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Ngu Phap Thay Manh PDF
Ngu Phap Thay Manh PDF
tk/
+1.
Ch ng (subject). 7
+2.
ng t ( verb)
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.2 Qu kh ( Past)
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.3.2
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2.3.3
+3.
S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.
+4.
i t
+5.
ng t dng lm tn ng
5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng
5.2 Ving dng lm tn ng
5.3 3 ng t c bit
5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t
5.5 Vn i t i trc ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lm tn ng.
+6.
6.1 need
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6.2 Dare
+7.
+8.
8.1 Cu hi yes v no
8.2 Cu hi thng bo
8.2.1
8.2.2
Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi
8.2.3
+9.
Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.
+10.
Cu ph nh
+11.
11.1
11.2
+12.
ng t khim khuyt.
12.1
12.2
Din t cu iu kin.
12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.3
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12.2.4
if
+13.
13.1
13.2
Thi qu kh.
+14.
14.1
14.2
Thi hin ti
14.3
Thi qu kh.
+15.
15.1
used to.
15.2
+16.
16.1
Loi cu c mt ch ng.
16.2
Loi cu c 2 ch ng
+17.
+18.
ti.
18.1
Could/may/might.
18.2
Should
18.3
Must
+19.
+20.
+21.
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+22.
22.1
So snh bng.
22.2
So snh hn, km
22.3
So snh hp l
22.4
22.5
So snh a b
22.6
22.7
No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng bao lu ... th)
+23.
+24.
+25.
+26.
Cc t ni ch nguyn nhn
26.1
Because/ because of
26.2
Mc ch v kt qu (so that- )
26.3
+27.
+28.
+29.
ng t gy nguyn nhn
Cu b ng
29.1
29.2
Let
29.3
Help
+30.
+31.
Ba ng t c bit
Cu trc phc hp v i t quan h thay th
31.1
6
That v Which lm ch ng ca cu ph
Try and acquire
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31.2
That v wich lm tn ng ca cu ph
31.3
Who lm ch ng ca cu ph
31.4
Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph
31.5
31.6
31.7
31.8
What v whose
+32.
+33.
+34.
+35.
35.1
35.2
Mnh c that
+36.
Cu gi nh
36.1
36.2
36.3
Cu gi nh dng vi tnh t
36.4
36.5
Cu gi nh dng vi it is time
+37.
Li ni bao hm
37.1
37.2
37.3
+38.
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+39.
Mnh nhng b
39.1
39.2
+40.
+41.
Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln
Mt s ng t c bit khc.
Phn II
+42.
+43.
S ho hp ca thi ng t
+44.
+45.
+46.
46.1
V+ing m u mnh ph
46.2
Phn t 2 m u mnh ph ch b ng
46.3
46.4
+47.
47.1
47.2
+48.
+49.
Tha (redundancy)
+50.
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50.1
50.2
50.3
+51.
+52.
Ph t o ln u cu
+53.
Nhng t d gy nhm ln
+54.
54.1
54.2
54.3
54.4
by
54.5
54.6
on
54.7
+55.
+56.
Ng ng t
S kt hp ca cc danh t, ng t v tnh t vi cc gii t
GRAMMAR REVIEW
Cu trc cu ting Anh
Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.
Ch ng
ng t v ng
tn ng
b ng
1. Ch ng (subject)
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Ch ng c th l 1 cm t, 1 ng t nguyn th (c to), 1 V+ing, song nhiu nht vn l 1 danh
t v 1 danh t c lin quan ti nhng vn sau:
woman women
mouse - mice
foot feet
tooth - teeth
man - men.
soap
physics
mathematics
News
mumps
Air
politics
measles
information
Meat
homework
food
economics
advertising*
money
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plenty of
a large number of
a great number of, a great many of.
(a) few
few ... than
more ... than
a large amount of
a great deal of
(a) little
less ... than
more ... than
- Danh t time nu dng vi ngha thi gian l khng m c nhng nu dng vi ngha s ln hoc
thi i li l danh t m c.
V d:
We have spent too much time on this homework.
She has been late for class six times this semester.
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V d: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.
- Dng trong cc thnh ng trc cc danh t s t m c, dng trong cu cm thn.
V d: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!
Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls.
- a c th c t trc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tn h (surname):
V d: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.
a Mr Smith ngha l ngi n ng c gi l Smith v ng l ng ta l ngi l i vi
ngi ni. Cn nu khng c a tc l ngi ni bit ng Smith.
2- The
- c s dng khi danh t c xc nh c th v tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc c nhc n ln
th 2 trong cu.
- The + noun + preposition + noun.
V d : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America.
- The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph
V d: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.
- Trc 1 danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit.
V d: She is in the garden.
- The + tnh t so snh bc nht hoc s t th t hoc only way.
V d : The first week; the only way.
- The + dt s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt th c th b the v i danh t sang s
nhiu.
V d: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes.
Nhng i vi danh t man (ch loi ngi) th khng c qun t (a, the) ng trc.
V d: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.
- The + danh t s t ch thnh vin ca mt nhm ngi nht nh.
V d: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.
- The + adj i din cho 1 lp ngi, n khng c hnh thi s nhiu nhng c coi l 1 danh t s
nhiu v ng t sau n phi c chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.
V d: the old = ngi gi ni chung; The disabled = nhng ngi tn tt; The unemployed = nhng
ngi tht nghip.
- Dng trc tn cc khu vc, vng u ni ting v mt a l hoc lch s.
V d: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.
- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.
V d: the East/ West end.
The North / South Pole.
Nhng khng c dng the trc cc t ch phng hng ny, nu n i km vi tn ca mt khu
vc a l.
V d: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.
- The + tn cc hp xng, cc dn nhc c in, cc ban nhc ph thng.
V d: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.
- The + tn cc t bo ln/ cc con tu bin/ khinh kh cu.
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V d: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.
- The + tn h s nhiu c ngha l gia nh h nh ...
V d: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cn gi l gia nh nh Smith.
- The + Tn s t + cm t/ mnh c th c s dng phn bit ngi ny vi ngi khc
cng tn.
V d: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter.
- Khng dng the trc 1 s danh t nh Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college,
university khi n i vi ng t v gii t ch chuyn ng (ch i ti lm mc ch chnh).
V d: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.
to bed ( ng)
We go
to church ( cu nguyn)
to court ( kin tng)
to hospital (cha bnh)
to prison (i t)
to school / college/ university ( hc)
Tng t
We can be
in bed
at church
in court
in hospital
at school/ college/ university
We can be / get back (hoc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.
We can
leave school
leave hospital
be released from prison.
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Go to the office.
V d:
He is at / in the office.
Nu to be in office (khng c the) ngha l ang gi chc.
To be out of office - thi gi chc.
Town
The c th b i khi ni v th trn ca ngi ni hoc ca ch th.
V d:
We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.
We were in town last Monday.
Go to town / to be in town - Vi mc ch chnh l i mua hng.
Bng dng the v khng dng the trong mt s trng hp c bit.
Dng the
Trc cc s th t + noun.
V d:
The first world war.
The third chapter.
Trc cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu
kin tn cc khu vc phi c tnh t ho.
V d:
The Korean war.
Trc tn cc nc c t 2 t tr ln. Ngoi
tr Great Britain.
V d:
The United States, the United Kingdom, the
Central Africal Republic.
Trc tn cc nc c coi l 1 qun o.
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V d:
World war one
chapter three.
Khng nn dng trc tn cc cuc chin
tranh khu vc nu tn khu vc nguyn.
Trc tn cc nc c 1 t nh : Sweden,
Venezuela v cc nc c ng trc bi
new hoc tnh t ch phng hng.
V d: New Zealand, South Africa.
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V d: The Philipin.
- Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh. Nu danh t hoc ch ng trn
u c hiu hoc c nhc n, ch cn dng another v other nh 1 i t l .
V d:
I dont want this book. Please give me another.
- Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu th other c s dng theo 1 trong 2 cch (other + nouns hoc
others) m khng bao gi c s dng (others + DTSN).
- C th dng i t thay th one hoc ones cho danh t sau another, the other v other.
Lu rng this v that c th dng vi i t one nhng these v those tuyt i khng dng vi ones.
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- A little + dt khng m c: c 1 cht, dng.
V d:
I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.
- few + dt m c s nhiu : c rt t, khng .
V d:
She has few books, not enough for references.
- a few + dt m c s nhiu : c mt t, .
V d:
She has a few books, enough to read.
- Nu danh t trn u c nhc n th di ch cn dng (a) few v (a) little nh 1 i t l .
V d:
Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.
- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh nhiu.
- only a few = only a little = c rt t ( nhn mnh).
1.5 S hu cch
The + nouns + noun.
- Ch c dng trong cc danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho bt ng vt.
V d:
The students book.
The cats legs.
- Nu c 2 danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang
du s hu.
V d:
Tom and Marks house.
- i vi nhng danh t s nhiu u c s th ch cn t du l .
V d:
The students books.
- Nhng i vi nhng danh t c s nhiu c bit khng c s ti ui vn phi dng nguyn du s
hu.
V d:
The childrens toys.
- N c dng cho thi gian (nm thng, th k, thin nin k.)
V d:
The 1980 events.
The 21 st centurys prospect.
- N c dng cho cc ma trong nm ngoi tr ma Xun v ma Thu. Nu dng s hu cch cho
ma Xun v ma Thu tc l ta ang nhn cch ho ma .
V d:
The summers hot days.
The winters cold days.
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The springs coming back = Nng Xun ang tr v.
The autunms leaving = s ra i ca Nng Thu.
Trng hp ny hin nay t dng. i vi mt s danh t bt ng vt ch dng trong 1 s trng hp
tht c bit khi danh t nm trong cc thnh ng.
V d:
A stones throw.
- i khi i vi nhng danh t ch ni chn hoc a im ch cn dng s hu cch cho danh t
m khng cn danh t theo sau.
V d:
At the hairdressers
At the butchers
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He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.
- Vi cc cu hi
Have you got any fish?
Did he catch any fish?
- Sau if/ whether cc thnh ng mang tnh nghi ng.
V d:
If you need any more money, please let me know.
I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.
2. ng t ( verb)
ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:
- Qu kh.
- Hin ti.
- Tng lai.
Mi thi chnh li chia ra lm nhiu thi nh xc nh chnh xc thi gian ca hnh ng.
Subject +
am
is
are
- N dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra thi hin ti. Thi gian c xc nh c th bng
cc ph t nh now, right now, presently.
- N dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn.
V d:
He is learning in the US.
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Lu : phn bit tng lai gn v hnh ng ang xy ra cn cn c vo ph t trong cu)
V d:
The committee members are examining the material now. ( hin ti ang kim tra)
George is leaving for France tomorrow. (tng lai gn - s ri ti Php vo ngy mai)
+ already + P2
has
V d:
We have already written our reports.
I have already read the entire book.
Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.
- Dng vi yet trong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn ph nh, yet thng xuyn ng cui cu, cng
thc sau:
have
Subject +
V d:
John hasnt written his report yet.
The president hasnt decided what to do yet.
We havent called on our teacher yet.
- Trong 1 s trng hp yet c th o ln ng sau to have v ng php c thay i. Not mt i v
phn t 2 tr v dng nguyn th c to.
have
Subject +
V d:
John has yet to learn the material. = John hasnt learned the material yet.
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We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We havent decided what to do with the money
yet.
Ch : Cn thn s dng yet trong mu cu ko nhm vi yet trong mu cu c yet lm t ni mang
ngha nhng
V d:
I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer.
My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on Saturday nights.
Mt s th d
Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng xc nh)
He has been to California three times. (hn 1 ln)
Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh)
They have been at home all day.
We havent gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng xc nh).
John has worked in Washington for three years.
Hoc
John has been working in Washington for three years.
(vn cha kt thc - John vn ang lm vic Washington).
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2.2 Qu kh ( Past)
2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)
Verb + ed
- Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c qu kh c bit v ng thi cng c phn t 2 c bit.
- Mt s cc ng t c c 2 dng:
V d:
Light - lighted - lighted
lit
- lit
Ngi Anh a dng qu kh thng khi chia ng t v phn t 2 c bit.
V d:
He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.
N thp ngn nn trn chic bnh sinh nht
Nhng
I can see the lit house from a distance.
Ti c th nhn thy t xa ngi nh sng nh in.
Thi gian hnh ng trong cu l rt r rng, n thng dng vi mt s ph t ch thi gian nh:
yesterday, at that moment, last + thi gian nh:
Last
night
month
week vv...
Lu : Nu thi gian trong cu l khng r rng th phi dng present perfect.
V d:
John went to Spain last year.
Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.
Maria did her homework last night.
Mark washed the dishes after dinner.
We drove to grocery store this afternoon.
George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.
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- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra vo 1 thi im nht nh trong qu kh khng
lin h g ti hin ti. Thi im trong cu c xc nh bng cc ph t ch thi gian nh:
At + thi gian qu kh.
V d:
He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night.
- N c dng kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua 2 lin t When v while ch 1 hnh ng ang
xy ra trong qu kh th 1 hnh ng khc t ngt xen vo (tng ng vi cu Ting Vit Khi
ang ... th bng).
*
Subject1 + simple past + while + subject 2 + past progressive.
V d:
Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.
Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 + simple past.
V d:
He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.
Lu : Mnh c when v while c th ng bt k ni no trong cu nhng sau when nht thit phi
l 1 simple past v sau while nht thit phi l 1 past progressive.
- Dng din t 2 hnh ng song song cng 1 lc, ni vi nhau bng lin t while.
Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + past progressive.
V d:
He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in the kitchen.
( Mnh khng c while c th c chuyn sang simple past nhng him khi v s nhm ln vi *)
V d:
Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.
While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.
When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped in order to talk to him.
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Subject + past perfect + before + subject + past simple
V d:
I had gone to the store before I went home.
The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.
Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.
George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.
The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the medication.
V d:
John went home after he had gone to the store.
After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted on the proposal.
- Mnh c before v after c th ng u hoc cui cu nhng sau before nht thit phi l 1 simple past v sau after nht thit phi l 1 past perfect.
- Before v after c th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln v trong cu bao gi cng c 2
hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.
V d:
The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.
( trong cu ny when c ngha l after v sau when l past perfect.)
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2.3 Tng lai
2.3.1 Tng lai n gin (simple future)
Will / shall
+ [ Verb in simple form ]
Can / may.
- Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l M dng will cho tt c cc ngi cn shall ch c dng
trong cc trng hp sau:
Mi mc ngi khc 1 cch lch s.
V d:
Shall we go out for lunch?
Shall I take your coat?
ngh gip ngi khc 1 cch lch s.
V d:
Shall I give you a hand with these packages.
Dng ngu gi khi mua bn, mc c.
V d:
Shall we say : fifteen dollars?
- N dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra vo thi im nht nh trong tng lai. Thi im ny
khng c xc nh r rt. Cc ph t thng dng l tomorrow, next + thi gian, in the future.
Near future. (tng lai gn)
To be going to do smth - sp lm g.
- Dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra trong 1 tng lai gn, thi gian s c din t bng 1 s
ph t nh : in a moment (lt na), tomorrow.
V d:
We are going to have a meeting in a moment.
We are going to get to the airport at 9 am this morning.
- Ngy nay, c bit l trong vn ni ngi ta thng dng Present progressive thay th.
- Dng din t 1 s vic chc chn s xy ra d rng khng phi l tng lai gn.
V d:
Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables us to learn in the US.
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V d:
I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week.
- N c dng kt hp vi 1 present progressive din t 2 hnh ng song song xy ra, 1 hin
ti, 1 tng lai.
V d:
Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we will be working at the office.
3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.
Thng thng th ng t ng lin ngay vi ch ng v phi chia theo ngi ch ng. Song c nhng
trng hp khng phi nh vy.
singular verb
plural verb
singular verb
singular verb
plural verb
The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.
Singular subject
singular verb
along with
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accompanied by
as well as
V d:
The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Singular subject
singular verb
singular verb
no + danh t s t
Some + danh t s t
anybody
nobody
somebody
anyone
no one
someone
anything
nothing
something
every + danh t s it
each + danh t s t
everybody
everyone
either*
everything
neither*
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3.3 Cch s dng none, no
none of the : c s dng ty theo danh t ng ng sau n.
- nu danh t l khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.
None + of the + non-count noun + singular verb
V d:
None of the counterfeit money has been found.
- nu sau none of the l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.
None + of the + plural noun + plural verb
V d:
None of the students have finished the exam yet.
No c s dng cng tu theo danh t ng sau n.
- nu sau no l danh t s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.
Singular noun
No +
+ singular verb
non-count noun
V d:
No example is relevant to this case.
- nhng nu sau no l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.
nor
+ noun
either
V d:
Neither John nor Bill
Singular noun
singular verb
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Singular noun
singular verb
Neither
nor
+ noun
either
or
V d:
Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.
Plural
plural
Lu :
Khi ch ng l 1 verbing th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.
3.5 Cc danh t tp th
l nhng danh t trong bng di y dng ch mt nhm ngi hoc 1 t chc. Cho d vy,
chng vn c xem l danh t s t v do , cc ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th
3 s t.
congress
family
group
committee
class
organization
team
army
club
crowd
government
jury
majority*
minority
public
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The crowd was wild with excitement.
Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.
The organization has lost many members this year.
Our team is going to win the game.
Cc cm t trong bng di y ch mt nhm gia sc ng vt cho d danh t ng sau gii t of c
s nhiu th ng t sau vn phi chia ngi th 3 s t.
flock of birds, sheep
herd of cattle
pack of dogs
school of fish
pride of lions
V d:
The flock of birds is circling overhead.
The herd of cattle is breaking away.
A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.
Lu : Tt c cc danh t tp hp ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u i hi cc ng t - i t - b
ng i cng n phi ngi s t.
(TOEFL bt li ny).
V d:
He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty.
Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.
Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test.
Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.
Two miles is too much to run in one day.
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3.7 Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.
Cc danh t sau y lun phi dng dng s nhiu.
Trousers
shorts
Jeans
eyeglasses
scissors- ci ko
pants- qun
tongs - ci kp
tweezers- ci nhp
pliers - ci km
V d:
The pants are in the drawer.
A pair of pants is in the drawer.
Cc danh t trn thng xuyn dng s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th, do vy cc ng t v
i t i cng chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.
V d:
The pliers are on the table.
These scissors are dull.
- Nu mun bin chng thnh s t dng a pair of ... v lc ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi
ngi th 3 s t.
V d:
This pair of scissors is dull.
The pair of pliers is on the table.
ch s tn ti (existance)
To have ch s s hu (possession)
To possess (get, hold instinctively).
- Ch ng tht ca thnh ng ny i ng sau ng t to be. Nu danh t l s nhiu th ng t
chia s nhiu v ngc li.
- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be cn phn t 2 th da vo tr ng t to have/
has been.
there is
there was
there has been
there are
there were
there have been
V d:
There is a storm approaching.
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singular
singular
plural
singular
plural
plural
non-count
4. i t
i t trong ting Anh chia 5 loi c cc chc nng ring bit.
we
you
they
Chc nng:
- ng u cu lm ch ng trong cu v quyt nh vic chia ng t.
- ng ng sau ng t to be.
V d: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Batty.
- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as. Tuyt i khng c dng i t nhn xng tn ng
trong trng hp ny.
V d: He is taller than I (am) - khng c dng me.
She is as beautiful as my girlfriend.
- i vi cc i t nhn xng ch ng nh we, you v i t nhn xng tn ng nh us c th dng 1
danh t s nhiu ngay sau .
V d: We students, you teachers, us workers.
Cc i t nh all, both c th c dng theo li ny vi cc ngi s nhiu.
we
you
all/ both
they
V d:
I am going to the store.
We have lived here for twenty years.
It was she who called you. (sau ng t be)
George and I would like to leave now.
We students are going to have a party.
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4.2 i t nhn xng tn ng
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
sau gii t
Lu : Nn nh rng nhiu gii t c th c chc nng nh cc thnh phn khc trong cu, chng hn
nh ph t hoc lin t. V vy, ta cn phi xc nh cc xem chng ng vai tr g - cn da vo ng
cnh ch khng phi da vo s hiu bit bnh thng v chc nng ca chng.
V d:
Janet will make her presentation after him.
preposition complement pronoun
clause
4.3 Tnh t s hu
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
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John is eating his dinner.
This is not my book.
The cat has injured its foot.
The boy broke his arm yesterday..
She forgot her homework this morning.
My food is cold.
Lu : Its khc vi Its. Its c ngha l it is hoc it has.
4.4 i t s hu
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
- N c th c ng lm ch ng trong cu.
- ng ng sau ng t to be.
- N c th lm tn ng khi i sau 1 ng t hoc sau 1 gii t.
Do you remember to take your money?
- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as.
Your book is as good as mine.
Mt s th d:
This is my book = This is mine.
Your teacher is the same as his teacher = Yours is as the same as his.
Her dress is green and my dress is red = Hers is green is green and mine is red.
Our books are heavy = Ours are heavy.
Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small.
I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
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Chc nng:
- Ch ch ng lm vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny n ng ngay sau ng t hoc
ng cui cu sau gii t for hoc to.
V d:
He sent the letter to himself.
You can see the differences for yourselves.
- Ch ch ng t thn lm ly 1 vic g. Trong trng hp ny n ng ng sau ch ng hoc cui cu
khi ni.
V d:
I myself believe that the proposal is good.
He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.
She prepared the nine-course meal herself.
The students themselves decorated the room.
You yourself must do this homework.
John himself bought this gifts.
By + one-self = alone.
V d:
John washed the dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone.
5. ng t dng lm tn ng
- Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng i hi 1 danh t hoc i t theo sau n lm
tn ng. C mt s ng t li yu cu tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm 2 loi
sau:
5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng
Bng sau l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng tun theo mu cu
nh sau:
agree to do something.
desire to do something.
decide to do something.
agree
desire
hope
plan
strive
attempt
expect
intend
prepare
tend
claim
fail
learn
pretend
want
decide
forget
need
refuse
wish
demand
hesitate
offer
seem
V d:
John expects to begin studying law next semester.
Mary learned to swim when she was very young.
The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.
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The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years.
The soldiers are preparing to attack a village.
Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.
admit
delay
miss
report
suggest
appreciate
deny
postpone
resent
avoid
enjoy
practice
resist
cant help
finish
quit
resume
consider
mind
recall
risk
cant stand
continue
dread
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hate
regret
like
start
love
try
prefer
5.3 3 ng t c bit
l cc ng t m ng ngha ca chng thay i khi tn ng sau n l 1 nguyn th hoc 1 Ving.
Stop to do smth : dng li lm g.
V d:
He stops to get gasoline.
Stop doing smth : dng vic g ang lm li.
V d:
He stops writing and goes out.
Remember to do smth : nh s phi lm g.
V d:
I remember to send a letter at the post office.
Remember doing smth : nh u lm g.
V d:
I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant find the key.
Forget to do smth : qun s phi lm g.
V d:
He forgets to call his friend this afternoon.
Forget doing smth : qun u lm g.
V d:
I forget doing the homework yesterday.
Lu : ng t forget trong mu cu mang ngha ph nh.
I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.
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ng t + gii t + Ving
Bng sau gm cc ng t + gii t.
approve of: tn thnh
give up: t b
rely on: ph thuc vo
worry about: lo lng v
be better off:
insist on: ni n
succeed in: thnh cng trong
count on = rely on
keep on = continue
think about
think of
depend on
put off: tr houn
method of
intention of
method for
excuse for
reason for
V d:
George has no excuse for dropping out of school.
There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
There is no reason for leaving this early.
Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.
Tnh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)
accustomed to
intent on
afraid of
interested in
capable of
successful in
fond of
tired of
V d:
Mitch is afraid of getting married now.
We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.
Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.
Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.
Craig is fond of dancing.
We are interested in seeing this film.
- Khng phi bt c tnh t no trong ting Anh cng i hi ng sau n phi l 1 gii t, c mt s
tnh t li i hi ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th (xem bng sau).
anxious
eager: ho hc
pleased
usual
boring
easy
prepared
common
eager to do smth: ho hc lm g.
hard to do smth : kh lm g.
* able :
able
capable
unable to do smth = incapable
V d:
dangerous
good
ready
difficult
hard
strange
able*
of doing smth
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These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.
These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.
Mt s th d:
Mohammad is eager to see his family.
It is dangerous to drive in this weather
We are ready to leave now.
It is difficult to pass this test.
It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.
Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.
Lu :
- Mt s cc ng t ting Anh thng c gii t i km pha sau. Khng c nhm ln gii t
vi to ca ng t nguyn th. Chng hn mt s ng t trong bng sau:
object to: phn i
confess to : th nhn u lm g
V d:
John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.
Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.
Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.
We are not looking forward to going back to school.
Henry is thinking of going to France in August.
You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.
+ [ to + verb] ...
noun
ask
order
urge
beg
permit
want
convince
persuade
expect
instruct
prepare
promise
V d:
Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up.
We ordered him to appear in court.
I urge you to consider your decision.
They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.
The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.
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You should prepare your son to take this examination.
Tuy nhin, ng trc 1 Ving lm tn ng th dng ca danh t hoc i t phi dng s hu.
dng s hu ca danh t
Ch ng + ng t +
V d:
We understand your not being able to stay longer.
He regrets her leaving.
We are looking forward to their coming next year.
We dont approve of Johns buying this house.
We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner.
We object to their calling at this hour.
V d:
I need to clean my house.
John and his brother need to paint the house.
My friend needs to learn Spanish.
He will need to drive alone tonight.
-Tuy nhin khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt (unliving thing) th ng t sau need s i khc.
Subject as unliving thing + need + [Verb + ing]
to be + P2
V d:
The grass needs to be cut. Hoc The grass needs cutting.
The television needs repairing. Hoc The television need to be repaired.
The composition needs rewriting. Hoc The composition needs to be rewritten.
Lu :
Try .and ..Acquire
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6.2 Dare
- Dare khng c dng nhiu khng nh. N ch c dng ph nh v nghi vn. ng t sau
n theo l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc t thng b to. N c th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc
dng trc tip.
He doesnt dare (to) say anything
= He dares not (to) say anything.
Does he dare (to) say anything = Dares he (to) say anything.
- Dare khng c dng th khng nh tr trng hp - I dare say mang 2 ngha:
- Ti cho l.
V d: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train.
- Ti cng nhn l.
V d: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nhn l anh ng.
- How dare (dared) + subject ... (sao dm).
V d:
How dare you open my letter? Sao cu dm bc th ca ti ra th ?
- Dare cn c dng nh 1 ngoi ng t mang ngha dm, thch theo mu cu sau:
To dare smb to do smth
(thch ai lm g)
They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.
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- Dng vi mnh if mang tnh bt buc hoc mnh lnh.
V d:
Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be saved
He said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up.
- truyn t mt d nh.
V d:
She is to be married next month.
(c y s ci vo thng ti)
The expedition is to start in a weeks time.
Cu trc ny rt thng dng trong bo ch v nu n l ta bo th ngi ta b be i tit kim
ch.
V d:
The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.
= The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow.
- Was/ were + infinitive
din t 1 tng v s mnh.
V d:
They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet again.
(h chia tay nhau m khng bit rng s chng bao gi h gp li nhau)
- To be about to + verb = near future = to be in the point of Ving.
8. Cu hi
8.1 Cu hi yes v no
S d gi l nh vy v trong cu tr li c th dng yes hoc no u cu. Nn nh rng:
Yes + positive verb
No + negative verb.
Khng c nhm ln dng cu tr li ting vit.
auxiliary
be
do, does, did
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8.2 Cu hi thng bo
L loi cu hi m trong cu tr li ngoi yes hoc no ra cn phi thm mt s cc thng tin khc. Cc
cu hi ny dng vi mt s cc i t nghi vn.
whom
+
what
Ch :
Mc d trong vn ni, nhiu ngi s dng who thay cho whom trong loi cu hi ny nhng tuyt i
khng c dng nh vy trong vn vit (li c bn)
V d:
Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? ( Ahmad know someone from Venezuela)
What did George buy at the store? ( George bought something at the store)
Auxiliary
be
do, does, did
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8.3 Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)
L loi cu hi c cc c im sau:
- Cu c 2 thnh phn ni vi nhau bng 1 i t nghi vn.
- ng t mnh 2 phi ng xui sau ch ng khng c cu to cu hi thnh phn th 2.
- i t nghi vn khng ch bao gm 1 t m nhiu khi c th l 2 hoc 3 t chng hn: whose + noun,
how many, how much, how long, how often, what time, v what kind.
Subject + verb ( phrase) + question word + subject + verb
V d:
Cu hi : Where will the meeting take place?
Cu hi gin tip: We havent ascertained where the meeting will take place.
Q word
subject
verb phrase
subject
phrase
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The boys dont have class tomorrow, do they?
You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?
You wont be leaving for another hour, will you?
Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, havent they?
You have two children, dont you?
(Trong ting Anh, th s dng havent you?)
Lu :
Trong cc bi thi TOEFL nu ng t chnh l have th ng sau phi dng tr ng t do.
V d:
She has an exam tomorrow, doesnt she?
9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.
9.1 Li ni ph ho khng nh.
- Dng ph ho li khng nh ca mt ngi khc tng ng vi cu ting vit cng th v
ngi ta s dng so v too trong cu trc ny.
- ng t to be c php dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng vi tr ng t to do, cc ng t
thi kp (future, perfect, progressive) dng vi chnh ng t ca n.
- Khi be c s dng trong mnh chnh th thi ca ng t be s dng trong cu ph ho cng
phi cng thi vi be mnh chnh.
Subject + verb(be) + too
Affirmative statement (be) + and +
So + verb(be) + subject
V d:
I am happy, and you are too.
I am happy, and so are you.
- Khi mt ng t th kp (auxilary + verb), v d, will go, should do, has done, have written, must
examine, vv... xut hin trong mnh chnh th tr ng t ca mnh chnh c s dng dng
khng nh, v ch ng v ng t phi ho hp.
Subject + auxiliary only + too
Affirmative statement + and +
(ng t th kp)
V d:
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
Subject +do, does, or did + too.
Affirmative statement + and +
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(ng t n tr be)
V d:
Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.
Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.
I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too.
I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.
He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.
He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.
We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too.
We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy.
She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.
She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.
9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh
- Dng ph ho li ph nh ca ngi khc, tng ng vi cu ting vit cng khng.
- Cu trc dng cho loi cu ny l either v neither.
Nn nh rng: Not ... either / Neither ... positive verb.
Cc trng hp dng ging ht cng thc khng nh.
Subject + negative auxiliary or be + either .
Negative statement + and +
Neither + positive auxiliary or be + subject.
V d:
I didnt see Mary this morning. John didnt see Mary this morning.
I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either.
I didnt see Mary this morning, and neither did John.
She wont be going to the conference. Her colleagues wont be going to the conference.
She wont be going to the conference, and her colleagues wont either.
She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet. I havent seen the new movie yet.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent ether.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.
10. Cu ph nh
thnh lp cu ph nh ngi ta t not vo sau ng t to be, tr ng t to do ca ng t thng,
v cc tr ng t ca ng t thi kp.
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- t any ng trc danh t nhn mnh cho ph nh.
- Trong mt s trng hp nhn mnh cho danh t ng sau b ph nh, ngi ta ng t
nguyn th v t no trc danh t. ( no = not at all).
Nagative + nagative = Positive
V d:
Its really unbelievable that he has no money.
Nagative + comparative = Superlative
V d:
Professor Baker couldnt be more helpful = Pr. Baker was the most helpful.
We couldnt have gone to the beach on a better day. Tc l: Today is the best day to go to the beach.
Nagative ..., much less + noun.
(khng m li cng khng)
V d:
He didnt like to read novels, much less text books.
Its really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such a free fall, much less live to tell about it
on TV.
Mt s ph t trong ting Anh mang ngha ph nh, khi U dng n trong cu tuyt i khng c
dng ph nh ca ng t na.
V d:
Hardly
Scarcely
Barely
Hardly ever
Rarely
Seldom
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Lu : Barely v scarcely i khi mang ngha va , va son (just enough). Phi cn c theo ng
cnh ca cu hoc cc cu tr li di phn nghe tm ra ngha ng.
V d:
He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.
(N va tin tr hc ph v khng cn xu no c.)
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V d:
Lets go now (chng ta i thi) khc vi Let us go, please. ( xin huy cho chng ti i)
Will be able to
can
Will be allowed to
may
V d:
If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
If you try more, you will improve your English.
We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten oclock now.
If + subject + simple present tense + subject + ... + simple present tense
Mu cu ny cn c dng din t mt thi quen.
V d:
If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in the afternoon (khng c
ng t khuyt thiu.)
John usually walks to school if he has enough time.
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If + Subject + simple present tense ... + command form* ...
* Nn nh rng mnh lnh thc dng n gin ca ng t. ( simple form)
Mu cu trn c ngha l nh ai, ra lnh cho ai lm g.
V d:
If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.
Please call me if you hear from Jane.
V d:
If I had enough money now, I would buy this house
( but now I dont have enough money.)
If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
(but I dont have the time.) ( Im not going to the beach with you.)
He would tell you about it if he were here.
( he wont tell you about it.) ( He is not here).
If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.
(He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him.)
Lu :
ng t to be sau if mu cu ny phi chia lm were tt c cc ngi.
I... they were.
V d:
If I were you, I wouldnt do such a thing.
(but Im not you.)
+ have + P2
could / might
V d:
If we hadnt lost the way we could have been here in time.
(but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.)
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
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(We didnt know that you were there.) ( we didnt write you a letter.)
She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
(She didnt sell the house.) (She didnt find the right buyer.)
If we hadnt lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.
(We lost our way.) (we didnt arrive early.)
Cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo ng cng thc trn, trong mt s trng hp 1 v
ca cu iu kin qu kh cn mt v li hin ti do thi gian ca tng mnh quy nh.
V d:
If she had caught the flight she would be here by now.
Lu :
Trong mt s trng hp cu iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh, ngi ta b
if i v o had ln u cu nhng ngha vn gi nguyn.
Had + subject + [verb in past participle ]...
V d:
Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
Hadnt we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.
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Nu ... chu - Din t t nguyn
V d:
If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.
Nu n chu nghe theo li ti th ti c th gip n.
If + subject + will.
Din t s ngoan c.
V d:
If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you.
Nu cu m c hc ting Anh theo cch ny th trt k thi TOFEL chc chn ang ch n cu.
If + subject +should.
Din t mt hnh ng d rt c th c song kh nng rt t v khi ni ngi ni khng tin l s
vic li c th xy ra.
V d:
If you shouldnt know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number.
Nu anh khng bit cch s dng chic tivi ny, huy gi in cho ti s my ny. (Ni vy nhng
ngi ni khng cho rng l anh ta li khng bit s dng chic tivi .)
If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.
(Ngi thy khng cho rng cu hc sinh li khng lm c nhng bi tp - v chng rt d hoc
cu hc tr rt thng minh)
- Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b if i v o should ln u cu m ng ngha khng thay i.
V d:
Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.
Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign that
spring is near.
Nu tri c nhiu my v bu tri xm xt th ngi ta cho l con sc t s i lang thang kim n -
l du hiu ca ma Xun ang ti gn. Thc ra, khi s dng cu trc ny th tc gi cho rng khi con
sc t chui ra th rt him khi tri li c nhiu my v bu tri li xm li - c th l do kt qu thng
k.
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13.1 Thi hin ti
Nu ng t mnh trc chia simple present th ng t mnh sau phi chia simple past,
ng t to be s phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.
as if
Subject + verb (simple present) +
V d:
The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.
Hin ti
qu kh
qu kh
qu kh
as though
V d:
Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.
Past simple
past perfect
past perfect
past perfect
Lu :
Trong mt s trng hp nu iu kin l c tht th 2 cng thc trn khng c tun theo. ng t
li tr v dng bnh thng theo din bin ca cu.
V d:
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He looks as if he has finish the test.
Could + verb
would + verb
were + Ving
+ ...
V d:
I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I dont have enough time.)
We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.)
They wish that they didnt have to go to class today. ( They have to go to class.)
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Could have + P2
V d:
I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didnt wash the clothes yesterday.)
She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldnt be there.)
We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didnt have more time.)
Lu :
ng t wish ch c th nh hng n mnh ng sau n bng cch buc mnh phi
iu kin khng th thc hin c. Nhng iu kin thi no li do thi gian ca mnh
quyt nh khng h ph thuc vo thi ca ng t to wish.
V d:
He wished that he could come to the party next week.
Qu kh
Tng lai
Ph hp v thi
The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now.
Qu kh
iu kin hin ti
hin ti
Ph hp v thi
(*)
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= Used + Subject + to + verb.
V d:
When David was young, did he use to swim once a day?
used he to swim once a day?
Cu ph nh:
Subject + didnt + use to + Verb
= Subject + used not to + verb.
V d:
When David was young, he didnt use to swim once a day.
he used not to swim once a day.
(noun)
Lu : Trong cng thc (*) c th thay used to = Would nhng d nhm ln.
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ng t sau Would rather l nguyn th b to. Nu mun dng ph nh t not trc ng t nguyn
th b to ( cng thc 1)
Subject + Would rather + (not) bare infinitive
(1)
V d:
Jim would rather go to class tomorrow
Trong cu ny ngi ni mun ni Jim thch n lp vo ngy mai (ch hm nay Jim khng mun)
2.
Thi qu kh.
thi qu kh sau would rather l have + past participle (hay cn gi l phn t 2 - P2) - Cng thc 2.
Subject + would rather + have + (P2)
(2)
V d:
John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( John thch i hc vo ngy hm qua hn
ngy hm nay).
16.2 Loi cu c 2 ch ng
loi cu ny thnh ng c s dng s l Would rather that (c g, mong g) v chia lm
nhng mu cu nh sau:
1. Cu gi nh
L loi cu din t ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mt vic g , nhng lm hay
khng cn tu thuc vo vo pha ngi th 2. Do vy cu trc ng t sau ch ng 2 phi l nguyn
th b to - Cng thc 1.
Subject1 + Would rather that + Subject2 + bare infinitive
(1)
V d:
I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( Ti mun Johnes gi in cho ti vo ngy mai - Nhng
Jones c gi in cho ngi ni hay khng cn tu vo Jones).
We would rather that he take this train. (p chuyn tu hay khng cn tu vo anh y - H ch
mun vy).
2. iu kin khng thc hin c hin ti (ngha ca cu tri vi thc t).
ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia Simple past, ng t to be s phi c chia thnh Were tt c cc
ngi - Cng thc 2
Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Simple past...
(2)
V d:
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Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does
(In fact his girlfriend doesnt work in the same department.)
Jane would rather that it were winter now.
(It is not winter now.)
Nhn xt:
- Trong cc cu trn ngha ca v th 2 lun tri vi thc t thi im hin ti.
- Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng Did not + verb
Were not + verb
3. iu kin khng th thc hin c trong qu kh ( Ngha ca cu l tri vi thc t.)
Trong loi cu ny ng t mnh th 2 s phi c chia Past perfect - Cng thc 1.
Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Past perfect
(1)
V d:
Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.
(nhng trong thc t th Jill u khng ti lp ngy hm qua v ngi ni ch ly lm tic l Jill u
khng ti lp vo ngy hm qua.)
Nhn xt: Trn thc t ngha ca to wish v would rather that (vi ngha c, mong mun) trong
trng hp trn l ging nhau nhng Wish c s dng trong ting Anh bnh dn (hng ngy). Cn
Would rather that mang kch tnh nhiu hn.
V d:
Would you like to dance with me?
I would like to visit Hongkong.
We would like to order now, please.
The president would like to be re-elected.
They would like to study at the university.
Would you like to see a movie tonight?
Lu :
- Nu hnh ng c xc nh c th v mt thi gian hoc thi gian l hin ti th dng ng
t nguyn th sau like.
- Nhng nu thi gian l khng xc nh th phi dng Verb+ing.
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V d:
Would you like a lemonade now? (thi gian l hin ti now)
She likes watching TV every night. (thi gian l khng xc nh - ch s thch hobby)
Hoc I would like eating a steak and salad.
18. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi hin ti.
18.1 Could/may/might.
Could/may/might + [Verb in simple form]
C th /c l.
Ch mt kh nng c th xy ra hin ti song ngi ni khng chc. C 3 ng t c gi tr
nh nhau.
V d:
It might rain tomorrow
It will possibly rain tomorrow
It may rain tomorrow
=
OR
It could rain tomorrow
Maybe it will rain tomorrow
Ch :
Maybe l s kt hp ca may v be, nhng n l mt t v khng phi l tr ng t. N ng ngha
vi perhaps.
Mt s v d v Could, may, v might:
The president said that there might be a strike next month.
I dont know what Im doing tomorrow. I may go to the beach or I may stay home.
(Lu l ngi Anh thng ni l stay at home nhng ngi M li ni l stay home.)
It might be warmer tomorrow.
I may not be able to go with you tonight.
I dont know where Jaime is. He could be at home.
18.2 Should
Should + [Verb in simple form]
Ngha l :
- Nn ( din t mt li khuyn, ngh hoc bt buc nhng khng mnh lm)
- C khi - dng din t mong mun iu g xy ra.
V d:
It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow)
My check should arrive next week. ( I expect it to arrive next week).
Lu :
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- Had better, ought to, be supposed to ni chung l ng ngha vi should vi iu kin l ng t to
be phi chia thi hin ti.
- be supposed to ngoi ngha tng ng vi should cn mang ngha quy nh phi, bt buc phi.
V d:
We are supposed to have a math test this afternoon, but it was postponed because the Professor had to
attend a science conference.
( Theo quy nh l ....)
18.3 Must
Must + [verb in simple form]
Ngha l :
- Phi - bt buc rt mnh (ngi b bt buc khng c s la chn no khc)
V d:
One must endorse a check before one cashes it. (ngi ta phi k sau tm sc trc khi rt
tin).
George must call his insurance agent today.
A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescriptions that are filled.
An automobile must have gasoline to run.
An attorney must pass an examination before practising law.
This freezer must be kept at -200.
- Hn l - din t mt s suy lun c logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht hin ti.
V d:
Johns lights are out. He must be asleep.
(We assume that John is asleep because the lights are out.)
The grass is wet. It must be raining.
(We assume that it is raining because the grass is wet.)
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Q : Do I have to leave a deposit?
A : No, you neednt but you have to sign in this register, Im sorry but thats the rule.
MUST HAVE P2 - Hn l u
(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trong qu kh)
V d:
Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsed it many times this past week.
(Hm nay Paul u c li pht biu rt hay, hn l tun qua n u din tp rt nhiu ln ).
MIGHT HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - c l lc y ang
(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trong qu kh)
V d:
I didnt hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.
I didnt watch that scene on television, I might have been paying attention to the argument.
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V d:
I didnt hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.
I didnt see him this morning, he must have been working in the office.
V d:
There are errors galore in the final exam.
- Mt ph t bao gi cng b ngha cho:
+ Mt ng t - mt tnh t - v mt ph t khc.
V d:
He runs very fast.
verb
adv
adv
adj
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I have terribly a headache. (cu sai v ph t ng xen gia ng t v tn ng )
+ Nu trong cu ch c ph t ch thi gian th n th ng ln u cu.
V d:
In 1975 I graduated but I didnt find a job.
+ Cc ph t ch tn s (always, sometimes...) thng bao gi cng ng trc ng t chnh
khi n l ng t hnh ng, nhng bao gi cng ng sau ng t to be.
V d:
- They have often visited me recently.
- He always comes in time.
Nhng: The president is always in time.
21. ng t ni.
l cc ng t trong bng sau.
be
become
remain
stay
appear
seem
sound
feel
look
smell
taste
Lu : cc cp ng t
appear
seem =
to happen
to chance
( Dng nh)
- To appear c th thay th cho to seem v ngc li nhng khng th thay th cho to happen v to
chance.
- 3 ng t to be, to become, to remain c nhng trng hp c mt danh t hoc mt ng danh t theo
sau, lc chng mt i chc nng ng t ni.
- 4 ng t to feel, to look, to smell v to taste trong mt s trng hp i hi sau n l danh t lm
tn ng v tr thnh mt ngoi ng t. Lc ny chng mt i chc nng ca mt ng t ni v tr
thnh mt ng t din t hnh ng v c quyn i hi 1 ph t i b tr (chng thay i v mt
ng ngha).
- To feel = s, nn, khm xt.
- to look at : nhn
- to smeel : ngi.
- to taste : nm.
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22. So snh ca tnh t v danh t
22.1 So snh bng.
So snh bng ch ra 2 thc th chnh xc ging nhau (bng nhau hoc nh nhau) v ngc li nu cu
trc so snh dng ph nh.
Cu trc
As ... as
adj
noun
S + verb + as +
+ as +
adv
pronoun
His job is not as difficult as mine. Hoc His job is not so difficult as mine.
Tnh t
Tnh t
Danh t cng c th dng so snh cho cu trc ny nhng trc khi so snh phi xc nh chc
chn rng danh t c nhng tnh t tng ng nh trong bng sau:
Tnh t
heavy, light
wide, narrow
deep, shallow
long, short
big, small
Danh t
weight
width
depth
length
size
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pronoun
V d:
My house is as high as his
My house is the same height as his.
Lu :
- Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi cng thc ny nn vic s dng b hp vo trong bng trn.
- The same as >< different from.
My nationality is different from hers.
Our climate is different from Canadas.
- Trong ting Anh ca ngi M c th dng different than nu sau l c mt cu hon chnh
(khng ph bin).
V d:
His appearance is different from what I have expected.
= His appearance is different than I have expected.
- From c th thay th bng to.
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Subject + verb +
adj + er
adv + er*
more + adj/ adv
less + adj
+ than +
noun
pronoun
+ than
+
pronoun
adj
much
adv
less
much
+ than
noun
adj
more
far
Subject + verb +
noun
adv
far
Subject + verb +
+
pronoun
adv
adj
V d:
Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine.
That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on television.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.
She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
His car is far better than yours.
Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong cc cu trc bng hoc hn, km.
- Trong cu trc so snh bng ch cn xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v
trc chng c mt s nh ng dng vi 2 loi danh t .
- Trong cu trc so snh hn km cng cn phi xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m
c v ng trc chng c dng fewer (cho m c), less (khng m c) v more dng chung
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cho c 2 (cng thc di y). Do cu trc ny khng phc tp nn c dng rng rui hn so vi cu
trc so snh bng.
Subject + verb + as +
many
much
little
few
+ noun + as +
noun
pronoun
hoc
Subject + verb +
more
fewer
less
+ noun + than +
noun
pronoun
V d:
I have more books than she.
February has fewer days than March.
He earns as much money as his brother.
They have as few class as we.
Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.
Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother.
22.3 So snh hp l
Khi so snh nn nh rng cc mc t dng so snh phi tng ng vi nhau v bn cht ng php
( ngi vi ngi, vt vi vt). Do vy 3 mc so snh hp l s l:
s hu cch
that of (cho s t)
Cu sai: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor (cu ny so snh drawings vi instructor)
Cu ng : His drawings are as perfect as his instructors (instructors = instructors drawings)
Cu sai: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (cu ny so snh gia lng ca 1 ng
gio s vi mt c th k)
Cu ng: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. ( that of = that salary of)
Cu sai : The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher. (cu ny so snh gia duties
vi teacher)
Cu ng: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher. (those of = those duties of).
Mt s th d v so snh hp l.
Johns car runs better than Marys.
(Marys = Marys car)
The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California.
(that of = that climate of )
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Classes in the university are more difficult than those in the college.
(those in = the classes in )
The basketball games at the university are better than those of the high school.
(those of = the games of)
Your accent is not as strong as my mothers.
(my mothers = my mothers accent)
My sewing machine is better than Janes.
(Janes = Janes sewing machine).
so snh hn km
farther
further
less
so snh nht
farthest
furthest
least
much
many
more
most
good
well
better
best
bad
badly
worse
worst
little
22.5 So snh a b
L loi so snh gp ri, gp i, gp 3. Nn nh rng trong cu trc ny khng c dng so snh
hn km m phi dng so snh bng.
noun
much
Subject + verb + bi s + as +
+ noun + as +
many
pronoun
V d:
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This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney.
Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.
Lu :
- Khi dng so snh loi ny phi xc nh r danh t l m c hay khng m c v ng
trc chng c much v many.
- Cc cu trc twice that much ...
many
(gp i s )
ch c dng trong vn ni, tuyt i khng c dng trong vn vit.
V d:
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice that many showed up. (vn ni)
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice as many as that number showed up. (vn vit)
V d:
The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt.
The bigger they are, the harder they fall.
The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.
The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.
The more + subject +verb + the + comparative + subject + verb
22.7 No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng bao lu ... th)
Nu thnh ng no sooner xut hin u cu th than phi u cho mnh 2. Lu rng tr ng t
phi ng trc ch ng theo cng thc sau:
No sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + subject + verb
V d:
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No sooner had they started out for California than it started to rain.
No sooner will he arrived than he will want to leave.
No sooner had she entered the building than she felt the presence of somebody else.
Lu :
No longer ngha l not any more (khng cn... na). Khng bao gi c s dng not longer trong cu
m ngha ca n nh vy.
John no longer studies at the university.
(John doesnt study at the university any more).
Cynthia may no longer use the library because her card has expired.
(Cynthia may not use the library any more)
so snh
hotter
more interesting
sicker
more colorful
so snh nht
hottest
most interesting
sickest
most colorful
- Dng nguyn khng ch s so snh. N ch m t phm cht n thun ca 1 ngi, 1 vt, hay mt
nhm (ngi hoc vt).
V d:
The house is big.
The flowers are fragrant.
- Dng so snh hn ch ra mc mnh hn hay yu hn v s khc nhau gia 2 ngi (2 vt).
V d:
My dog is smarter than yours.
Bob is more atheletic than Richard.
Spinach is less appealing than carrots.
* Ta cng c th so snh 2 thc th (ngi hoc vt) m khng s dng than. Trong trng hp ny
thnh ng of the two s c s dng trong cu (n c th ng u cu v sau danh t phi c du
phy, hoc ng cui - Xem 2 cng thc di y).
Subject + verb + the + comparative + of the two + (noun)
hoc
of the two + (noun), + Subject + verb + the + comparative
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Please give me the smaller of the two pieces of cake.
Of the two landscapes that you have shown me, this one is the more picturesque.
Of the two books, this one is the more interesting.
Ghi nh:
2 thc th - so snh hn
3 thc th tr ln - so snh hn nht
adj+ est
most + adj
least + adj
In + dt2 s t
of + dt2 s nhiu
Dng nguyn
carefully
So snh hn
more carefully
less carefully
So snh hn nht
most carefully
least carefully
cautiously
more cautiously
less cautiously
most cautiously
least cautiously
V d:
Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.
Joe dances more gracefully than his partner.
That child behaves the most carelessly of all.
Irene plays the most recklessly of all.
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24. Cc danh t lm chc nng tnh t
Trong ting Anh, rt nhiu danh t c th lm chc nng tnh t khi chng ng trc cc danh t khc
(a wool coat, a gold watch, a history teacher). Danh t ng u ca s kt hp ng vai tr mt tnh
t, m t danh t th 2 (ng vai tr danh t). Tt c cc danh t vi chc nng tnh t lun dng s
t cho d danh t m n b ngha c s nhiu. S kt hp s - danh t lun phi c du gch ngang .
V d:
We took a tour that lasted five weeks.
(Weeks lm chc nng danh t trong cu ny).
We took a five-week tour.
Adj
noun
noun
noun
noun
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He does not have enough money to attend the concert.
noun
Lu :
Danh t m enough b ngha i khi khng cn thit c mt trong cu m khng lm thay i
ngha ca cu.
I forgot my money. Do you have enough?
(ta hiu rng ng ca ngi ni l enough money)
Lu :
Because of c th thay th cho thnh ng due to.
Jan was worried because it had started to rain.
Subject
verb
subject
subject
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Lu :
Mc d trong vn ni c th chp nhn khng c that nhng trong vn vit buc phi c that.
He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.
(n u hc rt chm ch c th qua c k thi)
She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sisters birthday.
Damien is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance.
I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria next summer.
Susan drove to Miami instead of flying so that she could save money.
Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend?
Lu : Khng s dng mt danh t sau so. Cn mun dng danh t th xem cc cu trc di y.
The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation.
Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.
The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more.
The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him.
The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Cc cu trc cha cc b ng cng :
Subject + verb + so +
many
few
The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
I had so few job offers that it wasnt difficult to select one.
Subject + verb + so +
much
little
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Subject + verb + such + a + adjective + dt 2 s t + that ...
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hoc
Subject + verb + so + adjective + a + dt 2 s t + that ...
Lu :
Such + a + adjective thng c dng nhiu hn trong 2 cu trc trn.
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.
Hoc
It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
It was such an interesting book that he couldnt put it down.
Hoc
It was so interesting a book that he couldnt put it down.
dt 2 s nhiu
dt khng 2
They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
dt m c s nhiu
Perry has had such bad luck that hes decided not to gamble.
dt khng m c
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(cc gi hc ca gio s Sands chng bao gi bun t bi v ng y thng a ra nhng bi ging ht
sc th v.)
Nguyn nhn: Professor Sands gives very interesting lectures.
Kt qu : His classes are never boring.
This is such tasty ice cream that Ill have another helping.
(Ti s gi mt sut kem na v n rt ngon.)
Nguyn nhn: The ice cream is very tasty.
Kt qu : Ill have another helping.
My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time.
qu kh
otherwise
+ conditional sentence
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I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer.
qu kh
Nhn xt.
Trong ting Anh hng ngy, ngi ta dng or... else thay th cho otherwise.
Provided/providing (that)
(vi iu kin l, min l )
You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess.
Suppose/ supposing ? = what ... if ...?
(gi s v sao, nu v sao)
Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late?
- T ni ny cn c s dng em ra li gi .
Suppose you ask him = why dont you ask him?
What if Im- tao th th sao no
a ra s thch thc
If only +
Simple present
= hope that
will + verb
Hy vng l...
If only he comes in time (hy vng anh y n ng gi)
If only he will head your advice.
If only +
Simple past
= wish that
past perfect
Gi m - tri vi thc t.
If only he didnt smoke. (but he doesnt)
If only she had come in time. (but she didnt)
if only + would verb - c sao, mong sao
- dng din t mt c mun hin ti
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If only he would drive more slowly (but he drive so fast)
hoc mt c mun v vng tng lai.
If only it would stop raining.
Mong sao tri ng ma na - nhng thc t th tri ang ma rt to.
28. Cu b ng
Cu b ng c s dng nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca tn ng ch khng nhn mnh vo
hnh ng ca ch ng trong cu ch ng.
be + P2
Phng php chuyn i t cu ch ng sang cu b ng.
- a tn ng ca cu ch ng ln lm ch ng. Trong trng hp nu c 2 tn ng ( 1 trc tip, 1
gin tip), mun nhn mnh vo tn ng no th ngi ta a n ln lm ch ng ( nhng thng l tn
ng gin tip lm ch ng).
V d:
I gave him a book.
hay I gave a book to him.
Trong cu ny book l tn ng trc tip, him l tn ng gin tip, ta i:
He was given a book by me.
- Thi ca ng t cu b ng phi tun theo thi ca ng t cu ch ng.
- t by + tn ng mi ng sau tt c cc tn ng khc.
- to be made, to be made of c lm bng - ch mt vt c lm bng 1 th nguyn vt liu.
This table is made of wood.
- to be made from: c lm bng - ch mt vt c lm bng 2 th nguyn vt liu tr ln.
- to be made out of: c lm bng ( dng cho thc phm)
This cake is made out of flour, egg, butter and sugar.
- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be, cn phn t 2 gi nguyn (xem cc cng
thc di y.)
present
complement
be
past participle
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Subject
past
complement
be
past participle
present progressive
complement
subject
auxiliary
be
past participle
past progressive
complement
auxiliary
be
past participle
present perfect
complement
auxiliary
be
past participle
Ch ng : The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike began.
subject
past perfect
complement
B ng : Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before the strike began.
Singular subject
auxiliary be
past participle
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Subject
modal + verb
complement
modal
be past participle
modal + perfect
modal + have + been + [ verb in past participle]
modal + perfect
complement
modal
have
be
past participle
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hoc I want it repaired and cleaned.
To make smb do smth = to force smb to do smth
( buc ai phi lm g.)
V d:
The robber forced the teller to give him the money.
= The robber made the teller give him the money.
ng t to make v to cause cn c dng theo mu sau:
To make/ to cause
smb
smth
+ P2
29.2 Let
Let thng c b sung v danh sch cc ng t gy nguyn nhn trong cc sch ng php. Nhng
thc cht th n khng phi l ng t gy nguyn nhn. N ngha l allow hay permit. Ta huy lu s
khc nhau v mt ng php khi s dng to let v to allow hay permit.
Let sb do smth = to
permit
allow
sb to do smth
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V d:
John let his daughter swim with her friends.
(John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.)
(John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.)
The teacher let the students leave class early.
The policeman let the suspect make one phone call.
Dr. Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday.
Mrs. Binion let her son spend the night with a friend.
We are going to let her write the letter.
Mr. Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings.
29.3 Help
Help thc cht cng khng phi l mt ng t gy nguyn nhn, nhng ni chung c xem xt cng
vi cc ng t gy nguyn nhn trong cc sch ng php. N thng i vi ng t dng simple
form (tc l ng t nguyn th b to), nhng c th i vi ng t nguyn th trong mt s trng
hp.
To help smb
to do smth
do smth
(gip ai lm g)
V d:
John helped Mary wash the dishes.
Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a taxi.
The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials.
- Nu tn ng sau help l mt i t v nhn xng mang ngha ngi ta th ngi ta b i v v b lun
c to ca ng t ng sau.
V d:
This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly.
- Nu tn ng ca help v tn ng th 2 ca ng t ng sau trng hp nhau th ngi ta b tn ng
sau help v b lun c to ca ng t ng sau.
V d:
The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation.
30. Ba ng t c bit
- l nhng ng t m ngha ca chng s hi bin i nu ng t ng sau tn ng ca n l mt
nguyn th b to hay verbing.
hear
to watch somebody do something
- Hnh ng trn vn t u ti cui.
see
hear
to watch somebody doing something - Hnh ng c tnh nht thi, khng trn vn.
see
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V d:
I didnt hear the telephone ring.
I didnt hear the telephone ringing.
I see her sing./ I see her singing.
31.3 Who lm ch ng ca cu ph
N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt ng trc n v lm ch ng ca cu ph. Do , n
khng th b i c.
Lu : Tuyt i khng c dng that thay cho who trong trng hp ny mc d n c th c
chp nhn trong vn ni.
31.4 Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph
N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt ng ngay trc n nhng lm tn ng ca cu ph.
Do , n c th b i c.
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V d:
The man (whom) I dont like are angry.
Lu : Tuyt i khng c dng who thay th cho whom trong vn vit mc d trong vn ni c th
c chp nhn.
- Nu whom l tn ng ca 1 ng ng t bao gm 1 ng t + 1 gii t, th li vit hon chnh nht l
a gii t ln trn whom.
V d:
He is the man to whom I talked yesterday.
Hoc
The man to whom you have just talked is the chairman of the company.
- Tuy nhin, nu whom l tn ng ca 1 ng ng t bao gm 1 ng t + 2 gii t, th lut trn khng
c tun theo. Hai gii t vn phi t ng sau ng t.
V du:
The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.
dependent clause
main verb
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- Trong mnh ph khng bt buc, danh t ng ng trc i t quan h thay th b ngn cch vi
n bi 1 du phy khng b xc nh hoc gii hn bi mnh ph (tng ng vi ngha ting
vit tt c).
V d:
The travellers, who knew about the flood, took another road.
(all the travellers knew about the flood...)
The wine, that was in the cellar, was ruined.
(all the wine in the cellar ...)
31.7 Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which.
Khng c s dng i t nhn xng tn ng trong loi cu ny.
V d:
Her sons, both of whom are working abroad, ring her up everynight.
The buses, all of which are full of passingers, begin pulling out of the station.
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The beaker on the counter contains a solution.
Trc mt cu trc ng t th tip din.
V d:
The girl who is running down the street might be in trouble.
Hoc
The girl running down the street might be in trouble.
Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th loi b i t quan h thay th v ng t chnh,
thay vo bng 1 Ving nu nh i t quan h ng st ngay danh t m n b ngha.
V d:
Weeds that float on the surface should be removed before they decay.
Weeds floating on the surface should be removed before they decay.
- i vi mnh ph khng bt buc ta c th loi b i t quan h v ng t to be khi n ng
trc mt ng danh t, nhng phn ng danh t cn li vn phi ng trong 2 du phy.
V d:
Mr. Jackson, who is a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
hoc
Mr. Jackson, a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
- Ngoi ra, ta cn c th loi b i t quan h v ng t chnh v thay vo bng 1 Ving khi n i
b ngha cho 1 tn ng.
V d:
The president made a speech for the famous man who visited him.
Hay
The president made a speech for the famous man visiting him.
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The plane crashed, its bombs exploding when it hit the ground.
Lu : Cc trng hp trn y thng c dng trong vn vit.
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Neednt + have + P2
(l ra khng cn phi)
V d:
You neednt have hurried, we still have enough time now.
V d:
It is well known that many residents of third world countries are dying.
Hay
That many residents of third world countries are dying is well known.
Lu : Nu mt cu bt u bng 1 mnh that, ta phi chc chn rng c 2 mnh cng cha 1
ng t.
It surprises me that John would do such a thing.
Hay
That John would do such a thing surprises me.
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It wasnt believed until the fifteenth century that the earth revolves around the sun.
hay
That the earth revolves around the sun wasnt believed until the fifteenth century.
It is obvious that the Williams boy is abusing drugs.
Hay
That the Williams boy is abusing drugs is obvious.
Nhn xt: Ch ng gi it thng c dng trong vn ni cn that ng u cu c dng trong vn
vit.
36. Cu gi nh
L loi cu m ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mt vic g cho mnh, nhng lm hay khng cn
tu thuc vo pha ngi th 2.
demand
insist
move
order
prefer
propose
recommend
request
require
stipulate
suggest
urge
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36.3 Cu gi nh dng vi tnh t
Cc tnh t dng trong cu gi nh gm cc tnh t trong bng di y.
advised
important
mandatory
necessary
obligatory
proposed
recommended
required
suggested
urgent
imperative
Trong cng thc sau, adjective ch nh mt trong cc tnh t c trong bng trn.
it + be + adjective + that + subject + [verb in simple form ]...
( any tense)
Mt s v d:
It is necessary that he find the books.
It was urgent that she leave at once.
It has been proposed that we change the topic.
It is important that you remember this question.
It has been suggested that he forget the election.
It was recommended that we wait for the authorities.
Trong mt s trng hp c th dng danh t tng ng vi cc tnh t trn theo cng thc sau.
it + be + noun + that + subject + [verb in simple form ]...
( any tense)
V d:
It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking.
If need be : nu cn
V d:
If need be we can take another road.
- Dng vi if this be trong trng hp mun nu ra mt gi nh t pha ngi ni nhng khng tht
chc chn lm v kh nng.
V d:
If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent.
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36.5 Cu gi nh dng vi it is time
It is time (for smb) to do smth : u n lc phi lm g. (thi gian va vn, khng a ra gi nh)
V d:
It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time).
Nhng:
It is time
It is high time
subject + simple past
(u n lc - gi nh thi gian n tr mt cht)
It is about time
Nhn xt: High/ about c dng trc time thm vo nhn mnh.
V d:
Its high time I left for the airport.
(it is a little bit late)
37. Li ni bao hm
l li ni kt hp 2 trong cu li lm mt thng qua mt s thnh ng.
37.1 Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m cn)
Cc thnh phn i sau 2 thnh ng ny phi tng ng vi nhau v mt ng php, tc l danh - danh,
tnh t - tnh t...
Noun
adj
adv
ng gii t
+ but also +
noun
adj
adv
ng gii t
Lu : Thng thng thnh phn sau but also s quyt nh thnh phn sau not only.
V d:
He is not only handsome but also talented.
tnh t
tnh t
Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin.
Danh t
danh t
adv
ng gii t
Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music.
ng t
ng t
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noun
adj
Subject + verb + not only +
adv
ng gii t
+ but also +
noun
adj
adv
ng gii t
hoc
subject + verb + as well as + verb ...
V d:
Robert is talented as well as handsome.
Tnh t
tnh t
danh t
ph t
ng gii t
ng t
tnh t
danh t
ph t
ng gii t
ng t
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38. Cch s dng to know v to know how
Nhng cng thc sau y lin quan ti cch s dng ng t know. Know how lun c s dng
ch mt ai c k nng hay kh nng lm vic g. V vy, n thng c i theo bi mt ng t, v
khi , ng t phi dng nguyn th c to.
Subject + know how to do smth : bit cch lm g nh th no.
Tuy nhin sau to know cn c th l mt danh t, mt ng gii t hoc mt cu hon chnh.
subject + know +
danh t
ng gii t
cu
Tuy nhin ng sau to know how vn c th dng 1 mnh hon chnh ch kh nng gii quyt
hoc vic bt buc phi lm.
V d:
At a glance, he knew how he could solve this math problem.
Seeing the weather map, the pilot knew how he had to fly at which line.
Mt s th d:
Bill knows how to play tennis well.
Maggie and her sister know how to prepare Chinese food.
Do you know how to get to Jerrys house from here ?
Jason knew the answer to the teachers question.
No one knows about Roys accepting the new position.
I didnt know that you were going to France.
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39.2 although, even though, though
ng sau 3 thnh ng ny phi dng mt cu hon chnh khng c dng mt ng danh t.
Although
even though
though
V d:
Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades.
Lu : Nu though ng cui cu, tch ra khi cu bng 1 du phy. Khi ni hi dng li mt cht,
lc n tng ng vi ngha tuy nhin (however).
V d:
He promised to call me, but till now I havent received any call from him, though.
Mt s th d b tr
In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic.
The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to.
Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic.
The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections.
Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep.
She attended the class although she did not feel alert.
rise
lie
sit
Raise
lay
set
Ni ng t
risen
rose
lain
lay
sat
sat
Ngoi ng t
raised
raised
laid
laid
set
set
rising
lying
sitting
raising
laying
setting
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It must be late; the moon has risen.
Prices have risen more than ten percent in a very short time.
TO RAISE (smb, sth) - Nng ai, ci g ln - ng t i hi 1 tn ng.
V d:
The students raise their hands in class.
The weighlifter raises the barbell over its head.
The crane raised the car out of the lake.
After studying very hard, John raised his grades substantially.
Mr. Daniels has raised his tenants rent another fifteen dollars.
The OPEC have raised the price of oil.
TO LIE : ti , nm.
- To lie in : ti ni no.
- To lie down : nm xung
- To lie on : nm trn.
ng t ny rt d nhm ln vi to lie (ni di) phi phn bit n vi to lie trong mu cu : To lie to
smb.
V d:
The university lies in the Western section of town.
If the children are tired, they should lie down for a nap.
Maria Elena lay on the beach for three hours yesterday sunbathing.
( trong cu ny hnh ng sunbath xy ra song song vi vic nm trn bui bin nn dng sunbathing nh phn l thuyt trn u trnh by)
The old dog just lay on the grass watching the children at play.
( 2 hnh ng nm v xem xy ra ng thi nn dng watching....)
Dont disturb Mary; she has lain down for a rest.
That old rug had lain in the corner for many years before it was put in the garage.
TO LAY (smth, smb): t, ai , ci g ln trn b mt
- To lay on : t trn.
- To lay in : t vo.
- To lay down : t xung.
Lu : Nguyn th v hin ti ca ng t ny rt d nhm ln vi thi qu kh ca ng t to lie, cn
phn bit chng theo ng cnh.
V d:
Dont lay your clothes on the bed.
The boy lays his books on the table every day.
The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons and surrendered.
= The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons surrendering.
The children laid their toys on the floor when they had finished using them.
The students had laid their composition on the teachers desk before the bell rang.
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The nurse laid the baby in crib.
TO SIT : ngi
- To sit in : ngi trong, ngi .
- To sit on : ngi trn.
- To sit down : ngi xung.
V d:
We are going to sit in the fifth row at the opera.
Bullfight fans sit in the shade because it is cool.
Because the weather was nice, we sat on the patio.
After swimming, Bob sat on the beach to dry off.
Nobody has sat through as many boring lectures as Peter has.
They have sat in the same position for 2 hours.
Lu : Khng c nhm ln ng t ny vi to seat ( c sc cha, c ch ngi)
V d: This studium can seat 100.000 people.
TO SET : t ( tng ng vi to put).
Lu : ng t ny rt d ln pht m vi simple past ca to sit ( sat).
V d:
The little girl helps her father (to) set the table every night.
The carpenters set their tools in the box at noon and go to lunch.
The botanist set her plants in the sun so that they would grow.
After carrying her son from the car, the mother set him in his crib.
Dont set the chocolate near the oven or it will melt.
No sooner had they set the roast in the oven, than the electricity went out.
Mt s thnh ng dng vi cc ng t ny.
To lay off (workers, employees) - Dun th, cho ngh bt, cho tm ngh.
To raise ( plants, animals) for a living: Trng cy, nui gia sc kim sng.
V d :
That farmer raises chickens for a living.
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He agrees to my leaving early tomorrow morning.
Mean to do smth: c nh lm g.
V d:
I mean to get to the top of the mount before sunrise.
Propose to do smth: c nh lm g.
V d:
I propose to start tomorrow.
Go on to do smth: Tip tc lm g (vn cng mt ch nhng chuyn sang mt kha cnh khc).
V d:
He goes on to tell about his accident on the trip.
He shows the position of the Island on the map and goes on to talk about its climate.
Phn II
42. S ho hp ca thi ng t.
Trong mt cu ting Anh c 2 thnh phn th thi ca ng t 2 thnh phn phi ho hp vi
nhau. Thi ca ng t mnh chnh s quyt nh thi ca mnh ph.
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MAIN CLAUSE
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Simple present
Present progressive
Simple present
Simple past
Past progressive
Simple past
Past perfect
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Hnh ng ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh li su vo trong qu kh.
V d:
I hoped he had arrived safely.
They thought he had been here last night.
Tell
a story
a joke
a secret
a lie (lies)
the truth
(the) time
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Cu sai : George dislikes politics because he believes that they are corrupt.
(i t they khng c tin s trong cu ny. Politics l s it, v vy they khng th m ch
ti n.)
Cu ng: George dislikes politics because he believes that politicians are corrupt.
Hoc l
George dislikes pliticians because he believes that they are corrupt.
Cc v d v i t c tin s khng r rng:
Cu sai : Mr. Brown told Mr. Adams that he would have to work all night in order to finish the report.
(Khng r rng l he m ch ti Mr. Brown hay Mr. Adams.)
Cu ng : According to Mr.Brown, Mr. Adams will have to work all night in order to finish the report.
Hoc l
Mr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report, Mr. Adams would have to work all night.
Cu sai : Janet visited her friend every day while she was on vacation.
(i t she c th m ch ti c Janet ln bn ca c y)
Cu ng : While Janet was on vacation, she visited her friend every day.
+ (verb) ...
your
V d:
If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.
You should always do your homework.
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If one takes this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.
Ngi th 3
Ngi th 2
If one takes this exam without studying, they are likely to fail.
S t
S nhiu
Cc v d b tr cho c 2 dng:
One should never tell his secrets to a gossip if he wishes them to remain secret.
You should always look both ways before you cross the street.
If ones knowledge of English is complete, he will be able to pass TOEFL.
If you do not want your test scores reported, you must request that they be canceled.
One should always remember his family.
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Nu being hoc having m u cu ph th ng trc chng n gii t because.
V d:
Having a terrible toothache, Felipe had to call his dentist for an appointment.
= Because Felipe had a terrible toothache, he had to call his dentist for an appointment.
Nu mun dng ph nh t not trc verbing sau gii t (xem cng thc).
(Preposition) + (not ) +[verb + ing] ... + noun +verb ...
Nn nh rng thi ca hnh ng mnh chnh s quyt nh thi ca hnh ng mnh ph.
Hai hnh ng xy ra song song cng mt lc (cng thc trn).
V d:
Hin ti: Practicing her swing everyday, Tricia hopes to get a job as a golf instructor.
Qu kh : Having a terrible toothache, Felipe called the dentist for an appointment.
Tng lai : Finishing the letter later tonight, Sally will mail it tomorrow morning.
Trong trng hp hnh ng ca mnh chnh ln mnh ph u xy ra qu kh m hnh ng
ca mnh ph xy ra trc hnh ng ca mnh chnh th cng thc s l:
(not) + having + P2 ..., Subject + simple past
ng trc c n 2 gii t because v after, vic hiu 2 gii t ny tu thuc vo ng cnh ca cu.
V d:
Having finished their supper, the boys went out to play.
(After the boys had finihed their supper, they went out to play.)
Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher.
(After Louie had written his composition, he handed it to his teacher.)
Not having read the book, she could not answer the question.
(Because she had not read the book, she could not answer the question.)
Nu hnh ng ca mnh ph th b ng th cng thc s l:
(not) + having been + P2 ..., Subject +simple past
V d:
Having been notified by the court, Melissa reported for jury duty.
(After Melissa had been notified, she reported for jury duty.)
Having been delayed by the snowstorm, Jason and I missed our connecting flight.
(After we had been delayed by the snowstorm, we missed the connecting flight.)
Not having been notified of the change in meeting times, George arrived late.
(Because George had not been notified of the change in meeting times, he arrived late.)
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46.2 Phn t 2 m u mnh ph ch b ng
Xut pht t cu trc trn ( th b ng ) ngi ta b having been i v ch gi li Past participle (P2)
Incorrect : Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, some archaeologists estimated that the three million
year old fossils were the oldest human remains to be discovered.
Correct : Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, the three million year old fossils were estimated to be
the oldest human remains to be discovered.
Incorrect : Attacked by an angry mob, the gashes in the boys throat were life-threatening.
(Lu rng attacked c cng ngha vi having been attacked. Ch ng thc ca ng t
attacked l the boy; v vy, vic m ch ti n phi xut hin ngay sau du phy.)
Correct : Attacked by an angry mob, the boy suffered life-threatening gashes in his throat.
Hnh ng phi th ch ng
Hnh ng phi th b ng
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48. Tha (redundancy)
Mt cu trong thng tin trong cu c lp li m khng cn thit c gi l tha. Sau y l mt
s cm t tha m ta cn bit trnh s dng.
Advance forward
Proceed forward
Progress forward
return back
revert back
sufficent enough
compete together
Repeat again
new innovations
matinee performance
same identical
Cc t ny ng ngha.
two twins
Mt s v d:
The army advanced after the big battle.
Hay
The army moved forward after the big battle.
The peace talks advanced.
Hay
The peace talks progressed.
We have sufficent money to buy the new dress.
They have enough time to eat a sandwich before going to work.
The teacher proceeded to explain the lesson.
John and his brother are competing in the running games.
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The teacher asked us to join the students who were cleaning the room.
Mary repeated the question slowly so that Jim would understand.
Besides the two evening showings, there will also be a matinee.
The reason I want to take that class is that the professor is supposed to be very eloquent.
(L do ti tham d vo lp hc l ng gio s rt c ti hng bin.)
This is where I left him.
That was the time I hit a home run.
Ph b ngoc kp, chuyn i ton b cc i t nhn xng theo ngi ch ng th nht sang i t
nhn xng ngi th 3.
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DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Simple present
Simple past
Present progressive
Past progressive
Present perfect
Past perfect
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(Progressive)
(Progressive)
Simple past
Past perfect
will /shall
would / should
Can / may
Could / might
Bng i cc loi t khc.
This, these
That, those
here, overhere
there, overthere
today
that day
yesterday
tomorrow
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50.3 ng t vi tn ng trc tip v tn ng gin tip.
Trong ting Anh c nhng loi ng t (trong bng sau)c 2 tn ng v ng thi cng c 2 cch
dng.
Bring
build
buy
cut
draw
feed
tell
find
get
give
hand
leave
lend
write
make
offer
owe
paint
pass
pay
promiss
read
sell
send
show
teach
- Cch dng gin tip t tn ng trc tip sau ng t ri n gii t for, to v tn ng gin tip (cng
thc sau.)
for
Subject + verb + tn ng trc tip +
+ tn ng gin tip
to
- Cch dng trc tip t tn ng gin tip ngay sau ng t v sau n tn ng trc tip, gii t to
v for mt i, cng thc sau:
Subject + verb + tn ng gin tip + tn ng gin tip
- Nu c 2 tn ng u l i t nhn xng th khng c dng cng thc trc tip (tc l cng thc
th nht c s dng).
V d:
Correct : They gave it to us.
Incorrect: They gave us it.
- ng t to introduce v to mention khng bao gi c dng cng thc trc tip m phi dng cng
thc gin tip.
To introduce sb/smth to sb
to mention smth to sb
Mt s th d b tr
John gave the essay to his teacher.
John gave his teacher the essay.
The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother.
The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers.
I fixed a drink for Maria.
I fixed Maria a drink.
He drew a picture for his mother.
He drew his mother a picture.
He lent his car to his bother.
He lent his brother his car.
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We owe several thousand dollars to the bank.
We owe the bank several thousand dollars.
51. Ph t o ln u cu
Trong ting Anh c nhng trng hp ph t khng ng v tr bnh thng ca n m o ln ng
u cu nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca ch ng.
Trong trng hp ng php c thay i, ng sau ph t ng u cu l tr ng t ri mi n
ch ng v ng t chnh (cng thc sau).
hardly
rarely
seldom
never
only ...
V d :
Never have so many people been unemployed as today.
Ph t tr ng t
ch ng
ng t
tt ch ng ng t
we
tr ng t ch ng ng t
tr ng t
ch ng
ng t
we
tr ng t ch ng ng t
(We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.)
Mt s cc ph t c bit ng u cu
IN/ UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES : D trong hon cnh no cng khng.
V d:
In / under no circumstances should you lend him the money.
(d trong bt c trng hp no anh cng khng nn cho n vay tin.)
ON NO ACCOUNT : D bt c l do no cng khng.
V d:
On no account must this switch be toughed.
(d vi bt c l do no anh cng khng c ng vo cm ny)
SO + ADJ + AUXILIARY + S + V + THAT. .... n ni m ....
V d:
So difficult did she get a job that she had to stay home for an year.
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So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its possible 3,500 passengers. (Nhng ngi ch ca con tu u qu tin tng n ni m h ch trang b xung cu m cho
950 trong s 3,500 hnh khch m con tu c th ti c - chch trong bi c v tu Titanic).
(C y kim c vic lm mt cch kh khn n ni c y u phi ngi nh 1 nm tri)
ONLY IN THIS WAY : Ch c bng cch ny.
V d:
Only in this way could you solve the problem.
(Ch c bng cch ny th cu mi gii c vn hc ba ny.)
NAGATIVE, ... , NOR + AUXILIARY + S + V.... ( ... m cng chng/ m cng khng ...)
V d:
He didnt have any money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.
( N chng cn ng no c m n cng chng bit ai m n c th hi vay.)
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4. Trnh nhng cu tr li c ting lng.
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Ci th 2, ngi th 2 >< ci th nht, ngi th nht.
V d:
Germany and England both developed dirigibles for use during World war II, the latter primarily for
coastal reconnaissance. (latter = England).
LOOSE (adj) : lng >< tight : cht
V d:
after dieting, Marcy found that her clothes had become so loose that she had to buy a new wardrobe.
LOSE (v) :
1- nh mt, tht lc.
V d:
Mary lost her glasses last week.
2- thua, tht bi.
V d:
If Harry doesnt practice his tennis more, he may lose the match.
Passed (v - qu kh ca pass) :
1- tri qua, qua i.
V d:
Five hours passed before the jury reached its verdict.
2- i qua, i ngang qua.
V d:
While we were sitting in the park, several of our friends passed us.
3- thnh cng, vt qua c.
V d:
The students are happy that they passed their exams.
PAST (adj) :
1- u qua, d vung.
V d:
This past week has been very hectic for the students returning to the university.
2- trc y.
V d:
In the past, he had been a cook, a teacher, and a historian.
PEACE (n) : ho bnh, s trt t, s yn n, s yn lng, s thanh bnh.
V d:
Peace was restored to the community after a week of rioting.
PIECE (n) : Mt mu, 1 mnh.
V d:
Heidi ate a piece of chocolate cake for dessert.
PRINCIPAL (n) :
1- hiu trng (trng tiu hc v trung hc).
V d:
The principal called a faculty meeting.
(adj) 2- chnh, ch yu.
V d:
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An anthropologist, who had worked with the indigenous tribes in Australia, was the principal speaker
at Fridays luncheon.
PRINCIPLE (n) : Nguyn tc, lut l.
V d:
Mr. Connors is a man who believes that truthfulness is the best principle.
QUIET (adj) : yn ng, yn , im lng,tnh mch.
V d:
The night was so quiet that you could hear the breeze blowing.
QUITE (adv) : 1- hon ton.
V d:
Louise is quite capable of taking over the household chores while her mother is away.
2- hi, mt cht.
V d:
He was quite tired after his first day of classes.
QUIT (v) : dng.
V d:
Herman quit smoking on his doctors advice.
STATIONARY (adj) : c nh, khng di chuyn, tnh ti.
V d:
The weatherman said that the warm front would be stationary for several days.
STATIONERY (n) : Giy vit c bit, vn phng phm.
V d:
Lucille used only monogrammed stationary for correspondence.
THAN (lin t) : c s dng trong cu so snh hn.
V d:
Todays weather is better than yesterdays.
THEN (adj) : sau ( c dng sau 1 thi im u c cp).
V d:
First, Julie filled out her schedule; then, she paid her fees.
THEIR (adj) : tnh t s hu s nhiu.
V d:
Their team scored the most points during the game.
THERE (adv) : 1- , ng kia.
V d:
Look over there between the trees.
2- c s dng vi be ch ra s hin din, s c mt, s tn ti.
V d:
There is a book on the teachers desk.
THEYRE (i t + ng t): vit tt ca they are.
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V d:
Theyre leaving on the noon flight to Zurich.
TO (gii t) : i ti, cho ti, ti tn lc.
V d:
Go to the blackboard and write out the equation.
TWO (n hoc adj) - hai.
V d:
Two theories have been proposed to explain that incident.
TOO (adv)
1- qu.
V d:
This morning was too cold for the children go to swimming.
2- cng, cng vy.
V d:
Jane went to the movie, and we did too.
WEATHER (n): thi tit.
V d:
Our flight was delayed because of bad weather.
WHETHER (lin t): nn chng (ch ra 1 la chn).
V d:
Because of gas shortage, we do not know whether we will go away for our vacation or stay home.
WHOSE (i t) - tnh t hay i t quan h s hu.
V d:
The person whose name is drawn first will win the grand prize.
WHOS ( i t quan h + ng t) : vit tt ca who + is hoc who + has.
V d:
Whos (who is) your new biology professor ?
Scott is the attorney whos (who has) been reviewing this case.
YOUR (adj) - s hu ca you.
V d:
We are all happy about your accepting the position with the company in Baltimore.
YOURE (i t + ng t) - Vit tt ca you + are.
V d:
Youre going to enjoy the panorama from the top of the hill.
Cc t c im ging nhau d nhm ln.
ACCEPT (v) : chp nhn.
V d:
Professor Perez will accept the chairmanship of the humanities department.
EXCEPT (gt) : ngoi tr (1 vt hay 1 ngi).
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V d:
Everyone is going to the convention exept Bob.
ACCESS (n) : sn c, cch truy cp vo.
V d:
The teacher had no access to the studentsfiles, which were locked in the principals office.
EXCESS (adj) : 1- di do, phong ph, d tha.
We paid a surcharge on our excess baggage.
(n)
2- Lng b xung, ph.
V d:
The demand for funds was in excess of the actual need.
ADVICE (n) : li khuyn, t vn.
V d:
If you heed the teachers advice, you will do well in your studies.
ADVISE (v) : a ra li khuyn, hoc t vn.
The Congress advised the president against signing the treaty at that time.
AFFECT (v) : Tc ng.
V d:
The doctors wanted to see how the medication would affect the patient.
EFFECT (n) :
1- Kt qu hoc hu qu.
V d:
The children suffered no ill effects from their long plane ride.
(v)
2- To hiu qu.
V d:
To effect a change in city government we must all vote on Tuesday.
Again (adv): 1 ln na, lp li ( 1 hnh ng).
V d:
Mike wrote to the publishers again, inquiring about his manuscript.
AGAINST (gii t) : 1- chng li, phn i ai hoc ci g .
V d:
The athletic director was against our dancing in the new gym.
2- k bn, bn cnh.
V d:
The boy standing against the piano is my cousin Bill.
ALREADY (adv) : sn sng.
V d:
Jans plane had already landed before we got to the airport.
ALL READY (noun + adj): u chn b sn sng lm g.
V d:
We are all ready to go boating.
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AMONG (gii t): Ch ra mi quan h trong (hoc s la chn t) 3 hay nhiu ngi (nhiu vt) trong s.
V d:
It was difficult to select a winner from among so many contestants.
BETWEEN (gii t) : ch ra mi quan h (s la chn) gia 2 thc th.
V d:
Between writing her book and teaching, Mary Ellen had litte time for anything else.
Lu : cu trc between ... and cng c th c dng ch v tr chnh xc ca 1 quc gia nm gia
cc quc gia khc.
V d:
Vitnam lies between China, laos and cambodia.
BESIDE (gii t) : bn cnh .
V d:
There is a small table beside the bed.
BESIDES (gii t hoc ph t): ngoi ra, cng, hn na.
V d:
I have five history books here besides the four that I left at home.
ASIDE (adv) : t sang 1 bn.
V d:
Harry sets money aside every payday for his daughters education.
COMPARE (V) + WITH: so vi ( ch ra s ging nhau, s tng ng).
V d:
Sue compared her new school with the last one she had attended.
CONTRAST (V) + WITH: ch ra s tng phn (khc nhau).
V d:
In her composition, Marta chose to contrast life in a big city with that of a small town.
CONSECUTIVE (adj) : Lin tc ( khng c tnh ngt quung).
V d:
Today is the tenth consecutive day of unbearable heat wave.
SUCCESSIVE (adj) : lin tc (c tnh ngt quung).
V d:
The United States won gold medals in two successive Olympic Games.
CONSIDERABLE (adj): ng k.
V d:
Even thought Marge had considerable experience in the field, she was not hired for the job.
CONSIDERATE (adj): lch s, n cn, chu o, hay quan tm ti ngi khc.
V d:
It was very considerate of Harry to send his hostess a bouquet of flowers.
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CREDIBLE (adj) : c th tin c.
V d:
His explanation of the rescue at sea seemed credible.
CREDITABLE (adj) : v vang, ng ca ngi, ng khen.
V d:
The firemans daring rescue of those trapped in the burning was a creditable deed.
Vic ngi lnh cu ho dm xng vo cu nhng ngi b nht trong m chy l vic lm ng khen
ngi.
CREDULOUS (adj): c tin, nh da.
V d:
Rita is so credulous that she will accept any excuse you offer.
DETRACT (v) : lm gim (gi tr, uy tn).
V d:
Mollys nervousness detracted from her singing.
DISTRACT (v) : lm lung qun, lm mt tp trung.
V d:
Please dont distract your father while he is balancing the chequebook.
DEVICE (n): mt pht minh hay 1 k hoch, thit b, dng c, my mc.
V d:
This is a clever device for cleaning fish without getting pinched by the scales.
DEVISE (v) : ngh ra, sng ch ra.
V d:
The general devised a plan for attacking the enemy camp at night while the soldiers were celebrating.
ELICIT (v) : rt ra, moi ra, thu hi li, rt li
V d:
The prosecutors barrage of questions finally elicited the truth from the witness.
ILLICIT (adj) : bt hp php.
V d:
The politicians illicit dealings with organized crime caused him to lose his government position.
EMIGRANT (n) : ngi di c (ng t l Emigrate from : di c t).
V d:
After world war II, many emigrants left Europe to go to the United States.
IMMIGRANT (n) : ngi nhp c (ng t l Immigrate into ).
V d:
The United States is a country composed of immigrants.
EXAMPLE (n) : th d, dn chng.
V d:
Picassos Guermica is an excellent example of expressionism in art.
SAMPLE (n) : mu.
V d:
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My niece loves to go to supermarket because the dairy lady always gives her a sample of cheese.
FORMERLY (adv) : trc y.
V d:
He formerly worked as a professor, but now he is a physicist.
FORMALLY (adj) 1- t chnh (n mc).
V d:
At the resort we were required to dress formally for dinner every night.
ni ng ngi ngi ta yu cu chng ti n mc chnh t vo tt c cc ba n ti.
2- chnh thc.
V d:
She has formally requested a name change.
HARD (adj): 1- kh.
V d: The test was so hard that nobody passed.
2- cng.
V d: The stadiums seats were hard, so we rented a cushion.
3- (ph t) chm ch, rt n lc.
V d: They worked hard on the project.
HARDLY (adv) : hu nh khng.
V d: He had so much work to do after the vacation that he hardly knew where to begin.
HELPLESS (adj) : V vng, tuyt vng.
I could not speak their language, I felt helpless trying to understand the tourists plight.
USELESS (adj) : v dng.
An umbrella is useless in a hurricane.
s tr nn v dng trong trn buo.
HOUSE (n) v Home (n) : nhiu khi c s dng ln ln, nhng c s khc bit v ng ngha.
1- House m ch ti to nh hoc cng trnh kin trc.
The Chapmans are building a new house in Buckingham Estates.
2- Home m ch ti bu khng kh trong ngi nh. Home l ni tri tim .
IMAGINARY (adj): Tng tng, khng c tht.
Since Ralph has no brother or sisters, he has created an imaginary playmate.
IMAGINATIVE (adj) : phong ph tr tng tng, giu tr tng tng.
Star Wars was created by an highly imaginatve writer.
IMMORTAL (adj) : bt t.
The immortal works of Shakespeare are still being read and enjoyed three centuries after their writing.
IMMORAL (adj) : tri vi lun thng o l, i bi.
Their immoral behavior in front of the students cost the teachers their jobs.
IMPLICIT (adj) : ngm, n tng, tim tng, tuyt i, hon ton.
Our supervisor has implicit faith in our ability to finish the project on time.
Ngi gim st d n c nim tin tuyt i vo kh nng hon tt d n ng thi hn ca chng ti.
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EXPLICIT (adj) : r rng, chnh xc.
The professor gave explicit instructions for carrying out the research project.
INDUSTRIAL (adj) : [thuc] cng nghip.
Paul had an industrial accident and wa in the hospital for three months.
INDUSTRIOUS (adj): cn c, sing nng.
Mark was such an industrious student that he received a four-year scholarship to the university.
INFLICT (v) : kt n, bt phi chu.
Because the prisoners had created a riot and had assaulted several guards, the warden inflicted several
punishments on all the participants.
AFFLICT (v) : lm su nuo, lm au kh.
During the Middle Ages, millions of people were afflicted by the plague.
(vo thi trung c, hng triu ngi u b ngu bnh v nn dch.)
INSPIRATION (n): cm hng (sng to, hc tp, khm ph).
Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the phonograph, said that an idea was ninety-nine percent perspiration
and one percent inspiration.
(Thomas A. Edison, nh pht minh ra chic kn, ni rng 1 tng l 99% m hi cng sc v ch
1% cm hng sng to).
ASPIRATION (n) :
1- kht vng, nguyn vng.
Gails lifelong aspiration has been that of becoming a doctor.
2- s ht th.
To pronounce certain words, proper aspiration is necessary.
INTELLIGENT (adj) : thng minh.
Dan was so intelligent that he received good grades without ever having to study.
INTELLIGIBLE (adj) : d dng, d hiu.
The science teachers explanations were so intelligible that students had no problems doing their assignments.
INTELLECTUAL (n) : 1- tr thc.
Because Fabian is an intellectual, he finds it difficult to associate with his
classmates who are less intelligent.
2- (adj): khn ngoan, ti tr, uyn bc.
John was involved in an intellectual conversation with his old professor.
INTENSE (adj) : mnh, d di, munh lit.
Last winters intense cold almost depleted the natural gas supply.
INTENSIVE (adj) : mnh, su, tp trung.
Before going to Mexico, Phil took an intensive course in Spanish.
LATE (adj, adv):
1-khng ng gi, mun.
Professor Carmichael hates to see his students arrive late.
2- (adj) qu c.
Her late husband was the author of that book.
LATELY (adv) : gn y.
I havent seen Burt lately. He must be extremely busy with his research.
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LEARN (v) : hc.
The new cashier had to learn how to operate the computerised cash register.
TEACH (v) : dy.
The instructor is teaching us how to program computers.
LEND (v) v LOAN (v) : cho vay - c th dng ln c.
Jill loaned (lend) me her red dress to wear to the dance.
BORROW (v) : vay.
I borrowed Jills red dress to wear to the dance.
LIQUEFY (v) : tan ra, chy ra.
The ice cream began to liquefy in the intense heat.
LIQUIDATE (v) : tr kh, thanh ton, thanh l.
The foreign agent tried to liquidate the traitor before he passed the information to his contacts.
LONELY (adj) : c n..
After her husbands death, Debbie was very lonely and withdrawn.
Sau ci cht ca chng, Debbie rt c n v kh tnh.
ALONE (adj) : mt mnh.
After losing in the Olympic tryouts, Phil asked to be left alone.
Near (gii t hoc ph t): gn.
My biology class meets near the Student Union.
Nearly (adv): hu ht, gn nh, sut na.
We were nearly hit by the speeding car on the turnpike.
Chng ti sut na th b mt xe tc cao hc vo trn xa l.
Observation (n): s quan st, s theo di.
The ancient Egyptians observation of the heavently bodies helped them know when to plant and harvest.
Observance (n): s tun theo, s tun th, nghi thc, nghi l.
There will be numerous parades and displays of the fireworks in observance of Independece Day.
Persecute (v) : ngc ui, hnh h.
Throughout history many people have been persecuted for their religious beliefs.
Prosecute (v): truy t.
Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.
Preceed (v): ng trc.
Weather Service warnings preceeded the hurricane.
Proceed (v): tip tc (mt cng vic b b d).
After the fire drill, the teacher proceeded to explain the experiment to the physics class.
Quantity (n) : s lng (c dng vi danh t khng m c).
A large quantity of sand was removed before the archeologists found the prehistoric animal bones.
Number (n): s lng (c s dng vi danh t m c).
A number of artefacts were found at the excavation site.
Remember (v) : nh li, nh, ngh v.
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I do not remember what time he asked me to call. You dont remember, do you?
Remind (v) : nhc nh ai, lm cho nh li.
Please remind me to call Henry at 7 oclock tonight.
Henry reminds me of my uncle.
Sensible (adj) : c c phn on tt.
When it is raining hard, sensible people stay indoors.
Sensitive (adj) : nhy cm.
Stephen cannot be out in the sun very long because he has very sensitive skin and burns easily.
Special (adj) : c bit.
Meyers Department Store will have a special sale for their charge customers.
Especially (adv) : c bit.
Rita is especially tatented in the fine arts. She has a special talent for playing music by ear.
Use (n): p dng, s dng.
The salesman said that regular use of fertilizer would ensure a greener, healthier lawn.
Usage (n) : cch s dng.
Norm Crosbys usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious.
Above, over
on
to
from
through
into
out of
by
Below, under
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54.2 From (t) >< to (n).
Dng cho thi gian v a im.
From a time to a time
a place
a place
He lived in Germany from 1972 to 1978.
We drove from Atlanta to New York in one day.
From time to time : thnh thong, i khi.
V d:
We visit the art museum from time to time.
54.4 by
ng t ch chuyn ng + by = i ngang qua.
ng t tnh + by = gn, bn.
by + thi gian c th : trc lc.
V d: We usually eat supper by six oclock in the evening.
By c dng trong cu b ng ch ra ch th gy hnh ng.
V d: Romeo and Juliet was writen by William Shakespeare.
By + phng tin giao thng (bus/ plane/ train/ car/ ship/ bike).
V d: We traveled to Boston by train.
By then : trc lc .
V d: I will graduate from the university in 1997. By then, I hope to have found a job.
By way of = via : theo ng.
V d: We are driving to Atlanta by way of Baton Rouge.
By the way :
1- tnh c.
V d: By the way, Ive got two tickets for Saturdays game. Would you like to go with me?
2- nhn y, tin y.
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By far + tnh t so snh : (dng nhn mnh).
V d: This book is by far the best on the subject.
By accident / by mistake : tnh c. >< on purpose (c tnh).
V d: Nobody will receive a check on Friday because the wrong cards were put into the computer
by accident.
In + nm/ thng.
V d: His birthday is in April. I will begen class in 1998.
In the morning / afternoon/ evening : vo bui sng/ bui chiu/ bui ti.
V d: I have a dental appointment in the morning, but I will be free in the afternoon.
In future : t nay tr i.
V d: I will spend much time on learning English in future because the TOEFL test is coming.
In the army/ air force/ navy. Trong qun i/ trong khng lc/ trong hi qun.
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V d: I will give you the key to the house so you will have it in case I arrive a little late.
Be/ get in touch/ contact with : tip xc, lin lc, gp g vi ai.
V d: Its very difficult to get in touch with Jenny because she works all day.
54.6 on
On + a/the + phng tin giao thng (bus/ plane/ train/ ship/ bike).
V d: Its two late to see Jane; shes already on the plane. I came to school this morning on the
bus.
On a street : ti ph.
V d: I lives on 1st Ngc khnh.
at the corner
in the corner
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V d: The present perfect aspect is never used to indicate a specific time; on the other hand, the
simple past tense is.
On sale
On foot: i b.
V d: My car would not start so I came on foot.
At + s nh.
V d: George lives at 565 16th Avenue.
At the beginning/ at the end of : u/ cui ( dng cho a im/ thi gian).
Mt s thnh ng c bit dng vi gii t.
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V d: She was supposed to come this morning, but she went to the lab instead.
55. Ng ng t.
l nhng ng t kt hp vi 1,2 hoc i khi 3 gii t. Khi kt hp dng nh vy, ng ngha ca
chng thay i hn so vi ngha ban u.
Call on : 1- yu cu.
V d: The teacher called on James to write the equation on the blackboard.
2- gh thm, n thm.
V d: The new minister called on each of the families of his church in order to become better acquainted with them.
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Check out of : lm th tc ( ra khi khch sn, sn bay, nh ga) >< check into : lm th tc
vo sn bay, khch sn...
Nouns + prepositions
equivalent of
number of
example of
quality of
reason for
exception for
pair of
sample of
possibility of
fear
method
hatred
need
means
V d:
The quality of this photograph is poor.
I saw a sample of her work and was quite impressed.
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They have yet to discover a new method of/ method for analyzing this information.
ng t + gii t.
Decide on
plan on
depend on
detract from
engage in
approve of
emerge from
escape from
succeed in
participate in
remove from
mingle with
confide in
pay for
rely on
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