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This filter produces an output which is a scaled average of three successive inputs,
with the centre point of the three weighted twice as heavily as its two adjacent
neighbours.
" !
which has two zeroes at ! ' ( !
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and thus
*,+*
-!
3
+456
which gives a LPF as a recurrent filter (which is thus an IIR filter). In general, we
may use out knowledge of the Laplace design of transfer functions to argue the
design in the z-domain as well. This is simple for low-order filters (as above), but
would be tedious at higher orders there are other ways.
<;=(>4? A@
@
CB
7 98 :
0.25
0.2
0.2
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.1
g[k]
g(t)
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.1
10
0
t
0.1
10
10
0
kT (T=1)
10
Figure 6.1: Impulse response of brick wall filter in (left) continuous and (right)
discrete time domains.
^
^
_a`
bc
D
exists between
A first solution
hence we could,
1. Truncate the expression for
D
at some reasonable value of , say 10.
g
f
i
g
h
3 'ed lm"
dkj
for the filter, we can also obtain its transfer function
g
g
7 "! k f gn'eh d !$
dj
As before, we can obtain the actual frequency response of the filter by evaluating 7 -! on the unit circle (i.e. 7 I K1Mpo ). This is shown in Fig 6.3 using both
linear and logarithmic plots for the amplitude response.
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0.25
0.2
shift g[k]
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.05
0.1
10
k
15
20
10
1.2
10
0.8
10
0.6
0.4
2
10
0.2
/4
0
20
40
/4
60
80
100
120
140
10
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Figure 6.3: Linear (left) and log (right) responses for 21 and 11 coefficients in the
brick wall filter.
Better solution
The truncation of the impulse response is equivalent to multiplying it by a rectangular window function. This leads to an overshoot and ripple before and after
the discontinuity in the frequency response a phenomenom known as Gibbs
phenomenom (the overshoot is about 9% see previous Fig). The amplitude of
the overshoot does not decrease if more and more coefficients are included in the
digital filter.
A more successful way of designing an FIR filter is to use a finite weighting
sequence
. There are a number of such sequences, for example the Hamming,
q
74
w[k]
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
6
k
10
12
D5
3D5
" q
1.4
1.2
/4
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
76
7 I KeMo k
7 I K1Mpo `
@ !! &$$&%%
where
@
sampling period
<
! bI K1Mpo
<
ie.
@
77
. I $ K1M o 8 < @
2I $ K1M' o @ V
'
< @
V
@
<
The form of this non-linearity is shown in Fig. 6.6 for the case
. For
small values of , the mapping is almost linear; for most of the frequency scale,
however, the mapping is highly non-linear.
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1.5
=e
the desired set of digital filter cut-off frequencies is determined first. For
and
).
example, if there are four critcial cut-off frequencies,
Using the frequency warping relationship derived above, the filter cut-off
frequencies are converted to a new set of analogue cut-off frequencies,
and
.
=1
Hz; hence @
$ sec.
< % >
rads/sec; = ' >
rads/sec.
Answer
(NB:
<vc
vv
,vAcA
vv cA5l
3
v
cc 2p
7 "!
#
!
!
'
b
v
A
c
7 -!
v
v
!'
!
cA
^ dc gain: < @ !
which gives \7
^ 3dB cut-off frequency < % @ (v >
Thus
> 8 >
x
u
w
v
>
>
x
u
w
v
8
I
K
k
v
c
7dz
uxw > R 8 v >RUT9V v cA uw R v > 8 RUTV v >42v
cAc
R
RUT9V
R
RJTV
8
v
#
K
k
(
v
A
c
ie. 7 d
which gives \7~ vAc
a
v
A
A
8
z
80
I d z K
You can also check the 30dB minimum attenuation requirement by working out
.
6.4.2 Conclusion
With recursive IIR filters, we can generally achieve a desired frequency response
characteristic with a filter of lower order than for a non-recursive filter (especially
if elliptic designs are used). A recursive filter has both poles and zeroes which
can be selected by the designer, hence there are more free parameters than for a
non-recursive filter of the same order (only zeroes can be varied). However, when
the poles of an IIR filter are close to the unit circle, they need to be specified very
accurately (typically 3 to 6 decimal places) if instability is to be avoided.
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