Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Magazine
Perfect GK Guide
Important for
upcoming SSC
CHSL 2014
Aspirants
Favourite E-Book
Dont forget to
share
EDITORs COMMENT
EDITED BY
Anubhav Lahiri
www.exampundit.in
30.10.2014
ex
am
in
it.
pu
nd
78
Page 1 of 191
am
ex
:
:
:
:
:
nd
it.
in
1540
1542
1545
1545
1555
pu
Page 2 of 191
nd
it.
in
: Pitts Act passed, Setting up Board of Control for East India Company.
: Asiatic Society of Bengal founded by Sir
William Jones.
1786-93 : Lord Cornwalis, Governor-General.
1790-92 : Third Mysore War.
1792
: Treaty of Srirangapatnam signed between Tipu and English.
1793-98 : Sir John Shore, Governor-General.
1793
: The Permanent Zamindari Settlement of
Bengal.
1798
: Lord Wellesley as Governor-General and
brought subsidiary alliance.
1799
: Fourth Mysore War. Fall of Srirangapatnam. Death of Tipu.
1800
: Establishment of the College of Fort William.
1802
: The Treaty of Bassein between Peshwa
and English.
1803
: Occupation of Delhi by Lord Lake.
1803-05 : Second Anglo-Maratha War.
1807-13 : Lord Minto as Governor-General.
1809
: Treaty of Amritsar-Ranjit Singh and British sign treaty of perpetual amity.
1813-23 : Lord Hastings as Governor-General.
1814-16 : Anglo-Gurkha War.
1817-18 : Pindari War Peshwa defeated at
Kirkee.
1818-19 : Last Anglo-Maratha War.
1823-28 : Lord Amherst Governor-General.
1824-26 : First Burmese War.
1828-35 : Lord William Bentinck as GovernorGeneral.
1829
: Prohibition of Sati.
1829-37 : Suppression of Thuggee.
1833
: Renewal of Companys charter. Abolition
of the Companys trading rights.
1835-36 : Sir Charles Metcalf Governor-General.
1835
: Macaulays Education Resolution. English
made official language instead of Persian.
1835
: Foundation of Calcutta Medical College.
1836-1842: Lord Auckland as Governor-General.
1839
: Death of Ranjit Singh.
1842-44 : Lord Ellenborough as Governor-General.
ex
am
pu
1686
: Conquest of Bijapur by Aurangzeb.
1687
: Golconda annexed to the Mughal empire.
1707
: Death of Aurangzeb at Ahmadnagar.
1739
: Invasion of Nadirshah.
1740-1761: Peshwaship of Balaji Baji Rao (Nana
Saheb).
1746-48 : First Carnatic war.
1748-54 : Second Carnatic war.
1756-63 : Third Carnatic war.
1757
: Battle of Plassey.
1760
: Battle of Wandiwash.
1761
: Third Battle of Panipat: The Marathas
defeated by the combined troops of
Ahmad Shah Abdali; the Mughals, and
other Muslim chiefs of India.
1764
: Battle of Buxar. The English defeat Shah
Alam, Shuja-ud-daulah and Mir Qasim.
1765
: Grant of the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar,
and Orissa to the East India Company
by Shah Alam II under Treaty of
Allahabad.
: Clive, Companys Governor in Bengal.
1765-72 : Dual Government of Bengal.
1767-69 : The First Anglo Mysore War.
1770
: The Great Bengal Famine.
1771
: Marathas occupy Delhi and restore Shah
Alam who was till then under English
protection at Allahabad.
1772-73 : Warren Hastings as Governor of Bengal.
: Abolition of Dual Government of Bengal
(1772).
1773
: The Regulating Act was passed, bringing the company partially under
Parliaments control and the Presidencies
under Calcuttas control.
1773-85 : Warren Hastings Governor-General.
: Establishment of Supreme Court,
Calcutta.
1775-82 : The First Anglo-Maratha War.
1776
: Treaty of Purandar
1780-84 : Second Mysore War.
1783
: Foxs India Bills give more powers to Parliament and to the Governor-General.
1784
: Treaty of Mangalore between Tipu and the
English.
Page 3 of 191
nd
it.
in
ex
am
pu
Page 4 of 191
1934
1935
1936-44
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1944-47
1944
1945
1946
1947-48
in
it.
1931-36
1932
nd
1930-31
1931
1947
pu
1930
am
1929
ex
1927
1928
Page 5 of 191
:
:
1975
:
:
:
:
:
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
1983
1984
:
:
:
1986
1987
:
:
:
1988
:
:
in
1973
1974
:
:
it.
1972
:
:
:
1985
nd
1971
:
:
1989
1990
pu
1969
:
:
:
:
:
:
am
1965
1966
:
:
:
:
ex
1962
1964
guese possession.
Arjuna Award introduced
Indo-China War.
Death of Jawaharlal Nehru
Lal Bahadur Shastri becomes Prime Minister.
Indo-Pak War.
Tashkent Declaration
Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister.
First Nationalisation of 14 Banks.
First Dada Sahib Phalke Award was
given to Davika Rani
Indo-Pak War
Birth of Bangladesh.
Shimla Agreement between India and
Pakistan.
Project Tiger
Underground nuclear explosion carried
out at Pokhran (May 18).
Emergency declared in the country.
Aryabhatta goes to orbit.
Janata Party comes to power.
Vajpayee address UNO in Hindi.
Denomination of high value notes of Rs.
1,000, Rs. 5,000 and Rs. 10,000
demonetised.
Morarji Desai resigns as Prime Minister.
Charan Singh becomes Prime Minister.
Death of Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan.
Bhakara I launched
Mother Theresa gets Bharat Ratna.
Six more commercial banks nationalised.
Apple was launched
First Indian Antartic Expedition to
Qusim. Dakshin Gangothri, Indias first
permanent station at Antartica was set
up.
Bharat Ratna posthumously awarded to
Acharya Vinoba Bhave.
INSAT-IB successfully launched.
Sqn. Ldr. Rakesh Sharma becomes first Indian cosmonaut to go into space.
Bachendri Pal becomes first Indian woman
:
:
1991
:
:
1992
:
:
1993
1994
1995
:
:
:
:
1996
Page 6 of 191
:
:
:
:
1999
:
:
:
:
:
:
2000
:
:
:
:
:
2001
2002
2003
in
1998
it.
nd
pu
am
1997
ex
2004
Page 7 of 191
am
pu
nd
it.
in
2006
ex
2005
Games.
: EDUSAT - Indias first exclusive satellite for educational services, placed in
orbit.
: Tata Motors becomes the first company
in the Indian engineering sector to list
its securities on the New York Stock Exchange.
: Keralas Palakkad district collectorate is
the first in India to be totally computerised.
: The Mahatma Gandhi International
Peace Award to the former Botswana
President Sir Ketimile Masire.
: Over 80,000 people are killed following
an undersea earthquake off Sumatra in
Indonesia, over 19,000 people are killed
in India.
: Lakshya pilotless target aircraft, test
flown.
: Cabinet decided to offer dual citizenship
for all overseas Indians who migrated after January 26, 1950.
: Presidents rule was imposed on Goa and
the Assembly kept under suspended
animation, even after the Pratapsingh
Rane Government wins the trust vote.
: Tamil writer D. Jayakanthan is selected
for the 38th Jnanapith Award for 2002.
He is the second Tamil author after P.V.
Akhilandan to receive the honour.
: Dandi March route (384 km) is declared
a heritage path and the Prime Minister,
Manmohan Singh, announces a Rs 10
crore package for Sabarmati Gandhi
Ashram renovation, on the 75th anniversary day of the breaking of the salt act
by Mahatma Gandhi.
: Indias Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
PSLVC-6 is launched from the spaceport
in Sriharikota, and it injects two satellites CARTOSAT - 1 and HAMSAT into
their orbits.
: The Lok Sabha passes the Right to information Bill.
: The Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh,
launches the National Knowledge Commission.
Page 8 of 191
INDIAN HISTORY
Banarjee. It is situated in the Larkhana district in
Sind on the right bank of river Indus (Now in
Pakistan)
Pre-Historic Period
am
The Gulf of Cambut culture which was discovered recently from the Bay of Cambut in Gujarat
dates back to 7500 BC.
ex
Kalibangan, another famous Indus city discovered in 1953 by A Ghosh, is situated in Rajasthan
on the banks of River Ghaggar. Kalibangan stands
for black bangles.
Lothal, first man made port in the world and dockyard made of burnt bricks, was discovered in 1953
by S.R. Rao is situated in Gujarat on Bhogava
river near Gulf of Cambay.
in
pu
it.
nd
Page 9 of 191
barley at Benawali.
They used bronze and copper but iron was unknown to them.
Harappans used a system of weights and measures based on 16 and its multiples.
pu
in
it.
Vedic Age
nd
Siksha - Phonetic
Vyakarana - Grammar
Nirukta - Etymology
ex
am
The largest number of Harappan sites in post independent India have been discovered from
Gujarat.
Kalpa - Ritual
Jyotisha - Astronomy
Page 10 of 191
Important tribal assemblies of the Rig Vedic period were Sabha, Samiti, Vidhata and Gana.
Atharva veda is a collection of spells and incantations. Ayurveda is a part of Atharva Veda, which
deals with medicine.
ex
it.
nd
in
pu
am
Page 11 of 191
Epics
it.
Purohita Senani and Vrajapati were the important functionaries who assisted the king in dayto-day administration.
nd
in
The officer who enjoyed authority over the pasture land was called Vrajapati.
am
ex
pu
Jainism
Vardhamana Mahavira was believed to have born
in 540 BC in Kundala Grama in Vaishali the capital
Page 12 of 191
am
pu
At first Mahavira followed the practice of an ascetic group called Nirgrandhas , which earlier led
by Parswanath.
ex
in
it.
nd
Page 13 of 191
Buddhism
Buddhas first teacher was Alara Kalama and second teacher Udraka Ramaputra.
During his first sermon at Sarnath, Buddha described the four noble truths and the eight fold
path.
it.
nd
pu
in
1. Rishabhdev
13. Vimalnath
2. Ajitnath
14. Anandanath
3. Sambhavnath
15. Dharmanath
4. Abhinandan
16. Shantinath
5. Sumitnath
17. Kunthunath
6. Padmaprabhu
18. Arnath
He left home at the age of 29 along with his charioteer Channa and favourite horse Kandaka. This
incident is known as Mahanishkramana.
7. Suparsavanath
19. Mallinath
8. Suridhi
9. Chandraprabh
21. Neminath
22. Arishtanemi
11. Shreyanshanath
23. Parshvanath
12. Vasupujya
24. Mahavira
ex
am
JAIN THIRTHANKARAS
Page 14 of 191
pu
am
ex
in
it.
nd
Sangham Age
First five centuries of the Christian Era are commonly known as Sangham Age.
5 SYMBOLS OF BUDDHA
Birth ....................................... Lotus and Bull
Renunciation ........................................ Horse
Enlightenment ................................ Bodhitree
First Sermon ......................... Dharma Chakra
Nirvana (Death) ............................ Foot prints
Page 15 of 191
The famous Chera port Muziris was a great centre of Indo-Roman Trade.
The Utharameroor inscription tells about the local self government under the cholas.
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
FAMOUS ERAS
Vikram Era ........................................ 58 BC
Saka Era .......................................... 78 AD
Gupta Era ...................................... 320 AD
Hijra Era ........................................ 622 AD
Kollam Era ..................................... 825 AD
Illahi Era ....................................... 1583 AD
Page 16 of 191
Drama
Lyric Poetry
pu
am
ex
Meghadutam by Kalidasa
Srinagarashataka, Nitishataka and
Vairagyasataka were written by Bhartrihari.
Gita Govinda was written by Jayadeva.
Magadhan Empire
Historical writing
Prose Literature
in
it.
nd
Page 17 of 191
Xerxes was the persian ruler who enlisted Indians in his army.
ex
Alexanders Invasion
nd
pu
The Achaemenian king of Persia, Darius (522 486 BC) captured some territories the east of
Sindhu in 518 BC.
am
in
Persian Invasion
it.
Page 18 of 191
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
Page 19 of 191
Alauddin Khilji)
Satavahanas were the most powerful ruling dynasty after the Mauryas.
am
Indo Greeks
pu
in
it.
nd
Kushans
ex
Page 20 of 191
in
it.
ex
am
pu
nd
Page 21 of 191
Nine gems or Navratnas was a famous Scholastic Assembly in the court of Chandragupta II.
The members in the Ninegems were - Kalidasa,
Kadakarbhara, Kshapanaka, Varahmihira,
Vararuchi, Vethalabhatta, Dhanvantari,
Ammarasimha, Sanku.
The Fresco paintings in the Ajanta caves are examples of the art of the Guptas.
A renowned physician of
the Gupta period was
Vaghbhatta
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
Kalidasa is generally
called
Indian
Shakespeare and the
Prince of Indian Poets.
Kalidasa
Books on Sciences
Chandra Vyakaran ............... Chandragomin
Amar Kosh .............................. Amar Singh
Niti Shastra ............................... Kamandak
Page 22 of 191
Siladitya I (606 - 612 AD) was the first independent king of Maithrakas.
Harshas biography Harsha Charita was written by his court poet Banabhatta. He also wrote
Kadambari.
pu
am
ex
in
The Hunas
it.
nd
Chalukyas of Badami
Page 23 of 191
Rashtrakutas
ex
am
Pallavas
Pratiharas
pu
in
it.
nd
Elephanta caves
Palas
Senas
Page 24 of 191
Jayadeva, the author of Gitagovinda was patronized by Sena ruler Lakshmana Sena.
Cholas
am
Rajendra I led an expedition to North India, defeated the Pala ruler Mahipala I and adtoped the
title, Gangaikondachola and established a new
Capital, Gangai Konda Cholapuram.
ex
nd
in
pu
Chauhans
it.
Page 25 of 191
Shushrut : He was a doctor of Ayurvedic medicine. He started the Dhanwantri branch and was
an expert in Plastic Surgery.
am
it.
nd
pu
Menander : He came to India as a foreign aggressor in II Century BC. MilindaPanho, a book written by Nagasena, is about him.
ex
in
Page 26 of 191
Wheat
Barley
Satpatha Brahmana
Hariyana
pu
ex
Mara
Three daughters of Mara
The ruler who persecuted Buddhists
Major philosophic school of Bhagvatism
Earliest reference about Srikrishna can be found
in
Chandoghya Upanishad
Vishishtadvaita
Jabala Upanishad
Ananda
Pushyamitrasunga
Rig Veda
Cows
Agasthya
am
Varuna
Vedic education
Cultivated field
Rigveda
Kausambi
Yava denoted
Ploughed field
in
it.
nd
Page 27 of 191
Muhammed Bin Khasim was the nephew of AlHajaj, the governor of the Arab province of Basra.
Saint Agasthya
Lakulisa
Turkish Invasions
Nagarjunakonda
Al-Firdausi is known as Indian Homer, Persian Homer, or The Immortal Homer of the
East.
am
He defeated Jaipal and Anandpal of Shahi dynasty in 1001 and 1009 respectively.
MEDIEVALINDIA
Arab Conquest of Sindh
Vima Kadphesus
Menander
ex
pu
nd
Manimekhalai
in
it.
Page 28 of 191
Muhammed Ghori made his first expedition to India and captured multan in 1175 AD.
After the death of Qutubuddin, Aram Shah ascended the throne but he was
deposed by Ilthumish and
crowned himself the Sulthan.
Muhammed Ghori returned from India by intrusting his territories in India in the hands of QutubUddin Aibak.
After the death of Ghori in 1206 Aibek founded
the Slave Dynasty.
pu
Delhi Sultanate
am
ex
it.
In 1193 Muhamed Ghori attacked Jaichand, father in law of Prithviraj . III at Kanauj, Jaichand
was defeated.
nd
in
Page 29 of 191
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
In 1303 Alauddin Khilji attacked Chittor, the capital of Mewar, to marry Padmini the wife of Chittor
king Ratna Singh.
But Padmini and other Rajput women committed
Juhar (Juhar is a mass suicide by Jumping into
fire, committed by Rajput women to escape from
being polluted by others)
Padmavat is a historical kavya about Padmini episode written by Malik Muhammed Jayasi.
Malik Muhammed Jayasi was the court poet of
Shersha Suri.
Alauddin Khilji was the first Muslim ruler to at-
Page 30 of 191
IMPORTANT DYNASTIES
IN INDIAN HISTOY
MAURYANEMPIRE .............. 322 BC - 185 BC
Chandragupta Maurya ........... BC 322 - 297 BC
Bindusara .............................. 297 BC - 274 BC
Ashoka ................................. 274 BC - 237 BC
KUSHANAEMPIRE .............. 20 AD - 225 AD
Kanishka ............................... 78 AD - 120 AD
Gupta Empire ........................ 320 AD - 606 AD
Chandragupta I .................... 320 AD - 330 AD
Samudra Gupta ..................... 330 AD - 380 AD
Chandra Gupta II .................. 380 AD - 413 AD
VARDHANA DYNASTY ...... 580 AD - 647 AD
Harsha Vardhana .................. 606 AD - 647 AD
SLAVE DYNASTY ........... 1206 AD - 1290 AD
Qutubuddin Aibak .................. 1206 - 1210 AD
Ilthumish ................................ 1210 - 1236 AD
Raziya Sulthana ...................... 1236 - 1240 AD
Balban .................................... 1266 - 1286 AD
KHILJI DYNASTY ................ 1290 - 1320 AD
Alauddin Khilji ....................... 1296 - 1316 AD
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY .......... 1320 - 1412 AD
Muhammed Bin Tughlaq ......... 1325 - 1351 AD
LODHI DYNASTY ................ 1451 - 1526 AD
Ibrahim Lodi ............................ 1517 -1526 AD
MUGHAL EMPIRE ...... 1526 - 1540, 1555-1857
Babar ..................................... 1526 - 1530 AD
Humayun ................. 1530-1540, 1555-1556 AD
Akbar ..................................... 1556 - 1605 AD
Jahangir ................................. 1605 - 1627 AD
Shahjahan ................................ 1628-1658 AD
Aurangazeb ............................ 1658 - 1707 AD
Bahadurshah II ....................... 1837 - 1857 AD
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
Page 31 of 191
Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was known as a mixture of opposites, wisest fool, Pagal padushah,
unfortunate idealogue and the predecessor of
Akbar in intellectual and religious matters.
am
ex
in
pu
it.
nd
Page 32 of 191
Ashtadiggajas was the famous Scholastic Assembly in the court of Krishna Deva Raya.
pu
am
They founded the dynasty in 1336 with the capital as Vijaya Nagara on the banks of Tungbhadra
river witht the help of Saint Vidyaranya.
ex
in
it.
nd
Krishnadeva Rayar is
known as Andhra Bhoja
Krishnadeva Rayar
Page 33 of 191
Babur
it.
nd
Humayun
In the next year (1540) Shershah completely defeated Humayun in the battle of Kanauj and
founded the Sur dynasty.
pu
am
ex
in
Page 34 of 191
Humayuns tomb is situated in Delhi (first building in India having double domes)
Akbar was the Mughal Emperor when the English East India Company was being founded in
1600 December 31.
Akbar was an illiterate person, but he was a patron of men of eminence. He maintained a Scholastic Assembly in his court. They included the
following personalities.
pu
am
In 1582 Akbar founded a new religion for universal peace and monotheism known as Din Ilahi
means Divine Faith.
ex
Akbar
it.
Father - Humayun
nd
in
Page 35 of 191
ex
am
He married Mehrunnisa, an
Afghan widow in 1611 Later he
Jahangir
gave her the titles, Noor Mahal
(light of the palace) Noor Jahan (light of the world)
and Padusha Begum.
Jahangir
in
it.
nd
Raja Todarmal : RajaTodarmal was Akbars finance or revenue minister. He formulated Akbars
revenue system Zabti and Dashala systems. Raja
Todermal also translated Bhagavatapurana into
Persian.
pu
Shah Jahan
Page 36 of 191
am
ex
French travellers Bernier and Tavernier and Italian traveller Manucci visited India during
ShahJahans period.
Aurangazeb
Aurangazeb imprisoned his father and made himself the Padushah in 1658. But his actual coronation was conducted in 1659.
Aurangazeb is known as
Zinda Pir or living saint because of his simple life.
pu
Aurangazeb
He ousted all the artists from
his court. At the same time he was an accomplished Veena player.
in
it.
nd
Page 37 of 191
Later Mughals
ex
In 1539 by the battle of Chausa, Sherkhan defeated Humayun for the first time and assumed
the name Shershah.
He built the Purana Qila in Delhi (its Construction was started by Humayun) and his own
Mousoleum (Tomb) at Sasaram in Bihar.
pu
am
in
it.
The Mughal Rajput relation became worse during the period of Aurangazeb.
Aurangazeb was the only Mughal Emperor who
was not a drunkard.
Aurangazeb is considered as religiously fanatic.
He was also a temple breaker. He persecuted the
Hindus and imposed prohibition against the free
exercise of Holi and Divali.
Aurangazeb died in 1707 February 20,at
Ahmednagar. Aurangazebs tomb is situated at
Daulatabad in Maharashtra.
nd
Shershah Suri
Page 38 of 191
The Marathas
in
Shivaji
pu
am
ex
Balaji Vishwanath (1712 - 1720) Baji Rao (1720 40) Balaji BajiRao I (1740 - 61) and Madhav Rao I
(1761 - 1772) were the Peshwas who ruled
Maharashtra.
Baji Rao popularised the idea of Hindu
Padpadshahi or Hindu Empire.
Balaji Baji Raos period witnessed the Third Battle
of Panipat in 1761. In this battle Ahmed Shah
Abdali of Afghanistan defeated the Marathas.
Madhava Rao was the last great Peshwa.
Last Peshwa was Baji Rao II.
Madhava Raos period witnessed the disintegration of the Maratha power and the formation of independent kingdoms - Holkarofindor, Bhonsle of
Nagpur, Sindhya of Gwalior and Gaekwad of Baroda.
Shivajis Council of Ministers was known as
Ashtapradhan. They were Peshwa, Pandit Rao,
Sumant, Sachiva, Senapathi, Amatya, Mantri and
Nyayadhyaksha.
Peshwa was the Maratha Chief Minister.
Chaudh and Sardesh Mukhi were two special laxes
collected by the Marathas.
The first Maratha war (1775 -82) Swai Madhav
Rao Vs Raghunath Rao with English support.
Second Maratha war 1803 - 05.
Third Maratha war 1816 - 19.
The last great Soldier and statesman of Maratha
was Nana Phadavnis (1800)
The Maratha script was called Modiscript.
Peshwaship was abolished in 1818
Baji Rao was the ablest of the Peshwas.
Shivaji did not allow women in his military camp.
The Marathas were equipped with an efficient
naval system under Shivaji.
it.
nd
Sikhism
Page 39 of 191
ex
am
Later Punjab was annexed to the British territories by Lord Dalhousie in 1849. Sir John Lawrence
became the first Chief Commissioner of Punjab.
in
it.
nd
pu
Sikh Guru
Guru Nanak .............................. 1469-1538
Guru Angad ........................... 1538 - 1552
Guru Amardas ........................ 1552 - 1574
Guru Ramdas .......................... 1574 - 1581
Guru Arjundev ....................... 1581 - 1606
Guru Hargovind ...................... 1606 - 1645
Guru Har Rai ........................... 1645 - 1661
Guru Har Kishan ....................... 1661-1664
Guru Teg Bahadur ..................... 1664-1675
Guru Govind Singh ................. 1675 - 1708
Page 40 of 191
Abul Fazal : He was a a great scholar poet Historian in the court of Akbar. He wrote Akbarnamah
and Ain-i- Akbari.
in
Sufism
it.
nd
pu
am
The leader of Bhakti movement or Hindu revivalism was Sankaracharya. His philosophy was
Advaita or pure monism. He wrote Commentary
on Brahmasutra and Upanishad. He founded four
matts- Sringeri, Dwaraka, Puri and Badrinath.
Vallabhacharya promoted the philosophy of
Pushtimarga. He was the founder of Sudhadvaita.
The North India the Bakti movement was promoted by two sects of thought - the Saguna and
Nirguna schools.
Ramanand, born at Prayag preached
Vaishnavaism. He was a followers of Ramanuja.
Kabir (1398 -1458) a nirguna was born near
Benaras. His followers started the Kabirpanthis.
Tulasi Dasa (1532 - 1623) a worshipper of Rama
compossed Ramcharithamanasa in Hindi. His
other works are Kavitavali and Gitavali.
Mirabai (1498 - 1509) a Rajaput princess hailed
from the Sisodiya dynasty of Chittoor was a devotee of Lord Krishna. Her lyrics were written in
Brijbhasha and in Rajasthani.
Jnanadeva, Namadeva, Eknatha Tukaram and
Samarth Ram Das were the leading Maratha
saints of Bhakti movement.
Jnanadeva founded the Maharashtra Dharma. His
famous work Jnaneswari is a commendarel on
Bhagavatgita.
Ekanath promoted the custom of singing
Kirthana and he composed abhangas or typical
poems.
Tukaram a contemporary of Shivaji was the promoter of Maratha nationalism.
Samarth Ramdas, the spiritual guide of Shivaji,
wrote Dasabhodha.
ex
Hasan Gangu - founder of Bahmani dynasty under the name Alauddin Bahamanshah.
Jai Chandra - He was the ruler of Kanauj, belonged to the Gahawala dynasty. He was defeated
in 1194 by Muhammed Ghori in the battle of
Chandwar.
Page 41 of 191
am
ex
MODERN INDIA
pu
nd
Albuquerque.
Vasco-da-Gama arrived for the second time in 1502
and for the third chance in 1524. He died at Fort
Cochin and was cremated at the St. Frnacis
Church there. Later his remains were brought back
to Portugal.
Don Francisco deAlmedia was the first Portuguese governor in the East. His policy was called
the bluewater policy which aimed at the
establishement of strong navy.
In 1507 the Portuguese arrived at Madras. The
city finally got its name from their leader Madra.
The greatest Portuguese governor to the East was
Albuquerque. He was the real founder of the Portuguese authority in India.
Albuquerque tried to abolish Sati.
His policy mixed colony system was to encourage intermarriage between the Portuguese and
Indians.
They Portuguese religious policy was
Lantinisation of Kerala.
The conflict for the establishment of Latin rite
and syrian rite led to the Coonan Cross Oath incident in 1653.
The Portuguese introduced agricultural products
such a cashew, coconut, custardapple, pineapple
etc in India.
They introduced Tobacco in the court of Akbar
in 1604.
Portuguese authority in Indian seas remained upto
1595.
The Portuguese started the first press in India at
Goa in 1556.
The first Portuguese fort in India was constructed
at Cochin.
Portuguese captured Goa from the Bijapur Sulthan
in 1510.
in
it.
The Dutch
Page 42 of 191
In 1756 Siraj-ud-daula, the Nawab of Bengal, attacked Calcutta and captured it. 146 British prisoners including their commander John Zepheria Holwell
and four women were locked
in a small room. 123 of them
died inside due to suffication.
This incident is known a
Black-hole tragedy.
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
Page 43 of 191
Conquest of Mysore
Second Mysore war was fought during the period of Warren Hastings.
Third Mysore war started in 1790 and ended in
1792.
The third war ended by the treaty of
Seringapatnam on March 19th1792.
Fourth Anglo Mysore war was in 1799.
Fourth Mysore war was fought during the period
of Governor general wellesley.
In this battle Tipu was killed in 1799 at
Srerangapatanam by Col. Arthur Wellesley.
Tipus Capital was Srerangapatanam.
Tipu is known as Mysore Tiger.
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
The third Anglo Maratha war was from 18171818. Thus by the end of third Maratha war the
Maratha power disappeared and the English created the State of Sathara.
in
Mahalwari System was introduced in Awad region, Punjab, NWFP and parts of Central India.
Maratha Wars
Page 44 of 191
The first state to sign the Subsidiary Alliance system was Hyderabad in 1798. Then Mysore,
Tanjore, Awadh, Peshwar, Bhonsle, Sindhia, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Mecheri, Bundi, Bharatpur and Berar
signed the subsidiary treaty.
Lord Wellesley fought the second Maratha war.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy wrote the Tuhfat-ulMuwahiddin (gift to the Monotheists) during his
period.
am
ex
Appointed Macaulay as president of the committee of public instruction, Mecaulays Minutes was
submitted in 1835.
pu
First Afghan war was started during the Governor Generalship of Lord Auckland.
Mahalwari System of land revenue was introduced in North West Province by James Thomson.
in
it.
nd
Introduced the Ryotwari System in Madras presidency by Governor Thomas Munroe in 1820 under the governor generalship of Hastings.
Page 45 of 191
Thuhafath ul - muvahiddin or Gift to Monotheists is also a work of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
pu
am
ex
nd
it.
in
Prarthana Samaj
Arya samaj
Page 46 of 191
Swami Dayanand
Saraswathi i
Theosophical Society
The Theosophical Society was founded by Madame Blavatsky and Col. H.S.Olcott in Newyork
in 1875.
Ramakrishna Mission
pu
She started the Home Rule League with the Cooperation of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1916 with
Dadabhai Naoroji as its President.
ex
am
in
it.
nd
Vivekananda
Page 47 of 191
Deva Samaj
NM Joshi
HN Kunzru
Ahmadia Movement
pu
am
ex
Founded the Seva Samiti Boys Scouts Association in 1914 at Bombay on the lines of world wide
Baden Powell organisation, which at that time
banned Indians from Joining it.
Veerasalingam Pantulu
nd
He founded the Rajmundri Social Reform Association in 1878 with the principal objective of promoting widow remarriage.
in
it.
Jyotiba Phule
Page 48 of 191
Mangal Pandey
it.
nd
Year
Chuars
W.Bengal
1768 - 1832
Bhils
Khandesh
Hos
Chotanagpur
1820-1832
Kolis
Sahyadri hillis
Kharies
Khasi hils
pu
Tribe
Bahadurshah II surrendered to Lt. W.S.R. Hodson on September 21, 1957 at Humayuns Tomb
in Delhi.
1830 - 39
am
1824 - 48
ex
in
Kols
Chotanagpur
Kayar
Andhra Pradesh
Kachnagar Assam
1882 Sambudhan
Ahom
Assam
Khonds
Orissa
Santhals
Rajmahal Hills
1855 - 56
Naikadas
Gujarat
1858 - 68
Mundas
Chotanagpur
Bhils
South Rajasthan
1933
Oraons
Chotanagpur
Govind Guru
Kukis
Manipur
1917 - 19
Rampa
Andhra Pradesh
Rani Gaidinlue
Page 49 of 191
On November 1, 1858 a
proclamation was made by the
Queen to the people of India in
eighteeen languages.
The best and the bravest military leader of the rebels sir
Hugh Ross said this about Rani
of Jhansi.
The second session was attended by 436 delegates and there were 2000 delegates in 1889.
V.D. Savarkar in his book First war of Independence called it The First War of Independence.
Dadabhai Noaroji is the author of the book Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India which contains the famous drain theory.
ex
am
pu
it.
nd
in
Page 50 of 191
in
it.
EARLY ASSOCIATIONS
nd
Year.. Organisation
Founder
Place
pu
am
1862 ... London India Committee ....................... C.P. Mudaliar ............................................ London
1866 ... East India Association .......................... Dadabhai Naoroji ...................................... London
1867 ... National Indian Association .................. Mary Carpenter ........................................ London
ex
1872 ... Indian Society ...................................... Anand Mohan Bose ................................. London
1876 ... Indian Association ............................... Anand Mohan Bose andS.N. Banerjee ...... Calcutta
1883 ... Indian National Society ......................... Shishir Chandra Bose ............................... Calcutta
1884 ... Indian National Conference ................... S M Banerjee ............................................ Calcutta
1885 ... Bombay Presidency Association ........... Mehta and Telang .................................... Bombay
1888 ... United India Patriotic Association ......... Sir Syed Ahmed Khan ............................... Aligarh
1905 ... Servants of India Society ...................... G.K. Gokhale ............................................ Bombay
1920 ... Indian Trade Union Congress ............... NM Joshi (founder) .................................. Lucknow
Lala Lajpat Rai (President)
1924 ... All India Communist Party..................... Satyabhakta ............................................. Kanpur
1928 ... Khudai Khidmatgar ............................... Abdul Gaffar Khan ................................... Peshwar
1936 ... All India Kisan Sabha ........................... Sahajananda and N.J. Ranga ..................... Lucknow
1940 ... Radical Democratic Party....................... M.N. Roy ................................................. Calcutta
Page 51 of 191
During the Nagpur session 1891, the word National was added to congress.
am
ex
During the Lucknow session (1936) Nehru explained for the first time.
it.
pu
nd
in
Page 52 of 191
am
Lala Lajpat Rai is popularly known as Sher-ePunjab (Lion of Punjab). He founded and edited
The Punjabee, The Vante Mataram and the
English weekly The people.
Mohammed Ali Jinnah gave his famous Two Nation Theory in March 1940, at the Lahore session
of the Muslim League.
The clash between the Moderates and Extremists culminated in a split which occurred at Surat
in 1907.
Dr. Rash Bihari Bose was the INC President during the Surat Split.
After the Surat Split the congress remained under the control of the Moderates.
ex
in
it.
nd
pu
Page 53 of 191
In 1919, Rowlatt Act, which authorised the government to detain any person without trial was
passed.
The official name of the Rowlatt Act was the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act (1919).
Sir Sydney Rowlatt was the president of the committee to make proposals for the Act.
The Montague declaration of 1917 was the greatest achievement of the Home Rule League.
The Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in 1916 marked the re union of the Moderates and Extremists together at Lucknow in 1916.
pu
ex
am
it.
nd
in
Page 54 of 191
The movement was launched as per the resolution of Calcutta session and ratified in Nagpur
session in December 1920.
The whole movement was called off on 11th February 1922 at Gandhis insistence following the
news of burning alive of 22 English plicemen by
the angry peasants at ChauriChaura (Chauri
Chaura Incident) in Gorakhpur district of Up on
5th February 1922.
nd
am
ex
it.
in
pu
Page 55 of 191
First organised strike by any section of the working class was the Signalers Strike in May 1899
in the Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) Railway.
am
In November 1927, the British Government appointed the Indian Statutory Commission, popularly known as Simon Commission, to go it to the
question of further constitution reform.
The Congress passed a resolution to boycott the
Simon Commission at its Madras session 1927.
The day Simon landed at Mumbai ; 3 February
1928 all the major cities and towns observed a
complete hartal.
The Madras session 1927 was presided over by
Dr. Ansari.
On the arrival of the Commission in Mumbai in
1928, it met with the slogan Go back Simon.
There were Seven members in the Simon Commission. but no Indian.
Lala Lajpat Rai was severely wounded in a police Lathi charge and died while protesting against
the Commission.
To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat
Singh shot dead General Saunders.
ex
pu
Simon Commission
in
Some Commissions
it.
nd
Page 56 of 191
Peasant Movements
Indigo Revolt - 1860
The revolt was directed against the British Planters who behaved like Feudal Lords in their estates.
The revolt began after Hemachandrakar deputy
Magistrate, published on 17 August, 1859 a proclamation to policmen that they should interefere
with the rights of the peasants to saw whatever
they preferred.
It began at Govindpur village in Nadia and was
led by Digambar Bishwas and Bishnu Bishwas.
Din Bandu Mitras novel Neel Darpan protrayed
this struggle.
An Indigo Commission was also appointed in 1860.
am
C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru were the frist president and Secretary respectively of the Swaraj
Party.
The 1924 when Gandhi came out of Jail he supported the programme of Swaraj Party.
pu
ex
The peasants in this region were forced to cultivate indigo at the prices decided by the British.
This system was known as Tinkathia system.
Gandhijis first Satyagraha in India was the
Champaran in 1917.
C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru resigned from congress on 31 December 1922 and founded the
Swaraj Party on 1st January 1923.
in
it.
nd
Page 57 of 191
am
ex
pu
in
it.
nd
Page 58 of 191
Socialist ideas led to the emergence of Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Congress Socialist party.
nd
Socialists
pu
am
in
it.
Towards the end of 1920 M.N. Roy and other Indian emigres at Tashkant formed a communist
party of India. In India on 1st September, 1924
Satyabhakta in a press note announced the for-
The Communal Award was announced on August 16, 1932 by British Prime Minister Ramsay
Mac Donald.
Case
Nasik
1909-10
Conspiracy
Vinayak Savarkar
Alipore
Aurobindo Ghosh
Jatin Mukharjee
Dacca Case
1910
Pulin Das
Delhi case
1915
Amirchand, Awad
Bihari and Bal Mukund
Lahore case
1929 - 30
ex
1908
Accused
Sachindranath Sanyal
Kakori case
Page 59 of 191
1925
am
ex
pu
Revolutionary Terrorism
it.
In December 1928 the All India Worker and Peasants Party came into existence.
nd
in
Page 60 of 191
ex
am
pu
Communal riots broke out in Naokhali from November 7, 1946 to March 2, 1947 Gandhiji toured
in these 49 villages.
December 3 - 6, 1946 The British Prime Minister
Clement Atlee summoned Jawaharlal Nehru,
Baldev Singh, MuhammedAli Jinnah and Liaqat
Ali Khan for an extraordinary conference at 10
Dawning Street London.
Constituent Assembly: The constituent Assembly started its session on December 9, 1946 in the
Library of the Council Chamber without the participation of the League.
Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of
the Constituent Assembly.
in
it.
nd
Integration of States
Page 61 of 191
in
Revolt of 1857.
nd
pu
am
The idea of Indian National Army was first conceived by Mohan Singh at Malaya, an officer in
British Indian Army.
The first division of INA was formed in September 1942 with Japanese help.
Subash Chandra Bose began to associate with
INA by July 1943. The command was handed over
by Rash Bihari Bose
To the Indians Subash Chandra Bose said you
give me blood I will give you freedom..
Subash Chandra Bose set up two INA headquarters at Rangoon and Singapore.
The womens regiment called the Rani Jhansi
regiment was under Captain Lekshmi Segal.
He was the first to address Gandhiji as the Father of the nation in his appeal on the Azad
Hind Radio Singapore.
In may 1944 INA captured Mowdok and hoisted
the tri-colour flag on Indian soil.
The Japanese government handed over the
Andaman and Nickobar island to him which were
renamed Shaheed and Swaraj islands respectively.
The INA troops surrendered before the British
army in 1945.
The British Government of India charged INA
soldiers of waging war against the king. The trials were held in the Red Fort in Delhi.
The first three accused were capt. P.K. Sehgal ,
Capt. Shah Nawaz and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon.
Subash Chandra Bose was born at Cuttack in
Orissa.
He appeared for the Indian Civil Service in 1920
and passed with merit, but resigned before completing his probation in April 1921, he joined the
Congress and plunged into the national movement.
He was unanimously elected President at the
Haripura Congress session in 1938 and was reelected for the second term at the Tripuri session in 1939, defeating Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya,
ex
it.
Page 62 of 191
nd
ex
am
pu
in
it.
Page 63 of 191
Rajagopalachari (1948-50)
Gandhi-Irwin pact.
nd
am
pu
ex
Prime Minister of Britain Clement Atlee announced to give independence to India by June
1948.
in
it.
Page 64 of 191
Wardha scheme of education was the basic education policy formulated by Gandhiji.
Gandhiji called the Cripps Mission (1942) a postdated cheque on a drowning bank.
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
in
Medalim Slaiduin a British woman became a follower Gandhi and came to be known as Meera
Ben.
Page 65 of 191
Rabindnranath Tagore
Gandhiji grandson Thushar Gandhi led the second Dandi March from Marh 12 - April 17, 2005
on the 75th anniversary of Dandi March.
in
pu
nd
it.
am
One of the great dreams of Gandhiji was the establishment of Grama Swaraj. He said India lives
in villages. He started Sewagram Ashram on
30 April 1936.
ex
Page 66 of 191
nd
pu
am
ex
in
it.
Page 67 of 191
Famous Statements
in
it.
INDIA AFTER
INDEPENDENCE
nd
pu
am
ex
Page 68 of 191
Indo-China War
am
ex
in
it.
nd
pu
Page 69 of 191
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
Page 70 of 191
in
it.
nd
ex
am
pu
Indian
Constitution
Page 71 of 191
in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
it.
nd
ex
am
pu
Page 72 of 191
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
23.
24.
pu
nd
22.
ex
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Answers
1. Socialist, Secular, integrity
2. Cabinet Mission
3. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha,
4. The Governor
5. The Parliament
6 . 10 years
7. It can only withhold the bill
for 14 days to make recommendations
8. 6
9. Puducherry and Delhi
10. Uttar Pradesh
11. State Government
12. Article 19 (1)
13. The President
14. Thrice
15. Public Accounts Committee,
16. Provisions regarding disqualification on grounds of
defection
17. Any number of times
18. 13
19. Article 74
20. Death sentence
21. 1989
22. 1/10 th of the elected members
of the parliament
23. Public Accounts Committee
24. Union List
25. No Confidence Motion
26. 20
27. Until repealed
28. Sales tax
29. The Union Government
30. 1956.
in
16.
am
chaired by a prominent
member of the opposition?
What is contained in the Tenth
Schedule of the Constitution?
How many times can the
President of India seek reelection to his post?
How many committees were
set up by the Constituent
Assembly for framing the
Constitution of India?
Name the article which
empowers the President to
appoint the Prime Minister of
India.
What is meant by Capital
Punishment?
In which year was voting age
reduced from 21 to 18 in
India?
A party in India in order to be
recognised as official
opposition in the parliament
should have at least how
many seats?
Which is the oldest financial
committee in the Parliament?
Extradition is included in
which list?
Through which resolution,
the Lok Sabha brings a
change in the Government?
What is the maximum
number of starred questions
that can be asked in Lok Sabha
on a particular day?
How long does a national
emergency duly proclaimed
and approved by the
Parliament remain in force?
States earn more revenue
directly through which tax?
In the case of subjects not
mentioned in any of the three
lists, the power to make laws
rests with whom?
In which year the state
reorganisation Bill was
passed by the parliament?
it.
Page 73 of 191
Short Notes
1. What are the distinct features
of a Constitution?
2. The President & his Functions
3. How can the constitution be
amended?
pu
nd
it.
in
29. Discuss
about
the
constitutional provision of the
no-confidence motion.
30. 93rd amendment Bill
Answers
1. An analysis of the various
definitions of a constitution
shows that the constitution
has the following distinct
features:
Firstly, it refers to a collection
of those basic laws which are
more sacrosanct than the
ordinary laws.
Secondly, the constitution is
not entirely written. Though
a major part of the
constitution is generally
available in the form of a
written document, certain
laws are also based on
customs, usages and
conventions and form part of
the constitution.
Thirdly, the constitution may
be created by a special body
set up for the purpose or
evolved in course of time.
Fourthly, the constitution
determines the structure of the
main organs of government,
the distribution of sovereign
power between various
authorities and the relations
between the citizens and
various organs of the
government.
Fifthly, it contains procedures
for its own change which is
generally quite different from
the procedure for the
enactment of ordinary laws.
Sixthly, the constitution
generally
contains
a
statement of its objectives.
Finally, the constitution not
only lays down the rights of
the citizens, but also specifies
the limitations on the
authority of the government.
ex
am
4. Anti-Defection Law
5. What are the major
commitments
of
the
Constitution of India as
incorporated in its Preamble?
6. Indian Constitution is
drawn from different
sources. Establish the point.
7. Identify the nature and
methods of Parliamentary
control over the Executive in
Indian Polity.
8. Explain the concept of
Minorities in the Indian
Constitution and mention the
safeguards provided there in
for their protection.
9. Discuss the power privileges
and immunities of the Indian
Parliament.
10. Explain the relevance of Rajya
Sabha in the federal set up of
the Indian Parliamentary
System.
11. Highlight the significance of
the 73rd Amendment to the
Constitution of India.
12. Indian Judiciary
13. Supreme Court
14. Jurisdiction of the Supreme
court
15. 42nd Amendment
16. Relation between the Union
and the States
17. Fundamental Duties
18. Powers of the Governor
19. Sarkaria Commission
20. Public Service Commission
21. Election Commission
22. Finance Commission
23. Contingency Fund
24. Eighth Schedule of the
Constitution
25. Family Courts
26. CAT
27. Lok Adalats (LAs)
28. High Court
Page 74 of 191
pu
nd
it.
in
provisions to be amended
requires a majority of not less
than two third of the members
present and voting in each
house. In some other cases
besides two third members of
both the house present and
voting, it must be ratified by
the legislatives of the one-half
of the states.
4. Anti Defection Law was
passed in 1985 as the 52nd
Constitutional Amendment
with the aim to political
defections in India. A member
of Parliament or state
legislature belonging to a
political party shall be
disqualified if he voluntarily
gives up the membership of
his party or vote against the
party directive or abstain from
voting.
Anti-defection law is added
as the 10th schedule of Indian
Constitution. The speaker
considers the question of
disqualification under antidefection law. The decision of
the speaker in anti-defection
law is now open to judicial
review.
5. The Preamble of the
Constitution of India
embodies the ideals,
aspirations and objectives of
the social and political order
to which the people of India
are committed. The Preamble
rests the sovereignty in the
people of India which is a
socialist, secular and
democratic republic. Thus, the
head of the nation will be
elected, all religions will be
respected and the State of
India would be a welfare state
committed to the ideals of
socio-economic justice to be
obtained in a democratic way
by the rule of law. Commit-
ex
am
Page 75 of 191
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
Page 76 of 191
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
Page 77 of 191
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
Page 78 of 191
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
Page 79 of 191
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
Page 80 of 191
in
it.
am
nd
Terminology
pu
ex
Page 81 of 191
it.
in
ex
nd
pu
am
Page 82 of 191
Abbreviations
AAGSP : All Asian
Gana
Sangam Parishad.
ABVP : Akhil
Bharatiya
Vidhyarthi Parishad.
AG
: Attorney General.
: Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam.
ESMA : Essential Services
Maintenance Act.
EVM : Electronic
Voting
Machine.
FBL
: Forward Block.
INL
: Indian
National
League.
ISP
: Indian Socialist Party.
IUML : Indian Union Muslim
League.
JD (U) : Janata Dal (United).
JP
: Janata Party.
MDMK : Marumalarchi Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam.
NCP
: National Congress Party.
NDA : National Democratic
Alliance.
it.
in
DMK
Important Amendments
am
pu
nd
ex
Page 83 of 191
nd
it.
in
pu
Govt. of India act 1935: Federal system, office of the Governor, Power of federal judiciary,
emergency power, public Service commission, Administrative details
am
United Kingdom: Law making procedure, Rule of law, provision of single citizenship,
Parliamentary Govt., Bicameralism, prerogative writs, Office of the CAG
ex
USA: Independent judiciary, Judicial review, Fundamental rights, Removal of supreme and high
court judge (Impeachment), preamble, Function of Vice president
Canada: Federation with a strong centre, residuary power with the centre, Appointment of state
Governors by center, Advisory/review of Supreme Court
Ireland: Directive principle of state policy, method of presidential election, Nomination of
members of Rajyasabha by president
Germany: Emergency provision and suspension of fundamental rights
Australia: Con current list and Freedom of trade
South Africa: Amendment procedure
France: Republic
Russia (USSR): Fundamental duties
Japan: Procedure establish by law
Page 84 of 191
Indian Geography
Queen Mary 2
ex
am
India : Physical
Features
pu
Karakoram
nd
it.
in
Mountains of India
The mountains extending between the
Pamir plateau and the Indus river in Kashmir are known as the Karakoram.
The Karakoram mountains contain the
Siachen, which is the world's largest mountain glacier.
The world's second highest peak called K2
(Godwin Austin) belongs to Karakoram
World's largest and most expensive cruise liner
range.
Queen
Mary 2, the luxury ship carrying more than
Page 85 of 191
nd
it.
pu
am
ex
in
Page 86 of 191
Anthroth Island
The largest Island in Lakshadweep
in
nd
am
ex
pu
Great Plains
Soils in India
The Islands
Besides mainlands India has two groups of Islands
namely the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the
Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep Islands in the
Arabian Sea.
Islands.
The southernmost tip of India, Indira point is in
Great Nicobar islands which is the biggest island
in Nicobar group.
The islands of Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi
in the Arabian sea are known as Lakshadweep. It
comprises of a group of 36 islands, about 300km
to the west of Kerala coast. Only 10 of the islands
are inhabited.
Kavarathi is the capital of Lakshadweep.
New Moore Island lies in Bay of Bengal near West
Bengal also belong to India.
Coco Islands North of Andaman belong to
Myanmar.
Biggest Island in Andaman Group - Middle
Andaman
Biggest Island in Nicobar Group - Great Nicobar
Smallest Island in Andaman Group - Ross Island
Smallest Island in Nicobar Group - Pilomillow Island
Highest point in Nicobar Group - Mount Thullier.
it.
The Malwa plateau, particularly its north - eastern part called the Chottanagpur plateau is the
richest mineral producing region of India.
Alluvial Soil
Page 87 of 191
Black Soil
Black soil is found
largely in the
Deccan plateau.
Black soil is suitable for the cultivation of cotton and
therefore it is called
black cotton soil.
The black colour of
the black soil is attributed to the presence of compounds
of Iron and alum i n i u m ,
accumulated humus, aluminium silicate, colloidal
in
it.
nd
pu
Red Soil
am
ex
Page 88 of 191
Laterite Soil
Forest soils are formed by the deposition of organic matter derived from forests. They are rich in
organic matter and humus. They are found mainly
in Punjab, Karnataka, Manipur and Jammu &
Kashmir.
These soils are used for plantations of tea, coffee, spices and fruits.
Himalayan rivers
Saline and
Alkaline Soils
ex
am
pu
Rivers in India may be classified into the Himalayan rivers, the Deccan river (Peninsular Rivers).
These soils cover the high rainfall areas of West
Bengal, Orissa and Kerala.
The Himalayan rivers are perennial snow fed rivers. During the monsoon season, the rivers discharge the maximum amount of water causing frequent floods.
Yamuna, Gomti, Ghagra, Gandak, Ram Ganga, Son,
Chambal, Betwa and Ken are the the main tributaries of Ganga.
Ganga is known by the name Padma in Bangladesh.
Ganga flows through Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West
Bengal and finally enters into the Bay of Bengal.
Brahmaputra is the second largest river system
of Indian sub-continent. The 2,688 km
Brahmaputra is longer than the Ganges, but only
one third of the river passes through India.
Brahmaputra orginates from the Manasarovar lake
in Western Tibet. It mainly flows through Tibet
and a small portion of it flows through India.
In Tibet, Brahmaputra is known as Tsang Po.
After making deep gorges in Namcha Barwa, it
enters India in Arunachal Pradesh as 'Dihang'. It
enters Sadiya District of Assam and known as
Brahmaputra when it enters Bangladesh, it is
named as 'Meghna.'
knphpw {_lva]p{Xbpw KwK-tb-m hep-Xm-
nd
Forest Soil
in
Laterite soils are formed by the weathering of laterite rocks. Laterite soils are deficient in nitrogen.
They are chiefly found in Karnataka, Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Malabar areas.
These soils are agriculturally unimportant because
of intensive leaching, a low base exchange capacity and their acidic nature.
it.
Peaty Soils
Page 89 of 191
Peninsular rivers
Lakes
pu
am
Peninsular rivers (The Deccan System) are generally rainfed and comprises the rivers of peninsular India. They are shorter and seasonal in nature.
River Godavari is the largest river system (1465
km long) of peninsular India. It is known as the
'Vridha Ganga' or 'Dakshin Ganga.' It rises from
Trambak in Nasik district in the Western Ghats.
River Krishna rises from the north of
Mahabaleswar in the Western Ghats. It enters into
the Bay of Bengal. Krishna basin forms the third
largest river basin in India.
River Cauvery rises from the Brahmagiri hills in
the Coorg district of Karnataka. About 55 percent
of the cauvery basin lies in Tamilnadu, 41 percent
in Karnataka and three percent in Kerala.
River Pennar rises in the Kolar district of Karnataka.
River Damodar rises from the Chottanagpur plateau near Tori in Palamau district of Jharkhand.
River Damodar of Jharkhand is called as "Sorrow
of Bengal and Jharkhand", because of frequent
flood, mass, soil erosion and heavy siltation.
River Narmada which rises from the Amarkantak
plateau in Chhattisgarh is the largest among the
west flowing peninsular rivers.
Narmada and Tapti are the major west flowing
rivers of India. They drains into the Gulf of
Cambay in the Arabian Sea.
Satpula Mountain range lies between Narmada
and Tapti.
Luni and Sabarmati are the other two west flowing peninsular rivers.
Sabarmati rises from the Jai Samand lake of
Udaipur, Rajasthan.
ex
in
it.
nd
Indian Climate
Indian climate is greatly influenced by the presence of Himalayas in the north and the Indian
Ocean in the south.
The climate of India is monsoonal type, fed up by
two rain bearing winds.
The Tropic of Cancer divides India into two almost equal climatic zones namely the northern
zone and the southern zone.
The South West Monsoon forms the main monsoon season in India (June to August).
Page 90 of 191
nd
it.
in
pu
am
ex
Page 91 of 191
Mawsynram in
Meghalaya (1141 cm) is the
rainiest place in the world.
Dry Tropical forests are mostly prevalent in regions with an annual rainfall of 90 to 130 cm.
Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under forest among the Indian states.
ex
am
pu
it.
nd
in
Page 92 of 191
pu
am
The wild life reserves of India are of two types the Wild life sanctuaries and National parks.
Presently the country has 500 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 92 National Parks and 27 Tiger Reserves.
Wild life protection in India was given statutory
status with the adoption of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 by all the Indian states except
Jammu and Kashmir..
Trade in endangered species is subject to strict
rules under the Convention on International Trade
in Endangered Species (CITES) of wild flora and
ex
nd
The Animal Welfare Board of India was established in 1962. Research programmes in wildlife
are carried out by the Wild life Institute of India,
Dehradun and the Salim Ali Centre for
Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore.
in
it.
India is rich in mineral resources and has the potential to become an industrial power.
India is the 5th largest exporter of Iron ore in the
world.
India is the largest producer of mica in the world.
Jharkhand is the leading producer of mica. Bihar,
Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh also produce mica.
The Great plains of Northern India are devoid of
deposits of economic minerals. On the other hand
Jharkhand and Orissa areas on the North-Eastern
parts of Peninsular India possess large concentration of mineral deposits accounting for nearly
three-fourths of the countrys coal deposits.
Page 93 of 191
Mineral deposits are also scattered over the peninsular India and in parts of Assam and Rajasthan.
Thorium, a likely future substitute for Uranium as
a fission meterial in atomic reactors, occurs in considerable quantities as ThO2, in the beach sands
of Kerala coast.
Thorianite and Monazite are the main ores of thorium. Monazite deposits of commercial value are
found in about 160 kms between Cape Comorin
and Kollam in Kerala.
India possesses the largest reserves of monazite
known in the world.
Uranium compounds occurs in Singhbhum - copper belt of Jharkhand, Aravalli's and central
Himalaya.
Monazite which contains small percentage of Uranium Oxide occurs in the beach sands of the east
and west in India.
Leading salt producer in India is Gujarat. It produces 60% of salt of the country.
Jharkhand
pu
am
ex
in
nd
it.
Page 94 of 191
in
Agriculture
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
Page 95 of 191
Punjab is
known as the
'Granary of
India.'
pu
ex
am
in
it.
nd
Potato ranks No. 1 in vegetable production in India, followed by Brinjal, Tomato, Cabbage.
India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of cashew in the world.
Page 96 of 191
The most
populous state
of India: Uttar
Pradesh
The least
populous state:
Sikkim
am
ex
Largest
populated
city:
Mumbai
pu
nd
it.
in
The
largest
state:
Rajasthan
The eastern
most state:
Arunachal
Pradesh
The
smallest
state
Goa
The Mineral
state:
Jharkhand
The
smallest
Union
Territory
The southern
most tip of
India: Indira
point
Page 97 of 191
INDUS
INDIA
Indus ( km) is
the
largest
river of Indian
sub continent.
J h e l u m ,
Chenab Ravi,
Sutlej, Beas are
the important
tributaries
Chenab is the
largest of all
the
Indus
tributaries
it.
in
Water Bodies
nd
T apt i
important west
flowing rivers of
India
ex
Narmada &
Tapti are the two
am
pu
Brahmaputra
GANGA
It is the longest
river in India
(2640 km).
Formed by two
head streams,
Alakananda and
Bhagirathi which
join at Devprayag.
East Flowing
Rivers
Mahanadi,
Godavari, Krishna,
Kaveri are the
important rivers.
Godavari is the
longest river of the
Peninsula.
Bhima, Krishna and
Thungabhadhra are
the three tributaries
of Krishna.
Page 98 of 191
Brahmaputra is
the second
largest river
system of Indian
sub continent.
After making
deep gorges in
Namcha Barwa,
it enters India in
Arunachal
Pradesh as
Dihang. It
enters Sadiya
District of
Assam and
known as
Brahmaputra.
When it enters
Bangladesh, it is
named as
Meghna.
Mount Everest:
Highest Peak
in the World
(Nepal)
Kachenjunga
in Sikkim is
the highest
peak of the
Himalaya in
India
ex
am
pu
nd
it.
in
Aravallis is the
Oldest Mountain
Range in India
Cardomom Hills
Southern tip of
Eastern Ghats
Page 99 of 191
Deccan Plateau
is the oldest part of
India
pu
nd
it.
in
am
INDIA - Minerals
India has the worlds largest
reserves of iron.
ex
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
&
ex
am
pu
nd
it.
in
Neighbouring Countries
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
Page 103 of 191
in
it.
pu
nd
11
am
ex
10
5
8
6
7
12
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
Page 105 of 191
ex
am
pu
nd
it.
in
TIMELINE:WORLD HISTORY
BC
400
399
44
27
AD
1
in
it.
500
nd
250
313
395
: The Roman Empire split into the East Roman, or Byzantine Empire and the West
Roman Empire.
300
570
610
622
750
800
pu
am
ex
776
988
1054
1110
1279
1858
1869
1871
: Germany became united under the Prussian king, who ruled the new empire as
Kaiser Wilhelm I.
1901
1902
: First Siamese twins Barnam and Bailey circus twins separated. Thomas Alva Edison
invents a new electrical storage battery. London School of Economics and Political Science opened. Cedric, the world largest ship
(21,000 tons) built. First Trans-Atlantic telegraph message sent.
1492
1498
1903
pu
it.
: The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople (Istanbul) and overthrew the Byzantine Empire.
nd
1453
in
am
1543
1588
1776
1904
1905
: Frenchman Alfred Binet invents intelligence tests. Albert Einstein says time and
speed are relative. Norwegian explorer
Roald Amundsen lands at Alaska and
finds magnetic pole.
1906
: HMS Dreadnought, worlds most powerful ship, built. SOS (Save our Souls)
adopted as international distress signal. First
submarine, UI, enters service.
1907
1908
ex
1526
1789
1815
1911
1913
ex
am
1912
1914
1920
1921
1922
1923
1917
1918
in
1910
1919
it.
1924
pu
1909
: Bacillus causing rabies isolated by the Pasteur Institute, Paris. Edwin Hubble discovers the unknown boundaries of the Milky
Way.
nd
1925
1926
1927
1928
: Germ killing mould discovered by Alexander Fleming, London. Stalins First Five
Year Plan.
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1939
1941
1944
1945
: Mussolini killed by Italian partisans Hitler commits suicide. 50 nations sign the
World Security Charger to establish UN.
UN Charter signed by 50 countries.
Postdam Conference. Little Boy, a Uranium-235 fission bomb, dropped over
Japanese city Hiroshima, explodes, 570
mts. above ground, instantly killing over
70,000. A 22-kiloton plutonium 239 bomb,
Fat Man, dropped over Nagasaki, explodes 510 mts above ground, killing
40,000 immediately. The International
Monetary Fund and the World Bank are
founded.
1958
1959
: Dalai Lama, fleeing from Tibet reaches India and finds sanctuary. Pictures of the dark
side of the moon sent back by Lunik III.
1960
1961
am
ex
in
1938
1957
it.
pu
1936
1956
nd
lor of Germany.
1962
1963
1965
1946
1947
1948
1966
1952
1967
1968
1969
1970
1953
1974
1975
1977
1978
1979
1982
1984
1985
1986
1991
: Gulf War. Warsaw Pact disbanded. Kuwait fully liberated. Khaleeda Zia appointed first woman Prime Minister of
Bangladesh. Formal end to the Soviet
Union. Commonwealth of Independent
states formed.
1992
1993
ex
am
pu
1981
1990
in
1973
it.
nd
1971
: US Space Shuttle Challenger explodes after takeoff, killing seven astronaut. Soviet
Unions Mir Space Station launched.
Nuclear leak in Chernobyl power station.
Ann Bancroft becomes first woman to
reach North Pole.
1994
1995
1988
1996
1989
1997
: At the NPT conference in the United Nations, USA, Russia, France, Britain and
China pledge to eliminate atomic weapons, without setting a time table.
it.
ex
am
nd
pu
in
: Ananova, the worlds first virtual newsreader, makes her debut on the internet at
www.ananova.com.
: Carl Banks, the Disney Illustrator and creator of Donald Duck passes away.
in
nd
it.
: The radical Islamic Taliban regime in Afghanistan demolishes two huge statues
of the Buddha at Bamiyan.
: Dennis Tito of the United States becomes
the first person to tour the space.
pu
am
: Gao Xingjian, a dissident Chinese novelist and playwright settled in France who
left China in 1987 to settle in France, wins
the Nobel Prize for Literature for 2000 for
his work that has opened new paths for
the Chinese novel and drama.
ex
in
it.
nd
am
ex
2004
pu
2003
Lakshmi Mittals 18.6 billion euro takeover bid for Arcelor is blocked by a change
in Luxemburg corporate law.
Junichiro Koizumi is re-elected as Japanese Primier by the new House of Representatives at a special session in Tokyo.
it.
nd
pu
Qinghai - Tibet railway the worlds highest and longest highland railway becomes
operational.
am
ex
2006
in
World History
am
ex
nd
The earliest known primate (Plesiandapis) appeared on the earth towads 70,000,000 BC.
pu
in
it.
Pre-Historic Period
Semitic, Hemitic and Indo-Europeans are the subgroups of the Caucasoid race.
Hieroglyphics
am
SUMERIAN
OR MESOPOTAMIAN
CIVILIZATION (3000 -1600 BC)
ex
in
it.
nd
pu
CUNIEFORM WRITING
The Sumerians are credited with the invention
of a distinctive system of writing known as
Cunieform. They wrote on clay tablets using
wedge shaped letters. The name Cunieform was
originated from the Latin word cuneus which
means wedge. The Cunieform script was
desciphered by Henry Rawlinson.
Babilonian people invented water clock and sundial to know the time.
Mesopotamians discovered the system of Geometry. It was later called Pythagorus Theorem.
it.
nd
pu
Preserved dead
Mummies
bodies of the
Egyptians were
known as mummies. Mummification shows their
belief in life after death.
am
ex
in
Hammurabi
was responsible for the introduction of a
code of conduct
to
the
Mesopotamians.
It was based
on the prin-
Hammurabi
Indus Valley Civilisation was discovered as a result of the archaeological excavations carried out
in 1920-22 at Mohenjodaro and Harappa (Both in
Pakistan) by R D Banarjee and Dayaram Sahni.
John Marshall was the Director General of the
Archaeological Survey of India at that time (more
details are given in the Indian History part).
am
ex
Chinese Civilisation
in
it.
pu
nd
Persian Civilisation
Sphinx
Sphinx was a mythological animal of the
ancient Egyptians. It was
the largest of the Egyptian statues. It has a human head and the body
of a lion. It has 100 feet
length and 70 feet height.
Demosthenese was a
world famous Greek
orator
Thales of Meletus is
considered as the father of Greek Mathematics
Greek Civilisation
Greek Civilisation dates back to 800 BC
Herodotus
Leopold Van Ranke, a German historian is considered as the father of Modern History.
pu
nd
in
it.
Aesceles was the greatest of the Greek dramatists, who wrote famous tragedies.
ex
am
The Roman Emperor Theo-dosius banned Olympics in 394 BC. (more details about Olypics could
be seen in sports and games portion)
Macedonian Empire
Mascedonia was a Greek city state. It became a
prominent empire under its king Philip II (359 336 BC)
Roman Civilisation
The idea of
Republic originated in Rome.
Senate was
the Roman
Assembly of
Elders
Rome
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
in
Christianity
Islam
pu
am
ex
in
testament.
it.
nd
Mayan, Inca and Aztec are the main native American civilisations flourished before the European
colonization of America.
African Civilisation
in
American Civilisation
nd
pu
am
it.
ex
The capital of Aztec was Tinochtitlans it was captured by Spanish conquerors in 1519 AD, thus
ended the Aztec Civilisation.
Most civilised of the Amarindian civilizations
was the Inca, which developed in Peru (South
America)
Middle Ages
He belonged to Poland.
Crossing the Threshold of Hope Gift and Mystery Roman Tryptych Meditations
Rise up Let us Go, Memory and Identity are
the books written by Pope John Paul II.
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
Joan of Arc
Modern Age
ex
am
pu
nd
The Renaissance
in
it.
The great dramatist Shakespeare who is popularly known as the Bard of Avon was born in
AD 1564 and died in AD 1616. His great tragedies
are Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello and KingLear.
He wrote altogether 37 plays.
pu
Ferdinant Megallan of Portugal who started his Voyage in 1519 was the first
circum navigator (who
sailed around the world). His
circum navigation exclusively proved that the Earth
is round.
am
ex
in
Geographical Discoveries
it.
nd
Megallan
The Hundred years war (1338-1453) fought between England and France started during the period of King Edward III.
ex
pu
am
in
it.
nd
England
pu
ex
am
nd
No taxation without representation was the famous slogan associated with the American Revolution.
The representatives of the 13 colonies met at the
First Continental Congress at Philadelphia in
1774.
Second Philadelphia Congress was met in 1776
and it adopted the Declaration of Independence
on 4 July 1776.
The Declaration of American Independence was
drafted by Thomas Jefferson.
By the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the United States
of America came to being.
The Constitution of America was adopted in 1789.
The Civil War in America was during 1861-65
Abraham Lincoln was the
President during Civil War.
The city of Chicago in
America has the largest
number of rail roads.
Uncle Toms Cabin of
Harriet Beechstowe published for the first time in
1852.
in
it.
Abraham Lincoln
ex
am
pu
in
it.
nd
Important Battles
The figures of four American Presidents are engraved on the Mount Rushmor.
Only American president who got all the electoral votes - George Washington.
nd
American President
who was entrusted to
prepare American
Constitution - Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison is
known as the Father of American Constitution.
Last military officer of the American revolution to
become the President of America - James Munroe
First American President who was the son of a
former president - John Kwinsy Adams
Kitchen Cabinet prevailed during the period of
Andrew Jackson.
First American President to die in harness Wilham Henry Harrison
First American President who was subjected to
impeachment - John Tailor
American President who is known as Black
Horse - James K. Polk
First American President who was ousted from
his party while in Office - John Tailor
American President who chose the site for White
House - Herbert Hover
American President who worked as the Chairman
of UN Human Rights Committee - Elenar
Roosevelt
American President who gave orders to drop atom
bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Harry S.
Truman
pu
am
ex
in
it.
American Presidents
Louis XVI was the king of France when the revolution broke out (1774-1792)
am
ex
it.
nd
French society on the eve of Revolution was divided into three Estates - Clergy, Nobles and Commons.
pu
in
Eiffel Tower
A little before the Industrial Revolution the Agrarian Revolution broke out in England.
Russian Revolution
am
ex
it.
Russia was united into an empire in the 9th century AD. Russia was unified by the Rurichs.
Russians belonged to the Salvonic race.
Mongols captured Russia in the 13th century.
The Romanoff Dynasty of Russia was founded
by Michael Romanoff in 1613.
Romanoff Emperors were known as Czars. They
ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.
Peter the Great is considered as the father of
modern Russia.
Peters foreign policy was known as warm water
policy
Russian Revolution was started in 1917 and it
was led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin.
nd
pu
in
Bloody Sunday
On the 22nd of 1905 thousands of unarmed Russian workers marched to the Winter Palace of Czar
in St.Peterburg. Their demand was to have administrative reforms. But the army fired at the mob
Hundereds of workers died, thousands wounded.
This incident is known as Bloody Sunday, that is
related to the Revolution of 1905 in Russia.
Lenin
Ching dynasty or the Manchus were the last ruling dynasty of China.
The October Revolution happened on 7 November 1917 (because old Russian Calendar was 14
days backward).
ex
am
pu
nd
it.
in
He introduced Five Year Plans (1928) for the economic progress of Russia.
ated water way extends more than 1600 Kilometers from Hangzhou in the south to Beijing in the
north.
China opened worlds highest and longest highland railway on 1st July 2006 The Qinghai-Tibet
Railway (1, 1142 Km)
Karakkoram highway is the only overland connection between China and Pakistan.
Chinese Mandarin is the most widely spoken language of the world and it is the mother tongue of
the largest number of people. Chinese call this
language Putoghua (Common language)
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
in
Only one European country which was not affected by great depression was Russia.
pu
am
ex
nd
in
it.
Nazism in Germany
was a German form of
Fascism in Italy.
Adolf Hitler
in
In 7 December 1941, the Japanese bombers attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbour in
Hawai.
nd
pu
ex
it.
am
Chancellor of Germany.
Titles
Persons
am
pu
in
it.
nd
There was much co-operation among the Big Powers during the War. But later there aroused mutual suspicion among them and Cold War began.
ex
Revolutions
American war of Independence .................... 1776
The conflict reached a turning point with the election (January 2005) of
Mahmud Abbas as the new
Palestinian leader following
the death of Yassar Arafat.
am
ex
pu
it.
nd
Simon Bolivor (1783-1830) worked for the liberation of Columbia, Venezuela, Equador, Peru and
Bolivia. He is considered as the father of their
nation by all these countries. He is known as the
Liberator or the Washington of South.
in
Japan
it.
nd
Iasu Tokugama who ruled Japan the 16th Century is known as Napolean of Japan.
pu
in
Tokyo became the capital of Japan during enlightened rule (Meiji Age) which is known as the
Golden Age of Japan.
Jimmu Tenno : He was supposedly the first emperor of Japan. In 660 BC he became the Emperor.
ex
am
in
it.
nd
pu
am
Muhammed Ali Jinna was the founder of Pakistan. He was the first Governor General of the
Dominion of Pakistan.
Jinna house is in Mumbai.
Pakistan observes its independence day on August 14
Jinna is called the father of Pakistan.
Pakistan proclaimed itself an Islamic Republic in
1956.
Poet - Philosopher Muhammed Iqbal, first articulated the concept of Pakistan in 1931.
Pakistans first free elections were held in December 1970.
Bangladesh was separated from Pakistan in march
26, 1971.
On 28 and 30 may 1998 Pakistan carried out five
nuclear tests in the desert of Baluchistan at the
Chagai Hills in response to Indias test.
On 12 Octber 1999, General Pervez Musharraf in
a military coup deposed the Premier Nawaz
Sherif and suspended the constitution.
In 2001 he became the President of Pakistan.
Musharrafs presidency was extended by five
more years till 2007.
The Tashkent Agreement was signed on January 10, 1966. This Agreement was signed by Lal
Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan just after the
1965 Indo - Pak War. On January 11, Shastri died
at Tashkent.
Now Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekisthan.
The Shimla Agreement of 1972 was signed between India and Pakistan after the 1971 battles.
The Lahore Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan just before the Operation Vijay
of 1999 in Kargil to expel the ussurpers.
Th Radcliff line separates India from Pakistan,
the Durand Line is between Pakistan and
Afghanisthan and the McMohan Line is between
India and China.
Siachin Glacier which lies between India and Pakistan is referred as the highest and the coldest
battle field in the world.
The Agra Summit (2002) between Musharaff
ex
Australia
nd
pu
Father of History
Herodotus
Iron was accidently discovered by
Neanderthal man
Humans with similarity to the Neanderthal man
Cromagnans
Mesopotamian ruler who gave a famous code of
laws
Hammurabi
The Cunieform script was discovered by
Sumerians
Largest Pyramid of Egypt
Khufu
Large temple in ancient Egypt dedicated to Sun
God
Temple of Abusimbel
Three states of China existed in the 300 BC
Chin, Chu, Ehi
ex
am
Selected Questions
from World History
in
it.
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
WORLD GEOGRAPHY
Bed
P-waves (Primary Waves)
2/3rd
Fumarole
Biosphere
Political maps
Mountain Gorillas
Green land
Leningrad, Omsk
Pacific
rain - shadow area
Paleontology
Alfred Wegner
Orographic rain
travelling time from a point
USA
Cork
conserve water
Echo-sounding
western disturbances
The Mediterranean region
cattles
bajra
Potato ores
afforestation
Hail
The Suez
Sumatra and Malaysia
Savanna
Tibet
Coffee
Zaire (Boyomar falls)
in
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
it.
nd
ex
am
pu
Answer in a Word or
Sentence
1. What is called the study of
lakes and ponds?
2. Which gas in the atmosphere
absorbs ultraviolet rays?
3. Which is the longest river of
Asia?
4. Name the lowest point in
Europe?
Farakka Barrage
Completed in 1990, the Farakka Barrage is a dam located 10 km
from the Indian side of the border between India and Bangladesh,
in the state of West Bengal. India uses it to control the flow of the
Ganges river. The dam was built to divert the Ganges River water
into the Hooghly River during the dry season, from January to June,
in order to flush out the accumulating silt which in the 1950s and
1960s was a problem at the major port of Calcutta on the Hooghly
River. Bangladesh and India have not had many debates about
how the Farakka Barrage cuts off Bangladeshs water supply. Also
in Bangladesh, the diversion has raised salinity levels,
contaminated fisheries, hindered navigation, and posed a threat to
water quality and public health. Lower levels of soil moisture along
with increased salinity have also led to desertification
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
Short Notes
1. What are the rocks? How
would you classify them?
2. Write short notes on:
(i) Weathering
(ii) Denudation &
(iii) Springs
3. Write short notes on
(i) Canyon (ii) Delta
(iii) Geyser (iv) Rift Valley
4. What are earthquakes? How
are they caused?
5. Write short notes on
(i) Continental Shelf
(ii) Coral Reefs
it.
nd
pu
ex
Lake Baikal
in
am
dolomite, accumulated by
lime secreting organisms
known a coral polyps. Coral
polyps secrete calcareous
matter to form shells around
their body. A colony of corals
comprises a very large
number of animals living in
shells sticking to each other.
As the corals die, the shells
remain deposited and new
corals attach their shells to
the existing deposits. In this
manner corals produce large
rock formations. These rock
formations made by corals are
called coral reefs. Eg. Barrier
reef, Atoll etc.
6. Alternative rise and fall of the
surface of the sea, approximately twice a day, are called
tides. These are caused by the
difference of attraction
between water and the earth.
These are of two types:
(i) Spring Tide: At new moon
and full moon, the sun and the
moon are in the same line as
the earth and both exert their
influence together on earth. So
the tide produced by the sum
of their force is consequently
higher than usual. This is
called spring tide.
(ii) Neap Tide: At the first and
third quarters of moon, as the
sun and the moon are at right
angles to each other; the tide
produced by the difference of
their force is consequently
lower than usual. This is
called Neap Tide.
7. These are the winds which
blow towards equator. They
blow between 5 degrees to 30
degrees north and 5 degrees
and 30 degrees south latitude.
8. (i) Roaring Forties: These are
steady north-west anti-trade
winds between latitude 45 to
50 degrees south.
pu
nd
it.
in
am
ex
12.
13.
pu
ex
am
nd
it.
in
14.
15.
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
pu
nd
it.
in
am
ex
Savanna
pu
nd
it.
am
moisture-carrying clouds
bursts into a heavy
downpour on account of
condensation of its entire
volume of water vapour at the
same time.
Coriolis Force: The force
exerted on the atmosphere by
earths rotation.
Crater: Is the small mouth of
a volcano. It is usually cupshaped and serves as a vent
for lava to flow out of the
volcano.
Creek: A small stream; a
smaller inlet or tidal estuary
of a river.
Escarpment: A steep inland
cliff. An escarpment is found
where layers of hard rock
slope upwards to the surface
over softer rocks below.
Estuary: A channel formed by
mixing of sea and river water,
e.g., Thames Estuary.
Foehn: A warm dry wind
which blows down the iceward slope of a mountain, best
known in the valleys of the
northern alps.
Gale: A strong wind that
blows at a speed of 62-101
kmph.
Isogonic lines: Contour lines
of magnetic declination.
Isohyte: A line drawn on a
map joining places receiving
equal amount of rainfall over
a certain period.
Isoneph: A line on a map
joining places having equal
average cloudiness over a
certain period.
Isostasy: The state of balance
or equilibrium that is said to
exist between highlands and
lowlands of the earth due to
difference in the density of
their respective rock material.
in
Important Terms in
Geography
ex
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
Greenland
Greenland is a self-governing
Danish province located
between the Arctic and Atlantic
Oceans. Though geographically and ethnically an Arctic
island nation associated with
the continent of North
America, politically and
historically Greenland is
closely tied to Europe,
specifically Iceland, Norway
and Denmark. It is the largest
island in the world that is not
also considered a continent.
GENERAL SCIENCE
New Delhi
Sphygmomanometer
Charles Darwin
Insulin
Plants
The nervous system
chromosomes
206,
in fertility
Answer in a Word
Nervous system
brian
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Brachial plexus
Musculocutaneous
nerve
in
Intercostal
Nerves
nd
Genitofernoral
nerve
Obturator
nerve
Ulnar nerve
Common peroneal
nerve
Subcostal nerve
Lumbar
plexus
Sacral
plexus
Formal nerve
Pudendal nerve
Sciatic nerve
it.
Median nerve
liohypogastic
nerve
Muscular branches
of femoral nerve
Saphenous nerve
Tibial nerve
am
1. Deforestation has an
alarming effect on ............
2. Sharbati Sonora refers to
............
3. Kisan-Khad is an example of
fertilizer ............
4. Commercial Cork is obtained
from the bark of ............
5. The National Bureau of Plant
Genetic Resource is located
at ............
6. Blood-Pressure is measured
by using ............
7. Origin of species was
published by ............
8. The deficiency of ............ in the
body leads to diabetis.
9. Botany is the study of ............
10. Neurology is the study of
............
11. Genes are located in ............
12. The total number of bones in
human body is ............
13. Deficiency of Vitamin E
results in ............
14. Antibiotics are ............
15. A gas which is atmospheric
pollutant and most fatal for
man ............
16. An instrument to hear and
analyse movements of heart
and lungs ............
17. Largest reptile is ............
18. Life span of RBC is ............
19. An adult person will have
............ liters of blood.
20. In GM food, GM stands for
............
Answers
1. Soil erosion,
2. A variety of wheat
3. N-P-K
4. Oak,
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
pu
ex
Superficial peroneal
nerve
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
am
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
in
11.
it.
10.
nd
9.
pu
6.
7.
8.
ex
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Days to remember
World Environment day
Hroshima Day
Nagasaki Day
Ozone day
National Pollution Prevention Day
Bhopal Gas Disaster Day
5th June
August 6
August 9
September 16
December 2
December 3 1984
5.
it.
nd
pu
ex
Answers
4.
in
glass or cellophane, or in
liquid suspension. The
necessary nutrient medium is
provided from outside to
create ideal conditions for
growth. Tissue culture is used
to study cell growth,
multiplication and differentiation.
2. Diseases which are caused by
the attack of diseases causing
germs are called infection
diseases. Infectious diseases
are also communicable.ie. it
can be spread from one
person to another. The
common disease causing
microbes are viruses, bacteria,
fungus, worms and so on. The
common infectious diseases
in India are measles, chicken
pox, cholera, enteric fever, TB,
leprosy etc. Treatment and
remedial measures are
available for most of the
infectious diseases.
3. Cloning is the production of
copies that are genetically
identical to the parent. It
occurs naturally in asexually
reproducing lower organism
and vegitatively reproducing
plants. Naturally it is not
possible in higher animals.
Artificial cloning can be
achieved in such cases. Dolly
is the first cloned animal.
Cloning generally involves
transplantation of a nucleus
from body cells or embryonic
am
6.
7.
in
it.
ex
am
10.
nd
9.
Liver
pu
8.
11.
in
21.
pu
nd
it.
ex
am
22.
23.
24.
pu
nd
it.
in
known as sphygmomano
meter.
30. Excess water must be
removed from the body by any
means of excretion because it
may result in a serious
condition of oedema
(swelling of tissue through
increase of its fluid content).
Over secretion of Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) results more
reabsorption of water and less
output of water.
31. Leukemia is a malignant
condition of blood in which
there is proliferative,
purposeless increase of white
blood cells in the blood, along
with premature cells. The
condition usually ends
fatally. The total lecucocyte
ex
am
Environmental Laws
for controlling
pollution
Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986:
Insecticide Act 1968
Water (Prevention and
control of pollution) Act
1974.
Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act,
1981.
of infectious materials
derived from them as
weapons to bring about death
or diseases in humans,
animals or plants. Most of the
advanced countries including the USA have biological
weapons ready in their
arsenal. The use of anthrax by
the terrorists against USA is
an example for biological
warfare.
42. Colour blindness is an inborn
condition in which the
individual is unable to
distinguish between particular colours of red and green.
The person suffering from
colour blindness has a
normal ordinary vision. It is
a herditary diseases
43. Disinfectant or germicide is
an agent which kills
infectious organisms out side
the body by direct exposure to
chemical or physical agent.
They are too corrosive or toxic
to be applied to tissues. They are
used on inanimate surface. eg.
phenol, bleaching powder etc.
44. Proteins are the main
chemical substances of living
matter, composed of
aminoacids. They are a part
of every living cell and are
found in all animals and
plants. It is very essential for
growth and maintanance of
the body. Lean meat, fish and
eggs are almost entirely
proteins. Proteins occur in
structural matter as bones,
tendons, skin, hair and hoof,
and in some vitamins and
hormones. All enzymes are
proteins. Their composition
varies with the source, but all
proteins are basically
constructed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen and some contain
39.
pu
38.
nd
it.
in
ex
am
40.
41.
in
it.
nd
48.
pu
47.
am
46.
ex
45.
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
nd
it.
68.
64.
65.
69.
ex
63.
in
67.
am
62.
66.
pu
61.
it is necessary to crossmatch
the donors blood type with
that of the recipients.
Food chain is a sequence of
organisms in a community
which is formed by eating
and being eaten. Plants are
base of the sequence. In other
words, food energy passes
from plants to animals in a
long chain called the food
chain.
Each step in the food chain
represents a trophic level. The
energy from the sun is fixed
by the producers and it is
then passed through the
various trophic levels in the
form of food.
Pasteurization is the
sterilization of food by
heating it to a temperature
below 1000 C to reduce the
number of micro-organisms it
contains and so to protect it
from decay. For milk, the
method involved is heating it
to 1610 F/720 C for 15 seconds
followed by rapid cooling to
500 F/100 C. The process kills
micro-organisms but retains
the taste, flavour and nutritive
value of milk.
Blood count is the counting
of the number of white blood
corpuscles in blood. In
normal state one cubic mm
blood contains 10,000 WBCs.
If the number exceeds, it will
cause leukaemia. Defensive
mechanism of the body is
affected by the fall in number
of WBCs.
It is the ancient Japaneese art
of growing dwarf trees. Trees
are kept small by pruning
roots and branches and by
restricting growth in pots.
Pearl is formed due to an
irritation by foreign matter
70.
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
am
Important Terms
Antibiotic : A drug derived
from living organisms such as
fungi or bacteria which kills
or inhibits the growth of
bacteria or fungi. Medical
science is greatly indebted to
antibiotic as the treatment of
wound and injury is easier
with the application of
antibiotics. The well known
antibiotics are penicillin,
streptomycin, terramycin,
neomycin, etc.
Antigen : A foreign
substance, usually protein in
it.
ex
in
am
nd
pu
pu
nd
it.
in
am
Hereditary : Passing by
inheritance from one
generation to another.
Inflammation : The reactions
of tissues to injury, pain,
increased temperature,
redness and accumulation of
white blood cells.
Neoplasm : a new and
abnormal formation of tissue
as a cancer or tumour.
Obesity : Overweight of the
body due to excessive
accumulation of fat.
Parasite : An organism that
lives in (endo) or on (ecto)
another organism, at whose
expense it gains nourishment, and, often protection.
Vaccine: A preparation of
pathogens or substances
derived
from
them
administered to a person in
order to establish resistance
to an infection. Vaccine is
available for most of the
diseases caused by bacteria.
BCG, triple antigen, polio
vaccine are some examples.
Bionics : The study of
functions, characteristics and
phenomena observed in the
living world and the
application of this knowledge
to the world of machines.
Hypermetropia: It is a defect
of eye in which near objects
are not distinctly visible. This
is also called longsightedness. It can be
corrected by using convex
lenses (converging lenses).
Hydroponics: The cultivation
of plants by placing the roots
in liquid nutrient solutions
without soil.
Osmosis: The flow of a
solvent through a membrane
that permits the passage of
ex
it.
pu
Aorta
(blood to
the body)
Pulmonary veins
from right lung
Right
atrium
Aortic
valve
Pulmonary artery
(to left lung)
Pulmonary veins
(from left lung)
ex
Pulmonary artery
to right lung
am
Tricuspid
valve
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
(blood from the body)
in
nd
left
atrium
Pulmonary
valve
Mitral
valve
Left
ventricle
Septum
in
it.
nd
ex
am
pu
Michael Faraday
nd
it.
decreases
rise
surface tension
Acoustics
supersonic
phonogram
Newtons third law of motion.
Angstrom
Light year
1.825
2.54
0.914
0.3048
1.609
Calorie
100
2.471
pu
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
in
am
Mechanical energy
Carbon
Lunic-II
1 bar
Kodai Canal (Tamil Nadu)
Convex lens
Graphite
Specific Gravity
Faraday
Sextant,
Sphygmomanometer
Speedometer
Salinometer
vibrating strings
Spherometer
Stereoscope
Stethescope
Stopwatch
Stereoplotter
Tachometer
direct current
Nephoscope
Potential
Electrons
Tungsten
Aluminium
Titanium
Electrical
Manometer
Scalar quantities
Acceleration
humidity
4o C
zero
11.2 km/s or 7 miles/s
cohesion
potential energy
motion
energy
Super fluids
Venturimeter
ex
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Answer in a Word
1. Name the instrument used to
measure the strength of an
electric current
2. Which metal is called the
metal of future?
3. Which is the first nuclear
research reactor of India?
Answers to the
sententence or two
in
ex
light year
Radiography
Lactometer
Seismograph
Voltage
Lightning conductor
Rectifier
Short circuit
it.
Ammeter
Titanium
Apsara
Toricelli
Richter scale
Scattering of light
Pyrometer
Bolometer
density
potential energy
Hookes law
reflection of sound
Steel
reflection
Because it does not wet the
glass, high density and high
termal expansivity.
16. Unlike molecules
17. Sliding to rolling
18. mass remains constant but
weight becomes zero
am
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
nd
Tungsten
pu
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Laser
EDUSAT Programme
SRE
CARTOSAT-2
Fibre Optics
Direct to Home (DTH)
Resonance
Raman Effect
Teleprinter
Micro waves
Cohesion
Temperature scales
Buoyancy
Photo electric effect
Fluorescence
Super conductivity
Super fluidity
Piezoelectric effect
Remote Control System
Viscosity
Phosphorescence
Teflon
Ultrasonics
Light-year
in
it.
nd
ex
am
A light-year or lightyear is a
unit of measurement of length,
specifically the distance that
light travels in a vacuum in one
year. While there is no
authoritative decision on which
year is used, the International
Astronomical Union (IAU)
recommends the Julian year.
Numerical value
A light-year is equal to:
9,460,730,472,580.8 km
(about 9.461 Pm)
5,878,625,373,183.61
statute miles
about 63,240 astronomical units
about 0.3066 parsecs
pu
13.
pu
15.
nd
it.
in
14.
Fahrenheit to Celsius
C = (F-32) x 5/9
Celsius to Fahrenheit
F = C x 9/5 + 32
A body seems to weigh less
when immersed in a liquid,
but the moment it comes out
of water, the same body
seems too heavy to be easily
lifted. We conclude that a
liquid exerts an upthrust on
a body immersed in it. The
tendency of a liquid to exert
an upthrust on a body
immersed in it is called
buoyancy and the upthrust is
called buoyant force.
When visible light, ultra violet
rays, X-rays etc., fall upon
certain metals (caesium,
rubidium, pottassium) electrons are liberated from them.
This phenomenon is known
as photo electric effect.
The luminescence obtained
when certain substance
absorb radiation of one wave
length and emit light of
another wavelength is known
as fluorescence.
Super conductivity is a
phenomenon of complete
disappearance of electrical
resistance and appearance of
diamagnetism in certain
solids when they are cooled
am
ex
16.
Anders Celsius
Anders Celsius (November 27, 1701 April 25,
1744) was a Swedish astronomer. Celsius was
born in Uppsala in Sweden. He was professor
of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730
to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735 visiting
notable observatories in Germany, Italy and
France. Celsius founded the Uppsala
Astronomical Observatory in 1741, and in 1742
he proposed the Celsius temperature scale in a
paper to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. His thermometer
had 100 for the freezing point of water and 0 for the boiling point. The
scale was reversed by Carolus Linnaeus in 1745, to how it is today.
23.
Scientific Reasons
in
it.
nd
ex
22.
pu
21.
am
20.
it.
in
ex
nd
pu
am
nd
it.
in
pu
am
ex
in
it.
ex
am
nd
Scientific Instruments
& their Uses
Cinematograph : Instrument
used to reflect the image of
picture on a screen.
Compass needle : For knowing approximately the northsouth direction of a place.
Drinkers apparatus : To help
breathing in infantile
paralysis.
Electro encephalo graph
(EEG) : It is a technique of
recording and interpreting
the electrical activity of brain.
Records of the electrical
activity of the brain, brain
waves are called electro
encephalograms.
Electroscope : To detect the
presence of electric charge.
Eudiometer : It is a glass tube
for measuring volume
changes in chemical reactions
between gases.
Galvanometer : For measuring
currents of small magnitude.
G.M. counter : For detecting
the presence of radiation and
counting certain atomic
particles.
Gravimeter : For recording
measurement under water
and to determine the
presence of oil deposits under
water.
Hydrometer : To calculate the
specific gravity of liquids.
Hydrophone : For recording
sound beneath water.
Hygrometer : For measuring
humidity in air.
Lactometer : To find out the
purity of milk.
Magnetometer : To measure
the intensity of earths
magnetic field.
Microphone : Used to convert
sound waves to electrical
vibrations.
pu
Important Terms
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
pu
nd
it.
ex
in
am
nd
am
pu
ex
it.
in
in
it.
nd
pu
am
ex
My Unforgettable Memories-Mamata
Banerjee
in
it.
pu
nd
am
ex
IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL
DAYS
it.
in
nd
ex
am
pu
in
it.
nd
am
pu
ex
it.
in
nd
am
INTERNATIONAL YEARS
pu
ex
INTERNATIONAL DECADES
ex
am
pu
nd
it.
in
A
African Development Bank ADB - Abidjan (Cote dIvoire)
Asian Clearing Union ACU - Tehran
Asian Development Bank ADB Manila
C
Commonwealth Foundation - London
E
European Council EU - Brussels, Belgium
F
Food and Agriculture Organization FAO - Rome
am
pu
nd
it.
in
ex
W
West African Economic Community WAEC - Ouagadougou
World Customs Organization (WCO) - Brussels, Belgium
World Health Organization WHO - Geneva
World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO Geneva
Burundi Bujumbura
Egypt - Cairo
Afghanistan - Kabul
Albania - Tirana
Algeria - Algiers
Cameroon - Yaounde
Eritrea - Asmara
Canada - Ottawa
Estonia - Tallinn
Angola - Luanda
Chad - N'Djamena
Armenia - Yerevan
Chile - Santiago
Australia - Canberra
China - Beijing
Austria - Vienna
Colombia - Bogota
Azerbaijan - Baku
Comoros - Moroni
Finland - Helsinki
France - Paris
in
Gabon - Libreville
it.
Congo - Brazzaville
Costa Rica - San Jose
Bahamas - Nassau
Bahrain - Al-Manamah
Croatia - Zagreb
Bangladesh - Dhaka
Cuba - Havana
Belgium - Brussels
Belize - Belmopan
Bhutan - Thimphu
pu
am
Cyprus - Nicosia
Czech Republic - Prague
ex
Belarus - Minsk
nd
Barbados - Bridgetown
Fiji - Suva
Botswana - Gaborone
Bulgaria - Sofia
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou
Germany - Berlin
Ghana - Accra
Greece - Athens
Grenada - Saint George's
Guatemala - Guatemala City
Guyana - Georgetown
Denmark - Copenhagen
Dominica - Roseau
Georgia - Tbilisi
Guinea - Conakry
Brazil - Brasilia
Gambia - Banjul
H
Haiti - Port-au-Prince
Honduras - Tegucigalpa
Hungary - Budapest
I
Iceland - Reykjavik
India - New Delhi
Indonesia - Jakarta
Ecuador - Quito
Iran - Tehran
Malawi - Lilongwe
Ireland - Dublin
Pakistan - Islamabad
Israel - Jerusalem
Maldives - Male
Palau - Melekeok
Italy Rome
Mali - Bamako
Malta - Valletta
Palestinian State
Ramallah(Administrative) &
Jerusalem(Claimed)
Jamaica - Kingston
Japan - Tokyo
Mauritania - Nouakchott
Jordan - Amman
Paraguay - Asuncion
Micronesia - Palikir
Peru - Lima
Moldova - Chisinau
Philippines - Manila
Monaco - Monaco
Poland - Warsaw
Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar
in
Kenya - Nairobi
it.
Kazakhstan - Astana
Montenegro - Podgorica
nd
Morocco - Rabat
Kosovo - Pristina
pu
Mozambique - Maputo
Portugal - Lisbon
Q
Qatar - Doha
Romania - Bucharest
Rwanda - Kigali
Namibia - Windhoek
Lebanon - Beirut
Nepal - Kathmandu
Lesotho - Maseru
Netherlands - Amsterdam
Liberia - Monrovia
Senegal - Dakar
Libya - Tripoli
Nicaragua - Managua
Serbia - Belgrade
Liechtenstein - Vaduz
Niger - Niamey
Seychelles - Victoria
Lithuania - Vilnius
Nigeria - Abuja
Luxembourg - Luxembourg
Norway - Oslo
Singapore - Singapore
Slovakia - Bratislava
Macedonia - Skopje
Oman - Muscat
Slovenia - Ljubljana
am
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek
Laos - Vientiane
Latvia - Riga
ex
Russia - Moscow
Madagascar - Antananarivo
Venezuela - Caracas
Vietnam - Hanoi
Spain - Madrid
Yemen - Sanaa
Sudan - Khartoum
Sweden - Stockholm
Zambia - Lusaka
Switzerland - Bern
Zimbabwe Harare
Syria - Damascus
T
Taiwan - Taipei
in
Tajikistan - Dushanbe
it.
Tanzania - Dodoma
nd
Thailand - Bangkok
pu
Turkey - Ankara
U
Uganda - Kampala
ex
Turkmenistan - Ashgabat
am
Tunisia - Tunis
Ukraine - Kyiv
United Arab Emirates Abu
Dhabi
United Kingdom - London
United States of America
Washington D.C.
Uruguay - Montevideo
Uzbekistan - Tashkent
V
Vanuatu - Port-Vila
Iraq : Dinar
Afghanistan : Afghan
Afghani
Switzerland : Franc
Japan : Yen
Syria : Pound
Lithuania : Euro
Thailand : Baht
Libya : Dinar
Turkey : Lira
Malaysia : Ringgit
Ukraine : Hryvnia
Maldives : Rufiyaa
UAE : Dirham
Mexico : Peso
UK : Pound
USA : Dollar
Australia : Dollar
Austria : European euro
Bhutan : Ngultrum
Brazil : Real
C
Canada : Dollar
Chile : Peso
China : Yuan
Cuba : Peso
Nepal : Rupee
Netherlands : Euro
Norway : Krone
it.
Bangladesh: Taka
nd
in
Argentina : Peso
Denmark : Krone
pu
F
France : Euro
G
Germany : Euro
H
Hong Kong : Dollar
Philippines : Peso
Portugal : Euro
ex
Egypt : Pound
am
Pakistan : Rupee
Q
Qatar : Riyal
R
Romania : Leu
Russia : Ruble
India : Rupee
Singapore : Dollar
Indonesia : Rupiah
Iran : Rial
Z
Zimbabwe : Dollar