Short Circuit Calculation PDF

LSHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT
..
CALCULATIONS
AND PROTECTIVE RELAY COORDINATION FOR

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS,
A Thesis Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology
Ohio University
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
Houshang C. Mohammadi
s
August, 1986
OHIO UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would
to
Dr.
their
like to offer my appreciation and thanks
J.F. Keri my advisor, and Dr. H.W. Hill for
Albert
guidance and encouragement in the preparation of this
thesis.
I owe
company
who
gave
education while
my
thanks
to
great
me
deal to my employer,
this
opportunity
to
E.I. Dupont
continue
my
I was working. I would also like to express

Mr.
R.L. Doughty senior project engineer at
E.I. Dupont company who checked my work through this study.

Finally,
I would like to express my thanks to the
faculty and all members of staff at Ohio University who have

contributed a great deal towards this work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xii
1.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1
Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Literature search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.
Sources of short circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1
Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2
Synchronous motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3
Induction motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4
Electric utility systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5
Rotating machine reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6
Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents . . . . 15
3.
Short-circuit-current calculation . . . . . . . . 17
3.1
Important assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2
Single line diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3
Impedance diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4
Type and location of faults required . . . . . 22
3.5
Symmetrical short-circuit current . . . . . . . . 22

calculation
3.6
Momentary short circuit calculation . . . . . . 25
3.7
Interrupting short circuit calculation . . . 27
CHAPTER
4.
General equipment used for protection .
4.1
Overcurrent relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER
31
4.3
....... 32
Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Circuit breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.4
Generator protection
4.5
Transformer protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.
Coordination of protective devices . . . . . . . 47
5.1
Primary considerations for coordination . . 48
5.2
Data required for a coordination . . . . . . . . . 51
5.3
Methods of coordination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4
Testing of protective devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
CHAPTER
...
....................
40
44
72
BIBLIOGRAPHY
....................
APPENDIX 1 .
Impedance data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
Al.l
ANSI standard reactance values . . . . . . . . . .
77
A1.2
Transmission line impedances . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
A1.3
1 5 K V cable impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
A1.4
5KV cable impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
A1.5
Correction factors for non magnetic ducts 81
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
2.
Belle plant short circuit study . . . . . . . . .
82
A2.1
Description of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
A2.2
12KV air circuit breaker ratings . . . . . . . .
84
A2.3
System assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
A2.4
Belle plant single line diagram . . . . . . . . .
85
A2.5
Belle plant impedance diagrams . . . . . . . . . .
87
A2.6
Belle plant short circuit calculation . . .
93
3.
System generator protection . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
A3.1
Belle plant generator protection . . . . . . . .
98
A3.2
Belle plant bus protections . . . . . . . . . . . . .
115
4.
Belle plant- transformer protection . . . . .
120
A4.1
~~~e HU-1 transformer differential relay
120
5.
Belle plant coordination curves . . . . . . . .
126
and detailed diagrams
"A" switch house. BANK No.1 and 12KV BUS
126
ECR No.6. 12KV BUS "A'f. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
128
ECR No.6, 12KV BUS "B" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
130
Cogeneration generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132
BANK No.7 feeder No.18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
134
2.4KV 600HP motor river pump house . . . . . .
136
2.4KV 450HP motor boiler feeder pump No.5 138
A5.8
2.4KV 75HP motor ash pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
140
A5.9
2.4KV 200HP motor recirculating pump . . . .
142
A5.10 2.4KV 200HP motor F . D . fan boilers .
.....
144
A5.11 2.4KV feeders sheet No.1 & BANK No.60 . . .
146
A5.12 2.4KV feeders sheet No.2 & BANK No.59 .
..
148
A5.13 2.4KV feeders ECR No.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
150
A5.14 2.4KV 150HP motor boiler No.10 mills . . . .
152
A5.15 2.4KV 550HP motor 1 . D fan boilers . . . . . . .
154
No.6 & 9
No . 14 & 15
A5.16 2.4KV 400HP motor 1 . D fan boilers . . . . . . .
156
No.6 & 9
A5.17 480V feeders ECR No.8 sheet 1 . . . . . . . . . . .
158
A5.18 480V feeders ECR.No.8 sheet 2 . . . . . . . . . . .
160
A5.19 480V feeders ECR No.8 sheet 3 . . . . . . . . . . .
162
A5.20 2.4KV 550HP motors 1 . D fan boiler No.10. 164
APPENDIX
6.
Westinghouse overcurrent relay curves . . .
166
A6.1
Type CO-7 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . .
166
A6.2 Type CO-9 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . .
167
Type CO-11 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . .
168
A6.4 Type COM-5 Over current Relay . . . . . . . . . . .
169
A6.3
A6.5
Type CV-2 Under Voltage Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
A6.6
Type CV-7 Under Voltage Relay . . . . . . . . . . .
171
A6.7 Westinghouse type Amptector 11-A . . . . . . . .
172
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
A6.8
Westinghouse type DSL-206 Limiters . . . . . .
173
A6.9
Two pole type AA12P Overload Relay
......
174
7.
Buss fuses curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
180
A7.1
Type
LPS-RK Low Peak Dual Element fuse . .
180
A7.2
Type KRP-C HI-CAP Fuses
................
181
8.
ASA Device numbers and functions . . . . . . . .
182
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1
Total short circuit current equals sum of sources 9
2.2
Symmetrical short circuit currents from . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

four surces
5.1
Typical time curves of CO-9 Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2
Portion of Belle plant relaying detailed diagram . 64
5.3
Portion of Belle plant co-ordination curves . . . . . . 65
A2-1
Block diagram of system setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
A2-2
Belle plant single line diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
A2-3
Multiplying factors for three phase & line . . . . . . . 91

to ground faults
A2-4
Belle plant simplified impedance diagram . . . . . . . . . 92
A2-5
Equivalent circuit for fault
A2-6
Simplified equivalent circu'it for fault
"A"
(momentary) . . . . . 93
"A". . . . . .
94
"A". . . . . . . . . . .
94
"A" (interrupting) . .
95
Wye-Delta transformation for fault

Equivalent circuit for fault
Wye-Delta transformation for fault "A"(interrup.) 96

Typical time curves for the 10% sensitivity . . . . . . 100
type CA generator relay
Limits for application of the CWC time curves . . . . 102
Typical time curves of the type CWC relay . . . . . . . . 103
Generator over voltage curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Generator reactive capability curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Machine capability curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
A3-7
SDF-1 tripping relay under declining frequency . . . 113
A3-8
Operating time variations with changes in . . . . . . . . 114

time-dial setting
A3-9
KAB relay voltage unit setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
A3-10
KAB relay current unit setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
LIST OF TABLES
Machine reactance and multiplying factors . . . . . . .
Fuse classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current limiting characteristics of c-s one . . . . .
time fuse
Transformer ANSI data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rating ratios for safe co-ordinations . . . . . . . . . . .
Power air circuit breaker minimum band . . . . . . . . . .
ANSI Standard reactance values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transmission line impedances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15KV cable impedances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5KV cable impedances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Correction factors for non magnetic ducts . . . . . . . .
81
Result of Belle plant short circuit study . . . . . . .
97
Limits for application of CWC relay . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
ABSTRACT
The
essential
devices
calculation
to
the
and
systems,
designer.
power,
ac
short-circuit
currents,
selection of adequately rated protective
equipment
is
of
in
becoming
Today,
industrial and commercial power
increasingly important to the system
power
systems
carry
larger blocks of
are more important to the operation of the plant and
building,
and
have
greater
safety
and
reliability
requirements.
Meeting these requirements necessitates the
fulfillment of
certain
criteria,
including
the
use
of
adequately rated equipment.

This
power
report
system
especially
others
who
engineering
valuable
electricians,
outlines state of-the-art industrial
to
industrial
are
involved
practices
industrial
power
with
which
plant
should
engineers
application
be
and
engineers and
the planning of electrical
facilities for industrial plants or commercial buildings.

The
has
been
circuit
were
of
short-circuit-current calculation
selected, so that adequate ratings of all the air
breakers
selected
throughout
set
method
were
to
obtained. Fault protective devices
maintain
the system.
proper
relay
coordination
These devices has been selected and
so that only the device nearest a fault opened to clear
the fault without affecting larger devices nearer the source

of power or causing a wider outage than the minimum.
-xii-
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
All
power
systems, whether
industrial,
commercial,
purpose
providing
of
safely
or
residential,
electric
and
they
as
be
have
utility,
the common
energy
to the utilization
reliably
as is economically
equipment
as
feasible.
The relative importance of economic, reliability,
and safety considerations may vary somewhat with the type of

system,
but
all
three
elements
must
be
taken
into
consideration in any good system design, and certain minimum

safety and reliability requirements must be satisfied.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Electric power system in today's industrial plants

and
large
quantities
commercial
of
energy.
energy
usage
in
energy
usage
has
such
establishments
continuity
costs
of
enormous
A review of the trend in electric

establishments
indicates that such
been doubling every seven to eight years
and shows little signs of leveling off [ I ] .

processes
handle
Many industrial
and commercial operations demand a high degree of

of
electric
production
considerations
in
power
supply because of the great
downtime.
One
of
the
major
the design of a power system is adequate
control
of
called.
outage
short circuits, or faults, as they are commonly

Uncontrolled
short
circuits
can
cause service
with accompanying production downtime and associated
inconvenience,
extensive
interruption
equipment
damage,
of
essential
facilities,
personnel injury or fatality,
and possible fire damage.

Clearly,
the
power
the
system,
and
fault
must be quickly removed from
this
is the job of the protective
device, the circuit breakers and fusible switches.

to
accomplish
this,
the
protective
In order
device must have the
ability to interrupt the maximum short-circuit current which

can
flow
value
for
a fault at the device location.
The maximum
of short-circuit current is frequently referred to as
the 'Iavailable'l short-circuit current.

The
reader
with
calculate
method
of
this
information
short-circuit
report
and
is
procedures
currents,
and
to provide the
necessary
to
also present a new
of coordination for protective relaying by using the
typical
time
short-circuit
relaying
of
purpose
curves
current
of
the
and
relay.
coordination
Calculation
of
of
protective
for the Belle plant, (one of the biochemical sites
E.I.dupont de Nemours & Company) is shown for the entire
system as an example for this report.

This
protection
affected
as
report
"the
portion
defines
detection
the
function
of
system
and prompt isolation of the
of the system whenever a short circuit or
other
abnormality
occurs
which
might cause damage to, or
adversely affect, the operation of any portion of the system

or the load which it supplies."
This
report
will
be
limited to short-circuit
coordination
of
protective
calculation
and
low-voltage
to medium-voltage industrial plants, commercial
and
institutional
devices
and
report,
which
buildings.
Bussmann
fuses
limits
our
relaying for
Westinghouse
protective
have been used throughout the
selection and information about
other protective devices.

Chapter
and
reviews
One
some
introduces an outline of this report
of
relative
methods
concerning short-
circuit calculation and coordination of protective relaying.

Chapter
their
Two
explains
waveforms.
short-
of
and
explains
for
this
single-line
which
protective
Five
will
includes
less than 50 hp by lumping them
as a single impedance.
in this report.
this report.
required
for
treated
which
calculation,
motors
Chapter
coordination
on
all
different
protection.
presented
Chapter Three explains longhand method of
circuit-current
impedances
together
.the major short circuit sources and
be
devices
Chapter Four
used
for
system
explains
several
method
of
compared
with the new method
Chapter Six gives the conclusion
Appendix 1 provides impedance data that is
the
Belle plant, which is used as an example
report.
diagram.
Appendix
provides
the Belle plant
Appendix 3 provides system generator
protection
for
the
plant.
Appendix
provides
protection of protective relaying for the Belle
transformer
Appendix 5 provides the complete set of coordination
plant.
curves
and
detailed
Appendix
provides
used
throughout
fuse
curves
provides
and
Belle
the
used
the
in
diagrams
for
the
entire
system.
Westinghouse overcurrent relay curves

Appendix 7 provides Bussmann
study.
this
report
and finally Appendix 8
American Standard Association devices numbers
(ASA)
functions
which
are
used
for
an
automatic
switching equipment.
1.2 LITERATURE SEARCH
There
are
short-circuit-current
several
texts
industrial and commercial power system.
is
the
Coordination
Power
of
[6].
provide
relaying
Industrial and Commertial Power Systems by

Other good books are The Art and Science of
Relaying by Russell C. Mason [ 3 ] , and Industrial
Systems
especially
Most noteworthy
IEEE Recommended Practice For Protection and
book
Protective
for
calculation and relaying coordination
of
D.Dalasta
available
Handbook by Donald Beeman [ 2 ] .
These texts,
The Art and Science of Protective Relaying, will
an
understanding
and
their
of
the
function
of protective
operation for protection of industrial
and commercial power systems.
1. 3
STATE OF THE ART
Protection
of power system involves short-circuit
calculation and relay coordination.

At the present there are several methods of shortcircuit-current
industries.
digital
calculation
Longhand
computer
available
throughout
calculation, Network
the
Analyzer and
techniques are the most-used methods.
presence
general,
the
network,
such as might be found in a large industrial plant
high-voltage
digital
of
closed
loops
In
in the impedance
system, will favor using a network analyzer or
computer technique from an economic and time-saving
standpoint[l].
low-voltage
Radial
and
systems,
such as those used in most
medium-voltage
systems,
can
be
easily
resolved by longhand calculations.

There
coordination
commercial
could
are
protective
power
systems
reasonably
Coordination
selectivity
currents
that
several
of
system operation.
1)
also
be
relaying
against
expected
to
for
available
for
industrial
and
any abnormalities which

occur
in the course of
These methods are as follows:

by
tables
assuming
flow
methods
are used as a simple check for
that
identical
or
reduced fault
through the circuits in descending order,
is, main-feeder-branch.
this method is recommended
only for low-voltage branch circuits [6].
2) Coordination by using the device characteristic curve can
be
used for any size system.
on
which the study is being made is placed on top of the
device
characteristic
selected
and
traced.
The sheet of log-log paper
curve.
Proper curve then can be
Human error is very high in this
method which makes it undesirable to use.

Coordination
method
by
using
presented
recommended,
since
in
the typical time curves is a new

this
relay
report.
curve
is
This
drawn
several points from typical time curve.

then
points
require
knowing
the
by
is
finding
These points are
ploted and traced on log-log paper.
these
method
calculation of
relay type, current
transformer (c.t.) ratio, available taps, ampere range of

the
relay,
short-circuit
circuit
current.
voltage
level
and
available
These requirements will ensure
correct data point transformation from typical time curve
of
the
relay
to
the
eleminates human error.
log-log paper, which practically
CHAPTER TWO
SOURCES OF SHORT CIRCUIT
If adequate protection
is
to be provided for a
plant electric system, the size of the electric power system

must
be
current
considered
it
will
to
determine
deliver.
This
how
much short-circuit
is done so that circuit
breakers or fuses may be selected with adequate interrupting

capacity.
to
open
power
a
This interrupting capacity should be high enough

safely the maximum short-circuit current which the
system can cause to flow through a circuit breaker if
short
circuit occurs in the feeder or equipment which it
protects.
When
currents,
short
it
determining
is
circuit
extremely
be
characteristics
the
of
magnitude of short-circuit
important
considered
and
that all sources of

that
these sources be known.
the
impedance
There are four
basic sources of short-circuit current:
1. Generators
2. Synchronous motors
3. Induction motors
4. Electric utility systems

All
these
can
feed short-circuit current into a
short circuit as shown in figure 2.1.
2.1
GENERATORS
Generators are driven by turbines, diesel engines,

water
wheels, or other types of prime movers.
circuit
occurs
generator
on
the
circuit
fed
to
produce
voltage because the field
continues
excitation
is
maintained
generator at normal speed.

short
the
circuit
the
a generator, the
prime mover drives the
The generated voltage produces a
current of a large magnitude that flows from
generator
circuit
and
by
When a short
to
current
the
is
short circuit.
limited
only
generator and the short circuit.
This flow of short-
by the impedance of the
For a .short circuit at the
-of the generator,. the current from the generat0.r
terminals
is limited only by its own impedance.
2.2 SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
Synchronous
generators;
current
flows.
and
that
a
is,
motors
they
are
constructed
much
like
have a field excited by direct
stator winding in which alternating current
Normally,
synchronous motors draw A.C. power from
the line and convert electric energy to mechanical energy.

During
system
is
a system short circuit, the voltage on the
reduced
to a very low value.
Consequently, the
motor
stops
starts
delivering
slowing
generator,
down.
the
to the mechanical load and
However, as the prime mover drives a
inertia
the synchronous motor.
energy
of the load and motor rotor drives
The synchronous motor then becomes a
generator and delivers short-circuit current for many cycles

after
the short circuit has occurred.
circuit
current
impedance
of
produced
the
by
the
synchronous
The amount of short-
motor
motor
depends upon the
and impedance of the
system to the point of short circuit.

FROM E L ECTRIC
I
UTILITY SYSTEM
TURBINE GENERATOR
SHORT- CIRCUIT
CURRENT FROM
E L E C T R I C UTlUTT
SYSTEM
METAL CLAD
SWITCHGEAR
CURRENT
FROM
GENERATOR
SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
TOTAL SHORT
CIRCUIT
CURRENT
-?OM ALL
FGUR
1
SHORTURCUlT
SYN MOTOR
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENT FROM
lNWCTlCE(
Figure
INDUCTION
/1 "
'
2.1 Total short-circuit current equals sum of source

contributions [I] .
2.3 INDUCTION MOTORS
The
motor
have
inertia of the load and rotor of an induction

the
synchronous
same
motor;
effect on an induction motor as on a
that is, they drive the motor after the
system short circuit occurs.
The
There is one major difference.
induction motor has no DC field winding, but there is a
flux
in
the induction motor during normal operation.
acts
like
flux
produced
by
the
This
dc field winding in the
synchronous motor.
The
induction
The
to
of
the induction motor is produced by
the stator rather than from the DC winding.
from
rotor flux remains normal as long as voltage is applied

the
stator
external
when
not
from
source
rotor
an
external source.
However, if the
of voltage were suddenly removed, as it is
short circuit occurs on the system, the flux in the

can not change instantly.
Because the rotor flux can
decay instantly and because the inertia of the rotating
parts
the
drives the induction motor, a voltage is generated in

stator winding.
flow
to
zero.
in
field
short
circuit until the rotor flux decays to
The short-circuit current vanishes almost completely
about
current
the
This causes a short-circuit current to
four
in
the
cycles,
since
there is no sustained field
rotor to provide flux, as in the case of a
synchronous machine.
11
The
flux
short-circuit
circuit
does last long enough to produce enough
current
breakers
to
affect
the
momentary
duty
and the interrupting duty on devices that
open within one or two cycles after a short circuit.

the
short
circuit
considered
in
short-circuit
depends
short
of
upon
short
by
current
produced
the
impedance
by
Hence,
motors must be
induction
calculations.
The magnitude of a
the
induction, motor
of the system to the point of
The machine impedance effective at the time
circuit
standstill.
circuit
produced
certain
circuit.
on
corresponds
closely to the impedance at
Consequently, the
current
inertia
value
of short-
is approximately equal to the locked rotor
starting current to the motor.
2.4 ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEMS
The
transformer
considered
speaking,
electric
from
the
sources
of
utility
electric
system
utility
short-circuit
or
the
system
current.
supply
are often
Strictly
this is not correct because the utility system or
supply transformer merely delivers the short-circuit current

from
the
change
utility
the
generate
system
neither.
transformer
is
system
generators.
voltage
and
Transformers merely
magnitude
of current but
The short-circuit current delivered by a
determined
by its secondary voltage rating
and impedance, the impedance of the generators and system to

the
terminals
of
the transformer and the impedance of the
circuit from the transformer to the short circuit.

As
illustrated
symmetrical
sources.
or
in
short
circuit
figure
current
2.2,
usually
the
has
total
several
The first includes generators either in the plant
the
utility
synchronous
motors.
which
are
these
currents
the
in
located
machine
current
system
or both.
The second comprises
The third source is induction motors,

in
every
plant and building.
Because
decay with time due to reduction of flux in
after
decays
short
with
circuit, the total short-circuit
time.
So
even
though
only
the
symmetrical part of the short-circuit current is considered,

the
magnitude of current-is highest at the first half cycle
after short circuit and is of lower value a few cycle later.

Note
that the induction motor component disappears entirely
after one or two cycles [ 2 ] .
2.5
ROTATING MACHINE REACTANCE
The
primarily
for
of
rotating
machine
consists
of reactance and is not one simple value as it is
transformer
variable
applied
impedance
with
to
or a piece of cable, but is complex and
time.
For
example, if a short circuit is
the terminals of a generator, the short-circuit
- T O T A L ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT
OC
COMPONENT
AC
(a) Symmetrical
COMPONEHT
(b) Asymmetrical
Figure 2.2 Symmetrical short-circuit currents from four

sources [ 2 ] .
14
current
behaves
as
current
starts
out
steady-state
inception
voltage
the
shown in figure 2.2a (generator).

at
high
value
and
decays
The
to
value after some time has elapsed from the
of the short circuit.
and
Since the field excitation
speed have remained relatively constant within
short interval of time considered, the reactance of the
machine
may be assumed-to explain the change in the current
value-to
have changed with time after the short circuit was
initiated.
Expression
instant
of
of
variable reactance at any
requires a comlicated formula involving time as one
the
variables.
Therefore,
simplification, three
generators
and
short-circuit
called
such
values
motors
for
for
the
sake
of
of reactance are assigned to

the
purpose
current at specified times.
of
calculating
These values are
the subtransient reactance, transient reactance, and
synchronous reactance and are described as follows:
>
Subtransient reactance
of
the
occurs,
stator
and
it
winding
(XI'd ) is the apparent reactance

at
the
instant short circuit
determines the current flow during the
first few cycles after short circuit.
2)
Transient
following
reactance
onehalf
determines
the
current
the period when subtransient reactance is the
controlling
to
(X'd)
value.
Transient reactance is effective up
second or longer, depending upon the design
of the machine.
3)
Synchronous
determines
is
reactance
that
the current flow when steady state condition
reached.
after
(Xd) is the
reactance
It is not effective until several seconds
the short circuit occurs; consequently, it is not
generally used in short-circuit calculations [ 2 ] .
A synchronous motor has the same kind of reactance

as
generator, but it is of a different value.
motors
have no field coils, but the rotor bars act like the
amortisseur
motors
to
Induction
winding
in
generator; therefore, induction
are said to have subtransient reactance only.
Appendix
reactances
(impedance
used
for
Refer
data) for the multiple value of
the
momentary
and
interrupting
short-circuit calculations for this study.
2.6 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Currents
The
describe
the
words
"symmetrical"
"asymmetrical"
the shape of the ac waves about the zero axis.
envelopes
of
the
symmetrical
around
"symmetrical
current".
short-circuit
currents
total.
and
peaks
the
of
zero
the
current
axis,
they
waves
are
If
are
called
Figure 2.2a shows the symmetrical

from
four
sources
combined
into
If the envelopes are not symmetrical around the zero
16
axis,
they
shows
the
are called "asymmetrical current".

asymmetrical
Figure 2.2b
short-circuit currents plus the dc
component from all sources.

Most
asymmetrical
circuit
short-circuit
during
occurs.
the
currents
first
are
nearly
always
few cycles after the short
The asymmetrical current is at a maximum
during the first cycle after the short circuit occurs and in
a few cycles gradully becomes symmetrical as shown on figure
2.2b.
Asymmetrical currents are analyzed in terms of two
components,
shown
figure
on
symmetrical
symmetrical
current
As
2.2b.
component
is
and
a dc component as
previously
discussed
the
at a maximum at the inception of
the
short circuit and decays to a steady state value due to
the
apparent change in machine reactance.
circuits,
that
component
will also decay to zero as the energy represented
by
the
dc
resistance
component
is,
those
component
of
is
the circuit.
the
is
containing
In all practical
dissipated
circuit.
The
resistance,
as
rate
I2R
of
the dc
loss in the
decay
of dc
a function of the resistance and reactance of

In practical circuits, the dc component decays
to zero in from one to six cycles [ Z ] .
CHAPTER THREE
SHORT-CIRCUIT-CURRENT CALCULATIONS
The
maximum
magnitude
of
short-circuit current
must
be
known in order to coordinate protective devices as
well
as
to
mentioned
select
adequate
earlier,
there
interrupting
are
three
ratings.
basic
As
methods
of
calculating short-circuit current: network analyzer, digital

computer,
voltage
simple
and
longhand
system
to
use.
the
calculation. For a radial medium-
longhand method is feasible and fairly
Determination of short-circuit current for
the Belle plant, which is used as an example in this report,

is
done
by
this
longhand
calculation method.. Since the
system contains a three-winding transformer and other loops,

delta-wye
network
impedances.
Appendix
transformations
is
used
to
combine
Method of combining impedances are included in
2.
The
following
steps
identify
the
basic
considerations in making short circuit calculations.
>
Make
certain assumptions in a way that simplifies the
calculation
and
also maximum short-circuit current can
be calculated.
2)
Prepare
system
single-line
diagram
which
it
should
include all significant equipment and components.

3)
Prepare
system
impedance
diagram which should display
18
the
interconnected
circuit impedances that control the
magnitude of short-circuit currents.

4)
Identify
Type and location of faults required for the
system.
5
>
Calculate
symmetrical
short-circuit
current for the
system.
6
>
Calculate
currents
interrupting
for
all
and
momentary
short-circuit
identified locations, so that proper
protective devices can be selected for the system.
3.1 IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS
Certain
calculation.
simplifying assumptions are made for this
An important assumption is that the fault is
iibolted". That is, it has zero impedance.

not
only
factor
since
equipment
its
simplifies
the
full rating.
assumed,
because
caculation, but also applies a safety
calculated
selected
This assumption
values
are
maximum, and
on this basis is rarely stressed beyond
Furthermore a three-phase fault should be

maximum short-circuit current is required
for device selection.
3.2 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
The
system
one-line
diagram
is
fundamental to
19
short
circuit
analysis.
equipment
and
Refer
Appendix
to
It should include all significant
components
and show their interconnections.
2 (section 112.4) for the complete Belle
plant single-line diagram.
3.3 IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM
The
circuit
impedance diagram displays the interconnected
impedances
short-circuit
patterend
current
from
of
control
currents.
for
the
Impedance
momentary
calculations.
system
the
that
and
magnitude
diagrams
interrupting
of
should
be
short-circuit
These impedance diagrams are derived
single-line diagram, by replacing all elements
single-line
diagram with their calculated per-unit
reactances.
Specified reactances of a motor, generator, or
transformer
should
generators,
high-capacity
compared
be
used.
The
transformers,
buses
(above
resistance
reactors,
1000
of
motors,
rating)
is
so
all
and
low,
with their reactance, that their resistance is not
considered in impedance diagram.

Reactance
of
the
cables
600 volts
should be considered in impedance diagram.
and higher
Appendix 1 shows
the tables used for selecting a reactance of these cables

for the Belle plant impedance diagram.
After
it
has
been
decided what elements of the
single-line
diagram,
of
diagram
the
are
to be considered in the impedance
mechanics of making the impedance diagram and
determining
the short-circuit current magnitude used in
this report are as follows.
1)
The
first
cent
ohms,
circuit
not
step
or
is
to decide whether to use ohms, per
per-unit
impedances
ohms to represent the various
in the impedance diagram.
Ohms are
recommended because of the difficalty of converting
ohms
from
one
This
report
voltage
base to another without error.
is listing the impedance or reactance data
in per-unit.
2)
The
second
represent
by
step in making an impedance diagram is to
every
reactance
connected
bus" .
"infinit
so-called
internal
generator and motor and utility supply
voltage
of
to
a zero impedance bus or
This
bus
represents
the generators and motors.
the
These
reactances can be found as follows:

Utility
X= [MVAbaseI / [MVAUtilityI P e l l .
X=(XIfd%)[MVAbase/MVAgenerator1 P.U.
Motor X= (XI1d%)[MVAbase/KvAmo torI P.U.
Generator
Since
under
50
hp,
most
industrial plants contain many motors
Unlike other methods available for the short
circuit
study, this report recommends that induction motors
smaller
than 50 hp should be lumped together and treated as
single
impedance
on
the
secondary
side of the supply
21
transformer.
reactance
for
the
This
of
slightly
reduces the equivalent
the system, which means, the calculated value
momentary
slightly
will
and
higher.
interrupting short circuit will be
This will create a safety factor for the
system protection when selecting protective devices.

Table
Al-1
sequence
reactance
multiple
factors.
in
Appendix
shows
the positive-
of the short-circuit sources with their

These
multiple
factors are used when
determining momentary and interrupting short-circuit current

for
selecting
motor
in
factor
current,
For example, for a 600 hp
a branch circuit, the positive-sequence reactance
is
1.2
interrupting
current
circuit breakers.
for
case.
factor,
has
to
momentary
The
which
be
is
calculation
reciprocal
of
normally
six
multiplied
by
and
3.0 for
the locked rotor

times
full load
these factors for the
correct Thevinin reactance of the load as shown below.
Xth(momentary)=l.2 (1/6) (base KVA/ KVA load) p . u.

Xth(interrupting) =3.0(1/6) (base KVA/KVA load) p . u .
KVA(1oad) = (power factor) (motor hp)
3)
The third step is to add the reactance of cables, buses,

transformers, current transformers and circuit breakers,
in
their
digram.
proper
location
to
complete
the impedance
Appendix 2 (section A2.5) shows the calculation
of these reactances for the Belle plant.
TYPE AND LOCATION OF FAULTS REQUIRED
3.4
All
buses
should
be
identified.
The location
where short circuit studies are required should be selected.

In
many studies, all buses are faulted.
circuit
currents
rating
A2-1
we required is based on the short-circuit
of the equipment located at the faulted bus.
in
which
The type of short-
Figure
Appendix 2 shows the block diagram of system setup
includes the fault locations calculated for the Belle
plant.
Locations
were
mainly
picked
on main buses and
feeders .
3.5 SYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION
After
completing
the
impedance
diagram
and
inserting the values of reactance or impedance for each part

ot
the
one
diagram,
equivalent
reactances
is
it is necessary to reduce this network to

value.
used
in
Longhand
this
method
report.
If
of
combining
there are three
reactances in the system, the following shows how to combine

them.
a)
Combining series reactances:

X1+%+X3=X
=equivalent reactance
e
X1,%,X3=reactances
b)
of circuit components
Combining parallel reactances:
Xe=equivalent reactance
Some
by
merely
sytems
combining
are such that they cannot be reduced

series
and parallel reactances.
For
example, the equivalent impedance diagram of the Belle plant

is
shown
Appendix 2 (figure A2-5).
in
In order to reduce
this circuit to a single reactance, wye-delta transformation

is
used.
system
By these transformation any commonly encountered
impedance
diagram
can be reduced to one equivalent
reactance.
The
calculation
to
derive
the
symmetrical
short-circuit current is I=E/X where E is the system driving

voltage and X is the equivalent positive impedance.
When calculations are made in per-unit
four
base
impedance,
quantities :
and
base
base current.
KVA, base
there are
voltage,
When any two of the four are
assigned values, the other two values can be derived.

common
practice
voltage.
to
assign
study
base
Base current and base impedance are then derived
each of the voltage levels in the system.
the
KVA
the
base
It is
values to KVA and
for
nominal
base
base
assigned
line-to-line
voltages.
circuit calculations:
For example,
for the Belle plant is 5 MVA.
system
The
voltages are normally used as
Following
formulas
apply for short
Basic per-unit relationship:

Per-unit voltage=actual voltage/base voltage
Per-unit current=actual current/base current
Per-unit impedance=actual impedance/base impedance
Change
from
percent
on
an
old base to per unit on a new
base :
XpUNEW= (XpUOLD) (NEW
KVABASE/OLD KVABASE)
(OLD
KVBASE/NEW KVBASE
Symmetrical 3 phase short-circuit current in per unit (p.u.)
Ip.u.=Ep.u.jZp.u.
current in amperes, I=I(base)
phase
short-circuit
[ZP.U.I
Symmetrical 3 phase short circuit

were,
symmetrical
KVA, KVA=KVA(base) /Z (p .u . )
I(base) =KVAbase/\/S (KVLL,base 1

When
calculations
are
made in ohms, symmetrical
three-phase
short-circuit in amperes will be
EL-n =line to
neutral voltage and
I=E
L-n
/Z where
is the equivalent network
impedance in ohms per phase.

Calculation
points
at
different
Belle plant is done in Appendix 2,
level
section
A2.6. Calculation of fault duties is done for both
locations.
and
the
several
voltage
momentary
for
for
interrupting
current
for
different
fault
3.6 MOMENTARY SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION
The
with
time
fact
has
that
led
the
to
the
current changes in magnitude

establishment of two bases of
short-circuit-current ratings on power circuit breakers: (1)

the
momentary rating or its ability to withstand mechanical
stresses
due
to
interrupting
high
short-circuit
current
and (2) the
rating or its ability to interrupt the flow of
short-circuit current within its interrupting element.

Calculation
asymmetrical
short
current
circuit
factors
to
of
may
account
at
be
the
rms
value
of
an
any time after the inception of a
very
for
precise
involved.
the
Accurate decrument
dc component at any time are
required, as well as accurate factors for the rate of change

of
the
method
been
apparent reactance of the generators.

may
This precise
be used if desired, but simplified methods have
evolved
whereby
the dc component is accounted for by
simple multiplying factors.
The multiplying factor converts
the rms value of the symmetrical (interrupting) ac wave into

rms amperes of the asymmetrical (momentary) wave including a
dc component.
The magnitude of the dc component depends upon the
point on the voltage wave at which the short circuit occurs.
For
protective-device
component
is
application, only
the
maximum
dc
considered, since the circuit breaker must be
26
applied to handle the maximum short-circuit current that can
occur in a system.
In
general case for circuits rated above 600
the
volts, the multiplying factor to account for dc component is

1.6
times
the rms value of the ac symmetrical component at
the
first
cycle.
multiplying
first
the
For
factor
cycle
average
to
600 volts and less, the
circuits
calculate
the total current at the
is 1.25 when the circuit breaker is applied on

current
in
three
phases.
These factors are
listed in table 3.1 [2] .

Since
the short-circuit current is maximum at the
first-cycle, the short-circuit current must be determined at

the first-cycle to determine the maximum momentary duty on a
circuit
the
breaker.
To determine the short-circuit current at
first cycle, it is necessary to consider all sources of
short-circuit
motors,
current, that is, the generators, synchronous
induction
motors,
subtransient
reactances
motors,
induction
and
and
utility
(Xud) of
motors
are
connections.
The
generators, synchronous
used
in the impedance
diagram.
Procedure
for
consists of calculating
the
breaker
impedance
at
this
divided
determining
momentary
current
E/ZM ' the line to neutral voltage at
by
at that point.
the
equivalent
momentary system
Since the dc component is present
time, it is necessary to account for it by the use
of
multiplying factor as mentioned/ earlier, to find the
first-cycle
duty
per-unit
Breaker application (600 volts or above) will be
current.
if
proper
total
E/ZM
times
a factor of 1.6 does not exceed the
momentary current rating of the breaker.
Where
IIC is the
first-cycle
short-circuit asymmetrical
Refer to Appendix 2 (section A2.6) for the Belle
current.
plant momentary short-circuit current calculation.
3.7 INTERRUPTING SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION
To
breaker,
the
the
time
required
check the interrupting duty on a power circuit

short-circuit current should be determined at
that the circuit-breaker contacts part.
The time
for the circuit-breaker contacts to part will vary
over a considerable rang, because of variation in relay time

and
in
required
circuit-breaker
for
the
be
operating speed.
circuit-breaker
greater
will
maximum
interrupting
breaker
when
account
for
The fewer cycles
the current to interrupt.

duty
tripping
variation
is
to
contacts
imposed
part, the
Therefore, the
upon
the
circuit
relays operate instantaneously. To

in
the
circuit-breaker
operating
speed, power circuit breakers have been grouped into several

classes,
such
as
eight-cycle, five-cycle, and three-cycle
circuit breakers.
In industrial plants, eight-cycle circuit breakers
are
generally
contribution
motors
has
has
condition
part.
used.
disappeared,
changed
before
Normally,
induction-motor
and that of the synchronous
from the subtransient to the transient
the
Therefore,
the
contacts
of
these circuit breakers
in calculating the interrupting duty on
commonly used power circuit breakers, generator subtransient

reactance and synchronous-motor transient reactance are used
and
unlike
other
methods,
neglected,
induction
This
cause
will
current
safety
motor
which
induction
transient
motors
are
reactance are used.
the calculated interrupting short-circuit
to be higher than the actual value, which creates a

factor
for
selection
of
circuit breakers for the
entire system.
Instead
short-circuit
by
of
specifying
time
at
which
the
current is to be calculated, it is determined
specifying the generator and motors reactances and using
a multiplying factor.
These factors are listed in Table 3.1
The procedure for determining interrupting current

consists of calculating E / Z I ,
the
breaker
impedance
factors
at
to
divided
that
the line to neutral voltage at
by the equivalent interrupting system

point,
determine
and
then
applying multiplying
total current at the time of breaker
29
contact
parting.
This total current is compared with the
breaker total current interrupting rating.

Reactance
1969
for
motors,
values
used
with
ANSI standard C37.5
transformers, generators,
sources are listed in Appendix 1, table Al-1.
and
utility
Table 3.1 Machine Reactance and Multiplying Factors

Used in Simplified calculation of Short-circuit
Duty
[I1
Machine Reactances to Use

Equipmwtt
Type of Short-circuit
Rating
Synchronous
Motors
Induction
Motors
L-V Power Circuit Breakers

L-V Molded-core
Qr#kers
Synchronous
e a t o s
Multiplying Focmr
to be Applied
to Calculated
Syrnmehicoi
Value*
Circuit
L-V Motor Controllers (Incorporaiing Fusesor M o i d d rose Circuit Breakers)
Symmetrical Amperes
Available
Subtransient
(x7
Subtransient
(x?
Subtronsient
(x")
None
L-V Fuses
1-V Buswoy
k s &racing im
L-V Switchgear
1-V Switchboards
L-V Motor-controi Canters
L-V Panelboards
Power Circuif Ereakors

(above 600 volts)
with Rated Interrupting
Times of 8 cydes
(Refer to the Total
Current Rating k r i s ASA C37.6-1964)
Fuses and fused

Cutouts
( o b a e 1500 volts)
General
Caset
Interrupting--Symmetrical
+aperesor MVA
Available
Mocncntary-Asymmetrical
Amperes Available
Interrupting-Asymmetrical
Ampares Available
Subtransient
Transient
(xl)
1x1
Subtmnsient
(x")
Subtransient
(x?
Subtransient
(xl)
Subtransient
(x?
Sp&l
Caret
Noglut
1 .I
Subtmnsient
Subtransient
15$
1.27
CHAPTER FOUR
GENERAL EQUIPMENT USED
We
terms
of
usually
its
more
think
of an electric power system in
impressive
stations, transformers, high

these
are
FOR PROTECTION
parts,
voltage
the big generating

lines,
etc.
While
some of the basic elements, there are many other
necessary
and
fascinating components. Protective relaying
is one of these [ 3 ] .
The
protection
system
function
and
and
of
protective
coordination
its
components
is
and
relaying for system
to minimize damage to the

to
limit
the extent and
duration of service interruption whenever equipment failure,

human
error,
system.
circuit
faulty
or
The
"acts of GOD" occur on any portion of the
relaying
breakers
element
that
when
equipment is aided in this task by

are
they
capable
of
disconnecting the
are called upon to do so by the
relaying equipment.
Overcurrent
coordination
protection
device
selection
and
is an engineering decision that should be made
to protect the system from short-circuit or fault currents.

Protection
as
science
and
for electric systems is an art as well
should
objectives in mind:
be
designed
with
the
following
1) Prevent or minimize damage to equipment.
2) Minimize the effect of the disturbance on the

un-interrupted
portion of the system, both in its extent
and duration.
3) Minimize interruption of power.

4) minimize the effect on the utility system [4].
5) prevent injury to personnel.

The
application
abnormal
the
isolation
of
protective
current
system.
of
short
circuits
equipment
which
requires
the
will sense an
flow and remove the affected portion from
The sensing device and interrupting device may
be completely separate, interconnected only through external

control
wiring,
or they may be the same device or separate
devices mechanically coupled to function as a single device.

Equipments
used
for
protection
fuses, and circuit breakers.
are
overvurrent
relays,
The following sections explain
each of these devices in detail.
4.1
OVERCURRENT RELAYS
Overcurrent
must
be
relays
are
sensing devices only and
used in conjunction with some type of interrupting
device to interrupt a short circuit and isolate the affected

portion
of
the
system.
These
relays
may
directional or non directional in their action.
be
either
They may be
33
instantaneous
current
time,
or
time
delay
in
response.
Various time
characteristics, such as inverse time, very inverse
extremely inverse time, and definite minimum time are
available
over
overcurrent
wide
range
of
current
setting.
The
relays are generally available in the following
current ratings:
Range
0.5-2.5
0.5,0.6,0.8,1.2,1.5,2.0,2.0,2.5
1.5-6.0
1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,6.0
4.0-16.0
4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0,10,12,16
The
or
Taps
double
relays can be specified to have either single
circuit closing contacts for tripping either one
or two circuit breakers.

Directional
overcurrent
relay
consists
of
two
element and a directional element.
units,
an
The contact
circuits are arranged insuch a way that tripping occurs only

when
power
of
current
flow
the
element,
current
has
proper
relationship to the voltage with
in the tripping direction.
circuit
is
done
The actual tripping
by. a contact on the overcurrent
the overcurrent element does not operate until the

is flowing in the proper direction and is above the
pickup setting.
The overcurrent element cannot operate on a
fault in the nontripping direction. For typical application

refer to Appendix 5 (section A5.3)
The
instantaneous
device No.67 (CWC type) .
element
is
set for a current
34
higher
than
element.
in
should
operate
the
time-delay
with the contacts of the time-delay element or
aconnected
mainly
which
The contacts ot this element are either connected
parallel
they
that
used
to
seperate
when
time
terminals.
interval
This element is
required
between
two
overcurrent relays can not be made in the short time region.

Refer
to
Appendix
(section
A5.12)
for
instantaneous
setting used in portion of the Belle plant.

The
relays
time-current characteristics for a variety of

in this report are shown in Appendix 6. These
used
characteristics
various
tap
time
give
the
contact
closing
times
for the
dial settings when the indicated multiples of
current are applied to the relay.
In Chapter 5 several
method .of coordination for these relays will be discussed.
4.2
FUSES
Fuses
protective
are
the
devices.
oldest
The
fuse
and
is
both
simplest
of
all
the sensing and
interrupting
device.
They are installed in series with the
circuit
operate
by
and
the
melting of a fusible link in
response to the current flow through them on an inverse time

current
fusible
basis.
elements
interrupting
the
They
are
are
current
one-shot
destroyed
flow.
devices
in
the
since their
process
of
Fuses may have only the
ability
to
maximum
rating
short
interrupt
circuit
or
short
the
current
circuit
ability
by
current
up to their
to limit the magnitude of
interrupting
the
current flow
before it reaches its maximum value.

As
compared.
example,
shown in table 4.1, several types of fuses are

Each
fuse has a different characteristic. For
code-type fuses are not recommended because of low
interrupting
and high melting current (70 times
capability
fuse rated current) at 0.01 second. Current limiting Amptrap

fuses have high interrupting capability and very low melting
current
These
(3.3
fuses
should
not
times
fuse
rated
current)
at 0.01 second.
are mainly recommended for branch circuits and

be
used for protection of transformers.
Since
transformers have an inrush current (sometimes 12 times full

load
current).
This
type
transformer is energized.
is
the
best
of fuses will melt before the
Chase Shawmut (C-S) one-time fuse
choice for most applications because of their
low cost and ratings.
Table 4 . 1
Fuse Classification
Melting current
Interrupting
Average multiples
capability
of rating amperes
Code fuse (NEC)
melt in
melt in
0.01 s
10 s
70
30
3.5
25
amperes
3,000
Semi lag fuse
Rowan AIR-SEAL
one time
dual element fuse
C-S new "trionicn
1 Current
50,000
50)000
30
20
45
5.5
10%
;;;
15
2.5
100, 000
13
2.5
100 ,000
12
100 000
3.3
100,000
1OO)OOO
limiting
"Amptrap 60011
"Limitron"
G.E. "CLF-J"
I
I
Solid state
current limitin
,
I
I
37
COST
OF FUSES [51
Approximate
costs
of
fuse
types,
for
given,
amperage, relative to NEC type are.
NEC fuse
C-S one time
Rowan air seal
C-S trionic
Fusetron
Lo-peak
Current Limiting
Semi
lag and dual element fuses of smaller size than NEC
size may be applicable, with proportionaly reduced cost.
On
this basis, the Chase-Sha~ut(C-S) one-time fuse appears the

optimum
for
all uses within its interrupting capability of
50,000 amperes.
CURRENT LIMITING CHARACTERISTICS OF C-S ONE TIME FUSES

(C-S)
Chase-Shawmut
limiting,
time
fuse
Amptrap.
but
is
not
about
Table
so
one-time
much as Amptraps.
as
current
fuses
are current
A 30-ampere one-
limiting
as a 60-ampere
4.4 shows the comparison of Chase-Shawmut
one-time fuses and Amptrap fuses.
Table 4 . 2 C-S one time fuses vs Amptrap fuses
Let- through current
Available current
(
RMS
(thousands of amperes peak AMPTRAP)
amperes
(Amptrap fuse rating)
7.8
50,000
11
---
--- -"- - - -
16
--
24
35
-- ----
(C-S) ONE-TIME fuse rating:
--
Fuses,
and
their characteristics which have been
used in this study is shown in Appendix 6.
4.3
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit breakers are interrupting devices only and

must
the
be used in conjunction with sensing devices to fulfill

detection
function.
In
the
case of medium-voltage
39
(1-72.5 KV)
separate
circuit
breakers,
protective
relays
the
sensing
devices
are
or combinations of relays.
In
the case of low voltage (under 1000 volts) circuit breakers,

sensing
devices
combination
either
of
may
external
breakers
protective
relays
or
In most low voltage application,
relays.
molded-case
circuit
be
circuit
having
breakers
or other low voltage
series sensing devices built into
the equipment are used.

The
ratings
which
apply to circuit breakers and
the actual assigned numerical values reflect the mechanical,

electrical,
and
thermal
capabilities
of
their
major
components. Basic ratings are
1)
Rared voltage
2)
Rated frequency
3)
Rated continuous current
4) Rated interrupting current

5)
Rated short-time current

The
basic
overcurrent trip device characteristic
used on molded-case circuit breakers and low voltage circuit

breakers
are
combination
tripping
that
long-time
of
for
these
those
persist,
and
delay
and
instantaneous.
characteristics
low-level
The
provides time delay
short circuits or overloads
instantaneous tripping for higher level
short circuits.
New molded-case circuit breakers are equipped with
40
a
short-time-delay
instantaneous
characteristic
characteristic.
long-time-delay
and
provides
tripping
delayed
maximum
allowable
in
place
of
the
The resulting combination of
short-time-delay
characteristics
for all levels of current up to
available short-circuit-current limit of
the circuit breaker without instantaneous trip element.

These
so
that
system
better
without
breakers are used for the Belle plant,
protection
can be obtained throughout the
using instantaneous trip element.
(section
which
shows
Appendix
curve,
new
A6.7)
for
Refer to
the device characteristic
available settings for long-time-delay
and short-time-delay pickup values.
4.4 GENERATOR PROTECTION
The
protection
of
generators
involves
the
consideration of more possible abnormal operating conditions

than
the
protection
unnecessary
not
try
of
any
other
system
element.
An
generator outage is undesirable, but one should
to avoid it by the omission of otherwise desirable
automatic protection.
The
practice
of
using
centralized
control
is
increasing, which requires more automatic equipment and less

manual
supervision.
Such practice requires more automatic
protective relaying equipment to provide the protection that
41
was formerly the responsibility of attendants [ 3 ] .
The
generator
settings
following
Refer to Appendix 3 for the type and
protection.
of
protective relays are used for the
protective
relays
used
for
the Belle plant
generator protection.
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS

These
relays
KVA or higher [ 3 ] .
best
for
the
used for generators rated 1000
are
Percentage differential relaying is the
short-circuit protection of stator windings,
because of its high-speed instantaneous capability.

Generally,
the
practice
percentage-differential
relays
multicontact
relay.
,auxiliary
simultaneously
(2)
breaker,
mover
initiates
trip
field
(4) operate
and
the
is
trip
This
to
have
hand-reset
auxiliary
following:
(1)
trip
the
relay
main
breaker, (3) shut down the prime
an
alarm.
These will result in
minimizing damages to the generator.
SOLID STATE UNDER-FREQUENCY RELAYS

These relays are used for automatic load-shedding.
When
system overload occurs, under-frequency relays must
disconnect
load to arrest frequency decline.
generating
plants
may
be
impaired
below
The output of
57-57.5
Hz, so
shedding must be completed before this level is reached.
OVER-VOLTAGE
RELAYS
This type of relays are used for hydroelectric and

gas-turbine
generators.
additional
Then
if
It
operates
by
first
causing
resistance
into the generator or exciter field.
over-voltage
persists, the main generator breaker
trips.
OVER-TEMPERATURE RELAYS
Unbalanced
three-phase
double-system-frequency
iron.
cause
stator
currents
cause
currents to be induced in the rotor
These current quickly increase rotor temperature and

serious
operate
with
damage
such
to
the generator if it continues to
conditions.
These relays will prevent
generators from overheating.
LOSS-OF-EXCITATION
When
operates
as
synchronous
RELAYS
a synchronous generator loses excitation, it

an
induction
generator,
running
above
speed. Round-rotor generators are not suited to
such operation because they do not have amortisseur windings

that can carry the induced rotor currents.
Most
operation
the
of
systems
a
cannot
tolerate
the
generator without excitation.
continued
In fact, if
generator is not disconnected immediately when it loses
43
excitation, widespread instability may very quickly develop,
and
major
loses
system
excitation,
shutdown may occur.
When a generator
it draws reactive power from the system,
to as much as 4 times the generator's rated load.
amounting
This
will
cause
most
selective
extensive instability in the system.
type
of
loss
of
excitation
relay
The
is a
directional-distance type operating from the a-c current and

voltage at the main generator terminals [ 3 ] .
REVERSE POWER RELAYS

These
relays
are
used
to
detect
motoring.
Motoring protection is for the benefit of the prime mover or

the
system,
considered
and
here,
not
for
the
generator.
However, it is
because it is closely associated with the
generator.
FIELD GROUND-FAULT PROTECTION RELAYS

Because
single
field circuits are operated ungrounded, a
ground fault will not cause any damage or affect the
operation of a generator in any way.

of
However, the existence
single ground fault increases the stress to ground at
other
points in the field winding when voltages are induced
in the field by stator transients.
Thus, the probability of
a second ground occuring is increased.
44
Note: refer to Appendix 3 for the types and settings used
for protection of the Belle plant generator.
4.5 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
The
function
of
protect the transformer.

to
automatically
transformer
protection
is
to
Transformer protection is required
disconnect
transformer from the power
system for any of the following reasons.
1)
To
prevent
developing
current
higher-than-rated
in
and,
insulation
the
transformer
thereby,
or
temperatures
causing
conductors.
from
excessive
from
load
rapid deterioration of
Protection
provided
to.
achieve this is known as overload protection.
2)
To
prevent
mechanical
and
thermal
effects
of large
"through" currents from causing permanent deformation or

other
damage
to
the
transformer.
Such protection is
known as short-circuit protection.
3)
To
minimize
transformer,
the
and
spread
of
minimize
damage
inside
power-system
a faulted
disturbance
resulting from transformer faults.
TRANSFORMER SHORT CIRCUIT CAPABILITIES

The
short-circuit
ability of a transformer to withstand through

current is defined as its "ANSI point".
This
45
point
specifies
the
magnitude
and
duration
of
maximum
permissable through current that a transformer can withstand

without sustaining damage.
Values
rated
full-load
of
ANSI point vary from 25 times the
the
current
for
2 seconds, for a transformer
with four percent or less impedance, to 1 4 . 3 times the rated

full load current for 5 seconds, for transformers with seven
percent
impedance
protect
the
as
shown
in
transformer, the
4.5.
table
primary
To properly
fuse must actually
clear
in the stated time at 87 percent of the current value
of
delta-delta
bank,
and
58 percent of the value of a
delta-wye bank.
Table 4.3 Transformer ANSI data

% Z
Irms (sym)
SYM.
rms
58% I
Fault PH-PH
FAULT
Delta-Delta
Delta-Wye
4% or
25 X Rated
22 X Rated
less
Current
Current
L-N
14 X Rated
11 X Rated
Current
Current
Current
16.6
X Rated
X Rated
Current
14
X Rated
9 X Rated
Current
12 X Rated
Current
TIME(s)
Allowable
Current
17 X Rated
7% or 1 4 . 3
more
SYM.
rms
20 X Rated
Current
87% I
Current
8
X Rated
Current
TRANSFORMER INRUSH CURRENT
A power transformer primary power fuse, as well as

any other protective device used in a transformer protection
scheme,
must
actuating
allow the transformer to be energized without
the
protective
device on the magnetizing inrush
current.
The
current
precise
vary
transformer,
Commonly
used
duration
of
inrush
can
only
be
determined
by
test.
estimates of magnetizing inrush currents for
and secondary substation transformers range from an
equivalent
duration
should
and
from one transformer to another, and, for any
specific
primary
magnitude
of
8 to 12 times full load rms current, with a
of 0.1 second.
The power or current-limiting fuse
be selected so to be capable of carrying at least 12
times the full-load rated primary current of the transformer

for
0.1 second, without damaging the fuse, in order to pass
safely
the
inrush
currents
which
occur during switching
operations.
Refer to Appendix 4 for tranformer protection used
throughout the Belle plant.
FIVE
CHAPTER
COORDINATION OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES
The coordination study of an electric power system

consists
in
of
series
study
an organized time-current study of all devices

from the utilization device to the source.
is
This
comparison of the time it takes the individual
devices to operate when certain levels of normal or abnormal

current pass through the protective devices.
A
study
are
coordination
should
added
replaced
be
to
study
or
revision of a provious
made for an existing plant when new loads
the
system
or
when
with higher rated equipment.
existing equipment is
A coordination study
should also be made when the available short-circuit current

of
the
source
determines
to
plant
settings
or
is
increased.
ratings
This
necessary
to
study
assure
coordination after system changes have been made.

The
determine
the
overcurrent
objective
of
coordination
characteristics, ratings,
protective
devices
is
to
settings of
which will ensure that the
minimum
unfaulted
devices
isolate a fault or overload anywhere in the system.
At
same
the
provide
load
and
study
time,
satisfactory
is interrupted when the protective
the devices and settings selected must

protection
against
overloads on the
48
equipment,
and
interrupt
short
circuits
as
rapidly
as
possible.
5.1
PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS FOR COORDINATION
In
protective
order
to
obtain complete coordination of the
equipment applied, it is necessary to obtain all
of the following requirements.
SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS
The
following
information
on
short-circuit
currents should be provided for every bus on the system.

(1)
Maximum and minimum 0 to 3 cycle (momentary) total

rms short-circuit current
(2)
and minimum 3 cycle to 1 s (interrupting duty)
Maximum
total rms short-circuit current

These short-circuit current values are obtained as
described in Chapter Three.
The
maximum
currents
are
used
currents
to
which
devices
respond,
to
and minimum 0 to 3 cycle (momentary)

determine
the
maximum and minimum
instantaneous
and
direct-acting
and
to
trip
verify the capability of circuit
breakers, fuses, switches, and bus bracings.

The
at
maximum
maximum 3 cycle to 1 s (interrupting) current
generation
will
verify the ratings of circuit
49
breakers,
fuses,
current
at
interval
is
which
cables.
the
current
This is also the value of
circuit
established.
(interruptig)
determine
and
The
at
protection
maximum
minimum
coordination
to 1 s
cycle
generation is needed to
whether the circuit-protection sensitivity of the
circuits is adequate.
TIME INTERVALS FOR COORDINATION

When
intervals
must
protective
of
coordination
curves, certain time
be maintained between the curves of various
devices
operation
because
plotting
the
relays
in
order
devices.
have
to ensure correct sequential

These intervals are required
overtravel,
fuses
have
damage
characteristics, and circuit breakers have certain speeds of

operation.
These intervals are often called margins.
When coordihating inverse-time overcurrent relays,

the
time
interval
interval
is
instantaneous
is
usually
0.3-0.4 seconds [ 6 ] .
This
considered between relay curves, either at the

setting
of
the
load
side
feeder
circuit
breaker relay, or at the maximum short circuit current which

can
flow
the
lower
through both devices simultaneously, whichever is

value
of current.
The interval consists of the
following components:
Circuit breaker opening time (5 cycles)
.08 seconds
Overtravel
.10 seconds
50
.12-.22
Safety factor
This
relays
and
is
with
inverse
somewhat
decrease
0.3
may
be
decreased if field tests of
circuit breakers indicate that the system still
coordinates
very
margin
seconds
in
the decreased margins.
The overtravel of
and extremely inverse time overcurrent relays

less
than
time
interval for carefully tested systems to
0.3
seconds.
for
Seconds
inverse
time
relays,
interval
allowing
is
used
for
coordination of the Belle plant overcurrent relays.

When
trip
units
circuit breakers equipped with direct-acting
are
coordinated with relayed circuit breakers,
the coordination time interval should be 0.3-.4 s.
HOW TO READ CURVES
basic
characteristic
is
considered
the
times
as
shown
on
understanding
essential
to
any
of
study.
time-current
Time
0 is
time at which the fault occurs, and all
the
curve
are the elapsed time from that
point.
The curves that are drawn are response times, since,
for
radial system, all the devices between the fault and
the
source
experience
the
same current until one of them
interrupts the circuit.
coordination
curve
is
arranged
so
that the
region below and to the left of the curve represents an area

of
no
operation.
The curves represent a locus of a family
UJ.
of
paired
coordinates
which indicate how long a period of
time is required for device operation at a selected value of

current.
Reading
range
of
times
corresponds
plotted.
to
current
along
the abscissa, the time or
in which any device is expected to operate

the
ordinate
or
ordinates
of
the curve
Relay curves begin at a point called "pickup" (the
minimum value of current which will cause the relay to close

its
contacts)
and end at the maximum short-circuit current
to which the device under consideration can be subjected.

single
curve
should
be
drawn
for
any
device
under
consideration.
5.2
DATA REQUIRED FOR A COORDINATION
The
first requisite for a coordination study is a
single-line diagram of the system.
This diagram should show
the following data.
11
Apparent
power
and
voltage
ratings
as well as the
impedance and connections of all transformers
2)
Nameplate
ratings
and
subtransient
reactance
of all
major motors and generators
3)
Conductor sizes, types, and configurations
4) Current transformer ratios

5)
Relay,
direct-acting
trip,
and
fuse
ratings,
52
characteristics, and ranges of adjustment
Refer
plant
to
Appendix 2 (section A2.4) for the Belle
single-line
diagram,
which
includes
the
above
information.
The
second
circuit-current
requirement
study
is
complete
short-
as described earlier in this Chapter
and also in Chapter Three.

The
third
characteristics
for
the
new
and
requirement
is
the
time-current
typical time curve (this curve is used
method of coordination in this report) of all
the devices under consideration.

The
forth
requirement
is
starting currents and
accelerating time of large motors.

.
Once
this
to
select
necessary
perform
pieces
their
of
information
the
assigned
equipment
is .assembled, it is then
protective
function
and
devices so that they
of protecting individual
operate so that only the minimum
amount of circuitry associated with the fault is isolated.
5.3 METHODS OF COORDINATION
There
coordination
system
are
several
available
abnormalities
utilization
to
on
methods
minimize
the
of overcurrent relay
the
system
effects
itself
equipment which it supplies.
or
of such
on
the
These methods are
as follows.
1)
Coordination by table
2)
Use of device characteristic curve
3)
Use
of
typical
time
curve
of
device
(new
method
presented in this report)

The following section will explain these method in
detail with some examples.
METHOD ONE COORDINATION BY TABLE

This
method
mainly
uses
fuse as the protective
device for the coordination of the system.

In
through
shows
fuse
the
a
use
applications,
of
typical
combinations
selectivity
selectivity
of fuses.
of
coordination
class
and
type
check
for
selectivity
is achieved
ratio tables.
schedule
for
Table 5.1
various
This schedule is limited to several
fuses.
This table is used as a simple
assuming
that identical or reduced
fault currents flow through the circuits in desending order,

that
is,
main-feeder-branch.
A coordination study may be
desired when the simple check as outlined is not sufficient,

and
can
be
accomplished
by
plotting
fuse
time-current
characteristic curves on log-log graph paper.

For
100 A
example,
current
when the largest branch device is a
limiting fuse, the main fuse may be a 200
Arnptrap or 100 A dual-element or one-time fuse.
54
5.2 shows
Table
branch
or
protective
in
main
or
coordination
device
and
main
between
or
the
supply
when a power air circuit breaker is used
supply
circuit.
For example, for a current
fuse used in branch or load circuit, a multiple of
times
percent
should
protective
device
limiting
2.5
load
the
ratio of 80 percent long time pickup to 500
the
short
be
time
used
1.25 when
pickup
of
power
air circuit breaker
for proper coordination.
the
ratio
This multiple is
of 160 percent long time pickup over
1000 percent short time pickup is used.

Some
of
the basic rules of coordination for this
method are [6]:
1) Branch fuse-clearing time must be less than the melt time

of
the
main
clearing
not
fuse.
That means under the total maximum
I2 t of the largest fuse on the load side should

90 percent of the melting I2 t of the supply
exceed
side fuse.
I2 t values must be used to check coordination
in the current-limiting range. Below the current-limiting

range
time/current
the
compared
as
follows:
(1)
add
curves
may
be
10 percent to the curve
for the downstream fuse, (2) subtract 10
current
values
percent
from
fuse.
The
percent
current
the
characteristic
the
curve current values for the upstream
resulting curves should allow at least a 10
downstream
margin between the two fuses based upon

fuse.
The result is a minimum fuse size
55
s p r e a d w h i c h s h o u l d c o o r d i n a t e w i t h o u t damage t o u p s t r e a m
fuse.
More s p r e a d w i l l o f c o u r s e i n c r e a s e a s s u r a n c e o f
coordination.
2)
Branch
device
clearing
sensing time of a breaker.
time
m u s t be u n d e r 80% o f t h e
Table 5.1 Rating Ratios for Safe Coordination
Branch or
load device
Main or supply device

(minimum multiple of branch device)
current limiting, dual element, semi lag,c-s

Amptrap,limitron, trionic and
one-time and
Table 5.2 Power air circuit breaker

Minimum band
Main or supply device
Branch or load
(minimum multiple of branch device)
device
80% long time pickup
160%long time pickup
500% short time pickup 1000% short time pickuq
b
.
-- --
ratio
-- -- -" --
--
----
--.-----
ratio
1b2r-
current lim.
2.5
dual element
5.0
C-S one time
5.0
2.5
10.0
5.0
NEC
Molded case
air circuit
breaker
50 A
4.0
2.0
100 A
5.0
2.5
100 A
7.0
3.5
225 A
4.0
2.0
600 A
3.0
1.5
(heavy duty)
58
METHOD TWO USING DEVICE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

In
and
order to start drawing curves, a voltage level
multiple scale current in ampere should be selected and
marked
on
the
bottom
of
the log-log paper.
Then proper
multipliers for the various voltage levels considered in the

study
are
curves
calculated.
protective
device characteristic
are then placed on a smooth bright surface such as a
window pane, or a glassed-topped box with a lamp in it.

sheet
of
placed
current
log-log paper on which the study is being made is
on
top
of
the
device
characteristic
curve, the
scale of the study lined up with that of the device
characteristic.
ratings
The
of
The curves for all the various setting and
devices
being
studied
may
then be traced or
examined [4].
METHOD THREE USING DEVICE TYPICAL TIME CURVES

This
method
present
new
way
of
drawing
co-ordination curves which has been practiced throughout the

Belle
for
of
plant coordination study.
This method is recommended
more accurate protective relaying coordination. Instead

device
overcurrent
time
characteristic
relays
versus
curve,
Typical
used in this method.
multiples
overcurrent
relay
has
settings.
Knowing
the
of
tap
several
amount
of
curves of
These curves show
value
tap
time
value
current.
and
Each
time dial
maximum short circuit
59
current
and
dividing
current
several
transformer
values
ratio
is essential.
By
of short circuit currents to c.t.
ratio and the tap value, several multiples of tap values can
be found.
Refering to the curve time for these multiples of
tap value can be found depending upon what time dial setting
have
been selected.
At this time the short circuit current
and the time for several points are known.
These points are
then
ploted
Now let's assume
that
an overcurrent relay at a different voltage level must
and traced on log-log paper.
be
coordinated
of
0.3
with this relay.
The minimum interval time
seconds must be allowed between the two relays.
In
order to illustrate this method of coordination and decision

making,
portion of Belle plant detailed relaying diagram
is
shown as an example in figure 4.2 and the related curves
are
shown in figure 4.3. Figure 4.1 shows the typical time
curves
CO-9
of
overcurrent
relay.
The following example
illustrates this new method.
EXAMPLE :
Figure
overcurrent
relays
need
detailed
involved
in
coordination
overcurrent
the
4.2 shows
relay.
portion
drawing.
of the Belle plant
There are two overcurrent
this portion of the system, which will
with
the
incoming power company feeder
Let's assume that fault A happened on
syst'em. in order to isolate the fault from spreading to
other
portions
of the system, unit 2A breaker must operate
first
so
only
circuit
operate.
that
is
not
feeder
cleared
2A
yet,
shuts down.
If the short
then bank No.1 primary must
Finally if the short circuit is still not cleared,
then power company No.2 primary feeder must operate.

Figure
4.3 shows the CO-9 type overcurrent relay
curves that was selected and ploted for maximum protection

of
this portion of the system. Following data are required
for the selection of these curves.

No.2 primary feeder overcurrent relay data
Circuit: Bank No.1 primary
Relay type: Westinghouse CO-9
C.T. ratio: 200/5=40/1
Available Taps=1.0,1.2,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5~4.0,5.0,6
7.0,8.0,10.0,12.0
Ampere range of relay=l-12
Circuit voltage: 46 kV level
Maximum
available
short
circuit
Unit 2A overcurrent relay data

Circuit: Unit 2A
Relay type: Westinghouse CO-9
C.T. ratio: 800/5=160/1
Available taps= same as relay No.1
Ampere range of relay=l-12
Circuit voltage: 12 kV level
at 46 kV level: 14,300 A
61
Maximum available short circuit at 12 kV level: 19,400 A
Since Bank No.1 is upstream in the system relative
to
Unit 2A, its overcurrent relay should be drawn first and
then unit 2A overcurrent curve should be drawn to coordinate

with that.
Relay No.1 settings
C.T.=200/5=40/1
Let's
select
the
following
setting
to
see
if
proper
coordination can be obtained.

Selected tap=12
Selected time lever=lO
Selected multiple current=lO
Selected voltage level=46kV
Multiple of tap value=(short-circuit
current) / (tap) (C.T.ratio)
Pickup* value= (tap) (C.T. ratio)
*Pickup
is
the minimum value of the current that can start
the relay to close its contact.

Point No. 1: 14,300 A /(12) (40)=29 off scale on figure 4.1
Point No.2 : 9,000A
/ (12) (40)=18.75
multiple of tap value
For this value and time lever of 10, time will

be equal to 1.2 seconds from figure 4.1.
Point No.3 : 7,000 A
/ (12) (40)=14.6 then time=l .3 seconds
Point No.4: 5,000 A
/ (12) (40)=10.4 then time=l .5 seconds
Pickup value= (12) (40)=480 A
62
These
points should be plotted and traced for the
relay curve as shown on figure 4.3 (curve number 1).

Relay No.2 settings
C.T.=800/5=160/1
Let's
select
the
following
setting,
so
that
proper
coordination can be obtained with the upstream relay.

Selected tap=7
Selected time lever=7
Selected multiple current=lO
Selected voltage level=12 kV
Maximum available short circuit at 12 kV=19,400 A
(19,400) (12 kV) / (46 kV) =5,060 A at 46 kV level
Point No. 1 : 5060/ (7)(160)=4.5 at 46 kV level
For this value and time lever of 7, time=2.1 s
Point No.2 : 4000/(7)(160) =3.57 then time=3.0 s
Point No.3: 3500/ (7)(160) =3.12 then time=3.9 s
Pickup value=(7) (160) (12 kV) / (46 kV)=292
A at 46 kV level
These points also should be plotted on figure 4.3.
As
shown
operate
before
unit
first
Bank
overcurrent relay (curve number 7) will
2A
in
case of a fault and will clear the fault
No.1. primary
relay
operates, since there is
about
0.6 second time interval allowed between the curves.
Both
relay
operation
were
based
tested
on
and
field
checked
for
proper
the method recommended on section 4.7.
OVER C U R R E Y T R E L A Y
5 0 - 6 0 tiERTZ
V)
a
2
S
W
Y,
MULTIPLES O F TAP VALUE CURREHT
F i g u r e 5 . 1 T y p i c a l t i m e c u r v e s of t y p e CO-9
Relay [7]
I2KV
B U S '0"
--
--*-a3;7
--
Figure 5.2 Portion of Belle plant Detailed Relaying Diagram
Figure 5.3 Portion of Belle plant Coordination curves
OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES
5.4 TESTING
This requires that the system or protective device

be
subjected
operation
to
of
abnormal
the
electrical
system
or
conditions
devices
and the
compared
to
manufacturers' specifications for these conditions.
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

In
testing a molded-case circuit breaker, several
points must be remembered.
1) Nameplate rated voltage must be available at the input

terminals throughout the test.
2)
The
values
therefore
of
it
current
are
high
and voltage is low,
is.advisable to use connections having the
shortest possible length and largest,.cross sectional area

between
test
unit
and circuit breaker..
In some cases,
pieces of bus bar may be used for these connectors.
3) The connection to the circuit breaker must be tight.

4) The circuit breaker tested one pole at a time.
5)
Trip
devices
must
be
allowed
to
fully reset before
performing a check test.

Molded-case
(1)
timing
values
trip
of
unit
and
test
circuit
breaker should be tested for
(2) instantaneous pickup.
The recommended
current is three times the circuit breaker
rating.
The tripping time must be measured and
compared to the manufacturer's specified values or curves.
Molded-case
precise;
however,
indicates
circuit
the
wide
breakers
may
be relatively
published time-delay characteristic
band
of operation.
The electrical test
will
reveal circuit breakers that will not trip, those that
take
abnormally
delay.
If
tripping
within
limits
of
affect
the
circuit
long
the
to trip, and those that have no time
test
reveals that the circuit breaker is
plus
or
minus
15 percent of the outside
its published curves and this tolerance does not

electric
system coordination or stability, the
breaker should be considered satisfactory otherwise
should be rejected.
An electrical test for pickup of the instantaneous

unit
should
tripping
be
will
to verify that the circuit breaker is
magnetically.
calibration
set
run
marks
is
Testing
at
satisfactory.
one
of
the
lower
The adjustment may be
to the lowest calibration point to verify that the unit

pick
If the instantaneous unit picks up at the
up.
minimum calibration point, then pickup will be assumed to be

within manufacturer's tolerances.
LOW-VOLTAGE
POWER CIRCUIT BREAKl3R [6]
Most
one
series
electrical
The
of
these circuit breakers are equipped with
overcurrent
trip
device
per
phase.
The
test must be run on each individual trip device.
operation
of
any
one
of these devices will trip all
68
poles of the circuit breaker.

The
circuit
recommended
for
low-voltage
power
are (1) timing (long-and short-time delay
breakers
units if the
test
circuit breaker has both type trip units), and
(2) instantaneous pickup.

The
time
delay
is
short-time
breaker
recommended
three
delay
operate
it
is one and one-half times the circuit

delay
pickup.
within
of test current for long
times the trip unit setting, and for
short-time
instantaneous
values
the
If
setting;
the
circuit
determine
the
breaker does not
tolerances shown by the manufacturers'
time current curves, then suitable adjustment should be made

as recommended by the manufacturer.
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
The
protective relay is the brain of the electric
protective circuit.
It is the relay that senses an abnormal
condition and then sends the message to other devices on the

system.
Therefore it is imperative that any relay work be
done in a very through manner.
timing
should
relay
closes
given
abnormal value of current.
with
the
its
check
relay
contacts
tap
in
be
within
its
made to see that the

a specified time for a
Normally this test is run
designated
position.
It is
suggested that a test current of four times pickup be used.
69
Based
equipment
on
used
above
in
the
methods
all
the
protective
Belle plant were field-checked and
tested for proper operation and coordination for the entire

system.
The 12 kV molded-case circuit breakers were tested
as follow:
Minimum pickup long time delay (LTD)

pickup was checked by applying 10 percent
Minimum
less
than
pickup
current for 10 minutes.
The breaker did
not trip.
Time delay (LTD)
100 Percent pickup value was selected and applied

to
the
relay.
tripped.
The
The
time
was measured until the breaker
time measured was within the shaded area of
the characteristic curve for the test current used.
Minimum pickup short time delay
LTD was
The
the
breaker.
operate
The
button
increased.
blocked to be sure it does not trip
breaker
was
(STD)
pushed
was closed and set to zero. The

and test current gradually was
The current at which the STD armature starts to
close is the minimum pickup.
All
the overcurrent protective relays were tested
for proper operation as follow:
Zero adjust test

This
close
when
test
the
is
dial
to
determine
that relay contacts
is set at zero.
With the continuity
light connected across the terminals, time dial was manually

turned
until
the
indicator
light on the test set glowed.
The reading was at zero.
Pickup test
This
current
test
needed
is
to
close
particular
tap setting.
test,
equal
was
alternately
to determine the minimum operating
tap
increase
the
relay
contacts
for
any
The pickup value selected for this
value
plus
or minus 5 percent.
By
and decrease current, the point where
continuity indicating light flickers was found and recorded.

This
flickering
making
were
and
higher
indicates
breaking.
than
that
the
contacts
are "just"
The recorded values in some relays
tap value, the spiral-spring tension was
too great and was adjusted for the correct tap value.
Time current characteristics
A
relay
timing
check
should
be
made to see that the
closes its contacts within a specified time for given
values
minimum
of
current.
Three times tap value was used as the
amount of test current for the timing check.
Timer
selector
switch
initiate
push
button
vernier
controls
current
through
was
changed
pointer
Then
the
button
coil
was
and
to
set
timer
was
was
put
in "N.O.MOMENTARYtt
position, the
was
jogged
by
using
the main and
and adjust the test unit to pass the test

the relay coil.
The timer selector switch
"N.O.MAINTAIN1'and the main ammeter preset

to
was
pressed.
value just under the test current.
reset
to
zero and the initiate push
This puts test current on the relay
starts the timer.
When relay contacts close, the
timer will stop and current will be removed from relay.

test
The
current and time were compared with 3 times tap value.
Some relay operating were too fast and the time dial setting
was increased up to 1/2 division.
CHAPTER S I X
CONCLUSIONS
This
report
has
coordination
relays
for
quick
and
isolation
recommended
for
many
computer
of
and
the
medium-voltage
systems.
contain
calculations
new
method
of
by using typical time curves of the protective
low-voltage
power
illustrated methods of longhand
affected
industrial
portion of
and commercial
The method of longhand calculation is not

large
closed
technique
power
loops.
is
systems,
since these plants
Network analyzer or digital
favorable from an economic and time
saving standpoint for these systems.
As
a result of the study done for the Belle plant
electrical
coordination
of
example
this
for
480-volt
protective
feeder
interrupting
devices
report;
show
breakers
ratings.
calculation
which
that
have
was used as an
, 12-kV, 2.4-kV, and
adequate
Short-circuit
and
momentary
duties
of
and
the air
circuit breakers installed at the purchased-power substation

should
ratings
the
be
reviewed again for proper operation and adequate
when
12-kV
transformer
significant
load is to be added, that time,
bus tie breakers could be opened.

would
supply
each
12-kV
Then only one
and
worst-case
73
symmetrical
interrupting
250-MVA.
approximately
to
the
system,
duty
would
be
reduced
to
This will minimize potential damage
its
components,
and
the
utilization
equipment it supplies.
Based
calculated
were
on the values of the short-circuit-currents
for
selected
isolation
of
the
Belle plant, proper protective devices
and coordinated for the detection and prompt

the affected portion of the system whenever a
short-circuit
occurs
in the system.
The recommended relay
settings associated with these devices were field-tested for

proper operation based on the method of testing mentioned in
section 4.7.
This
industrial
plant
application
planning
report
be a good reference manual for
engineers, electricians, industrial power
engineers
of
will
and others who are involved with the
electrical
facilities
for
low-voltage
medium-voltage industrial plants or commercial buildings.
and
BIBLIOGRAPHY
System
division.
engineering
"Short
industrial
and
apparatus
distribution
circuit
current
commercial
power
sales
calculations
system^,'^
for
General
Electric Co., September 1978.

Beeman.
Donald
"Industrial Power Systems Handbook,"
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
C. Mason. "The art and science of protective
Russell
3.
New York, N.Y. 1955.
relaying," Schenectady, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

1956.
4.
F.A.Leinberger. !!Relay co-ordination procedures for an

imaginary
medium
Electric Co.
5.
size
industrial
plant,"
General
Philadelphia, PA. 19102.
R.H.Lee.
"Methods and materials for co-ordination of
fault Memo 12-43," E.I.Dupont Co. Wilmington, Delaware.

6.
D.Dalasta, Norman peach, R.H.Kaufman and W.A.Weddendorf.

It
IEEE
recommended
co-ordination
system,"
of
practice
for
industrial
and
protection
commercial
and
power
IEEE John Wiley and Sons, 1975.
- )
7. Relay instrument division.
If
Type CO (Hi Lo) overcurrent
relay," Westinghouse 1.L.41-100D.Westinghouse Electric

Co., Coral Springs,
8.
Relay
FL. December 1976.
instrument
Differential
Relay
division.
for
"Type
Generator
CA
Percentage
Protection,If
Westinghouse
1.L.41-331.2D,
Westinghouse
Electric
Co.,Coral Springs, FL. February 1975.

Relay
9.
instrument
Directional
Ground
division.
Relays
"Type
CWC
and
CWP
instruction," Westinghouse
1.L.41-242.4F, Westinghouse
Electric Co., Newark, N.J.
Oct. 1975.
10. Relay instrument division. "Type SDF-1 solid state under
frequency relay instruction," Westinghouse 1.L.41-504.1,
Westinghouse Electric Co., Newark
11.
Relay
relay
department.
"Type DT-3
N.J. August 1975.
temperature and micron
Westinghouse
instruction,"
1.L.41-552.1D,
Westinghouse Electric Co., Newark, N.J. 1975.

12.
Relay
instrument
Synchro-Verifire
division.
relays
"Type
CVE-1
instruction,"
and
CVE
Westinghouse
1.L.41-681.1N) Westinghouse Electric Co, Coral Springs,

FL .
13. Relay-instrument division. "Type KAB high impedance bus
differential
relay,"
Westinghouse
1.L.41-337.4F.
Westinghouse Electric Co., Coral Springs, FL. May 1981.

14. Relay instrument division. "Type HU and HU-1 transformer
differential
relays
instruction,
1.L.41-347.1M, Westinghouse Electric Co.

15.
Westinghouse
, Newark, N.J.
Relay
instrument division. "Type SC, SC-1, SV and SV-1
relays
instruction," Westinghouse Electric Co. Newark,
N.J. July 1978.
16. Relay
instrument
Westinghouse
division.
"Type
CV voltage relay,"
1.L.41-201K. Westinghouse
Electric
Co.
Coral Springs, FL. December 1979.

17.
Relay
instrument
division.
relay," Westinghous
'I
Type
COM
overcurrent
1.L.41-102E.Westinghouse Electric
Co. Coral Springs, FL. June 1979.
18. Relay
type
instrument
DS
Application
and
division. "Characteristic curves for
DSL
circuit
breaker,"Westinghouse
Data 32-860. Westinghouse Electric Co. East
Pittsburg, Pa. 15112, November 1978.
APPENDIX 1 - IMPEDANCE DATA

Al.l ANSI standard reactance values calculation
Table Al-1 ANSI Standard Reactance Values
--
Positive-Sequence
First-Cycle (Momentary)
Calculation for
H.V. Breaker
Reactance
Utility Supply
XS
Plant Generators
X"
Synchronous Motors
XIf
Induction Motors
(Above 1000 hp >I200 rpm)
x1 r
(All other motors 50-1000 hp)
.I' r
1.2Xlr
(Less than 50 hp)
.25X"
Non-rotating equipment
Interrupting Calculations for H.V. Breakers

Utility supply
Plant Generators
XIf
1 . 5X"
Synchronous Motors
Induction Motors
1.5Xlr
1.5Xlr
(All other motors 50 - 1000 hp)
3.OXlr
(Less than 50 hp)
Infinity
Non-rotating Equipment
lr = Locked Rotor, %=utility
reactance
A1.2 Transmission line impedances

Table A1-2
V)
c
u
C
Transmission Line Impedances
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~ , 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~
$ ' N * 6 m W O m N m m * P O r n v N P P W
9
o
~ l I c om ~n -, o~ e . c ~: ~* m
m q - n e~ ~q o~ w* - no ~
m ~
c *y m~ v m c u @ ~ . m m
i * ~ * ~ ~ m m m m m m q q q q v q o n o o o
......................
X O C O O C O O O O O O O Q O C O O O O O O O
A1.3 15-kV cable impedances

Table A1-3
6 AhG
3 AhO
U O
ALtG
3/0 AkG
410 AkG
2 5 0 MC!A
300 MCM
3 5 0 !.CCU
400 YC!I
5 0 0 IACM
6a0 MCM
753 MC!A
1000 A!CN
12>0 ).{C!.i
15CC UCM
1750 MCX
2 0 0 0 MCM
15-kV Cable Impedances
A1.4 5-kV cable impedances
5-kV Cable Impedances
Table A1-4
Approximate Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance of

M00.volt Cables in Magnetic Ducts per 100 H
Throe singlo-conduda cabiu p u duct,
ohm p u 100
Woo-eonductor cablo induding Intorlocked onnor coblo, ohms p u 100 f l
Coblo ria.
Ma 14 Awq..
. 0.3135
WalOAwq..
No.8Awg
0.1240
0.0779
0.W969
0.00150
0.CG781
0.313s
0.1210
0.0781
0.3133
0.1240
0.0779
0.006664
0.005745
0.005308
0.3291
0.1241
0.07808
0.0U741
0.00681
0.00623
0.0503
0.0325
0.0212
0.0493
0.0112
0.0197
0.004941
0.004619
0.004366
0.04944
0.03154
0.02017
No.Z/OAwq..
0.0163
0.0131
0.0106
0.00566
0.00567
0.00545
0.0173
0.0143
0.0119
0.0157
0.0125
0.0100
0.003961
0.003792
0.003677
0.01619
0.01304
0.01061
Wo.l/OAwg..
4
0A
.
2SO M C M . .
0.00860
0.0070a
0.00609
0.00535
0.00529
0.0056
0.0101
0.00817
0.00102
0.00800
0.00640
0.W7
0.003631
0.003313
0.003362
0.008785
0.007335
0.006527
0:00520
0.00461
0.00119
0.00519
0.00314
0.00506
0.00733
0.00690
0.00657
0.00460
0.00400
0.00354
0.003311
0.003U7
0.a3436
0.003791
0.005299
0.001923
0.0.00219
0.W95
0.W4
0.0061 1
0.00U1
0.00292
0.0010(
o.oo3wr
0.001018
0 . ~
0.003723
...
lb. 6 AwQ..
4A
.
.
Mo. 1 A
.
Mo. 1/0 Awq.
..
100 M C M .
...
..
350 M C M . .
400 M U . .
..
s
o ma.. ..
750MCM ....
0.0491
0.0118
0.0203
.-
A1.5 Correction factors for non-magnetic ducts

Table A1-5
Correction Factors for Non-Magnetle Ducts

b b k
s+k.an.lw)cr
t
foefar kv concctinq
mctoncm, 011 S U ~ S
of cabk
No. 6 to
No. 0 A r g
No. 8 A r g
0.8
Fa wrr.cclng r e d e a r n
fadom
0.96
No.0010
250 MCM
300 to
500 MCM
0.93
0.83
0.72
Correction Factors for Nonmagnetic Ducts.

Thr-ductor
Cables
Dotormino correct Z from corrected voluu of X and r0. No comedim is required for intedocked
armor.
f o c t m for correcting ruistoncm
f o a a for ronocting
rooctoncm, all rizm
of coblo
No. 14 to No. 00 A r g N a 0000 A r g to 750 MCM
0.17
1 .O
0.98
Per Cmt Reactonce of Typical Three-phase Cable Circuits

1000-tw lose
Per Cont Rooctonc. of 1000 Crcuit F W ~on o
I / 1 / / /
230
System rdtogo
Coblo h e ,
throo ringltcamdw9or coblw in

iron conduit................
Thrononducror coblo m iron conduit or in#-d
0rolor.d l
cable..
kao-conductor enblo in m a g neticduct..................
91.3
................... 71.8
511.5
575
2,400
4,160
6,900
13,100
No. 4 to 1 Awg
24.6
15-14
1.075
0,351
18
11.5
0.669
0.222
0.11
9.4
0.581
0.194
0.0955
14.7
Cablo siro..No.
1 /0
0.0276
0.024
No. 4/0 Awg
hrw nnglccarc)uctor
cobla in
ironconduit
n*eo-conducta cublo in imn conduit or i n t . r k c t d o-ad
coblo..
ecconductor cable in nommogwnetic+&
................
92.5
................... 68
.................. 34.8
23.2
14.83
0.953
0.318
17.1
10.9
0.6
0.2
13.72
1.1
Cable Six.,
re* singlrconductu cablu m

iron condvtt..
recconductor coblo in irom condwt or interlocked armored
coblo.
he.-conductor
coble in -magd c d w
$:
I
.............
.................... 61.4
.................. 51
0.0237
0.52 ~0.17310.01111 0.0101
250 lo 750 MCM
11.3
13-63 0.868
0.219
0.179
0.0796
0.01
0.139
O.W
0.0176
9.85
0.331
11.8
1.19
0.477
I I/
0.0943
For a~nglc-phwcueuru mult~plyvduea by 2-
APPENDIX 2
BELLE PLANT SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
A2.1
DESCRIPTION
This
coordination
OF THE WORK
work shows the short-circuit study and relay

for
distribution
the
system
entire
for
the
power-house
Belle
plant,
electrical
(one
of
biochemical sites of E.I.dupont de Nemours & Company).
the
This
plant is required to modernize power house coal handling and

electrical distribution reliability for the entire system so
that
can
greater load capacity, improved reliability and safety

be achieved for the entire sytem.
power-house
electrical
facilities
Modernization of the
will
improve
the
electrical reliability of the power house by installation of

a
46-kV feeder from the existing structure between the
new
"A1' and
"B" switch house
transformer
with
12-kV
feeder
power
house
breaker
in
will
new
7.5MVA, 46/12-kV
primary circuit switcher.
A secondary
be provided from the transformer to the
complete
the
to
with
new
!'A" switch house
secondary
air circuit
and a new incoming air
circuit breaker located in the turbine area switchgear room.

The
new
incoming
switchgear
the
circuit
breaker
in
the
turbine
area
room will be connected to, and become a part of,
12-kV switchgear. Figure A2.1 shows the system setup as
83
a block diagram.
T h i s s t u d y w i l l i n s u r e a d e q u a t e r a t i n g s of a l l t h e
air
circuit
breakers
and
proper
relay
coordination
throughout t h e system.
Utility
. W 9 9/1
,
t N t '0" 46Kv
n
Bus
B n k tb.7, IWcl
F i g u r e A2-1 Block d i a g r a m of s y s t e m s e t u p
A2.2
12-kV
AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING
Westinghouse
air
circuit
substation
breakers
as
12-kV
electric magnetic blast eight cycles

are installed at the purchased power
incoming
supply and feeder breakers.
Breaker specifications are as follows:

1.
Symmetrical three-phase rating = 500MVA
2. Continuous current rating = 1200 amperes

3.
Maximum voltage = 12-kV rms
4. Momentary rating = 37-kA rms asymmetrical,

momentary 2 s.
5. Minimum contact-parting time = 3 cycles

5. Rated interrupting time = 5 cycles
A2.3
SYSTEM ASSUMPTIONS
ANSI
calculation
voltage
The
of
circuit
procedures
Standard
fault
contains a guide
for
currents for application of AC high-
breakers
used
37.5-1969
in
rated
this
on a total current basis.

study are the same as those
suggested in ANSI standard by using
jX impedance only.
Certain simplifying assumptions were made for this

calculation which are as follows.
1.
Base MVA is 5MVA
2. Three-phase symmetrical fault
3. Line resistance is neglected
4. Fault is "bolted", that is, it has zero impedance

5. Tie breaker in 2.4kV switchgear is open,
Refer
to figure A2-2 in section A2.4 for the system single-
line diagram.
A2.4 BELLE PLANT SINGLE LINE DIAGRAU
The
used
as
line
diagram.
This diagram shows the normal distribution
represents
the best available definition of the system
and
electrical distribution switching diagram was

starting point in developing the system single-
for fault studies.

For purposes of this study, the system was defined
to
and
start at the 46-kV bus at the purchased power substation

continue through the 12-kV overhead distribution system
to transformers supplying secondary loads at 12-kV,2.4-kV or
480 volt.
Motors smaller than 50 hP were lumped together
and
as a single impedance on the secondary side of
treated
the supply transformer.

Data
conductor
on transformer impedances, transmission line
sizes
and
lengths
and bus duct capacity at the
purchased power substation were obtained from drawings.

The
single-line
diagram
used
shown in its final form in figure A2-2.
for this study is
Figure A2-2
Belle Plant Single Line Diagram
A2.5
BELLE PLANT IMPEDANCE DIAGRAMS
few
impedance diagrams are patterned after the
one line diagram.
The arrangement of elements should aid in
easy
identification of any given component in the two types
of
diagrams
(one-line
identification
circuits
into
itself
may
of
vs
impedance)
even
though
components and significant points in the
become
impossible
as the network is reduced
single-value
impedance.
The per-unit system lends
to
analysis
of
this system because of the several
voltage
levels.
A base MVA of 5MVA is assigned.
voltage
will
be
46-kV, 12-kV, 2.4-kV, and 480 volt.
current
and
base
can
then
diagrams
be
Base
impedance for each of the voltage levels
derived
for
The base
the
as
shown
in Appendix 3. Impedance
one-line diagram shown in figure A2-2 in
Appendix 2, which contains the subtransient reactance of the

system generator, the utility system reactance, and the perunit
value
of
all the transformers, feeder cables and the
motor loads is shown in figure A2-4, Appendix 2.

The
impedance
per-unit
diagram
values
(figure
for
all
components
A2-4) are derived and listed as
follows.
Utility:
X=5MVA/1020MVA=.0049 P.U.
Transformer (TI) :
on
X= (6.46%)(5MVA/lOMVA) = .0323 P .U.
Transformer(T2):
three winding transformer
Zp=1/2(ZpS+ZpT-ZST)
=1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (19.66%+7.91%-18.83%)
=
.0146 P.U.
Zs=1/2(2PS+ Z ST-Z PT)=1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (19.66%+18.83%-7.91%)
=
.0509 P.U.
ZT=1/2 (ZPT+ZST-ZPS)=1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (7.91%+18.83%-19.66%)
=
,0118 P.U.
Transformer (T3) :
X= (5.09%)(5MVA/2.8MVA)= .0909 P . U.
Transformer (T4) :
X= (5.32%)(5MVA/3.75MVA)= . 0709 P.U.
Transformer (T5) :
X= (5.39%)(5MVA/3.75MVA)= .0719 P .U.
Transformer(T6) :
X=(5.09%)(5MVA/2.8MVA)= .0909 P .U.
Transformer(T7):
X=(5.55%) (5MVA/2.OMVA)=.139 P.U.
Generator : X1'=5MVA/102MVA=.
049 P . U.
Motors :
Typical
follows.
calculation
Appendix
for
1
Xth momentary short circuit is as
will
show the multiple factors for
different size of motors.
I. Xth(momentary)=l .2(1/6) (base kVA/load kVA)
1/6 is the lock rotor current.
2.
Induction motors 50-1000 hp,
3X1r
Xth (interrupting) =3 (1/6) (base kva/load kVA)

3.
Full load current=largest motor (~vA)

/fl(kVLL)
Lock rotor current=5(full
load current)+-total load
Cables :
The
per-unit
determined
by
values
of
all
the
cable impedances can be
referring to Appendix 1 , which will show the
approximate reactances of cables for various voltage levels

These
the
values
feeders.
will
be the actual impedance (ohm) values of
The per-unit values then can be calculated by
using the following equations.

Base impedance=(base
voltage,kVLL) /base
MVA3phase
Per unit impedance=actual impedance/base impedance

Examples :
1.
12-kV feeder, 1-3/C-500MCM (50ft)

2
Base impedance= (kVLL ' base) /baseMVA3phase

Base impedance=(12kV)
Appendix
15-kV
copper
magnetic
and
/5MVA=28.8 ohms
1 section A1.3 shows the ohmic values of

aluminum
conduit per 1000ft.
cables
in
magnetic
For 1-3/C-500MCM copper cable
non-magnetic conduit, R=.0279ohms/1000ft and

X=.0317ohms/1000ft
therefore:
and non-
Z=( R ~ + x ~'I2=
) [ ( .0279)2+ ( .0317)2] I/'=.
0422ohms/1000f t
For 50ft cable;
50ft(.0422/1000ft)=.0021ohms/50ft
Per-unit impedance=.0021/28.8=.0001 P.U.
2.
2.4-kV feeder, 3-3/C-750MCM/phase, 130ft long

2
Base impedance= (2.4kV) /5MVA=1.152
Appendix 1 Section A1.4, shows the ohmic values of
5-kV cables in magnetic ducts per 100ft.

the
correction
factors
for
Section A1.5 shows
non-magnetic
1-3/C-750MCM copper cable magnetic duct,
ducts.
For
R=.00208ohms/100ft
and X=.003088ohms/100ft then Z=.003723ohms/100ft

For 3-3/C-750MCM, Z=1/3(.003723ohms/10Oft)=.0013/100ft
For 130ft, Z=130ft(.0013ohms/10Oft)=.0017 ohms
From section A1.5 correction factor for 750MCM cable in nonmagnetic ducts is 0.72, so 2=.0017(.72)=.0012 ohms
Per unit impedance=.0012/1.152=.0011 P.U.
Table
short-circuit
A2-1 in Appendix 2 shows the results of the

calculations
for
momentary and interrupting
case at different locations of the system.

will
be
used
for
This information
specifying the 12-kV switchgear, 2.4-kV
switchgear and 480-volt switchgear.
91
Multiplying
factors
for three-phase and line-to-
ground faults.
,MULTIPLYINGFACTORS FOR E / X AMPERES
Figure A 2 - 3 multiplying factors [2]
Figure A2-4
Belle P . l a n t Simplified Impedance Diagram
A2.6
BELLE PLANT SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION
CASE 1: Momentary short-circuit calculation for fault "A"at

12-kV bus as shown in figure A2-1 and A2-5.
The
system
simplified
impedance
is shown on figure A2-4.
diagram for the entire
The equivalent circuit for
the impedance diagram is shown on figure A2-5 and A2-6.
Figure A2-5 The equivalent circuit for the impedance diagram
The
Wye-Delta
transformation
for
fault
"A" is
shown on figure A2-7.

MVASC=BASE MVA/XthP.U.=5MVA/.0188=416MVA
-BASE MVA/
(kVLL BASE) 103=5 (lo6) /12 (lo3) ~ = 2 4 A
0
IBASEISC'IBASE /XthP.U.=240/.0188=20,000.00A
'Tp,u,
1
Infinite Ru
Infinite Bus
mgQTA
,kw
P.u.
0 P*u*
,85337
D.il7*i/Zb+iizcrJ82.e C
Za&DZ~W(,W9)(.OiG)=,8216p,u.
&DZbfc=382(.81G)(.83397)=.
1487 p.u.
Z;lcrDZdc=W(.W9)(.83397)=.8583 p.u.
Inf initr Bus

I
Infinite Bus
I
Figure A2-6 Simplified equivalent circuit
By siylifing thr &ow circuit w get:

Infinite Bus
ee49
.P.U.
5263
P.U.
,8146
p*u.
8123
p.u.
*em
P*U.
"
"
Fault 'A'
To s i y l i Q this portin of t h c i r r i t . W-DELTA trrrrfmtim
is brar wrd.
Figure A2-7 The WYE-DELTA transformation
95
CASE 2: Interrupting short-circuit calculation for fault

I 1 All
The
system
simplified
impedance
is shown on figure A2-4.
diagram for the entire
The equivalent circuit for
the impedance diagram is shown on figure A2-8.
Infinitr RJS
Figure A2-8 The equivalent circuit (interrupting case)
The
Wye-Delta
transformation
for
fault
"A" is
shown on figure A2-9.
-BASE M V A / (kYLL
~
BASE) 103=5 ( l o 6 ) / 1 2 (103)\/T = 2 4 0 A
IBASE-
IS C=IBASE /XthP . U . = 2 4 0 / . 0 1 3 2 = 1 8 , 2 0 0 . 0 0 A
The
used
for
same
other
calculations
for
method
locations
other
of short circuit calculation is

of
the
points
in
system.
Result
the system is shown in
table A2-1.
Infinite Bus
Infinite Bus
UYE
Infinite Bus
-> DELTA
Infinite Wu
I
T
Figure A2-9 The
of
WYE-DELTA transformation
T a b l e A2-1 R e s u l t of B e l l e P l a n t S h o r t - C i r c u i t S t u d y
----.
F a u l t Location
Momentary S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t ;i
B a s e 5 MVA
Amperes
MVP.s~
I
--
.-----
.--
..-----
F a u l t "B" 46 KV
Fault
l f ~ l l
46 KV
14,326
F a u l t "A" 1 2 KV
19,400
F a u l t "D" 2 . 4 KV
17,480
F a u l t "El1 2 . 4 KV
27,097
F a u l t "F" 2 . 4 KV
F a u l t "MIf 2 . 4 KV
10,400
Ii
F a u l t "I" 4 8 0 V
F a u l t "K" 480 V
..
---
40,880
63,123
64,317
F a u l t Location
1140
17,660
F a u l t " N " 2 . 4 KV
1140
L
53
-.....-..
Interrupting Short Circuit
B a s e 5 MVA
Amperes
F a u l t "B" 4 6 KV
14,036
F a u l t "C" 46 KV
14,036
F a u l t "A" 1 2 KV
18,178
378
F a u l t "Dlf 2 . 4 KV
13,136
52
F a u l t "Elf 2 . 4 KV
22,396
89
F a u l t "F" 2 . 4 KV
12,923
51
F a u l t "MI1 2 . 4 KV
8,010
32
F a u l t "N" 2 . 4 KV
37,240
148
F a u l t "1"480 V
48,440
40
1 F a u l t "K" 480 V
48,600
40
MvAsc
1121
1121
APPENDIX 3
BELLE PLANT GENERATOR AND BUS PROTECTION
A3.1
BELLE PLANT GENERATOR PROTECTION
TYPE CA PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 10% (WESTINGHOUSE) [8]

The
type
CA
generator relay is available in two
designs: one for 10 percent sensitivity and the other for 25

percent sensitivity. Figure A3-1 shows the operating curves
for
10
percent
sensitivity. That means 10 percent of the
smaller restraint current must flow in the operating coil to

cause tripping when the restraining currents are in phase.
One
setting
is required for this relay, that is,
the setting of the time dial.
This setting should be on the
number one position as manufacturer recommended

The
only
setting
required
on
the
indicating
contactor switch (ICS) unit is the selection of the 0.2 A or

2.0
volt
tap
setting.
Since this relay is energizing a 125
d-c relay switch in this system, the 0.2
instead of 2.0 A tap.

set time dial 1, figure A3-1.
ICS (indicating contactor switch) . 2 amps
A tap is used
CWC GENERATOR GROUND A-C DIRECTIONAL OV3RCURRENT RELAY [9]

The
following information is required to set this
relay:
1) The
maximum
fualts
at
and
the
minimum
relay
ground
and
fault
current for
at the remote bus.
These
values should be residual current which is three times

the zero sequence current.
2) The
maximum
voltage
should
and
values
be
minimum
for
residual
the
polarizing current
faults above.
(IU) or
These values
current which is three times the
zero sequence values.
Cuur 5.rr-
H;
La t .
#&.A
rc%v e u i
ZOO/*
SFF
YRCT
Ull.Z,'l4
uua-
occa3Sq
3) The
current transformer ratios (C.T.) of the main and
polarizing current transformer.
CASE 1: Tie breaker is closed and generator is down.

Since
generator
is
down,
either
fault
F1 or F2 can see
current I1
R=M (I1/IU),for the 0.25 to 4.0 product range

Iprimary (polarizing)=50 A, C.T. ratio=50/5=10/1
Isecondary (polarizing)=50 A, C.T. ratio=50/5=10/1
Secondary current
(Iu)=Iprimary /C.T. ratio=50/10=5
Secondary current
(I1)=Isecondary/C.T. ratio=50/10=5
Product of
(IUXT1)
=25 and IU/I1=l.0
With tap product=25,
R limit constant should be 4.0or 5.0.
OCCRATINO C O K A Y C C R C S
Figure A3-1
Typical time curves for the 10% sensitivity type
CA generator relay [8]
R=M
( 1 I u ) select
upper tap=l.O and lower tap=0.25 from
table A3-1, then M=4.0 from the table A3-1.
Multiple of tap product=I1.Iu/(upper tap)(lower
tap)
=25/1( .25)=I00
from
dial=2
figure
A3-3
at multiples of tap product=100 and time
then operating time=.09 s .
Note :
The
typical
time
curves
for the type CWC relay
apply i f the values of (R) falls within the shaded area of

the
curve
shown
on
current is greater than
figure
A3-3,
and if neither relay
(K) in amperes.
Figure A.3-2 limits for application of the CWC time curve[9]
WLTlPLU OC TAP CIOOYCT
Figure
A3-3
typical
time
curves
of
- -
the
current coils in series [ 9 ] .
type CWC relay
Total time = operating time
+ relay time + breaker time
Total time = 0.09 s + 2(0.0167) + S(0.0167) = .21 s

The
relay 50/GN has 0.5 s delay, this allows 0.29 s
ground
for resetting of the 50/GN relay.
CASE 2: Tie breaker is closed and the generator is on.

IU(polarizing)
Since
By
= 50amps.
is on, fault F1 and F2 see 11+12=100 A, so
generator
using
figure
A3-2
and table A3-1, for the 0.25 to 4.0
product range M=4.0

I,=lOO A
I1/IU=lOO A/50 A=2, R=M(I1/IU)
Multiple of tap product

from
figure
= (10) (5) /1(
R=4 (100/50) =8
.25)=200
A3-3 at multiple of tap product= 200, and time
dial=2, operating time will be .065 s

Total time= .065 + 2(.0167)
+ 5(.0167)=. 18 s
Time to reset 50/GN relay=.5-.18=.32 s
Since
the calculated value of delay time for this
relay
is
proper
delta
wye ground transformer, then relay setting will be as
follows:
Set: Upper tap=l
Lower tap=.25
Time dial=2
for coordination with the ground relay on
ITH generator ground relay (westinghouse)

This
relay
is
factory set for minimum pickup of
0.25 amperes, no setting was required for this relay.

Set: All ITH relays on minimum pickup .25amps.
Device 59G generator over voltage relay

The
P.T.=
transformer,
permitted
relay
is
energized
12000/120=100
from
volts,
maximum
potential
voltage
on generator continuously is about 105 percent or
1.05(120)=126
volts.
120 volts relay set at tap=5 designed
to operate at 122 volts, then 122/120 = 1.016 percent, Relay

is
factory set for
tap = 5 and lever = 10, field to adjust
per curve shown on figure A3-4.
104 percent continuous over
voltage limit is desired.
Device 53G volts per hertz relay

SVF
Type
volt/hertz
for
.lvolt/hertz
maximum.
form
2E1, hitachi, maximum permissable
generator
increment.
is
1 . 2 per-unit.
Relay setable
Relay setting of 1.9 volt/hertz is
This relay was set at factory for 1.2 volt/hertz.
Device 60G voltage balance relay

Type SDV3 form W-3E2, hitachi, these voltages will
normally be balanced.
be selected.
Therefore most sensitive setting will
This relay was set at factory for 1 0 volts.
Device 64F field ground relay

Relay
used,
because
single
of
field
form C-Dl, hitachi, this relay is
circuits
are operated ungrounded.
ground fault will not damage or affect the operation

generator
single
SG
type
in
any
way.
However, the existence of a
ground fault increases the stress to ground at other
points in the field winding when voltages are induced in the

field by stator
transients [ 4 ] .
This relay is factory set,
therefore no setting is required for this relay.
Device 27G high speed under-voltage relay

Type
agiven
at
W3-UT21-21
E2,
value of under-voltage,
this
relay
functions
The dropout is normally set
80 to 90 percent of normal voltage.
approximately
on
This
relay is factory set for maximum value of voltage 95 volt.
KLF loss of excitation relay (Westinghouse)

Refer
capability
to
figure
curve.
A3-5
to see generator reactive
The machine capability curve on figure
A3-6, was generated from figure A3-5.

been
drawn
on
an
A reactive circle has
R-X diagram. The equivalent generator
impedance traces a path from first quadrant into a region of

the
fourth quadrant that is entered only when excitation is
severely
reduced
or
lost.
By
encompassing this region
107
within the relay characteristic, the relay will operate when
the
generator
field
breaker
first starts to slip poles and will trip the

and disconnect the generator from the system
before either the generator or the system can be harmed.
As
shown on figure A3-6 ZA-1.98 and R=1.03.

= [ (KV)2 / ~ [ ~
(RC/RV)
~ ] ]=12'/14.564
'base
ZA=l.98(19.776)=39.16 ohms.
(200/100) =19.776 ohms
Zc=.08(19.776)=1.58 ohms.
(SA) must be greater than or equal Z
'base
A' therefore:
19.7(SA)>
39.16, then SA must be atleast 3.0, so set S
A
TA=ZA/SA=39.16/3=13.05, set TA on tap=11.5
MA= [TA SA/ZA] -I= [ll.5 (3)/39.16] - ( 9 ), set MA =-0.12

This requires: L, lead on .03 and R, lead on upper .06
Actual Z=TA SA/(1-MA)=11.5(3)/(1-.12)=39.2
39.16/39.2=99.88% of
SC
for 6(Sc)>1.58.
setting required.
Set ZC=1,58, set
SC=l minimum tap so set S C = l
tap closest to Zc/Sc=1.58/1=1.58.
Set TC tap=1.84
Mc= [(TCXSC) /ZC]-I= [I.84(1) /I.581 -I=.165

Set MC for 0.15, L(1ead upper)=.06 and R(lead)=O.O
ZC=1.84(1)/(1+.15)=1.6
1.58/1.6=98.75% of required setting.
Set under voltage unit at 77% (factory set check).
Set TC
Figure A3-4 Generator Overvoltage Curve.
Figure A3-5 Generator .Reactive Capability Curve.
Figure A 3 - 6
Generator Capability Curve,
CRN-1 Reverse power relay (Westinghouse)

Set
seconds.
relay
detect monitoring in approximate 6
to
time dial of 2 for 120 volts.
Using
Set timing
relay at 30 seconds (Agastat) to trip the generator.
COQ Generator negative sequence relay (westinghouse)

hitachi generator data C.T.ratio = 1000/5 or
From
-701
Ifullload--
200/1 and
amperes. 701/200 = 3.505
Set relay: Tap=3.5 A

Time dial = 4.0 and ICS = .2 A
SDF-1 Under frequency relay (westinghouse) r101

Figure
actual
A3-7 shows the effect of time delay on the
frequency
at
which
tripping
declining
frequency
conditions.
frequency
continues
to
for
the
relay
takes
placeunder
The curves show how the
drop in the time interval required
to operate after its frequency set point is
crossed.
For
constant
example, suppose that for a system of inertia
H=2,
it
is
required
for any overload upto 46 percent.
below
57.5Hz
relay
is set to trip at 59.2Hz.
figure
6Hz/s
A3-7
rate
that the frequency not dip
indicates
of
that
decline.
Assume the
The scale at the bottom of
46 % overload will cause a
The SDF-1 relay with 15 cycles of
delay setting will close its trip contact when the frequency
112
has
dropped
overload
1.7Hz below the set point, or 57.5Hz, for this
condition.
acceptable
time
Thus
delay
15
setting
cycles
to
is
the
maximum
obtain
the
desired
protection.
In this system the relay is set to trip at 57.5Hz,
30
cycles
frequency
delay
relay
provided.
Breaker No.1 and No.10 under
are set to trip at 58.5 Hz(3 cycle delay).
Refer to figure A3-7.
DT-3 Generator temperature relay (westinghouse) rll]

Normal
setting
for
this
type
of
relay is 120
degree centigrade. Since this relay alarms high temperature

only,
set
relay
at
115
degrees
C to provide operator a
pre-warning to increase cooling water supply.
RATE OF FREQUENCY
H-2
H=4
10
20
10
20
30
40
50
30
D E C L I N E . HZ / SEC.
40
60
70
80
1
90
60
100
120
140
APPROX. PERCENT SYSTEM OVERLOAD

CONSTANT WITH FREQUENCY AND PF
H = SYSTEM INERTIA CONSTANT, KW-SECMVA
(ASSUME LOAD
70
50
.as)
Fig k3-7 SDF-1 Relay Tripping Delay Under Declining

Fig
A3-7
SDF-1 Relay Tripping Delay Under Declining
Frequency Conditions [lo]
CVE-1 Syncheck relays (Westinghouse) [ I 2 1

For
as
follows:
breaker No.10 (in unit No.4) CVE-1 setting is

The time dial should be set so that the relay
will not operate when the system are swinging too fast. From
figure
A3-8
(Westinghouse)
for
a 20 degree circle as the
relay calibrated from factory, set the time dial setting =1,
then the operating time will be about 2.8 seconds.
It
time
dial
is
equal
recommended by the manufacturer to set the

11, when 60 degree circle setting is used
and time dial of 4 when 40 degree circle is used.
Figure 113-8 Operating time variations with changes in

time-dial settings.
Rated in phase voltage on
both circuits, 20, 40 and 60 degrees circle

setting
[I21
Automatic synchronizer W
The
to
be
U (Westinghouse)
following are suggested settings and may have
altered
in field due to various voltage differences
that occur.
Voltage acceptor: Lower limit 110 volts
Upper limit 120 volts
Difference limit 5 volts
Voltage matcher 2 volts times 3 second
Pulse duration time .25 second
Field
check closing times of all synchronizing breaker and
set EQ breaker closing equalizer.
A3.2 BUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION [13]
KAB
relay
of
bus
the
differential
is an instantaneous
high impedance type used for bus protection.
The
following
type
KAB relay application.
1)
relay
points
should be considered on any proposed
All ct's in the bus differential circuit should have the

same ratio and should be operated on their full tap.
2) The leakage impedance of the ct's should be low.

3)
To
insure a substantial margin of operation on internal
faults,
than
the
knee
voltage
voltage
unit
should not be set any higher
Vk, value
of
poorest
ct which is
connected to the relay.
4)
To
insure a substantial margin for preventing the relay
from operation on external faults, the knee voltage value

of
the best ct which is connected to the relay should be
used to determine value of (RS+RL)IF/NVK
The
knee
extention
saturation
in figure A3-9.
voltage
is defined as the intersection of the
of
two
the
curve,
straight
ordinate
line
and
portions
abscissa
of the
must be same
scale for each decade.

5)
The maximum number of circuits which can be connected to

the
to
relay or the minimum internal fault current required

operate the relay can be estimated from the following
equation
Imin=(XI,+IR+IV)N
Imin=minimum
,where
current,
RMS. Ie=ct
secondary
voltage.
equal
,the
IR--Current
in
in
varistor
value
of
to
internal
excitation current at a
setting
value
V-unit.
at
N=ct
of
V-unit.
VR. I ~ C u r r e n t
V-unit at setting voltage
circuit
fault
a voltage equal to the setting
turn's
ratio and X=Number of
circuits connected to the bus.
Device
maximum
ground
fault
is
the
transformer ground and the generator ground.

Maximum ground fault=50A+50A=100 Amps
Switchgear short circuit available=500
3 Phase symmetrical f ault=500
1200/5 CT,
MVA
M V A / (~1 2 ~ =24
~ ) KA
VK, voltage Knee=160 volt, N=1200/5=240
sum
of
Current Transformer resistance= R
=.471 ohms
One way lead resistance 80ft of #14 wire=RL=.156
Voltage unit setting (3 phase fault)

C.T. Saturation Factor=(RS+RL)IF/N.VK=.392
Margin Factor, K=1.32, found from figure A 3 - 9 .
Relay voltage, VR=K(R S+RL)IF/N, then VR=82 volt,
so pick the relay voltage, VR=90 volts.
Current unit setting
( R +R
~ L)IF/N=63 From figure A3-10
Unit setting=3 A (rms)
2.4KV
Bus
differential
type KAB relay, Westinghouse style
NO. 6668D37A12 87 device.
Switchgear rating = 200 MVA

Maximum fault = 48,000 A
Minimum fault = 24,000 A
Maximum ground fault = 340 A
C.T. 2000/5 = 400/1 =
Knee voltage = 240 volts = VK

C.T. DC Resistance = .858ohms = RS
One way lead resistance = .032 (50ft of # 8) = RL
R S+RL- . 8 9 ohms
Current unit setting (instantaneous 3-48 amps)
( R +R
~ L) IF/N= ( .89) (48,000amps/400) =106.8
From figure A3-10
Figure A3-9
setting is 3 amperes.
KAB Relay Voltage Unit Setting[l3].
Voltage unit setting (75-300 VAC)

C
.T .
Saturation Factor = (RS+RL) I F / N . VK
C . T. Saturation Factor
= .89(48,000amps) /400(240)= .445
From figure A3-9, margin factor, K> .95

VR=K (RS+RL) IF/N=.95 ( .89 ohms) (48,000amps) /400
101.5
Pick relay voltage, VR = 120 volts

Check minimum fault current required to operate the relay.
= 6 circuits
IE = .015 A
VR=120 volts
1 . 0A
Figure A3-10 KAB Relay Current Unit Setting[l3]
APPENDIX 4
BELLE PLANT TRAiiSFORMER PROTECTION
A4.1
TYPE HU-1 TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY r14]
(Westinghouse)
In
and
check
order
current
to
calculate the required tap settings
transformer
performance
the following
information is required.
1) Maximum transformer power rating (KVA)M

2) Maximum external fault currents
3) Voltage ratings of power transformer (VH,VI,VL)
4) One
way current transformer lead resistance at 25 degree
ormer copnections (wye or delta)

5) Current tr-ansf
6) ct secondary winding resistance, RS
Definition of terms
IP-Primary current at (KVA)M

IR=Relay input current at (KVA)M
IRH IRL IRI are
)
same
as
IR except for high, low and
intermediate voltage sides respectively.

IS=CT secondary current at (KVA)
T=Relay tap setting.
TH ,TL ,TI-T except for high, low and intermediate voltage

winding, respectively.
N=Number of current transformer turns that are in use.
NP-N/N T (Proportion of turns in use)

NT=Current transformer ratio, full tap
ZA-Burden impedance of any devices other than HU-1 relay
Iext .
=Maximum
symmetrical
external
fault
current
in
secondary RMS amperes.

ZT=Total
secondary
burden
in
ohms
(excluding
transformer winding resistance.)
Calculation procedure
Three-winding transformer bank N0.7
High
Intermediate
(KVA)M= 15MVA
(KVA)M= 15MVA
Low
(KVA)M= 15MVA
current
1)
Selection of C.T. ratio
I, (high)=15,OOOKYA/: 5' (46KV)=I88 A
300/5 C . T. ratio
1 ~ ( i n t e r m . ) = 1 5 , 0 0 0 ~ ~ (12KV)=721
~/'~~
A 1200/5 C .T. ratio
I (low) =l5,OOOKVA/'F
(2.4KV)=3600 A 5000/5 C.T. ratio
P
2)
Selection of relay taps
Is(high) =Ip/N=188/60=3. 13 A
IS(interm.) =Ip/N=721/240=3.0 A
IS(low)=I,/N=3600/1121=3.22
IR(high) =Is(high) =3.13 A

IR(interm.)=IS (interm.)=3.0 A
IR(low) =IS(low)=3.22 A
TAPhigh=TH=3.
2 (3.13/3.22)=3.11
TAPinterm.=TI-3.2 (3.0/3.22)=2.98
TAPlOw=TL=3.2
3)
Mismatch calculation
High side
%Mismatch=100 [(IRhigh/IRinterm. ) - (TH/TI) ] /S
S=The smaller of IRhigh/IRinterm. or TH/TI
TH/TI=3.2/2.9=1.10 and IRhigh/IRinterm.=3.13/3.0=1.043
Then S=1.043
%Mismatch=100(1.043-1.103)/1.043=-5.79
Intermediate side
%M=lOO [ (1,intex-m. /IRlow) - (TI/TL) 1 / S
T /T -2.9/3.2=.906 and I interm./I low=3.0/3.22=.932
I LR
R
Then S=.906
%M=100(.932-.906)/.906=2.87%
Low side
%M=lOO [ (IRlow/IRhigh) - (TL/TH) ] /S
IR low/IRhigh=3.22/3.13=1.0288 and TL/TH=3.2/3.2=1.0

Then S=1.0
%M=lOO(l.O288-l.O)/l.O=2.88
4)
Check C.T. performance for WYE connection

High side
ZT=1.13RL+0.15/T +Z ohms, where R =.I63 Q 75 degree
H A
ZT=1.13(.5)+0.15/3.2=.61 ohms
Np=N/NT=60/60=1
NP(VCL/lOO)>ZT,
since 1(100/100)>.61, then it is 0.k.
Intermediate side
C.T.=1200/5
RL=.471 Q 75 degree=.396 Q 25 degree
ZT=1.13RL+.15/TI=1.13(.396)+.15/2.9
ZT-.499 ohms, Np=N/NT=240/240=1, VCL=200

Np(VCL/lOO)>ZT,
since 1(200/100)>.499,
then it is 0.k.
Low side
HU-1 style 290B346A10 setting are as follows.

Instantaneous = 3 times of tap setting
Pickup = . 3 times of tap setting
Taps available = 2.9, 3.2, 3.5, 3.8, 4.2, 4.6, 5.0, 8.7
Setting used, (Thigh'3.2,
Tintermz3
'
T ~ o=3.2)
w
Type SC circuit switcher relay (Westinghouse) r151

The
Wide
the
type
SC
current
relay is adjustable over a
range
of voltage or current and can be calibrated for
proper
pickup setting. The type that is used here is a
d-c, 25 to 60hz frequency with a current adjustable range of
40
to
160 A, with a maximum continuous current equal 40 A.
Dropout ratio for a-c is between 90-98% and for d-c would be
65-80%.
The proper adjustments to insure correct operation
of this relay have been made at the factory.
Range=40-160 amps.
Circuit switcher interrupting rating =8,000A
for primary faults. Primary C.T. ratio=200/5=40/1
125
160(40/1)=6400
amps, maximum current which will operate
the
Since circuit switcher has to clear the fault
relay.
before
No.2
primary feeder and coordinate with overcurrent
relay on bank No.1 then, the instantaneous setting =I60 A as

shown in Appendix 5 section A5.1.
126
APPENDIX 5
- BELLE PLANT OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DETAILED
DRAWINGS
A 5 . 1 "A" s w i t c h h o u s e , Bank N o . 1 and 1 2 k V B u s " D M
A5.1 continued
Refer
to Appendix 6 section A6.2 for selection of type CO-9
relay curves.
A 5 . 2 ECR No.6, 12kV Bus "A"
FROM IZKV
2
UNIT
SWGR
A5.2 continued
Refer
to Appendix 6 sections A 6 . 1 and A 6 . 2 for selection of
type CO-7 and CO-9 relay curves respectively.
r u 4 i~L
clALn/Fz43n
c m ~ mrm
r
Ln
A 5 . 3 ECR No.6 , 12kV Bus "B"
A5.3 continued
Refer
relay curves.
A5.4 Co-generation generator
ZEPO SEQUENCE
!'
NOTE: REFER TO W615413 FOR hE TAl LED

G E N E R A T O R RELAY SINGLE LINE
DIAGRAM.
A 5 . 4 continued
A 5 . 5 Bank No.7 feeder No.18
A5.5 continued
Refer
relay curves.
A 5 . 6 2.4kV 600hp motor river pump house
A 5 . 6 continued
A 5 . 7 2.4kV 4 5 0 h p motor boiler feeder pump No.5
CuQRErJT
RELAY
# 5 B ~ I C E RFEEDWATER
PUMP
A5.7 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.9 for selection of type AA12P
overload relay curves. Fuse curves are shown in Appendix 7.
-------- -.--
- - -,,*--
.----..--.-.
--:
------.
-----.-A
I
.-,--...-.----
---
.
1
.
.,.*-
. . L
... .
..
-..-..
. - - - ----,
U v L r m r ruu cunxrwr IN A
n s x a X & A T ~xv.
A
- -- - . -
- -
A 5 . 8 2.4kV 7 5 h p m o t o r a s h pump
Z 4 K V UNIT 3 A
p;RuADa
(3
50/5
L.R.
OVER
CURREUT
RELAY
A5.8 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.9 for selection of type AA12P
overload relay curves. Fuse curves are shown in Appendix 7.
N A I L CI
/%-A
--
mmarrcrIS_n
a l m H
cr
&
m rm r r r rn
nnmnro-H
1 U I L -
Cf -,%-A
cmlr miu
Imr mu *
n
u
l
m u R - X
A5.9 2.4kV 200hp motor recirculating pump
A 5 . 9 continued
A5.10 2.4kV 200hp motor F . D . fan boilers No.6 & 9
UNIT
F.D. FACJ
68
A5.10 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.4 for selection of type CON-5
overcurrent
relay curves.
are shown in section A6.9.
Type AA12P overload relay curves
A 5 . 1 1 2.4kV f e e d e r s , s h e e t No.1 & Bank No.60
.AN<
'60
5250 KVA
I2KV /2.4KV
&,
A5.11 continued
Refer
relay curves.
MULTIPLY $CALL C U R R E N T IN A M P E R E S
X =AT-?&
KV
A5.12 2.4kV f e e d e r s , s h e e t No.2 & Bank No.59
SECIPC,
PUMP
A 5 . 1 2 continued
Refer
to Appendix 6 section A 6 . 2 for selection of type CO-9
relay curves.
A5.13 2.4kV f e e d e r s , ECR No.5
A.f? CO. %KV
BANK
4GKV
4CKY
*7
1 5M V A
IZKV
IZKY
A 5 . 1 3 continued
Refer
to
selection
Appendix
of
respectively.
type
sections A 6 . 1 , A 6 . 2 and A 6 . 3 for the
CO-7,
CO-9
and
CO-11
relay
curves
A5.14 2.4kV 15Ohp motor boiler No.10 mills
A5.14 continued
Refer
type
to Appendix 6 sections A6.4 and A6.9 for selection of
COM-5 overcurrent relay curves and type AA12P overload
relay curves.
A 5 . 1 5 2.4kV 550hp motor I . D . f a n boilers No.14 & 15
UNIT 4 A
UNIT 4 6
A 5 . 1 5 continued
Refer
type
to Appendix 6 sections A6.4 and A 6 . 9 for selection of

COM-5
overcurrent relay curves and type AA12P overload
relay curves.
-+-nn
TY__ IL
er
nanmrrcr>
al
mlDAsl
mr-m-I2
--
1
U
1
1
-
' 5 - n
c w n mrrcr
n
CT
.n ma-um
ur-m-x
'
CI
'OAT=
KV.
-,
/
U IL
L-/I
n
mm3usMUL'flPLT Sa2AI.X CU8EXNT IN A Y P I I C I
A 5 . 1 6 2.4kV 4 0 0 h p motor I . D . f a n boilers No.6 & 9
UNIT 4A
UNIT 4 8
A5.16 continued
Refer
type
to
Appendix 6 section A6.4 and A6.9 for selection of
relay curves.
(n
roowe
4-
cr. -R--n
NLllRUM&#V
mr m m w R
cr. a ,%>/I
m ~ mrm
r Ll
LV
N%TLL_!
Lr-,%
c:m11 YalW
NI-;anvrunr
m1'mb
an
BLLI
rm-
L I
cm
i 11Y a r m
-<'
A5.17 4 8 0 V feeders, ECR No.8 sheet 1
A5.17 continued
Refer
type

Amptector
11-A and type DSL-206 Limiters. Appendix 7
shows the selection of type LPS-RK Buss fuses.
A 5 . 1 8 4 8 0 V f e e d e r s , ECR No.8 s h e e t 2
BLR* 9 MCC
=Rat4
MCC
BLR'ISUCC
AS.18 continued
Refer
type

Amptector
11-A and type DSL-206 Limiters. Appendix 7
shows the selection of type LPS-RK Buss fuses.
A 5 . 1 9 480V feeders, ECR No.8 sheet 3
AS.19 continued
Refer
type
to Appendix 6 sections A6.7 and A 6 . 8 for selection of

Arnptector
11-A and DSL-206 limiters. Appendix 7 shows
the selection of type LPS-RK Buss fuses.
A 5 . 2 0 2.4kV 5 5 0 h p motors
I.D. f a n boiler No.10
A5.20 continued
Refer
type
relay curves.
APPENDIX
WESTINGHOUSE
OVER VOLTAGE AND
OVERCURRENT,
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY CURVES [ 7 ] , [16]

A 6 . 1 T y p e CO-7
Over C u r r e n t R e l a y [ 7 ]
V)
Q
2
0
U
W
M U L T I P L E S OF TAP VALUE CURRENT

Typical Time C u r v e o i t h e T y p e C O - 7
Relay
9 10
12 14 16 18 20
A6.2 Type CO-9 Over Current Relay[7]
'TYP T C:V,'T Ty1E C U R V E S

'1,Y 1' 1: LO- $1
OVER CURRENT RELAY
M U L T i P L E S OF T A P V A L U E C U R R E H T
T,r
cul T
C , r v e q i thr T v o e
CO 9
RCIO~
A 6 . 3 Type
TIME D I A L
SETTING
HULTIPLES OF TAP VALUE CURRENT
T y p , c o l Trme C u r v e o i the T y p e
C O -l i Relay
A6.4 Type COM-5 Over Current R e l a y [ l ? ]

I
'
I , ,
,.*
TYPICAL T I M E CURVES
OVER CURRENT R E L A Y
M U L T I P L E S OF TAP VALUE CURRENT
8 910
AB.5 T y p e CV-2 U n d e r Voltage Relay[lG]

32
TYPICAL T I M E CURVES
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
v)
16
0
U
W
v)
14
12
10
1)
1C
2C
30
40
50
60
7G
80
90
0
1OC
P E A C E N T TAP V A L U E V O L T A G E
TIP,cal60-crcle T ~ , ~ W C U ~
or* tho
O S t y p o C V 2 S h o e T ; m * Undorvoltope R e l o r .
A 6 . 6 Type CV-7
Over a n d Under V o l t a g e R e l a y [ l G ]
T r P . < a l Y 1 - c y c ~ +t ~ m rc v r e x o f t h e t y p e C V 7 I h r r T . 0 . Ow..
o l d Umd.rroltap*
R.iey,
A6.7 Type Amptector II-A Time-Current Characteristics[l8]
CURRENT IN MULTIPLES OF SENSOR RATING
CURRENT IN MULTIPLES OF SENSOR R l T l N G
A 6 . 8 Type DSL-206 L i m i t e r s [ 1 8 ]
A 6 . 9 Two p o l e t y p e AA12P Overload Relay
"
- M
"
IN SECONDS
"
'
---"I
I
---.--. . .--
nME
- n - - - -
,.__,
LIW'
TRIP
--
- - A--L,
&-I
.-.-.-
L+--J--&+
-.+-,-_LJ--.
--..-,.z
I
-
II
_ . . - ' . n . . o
TRIP T \ M E 'N .(SFCONDS
I.
L.
,#
G.
. .
" "
"
"
c,
.
)
U
..--;
-.
"- -
.(
-3
. ..
- .- .. .
---&i
i..---Lm - T f --I7
3
f $ 'i~bl'tj
A 6 . 9 Continued
- -
- - - - o
TRIP TlPAE IN SECONDS

- . - - I .
I.
...........
-- - --
." . . . . . ... . . .
'"
-
+:-
'
., ,.o - .-
0
0
,_ _.
---,
--
-----
---.
...?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . -. .,. . .,.
,
> - .
--+
4
1,.
-0
. ! *
'.-. . . . . . . .
.
.
., & , , . .
--
"
. . . . . . . .
.
. . < . .
'r)
. .
. . . . . . . . .
.
.I
-c
7 . y
L l n O i - . - & - -
uo---
..........
--.--..
- 1 ,
-,..-..-+-8
---- -,. +Ail). .-----.

I--;
- - - ------
-_-A
TRtP T I H E
---i-.-
--,-.----
3-t
. .' - r
I
..........,..................
...
I.:
;-.,
: - , .
--,
....
_ . _ _ - - .. . . . . . . . .
-.-2 Zd:6i
SECO&JDf
f IIS6,jf
1.-
.,A.
b:
A 6 . 9 Continued
f R I P TIME IN SECONDS
4hl, ----
.- .
...
xw
.m
.
-. .-
.l
I . .
- - --.
...-
,i-.-
+
~ --,.- + - k. t f "----i-C
- l.--. - ----- r
.
i+*
..
L.-.
-----..
--I
-..
. - ",
"
4.-
..
-..
. . . . .
-. . . . . . . . . . .
. - - - i d .
6.--
.
I:
I . -.
. ! :... .--r.-. :
. .
. .
L I-
::
.
.
3m
...
. .
........
.-----.
-T7
., - 4 -.w
7:-=-
r r g r z x i
T R I P TIWE IN S E C O N D S .
"
2
522i!?f
1rZa
A 6 . 9 Continued
IN SECONDS
TRlP TtME
LX:,
- l .
----------. .
...
. r
-----i . ? .
..-.--.---...A-
L...
--..
.-..
L..
-.,
-.
-.---.
. , #
, ,.
i--1--7-
ta
-.
.-
- -. - -..--
..
I
.
.
-.-,
,
--*
<,.*.
rur
-0
.-------.-,--.-..
: .,- --.--.---: -..-. :--!A_
--;..-____
,-,-r*+-,l---.--*
__;
--, .
-----..
- ..
-..-1 . L - I
-.--..
- . . --.. ...-..-- --. . - .
._A
'
"
- - - a -
L
U
. ..-----
_ _ #
TRlP T I W E IN S E C O N D S
'
.-.
-1
8Z.i:
f 5 3
1M
\..-
A 6 . 9 Continued
T R I P TIME IN SECONDS
A 6 . 9 Continued.
APPENDIX 7 - BUSS FUSES CURVES

A7.1 Type LPS-RK(R.Kl) LOW
- PEAK Dual-Element Fuses (600v) [I91
Minimum Melting Tlme-Current Characteristic Curves
L47.2 Type
KRP-C H I - C A P F u s e s ( 6 0 0 ~[I91
)
Total Clearing Tlme-Current Characteristic Curves
APPENDIX 8
AND FUNCTIONS
ASA DEVICE NUMBERS
A8.1 ASA DEVICE NUMBERS
AND FUNCTIONS
Each device in an automatic switching equipment has

a
device
within
function
the
device
number
which
symbol
on
is placed adjacent to or
all
wiring
diagrams
and
arrangement
drawings so that its function and operation may
be
identified. These numbers are based on a system
readily
which
the
was
adopted
American
The
as standard for Automatic Switchgear by
Standards
following
Association
is
list
and
of
appear
FUNCTION
ASA
device numbers and
functions as taken from this standard.

DEVICE No.
in
AND DEFINITION
.1
Master Element
Time delay Starting or Closing Relay
Checking or Interlocking relay

Master Contactor
Stopping Device
Starting Circuit Breaker
Anode Circuit Breaker
Control Power Disconnecting Device
Reversing Device
Unit Sequence Device
Reversed for future application
Overspeed Device
Synchronous speed Device
Underspeed Device
Speed or Frequency Matching Device
Shunting or Discharge Switch
Accelarating or Decelerating Device
Starting to Run Transition Contactor
Electrically Operated Valve
Distance Relay
Equalizer Circuit Breaker
Temperature Control Device
Synchronizing or synchronism Check Device
Apparatus Thermal Device
Undervoltage Relay
Reserved for future application
Isolating Contactor
Annunciator Relay
Separate Excitation Device
Direction power Relay
Position Switch
Motor Operated Sequence Switch
Brush operating or Slip ring Short cir. Device
Polarity Device
Undercurrent or Under power Relay

Bearing Protective Device
Field Relay
Field Circuit Breaker
Running Circuit Breaker
Manual Transfer or Selector Device
Unit Sequence Starting Relay
Reversed Phase or Phase Balanced Relay
Phase Sequence Voltage Relay
Incomplete Sequence Relay
Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay
Instantaneous Overcurrent or Rate of rise
A-C Time Overcurrent Relay
A-C Circuit Breaker
Exciter or DC Generator
High speed D-C Circuit Breaker
Power Factor Relay
Field Application Relay
Short Circuit or Grounding Device
Power Rectifier Misfire Relay
Overvoltage Relay
Voltage Balance Relay
Current Balance Relay
185
Time delay Stopping or Opening Relay
Liquid or Gas Pressure, Level, or Flow Relay
Ground Protection Relay
Governor
Notching or Jogging Device
A-C Directional Overcurrent Relay
Blocking Relay
Permissive Control Device
Electrically Operated Rheostat
D-C Circuit Breaker
Load Resistor Contactor
Alarm Relay
Position Changing Mechanism
D-C Overcurrent Relay
Pulse Transmitter
Phase Angle Measuring
A-C Reclosing Relay
Frequency Relay
D-C Reclosing Relay
Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay
Operating Mechanism
Carrier or pilot wire Receiver Relay
Locking out Relay
Differential Protective Relay

Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator
Line Switch
Regulating Device
Voltage Directional Relay
Voltage and Power Directional Relay
Field Changing Contactor
Tripping or Trip Free Relay

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LSHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

AND PROTECTIVE RELAY COORDINATION FOR

like to offer my appreciation and thanks

J.F. Keri my advisor, and Dr. H.W. Hill for

guidance and encouragement in the preparation of this

I was working. I would also like to express

R.L. Doughty senior project engineer at

E.I. Dupont company who checked my work through this study.

I would like to express my thanks to the

faculty and all members of staff at Ohio University who have

Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Sources of short circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Electric utility systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Rotating machine reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents . . . . 15

Single line diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Type and location of faults required . . . . . 22

Symmetrical short-circuit current . . . . . . . . 22

Momentary short circuit calculation . . . . . . 25

Interrupting short circuit calculation . . . 27

General equipment used for protection .

Coordination of protective devices . . . . . . . 47

Primary considerations for coordination . . 48

Data required for a coordination . . . . . . . . . 51

Testing of protective devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

ANSI standard reactance values . . . . . . . . . .

Transmission line impedances . . . . . . . . . . . .

5KV cable impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Correction factors for non magnetic ducts 81

Belle plant short circuit study . . . . . . . . .

Description of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12KV air circuit breaker ratings . . . . . . . .

Belle plant single line diagram . . . . . . . . .

Belle plant impedance diagrams . . . . . . . . . .

Belle plant short circuit calculation . . .

System generator protection . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Belle plant generator protection . . . . . . . .

Belle plant bus protections . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Belle plant- transformer protection . . . . .

~~~e HU-1 transformer differential relay

Belle plant coordination curves . . . . . . . .

and detailed diagrams

"A" switch house. BANK No.1 and 12KV BUS

ECR No.6. 12KV BUS "A'f. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ECR No.6, 12KV BUS "B" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BANK No.7 feeder No.18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4KV 600HP motor river pump house . . . . . .

2.4KV 450HP motor boiler feeder pump No.5 138

2.4KV 75HP motor ash pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4KV 200HP motor recirculating pump . . . .

A5.10 2.4KV 200HP motor F . D . fan boilers .

A5.11 2.4KV feeders sheet No.1 & BANK No.60 . . .

A5.12 2.4KV feeders sheet No.2 & BANK No.59 .

A5.13 2.4KV feeders ECR No.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A5.14 2.4KV 150HP motor boiler No.10 mills . . . .

A5.15 2.4KV 550HP motor 1 . D fan boilers . . . . . . .

A5.18 480V feeders ECR.No.8 sheet 2 . . . . . . . . . . .

A5.19 480V feeders ECR No.8 sheet 3 . . . . . . . . . . .

A5.20 2.4KV 550HP motors 1 . D fan boiler No.10. 164

Westinghouse overcurrent relay curves . . .

Type CO-7 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . .

A6.2 Type CO-9 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . .