Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1/11
2/11
Transformers, like lines, are shown between two buses with the primary connected to
one bus and the secondary to the other. Information to convey an off-nominal turns ratio
should be given when applicable.
Drawing format will vary depending on the computer programs used and the preference
of the users, but the single-line diagram should give the necessary network information in
a clear, concise manner.
Input data
The system information, shown on the single-line diagram, defines the system
configuration and the location and size of loads, generation, and equipment. It is
organized into a list of data that defines the mathematical model for each power system
component and how the components are connected together. The preparation of this
data file is the foundation of all load flow analysis, as well as other analysis requiring the
network model, such as short-circuit and stability analysis. It is therefore essential that
the data preparation be performed in a consistent, thorough manner. Data values must
be as accurate as possible. Rounding off, or not including enough decimal places in
certain parameters, can lead to erroneous results. Influential parameters must not be
ignored. The data is divided into the following categories, as this organization is typical of
most load flow analysis software: system data, bus data, generator data, branch data,
and transformer data. In order to illustrate the approach required when using a typical
program, the details of one such system will be described.
3/11
4/11
3 XkVBASE XratingA
= ------------------------------------------------------1000
A series reactor, series capacitor, or transformer would not have a charging susceptance
term.The modeling of the charging susceptance is often ignored for short overhead lines
and industrial plant systems.
5/11
I i = Yij V j
(i = 1, n ).
j =1
[I] is the vector of total positive sequence currents flowing into the network nodes (buses)
[V] is the vector of positive sequence voltages at the network nodes (buses)
[Y] is the network admittance matrix
Above Equation is a linear algebraic equation with complex coefficients. If either [I] or [V]
were known, the solution for the unknown quantities could be obtained by application of
widely used numerical solution techniques for linear equations.
Partly because of tradition and partly because of the physical characteristics of
generation
and load, the terminal conditions at each bus are normally described in terms of active
and
6/11
7/11
V Y V
j =1
*
j ij
*
j
(* = conjugate)
If a set of voltages V is found such that the maximum power mismatches satisfy the
following equations:
max( P ) = max Pi ( desired ) Pi ( absorbed )
1 i n
where is the tolerance or deviance defined by the user, the load flow problem has
converged. For generator buses, instead of Q, the bus voltage is checked against the
desired bus voltage.
The tolerance can be defined in %, pu or kVA, and the relationship among them is as
follows:
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN
8/11
9/11
10/11
11/11