
Technical Note 39 - 1
Shear Connectors
zero moment for full composite connection, Qn-100, is given by the smaller of
Equations 3, 4a or 4b as applicable. Table 1 defines the conditions where the
various equations are applicable and it defines what to use for Ac left and Ac right
(both simply called Ac in the table) in Equation 3 for each condition.
Table 1: Table Defining Equations to be used to Calculate Horizontal Shear for
Full Composite Connection
Deck Rib
Span Relative
to Beam Span
Beam Section
Perpendicular
Rolled section
from the program database
3 as noted
and 4a
User-defined
3 as noted
and 4b
Rolled section
from the program database
3 as noted
and 4a
User-defined
3 as noted
and 4b
Parallel
Use Smaller
of These
Equations
Note About Ac in
Equation 3
Ac in Eqn. 3 is the area of concrete in the slab above the metal
deck
Eqn. 3
Q n 100 = A s Fy + b cp t cp Fycp
Eqn. 4a
Q n 100 = b f -top t f - top Fyf - top + ht w Fyw + b f -bot t f -bot Fyf -bot + b cp t cp Fycp
Eqn. 4b
N1 =
Technical Note 39 - 2
Q n 100
Qn
Eqn. 5
Shear Connectors
Shear Connectors
In Equation 5, Qn-100 is as determined in the previous section entitled "Horizontal Shear for Full Composite Connection" and Qn is determined as described in the previous section entitled "Shear Stud Connectors."
For partial composite connection, the number of shear connectors between a
point of maximum positive (not negative) moment and adjacent points of
zero moment, N1, is given by Equation 6.
N1 =
Q n PCC
Qn
Eqn. 6
In Equation 6, Qn-PCC is equal to the percent composite connection times Qn100. For example, if there is 70% composite connection, Qn-PCC = 0.7 Qn-100.
Thus, the percent composite connection, PCC, for AISC-LRFD93 design is
given by Equation 7.
PCC =
Q n PCC
Q n 100
Eqn. 7
M u M n steel alone
N 2 = N1
M n comp M n steel alone
Eqn. 8
In Equation 8,
Mn comp
Maximum moment capacity of composite beam, considering partial composite connection if applicable, kip-in.
Mn steel alone =
Mu
N1
Shear Connectors
Technical Note 39 - 3
Shear Connectors
N2
Technical Note 39 - 4
Shear Connectors
Technical Note 40
Shear Capacity
Refer to Figure 1 for a flowchart showing how the program considers beam
vertical shear. AISC-LRFD93 Equations F2-1 through F2-3 are reproduced
here as Equations 1 through 3 respectively.
For
h
418
, Vn = 0.6 Fyw Aw
tw
Fyw
418
0.6Fyw A w
F
418
h
523
yw
<
For
, Vn =
h
Fyw t w
Fyw
tw
For
523
Fyw
<
132,000A w
h
260 , Vn =
2
tw
h
tw
Eqn. 1
Eqn. 2
Eqn. 3
Note that in Equations 1 through 3, Aw, the area of the web, is calculated as
shown in Equation 4 where Ctop and Cbot are the depths of copes, if any, at the
top and bottom of the beam section. The copes are specified in the overwrites.
Aw = (d - Ctop - Cbot) tw
Eqn. 4
Technical Note 40 - 1
Is
h 418
?
t
Fyw
w
Yes
Determine Vn from
LRFD Section F2.2
equation F2-1; see
Equation 1.
Is
No
418 h 523
<
?
Fyw t
Fyw
w
Is
523 h
< 260 ?
Fyw t
w
Yes
Determine Vn from
LRFD Section F2.2
equation F2-2; see
Equation 2.
No
Yes
Determine Vn from
LRFD Section F2.2
equation F2-3;, see
Equation 3.
Vu
1 .0
v Vn
Eqn. 5
where,
Vu
Vn
No check is made for shear on the net section considering the bolt holes.
No check is made for shear rupture on a beam with the top flange coped as
described in AISC-LRFD93 specification Chapter J, section J4.
Technical Note 40 - 2
Technical Note 41
Input Data
This Technical Note describes the composite beam design input data for AISCLRFD93. The input can be printed to a printer or to a text file when you click
the File menu > Print Tables > Composite Beam Design command. A
printout of the input data provides the user with the opportunity to carefully
review the parameters that have been input into the program and upon which
program design is based. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 5 Input
Data for further information about using the print Composite Beam Design
Tables Form, as well as other non-code-specific input data for composite
beam design.
Input Data
Technical Note 41 - 1
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Length
Beam Properties
Composite Type
Shoring Provided
b-eff Left
If the beff left width is program calculated, this item reads "Prog
Calc." Otherwise, this item is the user-defined width for beff left.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width
of the Concrete Slab for description of the effective width of the
slab.
b-eff Right
If the beff right width is program calculated, this item reads "Prog
Calc." Otherwise, this item is the user-defined width for beff right.
See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 8 Effective Width
of the Concrete Slab for description of the effective width of the
slab.
Beam Fy
If the beam yield stress is based on the material property specified for the beam, this item reads "Prog Calc." Otherwise, this
item is the user-defined yield stress of the beam.
Beam Fu
Technical Note 41 - 2
Input Data
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Cover Plate
This information is included on the Beam tab of the overwrites.
Plate Width
Plate Thick
Plate Fy
Unbraced L22
If the Bracing State item is "Length Given," this item is the userspecified maximum unbraced length of the beam. Otherwise,
this item is specified as N/A.
L22 Absolute
Cb Factor
Input Data
Technical Note 41 - 3
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Point Braces
The heading of the point braces data table specifies whether the point braces are program calculated or user-defined, and whether the distances used to locate the point
braces (Location item) are absolute (actual) distances or relative distances. A relative
distance is the distance divided by the length of the beam.
Location
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the point
brace. As described in the preceding description, it may be an
absolute or a relative distance.
Type
Uniform Braces
The heading of the uniform braces data table specifies whether the point braces are program calculated or user-defined, and whether the distances used to define the extent of
the uniform braces (Start and End items) are absolute (actual) distances or relative distances. A relative distance is the distance divided by the length of the beam.
Note:
Details about the location and type of program calculated point and uniform
braces is only reported after you have run the design. Before you run the design, this information is not available.
Start
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the starting
point of the uniform brace. As described in a previous description, it may be an absolute or a relative distance.
End
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the ending
point of the uniform brace. This distance is always larger than
the Start item. As described previously, it may be an absolute
or a relative distance.
Type
Technical Note 41 - 4
Input Data
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Deck Properties
Beam Side
Deck Label
Deck Direction
Stud Qn
Input Data
Technical Note 41 - 5
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Start
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the starting
point of the uniform stud section. As described previously, it
may be an absolute or a relative distance.
End
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the ending
point of the uniform stud section. As described previously, it
may be an absolute or a relative distance.
Length
This is the length of the uniform stud section. As described previously, it may be an absolute or a relative distance.
Number
If the live load and total load deflection limits are specified as
absolute (actual) distances, this item is Yes. If they are specified as a divisor of beam length (relative), this item is No.
Calculate Camber
If this item is Yes, the program calculates the camber for the
beam. If it is No, the program does not calculate a camber, but
if desired, the user can specify the camber.
Specified Camber
Neff Beams
Other Restrictions
Limit Beam Depth
Minimum Depth
Maximum Depth
Technical Note 41 - 6
Input Data
Input Data
DESCRIPTION
Minimum PCC
Minimum percent composite connection considered by the program for the beam.
Maximum PCC
RLLF
EQF
Input Data
Technical Note 41 - 7
Technical Note 42
Output Details
This Technical Note describes the composite beam output for AISC-LRFD93
that can be printed to a printer or to a text file in either short form or long
form. See Composite Beam Design Technical Note 6 Output Data for information about using the Print Composite Beam Design Tables Form, as well as the
Summary of Composite Beam Output.
The program provides the output data in a series of tables. The column
headings for output data and a description of what is included in the columns
of the tables are provided in Tables 1 and 2 of this Technical Note.
DESCRIPTION
Label associated with the line object that represents the beam.
A typical label beam would appear as "B23." Do not confuse
this with the Section Label, which would be identified as
"W18X35."
Group
Name of the design group (if any) to which the beam has been
assigned.
Beam
Output Details
Technical Note 42 - 1
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Fy
Fu
Stud Layout
Seg. Length
Length of each composite beam segment separated by commas. The lengths are listed starting with the composite beam
segment at the I-end of the beam and working toward the J-end
of the beam.
Stud Ratio
Story
Length
Loc X
Loc Y
RLLF
A reducible live load is multiplied by this factor to obtain the reduced live load.
Shored
Technical Note 42 - 2
Output Details
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Camber
The camber for the beam. This item may be calculated by the
program or it may be user-specified.
Comparative
Price of the beam using the input price parameters for steel,
shear studs and camber. This price is intended for comparison
of alternative designs only. It is not intended to be used for cost
estimating purposes.
Stud Diam
EQ Factor
Overwrites
If this item is Yes, one or more items have been overwritten for
this beam. If it is No, nothing has been overwritten. The values
for all overwrite items are included in the long form output.
Thus, if this item is "Yes," you may want to print the long form
output.
b-cp
t-cp
Fy-cp
Consider-cp
The deck section labels (names) on the left and right sides of
the beam.
The deck directions on the left and right sides of the beam.
Perpendclr means that the deck span is perpendicular to the
beam span. Parallel means that the deck span is parallel to the
beam span.
The slab effective widths on the left and right sides of the beam.
Output Details
Technical Note 42 - 3
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
The program calculated cope of the beam top flange at the left
and right ends of the beam. Do not confuse the left and right
ends of the beam with the left and right sides of the beam. The
left end of the beam is the I-end and the right end of the beam
is the J-end.
Itrans
Transformed section moment of inertia for full (100%) composite connection for positive bending, Itr.
Ibare
Is
Ieff
PCC
ytrans
Distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange (not bottom of cover plate, even if it exists) to the elastic neutral axis
(ENA) of the beam, with full (100%) composite connection, y .
ybare
Distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange (not bottom of cover plate, even if it exists) to the ENA of the beam,
plus cover plate alone (if it exists).
yeff
Distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange (not bottom of cover plate, even if it exists) to the ENA of the beam,
with partial composite connection.
Technical Note 42 - 4
Output Details
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Moment Design
This table of output data reports the controlling moments for both construction loads and
final loads.
Pmax
The largest axial load in the beam for any design load combination.
Important note: This value is not used in the Composite Beam
Design postprocessor design. It is reported to give you a sense
of how much axial load, if any, is in the beam. If there is a significant amount of axial load in the beam, you may want to design it noncompositely using the Steel Frame Design postprocessor. The Steel Frame Design postprocessor does consider
axial load.
Pmax Combo
PCC PNA
Location of plastic neutral axis (PNA) for partial composite connection (PCC).
PCC phi Mn
Full PNA
Full phi Mn
Type
This item is either Constr Pos, Constr Neg, Final Pos or Final
Neg. Const Pos means it is a positive moment for construction
loading. Const Neg means it is a negative moment for construction loading. Final Pos means it is a positive moment for
final loading. Final Neg means it is a negative moment for final
loading.
Combo
Mu
Output Details
Technical Note 42 - 5
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
phi Mn
Ratio
Shear Design
This table of output data reports the controlling shears for both construction loads and
final loads.
Type
This item is either Constr Left, Constr Right, Final Left or Final
Right. Constr Left means it is a construction loading shear at
the left end of the beam. Constr Right means it is a construction
loading shear at the right end of the beam.
Final Left means it is a final loading shear at the left end of the
beam. Final Rght means it is a final loading shear at the right
end of the beam.
Combo
Block
Vu
phi VN
The maximum factored shear strength associated with the controlling moment.
Ratio
Technical Note 42 - 6
Output Details
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Deflection Design
This table of output data reports the controlling deflections for both live load and total
load.
Type
Consider
Combo
Deflection
Note:
Deflection is described in Composite Beam Design Technical Note 11 Beam
Deflection and Camber.
Limit
The deflection limit for the deflection type considered in the table row.
Ratio
Vibration Design
Neff
Type
Consider
Actual
Target
Output Details
Technical Note 42 - 7
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Ratio
Ok
DESCRIPTION
Composite Type
Shoring Provided
Yes or No.
beff Left
beff Right
Fy
Fu
Technical Note 42 - 8
Output Details
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Unbraced L22
Maximum unbraced length for buckling about the 2-2 axis of the
beam. This item is filled with "N/A" unless the unbraced length
for buckling about the local 2-2 axis is user defined and is a
single maximum unbraced length for the entire beam.
Absolute L22
A "Yes" for this item indicates that the unbraced lengths are
specified as absolute distances form the left end of the beam. A
"No" indicates that they are specified as relative distances from
the left end of the beam, with 0 indicating the left end of the
beam and 1 indicating the right end of the beam.
Cb Factor
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the point
brace. As described in the preceding description, it may be an
absolute or a relative distance.
Type
Distance from the left end of the beam to the starting point of
the uniform brace that braces the beam for buckling about the
2-2 axis.
End
Distance from the left end of the beam to the ending point of the
uniform brace that braces the beam for buckling about the 2-2
axis.
Output Details
Technical Note 42 - 9
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Type
Unbraced L22
Maximum unbraced length for buckling about the 2-2 axis of the
beam. This item is filled with "N/A" unless the unbraced length
for buckling about the local 2-2 axis is user-defined and is a
single maximum unbraced length for the entire beam.
Absolute L22
A "Yes" for this item indicates that the unbraced lengths are
specified as absolute distances form the left end of the beam. A
"No" indicates that they are specified as relative distances from
the left end of the beam, with 0 indicating the left end of the
beam and 1 indicating the right end of the beam.
Cb Factor
This is the distance from the I-end of the beam to the point
brace. As described in the preceding description, it may be an
absolute or a relative distance.
Type
Technical Note 42 - 10
Distance from the left end of the beam to the starting point of
the uniform brace that braces the beam for buckling about the
2-2 axis.
Output Details
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
End
Distance from the left end of the beam to the ending point of the
uniform brace that braces the beam for buckling about the 2-2
axis.
Type
Deck Label
Deck Direction
Qn
Output Details
A "Yes" for this item indicates that the deflection limits are
specified as absolute distances. A "No" indicates that they are
specified as the length of the beam, L, divided by some number, e.g., L/360
Technical Note 42 - 11
Output Details
DESCRIPTION
Calculated Camber
Yes or No.
Specified Camber
Neff Beam
Minimum Depth
Maximum Depth
Maximum PCC
Minimum PCC
RLLF
A reducible live load is multiplied by this factor to obtain the reduced live load.
EQF
Technical Note 42 - 12
Output Details