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HVAC Load Calculations Guide PDF
HVAC Load Calculations Guide PDF
HVAC
Load Calculations
Perry Morrow & John Parker
Brandt Engineering, Inc.
Richmond, Virginia
Makeup Air
There have been
many attempts at
using tempered
makeup air. This
one appears the
most successful;
however, some of
the humid air
introduced here
doesnt go out the
hood.
Envelope Loads or
Skin Loads: Loads
associated with the Roof,
Walls, Windows, Doors,
Floor and Partitions.
Absolute humidity is the actual mass of water vapor present in the air water
vapor mixture. The absolute humidity may be expressed in pounds of water
vapor (lb).
Specific Humidity Ratio or Humidity Ratio is the ratio between the actual
mass of water vapor present in moist air - to the mass of the dry air.
Humidity Ratio is normally expressed in pounds of water vapor per pound of
dry air or in Grains of moisture per pound of dry air. There are
approximately 7000 grains in a pound.
Relative Humidity: The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air at a
specific temperature to the maximum amount that the air could hold at that
temperature, expressed as a percentage.
5.
6.
Percent Load
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
30
40
50
60
70
36.7
42.3
48.5
53
57.2
80
In Miami
$3,000 A/C
energy COST
if setpoint is
50 versus 58
dewpoint
$30,000
$28,000
(excludes auxilary heat cost)
$32,000
$26,000
$24,000
$22,000
$20,000
In Baltimore
$400 A/C
energy COST
if setpoint is
50 versus 58
dewpoint
$18,000
$16,000
$14,000
$12,000
$10,000
$8,000
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
Store Dewpoint Setpoint
BALTIMORE
MIAMI
In Miami
$18,000 rack
energy savings
if setpoint is
50 versus 58
dewpoint
$100,000
$98,000
$96,000
$94,000
$92,000
Baltimore, MD
Miami, FL
$90,000
$88,000
Pittsburg, PA
$86,000
Houston, TX
$84,000
$82,000
$80,000
In Baltimore
$8,000 rack
energy savings
if setpoint is
50 versus 58
dewpoint
$78,000
$76,000
$74,000
$72,000
$70,000
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
$125,000
$120,000
$115,000
$110,000
Baltimore, MD
$105,000
Miami, FL
$100,000
Conclusion to study:
50 F dewpoint is an
optimum setpoint
$95,000
$90,000
$85,000
$80,000
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
5.
6.
&
DP / MCDB
Dehumidification Hours
by City
Based on 74oF/55% RH
( 67.5 Gr/lb ) Internal Set point
Hours by City
7,000 to 9,000
6,000 to 6,999
5,000 to 5,999
4,000 to 4,999
3,000 to 3,999
2,000 to 2,999
1,000 to 1,999
0 to 999
2005 Richmond, VA
Summer Weather
0.4%
1.0%
5.
6.
Ventilation Air
The minimum quantity of ventilation air required is set by
the building code in most areas. In most spaces, this is
defined as X cfm / person. In some spaces, usually
ones that are sparsely populated, ventilation rates may
be set on a cfm / sq. ft. (floor area) basis.
In general, people exhale a predictable quantity of CO2 as
they breathe. The CO2 level can be monitored and used
to control outdoor air dampers to reduce the amount of
Ventilation air during lightly occupied hours.
5.
6.
Internal Loads
Dry (Sensible Heat)
Mixed
Lights
Equipment:
Hooded Equipment
Broilers
Ranges
Ovens
People
Steam table
Holding Cabinets
Coffee Brewer
Case Credits
HAP - Internal
HAP - Wall
HAP Roof
HAP - Infiltration
Infiltration
From Carrier HAP 4.20a - Help File
Items in the CFM/sqft column define infiltration in terms of airflow per
unit of exterior wall area. Because infiltration occurs through exterior
walls - especially through windows and doors in these walls - rule of
thumb infiltration rates are sometimes tabulated in this CFM/sqft format.
0.10, 0.30, and 0.60 cfm/ft2 for tight, average, and leaky walls,
respectively.
Wall Construction
Tight
Average
Leaky
HAP - Floor
Use the built in Wall and Roof property calculation portions of the
program to calculate the U-Value for any partitions. Manually
transfer this data to the partition tab of the space input form.
5.
6.
5.
6.
Systems
General
Systems
In stores with cooking, this is only part of the outside air story. You need
make-up air for hoods and other exhaust sources. The software is aware
of this, so all you need to do is enter this value as an exhaust quantity as
you describe the system.
If the zones where the exhaust loads occur are open to the main sales area
and each other you have a decision to make. Where to allocate the make
up air.
You can either design for one large semi-custom unit capable of handling
most of the outside air or multiple semi-custom units.
If the zones are not open to one another, you have no choice. Make Up
air must be provided in the system where it is actually exhausted.
Load Software
Air System Sizing Summary Output
Notice Warning
Load Software
Air System Design Load Summary
Summary
Humid Climate
- Pie
Dry Climate
Summary
Stacked Bar
Credits
Presentation includes excerpts from:
ASHRAE 2003, 2005 and 2006 Handbooks
Screen Outputs from Carrier Hourly Analysis Program
HAP version 4.20a
Humidity illustrations provided by Todd Smith of Munters
Corporation.
Rack Energy Cost vs. Store Dewpoint data provided by
Lee Churchill of Seasons-4 Inc.
Software Resources
Load & Energy Simulation Software