Step 2015

Sixth Term Examination Papers
MATHEMATICS 1
MONDAY 15 JUNE 2015
9465
Morning
Time: 3 hours

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet

Formulae Booklet
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Please read this page carefully, but do not open this question paper until you are
told that you may do so.
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Begin each answer on a new page.
Write the numbers of the questions you answer in the order attempted on the front of the
answer booklet.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
Each question is marked out of 20. There is no restriction of choice.
All questions attempted will be marked.
Your final mark will be based on the six questions for which you gain the highest marks.
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You are provided with a Mathematical Formulae Booklet.
Calculators are not permitted.
Please wait to be told you may begin before turning this page.
_____________________________________________________________________________
This question paper consists of 7 printed pages and 1 blank page.

UCLES 2015
Section A:
(i)
Pure Mathematics
Sketch the curve y = ex (2x2 5x + 2) .

Hence determine how many real values of x satisfy the equation ex (2x2 5x + 2) = k
in the dierent cases that arise according to the value of k.
You may assume that xn ex 0 as x for any integer n.
(ii)
Sketch the curve y = ex (2x4 5x2 + 2) .
cos 15
3+1
and nd a similar expression for sin 15 .

2 2
(i)
Show that
(ii)
Show that cos is a root of the equation
4x3 3x cos 3 = 0 ,
and nd the other two roots in terms of cos and sin .
(iii) Use parts (i) and (ii) to solve the equation y 3 3y
surd form.
2 = 0 , giving your answers in
A prison consists of a square courtyard of side b bounded by a perimeter wall and a square
building of side a placed centrally within the courtyard. The sides of the building are parallel
to the perimeter walls.
Guards can stand either at the middle of a perimeter wall or in a corner of the courtyard. If
the guards wish to see as great a length of the perimeter wall as possible, determine which
of these positions is preferable. You should consider separately the cases b < 3a and b > 3a .
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The midpoint of a rod of length 2b slides on the curve y = 14 x2 , x 0, in such a way that
the rod is always tangent, at its midpoint, to the curve. Show that the curve traced out by
one end of the rod can be written in the form
x = 2 tan b cos
y = tan2 b sin
for some suitably chosen angle which satises 0 < 12 .
When one end of the rod is at a point A on the y-axis, the midpoint is at point P and = .
Let R be the region bounded by the following:
the curve y = 14 x2 between the origin and P ;
the y-axis between A and the origin;
the half-rod AP .
Show that the area of R is
(i)
2
3
tan3 .
The function f is dened, for x > 0, by

f(x) =
1
(t 1)x1 dt .
By evaluating the integral, sketch the curve y = f(x).

(ii)
The function g is dened, for < x < , by

g(x) =
1
1
dt .
1 2xt + x2
By evaluating the integral, sketch the curve y = g(x).
The vertices of a plane quadrilateral are labelled A, B, A and B , in clockwise order. A

point O lies in the same plane and within the quadrilateral. The angles AOB and A OB
are right angles, and OA = OB and OA = OB .
Use position vectors relative to O to show that the midpoints of AB, BA , A B and B A
are the vertices of a square.
Given that the lengths of OA and OA are xed (and the conditions of the rst paragraph
still hold), nd the value of angle BOA for which the area of the square is greatest.
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Let
f(x) = 3ax2 6x3
and, for each real number a, let M(a) be the greatest value of f(x) in the interval 13 x 1.
Determine M(a) for a 0. [The formula for M(a) is dierent in dierent ranges of a; you
will need to identify three ranges.]
Show that:
(i)
1 + 2 + 3 + + n = 12 n(n + 1);
(ii)
if N is a positive integer, m is a non-negative integer and k is a positive odd integer,

then (N m)k + mk is divisible by N .
Let S = 1k + 2k + 3k + + nk , where k is a positive odd integer. Show that if n is odd then

S is divisible by n and that if n is even then S is divisible by 12 n.
Show further that S is divisible by 1 + 2 + 3 + + n.
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Section B:
Mechanics
A short-barrelled machine gun stands on horizontal ground. The gun res bullets, from
ground level, at speed u continuously from t = 0 to t =

, where is a positive constant,
6
but does not re outside this time period. During this time period, the angle of elevation
of the barrel decreases from 13 to 16 and is given at time t by
= 13 t .
g
. Show that, in the case
2u
at a distance
Let k =
1
2
k
1
2
3, the last bullet to hit the ground does so
2ku2 1 k 2
g
from the gun.

What is the corresponding result if k < 12 ?
10
A bus has the shape of a cuboid of length a and height h. It is travelling northwards on a
journey of xed distance at constant speed u (chosen by the driver). The maximum speed of
the bus is w. Rain is falling from the southerly direction at speed v in straight lines inclined
to the horizontal at angle , where 0 < < 12 .
By considering rst the case u = 0, show that for u > 0 the total amount of rain that hits
the roof and the back or front of the bus in unit time is proportional to

hv cos u + av sin .
Show that, in order to encounter as little rain as possible on the journey, the driver should
choose u = w if either w < v cos or a sin > h cos . How should the speed be chosen if
w > v cos and a sin < h cos ? Comment on the case a sin = h cos .
How should the driver choose u on the return journey?
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11
Two long circular cylinders of equal radius lie in equilibrium on an inclined plane, in contact
with one another and with their axes horizontal. The weights of the upper and lower
cylinders are W1 and W2 , respectively, where W1 > W2 . The coecients of friction between
the inclined plane and the upper and lower cylinders are 1 and 2 , respectively, and the
coecient of friction between the two cylinders is . The angle of inclination of the plane
is (which is positive).
(i)
Let F be the magnitude of the frictional force between the two cylinders, and let F1
and F2 be the magnitudes of the frictional forces between the upper cylinder and the
plane, and the lower cylinder and the plane, respectively. Show that F = F1 = F2 .
(ii)
Show that

and that
tan
21 W1
.
(1 + 1 )(W1 + W2 )
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W1 + W2
,
W1 W2
Section C:
12
Probability and Statistics
The number X of casualties arriving at a hospital each day follows a Poisson distribution
with mean 8; that is,
P(X = n) =
e8 8n
,
n!
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
Casualties require surgery with probability 14 . The number of casualties arriving on any
given day is independent of the number arriving on any other day and the casualties require
surgery independently of one another.
(i)
What is the probability that, on a day when exactly n casualties arrive, exactly r of
them require surgery?
(ii)
Prove (algebraically) that the number requiring surgery each day also follows a Poisson
distribution, and state its mean.
(iii) Given that in a particular randomly chosen week a total of 12 casualties require surgery
on Monday and Tuesday, what is the probability that 8 casualties require surgery on
Monday? You should give your answer as a fraction in its lowest terms.
13
A fair die with faces numbered 1, . . . , 6 is thrown repeatedly. The events A, B, C, D and E
are dened as follows.
A: the rst 6 arises on the nth throw.
B: at least one 5 arises before the rst 6.
C: at least one 4 arises before the rst 6.
D: exactly one 5 arises before the rst 6.
E: exactly one 4 arises before the rst 6.
Evaluate the following probabilities:
(i) P(A)
(ii) P(B)
(iii) P(B C)
(iv) P(D)
(v) P(D E) .
For some parts of this question, you may want to make use of the binomial expansion in the
form:
n(n + 1) 2
(n + r 1)! r
(1 x)n = 1 + nx +
x + +
x + .
2
r!(n 1)!
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UCLES 2015

MATHEMATICS 2
WEDNESDAY 17 JUNE 2015
9470
Morning
Time: 3 hours


Formulae Booklet
booklet.
answer booklet.
_____________________________________________________________________________
This question paper consists of 8 printed pages and 4 blank pages.

UCLES 2015
BLANK PAGE
Section A:
(i)
Pure Mathematics
By use of calculus, show that x ln(1 + x) is positive for all positive x. Use this result
to show that
n

1
> ln(n + 1) .
k
k=1
(ii)
By considering x + ln(1 x), show that

1
< 1 + ln 2 .
k2
k=1
In the triangle ABC, angle BAC = and angle CBA = 2, where 2 is acute, and BC = x.
Show that AB = (3 4 sin2 )x.
The point D is the midpoint of AB and the point E is the foot of the perpendicular from C
to AB. Find an expression for DE in terms of x.
The point F lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB and is a distance x from C. The points
F and B lie on the same side of the line through A and C. Show that the line F C trisects
the angle ACB.
Three rods have lengths a, b and c, where a < b < c. The three rods can be made into a
triangle (possibly of zero area) if a + b c.
Let Tn be the number of triangles that can be made with three rods chosen from n rods of
lengths 1, 2, 3, . . . , n (where n 3). Show that T8 T7 = 2 + 4 + 6 and evaluate T8 T6 .
Write down expressions for T2m T2m1 and T2m T2m2 .
Prove by induction that T2m = 61 m(m 1)(4m + 1) , and nd the corresponding result for
an odd number of rods.
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(i)
The continuous function f is dened by

( < x < )
tan f(x) = x
and f(0) = . Sketch the curve y = f(x) .
(ii)
The continuous function g is dened by

x
1 + x2
tan g(x) =
and g(0) = . Sketch the curves y =
( < x < )
x
and y = g(x) .
1 + x2
(iii) The continuous function h is dened by h(0) = and

tan h(x) =
x
1 x2
(x = 1) .
(The values of h(x) at x = 1 are such that h(x) is continuous at these points.) Sketch
the curves y =
x
and y = h(x).
1 x2
In this question, the arctan function satises 0 arctan x < 12 for x 0 .

(i)
Let
Sn =
n

arctan
m=1
1
2m2

,
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Prove by induction that

tan Sn =
n
.
n+1
Prove also that

Sn = arctan
(ii)
n
.
n+1
In a triangle ABC, the lengths of the sides AB and BC are 4n2 and 4n4 1, respectively,
and the angle at B is a right angle. Let angle BCA = 2n . Show that

n=1
n = 14 .
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(i)
Show that
sec2
Hence integrate
(ii)

1
x
=
4
2
1
2
.
1 + sin x
1
with respect to x.
1 + sin x
By means of the substitution y = x, show that

xf(sin x) dx =
f(sin x) dx,
2 0
0
where f is any function for which these integrals exist.
Hence evaluate
(iii) Evaluate
x
dx .
1 + sin x
2x3 3x2
dx.
(1 + sin x)2
A circle C is said to be bisected by a curve X if X meets C in exactly two points and these
points are diametrically opposite each other on C.
(i)
Let C be the circle of radius a in the x-y plane with centre at the origin. Show, by
giving its equation, that it is possible to nd a circle of given radius r that bisects C
provided r > a. Show that no circle of radius r bisects C if r a .
(ii)
Let C1 and C2 be circles with centres at (d, 0) and (d, 0) and radii a1 and a2 , respectively, where d > a1 and d > a2 . Let D be a circle of radius r that bisects both C1
a2 a21
.
and C2 . Show that the x-coordinate of the centre of D is 2
4d
Obtain an expression in terms of d, r, a1 and a2 for the y-coordinate of the centre
of D, and deduce that r must satisfy

16r2 d2 4d2 + (a2 a1 )2 4d2 + (a2 + a1 )2 .
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L
C1
C2
L
The diagram above shows two non-overlapping circles C1 and C2 of dierent sizes. The lines
L and L are the two common tangents to C1 and C2 such that the two circles lie on the
same side of each of the tangents. The lines L and L intersect at the point P which is called
the focus of C1 and C2 .
(i)
Let x1 and x2 be the position vectors of the centres of C1 and C2 , respectively. Show
that the position vector of P is
r 1 x 2 r2 x 1
,
r1 r2
where r1 and r2 are the radii of C1 and C2 , respectively.
(ii)
The circle C3 does not overlap either C1 or C2 and its radius, r3 , satises r1 = r3 = r2 .
The focus of C1 and C3 is Q, and the focus of C2 and C3 is R. Show that P , Q and R
lie on the same straight line.
(iii) Find a condition on r1 , r2 and r3 for Q to lie half-way between P and R.
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Section B:
10
Mechanics
An equilateral triangle ABC is made of three light rods each of length a. It is free to rotate in
a vertical plane about a horizontal axis through A. Particles of mass 3m and 5m are attached
to B and C respectively. Initially, the system hangs in equilibrium with BC below A.
(i)
Show that, initially, the angle that BC makes with the horizontal is given by sin = 17 .
(ii)
The triangle receives an impulse that imparts a speed v to the particle B. Find the
minimum speed v0 such that the system will perform complete rotations if v > v0 .
A particle of mass m is pulled along the oor of a room in a straight line by a light string
which is pulled at constant speed V through a hole in the ceiling. The oor is smooth and
horizontal, and the height of the room is h. Find, in terms of V and , the speed of the
particle when the string makes an angle of with the vertical (and the particle is still in
contact with the oor). Find also the acceleration, in terms of V , h and .
Find the tension in the string and hence show that the particle will leave the oor when
tan4 =
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V2
.
gh
11
Three particles, A, B and C, each of mass m, lie on a smooth horizontal table. Particles A
and C are attached to the two ends of a light inextensible string of length 2a and particle B
is attached to the midpoint of the string. Initially, A, B and C are at rest at points (0, a),
(0, 0) and (0, a), respectively.
An impulse is delivered to B, imparting to it a speed u in the positive x direction. The string
remains taut throughout the subsequent motion.
y
A
B
x
(i)
At time t, the angle between the x-axis and the string joining A and B is , as shown
in the diagram, and B is at (x, 0). Write down the coordinates of A in terms of x, a
and at this time. Given that the velocity of B is (v, 0), show that the velocity of A
is (v + a sin , a cos ), where the dot denotes dierentiation with respect to time.
(ii)
Show that, before A and C rst collide,

3v + 2a sin = u
and
2 =
u2
.
a2 (3 2 sin2 )
(iii) When A and C collide, the collision is elastic (no energy is lost). At what value of
does the second collision between particles A and C occur? (You should justify your
answer.)
(iv) When v = 0, what are the possible values of ? Is v = 0 whenever takes these values?
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Section C:
12
Four players A, B, C and D play a coin-tossing game with a fair coin. Each player chooses
a sequence of heads and tails, as follows:
Player A: HHT;
Player B: THH;
Player C: TTH;
Player D: HTT.
The coin is then tossed until one of these sequences occurs, in which case the corresponding
player is the winner.
1
4
(i)
Show that, if only A and B play, then A has a probability of
(ii)
If all four players play together, nd the probabilities of each one winning.
of winning.
(iii) Only B and C play. What is the probability of C winning if the rst two tosses are TT?
Let the probabilities of C winning if the rst two tosses are HT, TH and HH be p, q
and r, respectively. Show that p = 12 + 12 q.
Find the probability that C wins.
13
The maximum height X of ood water each year on a certain river is a random variable with
probability density function f given by

ex for x 0 ,
f(x) =
0
otherwise,
where is a positive constant.
It costs ky pounds each year to prepare for ood water of height y or less, where k is a
positive constant and y 0. If X y no further costs are incurred but if X > y the
additional cost of ood damage is a(X y) pounds where a is a positive constant.
(i)
Let C be the total cost of dealing with the oods in the year. Show that the expectation
of C is given by
a
E(C) = ky + ey .
How should y be chosen in order to minimise E(C), in the dierent cases that arise
according to the value of a/k?
(ii)
Find the variance of C, and show that the more that is spent on preparing for ood
water in advance the smaller this variance.
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UCLES 2015

MATHEMATICS 3
FRIDAY 19 JUNE 2015
9475
Morning
Time: 3 hours


Formulae Booklet
booklet.
answer booklet.
_____________________________________________________________________________
This question paper consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

UCLES 2015
Section A:
(i)
Pure Mathematics
Let

In =
1
du ,
(1 + u2 )n
where n is a positive integer. Show that

In In+1 =
and deduce that
In+1 =
(ii)
Let
J=
0
1
In
2n
(2n)!
22n+1 (n!)2

f (x x1 )2 dx ,
where f is any function for which the integral exists. Show that

1
x2 f (x x1 )2 dx =
(1 + x2 )f (x x1 )2 dx =
f u2 du .
J=
2 0
0
0
(iii) Hence evaluate
x2n2
dx ,
(x4 x2 + 1)n
where n is a positive integer.
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If s1 , s2 , s3 , . . . and t1 , t2 , t3 , . . . are sequences of positive numbers, we write

(sn ) (tn )
to mean
there exists a positive integer m such that sn tn whenever n m.
Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. In the case of a true
statement, you should give a proof which includes an explicit determination of an appropriate
m; in the case of a false statement, you should give a counterexample.
(i)
(1000n) (n2 ) .
(ii)
If it is not the case that (sn ) (tn ), then it is the case that (tn ) (sn ) .
(iii) If (sn ) (tn ) and (tn ) (un ), then (sn ) (un ) .

(iv) (n2 ) (2n ) .
In this question, r and are polar coordinates with r 0 and < , and a and b are
positive constants.
Let L be a xed line and let A be a xed point not lying on L. Then the locus of points that
are a xed distance (call it d) from L measured along lines through A is called a conchoid of
Nicomedes.
(i)
Show that if
|r a sec | = b ,
()
where a > b, then sec > 0. Show that all points with coordinates satisfying () lie on
a certain conchoid of Nicomedes (you should identify L, d and A). Sketch the locus of
these points.
(ii)
In the case a < b, sketch the curve (including the loop for which sec < 0) given by
|r a sec | = b .
Find the area of the loop in the case a = 1 and b = 2.

[Note: sec d = ln | sec + tan | + C .]
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(i)
If a, b and c are all real, show that the equation

z 3 + az 2 + bz + c = 0
()
has at least one real root.

(ii)
Let
S1 = z 1 + z 2 + z 3 ,
S2 = z12 + z22 + z32 ,
S3 = z13 + z23 + z33 ,
where z1 , z2 and z3 are the roots of the equation (). Express a and b in terms of S1
and S2 , and show that
6c = S13 + 3S1 S2 2S3 .
(iii) The six real numbers rk and k (k = 1, 2, 3), where rk > 0 and < k < , satisfy
3

k=1
rk sin(k ) = 0 ,
3

k=1
rk2 sin(2k ) = 0 ,
3

k=1
rk3 sin(3k ) = 0 .
Show that k = 0 for at least one value of k.

Show further that if 1 = 0 then 2 = 3 .
(i)
In the following argument to show that

steps 3, 5 and 6.
1. Assume that 2 is rational.
2 is irrational, give proofs appropriate for
2. Dene the set S to be the set of positive integers with the following property:
n is in S if and only if n 2 is an integer.

3. Show that the set S contains at least one positive integer.
4. Dene the integer k to be the smallest positive integer in S.
5. Show that ( 2 1)k is in S.
6. Show that steps 4 and 5 are contradictory and hence that 2 is irrational.
(ii)
Prove that 2 3 is rational if and only if 2 3 is rational.

1
Use an argument similar to that of part (i) to prove that 2 3 and 2 3 are irrational.
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(i)
Let w and z be complex numbers, and let u = w + z and v = w2 + z 2 . Prove that w

and z are real if and only if u and v are real and u2 2v.
(ii)
The complex numbers u, w and z satisfy the equations

w+zu=0
2
w + z 2 u2 = 32
w3 + z 3 u =
where is a positive real number. Show that for all values of except one (which you
should nd) there are three possible values of u, all real.
Are w and z necessarily real? Give a proof or counterexample.
An operator D is dened, for any function f, by

Df(x) = x
df(x)
.
dx
The notation Dn means that D is applied n times; for example

df(x)
d
2
x
.
D f(x) = x
dx
dx
Show that, for any constant a, D2 xa = a2 xa .
(i)
Show that if P(x) is a polynomial of degree r (where r 1) then, for any positive
integer n, Dn P(x) is also a polynomial of degree r.
(ii)
Show that if n and m are positive integers with n < m, then Dn (1 x)m is divisible
by (1 x)mn .
(iii) Deduce that, if m and n are positive integers with n < m, then
m

r=0

m n
r = 0.
(1)
r
r
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(i)
Show that under the changes of variable x = r cos and y = r sin , where r is a
function of with r > 0, the dierential equation
(y + x)
becomes
dy
=yx
dx
dr
+ r = 0.
d
Sketch a solution in the x-y plane.

(ii)
Show that the solutions of

dy

= y x y(x2 + y 2 )
y + x x(x2 + y 2 )
dx
can be written in the form
r2 =
1
1 + Ae2
and sketch the dierent forms of solution that arise according to the value of A.
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Section B:
Mechanics
A particle P of mass m moves on a smooth xed straight horizontal rail and is attached to
a xed peg Q by a light elastic string of natural length a and modulus . The peg Q is a
distance a from the rail. Initially P is at rest with P Q = a.
An impulse imparts to P a speed v along the rail. Let x be the displacement at time t of P
from its initial position. Obtain the equation
x 2 = v 2 k 2
x2 + a2 a
where k 2 = /(ma), k > 0 and the dot denotes dierentiation with respect to t.
Find, in terms of k, a and v, the greatest value, x0 , attained by x. Find also the acceleration
of P at x = x0 .
Obtain, in the form of an integral, an expression for the period of the motion. Show that, in
the case v ka (that is, v is much less than ka), this is approximately

32a 1
1
du .
kv 0
1 u4
10
A light rod of length 2a has a particle of mass m attached to each end and it moves in a
vertical plane. The midpoint of the rod has coordinates (x, y), where the x-axis is horizontal
(within the plane of motion) and y is the height above a horizontal table. Initially, the rod
is vertical, and at time t later it is inclined at an angle to the vertical.
Show that the velocity of one particle can be written in the form

x + a cos
y a sin
and that

sin
0
x
+ a cos a2 sin
= T
mg
m
cos
1
y a sin a2 cos
where the dots denote dierentiation with respect to time t and T is the tension in the rod.
Obtain the corresponding equations for the other particle.
Deduce that x
= 0, y = g and = 0.
Initially, the midpoint of the rod is a height h above the table, the velocity of the higher
0
particle is
, and the velocity of the lower particle is
. Given that the two particles
v
v
hit the table for the rst time simultaneously, when the rod has rotated by 12 , show that
2hu2 = 2 a2 g 2uva .
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11
(i)
A horizontal disc of radius r rotates about a vertical axis through its centre with
angular speed . One end of a light rod is xed by a smooth hinge to the edge of
the disc so that it can rotate freely in a vertical plane through the centre of the disc.
A particle P of mass m is attached to the rod at a distance d from the hinge. The
rod makes a constant angle with the upward vertical, as shown in the diagram, and
d sin < r.
By considering moments about the hinge for the (light) rod, show that the force exerted
on the rod by P is parallel to the rod.
Show also that
r cot = a + d cos ,
g
where a = 2 . State clearly the direction of the force exerted by the hinge on the rod,
and nd an expression for its magnitude in terms of m, g and .

(ii)
The disc and rod rotate as in part (i), but two particles (instead of P ) are attached to
the rod. The masses of the particles are m1 and m2 and they are attached to the rod
at distances d1 and d2 from the hinge, respectively. The rod makes a constant angle
with the upward vertical and d1 sin < d2 sin < r. Show that satises an equation
of the form
r cot = a + b cos ,
where b should be expressed in terms of d1 , d2 , m1 and m2 .
8
UCLES 2015
Section C:
12
A 6-sided fair die has the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 on its faces. The die is thrown n times,
the outcome (the number on the top face) of each throw being independent of the outcome
of any other throw. The random variable Sn is the sum of the outcomes.
(i)
The random variable Rn is the remainder when Sn is divided by 6. Write down the
probability generating function, G(x), of R1 and show that the probability generating
function of R2 is also G(x). Use a generating function to nd the probability that Sn
is divisible by 6.
(ii)
The random variable Tn is the remainder when Sn is divided by 5. Write down the
probability generating function, G1 (x), of T1 and show that G2 (x), the probability
generating function of T2 , is given by
G2 (x) =
2
1
36 (x
+ 7y)
where y = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 .
Obtain the probability generating function of Tn and hence show that the probability
that Sn is divisible by 5 is

1
1
1 n
5
6
if n is not divisible by 5. What is the corresponding probability if n is divisible by 5?
13
Each of the two independent random variables X and Y is uniformly distributed on the
interval [0, 1].
(i)
By considering the lines x + y = constant in the x-y plane, nd the cumulative distribution function of X + Y .
Hence show that the probability density function f of (X + Y )1 is given by
2
3 for 1 t 1
2t t
2
f(t) = t3
for 1 t <
0
otherwise.
Evaluate E
(ii)
1
.
X +Y
Find the cumulative distribution function of Y /X and use this result to nd the probX
.
ability density function of
X +Y
X
Write down E
and verify your result by integration.
X +Y
9
UCLES 2015
BLANK PAGE
UCLES 2015
BLANK PAGE
UCLES 2015
BLANK PAGE
UCLES 2015
STEP Mark Scheme 2015

Mathematics
STEP 9465/9470/9475
October 2015
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the
requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded
by the Examiners and shows the main valid approaches to each question. It is
recognised that there may be other approaches and if a different approach was
taken in the exam these were marked accordingly after discussion by the marking
team. These adaptations are not recorded here.
All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected
approaches in candidates scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant
knowledge and skills demonstrated.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and
the Report on the Examination.
The Admissions Testing Service will not enter into any discussion or correspondence
in connection with this mark scheme.
UCLES 2015
More information about STEP can be found at:
www.stepmathematics.org.uk
Contents
STEP Mathematics (9465, 9470, 9475)
Mark Scheme
STEP Mathematics I
STEP Mathematics II
STEP Mathematics III
Page
4
18
45
SI-2015/Q1
(i)
y = ex(2x 1)(x 2)
( 12 , 0) & (2, 0)
dy
= ex(2x2 x 3)
dx
= ex(2x 3)(x + 1)
( 32 , e1.5) & (1, 9e 1)
B1
B1
Correct factorisation of quadratic term (or formula, etc.)

Noted or shown on sketch
M1
Derivative attempted and equated to zero for TPs
A1 A1 Noted or shown on sketch

(if y-coords. missing, allow one A1 for 2 correct x-coords.)
G1
Generally correct shape
G1
for (0, 2) noted or shown on sketch
G1
for negative-x-axis asymptote

(penalise curves that clearly turn up away from axis
or that do not actually seem to approach it)
Give M1 for either 0, 1, 2 or 3 solutions OR clear indication they know these arise from where a
horizontal line meets the curve (e.g. by a line on their diagram) implied by any correct answer(s)
Then y = k has
NO solutions for k < e1.5
A1
ONE solution for k = e1.5 and k > 9e 1
A1 A1
TWO solutions for e1.5 < k 0 and k = 9e 1
A1 A1
THREE solutions for 0< k < 9e 1
A1
FT from their y-coords.of the Max. &Min. points.
(ii)
G1
Any curve clearly symmetric in y-axis
G1
Shape correct
G1
A Max. TP at (0, 2) FT
G1
Min. TPs at (
3
2
, e1.5) FT
G1
Zeroes at x =
1
2
, 2 FT
SI-2015/Q2
(i)
M1
(ii)
Use of cos(A B) formula with A = 60o, B = 45o OR A = 45o, B = 30o

or 2 cos2 15o 1 etc.
3 1
A1
Exact trig.values used (visibly) to gain cos 15o =
M1
Similar method OR sin = 1 cos 2 (as 15o is acute, no requirement to justify +vesq.rt.)
A1
sin 15o =
M1
A1
A1
Use of cos(A + B) formula and double-angle formulae OR de MoivresThm. (etc.)

cos3 4cos3 3cos
Justifying/noting that x = cos is thus a root of 4 x 3 3 x cos 3 0
3 1
2 2
2 2
legitimately (Given Answer)
(however legitimately obtained)
M1
For serious attempt to factorise 4 x 3 c 3 3 x c as linear quadratic factors
A1
or via Vietas Theorem (roots/coefficients)

( x c) 4 x 2 cx c 2 3
M1

Solving 4 x 4cx 4c 3 0 FT their quadratic factor
Remaining roots are x = c c 4c 3
2
1
2
M1
Use of s 1 c 2 to simplify sq.rt. term
A1
x=
1
2
cos
3 sin
(iii)
M1
1 3 3
2
y y
0
2
2
2
A1
1
4
2
M1
cos3 =
A1
= 15o
1
y cos ,
2
M1
A1
A1
A1
1
y 3
y
0
2
2
= cos 45o
2
1
2
y = 2 cos 15o =
cos
cos
3 sin ,
1
2
3 sin with their
3 1
2
3 sin 15 o cos15 o =
3 1
2
3 sin 15 cos15 = 2
o
SI-2015/Q3
1
2
(b a)
P
1
2
(b a)
B1
M1
A1
For correct lengths in smaller

By similar s (OR trig.ORcoord.geom.)
PQ 12 (b a)
b(b a)
1
PQ =
b
ba
2 (b a )
M1
so a guard at a corner can see 2(b + PQ)
A1
4b 2
4ba
=
(might be given as all but
or as a
ba
ba
fraction of the perimeter)
Lengths
M1
1
2
A1
1
2
a and 12 (b a) in smaller
By similar s (OR trig.ORcoord.geom.)

1
1
b
a
b(b a )
2
1 2
PQ =
PQ 2 (b a)
2a
M1
so a guard at a midpoint can see b + 2PQ
A1
b2
b( 4a b)
or as a
a
a
Lengths
P
M1
A1
M1
A1
1
2
a and 12 (b a) in smaller
By similar s (OR trig. OR coord.geom.)

1
a
PQ
ba
1 2
PQ =
b
ba
2 (b a )
so a guard at a midpoint can see 4b 2PQ
2ba
2b(2b 3a )
=
or as a
ba
ba
B1
Recognition that b = 3a is the case when guard at M / C equally preferable

(P at corner in the two M cases)
4b 2 b 2
b2
3a b

b a a a(b a)
Correct conclusion: Guard stands at C for b< 3a and at M for b> 3a
M1A1 Relevant algebra for comparison of one case

A1
4b 2 2b(2b 3a )
2ba
3a b
ba
ba
(b a )(b a )
Correct conclusion: Guard stands at C for b< 3a and at M for b> 3a
M1A1 Relevant algebra

A1
Overall, I am anticipating that most attempts will do the Corner scenario and one of the Middle scenarios. This
will allow for a maximum of 12 = 5 (for the Corner work) + 4 (for the Middle work) + 3 (for the comparison).
In this circumstance, it wont generally be suitable to give the B1 for the b = 3a observation.
SI-2015/Q4
M1
When P is at (x,
1
4
x 2 ) ... and makes an angle of with the positive x-axis
A1
... the lower end, Q, is at x b cos ,
M1
Also, y 14 x 2
A1
x = 2 tan
dy 1
x = tan
dx 2
i.e. P = 2 tan , tan 2
1
4
x 2 b sin
A1A1 so thatQ = 2 tan b cos , tan b sin

2
obtained legitimately (Given Answer)
2 tan
cos
M1A1
When x = 0, 2 tan b cos b
M1A1
Substg. into y-coordinate yA = tan 2 2 tan
sin
tan 2
cos
M1A1
Eqn. of line AP is y x tan tan 2
M1A1
Area between curve and line is
B1
Correct limits (0, 2tan )
A1A1
1
12
A1A1
2
3
tan 3 2 tan 3 2 tan 3
A1
2
3
tan 3 obtained legitimately (Given Answer)
x 3 12 x 2 tan x tan 2
1
4
x 2 x tan tan 2
dx
(Any 2 correct terms; all 3)

(Any 2 correct terms; all 3 FT)
ALTERNATIVE
O
A
M1 A1
for obtaining the conversion factor bcos = 2 tan or tan2 = 12 b sin
M1 A1
for distances OB = BC (= 12 b cos ) and so PC = OA = tan2
M1 A1
giving OABCPB
A1
Area is
B1
A1 A1
Correct limits (0, 2 tan ) used

Correct integration; correct Given Answer
ALTERNATIVE
1
4
x 2 dx
Translate whole thing up by tan2 and calculate
b cos
1
4
0
x 2 tan 2 dx
SI-2015/Q5
(i)
M1A1
(t 1) x 3
f(x) =
x 1
A1
M1
Differentiating by use of Quotient RuleOR taking logs.anddiffg. implicitly)

d x
for
2 2 x. ln 2 seen at any stage
dx
B1
A1
A1
2x
x
x .2 x . ln 2 2 x
dy
=
dx
x2
1
TP at
, e ln 2
ln 2
(y-coordinate not required)
B1
Jusitfying that the TP is a minimum
G1
G1
Generally correct -shape

Asymptotic to y-axis
and TP in FT correct position
(ii)
M1
A1
B1
M1A1
A1
Let u 2 1 x 2 2 xt
2u du = 2xdt
t: (1, 1) u: ( | 1 + x |, | 1 x | ) Correct limits seen at any stage
1
Full substn. attempt; correct g(x) =
1 . du
x
1
g(x) = 1 x 1 x
n. may be done directly, but be strict on the limits
x
2
x 1
x
org(x) = 2 1 x 1
2
x 1
x
(Must have completely correct three intervals: x< 1, 1 x 1 , x> 1)
M1
A1 A1
Graph split into two or three regions

Reciprocal graphs on LHS & RHS (must be asymptotic to x-axis)
A1
Horizontal line for middle segment
(Allow even if they approach y-axis also)
SI-2015/Q6
Let P, Q, R and S be the midpoints of sides (as shown)

Then
M1A1
p= 12 a 12 b , q = 12 b 12 a ,
r= 12 a 12 b , s = 12 b 12 a
and
M1A1
A1
A1
a a
QR PS 12 b b
PQ SR
1
2
so that PQSR is a //gm.

(opposite sides // and equal)
M1
A1
PQ QR PQ QS
=
1
4
1
2
a a 12 b b
a b a b a b a b
for use of the scalar product

Do not accept a b etc.
M1
Use of perpendicularity of OA, OB and OA, OB

= 14 a b a b
M1
A1
AOB = AOB = 180o ; and cos(180o ) = cos

= 0 since a b ab cos and a b a b cos
and we are given that a = b and a = b
so that PQRS is a rectangle (adjacent sides perpendicular)
A1
( a ) 2 2a a
B1
PQ 2 SR 2 PQ PQ =
B1
QR 2 PS 2 =
M1
Since a = b, a = b and a a aa cos 90 o , b ab bb cos 90 o
A1
it follows that PQRS is a square (adjacent sides equal)
1
4
1
4
(b ) 2 2b b
( a ) 2 2aa cos 90 o
M1A1
Area PQRS =
M1
... which is maximal when cos 90 o 1
A1
i.e. when 90 o
1
4
SI-2015/Q7
M1
f (x) = 6ax 18x2

= 6x(a 3x)
= 0 for x = 0 and
A1A1
f(0) = 0
A1A1
f( 13 a) = 19 a3
(Min. TP)
A1
x = 13 a
(Max. TP)
since f(x) is a negative cubic
(f(0) = 0 and the TPs may be shown on a sketch award the marks here if necessary)
Evaluating at the endpoints

f( 13 ) = 19 (3a + 2); f(1) = 3a 6
M1
A1A1
1
9
M1
(3a + 2) 19 a3 a3 3a 2 0
(a + 1)2(a 2) 0
and since a 0, a 2
M1
A1
1
9
M1
a3 3a 6 a3 27a + 54 0
(a 3)2(a + 6) 0
which holds for all a 0
M1
A1
1
9
M1
(3a + 2) 3a 6 3a + 2 27a 54
8(3a 7) 0
a 73
A1
(which, actually, affects nothing, but working should appear)
Thus
B1B1B1
19 (3a 2) 0 a 2
M(a) = 19 a 3
2a3
3a 6
a3
(Ignore non-unique allocation of endpoints)
(Do not award marks for correct answers unsupported or from incorrect working)
SI-2015/Q8
(i)
M1
M1
A1
S = 1 + 2 + 3 + + (n 2) + (n 1) + n
S = n + (n 1) + (n 2) + + 3 + 2 + 1
2S = n (n + 1)
S = 12 n(n + 1) obtained legitimately (Given Answer)
Method
Adding
(Allow alternatives using induction or the Method of Differences, for instance, but NOT by stating
that it is an AP and just quoting a formula; ditto -number formula)
(ii)
M1A1
E1
(N m)k + mk (k odd)
k
k
k k 1
m N m k m k
= N k mN k 1 m 2 N k 2 ...
1
2
k 1
which is clearly divisible by N (since each term has a factor of N)
(Allow alternatives using induction, for instance)
Let S = 1k + 2k + + nk
an odd no. of terms
M1
= 0k + 1k + 2k + + nk
M1
= (n 0) k 0 k ( n 1) k 1k ... ( 12 n 12 ) k ( 12 n 12 ) k
an even no. of terms
(no need to demonstrate final pairing but must explain fully the pairing up or the single extra nk term)
E1
and, by (ii), each term is divisible by n.
For
S = 1k + 2k + + nk
an even no. of terms
M1
= 0k + 1k + 2k + + nk
M1
= (n 0) k 0 k (n 1) k 1k ... ( 12 n 1) k ( 12 n 1) k 12 n
an odd no. of terms
(no need to demonstrate final pairing but must explain the pairing and note the separate, single term)
E1
and, by (ii), each paired term is divisible by n

and the final single term is divisible by 12 n required result
M1
A1
E1
By the above result for n even, so that (n + 1) is odd

(n + 1) | 1k + 2k + + nk + (n + 1)k
(n + 1) |S + (n + 1)k (n + 1) |S
M1
A1
By the above result for n odd, so that (n + 1) is even

k
k
k
k
1
2 (n + 1) | 1 + 2 + + n + (n + 1)
E1
1
2
(n + 1) | S + (n + 1)k
1
2
(n + 1) |S (as
1
2
(n + 1) is an integer)
E1
Since hcf(n, n + 1) = 1 hcf( 12 n, n + 1) = 1 for n even
E1
and hcf(n,
So it follows that
1
2
1
2
(n + 1)) = 1 for n odd
n(n + 1) | S for all positive integers n
SI/15/Q9
M1
Time taken to land (at the level of the projection) (from y = utsin
is t
A1
M1
A1
M1A1
A1
Bullet fired at time t 0 t

lands at time
6
2u
TL t sin t
g
3
1
dTL
2 u
1
cos t = k cos t
k
g
dt
3
= 0 when k cos t
3
2u 2 sin cos
(from y = utsin
g
Horizontal range is R
A1
RL
M1A1
d 2TL
22 u
sin t 0 maximum distance

2
g
dt
3
M1A1
0t
A1
M1
A1
M1A1
gt2 , y = 0, t 0)
2u sin
(may be implicit)
g
M1A1
M1
1
2
2u 2
k 1 k 2
g
1
2
gt2 with above time)
1
3
in k cos t k
6
2
2
3
dTL
0 throughout the guns firing
dt
and TL is a (strictly) decreasing function.
Then TL max. occurs at t = 0
If k <
1
2
then
i.e.
and RL
2u 1
3 u2 3

g 2 2
2g
SI-2015/Q10
B1
Speed of rain relative to bus is vcos u (or u vcos if negative)
M1A1
When u = 0, A hvcos + avsin (width of bus and time units may be included as factors)
E1
When vcos u > 0, rain hitting top of bus is the same, and rain hits back of bus
as before, but with vcos u instead of vcos
When vcos u < 0, rain hitting top of bus is the same, and rain hits front of bus
as before, but with u vcos instead of vcos
Together, A h |vcos u| + avsin
Fully justified (Given Answer)
E1
A1
M1
A1
M1
1
so we need to minimise
u
av sin h | v cos u |
J
(Ignore additional constant-of-proportionality factors)

u
u
Journey time
For vcos u > 0,

if w vcos , we minimise J
av sin hv cos
h
u
u
E1
E1
and this decreases as u increases

and this is done by choosing u as large as possible; i.e. u = w
M1
For u vcos > 0,
av sin hv cos
h
u
u
and this decreases as u increases if a sin > hcos
so we again choose u as large as possible; i.e. u = w
we minimise J
E1
E1
[Note: minimisation may be justified by calculus in either case or both.]
M1
A1
If a sin < hcos , then J increases with u when u exceeds vcos

so we choose u = vcos in this case
M1A1
M1
A1
If a sin = hcos then J is independent of u, so we may as well take u = w
av sin hv cos
h
u
u
Which always decreases as u increases, so take u = w again
Replacing by 180o gives J
SI-2015/Q11
(i)
B1
O1: F = F1
O2: F = F2
O1
(Both, with reason)
O2
(ii)
B1
Resg. ||plane (for C1):
F1 R W1 sin
B1
Resg.r. plane (for C1):
R1 F W1 cos
B1
Resg.||plane (for C2):
F2 R W2 sin
B1
Resg.r. plane (for C2):
R2 F W2 cos
Max 4 marks to be given for four independent statements (though only 3 are required).
One or other of
Resg.||plane (for system) : F1 F2 W1 W2 sin
Resg.r. plane (for system) : R1 R2 W1 W2 cos
may also appear instead of one or more of the above.
(F1 and F2 may or may not appear in these statements as F, but should do so below)
FR FR
using and
W1
W2
M1A1
Equating for sin :
M1A1
W W2
R
Re-arranging for F in terms of R: F 1
W1 W2
M1
Use of the Friction Law, F R
A1
W1 W2
W1 W2
M1A1
M1A1
(e.g.) tan
W W2
F F 1
W1 W2
W W2
F
=
using R 1
W
W
R1 F
2
1
Substg. for R
2W1
F
W
W
2
= 1
R1 F1
A1
M1A1
FR
R1 F
Substg. for R1 (correct inequality) using Friction Law F1 1 R1 R1
F1
2W1
F
W1 W2
F1
F1
M1
A1
Tidying-up algebra
2W1
F
W1 W2
=
1 1
F
1
tan
2 1W1
1 1 W1 W2
SI-2015/Q12
r
(i)
M1A1
n 1 3
P(exactly r out of n need surgery) =
r 4 4
nr
(A binomial prob. term; correct)
(ii)
M1
B1B1A1
nr
M1
e 8
r!
8n
1 3

n r (n r ) ! 4 4
M1
e 8
r!
8n
3n r
Attempting to deal with the powers of 3 and 4
4n
n r (n r ) !
A1
e 8
=
r!
M1
e 8 2 r
r!
6n r
Splitting off the extra powers of 2 ready to
n r (n r ) !
M1
e 8 2 r
r!
A1
(iii)
nr
e 8 8 n
n!
1 3
Attempt at sum of appropriate product terms
r ! (n r ) ! 4 4
nr n!
Limits
All internal terms correct; allow nCr for the A mark
P(S = r) =
Factoring out these two terms
2 n 3n r
Correctly
n r (n r ) !
m0
e 8 2 r
e6
r!
6m
adjust the lower limit (i.e. using m = n r)
m!
i.e.
e 2 2 r
r!
A1
which is Poisson with mean 2
M1
P(M = 8 |M + T = 12)
Identifying correct conditional probability outcome
A1A1A1
e 2 28 e 2 2 4
8!
4!
=
e 4 412
12 !
One A mark for each correct term (& no extras for 3rd A mark)
A1A1
212 12 !
412 8 ! 4 !
(Give B1 for noting this without the working)
Powers of e cancelled; factorials in correct part of the fraction

(unsimplified is okay at this stage)
A1
495
4096
SI-2015/Q13
Reminder
A : the 1st6 arises on the nth throw
B : at least one 5 arises before the 1st6
C : at least one 4 arises before the 1st6
D : exactly one 5 arises before the 1st6
E : exactly one 4 arises before the 1st6
56 n 1 16
(i)
M1A1
P(A) =
(ii)
M1A1
By symmetry (either a 5 or a 6 arises before the other), P(B) =
(iii)
M1
The first 4s, 5s, 6s can arise in the orders 456, 465, 546, 564, 645, 654
A1
P(BC) =
1
3
1
2
(i.e. by symmetry but with three pairs)
(iv)
M1A1A1
P(D) =
16 16 16 64 16 16 64 2 16 ...
2
1
M1 for infinite series with 1stterm ; A1 for 2nd term ; A1 for 3rd term and following pattern
M1
361 1 2 23 3 23 2 ...
For factorisation and an infinite series
M1
361 1 23 2
Use of the given series result
A1
1
4
(v)
M1
P(DE) = P(D) + P(E) P(DE)
Stated or used
B1
P(E) = P(D) = answer to (iv)
Stated or used anywhere
M1A1A1
P(DE) =
62 16 16 63 62 16 16 63 2 62 16 16 ...
3
M1 for infinite series with 1 term ; A1 for 2nd term ; A1 for 3rd term and following pattern
st
M1
1081 1 3 12 6 12 2 ...
For factorisation and an infinite series
M1
1081 1 12 3
Use of the given series result
A1
P(DE) =
1
2
272
23
54
Question1
(i)
ln 1
For
Therefore
If
0,
Therefore
ln 1
ln 1
Therefore
ln 1
So,
ln 1
So,
ln 1
B1
ln
ln
ln
ln
M1
M1
ln 1
A1
ln 1
Therefore
If
0,
Therefore
So,
Therefore
B1
M1
ln 1
0for0
ln 1
ln 1
1.
0
isnegativefor0
ln 1
0forall
1
ln 1
1
1,
ln 1
B1
1.
1.
B1
ln
A1
ln
2 ln
ln
M1M1
A1
So,
ln 1
As ,ln
Therefore,
1
1
1
ln 2
ln
ln
1
ln
M1A1
1 0
B1
A1
B1
ln
ln
A1
0forallpositive .
For0
0
ispositiveforallpositive .
ln
0for
Therefore,
1
(ii)
B1
M1
ln 1
ln 1
0,
ln 2
Question1
Notethatthestatementofthequestionrequirestheuseofaparticularmethodinbothparts.
(i)
B1
M1
A1
B1
Correctdifferentiationoftheexpression.
Considerationofthesignofthederivativeforpositivevaluesof .
Deductionthatthederivativeispositiveforallpositivevaluesof .
Clearexplanationthat
ln 1
ispositiveforallpositive .
Notethatanswerisgiveninthequestion.
B1
Useof
andsummation.
M1 Manipulationoflogarithmicexpressiontoformdifference.
M1 Attempttosimplifythesum(somepairscancelledoutwithinsum).
A1 Clearexplanationofresult.
(ii)
B1 Correctdifferentiationoftheexpression.
M1 Considerationofthesignofthederivativefor0
1.
A1 Deductionthatthederivativeisnegativeforthisrangeofvalues.
B1 Deductionthat
ln 1
isnegativeforthisrangeofvalues.
B1 Useof
andsummation.
M1 Expressionwithinlogarithmasasinglefractionandnumeratorsimplified.
M1 Logarithmsplittochangeatleastoneproducttoasumoflogarithmsoronequotientasa
differenceoflogarithms.
A1 Completesplitoflogarithmtorequiredform.
M1 Useofdifferencestosimplifysum.
A1 ln 2correct.
B1 Correctlydealingwithlimitas .
Notethatanswerswhichuseastheupperlimitonthesumfromthebeginningmust
haveclearjustificationofthelimit.Thosebeginningwith astheupperlimitmusthave
ln
ln
1 correctinsimplifiedsum.
A1 Inclusionof
1tothesumtoreachthefinalanswer.
Question2
sin
sin
B1
M1A1
sin
sin 3
3
3
M1
2 sin cos
(or
M1M1
A1
B1
3
3
4 sin
cos 2
4 sin
2 1
Therefore
3
1
1
3
3
3
So trisectstheangle
sin
,so
B1
sin 3
sin
sin cos 2
cos sin 2
sin
cos
sin
1 2 sin
sin
3 4 sin
B1B1
2 sin
M1M1
A1
B1
M1A1
M1M1
A1
Question2
B1
M1
A1
B1
M1
M1
M1
A1
B1
B1
B1
M1
M1
A1
B1
M1
A1
M1
(maybeimpliedbylaterworking).
Expressionfor
Applicationofthesinerule.
Correctstatement.
Doesnotneedtobestatedaslongasimpliedinworking.
Useofsin
formula.
Useofdoubleangleformulaforsin.
Useofdoubleangleformulaforcos.
Simplificationofexpression.
Identificationofthisrelationshipbetweendistances.(just
Correctexpressionsubstitutedforthelengthof .
Correctexpressionsubstitutedforthelengthof .
Useofdoubleangleformulaforcos.
Simplificationofexpressionobtained.
Correctexpressionindependentof .
Identificationofarightangledtriangletocalculatesin
.
Deductionthatoneofthelengthsinsineofthisangleisequalto
Valueoftheangle(Degreesorradiansarebothacceptable).
Obtaining
2
M1 Useof
A1 Expressiontoshowthat
andconclusionstated.
issufficient)
Question3
isthenumberoftrianglesthatcanbemadeusingarodoflength8and
twoother,shorterrods.
Ifthemiddlelengthrodhaslength7thentheotherrodcanbe1,2,3,4,5or6.
Ifthemiddlelengthrodhaslength6thentheotherrodcanbe2,3,4or5.
Ifthemiddlelengthrodhaslength5thentheotherrodcanbe3or4.
2 4 6.
Assumethatthelongestofthethreerodshaslength7:
Ifthemiddlelengthrodhaslength6thentheotherrodcanbe1,2,3,4or5.
Ifthemiddlelengthrodhaslength5thentheotherrodcanbe2,3or4.
Ifthemiddlelengthrodhaslength4thentheotherrodmustbe3.
Therefore
1 3 5.
1 2 3 4 5 6.
2 4 2
1
1 2 3 2
1
3.(Thepossibilitiesare 1, 2, 3 , 1, 3, 4 and 2, 3, 4 .)
Substituting
2intotheequationgives
Thereforetheformulaiscorrectinthecase
Assumethattheformulaiscorrectinthecase
2 2
1 4
3.
2.
3
1 12
4
statementoftheformulawhere
Therefore,byinduction,
2
1 4
Therefore
1 4
5 .(Or
M1
4
1 ,whichisa
1.
1 4
M1
A1
M1
M1
M1
A1
A1
B1
B1
B1
M1
1 4
M1
B1
M1
1
1
M1
A1
1 .
M1A1
1 .
1 4
1 )
A1
Question3
M1
M1
M1
A1
M1
M1
M1
A1
A1
B1
B1
B1
B1
M1
M1
M1
A1
M1
A1
A1
.
Appreciationofthemeaningof
Identifythenumberofpossibilitiesforthelengthofthethirdrodinonecase.
Identifythesetofpossiblecasesandfindnumbersofpossibilitiesforeach.
Clearexplanationoftheresult.
Anattempttoworkout
.
Correctcalculationforanyonedefinedcase.
Identificationofacompletesetofcases.
Correctvaluefor
.
Correctdeductionofexpressionfor
.
Correctexpression.Nojustificationisneededforthismark.
Correctexpression.Nojustificationisneededforthismark.
Correctjustificationthat
3.Requiressightofpossibilitiesorotherjustification.
Evidenceofcheckingabasecase.(Acceptconfirmationthat
1gives
0here.)
Applicationofthepreviouslydeducedresult.
Substitutionofformulafor
andtheformulaforthesum.
Takingcommonfactortogiveasingleproduct.
Rearrangementtoshowthatitisastatementoftherequiredformulawhen
1
andconclusionstated.
Useofresultfromstartofquestion.
Correctsummationof2 4 2
1 .
Correctformulareached(anyequivalentexpressionisacceptable).
Question4
(i)
B1
B1
(ii)
,sostationarypointswhen
1.
B1
B1
M1
A1
A1
B1
B1
B1
B1
(iii)
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1

Question4
Penaliseadditionalsectionstographs(verticaltranslationsby
providingthatthecorrectsectionispresentinlaterparts.
)onlyonthefirstoccasion
B1
B1
Correctshape.
B1
B1
M1
A1
A1
B1
B1
B1
Rotationalsymmetryaboutthepoint 0,0 .
Correctshape.
Differentiationtofindstationarypoints.
.( coordinates)
Correctstationarypoints 1,
Correct coordinates.
Rotationalsymmetryaboutthepoint 0, .
Correctshape.
Stationarypointshavesame coordinatesaspreviousgraph.(Followthroughincorrect
stationarypointsinpreviousgraphifconsistenthere).
Correctcoordinatesforstationarypoints 1,
arctan
Correctasymptotes
1.
axisasanasymptote.
Middlesectioncorrectshape.
Outsidesectionscorrectshape.
Sectionfor 1
1correctshape.
1
.
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
Asymptotes
and
shown.
Sectionfor
Sectionfor
0, .
1correctwithasymptote
1correctwithasymptote
2 .
0orarotationof
1sectionabout
Question5
(i)
tan
tan arctan
arctan
M1
tan
tan
,whichsimplifiesto
tan
M1
M1A1
Hence,byinductiontan
Supposethatitisnottruethat
arctan
Clearly,
A1
B1
.
arctan
forallvaluesof .
arctan
Thenthereisasmallestpositivevalue, suchthat
Since
arctan
andtan
However,
Therefore
arctan
arctan
M1M1
A1
tan 2
M1A1
So,
Whichsimplifiesto2 tan
tan
2 tan
2
Since mustbeacute,tan
B1
arctan
Therefore
lim
tan
1 4
1
0
cannotequal 2 .
arctan 1
M1A1
A1
B1
A1
,sothisisnotpossible.
.
arctan
,but
(ii)
B1
Assumethattan
1.
,sotheformulaiscorrectfor
M1A1
Question5
Confirmationthattheformulaiscorrectfor
1.
Expressionof
intermsof .
Useoftan
formula.
Simplificationoffraction.
Expressionof
toshowthatitmatchesresult.
Conclusionstated.
Confirmationfor
1.
Observationthat
0
Evidenceofunderstandingthatsuccessivevaluesof withthesamevalueoftan must
differby .
A1 Evidenceofunderstandingthat
cannotbesufficientlylargefor tobeofthe
formarctan if
is.
A1 Clearjustification.
M1 Identificationoftherelevantsidesofthetriangle(diagramissufficient).
A1 Correctexpressionfortan 2 .
B1 Useofdoubleangleformula.
M1 Rearrangementtoremovefractions.
A1 Correctquadraticreached.
A1 Quadraticfactorised.
B1 Irrelevantcaseeliminated(mustbejustified).
M1 Sumexpressedaslimitof
A1 Correctvaluejustified.
B1
M1
M1
M1
A1
A1
B1
M1
M1
Question6
(i)
sec
cos cos
2
sec
cos
cos
sin
Therefore,sec
(ii)
sin
sin
M1
M1A1
tan
M1A1
1
sin
B1
sin
sin
Therefore,
sin
sin
sin
sin
sin
B1
sin
sin
So,2
M1
A1
,andapplyingtheresultfrompart(i):
tan
Consider
tan
So,
Therefore,
sin
sin
sin
2
Andso,
Therefore,
2.
.Makingthesubstitution
B1
sin
M1A1
sin
sec
sec
tan
tan
sec
B1
M1
A1
B1
B1
1
sin
2 tan
tan
sin
2 sin cos
(iii)
Limits:
B1
sin
Therefore,
sin sin
cos
B1
sec
cos
B1
Question6
B1
B1
Expressionofsec intermsofanyothertrigonometricfunctions.
Correctuseofaformulasuchasthatforcos
toobtainexpressionwith
trigonometricfunctionsof .
M1 Expandingthesquaredbrackets.
M1 Useofsin 2 sin cos andsin
cos
1
A1
M1
A1
B1
B1
M1
A1
B1
B1
M1
A1
B1
M1
A1
B1
B1
Fullyjustifiedanswer.
.
Anymultipleoftan
Correctanswer
Dealswithchangeoflimitscorrectly.AND
Correctlydealswithchangetointegralwithrespectto .
Notethatboththesestepsneedtobeseenthecorrectresultreachedwithoutevidence
ofthesestepsshouldnotscorethismark.
Useofsin
sin (maybejustseenwithinworking)
Groupingsimilarintegrals.
Fullyjustifiedanswer.
Evaluationoftheintegralfrom(i)withtheappropriatelimits.
Useofresultfrom(ii)toevaluaterequiredintegral.
Attempttomakethesubstitution.
Substitutionallcompletedcorrectly.
Rearrangetogivesomethingthatcanrepresenttherequiredintegralononeside.
1 tan withinintegral.
Useofsec
Correctevaluationofthisintegral.
Correctuseofresultfrompart(i).
Correctapplicationofresultdeducedearliertoreachfinalanswer.
Question7
(i)
(ii)
Mostlikelyexamples:
and
If
thentherecannotbetwopointsonthecirclethatareadistanceof2
apartandanytwodiametricallyoppositepointson mustbeadistanceof2
apart.
If
thenthecirclemustbethesameas ,sothereisnotexactly2points
ofintersection.
Thedistancesofthecentreof fromthecentresof and are
and
.
Ifthe coordinateofthecentreof is ,thenthe coordinateisgivenby
and
Therefore,
4
andso
Therefore,the coordinateofthecentreof satisfies
16
16
16
16
16
16
M1A1
B1
B1B1
M1
B1
So,
Therefore,
8
16
4
4
4
4
16
B1
0
8
4
2
4
B1
So2
B1
M1A1
and
M1M1
A1
M1M1
M1
M1
A1
Question7
M1
M1
A1
B1
B1
M1
A1
B1
B1
B1
M1
M1
A1
B1
B1
M1
M1
M1
M1
A1
.
Calculationthatthedistancebetweenthecentresofthecirclesmustbe
Anexamplewhichshowsthatitispossibleforatleastonevalueof .
Exampleshowingthatitispossibleforall
.
Statementthatthetwointersectionpointsmustbeadistance2 apart.
Explanationthatinthecase
itwouldhavetobethesamecircle.
Thelinejoiningthecentreof (or )andtheradiitoapointofintersectionformaright

angledtriangleineachcase.(onecase)
Useofthistofindthedistancebetweencentresofcircles.
Applyingthesametotheothercircle.
Expressionrelatingthecoordinatesandradiiobtainedfromconsidering .
Expressionrelatingthecoordinatesandradiiobtainedfromconsidering .
Eliminationof fromtheequations.
Eitherexpansionofsquaredtermsorrearrangementtoapplydifferenceoftwosquares.
Expressionfor reached.
Substitutiontofindexpressionfor coordinate.
Notethatanyexpressionfor intermsof , , and issufficient,butitmustbe
.
expressedas
,not
Observationthat mustbepositive.
Alternativemarkschemeforthismayberequiredoncesomesolutionsseen.
ontheleft.
Attempttorearrangetheinequalitytoget16
Reachapointsymmetricin and .
Reachacombinationofsquaredterms.
Applydifferenceoftwosquarestosimplify.
Reachtherequiredinequality.
Question8
(i)
Let bethevectorfromthecentreof to .
Usingsimilartriangles,thevectorfromthecentreof to is
Therefore
fromthecentreof tothecentreof
So
Thepositionvectorof is
(ii)
M1A1
,sincethesearebothexpressionsforthevector
.
A1
Thepositionvectorsof and willbe
M1A1
and
B1
Therefore,
Similarly,
Sincetheyaremultiplesofeachotherthepoints , and mustlieonthe

samestraightline.
lieshalfwaybetween and if
Therefore
So,
Whichsimplifiesto
M1A1
M1A1
(iii)
M1
M1A1
M1A1
B1
B1
M1
M1A1
Question8
M1
A1
M1
A1
M1
A1
B1
M1
A1
M1
A1
M1
A1
M1
A1
B1
B1
M1
M1
A1
Identificationofsimilartriangleswithinthediagram.
Relationshipbetweenthetwovectorsto .
Equatingtwoexpressionsforthevectorbetweenthecentresofthecircles.
Correctsimplifiedexpression.
Calculationofvectorfromcentreofonecircleto .
Correctpositionvectorfor .
Identifyingthecorrectvectorsforthefocioftheotherpairsofcircles.
Expressionforvectorbetweenanytwoofthefoci.
Termsgroupedbyvector.
Simplificationofgroupedterms.
Extractionofcommonfactor.
Expressionforavectorbetweenadifferentpairoffoci.
Awardmarksassameschemeforpreviousexample,butawardallfourmarksforthe
correctanswerwrittendownasitcanbeobtainedbyrotating1,2and3intheprevious
answer.
Statementthattheylieonastraightline.
Statementthatthetwovectorsmustbeequal.
Reductiontostatementinvolvingonly terms.
Attempttosimplifyexpressionobtained(ifnecessary).
Anysimplifiedform.
Question9
(i)
Takingmomentsabout :
3
sin 30
5
sin 30
5
cos 30 sin
cos sin 30
3
cos 30 sin
cos sin 30
1
1
3
3
sin
cos
3
sin
cos
5
2
2
2
2
Therefore
cos
43 sin
Either
Usesin
cos
1andjustifychoiceofpositivesquareroot.
Or
Drawrightangledtrianglesuchthattan
andcalculatethelengthofthe
M1A1
M1A1
B1
M1
A1
A1
M1
hypotenuse.
(ii)
sin
A1
Let betheverticaldistanceof below .

Let betheverticaldistanceof below .
sin
M1M1
A1
sin
M1A1
If isthecentreofmassofthetriangle:
M1A1
Conservationofenergy:
4
8 . 2 forcompleterevolutions.
M1A1
Therefore
A1
Question9
M1
A1
M1
A1
B1
M1
A1
A1
M1
A1
M1
M1
A1
M1
A1
M1
A1
M1
A1
A1
Attempttofindthemomentof about .
Correctexpressionformoment(sin 30
maybereplacedbycos 60
).
Attempttofindthemomentof about .
Correctexpressionformoment(sin 30
maybereplacedbycos 60
).
Correctstatementthatthesemustbeequal.
Useofsin
orcos
formulae.
Correctvaluesusedforsin 30andcos 30.
Correctlysimplified.
Useofacorrectmethodtofindthevalueofsin .
Fullyjustifiedsolution.Ifusingrightangledtrianglemethodthenchoiceofpositiverootnot
needed,ifchoiceofpositiverootnotgivenwhenapplyingsin
cos
1method
thenM1A0shouldbeawarded.
Attempttofind .
Correctlydealwithsineorcosineterm.
Correctvalue.
Attempttofind .
Correctvalue.
Combinetwovaluestoobtaindistanceofcentreofmassfrom .
Correctvalue
Applyconservationofenergy.
Correctinequality.
Correctminimumvalue.
Question9Alternativepart(i)
(i)
Let bethecentreofmassofthetriangleandletthedistance
Takingmomentsabout :
5
cos
3
cos
Therefore5
3
,so
.
mustlieon and
30
.
cos
sin 30
sin 30 cos
cos 30 sin
43 sin andsocos
,andso(since isacute)sin
48 sin
Takingmoments.
Correctequation.
Correctrelationshipbetween and .
Identificationthat lieson andcalculationof
.
Useofsineofidentifiedangle.
Useofsin
formula.
Directrelationshipbetweensin andcos .
Rearrangementandsquaringbothsides.
cos
1.
Applyingsin
Finalanswer(choiceofpositiverootmustbeexplained).
M1A1
A1
B1
M1
A1
M1
A1
A1
B1
M1
M1
A1
M1
M1
A1
M1
Thereforecos
sin
cos
be .
M1
M1A1
Question10
Ifthelengthofstringfromtheholeatanymomentis ,then
Thedistance, ,fromthepointbeneaththeholesatisfies,
2
Therefore
,and
Therefore,thespeedoftheparticleis cosec .
sin
Therefore
Theaccelerationis
Since
Horizontally:
A1
cosec cot
M1A1
A1
M1
sec ,theaccelerationcanbewrittenas
cot
M1A1
cot
,so
cot
andsotan
M1M1
A1
cosec
Theparticlewillleavethefloorwhen cos
cot
M1
cot
M1
cot
B1
M1A1
,socos
sin
cosec
Acceleration:
cosec
B1
M1A1
M1A1
Question10
B1
B1
M1
A1
M1
A1
Aninterpretationof intermsofothervariables(includinganynewlydefinedones).
Anyvalidrelationshipbetweenthevariables.
Differentiationtofindhorizontalvelocity.
Correctdifferentiation.
Attempttoeliminateanyintroducedvariables.
Correctresult.
Answerswhichmakeclearreferencetothespeedoftheparticleinthedirectionofthe
stringbeingV.
M1 Differentiationofspeedfoundinfirstpart.
A1 Correctanswer.
M1 Attempttodifferentiatetofindanexpressionfor .
A1
M1
M1
A1
M1
M1
A1
M1
A1
M1
A1
Correctanswer.
Substitutiontofindexpressionforacceleration.
Relationshipbetweenrequiredvariablesandanyextravariablesidentified.
Substitutiontogiveanswerintermsofcorrectvariables.
Horizontalcomponentoftension.
ApplicationofNewtonssecondlaw.
Correctanswer.
Verticalcomponentoftensionfound.
Identificationthatparticleleavesgroundwhentensionisequaltothemass.
Substitutionoftheirvaluefor .
Rearrangementtogiverequiredresult.
Question11
(i)
(ii)
cos , sin
Differentiating:
sin
, cos
Since ismovingwithvelocity andisatthepoint , 0 attime ,

:
sin ,
cos .
Velocityof is
Initialmomentumwas (horizontally).
Horizontalvelocityof willbethesameasthatof ,sohorizontallythetotal
momentumisgivenby
2
sin
Therefore3
2 sin
.
Initialenergywas
Totalenergyis
Therefore
3
So
(iii)
(iv)
A1
2
2
sin
cos
M1A1
sin
cos
M1
gives
2
3
4
sin
sin
4 sin
4
sin
4
2
2 sin
sin
4
M1
sin
sin
A1
So,
0,sotherecanonlybeaninstantaneouschangeofdirectioninwhich
variesatacollision.Sincethefirstcollisionwillbewhen
0,thesecond
collisionmustbewhen
.
Sincehorizontalmomentummustbe ,
0 2 sin
.
TheKEof mustbe
,so
sin
isonly0when takesthesevaluesand ispositiveas wouldneedanon

zerovaluetosatisfy3
2 sin
if isnegative.(Therelationshipisstill
truesincecollisionsareelastic).
sin
,so
or
sin
Substituting
3
6
6
M1
M1
2
sin
B1B1
M1
A1
M1
B1
B1
B1
B1
M1A1
B1
Question11
B1
B1
M1
A1
M1
M1
A1
M1
M1
A1
M1
M1
A1
B1
B1
B1
B1
M1
A1
B1
Horizontalcomponent.
Verticalcomponent.
Differentiation.
Completejustification,includingclearexplanationthat
.
Statementthatmomentumwillbeconserved.
Identificationthathorizontalmomentumof and willbeequal.
Correctequationreached.
Statementthatenergywillbeconserved.
Useofsymmetrytoobtainenergyof (acceptanswerswhichsimplydoubletheenergyof
ratherthanstatingtheverticalvelocityinoppositedirection).
Correctrelationship.
cos
1.
Useofsin
Substitutingtheotherrelationshiptoeliminate .
Correctequationreached.
Correctvalueof .
Answerjustified.
Firstequationidentified.
Secondequationidentified.
Solvingsimultaneouslytofind .
Correctvaluesfor .
Justifiedanswerthat isnotalways0when takesthesevalues.
Question12
(i)
Ifatailoccursthenplayer mustalwayswinbefore canachievethe

sequencerequired.Thereforetheonlywayfor towinisifbothofthefirst
twotossesareheads.
Afterthefirsttwotossesareheadsitdoesnotmatterifmoretossesresultin
headsasthefirsttimetailsoccurs willwin.
Theprobabilitythat winsistherefore
B1
B1
(ii)
Asbefore,after ,only canwin.

Similarly,after ,only canwin.
Inallothercasesforthefirsttwotossesonly and willbeabletowin.
Theprobabilitiesfor and towinmustbeequal.
B1
B1
M1
M1
Theprobabilityofwinningis foralloftheplayers.
A1
(iii)
Ifthefirsttwotossesare then mustwin(assoonasa occurs),sothe

probabilityis1.
After :
mustwinifthenexttossisa as needstwo stowin,but willwinthe
nexttimean occurs.
Ifthenexttossis ,thenthepositionisasifthefirsttwotosseshadbeen ,
andsotheprobabilitythat winsfromthispointis .
B1
M1
M1
Therefore,
After :
Ifthenexttossis then willwinwithprobability .
M1
,andso
A1
Therefore
A1
After :
Ifthenexttossis thenplayer winsimmediately.
Therefore
M1
A1
Fromthethirdequation
Solvingthetwoequationsin and ,gives
M1A1
Theprobabilitythat winsis
B1
M1A1
Question12
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
M1
M1
A1
B1
M1
M1
A1
M1
A1
M1
A1
M1
A1
M1
A1
Identifyingthat cannotwinonceatailhasbeentossed.
Identifyingthat mustwinoncethefirsttwotosseshavebeenheads.
Showingthecalculationtoreachtheanswer.
Recognisingthatthesituationisunchangedforplayer .
Recognisingthatthesamelogicappliestoplayer .
Allothercasesleadtowinsforoneoftheremainingplayers.
Recognisingthattheprobabilitiesmustbeequal.
Correctstatementoftheprobabilities.
Ifnomarkspossiblebythisschemeawardonemarkforeachprobabilitycorrectly
calculatedwithsupportingworking.Allfourcalculatedscores5marks.
Explanationthatprobabilitymustbe1.
Explanationofthecasethatthenexttossis .
Thismarkandthenextcouldbeawardedforanappropriatetreediagram.
Explanationofthecasethatthenexttossis .
Justificationoftherelationshipbetween and .
Considerationofonecasefollowing .
Thismarkcouldbeawardedforanappropriatetreediagram.
Establishmentoftherelationship.
Considerationofonecasefollowing .
Thismarkcouldbeawardedforanappropriatetreediagram.
Establishmentoftherelationship.
Attempttosolvethesimultaneousequations.
Correctvaluesfor , and .
Attempttocombineprobabilitiestoobtainoverallprobabilityofwin.
Correctprobability.
Question13

(i)
for
for
B1
M1M1
A1
Usethesubstitution
intheintegral:
B1
Therefore
If
1thenchoose
If
1thenchoose
(ii)
.
ln .
ln asitispositive.
Applyingintegrationdonebefore:
2
2
intheintegral:
2
M1A1
and,applyingtheintegrationalreadycompleted,
.
Therefore
Var
Var
.
2
Var
For
A1
0,
1
0,sothevariancedecreasesas increases.
Var
M1
Var
A1
M1A1
B1
Usingintegrationbyparts:
B1
M1A1
0astheminimumoccursatanegativevalueof .
Usethesubstitution
A1
,sothestationarypointoccurswhen
M1
M1
A1
Question13
B1 Statementofrandomvariable.
M1 Anycorrectterminexpectation(allow multipliedbyanattemptattheprobabilityfor
notneedinganyextracosts).
M1 Correctintegralstated(allow missing).
A1 Fullycorrectstatement.
Maybealteredtoaccommodateothermethodsoncesolutionsseen.
B1 Substitutionperformedcorrectly.
M1 Integrationbypartsusedtocalculateintegral.
A1 Correctlyjustifiedsolution.
M1 Differentiationtofindminimumpoint.
A1 Correctidentificationofpoint.
B1 Bothcasesidentifiedwiththesolutionsstated.
M1 Attemptat
(atleasttwotermscorrect).
A1 Correctstatementof
.
B1 Substitutionperformedcorrectly.
M1 Applyingintegrationbyparts.
A1 Correctintegration.
A1 Correctexpressionfor
.
M1 UseofVar

A1 CorrectsimplifiedformforVar
M1 DifferentiationofVar
.
A1 Correctinterpretation.
1.(i)
1
1
1
B1
1
1
1
2
integratingbyparts
M1A1
A1*
(4)
(5)
1
2
1
1
M1
M1
B1
tan
Thus
M1
A1*
(ii)
.
usingthesubstitution
andthenthesubstitution
So
Usingthesubstitution
1 M1A1*
M1A1*
(iii)
M1A1
M1
M1
A1(5)
So
!
!
M1A1*(6)
2.(i)True.
B1
B1
1000
If
1000,then1000
(ii)False.
1and
E.G.Let
2for odd,and
Then forwhichfor
Soitisnotthecasethat
(iii)True.
,i.e. 1000
,so1000
B1
2and
,nor
1for even.
B1
M1
,butnorisitthecasethat
M1A1(4)
A1(4)
B1
meansthatthereexistsapositiveinteger,say
,forwhichfor
meansthatthereexistsapositiveinteger,say
,forwhichfor
E1
E1
max
Thenif
for
B1
A1(5)
B1
B1
4.
B1
M1A1
B1
sobytheprincipleofmathematicalinduction,
2 forsomevalue
Assume
Then
,andso
(iv)True.
2 for
4,andthus
2 A1(7)
3.(i)
If|
So
Symmetryaboutinitialline
Twobranches
Shapeandlabelling
sec |
,then
sec
sec
sec
or
G1
G1
G1(3)
or
sec
M1A1
Ifsec
0, sec
0as
and sec
arebothpositive,andthusinbothcases,
0whichisnotpermitted.
Ifsec
0, sec
sosec
0asrequired.
So
sec
thepole(origin),
dbeingb,
0and sec
B1
0giving
0as and
B1
0
(4)
,thuspointssatisfying(*)lieonacertainconchoidofNicomedeswithAbeing
B1
sec .
andLbeingtheline
B1
B1(3)
(ii)
Symmetryaboutinitialline
Twobranches
Loop,shapeandlabelling
G1
G1
G1

If
sec
,thenthecurvehastwobranches,
0,theendpointsoftheloopcorrespondingtosec
withsec
0and
withsec
.
B1(4)
1and
Inthecase
2so
2,sec
Areaofloop
2
sec
sec
4 sec
3
4 ln
4
2
tan
M1A1
4 ln|sec
3
tan |
4 ln 2
4
3
M1A1
M1A1(6)
sec
4.
(i)
For
andfor ,
iscontinuous.
.
B1
Sothesketchofthisgraphmustbeoneofthefollowing:
B1
Hence,itmustintersectthe axisatleastonce,andsothereisatleastonerealrootof
0
B1(3)
M1
(ii)
Thus
A1

0,
and,as
A1
0,
addingthesethreeequationswehave,
3
0 M1
(Alternatively,
So
Thus6
M1
A1*(6)
(iii)
cos
Let
cos 2
Then
As
sin
for
sin 2
and
1, 2, 3
cos 3
sin
M1
sin 3
bydeMoivre
M1
sin 2
sin 3
0
andso , ,and arereal,
M1
andthereforesoare , ,and
A1
0with , ,and real,bypart
Hence,as , ,and aretherootsof

(i),atleastoneof , ,and isreal.
cos
Soforatleastonevalueof ,
andas
If
M1
sin
0asrequired.
A1(6)
0(say
and
0)
andsothequadraticofwhich and arethe
rootshasrealcoefficients.Thus ,
If
Thuscos
Butsin
If
0then isreal. and aretherootsof
whichis
0,

cos
,andso
sin
andso
0,
isrealandthus,sin
.(
,as
.
0because
0)
M1
M1A1
0,andthus
B1(5)
B1
0,then and arerealroots,sosin

.
sin
0,so
,where ,
5.(i)Havingassumedthat2isrational(step1),2
0B1
,so provingstep3.
Thusfromthedefinitionof (step2),as and2

B1(2)
If ,then isanintegerand 2isaninteger.
1
So 2
isaninteger,
and 2
2andsoM1
B1
B1
2whichisanintegerandso 2
1,andthus0
provingstep5.B1(3)
A1
andthusthiscontradictsstep4that isthesmallestpositiveintegerin as 2
showntobeasmallerpositiveintegerandisin .
A1(3)
(ii)
If2
So 2
,thatis2
andhence2
andso2
,whichcanbewritten2
,where ,
0
2
M1
0M1
isrationalandthat2
provingthat2
hasbeen
isrational. A1
provingthat2
isrational,then2
If2
,where ,
isrational,then2
isrationalonlyif2
isrational.
A1(4)
Assumethat2
isrational.
Definetheset tobethesetofpositiveintegerswiththefollowingproperty: isin ifandonlyif

2
and 2
areintegers.
B1
,where ,
Theset containsatleastonepositiveintegerasif2
2
and
,so
Define tobethesmallestpositiveintegerin .Then 2

Consider
1 .
itselfaninteger.
and
1
2
0,then
M1A1
areintegers. B1
whichisthedifferenceoftwointegersandsois
2
2
and 2
2
2
whichisaninteger,
2
whichisaninteger.
Thus
1 isin .
2andso0
M1A1
1
1,andthus0
that isthesmallestpositiveintegerin as
integerandisin .
M1A1(8)
,andthusthiscontradicts
1 hasbeenshowntobeasmallerpositive
6.(i)
For ,
B1
,werequiretosolve
M1
2
2
0
8
2
2
4
2
2
Sofor,
,as
i.e.
so3
soif
,then 2
,
1
1or
Thus
Soas
0,
M1
M1A1
For ,
,from(i)werequire
.
inotherwords
1inwhichcase 1
whichitis,
1,
thediscriminantis
,so
0so
3,i.e.
M1A1(12)
whichitis,and
M1
So and neednotbereal.Acounterexamplewouldbe
forthen
M1A1
0,thevaluesof arereal.B1
and
Therearethreedistinctvaluesof unless
M1A1
Thusif
Thus
M1A1
3
mustbereal,and2
B1*(5)
2
M1A1
mustbereal,
(ii)
,i.e.2
B1(3)
B1
2
0inwhichcase
7.
(i)
Suppose
forsomeinteger .
M1
M1A1(3)
isapolynomialofdegree i.e.
B1
Then
1
whichisapolynomialofdegree .
Suppose
1,
istruefor
whichisdivisibleby 1
Wehaveshownthatifitistruefor
foranypositiveinteger
.B1(6)
for
sotheresult
1.Hencebyinduction,itis
i.e.
B1
,itistruefor
B1(6)
M1A1
isdivisibleby 1
1.
Then
,then
andwehaveshownthatifitistruefor
trueforanypositiveinteger.
1
(ii)
Suppose
someinteger ,with
M1A1
.M1A1
1.M1A1
soresultistruefor
1.Hencebyinduction,itistrue
,itistruefor
(iii)
M1
So
1
Butby(ii),
thusif
1,
isdivisibleby 1
1
0,andhence
1
andso
M1A1*(5)
M1A1
1
,and
cos
8.(i)
sin
sin
and
cos
Thus
sin
0,
cos
cos
sin
M1A1
sin
becomes
Thatis sin
as
cos
M1A1
cos
sin
sin
cos
sin
cos
cos
M1
Multiplyingoutandcollectingliketermsgives
cos
whichis
0.
So
andthus
sin
sin
M1
A1
A1
cos
M1A1*(7)
G1(4)
M1soln| |
(oralternatively
A1andhence
A1)
(ii)
becomes
sin
cos
cos
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
sin
thatis
sin
cos
cos
cos
sin
sin
cos
Multiplyingoutandcollectingliketermsgives
cos
cos
sin
0.
whichis
sin
sin
cos
0 M1
A1
So
ln
A1
A1
M1
So
1
with
0
1
1
thatis
A1*
G1G1G1(9)
9.
Iftheinitialpositionof is,thenattime ,
1
2
1
2
,soconservingenergy,
M1A1A1
Thus,
M1
i.e.
Thegreatestvalue, ,attainedby ,occurswhen
A1*(5)
0.
M1
Thus
So
(negativerootdiscountedasallquantitiesarepositive)
Thus
2
and
2
M1A1(3)
As
differentiatingwithrespectto
2
1
2
2
M1A1
Thus
A1
Sowhen
,theaccelerationof is
2
M1A1(5)
Thatis
andthus
1
where istheperiod.
M1A1
So
1
1
Let
B1
then
andso

2
as
Thus
1
M1A1
andso
4
1
asrequired.
32
M1A1*(7)
10.
Thepositionvectoroftheupperparticleis
sin
cos
B1B1
sodifferentiatingwithrespecttotime,itsvelocityis
cos
sin
E1*(3)
Itsacceleration,bydifferentiatingwithrespecttotime,isthus
sin
cos
cos
sin
M1A1A1
sobyNewtonssecondlawresolvinghorizontallyandvertically
sin
cos
sin
cos
cos
sin
M1A1
Thatis
cos
sin
sin
cos
sin
cos
Theotherparticlesequationis
sin
cos
cos
sin
sin
cos
B1(6)
Addingthesetwoequationswefind
2
i.e.
0and
M1A1*
Thus
cos
sin
i.e.
cos
sin
sin and
sin
cos
sin
sin
cos
cos
cos
Multiplyingthesecondofthesebysin andthefirstbycos andsubtracting,
0andso
Thus
0.
andasinitially2
Thereforethetimetorotateby
As
andinitially
M1A1*(4)
,
isgivenby
,attime,
therodisinitially abovethetable.
M1A1
,so
,andso
A1
asthecentreof
M1A1
Hence,giventheconditionthattheparticleshitthetablesimultaneously,
0
/
1/2
/
Hence0
,or2
asrequired.M1A1*(7)
11.(i)Supposethattheforceexertedby ontherodhascomponents perpendiculartotherod

and paralleltotherod.Thentakingmomentsfortherodaboutthehinge,
0,M1
0yields
whichas
A1*(2)
0andhencetheforceexertedontherodby isparalleltotherod.
sin
Resolvingperpendiculartotherodfor ,
sin ,
Dividingby
cot
Thatis
sin
sin
cos
M1A1
cot
cos orinotherwords cot
cos asrequired.
M1A1*(4)
Theforceexertedbythehingeontherodisalongtherodtowards , B1
andifthatforceis ,thenresolvingverticallyfor , cos
sec .
so
M1A1
A1(4)
(ii)Supposethattheforceexertedby ontherodhascomponent perpendiculartotherod

towardstheaxis,thattheforceexertedby ontherodhascomponent perpendiculartothe
rodtowardstheaxis,
B1
thenresolvingperpendiculartotherodfor
M1A1
andsimilarlyfor
sin
sin
sin
sin
cos
cos
M1A1
0
Takingmomentsfortherodaboutthehinge,
Somultiplyingthefirstequationby
sin
sin
sin ,
Thatis cot
cos ,where
M1A1
andaddingwehave
sin
Dividingby
,thesecondby
cos
sin
cot
cos
M1A1
A1(10)
cos
12.(i)Theprobabilitydistributionfunctionof is
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
sotheprobabilitydistributionfunctionof
is
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
andthus
B1
Theprobabilitydistributionfunctionof is
2
1
36
3
2
36
4
3
5
4
36
36
6
5
36
36
36
10
3
36
36
11
2
12
1
36
M1
sotheprobabilitydistributionfunctionof
0
6
is
1
6
36
2
6
36
3
6
36
4
6
36
36
5
6
36
A1
whichisthesameasfor
andhenceitsprobabilitygeneratingfunctionisalso
Therefore,theprobabilitygeneratingfunctionof
andthustheprobabilitythat
(ii)
isalso
isdivisibleby6is1 6.
B1
B1(6)
Theprobabilitydistributionfunctionof is
1
6
2
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
. A1*
36
andthus
wouldbe

Thus
M1A1
exceptthatthepowersmustbemultipliedcongruenttomodulus5.
wouldbe
except
and
1
6
1
6
So
M1A1
1
5
B1
A1
1
6
M1A1*(8)
Thatis
1
6
1
6
is 1
Wenoticethatthecoefficientof insidethebracketin
So
asrequired.
5 1
1 1
5 1
6
4.
Soif isnotdivisibleby5,theprobabilitythat
whichinturnisthecoefficientof ,namely
If isdivisibleby5,theprobabilitythat
6
6
M1
where isan
However,thiscoefficientisthesumofaGPandso
integersuchthat0
1
5 1
43
1trivially.
Thiscanbeshownsimplybyinduction.Itistruefor
Consider
1
6
35
M1A1
isdivisibleby5willbethecoefficientof
1
isdivisibleby5willbe
asrequired.
1
as
B1*
Thatis
M1A1(6)
13.(i)
G1

if0
B1
G1
2
and
0if
So
0and
if1
1if
B1(5)
1
1
1
2
2
1

2
1

0
Soas
Thus
B1
M1A1
1
2
1
2
0
1
asrequired.
(ii)
1
2
1
2
1
M1A1*(4)
2 ln
1
2
2 ln
2 ln 2
M1A1(2)
G1
1

2
1
1
2
B1(2)
Thus
So
1 1
1
2
1 1
1

2
1
2
1
2
i.e.
1
3
2
1
2 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
Soas
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
M1A1(3)
M1A1(4)
B1
1
2
1
ln 1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
asrequired.
and
1
2
because,bysymmetry,
M1A1
1 1
ln
2 2
1
ln
2
1 1
ln
2 2
1 1
ln
2 2
STEP Solutions 2015

Mathematics
STEP 9465/9470/9475
October 2015
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Contents
STEP Mathematics (9465, 9470, 9475)
Hints and Solutions
STEP Mathematics I
STEP Mathematics II
STEP Mathematics III
Page
4
10
15
SI-2015 Hints and Solutions

(See the marking scheme for full details of the expected solution approach)
Q1
This question is intended to be a relatively straightforward entre into the paper, and thus its
demands are fairly routine in nature. That does not mean that it is easy, merely that the appropriate courses
of action should be readily accessible to all candidates of a suitable standard. To begin with, the demand for
a sketch (of any function) should lead you to consider things such as
key points (such as where the curve meets either of the coordinate axes);
asymptotes (note the information given in italics at the end of part (i) regarding what happens as
x , which indicates that the negative x-axis is an asymptote in this case);
turning points of the curve, which are clearly flagged as being of significance when considering what
happens when y = k; i.e. when the curve meets a horizontal line;
long-term behaviour (you already have sorted for you the x side of things, so there is only a
quick decision to be made about what happens as x +).
For the key points, first set x = 0 and then y = 0; the asymptote is effectively given; the TPs come from
setting the first derivative to zero and solving for x again (noting, of course, that ex is always positive); and
the curve clearly grows exponentially as x increases positively. The rest of (i) then simply requires a bit of
thought as to how many times a horizontal line will cut, or touch, the curve depending upon the value of k.
In part (ii), it is clear that the x in part (i) has now been replaced with an x2, and this second curve
must therefore have reflection symmetry in the y-axis, as all negative values of x are being squared to give
the positive counterpart. Previously, when x was equal to zero, we now havex2 = 0, and so each previous
crossing-point on the positive xaxis leads to two, one on each side of the y-axis (and at the square-root of
its former value). However, the previous y-intercept is unchanged, but must now appear at a TP of the curve
(otherwise the symmetry of the gradient would be compromised). Also, the previous TP with positive xvalue (the negative one has gone) occurs at the square-roots of the previous value, but again with unchanged
y-coordinate.
Q2
It is clear that (i) is an introductory part that requires the use of the cos(A B) formula with suitablychosen values of A andB. Using the sin(A B) formula then leads to the second result, although there are
alternative trig. identities that could be used in both cases, such as a double-angle formula. Repeated use of
these, or the double-angle formulae (or de Moivres Theorem for those from a further maths background)
lead to the (relatively) well-known triple-angle formula cos3 4cos3 3cos, which gives x = cos as a
root of the equation 4 x 3 3 x cos 3 0 . Although there are several possible methods here, a simple
division/factorisation leads to ( x c) 4 x 2 cx c 2 3 = 0, and the quadratic formula leads to the

remaining two roots which, for their simplest form, requires the use of the most elementary of trig.
identities, s 2 1 c 2 .
A bit of insight is needed in part (iii), where one should first realise that the constant term is intended
be a cosine value (of 3 some angle), and the most obvious candidate is
From here, it is now clear that x is
1
2
1
2
2 = cos 45o, so that is 15o.
y , and that the three roots are those from part (ii) with the exact
numerical forms of the sine and cosine of 15o from part (i) waiting to be deployed in order to find the surd
forms requested.
Q3
In this question, it is important to draw suitable diagrams in order to visualise what is going on, and
these are not difficult to manage, with the guard either at a corner of the yard (C) or at its middle (M).
However, this second case has two possible sub-cases to consider, depending upon whether the far corners
of the yard are visible to him/her (which, in fact, turns out to be the b = 3a case which separates the two
cases that the question invites you to consider), and it is the extra length of the opposite wall that is visible
b2
4b 2
(from C),
(from M, with the far corners not
that makes for different working. These lengths are
ba
a
2b( 2b 3a )
visible) and
(from M, with the far corners visible). Once obtained, these should be compared
ba
in order to find that the guard should stand at C for b < 3a and at M for b > 3a (and at either when b = 3a).
Q4
A quick read-through of the question should make it clear that it is the lower end of the rod that is
being referred to (as do the subtractions within the given coordinates x and y). The fact that the rod is
tangent to the given parabola means that its direction is tan 12 x , which gives the coordinates of the rods
midpoint as (tan, tan2); a simple right-angled triangle and some accompanying basic trig. then leads to the
given answer. The second part of the question is equally straightforward once one realises that when xA = 0,
2 tan
2 tan b cos b
yA= tan 2 . There are several ways to attack the area between two
cos
curves e.g. as
y 2 dx, or by translating the bit below the x-axis up by tan2 and calculating the
difference between area under the new curve and a triangle; the key is to eliminate the b and then the
given answer follows.
Q5
Once one realises that the x within the integral is not the variable, then both integrations are
2x
1
, while in (ii) g(x) = 1 x 1 x remember to use
x
x
the modulus function when taking square-roots (although one could, alternatively, work out a piece-wise
definition for g; that is, in bits). The sketch of f should prompt the solver to differentiate in order to identify
1
the turning point at

, e ln 2 . Noting that y + as x 0 and that y + as x + gives all else that
ln 2
is needful to draw the graph in (i). In (ii), the piece-wise definition of g is certainly more useful now since its
graph is made up of two reciprocal curve bits joined by a horizontal straight-line in the middle.
relatively straightforward. In (i), we get f(x) =
Q6
The best way to start any geometrically-inclined question is to
have a good diagram that doesnt make the shape of the quadrilateral
look too specialised in any way (square, rectangle, parallelogram, ).
Next, label the midpoints sensibly (see diagram) and then write down
their position vectors in terms of a and b.
It is relatively easy to prove that the opposite sides of
this quadrilateral are equal and opposite, but you must then
also show that adjacent sides are equal in length and that they
are perpendicular. This last outcome is going to follow from the
S
use of the scalar product.
For the final part, you should label one of the angles at the
P
Q
centre (say) and note that the fourth angle at O is thus 180o .
Having already calculated the squares of the lengths of the squares sides in the form
2
o
1
2
4 a ( a ) 2 aa cos 90
the required result follows from noting that this is maximal when cos90
1 ; i.e. when 90 o .
Q7
The crucial observation here is that a (continuous) function takes its maximum value on a finite
interval either at a maximum turning-point or at an endpoint. Differentiating (a negative cubic so we
know what its shape is) gives a MIN. TP at (0, 0) and a MAX. TP at ( 13 a, 19 a3), and evaluating at the
endpoints gives f( 13 ) = 19 (3a + 2) and f(1) = 3a 6.
Now, a comparison of these possible values for f then yields that 19 (3a + 2) 19 a3 a 0, a 2; and
that 19 a3 3a 6 holds for all a 0; and also that 19 (3a + 2) 3a 6 a
7
3
(which, actually, affects
19 (3a 2) 0 a 2
nothing, but the working should be done anyhow). Thus M(a) = 19 a 3

2a3 .
3a 6
a3
Q8
The standard bookwork approach to this opening part is to write the sum (S) both forwards and
backwards, add the terms in pairs (n pairs, each of value n + 1) and then to half this to get S = 12 n(n + 1). As
with any such invitation to establish a result, one should not simply seek to quote a result and thus merely
write down the given answer. When looking at part (ii)s question, the binomial theorem should really be
screaming at you from the page, and all that is needed is to observe that the binomial expansion of (N m)k
consists of k + 1 terms, the first k of which contain a factor of (at least one) N. The final term, since k is odd
must be mk which then conveniently cancels with the + mk term to leave something that is clearly divisible
by N.
In the next part of the question, you are invited to explore the cases n odd and n even separately
(indeed the results that follow are slightly different). To begin with,
S = 1k + 2k + + nk (an odd no. of terms) = 0k + 1k + 2k + + nk (an even no. of terms)
So these terms can now be paired up:
n with 0, n 1 with 1, , ( 12 n 12 ) with ( 12 n 12 ) ,
so that all pairs are of the form (n m)k+ mk , which was just established as being divisible by n. Next, in the
case when
S = 1k + 2k + + nk (an even no. of terms) = 0k + 1k + 2k + + nk (an odd no. of terms),
the pairs are now
n with 0, n 1 with 1, , ( 12 n 1) with ( 12 n 1) ,
but with an odd term, ( 12 n) k , left over. This gives us (from the same previous result as before) a sum
consisting of terms divisible by n and one that is divisible by
1
2
n, giving the second result.
Then, for n even, so that (n + 1) is odd, S + (n + 1)k is divisible by n + 1 (by the previous result) S
is divisible by n + 1; and for n odd, so that (n + 1) is even, S + (n + 1)k is divisible by 12 (n + 1). Thus, since
hcf(n, n + 1) = 1 hcf( 12 n, n + 1) = 1 for n even, and hcf(n,
divisible by
1
2
n(n + 1) for all positive integers n.
1
2
(n + 1)) = 1 for n odd, it follows that S is
The standard time taken to land (at the level of the projection) of a projectile is t
Q9
bullet fired at time t, 0 t
2u sin
. Thus, a
g
2u
, lands at time TL t sin t . Differentiating this w.r.t. t and

g
6
3
2u 2 sin cos
setting it equal to zero, gives k cos t . The horizontal range is then given by R
and
g
3
this gives the required answer. Moreover, substituting the endpoints of the given time interval 0 t
dTL
1
3
0 throughout the
into k cos t gives k
. However, if k < 12 , then one sees that
dt
2
2
3
guns firing, so that TL is a (strictly) decreasing function. Hence its maximum value occurs at t = 0, i.e.
, whence R
2u 2 1
3 u2 3

.
g
2 2
2g
Q10 The difficulty in this question lies in ignoring unnecessary information (not given). Firstly, then, note
that the speed of the rain relative to the bus is vcos u (or u vcos if negative), and when u = 0, the area
of the bus getting wet, A, is such thatAhvcos + avsin . Now the given result follows from observing that
when vcos u> 0, the rain hitting the top of the bus is the same, whilethe rain hits the back of the bus as
before, but with speed vcos u instead of vcos ; and whenvcos u< 0, the rain hitting the top of the bus
is the same, while the rain hits the front of the bus as before, but with u vcos instead of vcos.
1
av sin h | v cos u |
. For vcos u > 0

Next, as the journey time , we need to minimise J
u
u
u
av sin hv cos
h , and this decreases as u increases, and this is done

and w vcos , we minimise J
u
u
av sin hv cos
h,
by choosing u as large as possible; i.e. u = w. For u vcos > 0, we minimise J
u
u
and this decreases as u increases if a sin > h cos , so we again choose u as large as possible; i.e. u = w.
Next, if a sin < h cos , then J increases with u when u exceeds vcos , so we choose u = vcos in this
case. Finally, if a sin = hcos then J is independent of u, so we may as well take u = w.
av sin hv cos
h , which
For the return journey, simply replace by 180o to give J
u
u
always decreases as u increases, so take u = w again.
Q11 As with all statics problems, the key to getting

a good start, and to making life as easy as possible
for the working that follows, is to have a good, clear
diagram with all relevant forces, in appropriate
directions, marked on it (see alongside).
To begin with, take moments about the
respective cylinders axes yields F = F1 = F2, as
required. Next, write down the four equations
that arise from resolving for each cylinder in the
directions parallel and perpendicular to the plane.
O1
O2
These are:F1 R W1 sin ; R1 F W1 cos ; F2 R W2 sin and R2 F W2 cos .

(Note that one could replace some of these with equivalent equations gained from resolving for the whole
system.) Replacing F1 and F2 by F, equating for sin , re-arranging for F in terms of R and using the
Friction Law, F R , appropriately leads to the first given answer in (ii). A bit more determination is
needed to gain the second given answer, however. Firstly, tan can be gained by division in at least two
ways, and both F and R must be eliminated from any equations being used. Thereafter, it is simply a matter
of forcing the working through correctly and, hopefully, concisely.
Q12 Here, you are given the relevant Poisson result at the outset, and this is intended to guide your
thinking later on in the question. To begin with, though, part (i) is actually a Binomial situation requiring
just a single general term. In part (ii), you were asked to prove algebraically a result that you might usually
be required to quote and use. This requires a good understanding of the use of the sigma-notation and a clear
grasp as to which of the various terms are constant relative to the summation, and then combining the
remaining terms together appropriately to give the requested Poisson answer. Most important of all, of
course, it is essential to have the first line of working correct; this is
r
e 8 8 n
n!
1 3
P(S = r) =

r ! (n r ) ! 4 4
nr n!
nr
e 8 2 r 6 n r
is obtained. At this stage
r ! n r (n r ) !
another simple trick is required effectively a re-labelling of the starting-point, using m = n r to re-write
and one follows this through to the point where the result
e 8 2 r 6 m
. The required result follows immediately since the infinite sum is just e6.
r ! m0 m!
Having established this, the final part of the question is relatively straightforward, requiring only the
use of the conditional probability formula applied to P(M = 8 |M + T = 12).
this as
Q13 The first three parts of this question are very easy indeed, if looked at in the right way. In part (i) it is
not necessary at all that you recognise the Geometric Distribution (indeed, some of you may not have
encountered it at all), but the result asked for is simply (n 1) failures followed by 1 success, and one can
write down immediately, and without explanation, the answer P(A) =
56 n 1 16 . In (ii), you have a situation
in which one can apply the principle of symmetry: either a 5 arises before a 6, or vice versa, so the required
probability is just P(B) = 12 . Part (iii) can be approached similarly, in that the first 4s, 5s, 6s can arise in the
orders 456, 465, 546, 564, 645, 654 P(BC) =
1
3
(i.e. also by symmetry, but with three pairings to
consider).
Parts (iv) and (v), however, each turn out to require the use of the result given at the end of the
question, as the outcomes (theoretically) stretch off to infinity. For (iv), it is best to consider only on which
throw the first 6 occurs (since we stop at that point). It cannot occur on the first throw, so we have the sum
of the situations:
a 5 occurs on the first throw, followed by a 6 on the second;
one 5 and a 1-4 occur, in either order, followed by the 6 on the third;
one 5 and two 1-4s occur, in any of three possible orders, followed by a 6 on the fourth;
etc.
Thus P(D) =
16 16 16 64 16 16 64 2 16 ... , and this factorises as 361 1 2 23 3 23 2 ..., and the

2
1
3
1
big bracket is just the given result with x =
2
3
and n = 2.
Before getting too deeply into part (v), a couple of simple results should be noted. Firstly, we use the
fact that P(E) = P(D) = 14 , the answer to (iv); and then that we will need to use the basic probability result
P(DE) = P(D) + P(E) P(DE) =
1
2
P(DE). Turning this around, since it is far easier to calculate the
probability, P(DE), that both one 4 and one 5 occur before the first 6. Again, looking at this from the
viewpoint of finishing after the first 6 is thrown, we see that
3
4 2
1
1 3 12 6 12 2 ...
P(DE) = 62 16 16 63 62 16 16 63 62 16 16 ... = 108
1
2
and the big bracket is the given result with x =
1
2
and n = 3 , leading to the answer P(DE) =
23
54
STEP22015HintsandSolutions
Question1
Forthefirstresult,showthatthegradientofthefunctionispositiveforallpositivevaluesof (by
differentiating)andalsothat 0
0.Oncethisresulthasbeenestablishedsumasetoftheterms,
using
,notethatln 1
canbewrittenasln
ln
andthentherequiredresult
follows.
Forthesecondpart,firstshowthat
substitution
,notingthatln 1
withthesumstartingwith
ln 1
1andthenusethe
isnegativefor0
canbewrittenasln
2 ln
ln
1 .Deal
2andthenaddtheinitial1afterwards.
Question2
Aswithallgeometricquestionsagooddiagramoftheinformationgivenmakesthesolutiontothis
questionmucheasiertoreach.Thefirstresultinthisquestionfollowsfromanapplicationofthesine
rulewithapplicationsoftherelevantformulaeforsin
andthedoubleangleformulae.From
.
adiagramofthetriangleitshouldthenbeaneasyapplicationoftrigonometrytoshowthat
Thereareanumberofdifferentmethodsforestablishingthat
methodistoshowthatsin
thesizesofangles
relationship.
trisectstheangle
one
,followingwhichitisrelativelystraightforwardtoworkout
and
intermsof andshowthattheymustsatisfythecorrect
Question3
canbeinterpretedasthetrianglesthatcanbemadeusingthe
Forthefirstpartnotethat
rodoflength8andtwoother,shorterrods.Thesecanthenbecountedbynotingthatthereare6
possibilitiesifthelength7rodisused,4possibilitiesifthelength6(butnotthelength7)rodisused
and2possibilitiesifthelength5(butnot6or7)rodisused.Itisclearthatatleastonerodlonger
thanlength4mustbeused.Toevaluate
and
notethatitisequalto
thenevaluate
inasimilarmannerto
.Similarreasoningeasilygivesformulaefor
and
.
deducedinthepreviouspartcanbeusedtoshowthe
Fortheinduction,therulefor
inductivestep,whiletheeasiestwaytoshowthebasecaseistolistthepossibilities.Theeasiestway
toestablishtheresultforanoddnumberofrodsistousetheformulafor
andthe
formulafor
thatwasjustproven.
Question4
Forthefirstpart,notethatthegraphofarctan satisfiestherequirementofbeingcontinuous,but
doesnotsatisfy 0
.Sincetan
tan ,atranslationofthegraphof
arctan
verticallybyadistanceof givestherequiredgraph.
Itshouldbeclearthatthegraphof
hasnoverticalasymptotes,approachesthe axisas
andpassesthroughtheorigin.Identifyingthestationarypointsshouldbethenexttask
afterwhichagraphshouldbeeasytosketch.Thegraphof
shouldthenbeeasytosketch
byconsideringthefactthat
isanincreasingfunctionand
isobtainedbycomposingthe
twofunctionsalreadysketched.
Tosketchthegraphof
firstnotethattheremustbetwoverticalasymptotes.Once
stationarypointshavebeencheckedforitshouldbestraightforwardtocompletethesketch.Inthis
case,theasymptotesneedtobeconsideredtodeducetheshapeofthegraphfor
asthe
compositionwith
willleadtodiscontinuities.Notingagainthattan
tan the
discontinuitiescanberesolvedbytranslatingsectionsofthatgraphverticallybyadistanceof .
Question5
Theinitialproofbyinductionisastraightforwardapplicationofthetan
formula.Thefinal
partofsection(i)requiresrecognitionthattherearemanypossiblevaluesof togiveaparticular
valueoftan ,butonlyoneofthemisthevaluethatwouldbeobtainedbyapplyingthearctan
function.Theresultcanthereforebeshownbyestablishingthatthedifferencebetweenconsecutive
termsofthesequenceisnevermorethan .
Forthesecondpartofthequestionadiagramofthetriangleandapplicationofthetan 2 formula
showsthatthevalueof mustbeoftheformusedinthefirstpartofthequestion.Allthat
remainsisthentoshowthatthelimitofthesummustgivetherequiredvalue.
Question6
Thefirstpartofthequestionrequiresuseofthecos
formula.Followingthistheintegral
tan
.Inthesecondpart,applythe
shouldbeeasytoevaluategiventhat sec
substitutionandnotethatthelimitsoftheintegralarereversed,whichisequivalenttomultiplying
by1.Followingthisasimplerearrangement(notingthatthevariablethattheintegrationistaken
overcanbechangedfrom to )shouldestablishtherequiredresult.Theintegralattheendofthis
partcanthenbeevaluatedsimplybyapplyingthisresultalongwiththeintegralevaluatedinpart(i).
Inthefinalpartofthequestionitistemptingtomakerepeatedapplicationsoftheresultprovenin
part(ii).However,thisisnotvalidasitwouldrequiretheuseofafunctionsatisfying sin
,
whichisnotpossibleontheintervaloverwhichtheintegralisdefined.Instead,applicationofa
sin
willsimplifytoallowthisintegraltobeevaluated
similarsubstitutiontopart(ii)to
basedontheintegrationof
.Anapplicationoftheresultfrompart(ii)willalsoberequired.
Question7
Forpart(i)notethatthelinesjoiningthecentresofthetwocirclesandoneofthepointswherethe
bisectionoccursformarightangledtriangle,sotheradiusofthenewcirclecanbecalculated.To
showthatnosuchcirclecanexistwhen
notethatthediametricallyoppositepointson must
beadistanceof2 apart,andnotwopointsonacircleofradius canbethatfarapart.Forthecase
notethatthenewcirclewouldbethesameas (andsowouldhavemorethantwo
intersectionpoints).
Forpart(ii)asimilarmethodcanbeusedtodeducethedistancesbetweenthecentreofthenew
circleandeachof and .Fromthesedistancesequationscanbeformedrelatingthe and
coordinatesofthecentreofthenewcircle.Itisthenaneasytasktoeliminatethe coordinateof
thecentreofthecirclefromtheequationstogetthegivenvalueofthe coordinate.
Theexpressionfor caneasilybefoundbysubstitutingbackintotheequationsobtainedfromthe
0toobtainthe
distancebetweenthecentresoftwoofthecircles.Oncethisisdone,notethat
finalinequality.
Question8
Thefirstpartofthequestionfollowsfromconsiderationofsimilartrianglesinthediagramiftheline
through andthecentresofthecirclesisadded.Forthesecondpart,expressionscanbewritten
downforthepositionvectorsof and bynotingthatthesamemethodasinpart(i)willstillapply.
Thevectors and canthenbecomparedtoshowthatoneisamultipleoftheother.
Forthefinalpartofthequestion,notethat willliehalfwaybetween and if
Question9
Adiagramtorepresentthissituationwillshowtheanglesthatwillberequiredtocalculatethe
momentsofeachoftheparticlesabout intermsof .Followingthis,simpletrigonometric
manipulationshouldleadtoarelationshipbetweensin andcos .Fromthis,eitherarightangled
triangleoroneofthebasictrigonometricidentitiescanbeusedtoreachtherequiredresult.
Forthesecondpartofthequestiontheamountofpotentialenergythatneedstobegainedbythe
systemshouldbeeasytocalculateandthismustbeequaltotheinitialkineticenergyofthesystem.
Question10
Thecomponentofthevelocityoftheparticleinthedirectionofthestringatanymomentmustbe
equalto ,whichleadsto cosec asthespeedoftheparticlealongthefloor.Alternatively,
introduceavariabletorepresentthelengthofstringstillintheroomortheheightoftheroomand
thendifferentiate ,thedistanceoftheparticlefromthepointdirectlybeneaththehole,with
respecttotime.Thelengthofthestring(totheholeintheceiling)isdecreasingatarateof
,
whichthenallowstheintroducedvariabletobeeliminatedtoreachanexpressionforthespeedof
theparticle.
Differentiationofthespeedoftheparticleallowstheaccelerationtobecalculated.Finally,notethat
theparticlewillremainontheflooraslongastheverticalcomponentofthetensionislessthanthe
weightoftheparticleandthenthepointatwhichtheparticleleavesthefloorcanbeidentified.
Question11
Forthefirstpart,thecoordinatesof arefoundbyapplyingsimpletrigonometricratiosand
differentiationwithrespecttotimegivesthevelocityof .Inthesecondpart,thefirstequation
resultsfromconsiderationofconservationofmomentumandthesecondresultsfromconservation
ofenergy(withasubstitutionbasedonthefirstequationmadetoeliminateonevariable).
Sincenoenergyislostinanycollisionstherelationshipsfrompart(ii)mustcontinuetoholdandthis
showsthat cannotbe0whichmeansthatthedirectioninwhich changesremainsthesame
unlessthereisacollision.Sincethefirstcollisionoccurswhen
0,thesecondonemustbewhen
.
Forthefinalpart,notethattheequationsinpart(ii)muststillhold,andif
0,thekineticenergy
of mustbe0.Sincethekineticenergiesof and mustbeequal(bysymmetry)itmustbethe
casethatthekineticenergyof is
andcanalsobecalculatedfromtheexpressionforthe
velocityof showninpart(i).Since
0,thiscanthenbeusedtofindthevaluesof .Finally,
notethatgiventhesevaluesof , willonlybe0ontheoccasionswhen ispositive.
Question12
Forthefirstpart,notethat canonlywinthegameifthefirsttwotossesresultinheads,sinceonce
therehasbeenatail, willwinassoonastwoconsecutiveheadshavebeentossedand cannot
winuntiltherehavebeentwoconsecutiveheadsandonefurthertoss.Inthesecondpart,notethat
thislogicstillappliestothegamefor andsimilarreasoningcanbeappliedtothegamefor .For
theothertwoplayersswitchingheadsandtailsinanysequencethatresultsinawinfor willgivea
sequencethatresultsinawinfor ,andviceversa,sotheprobabilitiesmustbeequal.Sinceonly
sequenceswhichalternatebetweenheadsandtailsforever(andtheprobabilitiesofsuchsequences
tendtozeroasthelengthsofthesequencesincrease)theprobabilitiesmustbothalsobe.
Forthefinalpart,notethat mustwinifthefirsttwotossesareTT.Sinceonlytheprevioustwo
tossesareimportantindeterminingwhatcouldhappenonthenexttoss,eachcasecanbeanalysed
byatreediagramwhichshowstheoutcomesafteronefurthertoss.
Forexample,followingHT:
HgivesthepositionifthelasttwotosseswereTH,andsoaprobabilityofwinningof ,
TgivesthepositionifthelasttwotosseswereTTandsoaprobabilityofwinningof1.
Thetotalprobabilityistherefore
,butthismustalsobeequalto .
Thisyieldsthreeequationsinthethreeunknownswhichallowsalloftheindividualprobabilitiesto
becalculated.Oncethisisdonetheoverallprobabilitycanbecalculated.
Question13
Tocalculatetheexpectedvalueofthetotalcost,notethatthereisaconstantcomponentof and
thentheexpectedvalueofthe
giventhat
mustbeadded,whichcanbecalculated
byintegrationof
withrespectto ,between and.Differentiatingtheexpression
for
withrespectto allowsthepositionofthestationarypointtobefound.Ifthisisata
negativevaluethen shouldbechosentobe0andotherwisethevalueof forthestationarypoint
shouldbeused.
Aslightlymorecomplicatedintegrationisneededtoestablishtheformulafor
andthen
differentiationofthisgivesavaluethatisclearlynegativeforpositivevaluesof ,whichshowsthat
thevarianceisdecreasingas increases.
STEP32015
1.
Hintsandsolutions
ThefirstresultcanbeobtainedbysimplifyingtheLHSandthenwritingitas
andintegratingthisbyparts.Toobtaintheevaluationof
,thefirstresult
canberearrangedtomake
thesubject,andtheniteratingtheresulttoexpressitintermsof
whichisastandardintegral.Theexpressioncanbetidiedbymultiplyingnumeratorand
denominatorby 2 2
2 2 .Thefirstresultfor(ii)isobtainedbymeansofthe
substitution
,thesecondbyaddingthetwoversionsof ,andthethirdbythesubstitution
,beingcarefulwithlimitsofintegrationandemployingsymmetry.Part(iii)issolvedby
andthenemployingfirstpart(ii)thenpart(i)toobtain
expressingtheintegrandas
!
,whichis
2.
Part(ii)istheonlyfalsestatement,andasimplecounterexampleis
1and
2for
odd,and
2and
1for even.Part(i)
1000isasuitablevalue,then1000
andas ispositive,theinequalitycanbemultipliedbyitgivingtherequiredresult.Part(iii)
requirestheuseofthedefinitiontwicewithvalues and say,andthenusing
max
.Forpart(iv),wecanchoose
4,andaninductiveargumentsuchas
,
1
3.
Thepart(i)inequalityforsec canbeobtainedbymaking thesubjectoftheformulaas

sec
andinvoking
rememberingthat
0isnotpermitted.
works.
ThenthepointslieonaconchoidofNicomedeswithAbeingthepole(origin),dbeingb,andLbeing
theline
sec (" "
).Asketchis
Inpart(ii),theextrafeatureistheloopasspecifiedwithendpointsatthepolecorrespondingto
sec
.Asketchis

sec
Sointhegivencase,theareaisgivenby2
whichis
4 ln 2
3 .
4.
Part(i)isimplyshownbyconsideringtheimageofthefunction
as andthenobservingthatthefunctioniscontinuousandexhibitsasignchange.Part(ii)
giving
canbeapproachedbywriting
,

,whichcanbeobtainedbyconsidering
andtherequiredresultfor6 which
0.
canbeneatlyobtainedbyconsidering
cos
for
1, 2, 3,employingdeMoivrestheorem,thethree
sin
Writing
sumsimplytherealityof , ,and ,andhence , ,and whichbyvirtueoftheresultof
part(i)yieldstherealityof , ,or andhencetherequiredresult.Thefinalresultcanbe
consideredastwocases,thetrivialoneofallthreerootsbeingreal,andtheonewheretheother
twoarecomplex.Thelattercanbeshowntogivetherequiredresultbyconsideringtherealand
imaginarypartsoftherootsofarealquadratic.
5.
(i)Step3isstraightforwardonthebasisofsteps1and2,notingthatnolowestterms
restrictionneedbemadeinpart1.Step5requiresthatthegivenexpressionisapositiveintegeras
wellaswellasbeingintegerwhenmultipliedbyroottwo.Step6requiresjustificationthat
2 1 1.
(ii)Therationalityof2 onthebasisof2 beingrationalissimplyobtainedbysquaring

thelatter,andtheoppositeimplicationcanbemadebysquaringtheformerordividing2bythe
former.Toconstructthesimilarargument,lettheset bethesetofpositiveintegerswiththe
followingproperty: isin ifandonlyif 2
smallestpositiveintegerinthatset,consider
6.
and 2
2
areintegers,andtaking tobethe
1 toproducetheargument.
Treatingtheequationsfor and assimultaneousequationsfor and ,onefindsthat
and
whichdemonstratesthatif
and
2 ,i.e.
0.
and arereal.If and arereal,then and are(trivially)and2

In(ii),thefirsttwoequationsyield3
1
1,makingitpossibletowritethethirdequationas
1 whichhasanobviousfactorof
1 leadingto
1or
fromthequadraticequation.Ifoneofthesolutionsofthequadraticequationgivesthesameroot
1,thentherearenotthreepossiblevalues,i.e.if
2.Fromthefirstpartofthequestion,
for and tobereal,wewouldwant tobereal,
tobereal,and
,in
otherwords
.Soacounterexamplecouldbe
1giving2
0whichhasa
negativediscriminant.
with
Theopeningresultissimplyachievedbyfollowingthegivenexplanationfor
.Parts(i)and(ii)canbothbeshownusualtheprincipleofmathematicalinductionwith
initialstatements
7.
Suppose
isapolynomialofdegree i.e.
for
someinteger .andSuppose
1
1
isdivisibleby 1
i.e.
1
forsomeinteger ,with
1.Part(iii)isobtainedbyexpressing
1
1
insigmanotation(bythebinomialtheorem),thencarryingout
usingthe
ideainthestem,andfinallyinvokingtheresultofpart(ii)andthensubstituting
1.
8.
Transformingthedifferentialequationinpart(i)ismadebysubstitutingfor and as
given,for using
cos
sin andasimilarresultfor ,andthensimplifyingthe
algebrabymultiplyingoutandcollectingliketermsbearinginmindthatafactor canbecancelled
as
0.Thetransformedequationcanbesolvedbyseparatingvariablesorusinganintegrating
factor,togive
,thesketchofwhichis
0whichissolvedby
Thesametechniquesforpart(ii)yieldsadifferentialequation
separatingthevariablesandthenemployingpartialfractionsgivingavarietyofpossiblesolution
sketches
1butitispossibletoconsider
9.
Whilstthefirstpartcanbeobtainedotherwise,thesimplestapproachisbyconserving
energy,when
foundbysetting
0leadingto
1inwhichcase
0)
leadstotherequiredanswersimply. is
.Theaccelerationcanbefoundbyapplying
Newtons2ndLaworbydifferentiatingtheequationfoundinthefirstpart,andsubstitutingleadsto
theresult
fortheaccelerationwhen
.Treatingtheequationfoundinthefirst
partasadifferentialequationfor intermsof,theexpressionfortheperiodis
.Makingthesubstitution
,leadsto
2
approximate
,whichmakingabinomialexpansionandusingthegivenconditionto
2
resultsinthefinalgivenexpression.
sin
sodifferentiatingwithrespectto
cos
timeyieldsthecorrectvelocityandaccelerationwhichgivesthesecondresultwhenusedin
Newtonssecondlawresolvinghorizontallyandvertically.Thecorrespondingequationsare
cos
sin
sin
0
fortheotherparticlebymerelyswappingthe
cos
1
sin
cos
directionofthetensionandthedisplacementfromthemidpoint.Thedeductionsareobtainedby
addingthetwoequationsofmotion,andinthecaseof,subtractingthetwoequationsandthen
cos
eliminating betweentheequationsforeachcomponent.Using
anda
sin
similarequationforthelowerparticle,initialvaluesof and canbefoundandthenthetimefor
10.
Thepositionvectoroftheupperparticleis
therodtorotateby
canbeobtainedandsubstitutedinthedisplacementequationunder
uniformaccelerationtoobtainthefinalresult.
11.
(i)Thefirstresultisobtained,asthequestionprompts,byconsideringacomponentofforce
ontherodduetoP,andtakingmomentsaboutthehingetofindthatthatcomponentiszerowith
theconsequencethatanyforceexertedontherodbyPmustbeparalleltotherod.Bearinginmind
thehorizontalaccelerationofPtowardsthecentreofthecircleitdescribes,resolvingperpendicular
totherodandwritingtheequationofmotionforPleadsdirectlytothegivenequationwiththe
statedsubstitutionbeingmade.Theforceexertedbythehingeontherodisalongtherodtowards
PandresolvingverticallyforforcesonPandrearranginggives
sec .
(ii)Takingmomentsforthewholesystemaboutthehingegives

sin
sin
sin
cos
sin
.
whichcanberearrangedintotherequiredformwith
12.
cos
(i)Therequiredprobabilitygeneratingfunctionis
anditissimpletowritedowntheprobabilitydistributionfunctionof andhenceof andarrive

atthesamepgf.Asaconsequence,itcanbearguedthatthepgffor isalso
andsothe
1
requiredprobabilityis 6.
(ii)
wouldbe
thatthepowersmustbemultipliedcongruenttomodulus5,anditcanbeshownthat
5 soobtainingtherequiredresultfor
.Obtaining
except
and
where isanintegersuchthat0
5
4,andtheprobabilitythat isdivisibleby5will
bethecoefficientof whichinturnisthecoefficientof asrequired.If isdivisibleby5,the
probabilitythat
13.
isdivisibleby5willbe
as
(i)
leadto
0if
1,
if0
0and
1if
2,
2.
bymeansofthelogic
Fromthis,thecumulativedistributionfunctionof
1
andtherequiredprobabilitydensity
2 ln 2
functioncanbefoundbydifferentiation.Fromthat,byintegration,
(ii)
if1
leadto
1

2
1
1
2
1
That
probabilitydensityfunctionfound.
1 anddifferentiationleadsto
1
0
canbewrittendownbecausebysymmetry,
and
theprobabilitydensityfunction
1.Thisissimplyverifiedbyintegrationusingthe
[Anearlierpotentialversionofthequestionhad , ,and independentlyuniformlydistributed

on 0,1 ,consideredthedistributionofln ,
wentontofindthepdfof ,where
uniformlydistributedon 0,1 .]
ln
andfinishedbyshowingthat
isalso

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Sixth Term Examination Papers

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet

This question paper consists of 7 printed pages and 1 blank page.

Sketch the curve y = ex (2x2 5x + 2) .

Sketch the curve y = ex (2x4 5x2 + 2) .

and nd a similar expression for sin 15 .

Show that cos is a root of the equation

2 = 0 , giving your answers in

The function f is dened, for x > 0, by

By evaluating the integral, sketch the curve y = f(x).

The function g is dened, for < x < , by

By evaluating the integral, sketch the curve y = g(x).

The vertices of a plane quadrilateral are labelled A, B, A and B , in clockwise order. A

f(x) = 3ax2 6x3

if N is a positive integer, m is a non-negative integer and k is a positive odd integer,

Let S = 1k + 2k + 3k + + nk , where k is a positive odd integer. Show that if n is odd then

ground level, at speed u continuously from t = 0 to t =

3, the last bullet to hit the ground does so

from the gun.

Probability and Statistics

Sixth Term Examination Papers

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet

This question paper consists of 8 printed pages and 4 blank pages.

By considering x + ln(1 x), show that

The continuous function f is dened by

The continuous function g is dened by

and g(0) = . Sketch the curves y =

(iii) The continuous function h is dened by h(0) = and

In this question, the arctan function satises 0 arctan x < 12 for x 0 .

for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Prove by induction that

Prove also that

By means of the substitution y = x, show that

(iii) Find a condition on r1 , r2 and r3 for Q to lie half-way between P and R.

Show that, before A and C rst collide,

Probability and Statistics

Show that, if only A and B play, then A has a probability of

Sixth Term Examination Papers

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet

This question paper consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

where n is a positive integer. Show that

where n is a positive integer.

If s1 , s2 , s3 , . . . and t1 , t2 , t3 , . . . are sequences of positive numbers, we write

(iii) If (sn ) (tn ) and (tn ) (un ), then (sn ) (un ) .

If a, b and c are all real, show that the equation

has at least one real root.

S2 = z12 + z22 + z32 ,

S3 = z13 + z23 + z33 ,

Show that k = 0 for at least one value of k.

In the following argument to show that

1. Assume that 2 is rational.

2 is irrational, give proofs appropriate for

n is in S if and only if n 2 is an integer.

5. Show that ( 2 1)k is in S.

Prove that 2 3 is rational if and only if 2 3 is rational.

Let w and z be complex numbers, and let u = w + z and v = w2 + z 2 . Prove that w

The complex numbers u, w and z satisfy the equations

An operator D is dened, for any function f, by

The notation Dn means that D is applied n times; for example

Sketch a solution in the x-y plane.

Show that the solutions of

and nd an expression for its magnitude in terms of m, g and .

Probability and Statistics

STEP Mark Scheme 2015