Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B.E Mechanical
No. of Hours: 52
Class
#
1-6
7 14
15 20
21 25
26 31
32 40
Chapter Title /
Reference Literature
Chapter : 1
Introduction
T1: page 13 35
T2: page 44 74
R1: page 3 29
R2: page 13-15, 70
72
Chapter : 2
Design for static
strength
T1: page 182 212
T2: page 103 107
R1: page 13 53
R2: page 67 92
Chapter : 3
Design for fatigue
strength
T1: page 227 275
T2: page 114 125
R2: page 117 156
Chapter : 4
Impact Loading
T1: page
T2: page
T3: page
R1: page
R2: page
Chapter : 5
Design of Shafts
T1: page 565 576
T2: page 465 473
R1: page 465 481
R2: page 234 246
Chapter : 6
Fasteners
T1: page 301 317
T2: page 493 498
R1: page 269 340
R2: page 247 255
Topics to be covered
Materials and their properties,
Design
considerations,
codes,
standards, stress- strain diagram,
Definitions stress, strain, shear
stress, biaxial and triaxial loads,
Stress tensor, Principal stress
Static loads Types of loads and
problems, Theories of failure and
problems.
Members
under
combined
loads,
Stress
concentration explanation and
examples, Reduction of stress
concentration, Determination of
stress
concentration
factor,
combined
stress
concentration
factor, Problems
Introduction, S-N diagram, low
cycle fatigue, high cycle fatigue,
Endurance limit. Modifying factors
size effect, surface effect, stress
concentration effects; Fluctuating
stresses, Fatigue strength under
fluctuating stresses, Goodman and
Soderberg relationship; stresses
due
to
combined
loading,
cumulative fatigue damaged.
Derivation of instantaneous stress
due to axial, bending and torsion
loading, effect of inertia.
% of Portions
covered
Reference Cumulativ
chapter
e
10%
10 %
15%
25%
10%
35%
5%
40%
20%
60%
15%
75%
41 48
49 52
Chapter : 7
Power Screws
T1: page 291 300
T2: page 266 273
R1: page 441 450
R2: page 163 185
Chapter : 8
Mechanical joints:
T1: page 336 352
T2: page 171 227
R1: page 213 256
R2: page 213 229
15%
90%
10%
100%
Text Books:
T1: Mechanical Engg. Design by Joseph. E Shigley & Charles R MirchKe. Tata 6th Ed
2003. Mc Graw Hill Edition 2001
T2: Design of Machine Elements by C.S.Sharma and Kamlesh Purohit, PHI 2003.
Reference Books:
R1: Machine Design by Maleev & Hartman, CBS Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi
R2: Design of Machine Elements V.B.Bhandari,. Tata McGraw Hill Pub. New Delhi
R3: Theory and Problems of Machine Design by Hall Holowenko, (Schaum series)
R4: Machine Design by Robert L Norton, Pearson Education Asia, 2001
R5: Design of Machine Elements by M.F.Spotts, PHI 2003.
R6: Machine Design by Paul H- Black, D.E.Adams McGraw Hill, 2001
Design Data Hand Books:
Design Data Hand Book K.Lingaiah, McGraw Hill, 2nd Ed, 2003
1. Design Data Hand Book K.Mahadevan & Balaveera Reddy, CBS Publication
2. Machine Design Data Hand Book by H.G.Patil, Shri Shashi Prakashan, Belgaum
QUESTION BANK
Chapter 1 Introduction
12. *A machine part is statically loaded and has yield strength of 350 MPa. For the
following stresses calculate the factor of safety using the following theories of failure:
(i)
Maximum normal stress theory.
(ii)
Maximum shear stress theory
(iii)
Von mires theory
(a)
1 = -70MPa, 2 = 0MPa
(b)
1 = 70MPa, 2 = -70MPa
(c)
1 = 70MPa, 2 = 70MPa
13. A tension member shown in figure 7, supports an axial load P. It is necessary to
replace this member by one having a 15 mm hole as shown. Determine the thickness
t and radius r at the fillet of the second member, so that the maximum stress will not
exceed that of the first member.
(10)
14. Find the value of the max. Stress on the fillet if the stress concentration factor for the
filleted flat bar in tension is 1.8 and D/d is 1.2 as shown in figure 8. Determine the
factor of safety if it is made of steel having yield strength of 320N/mm2.
(10)
15. A rod of circular cross section is to sustain a torsional moment of 300 KNm and a
bending moment of 200 KNm. Selecting a suitable material and assuming an
appropriate value for the factor of safety, determine the diameter of the rod as per
the following theories of failure:
(i)
Maximum shear stress theory for failure.
(ii)
Von Mises or distortion energy theory for failure.
(iii)
Total
energy
theory
for
failure.
(15)
16. Figure 9 shows a crank shaft loaded by a force Fy = 1500N
(i)
Draw separate free body forces, bending moments and turning moments that
act on the crank and on the shaft. Label the directions of the co ordinates axis
on these diagrams.
(ii) Compute the maximum torsional stress and the maximum principal stress in the
crank at a section 80mm from the pin-end.
(iii) Locate the stress element on the top surface of the shaft at A and find the
principal stresses and the maximum shear stress at the same point.
(15)
17. Obtain the magnitude of normal and shear stresses at the extreme fibers on the
cross section AA of a clamp loaded as shown in figure 11
(12)
18. Determine the diameters of a round rod to sustain a combined torsional load of 1500
Nm and a bending moment of 100 Nm by the following theories of failure. Material
selected for the rod has a value of 300 MPa and 180 MPa for the normal stress and
shear stress at yield respectively. Take a value of 2.50 for the factor of safety.
(i)
Maximum shear stress theory
(ii)
Octa hedral shearing stress theory
(12)
19. Explain six theories of failure.
(8)
20. Determine normal stresses at the extreme fibers on the cross section AA of a Cclamp loaded as shown in figure 12.
(12)
21. Explain the following theories of failure
(i)
Maximum principle stress theory for failure
(ii) Maximum shear stress theory for failure
(iii) Octahedral shear stress theory for failure
(9)
22. A round rod of diameter 30.0 mm is to sustain an axial compressive load of 20 kN
and a twisting moment of 150 Nm. The rod is made of carbon steel C40. Determine
factors of safety as per following theories of failure
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
3
10
and 1.0KNm. The rod is made of carbon steel C40. Determine a suitable value for
d.
(14)
10.*A cantilever beam of circular cross-section is subjected to an alternating stress at a
point on the outer fiber in the plane of the support that varies from 21 MPa
(compression) to 28 MPa (tension). At the same time there is an alternative stress
due to axial loading that varies from 14 MPa (compression) to 28 MPa (tension).
The material has an ultimate strength of 412 MPa, yield strength of 309 MPa.
Assume that actual stress concentration factor =1, size correction factor = 0.85,
and surface correction factor = 0.9. Determine
i)
ii)
iii)
delivers 6KW to a pulley through a belt drive inclined backward at 45o to the vertical.
The remaining power is taken out through another pulley C which is mounted at 3000
mm to the right of left bearing and drives a planning machine the drive being 30o to
the front of the vertical. The angle of lap for all pulleys may be taken as 180o and the
coefficient of friction is 0.3. The working stress in shear for the shaft material is
80N/mm2. Determine the diameter of the shaft.(20)
4. Design a bushed pin type flexible coupling to transmit 90 KW at 1440 RPM for
connecting two shafts of diameter 60 mm. Assume bearing pressure on the bushes
as 0.35N/mm2, allowable shear stress in the material of the pins as 45 N/mm2 and
allowable bending stress in the material of the pin is 80 N/mm2.
(14)
5. Write a brief note on materials and heat treatments used for the shaft.
(06)
6. A 1.2 m hollow shaft is subjected to bending moment 900N-m and turning moment
600 N-m. The shaft is also subjected to an end thrust 1.2KN. Taking di/do = 0.7 and
material of the shaft to be cold rolled steel, determine the inner and outer diameters
of the shaft. Consider heavy shock condition.
7. A 250mm diameter solid shaft is used to drive the propeller of a marine vessel. It is
necessary to reduce the weight of the shaft by 70%, what would be the dimensions
of a hollow shaft made of the same material as the solid shaft.
(5)
8. A shaft is mounted between bearings located 9.5 m apart the transmits 10000 KW at
90 rev/min. The shaft weighs 66000N has an outside diameter of 450 mm and inside
diameter of 300 mm. Determine the stress induced in shaft and the angular
deflection between bearing. Do not neglect the weight of the shaft.
(10)
9. Design a cast Iron flange coupling (protected type) to connect two shafts and
transmits a torque a 5000 Nm. The following permissible stresses may be used.
Permissible shear stress for shaft, bolt and key material = 50 MPa. Permissible shear
stress for CI = 16MPa.
10. Compare the weight, strength and stiffness of a hollow shaft of the same external
diameter as that of solid shaft. The inside dia. of the hollow shaft being half the
external diameter. Both the shafts have the same material and length.
(10)
11. A line shaft is to transmit 600 KW at 500RPM. The allowable shear stress for the
material of the shaft is 42N/mm2 (42MPa). If the shaft carries a central load of 900N
and is simply supported between bearing 3 meter apart, determine the diameter of
the shaft. The maximum tensile or compressive stress in not exceed 50 MPa.
(10)
12. A shaft is required to transmit 1 MW power at 240RPM. The shaft must not twist
more that 1o on a length of 15 diameters. If the modulus of rigidity for the material
of the shaft is 80 KN/mm2, find the diameter of the shaft and the shear stress
induced.
13. Design a cast iron protective flange coupling to connect two shafts in order to
transmit 7.5 KW at 720 RPM. the following permissible stresses may be used
permissible shear stress for shaft, bolt and key material = 33MPa. Crushing stress for
bolt and key material = 60 MPa. Shear stress for cast iron = 15MPa.
14. The shaft of uniform diameter as shown in figure 17 carries belt pulleys at A and B
with vertical belts. It is supported in bearings at C and D. the shaft transmits 10 KW
at 400 rpm. The tension on the tight side of belt A is 2000 N, and that on the slack
side of belt B is 900N. Pulley A weighs 200 N and pulley B 400 N. Estimate suitable
diameter for the shaft, adopting a working shear stress of 45 MPa.
15. State the advantages of hollow shafts over solid shafts in transmission of power
(5)
16. A 60 cm pulley A receives 15 KW at 500 RPM from below at angle of 45o as shown in
the figure 18. A gear C with 450 mm pitch circle diameter delivers 30% of the power
horizontally to the right gear D with pitch circle diameter of 300 mm delivers the
remaining power downward to the left at an angle of 30o below the horizontal. Both
the gears have 20o involute teeth. Assuming working stress in shear 40 MN/m2 and in
tension at 80 MN/m2 and in tension as 80 MN/m2 for the shaft material. Design the
shaft of uniform diameter. The ratio of tensions in the belt is 2.
(20)
17. Design a protected type CI flange coupling for a steel shaft transmitting 15 KW at
1200 RPM. take the maximum torque to be 20% more than the full-load torque.
Draw to scale the coupling designed giving all important dimensions.
(20)
18. A power transmission shaft is supported on two bearings 2000.0 mm apart. The
shaft receives a power of 40KW through a belt drive situated, at a distance of 600.0
mm to the right of the left bearing. The weight & diameter of the pulley are
respectively 800N and 400.0mm. The belt moves towards the observer below the
horizontal, inclined at 60o to it. The ratio of the belt tensions is 3.0. The power is
transmitted out of the shaft through a gear drive located on the shaft at a distance of
500.0 mm to the left of the right bearing. The weight and pitch diameter of the gear
mounted on the shaft are respectively 600N and 300.0 mm. The gear which receives
from this gear is located exactly behind. The teeth are of involute profile with a
pressure angle of 20o. Determine the diameter of the solid circular shaft selecting
carbon steel C40 as material & assuming a value of 2.50 for the factor of safety.
(20)
19. Design a protected type of CI flange coupling to connect two shafts of the same
diameters and transmit 150 KW at 100 RPM. Select suitable materials and factors of
safety. Assume 25% over load.
(14)
20. A power transmission shaft 1200.0 mm long receives power of 25 KW through a belt
drive located at its right extreme end. The shaft is supported at two points A and B.
While A is at the left extreme end, B is at a distance of 300mm from the right
extreme end. The pulley on the shaft has a diameter of 500mm and weighs 800N.
The belt on the pulley moves below towards the observer making an angle of 30o
with the vertical. The power is taken out through a gear drive located at distance of
400mm form the left support. The gear mounted on the shaft has a pitch diameter of
250mm and weighs 500 N. The other gear which receives power form this gear is
placed just above this gear. The pressure angle is 20o. The shaft operates at 750
RPM. Selecting a suitable material and assuming an appropriate value for the factor
of safety, determine the diameter of the solid circular shaft.
21. A power transmission shaft 1800 mm long is supported at two points A and B.
Whereas A is at a distance of 300mm from the left extreme end of the shaft, B is at
the right extreme end. A power of 50 kW is received at 500 RPM through a gear drive
located at the left extreme end of the shaft. The gear mounted on the shaft here has
a pitch diameter of 300mm and weighs 700N. The driver gear is located exactly
behind. A power of 30KW is given out through a belt drive located at a distance of
600mm from the left support. The pulley mounted on the shaft has a diameter of 400
mm and weighs 1000N. The belt is directed towards the observer below the
horizontal and inclined at 45o to it. The ratio of belt tensions is 3. the remaining
power is given out through a gear drive located at a distance of 400 mm from the
right support. The driver gear has a pitch diameter of 200 mm and weighs 500N. The
driven gear is located exactly above. Selecting appropriate material and assuming a
suitable value for the factor of safety determine the diameter of a solid shaft for the
purpose.
22. Design a rigid flanged coupling to transmit a power of 40 kW at a rated speed of
100RPM
(10)
Chapter 6 Fasteners
1. Determine load capacity of the riveted joint loaded as shown in figure 19, if the shear
stress of the material of the rivet is 100 N/ mm2.
(12)
2. A 100mm shaft rotating at 100 RPM transmit 300 hp power is taken off through a
gear whose hub is 200 mm long. The key is made of steel having an ultimate
shearing stress of 350N/ mm2. Using a factor of safety of 5, determine the width of
key required.
(6)
3. A bolt in a steel structure is subjected to a tensile load of 9 KN. The initial tightening
load on the bolt is 5 KN. Determine the size of the bolt taking allowable stress for the
bolt material to be 80 MPa.
(08)
4. A flanged bearing is fastened to a frame by means of four bolts spaced equally on
400mm bolt circle as shown in figure 20. The diameter of the flange is 500 mm and a
load of 200 KN acts at a distance of 250 mm from the frame. If the tensile stress in
the bolt is not to exceed 63 MPa. Determine the bolt size.
(12)
5. Select a rectangular parallel key for transmitting a power of 50 KW at a rated speed
of 500 RPM to mount a hub of length 60mm on a solid circular shaft of
diameter 50 mm. (6)
6. Figure 21 shows the cylindrical head of a pressure vessel using 10 bolts and a
confined gasket. The static pressure in the cylinder is 6N/mm2. Select the size of the
metric bolts for a factor of safety of 3.
7. For the system shown in figure 22 find the maximum stress in the weld. Find the size
of the bolt.
(20)
8. Determine the power capacity ratio of the two system: one a 24 mm diameter shaft
with a 48 x 6 x 6 mm key and another a 24 mm diameter shaft with a 6 mm dia pin.
The stress concentration for the key way in the shaft is 1.3, and that for the pinned
shaft is 1.75. Assume only torsional load and the same material for all parts.
(12)
Chapter
title
Chapter 1
Complex
Analysis
T1,Pg#592,
623
R1,Pg#651
Chapter 2
Special
Functions
T1,
Pg#500
R1,
pg#194
Topics to be covered
No. of Periods : 65
Referenc
e
Chapter
Cumulat
ive
21
32.3%
21
32.3%
COMPLEX VARIABLES
Introduction
Definition of Limit, continuity, differentiability
and problems
Analytical functions and problems
Cauchy-Riemann equations in Cartesian form
Cauchy-Riemann equations in Polar form
Problems
Consequences on C-R equations
Problems
Conformal transformations: z2, ez and z + a2 / z
Bilinear transformations
Problems
Complex integration: Line integral
Problems
Cauchys theorem corollaries
Cauchys integral formula
Problems
Taylors series and examples
Laurents series and examples
Singularities, poles
Calculation of Residues and problems
Residue theorem and examples.
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
Series Solution of Bessels Differential equation
Problems
Recurrence relations
Generating function
Problems
Orthogonality Property and examples
Bessels integral formula and examples
Series Solution of Legendres differential
equation
Problems
Generating functions ,
Rodrigues formula
Recurrence relations
Problems
14
21.5%
35
53.8%
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64
65
Chapter 3
Statistics
and
Probability
T1,
Pg#733,78
0
R1,
Pg#1049
R2,59,85,1
19,177,245
Chapter 4
Sampling
distributio
n
T1,Pg#822
,
R1,Pg#110
4
Chapter 5
Joint
Probability
Distributio
n&
Markov
Chains
R2,Pg#224
282
12
18.5%
47
72.3%
07
10.8%
54
83.1%
11
16.9%
65
100%
Literature
Book Type
Code
Edition
Publisher
Year
Text Book
T1
38th
Khanna
2004
Reference
Books
R1
Higher Engineering
Mathematics;
B.S. Grewal
Advanced Engineering
Mathematics; Erwin
Kreyszig
Schaums Outlines
:Probability
8th
Wiley
2001
2nd
McGrawHill
2000
R2
QUESTION BANK
COMPLEX ANALYSIS (20 marks)
Analytic Functions:
1. Show that the function f ( z ) = z is continuous at every point but not differentiable at
any point.
2. Show that the function f (z ) =| z |2 is continuous at every point but is not differentiable
at any point other than origin.
3. The necessary sufficient condition for the function f(z)= u + iv to be analytic is
u v
v
u
=
=
,
x y
x
y
4. If f (z) is analytic on an open set S and f (z ) = 0 for all z S show that f (z) is
constant.
5. Show that an analytic function with constant real part is constant.
6. Show that an analytic function with constant modulus is constant.
7. If f (z ) = u + iv is analytic and is any differential function of x and y prove that
2
2 2
2
=
| f (z ) |
+
u v
x y
2
2
(a) 2 + 2 | f (z ) |2 = 4 | f (z ) |2
y
x
2
(b) | f (z ) | + | f (z ) | =| f (z ) |2
x
y
2
2
(c) 2 + 2 log | f (z ) |= 0
y
x
(d) If f (z ) = u + iv is analytic and is any differentiable function of x and y, prove that
2
2
2 2
2
+ = + | f (z ) |
x
y
u
v
9. Prove that
2u 2u
+
=0
x 2 y 2
v
2v
+
= 0 i.e ., u & v are harmonic functions.
2
2
x
y
2
11. If f(z) = u + iv is analytic then the families of curves u= c1 and v= c2 here c1& c2
are constant are orthogonal.
12. Show that an analytic function constant modulus is constant.
13. Find the analytic function f(z)=u + iv, given
(a) u =2x(1-y)
(b) u = ex (x cosy y siny)
(c) x sinx cushy ycosx sinhy
(d) v=exsiny
sinxsiny
(e) v=
cos2x + cosh2y
x
(f) u + v = 2
x + y2
PESIT
(g) u v =
cos x + sin x e
2 cos x e y e y
u 1 v v
1 u
=
; =
r r r
r
15. f (z ) = u (r , ) + iv(r , ) is analytic function, show that u and v satisfy the function
(a)
2 1 1 2
+
+
=0
r 2 r r r 2 2
(b)
2u 1 u 1 2u
+
+
=0
r 2 r r r 2 2
2 v 1 v 1 2 v
+
+
=0
r 2 r r r 2 2
16. Find the analytic function f (z ) = u + iv, given
cos 2
(a) u = r 2 cos 2 4 sin (b) u =
,r 0
r2
(c)
Complex Integration
1. Prove that
f (z )dz = 0
2. Prove that
3. If c1,c2,c3..cn are n non overlapping simple closed curves within C and f(z) is analytic
on these curves in the region bounded by them then prove that
4.
c1
c2
cn
Verify the Cauchys theorem for the function f (z ) = 3 z 2 + iz 4 with c as the square
having vertices at
1 i , -1 i
5. If f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve c in the complex plane and a is
f (z )
1
any point c then prove that f (a ) =
dz
2i z a
6. If f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve C and a is any point within C then
n!
f (z )
f n (a ) =
dz
2i (z a )n +1
7. Evaluate
8. Evaluate
z +1
dz, where C is a simple closed contour enclosing the origin.
z2
ez
9. Evaluate
z2 +1
dz , where C is a circle of unit radius with center at
z2 1
(i) z= 1
(ii) z=-1
10. Obtain the Taylors and Laurents series for the function f(z)=
11. (b) 1<|z|<2
(1 + z )(z + 2)
2
for (a)|Z|<1
(c) |z|>2
z2
in the region (a) 1<|z|<3
(z 1)(z 3)
(b) |z-
1|<2.
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
13. If C is a simple closed curve and f(z) is analytic within and on simple closed curve c
except at finite points a1,a2,a3..an inside c then prove that
f (z )dz = 2i(R + R
1
14. Evaluate
3z 4
z(z 1)(z 2) dz
where C: |z|=3/2
15.
2z + z
dz, where (i) C: |z|=2 (ii) C: |z-1|=1
z2 1
2
16. Show that the transformation w = z2 transforms the circle | z-a | = c to a cardioid or a
limacon.
17. Find the bilinear transformation that transforms the points z1 = 1, z2 = i, z3 = -1 onto
the points w1 = 2, w2 = i, w3 = -2. Find the fixed points of the transformation.
18. Find the images of (i) x-y = 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
[
[
(b) J
--3/2
(x) =
{(Cosx)/x +sinx}
d
x J n ( x) J n1 ( x). = x[ J2 n (x) .- J2 n-1 (x)]
dx
11. Show that cos (x sin) = J0(x) +2J2n(x)cos 2n
12. Show that sin (x sin) = 2J2n-1(x)sin (2n-1)
1
cos(n x sin )d
13. Prove that J n(x) =
1
a + b2
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
5.
1
x x 2 1 cos d
6.
7.
8.
9.
Show that
2n (n + 1)
1
1
2n
2
1)
1
1
dn
(x 1)
2
2 n! dx
13. Express x 3 + 3x 2 4 x + 5 in terms of Lagendres Polynomials.
5
10
15
17
2. Fit a parabola y = ax 2 + bx + c to
x:
20
40
60
12
15
22
20
24
25
30
100
120
y:
5.5 9.1
14.9 22.8 33.3 46.0
3. Fit a curve of the form y=axb for the data
x:
y:
2.98
4.26 5.21
6.1
6.8
7.5
4.
The following table gives the marks obtained by a student in two subjects in ten tests.
Find the coefficient of correlation.
Sub A :
77
54 27
52
14
35
90
25
56
60
Sub B:
35
58 60
40
50
40
35
56
34
42
5. Show that there is a perfect correlation between x & y .
x:
10
12
14
16
18
20
y:
20 25
30
35
40
45
6. A computer while calculating the correlation coefficient bet x & y from 25 pairs of
observations got the following constants n = 25, x = 125, x2 = 650, y = 100,
y2 = 460& xy = 508. Later it was discovered it had copied down the pairs (8, 12) &
(6, 8) as (6, 14) & (8, 6) respectively. Obtain the correct value of the correlation
coefficient.
7. If is the angle between two regression lines show that
1- r2 x y
and explain the significance when r = 0.
tan =
r x2 + y2
8.
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
10. The two regression lines are x = 4y + 5 & 16y = x + 64 find the mean values of
x, y
& r.
11. In a partially destroyed laboratory record of correlation data only the following results
are legible. variance of
y is 16, regression equations are y = x + 5, 16x = 9y - 94,
find the variance of x.
12. Fit a straight line to the data:
(a) x:
0
1
2
3
4
y:
1
1.8
3.3
4.5
6.3
(b)
x: 1
2 3
4
5
y:
14
13
9
5
2
13. Fit a second degree parabola of the form y = ax2 + bx + c for the data:
x:
1
2
3
4
5
y:
1.8
5.1
8.9
14.1
19.8 . Estimate y for x = 2.5.
14. Fit an exponential curve of the form y = abx, for the following data:
x:
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
y: 87
97
113
129
202
195
193. Estimate y for x = 8.
PROBABILITY: (10 marks)
1. Define a sample space and probability of an event.. When are two events said to be
(a) mutually exclusive (b) mutually independent.
2. If A & B are events P(A) = , P(B) = 1/3, P(AB) = 1/4,
find (a) P(A/B) (b) P(B/A) (c) P(AB) (d) P(Ac)
3. An experiment succeeds twice as often as it fails. Find the chance that in the next 6
trials there will be at least 4 successes.
4. A class consists of 6 girls & 10 boys If a committee of 3 is chosen at random find the
probability that (a) exactly 2 boys are selected (b) at least 1 boy is selected (c) exactly
2 girls are selected.
5. A certain problem in mathematics is given to 4 students for solving. The probabilities of
solving the problem individually are , 1/3, , & 1/5 respectively. Find the probability
that (a) the problem is solved (b) the problem is solved exactly by one of them.
6. The chance that a doctor will diagnose a disease correctly is 60%. The chance that a
patient will die after correct diagnosis is 40% and the chance of death after wrong
diagnosis is 70%. If a patient dies what is the chance that his disease was not diagnosed
correctly.
7. Find the probability that a leap year selected at random will contain 53 Fridays.
8. Four cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards without replacement. Find the probability
that (a) they are all of different suits (b) no 2 cards are of equal value.
9. State & prove Baye's theorem.
10. Define (a) a random variable (b) Discrete and continuous random variable
11. Define probability mass function and probability distribution function for a discrete
random variable.
12. Define Geometrical distribution, uniform distribution, Exponential distribution.
13. 3 machines A, B & C manufacture 40%, 50% & 10% of the total production of a factory
respectively. The percentage of defective items produced by A, B & C are 2, 4, & 1.5
respectively. An item is chosen at random & is found to be defective. Find the probability
that it was a product of C.
4
14. There are 3 bags which contains 1 white, 2red & 3 green, 2 white, 3 red & 1 green and
3 white, 1 red & 2 green marbles respectively. 2 marbles are drawn from a bag chosen
at random and they are found to be 1 white & 1 red. Find the probability that the balls
came from the second bag.
15. Obtain the mean and variance for the following distributions: Binomial, Poisson,
Exponential and Normal.
16. The probability of a man hitting a target is 1/3.
(a) If he fires 5 times what is the probability of hitting a target at least twice.
(b) How many times must he fire so that the probability of hitting a target
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34.The following table gives the joint probability distribution of 2 random variables
X &Y
X/Y
-1
-1
0
0
0.2
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
1/8
Determine (i) the marginal distributions of
independent random variables?
7
1/8
1/8
X and Y. (ii) E (X) and E(Y) (iii) are X and Y
Xi
fi
60
02
61
00
62
15
63
29
64
25
65
12
66
10
67
04
68
03
3. The sample mean of a population was recorded as 184.67 with a probable error of
0.236. Find the 99.74% confidence limits for the true (population) mean.
4. The S.D of life time of 200 electric bulbs was computed to be 80 hours. Find (i) 95%&
(ii) 99% confidence limits for the S.D of all such bulbs.
5. How large a sample should one take in order to be (i) 99% & (ii) 99.74 % confident that
a population S.D will not differ from a sample S.D by more than 2%.
6. A die is thrown 9000 times and a draw of 3 or 4 observed 3240 times. Show that a die
cannot be regarded as an unbiased one. Also find the limits between which the
probability of throw of 3 or 4 lies at 99.74% level of confidence
7. A mean of a sample of size 900 is 3.4.Can the sample be reasonably as a true random
sample for a large population with means 3.25 and S.D 1.61
8. Ten screws are chosen at random from a population and their lengths are found as (in
mms) 63,63,66,67,68,69,70,70,71,71. On the basis of this information can we say that
the mean length in the population is 66mm at 95%confidence level?
9. Find 99% confidence limits for the correlation coefficient, which is computed to be 0.60
from a sample of size 28
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS:
1. An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is
approximately normally distributed with a mean of 500 hours and a S.D of 40
hours. Test the hypothesis Ho: 800 of a random sample of 30 bulbs has an
average life of 788 hours. Use 5 % level of significance.
2. Test the hypothesis that the average content of containers of a particular lubricant
is 10 liters if the contents of the random sample of 10 containers are 10.2, 9.7,
10.1, 10.3, 10.1, 9.8, 9.9, 10.4, 10.3 & Use 0.01 level of significance and assume
that the distribution of contents is normal.
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3. A random sample of size n1 = 2.5 taken from a normal population with a S.D 1 =
5.2 has a mean x1 = 81. A second random sample of size n2 = 36 taken from a
different normal population with a S.D 2 = 3.4 has mean x2 = 76 . Test the
4.
Test the hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance that there is no difference in the 2
brands of tyres. Assume the population to be approximately normally distributed.
a) Tests of Hypothesis
b) Type I and Type II errors find
5. Explain the following
mean and variance of the Chi square distributions.
JOINT PROBABILITY AND MARKOVCHAINS (20 marks)
x
1 x
P=
y 1 y
1 / 2 1 / 4 1 / 4
2. Find the unique fixed probability vector of the regular stochastic matrix 1 / 2 0 1 / 2
0
1
0
o
1
(0 )
3. If P=
is the transition matrix with initial probability distribution p = (1 / 3,2 / 3) .
1
/
2
1
/
2
1. Show that the vector (y, x) is a fixed point of the stochastic matrix
1
matrix 1
2
2
1
0
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matrix. Find the unique fixed probability vector for the regular stochastic
1
4
0
PESIT
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS ME 43
(2 hours / week for both IV A and IV B sections)
Faculty :Dr.T.R.Seetharam
Lecture
Coverage
Topics To be Covered
%
of
syllabus
12
Nil
36
08
7- 11
08
12 17
12
18 - 20
06
Vapour Power cycles- Carnot vapour power cycle and its limitations;
Simple Rankine cycle; effects of pressure & temperature on performance
of Rankine cycles; modifications of simple Rankine cycle to increase
net work output & thermal efficiency Reheat cycle, Regenerative cycle,
types of feed water heaters used in regenerative cycles;
Reheat-Regenerative cycle; practical vapour power cycles .
Refrigeration Definition of Refrigeration, refrigerated space, refrigerant
Refrigeration cycle, refrigeration effect; units of refrigeration effect Ton
of refrigeration; COP ; Carnot refrigerator analysis and its limitations;
Air refrigeration plant Bell-Coleman / Reversed Brayton cycle; practical
air refrigeration cycles
04
26 - 28 Thermodynamic analysis of psychometric processes like heating, cooling
Heating & humidification, cooling and de-humidification, adiabatic mixing
Air streams, summer and winter air conditioning
08
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1.2. The maximum pressure and temperature in a Carnot cycle is limited to 20 bar and 400
C. The volumetric ratio of isentropic compression is 6 and the volumetric ratio of
isothermal expansion is 1.5. The volume of air at the beginning of isothermal
expansion is 0.1 m3. Find (i) the minimum temperature in the cycle, (ii) Thermal
efficxiency of the cycle, (iii) power output form the cycle if the number of cycles per
minute is 200.
1.3. In an air standard Carnot cycle heat is transferred to the working fluid at 1110 k and
heat is rejected at 273 K. The heat transfer to the working fluid is 105 kJ / kg. The
minimum pressure in the cycle is 1 bar. Determine (i) the thermal efficiency and (ii)
the m e p.
1.4. A Carnot engine converts 1/6 of the heat input into work. When the temperature of the
sink is reduced by 70 C, the efficiency of the cycle is doubled. Determine the
temperature of the source and the sink.
B. Problems on Otto Cycle
1.5. In an air standard Otto cycle the maximum and minimum temperatures are 1400 C and
15 C respectively. The heat supplied is 800 kJ / kg. Calculate the compression ratio
and the thermal efficiency. Also calculate the ratio of maximum pressure to the
minimum pressure in the cycle.
1.6. In an engine working on Otto cycle, the clearance volume is 50 cm3, while the stroke
volume is 350 cm3. If the temperature at the commencement of the compression
process is 27 C and the maximum temperature in the cycle is 1000 C determine (i) the
compression ratio, (ii) cycle efficiency, (iii) net work output per unit mass of air and
(iv) mep.
1.7. From the p-v diagram of an engine working on Otto cycle, it is found that the pressure
inside the cylinder after 1/8th of the compression stroke is completed is 1.4 bar. After
5/8th of the compression stroke is completed, the pressure was found to be 3.5 bar.
The maximum temperature in the cycle is limited to 1000 C. Determine (i) the
compression ratio,(ii) air standard efficiency, (iii) net work output per unit mass of air,
(iv) mep, (v) compression ratio corresponding to maximum work output, (vi)
maximum work output and (vii) thermal efficiency corresponding to maximum work
output. Assume that the minimum temperature in the cycle to be 27 C.
1.8. An engine working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.5 m3 , a temperature of 27 C and a
pressure of 1 bar at the beginning of the compression process. At the end of the
compression process the pressure is 10 bar. Heat added is 200 kJ /kg. Determine (i)
percent clearance, (ii) air standard efficiency, (iii) MEP, (iv) power developed by the
engine if there are 200 cycles per minute.
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1.9. Derive an expression for the air standard efficiency of a cycle similar to Otto cycle
except that the compression process is isothermal, in terms of the compression ratio,
maximum cycle temperature ratio and the ratio of specific heats.
1.10. The compression curve in an Otto cycle may be approximated by the equation pV1.35 =
constant. The expansion curve is isentropic. The maximum temperature in the cycle is
1000 K. If the temperature of air at entry to the engine is 27 C, find the thermal
efficiency and the relative efficiency based on the air standard Otto cycle. The
compression ratio is 7.5. Assume the specific heats of air to be constant and = 1.4.
Tutorial 2 : Gas Power Cycles (continued)
C. Problems on Diesel Cycles
2.1. The compression ratio of an air standard diesel cycle is 14 and the cut-off ratio is
2.2. At the beginning of the cycle the pressure and temperature of air are 0.98 bar and 300
K respectively. Find (i) pressure and temperatures at salient point of the cycle, (ii) the
net work output per unit mass of air, (iii) thermal efficiency, (iv)MEP, and (iv) specific
air consumption in kg/kWh.
2.2. An air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18 and the heat transfer to the
working fluid is 1800 kJ/kg. At the beginning of the compression process the pressure
and temperatures are 1 bar and 300 K respectively. Determine (i) air standard
efficiency, and (ii) MEP
2.3. An oil engine works on a diesel cycle with compression ratio of 20. Heat addition takes
place up to 10 % of the stroke. Initial pressure and temperature of air are 1 bar and
27 C. Assume that the compression process is according to the law pv1.32 = constant
and the expansion process is according to the law pv1.30 = constant. The bore and
stroke of the engine are 16 cm and 20 cm respectively. Find (i) the pressure and
temperature at salient points of the cycle, (ii)MEP, (iii) thermal efficiency, (iv) relative
efficiency
2.4. In a diesel cycle, the pressures at two points on the compression curve are 1.7 bar and
13.4 bar, respectively, corresponding to positions where 3/10th and 9/10th of the
stroke have been executed. Find the compression ratio if the compression and
expansion indices are 1.38 and 1.3 respectively. If the cut-off ratio is 1.8, determine
the cycle efficiency and the relative efficiency based on the air standard cycle.
2.5. In an air standard diesel cycle, air is compressed isentropically from 26 C and 105 kPa
to 3.7 kPa. The entropy change during heat rejection is 0.6939 kJ/(kg K).
Determine (i) heat supplied per kg of air, (ii) thermal efficiency, (iii) maximum
temperature in the cycle, and (iv) temperature at the start of the heat rejection.
D. Problems on Dual Combustion cycles
2.6. The compression and expansion ratio of an oil engine working on a dual cycle is 9 and
5 respectively. The initial pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 30 C. The heat
added at constant pressure is twice that at constant volume. The cyclider bore is 250
mm and the stroke is 400 mm. Determine (i) thermal efficiency and (ii) MEP
2.7. The maximum and the compression pressures in a dual cycle are 64 bar and 32 bar
respectively. The compression curve is polytropic with index n = 1.35. The pressure in
the cycle after 1/3rd of the compression stroke is completed is 1.65 bar. If 60 % of the
energy addition occurs at constant volume while 40 % occurs at constant pressure,
find
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(i) the compression ratio, (ii) the suction pressure, (iii) work output from the cycle if
the expansion index is 1.34, and (iv) thermal efficiency.
2.8. A diesel engine works between the temperatures of 1250 C and 25 C. The energy
addition during combustion is 550 kJ /kg. A dual combustion cycle operates between
the same temperature limits, and has the same total energy addition as for diesel
cycle except that this energy is equally divided between the constant volume and
constant pressure processes. Compare the efficiencies of the two cycles. Hence show
using T-s diagram that the diesel cycle is more efficient than the dual cycle under the
same maximum and minimum temperatures as well as the same amount of heat
addition.
2.9. In a dual cycle, two thirds of the total energy added occurs at constant volume.. If the
compression ratio is 15, and the maximum pressure in the cycle is 53 bar,
compute(i)the temperatures at the salient points of the cycle, and (ii) thermal
efficiency. Assume standard conditions of air at the start of the compression process.
2.10. The compression ratio for an engine working on dual cycle is 7. The cylinder diameter
is 25 cm and the stroke is 30 cm. The air at the start of the compression is at 101 kPa
and 20 0C. At the end of the constant volume process, the pressure is 5600 kPa. If
heat is added at constant pressure during 3 percent of the stroke, compute (i) the net
work output from the cycle, (ii) the thermal efficiency, (iii) the amount of heat added,
and (iv) the mean effective pressure
Tutorial 3: Gas Power Cycles (Gas Turbine Cycles)
3.1. An air standard Brayton cycle has air enter the compressor at 27 C and 100 kPa. The
pressure ratio is 10 and the maximum allowable temperature is 1350 K. Determine (i)
pressure and temperature at salient points of the cycle, (ii) compressor and turbine
work per unit mass of air, (iii) net work output and work ratio, (iv) thermal efficiency
and specific air consumption in kg/(kWh).
3.2.The pressure ratio of an open gas turbine cycle is 6.The compressor inlet conditions are
1 bar and 15 0C. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 800 0C. The compressor
efficiency is 85 %, the turbine efficiency is 90 % and the combustion efficiency is 95 %.
There is a pressure drop of 2 % of the inlet pressure in the combustion chamber. The
calorific value of the fuel used is 42,000 kJ/kg.Assuming that cp and remains same
throughout the cycle and equal to those values for air determine (i) Net work output
per unit mass of air, (ii) Air-fuel ratio, (iii) thermal efficiency of the plant, (iv) specific
fuel combustion in kg / kWh, and (v) power output form the plant for a mass flow rate
of air of 1.0 kg / s.
3.3. The isentropic discharge temperature for the air flowing out of a compressor is 195 0C
while the actual temperature is 240 0C. The conditions of air at compressor inlet are 1
bar and 17 0C. If the air-fuel ratio in the combustion chamber is 75:1 and net power
output is 650 kW, compute (i) the isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and turbine
and (ii) the overall cycle efficiency. Assume that the plant consumes 5.2 kg/min of fuel
supplied and the calorific value of the fuel used is 42,000 kJ/kg.Also assume that for air
cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K and = 1.4 and cp = 1.148 kJ/kg K and = 1.333 for products
of combustion.
3.4. Determine the thermal efficiency of a gas turbine cycle having two stages of
compression and two stages of expansion. The overall pressure ratio of the cycle is 4.
Air enters both the stages of compression at 15 0C and enters both the stages of
turbine at 900 0C. If an ideal regenerator is incorporated in the cycle to heat the air
coming out of the second stage compressor, what would be the improvement in the
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thermal efficiency of the cycle. What would be the net work output and cycle efficiency
if the compressor and expansion stages have efficiencies of 80 % each and the
regenerator effectiveness is 75 %
3.5. Determine the specific work output, specific fuel consumption and cycle efficiency for a
gas turbine power plant using a regenerator having the following specifications.
Compressor pressure ratio
Turbine inlet temperature
Isentropic efficiency of compressor
Isentropic efficiency of turbine
Mechanical transmission efficiency
Combustion efficiency
Heat exchanger effectiveness
Pressure losses :(i) Combustion chamber
pressure
(ii) Heat exchanger air side loss
pressure
(iii) Heat exchanger gas side loss
4.0
1100 K
0.85
0.87
0.99
0.98
0.80
2 % of compressor delivery
3 % of compressor delivery
0.04 bar
3.6. An ideal gas turbine power plant operates with m number of stages of compression
and n number of stages of exp[ansion. The maximum temperature permitted in the
plant is Tmax. Pressure ratios in all the compressor stages are equal and expansion
ratios in all the turbine stages are equal. The intercoolig between the compressor
stages is perfect and the working fluid is reheated to Tmax in between the stages of
expansion.If t represents the maximum cycle temperature ratio in the cycle show that
t = (r a)
(m+n)/mn
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3.9. In a closed cycle gas turbine plant, the compressor inlet and exit conditions are 5 bar
and 32.5 bar respectively. After passing through a regenerator with an effectiveness of
0.83, the air is heated in a nuclear reactor to 945 K. The pressure drop in the
regenerator and the reactor reduces the air pressure at the turbine inlet to 31.5.bar.
After expansion to 5.25 bar in the turbine with an efficiency of 0.88, the air passes
through the regenerator and a cooler, before being ready to enter the compressor (
efficiency = 0.80) again at 20 C. Calculate (a) the cycle thermal efficiency, (b) the
turbine and compressor power, and (c) the heat transfer at the reactor and the net air
flow rate if the net power output from the plant is 650 kW.
3.10. The schematic diagram of a gas turbine power plant is shown in Fig. P1.30.The states
of the flowing gas at various points along the circuit are numbered. The following are
the data referring to these states.
CC1
1
2
C1
6
C2
T1
T2
4
5
7
Inter cooler
10
Regenerator
CC2
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4.1. A simple Rankine cycle dry saturated steam at 20 bar enters the turbine and the
condenser pressure is 1 bar. Determine (i) the pump work, (ii) the turbine work, (iii)
the net work out put, (iv) the thermal efficiency, (v) quality of steam entering the
condenser and (vi) steam rate in kg/kWh. What would be the corresponding values
when the condenser pressure is decreased to 0.1 bar other things being the same.
4.2. Steam conditions at the boiler exit are 10 bar and 300 C. In the pipe line between the
boiler exit and turbine inlet, there is an energy loss of 42 kJ/kg and a drop in pressure
of 0.2 bar. The steam expands in the turbine to a pressure of 0.09 bar at the turbine
exit, the efficiency of the turbine being 0.86. Find the stream conditions at the turbine
inlet, the actual enthalpy drop across the turbine and the final condition at discharge
from the turbine.
4.3. In a reheat cycle, the boiler exit conditions are 25 bar and 300 C. the exit pressure of
steam at the end of the first turbine is 5 bar. The steam is reheated to 300 C before it
is expanded in the second turbine to 0.05 bar. Assumiing the high and low pressure
turbines to have efficiencies of 0.87 and 0.85 respectively, determine (i) the thermal
energy input in the reheater, (ii) the overall thermal efficiency of the cycle, (iii) specific
steam consumption in kg/kWh, and (iv) net power output from the cycle for a mass
flow rate of 1.0 kg/s.
4.4. Steam at 50 bar and 350 C expands to 12 bar in a high pressure stage and is dry
saturated at the stage exit. This is now reheated to 280 C without any pressure drop.
The reheated steam expands in an intermediate stage and again emerges as dry
saturated steam at a lower pressure, to be reheated a second time to 280 C. Finally,
the steam expands in a low pressure turbine to 0.05 bar. Assuming the work output is
the same for the high and intermediate stages, and the efficiencies of the high and low
pressure stages are equal, find: (i) efficiency of the high pressure stage, (ii) pressure
of steam at exit of the intermediate stage, (iii) total power output from the three
stages for a mass flow rate of 1.0 kg/s, (iv) condition of steam entering the condenser,
and (v) thermal efficiency of the cycle
4.5. Determine the improvement in thermal efficiency which will result if one stage of
regenerative feed heating is added to a simple Rankine cycle which has the boiler exit
condition of 14 bar and 300 C and a condenser pressure of 0.08 bar. Steam for feed
heating is to be extracted at 2.0 bar.
4.6. In a reheat regenerative steam power plant cycle, the HP turbine receives steam at
20 bar and 300 0C. After expansion to 7 bar, the steam is reheated to 300 0C and then
it expands in an intermediate stage to 1 bar. A fraction of the steam is now extracted
for feed water heating, while the remaining steam expands in a LP turbine to a final
pressure of 35 mm of mercury. If the efficiencies of high, intermediate and low
pressure stages are respectively 0.90, 0.88, and 0.87, determine the overall cycle
efficiency of the plant.
4.7. Steam expands in a turbine from 30 bar, 360 0C to a condenser pressure of 0.04 bar.
The isentropic efficiency is 0.82 and the steam condition at any point in the turbine
may be assumed to be on a straight line joining the initial and final states, drawn on an
h s chart. During expansion steam is bled at two stages where the pressures are 5
bar and 0.7 bar respectively. The heaters are of closed type, the condensed steam
from the high pressure heater is being led to the steam space of the low pressure
heater through a steam trap.The condensed steam from the low pressure heater is fed
to the intake of the feed pump through a drain cooler. Assuming the feed water in each
heater to be heated to the saturation temperature corresponding to the bled steam
pressure for that heater and that the temperature of the condensate from the heaters
at the exit of the drain cooler is 30.2 0C, find the overall thermal efficiency of the plant
and the specific steam consumption..
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4.8. In a two-stage regenerative feed heating system, the steam conditions at the turbine
inlet and exit are 20 bar, 320 0C and 0.08 bar. The low pressure feed water heater
receives steam at 0.9 bar and heats the feed water from 33.5 0C to 89.5 0C. The
condensed steam is cascaded back into the condenser through a steam trap.For the
high pressure heater, steam is extracted at 4 bar and heats the water from 89.5 0C to
140 0C. Its condensate is pumped by a drain pump into the boiler feed line. Find the
mass flow rates of steam to each feed water heater per kg of steam generated in the
boiler. If the total steam generation is 18,000 kg/h, find the power output of the plant
in kW. Assume the turbine efficiency to be 0.82 and the condition of steam at any
point in the turbine to be on a straight line on the h s diagram connecting the steam
states at inlet and exit. Draw a schematic for the system and indicate all the salient
points on the Mollier diagram. Also determine the overall cycle efficiency of the plant
and specific steam consumption.
4.9. An ideal Rankine cycle with regenerative heating operates between the pressure limits
of 10 MPa and 40 kPa. Temperature of steam at turbine inlet is 500 0C. There are two
open feed water heaters. On the basis of optimum design, determine (i) the pump work
to turbine work, (ii) the ratio of heat rejection to heat addition, (iii) the mass of steam
bled out for each feed water heater per unit mass of steam generated in the boiler, and
(iv) cycle thermal efficiency.
Tutorial 5 : Refrigeration Cycles
A. Problems on Air Refrigeration cycles
5.1. A reversed Carnot cycle is used for heating and cooling. The work supplied is 10 kW. If
the COP is 3.5 for cooling determine (a) the ratio of maximum temperature to minimum
temperature in the cycle , (b) refrigeration effect in tons and (c) COP if the cycle is
used as a heat pump.
5.2. An ideal air refrigeration cycle has the following specifications:
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12, determine (i) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (ii) the COP, (iii) the degree of
subcooling, (iv) the power required to drive the compressor.
Tutorial 6 : Air Conditioning
6.1. Moist air at 40 0C,101.325 kPa, and a relative humidity of 60% initially is cooled at a
constant mixture pressure to 20 0C. Determine:
(a) The final relative humidity.
(b) Change in specific humidity.
6.2. The pressure and temperature in a room are 101.325 kPa and 25 0C. If the relative
humidity is 40% determine:
(a) Saturation pressure of water vapour at the dry bulb temperature.
(b) The dew point temperature.
Specific humidity.
(d) Degree of saturation.
6.3. Moist air is at a temperature of 21 0C under a total pressure of 736mm of Hg. The dew
point temperature is 15 0C. Find:
(a) Partial pressure of water vapour.
(b) Relative humidity.
Specific humidity.
(d) Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air.
(e) Specific volume of air per kg of dry air.
6.4. Calculate:
(a) Relative humidity.
(b) Humidity Ratio.
Dew point temperature.
(d) Density.
(e) Enthalpy of atmospheric air.
When the DBT is 35 0C, WBT is 23 0C and the barometer reads 750mm of Hg.
6.5. A sample of air has DBT of 35 0C and 25 0C respectively. The barometer reads 760mm
of Hg. Calculate:
(a) Humidity ratio, Relative humidity and Enthalpy of the sample.
(b) Humidity ratio, Relative humidity and Enthalpy if the air were adiabatically
saturated. The use of steam tables only is permitted.
6.6. Find the heat transfer rate required to warm 40 m3/min of air at 32 0C and 90 % RH to
50 0C.
6.7. Air at 15 0C and 80%RH is conditioned to 25 0C and 50%RH. Determine the amount
of water added per kg of dry air. Assuming the make up water is added at 15 0C
determine the heat supplied during the process.
6.8. Warm air is to be cooled by an adiabatic humidification process. At the beginning of the
process, the air is at 45 0C and 30%RH. The final temperature is 30 0C . Determine:
(a) The amount of water added to the air.
(b) The final relative humidity.
Solve the problem using steam tables only and compare the answers with those
obtained using psychrometric chart.
Assume the total pressure of air to be 101.325 kPa.
6.9. Air is to be conditioned from a DBT of 40 0C and a RH of 50% to a final DBT of 200C
and a final RH of 40% by a dehumidification process followed by a reheat process.
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Assume that the entire process is carried out at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa.
Determine:
(a) The amount of water to be removed from air.
(b) The temperature of air leaving the dehumidifier.
(c) Refrigeration in tons for an air flow rate of 0.47 m3/s and heating required in kW.
6.10.A Stream of air at atmospheric pressure, 20 C and 30% RH, flows at a rate of 15
m3/min and mixes adiabatically with another stream of air at 35 C and 80% RH at
20 m3/min. For the mixed stream calculate:
(a) Specific Humidity.
(b)Temperature.
(c) Relative Humidity.
(d) Specific Volume.
6.11. Atmospheric air at 12 C and 25 % RH is to be conditioned to a humidity ratio
of
0.005 kg of water vapor / kg of dry air as it enters an insulated room
with a flow rate of 60 m3 / min. Assuming that the humidifying water is at 12 C.
Determine RH, the Temperature of the conditioned air and heat transfer per rate for
the following humidifying process.
(a) Constant Dry Bulb Temperature (b) Constant Relative Humidity (c) Adiabatic
evaporative process.
6.12. The appended figure shows the air condition in a central air conditioning plant,
provided with a refrigeration circuit. It is meant to supply conditioned air at 20 C
Dry bulb temperature and 66% RH. The return air is 300 kg / min. While the make
up air is 20 kg / min taken from atmosphere. Find:
(a) The heat transfer at the cooling coil.
(b) The amount of the humidification per hour.
(c ) The heating coil capacity and
(d) The COP of the refrigeration from unit.
6.13. 39.6 m3/min of a mixture of recirculated room air and outdoor air enters a cooling coil
at 31 0C DBT and 18.5 0C WBT. The effective surface temperature of the coil is 4.4 0C. The
surface area of the coil is designed so as to give 12.5 kW of refrigeration with the given
entering state of air. Determine the dry and wet bulb temperatures of air leaving the coil
and the coil bypass factor.
FLUID MECHANICS ME 45
Faculty : V. Krishna / Ramachandra L.
Class #
Chapter title/
Reference Literature
1-2
Chapter : 1.0
properties of fluids
T1: Page : 3-17
T2 : Page : 13- 36
R1 : Page : 1-31
B.E. Mechanical
% of portions covered
Topic to be Covered
Introduction to fluid mechanics,
properites of fluids - Mass density,
specific volume, specific weight,
specific gravity.
Reference Cumulativ
Chapter
e
12%
12%
PESIT
4-5
6
7-8
9-10
11-12
13-14
15-16
17-19
20-21
22-23
Chapter # : 3.0
Fluid kinematics
T1:Page# : 320-334
T2:Page# : 204-218
R1:Page# : 139-182
R4:Page# : 104-141
R5:Page# : 31-57
R8:Page# : 36-44
16%
28%
12%
40%
8%
48%
12%
60%
Fluids flow concepts, Lines of flow path line, Stream line, Streak line,
Stream tube
Continuity equation in cartesian coordinates. Types of fluid flow.
Stream function for 2D flow, velocity
potential function for 2D flow,
Relationship between stream function
and velocity potential function. Flow
net. Numerical problems
Chapter # : 4.0
Dimensional analysis
T1:Page # : 156-173
T2:Page # : 138- Dimensions of physical quantites,
301
R1:Page Dimensional homogenity, Buckingham
pi theorem, Numerical problems.
# : 502-549
R4:Page # : 464-478
R5:Page # : 230-258
R8:Page # : 245-281
Raleigh's method, Important
dimensionless numbers, Similitude.
24-25
Chapter # : 5.0
Fliud Dyanmics
26-27
28-29
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
30-33
Chapter # : 6.0
Fluid flow
measurements
T1:Page # : 337357
T2:Page
# : 602-623
R1:Page # : 241-260
R4:Page : 223- 246
R5:Page # :155 -171
34-35
36-38
T1:Page # : 410-417
T2:Page # : 443-449
R1:Page # :420-450 Laminar flow between parallel
R4:Page # : 318-416 stationary plates, Numerical problems
R5:Page # : 362-378
R8:Page # : 598-602
39-40
41-42
43-44
45-46
47-48
49-50
Chapter # : 8.0
Friction loss in pipe flow - minor loss
Flow through pipes in pipe flow, Energy line & Hydraulic
gradient line.
T1:Page # : 182-199
T2:Page # : 391-417 Darcy's & Chezy's equation, numerical
R1:Page # :347-366 problems
Chapter # : 9.0
Flow past immersed Lift & Drag, skin friction & form drag.
Boundary layer concept.
bodies
T1:Page # : 210-222
T2:Page # : 9971000
R1:Page
# :552-556 and Page Calculation of laminar boundary layers
thickness, displacement & momentum
# :591-624
R4:Page # : 347-377 thickness.
R5:Page # : 406 442
Chapter # : 10.0 Sonic velocity, Mach number,
Introduction to
Isentropic flow, speed of sound wave.
compressible flow
T1:Page # : 262-271
R1:Page # : 636-642
R4:Page # : 442-460
R5:Page # : 535-552 Numerical problems.
R8:Page # : 511-570
8%
68%
8%
76%
8%
84%
8%
92%
8%
100%
Literature
Book Type
Text Book
B.E. Mechanical
Code
T1
Edition
7th
PESIT
Reference
Book
T2
R1
R2
R3
Dr.
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
2nd
4th
5th
QUESTION BANK
Chapter I: Properties of Fluids
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
(4)
PESIT
( 2+ 4)
PESIT
0.84
Calculate the maximum height of the cylinder so that it shall be stable when
floating with its axis vertical .Find also the depth to which it will sink .
(8)
24. Explain the terms buoyancy and centre of buoyancy .
(3)
(2)
25. What is the significance of Metacentric height .
26. A ship 60m long and 12m broad has a displaced water of 19620kN. A weight of 294.3kN
is moved across the deck through a distance of 6.5m .The ship is tilted through 5 . The
moment of inertia of ship at water surface is 75% moment of inertia of the
circumscribing rectangle. the centre of buoyancy is 2.75m below waterline. Find the
metacentric height and position of C.G of the ship . Take specific weight of sea-water as
(6)
10104N/m3 .
27. *A wooden cylinder having a specific gravity of 0.6 is required to float in an oil of
specific gravity 0.8. If the diameter of the cylinder is d and length l, show that l
cannot exceed 0.817d for the cylinder to float with its longitudinal axis vertical. (6)
28. A wooden cylinder of specific gravity 0.6 and diameter D and length L is required to
float in oil of specific gravity 0.9. Find the L / D ratio for the cylinder to float with its
longitudinal axis vertical.
(8)
29. *Draw a rectangle parallelopied element of a fluid at rest, indicating the pressure on the
faces. For the element derive the hydrostatic equation in the form p= h, where p is the
pressure intensity at a depth h from a liquid surface of specific weight .
(10)
30. *Derive the criterion for stability of a floating body.
(6)
31. *Determine the pressure difference Pa-Pb for the system shown below.
(4)
Diameter
D
Diameter
1=.8 w
Diameter
D
H1=0.2m
H2=0.05
H1
3=0.6
H2
w=1000kg/
m3
32.* Determine the minimum force F, required to keep the gate closed, in the
Figure below. The gate is a square of 0.5m side and hinged in the middle as
Shown. The centre of the gate is 1m below the water surface.
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
Gate ( 0.5*0.5
H
Hing
D
Wate
H=1m
D=0.5m
33.* calculate the horizontal and vertical forces, due to the gauge pressure of water
On the cylinder portion of the tank shown below. The radius of the cylinder,
R is 2m, the level of water in the tank, H is 5m and the width of the tank, W is
5m. The tank is open at the top. (8)
H=5m
W=5m
R=2m
1. * Distinguish between
i) Steady flow and unsteady flow ii) Uniform flow and non uniform flow iii)
Compressible and incompressible flow. iv)
Laminar and turbulent flow.
(8)
(4)
2. What do you understand by the term continuity equation.
3. Explain in brief Lagrangian method and Eulerian method of studying fluid in motion.
4. * Define the following : (i) Path line (ii) Streak line
(iii) Stream line (iv) Stream tube
(8)
5. * Obtain an expression for the continuity equation for a three dimensional flow.
(6)
6. * Define the terms : 1)Velocity potential
2) Stream function
(4)
7. Determine whether the continuity equation is satisfied by the following velocity
components for incompressible fluid: B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
u = x3 - y3 - z2 x ; v =y3 - z3 ; w = -3 x2 z - 3 y2 z + z3/ 3.
(4)
8. The velocity components in a two dimensional flow field for an incompressible fluid are
as follows : u = y3 / 3 + 2 x - x2 y and v = x y2 - 2 y - x3 /3. Obtain an expression
for the stream function.
(6)
9. * What you mean by upper critical and Lower Critical Reynolds number.
(4)
10. * Compare and contrast the following:
(a) Path line vs. streak line.
(2)
(2)
(b) 1D vs. 3D flow.
11.* The stream function for 2D incompressible flow is given by: = xy3+x2y
(a) Find if it exists.
(4)
(b) What is the equation of the steam line passing through (1,1).
(2)
12.* Given V= (xy+2zt)I+(2y2+xyt)J+(12xy)k where x,y and z are in metres and t
in seconds, determine ax the x component of the acceleration of the fluid
particle at (1,1,1) at t=1s.
(4)
Chapter IV: Dimensional Analysis
(3)
1. What is similitude.
2. * Briefly explain [a] Geometric Similarity
[b] Kinematic Similarity
[c] Dynamic Similarity
(3)
3. Write a note on Model studies.
(3)
4. * State Buckinghams theorem.
(2)
5. The efficiency of a fan depends on density, dynamic viscosity, angular velocity,
diameter of rotor & discharge. Express in terms of dimensionless parameters. (6)
6. Define the following non-dimensional numbers. [i] Euler's Number [ii] Weber Number
7. The drop in pressure due to an obstruction in a pipe depends on the pipe diameter,
average velocity, mass density, Viscosity of fluid and the characteristic length of
obstruction. Express the pressure drop in terms of dimensionless parameters.
(6)
8. Using Buckingham's - theorem, show that the velocity through a circular orifice is
given by V = 2 g H X D / H , / , / VH where H is head causing the
flow, D is the diameter of the orifice , is the viscosity , is the mass density and g is
the acceleration due to gravity.
(8)
9. * The rate of discharge Q of a centrifugal pump is dependent upon density of the fluid,
pump speed N (rpm), the diameter of the impeller D, the pressure P & the viscosity of
fluid . Derive an expression for Q by using Buckingham's theorem.(10)
10. * By Buckinghams theorem, obtain an expression for the frictional torque T of a disc
of diameter D, rotating at speed N, in a fluid of viscosity and density in a turbulent
flow.
(8)
11. *Assuming that the rate of discharge Q of a hydraulic machine is dependent upon the
mass density and viscosity , show using Buckinghams theorem that it can be
represented by
Q= ND3 [9H/N2D2, /ND2]
H being the head and the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
12.*The distance traveled by a golf ball in still air, L , is known to be a function of
the following:
L= (Vo,D,d,,,m)
Where,
Vo is the initial velocity of the ball;
D is the diameter of the ball
d is the diameter of the dimples;
is the density of air
is the angular speed of the ball;
is the viscosity of air and
m is the mass of the ball.
(a)using , Vo and D as repeating variable find all the revelant groups.
(8)
(b) Experiments are to be conducted on a model ball that is twice as large as the
actual golf ball. For dynamic similarity find the ratio of the initial velocity of the model
to that of the actual ball. The fluid in both cases is air at STP.
(2)
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
Chapter V: Fluid dynamics
1. Name the different forces present in a fluid flow. For the Eulers equation of motion,
which forces are taken into consideration?.
(3)
2. Write Bernoullis equation of motion. Clearly explain the meaning of the terms in it.
(4)
3. A pipe of diameter 0.3m carries water at a velocity of 20m/s. The pressure at the points
A and B are given as 350KN/m2 and 300 KN/m2 respectively, while the datum head at
A and B are 25m and 28m. Find the loss of head between A and B.
(6)
(8)
4. * State and prove Bernoullis theorem making clearly the assumptions made.
5. * Derive Euler's equation along a streamline and reduce it to Bernoulli's equation. State
the assumptions made.
(10)
(2)
6. Mention the devices that work on the above principle.
7. A pipe line carrying oil of S.G 0.8 changes in diameter from 300mm at position A to
500mm diameter at position B which is 5m higher. If the pressures at A and B are
200KN/m2 and 152KN/m2 respectively and the discharge is 150l/s, determine the loss
of head and direction of flow.
(8)
8.* A 0.25 diameter pipe carries an oil of SG 0.8 at the rate of 120 l/s and the
pressure at a point A is 19.62kN/m3. If the point A is 3.5m above the datum line,
calculate the total energy at point A in m of oil.
9.*Derive Bernoullis equation using an infinitesimal stream tube. Clearly state all the
assumptions made.
(6)
Chapter VI: Fluid flow measurements
1. What is a venturimeter.
(2)
2. Derive an expression for the discharge through a venturimeter.
(4)
3. * Draw neat sketches of venturimeter and orifice meter labeling all the main parts.
Distinguish between venturimeter and orifice meter.
(8)
4. * Explain with a neat sketch the working of pitot's tube with inverted U tube differential
manometer. Derive an expression for the velocity for the same pitot's tube.
(6)
5. A horizontal venturimeter with a inlet diameter 200mm and throat diameter 100mm is
used to measure the flow of water. The pressure at inlet is 150KN/m2 and vacuum
pressure at the throat is 400mm of Hg. Find the discharge of water through the meter.
Take Cd= 0.98.
(6)
6. A 30 mm X 15 mm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipeline carrying oil of S.G. 0.9.
The differential U-tube manometer shows a gauge deflection of 25 cm. Calculate the
discharge of the oil. Take Cd of venturimeter as 0.98.
(8)
(2)
7. What do you understand by Vena-Contracta.
8. Define the hydraulic co-efficients of an orifice. How are they related.
(3)
9. In order to determine experimentally the co-efficients of contraction, velocity and
discharge for a 100mm dia sharp orifice in the side of a tank , the following data were
collected. Dia of jet at vena-contracta =78.42mm, H= 3.6m, Q=0.0385 m3/ s. Obtain
Cc, Cv and Cd.
(6)
10. Obtain an expression for the coefficient of velocity for a sharp edged orifice located in
the side of a tank in terms of horizontal distance x, vertical distance y, traveled by the
jet and head H over the orifice .
(6)
11. A jet of water issuing from a 25mm dia orifice in the side of a tank drops 0.48m in a
horizontal distance of 1.39m from vena-contracta. If it discharges 0.00131m3/s under a
head of 1.07m, determine Cc, Cv and Cd.
(4)
12. Distinguish between orifices and notches.
(2)
(4)
13. * Derive an expression for discharge over a V-notch.
14. * Mention the advantages of V-notch over rectangular notch.
(3)
th
B.E. Mechanical
4 Semester Course Information
PESIT
15. In an experiment on a 900 V-notch , the flow is collected in a vertical cylindrical tank
0.9m dia. It is found that the depth of water in the tank increases by 0.65m in 16.8s,
when the head over the notch is 0.2m. Determine the Cd of the notch. (4)
16. Find the depth and top width of a V-notch capable of discharging a maximum 0.7m3/s
and such that head the head shall be 75mm for a discharge of 5.6 litres
17. / s. Its Cd is same as that of a similar (in material and sharpness of edges only) right
angled V-notch for which Q=1.407 H5/2.
(6)
18. *Compare a Venturimeter and an orifice plate, based on the following points
(a) Cost and ease of manufacture
(b) Accuracy
(c) Energy loss
(d) Sensitivity ( output manometer deflection per unit flow rate)
(4)
19.* Derive the head vs. discharge relation equation for a V notch. State all the
assumption made.
(6)
20.*The inlet and throat diameters of a vertically mounted venturimeter are 300mm
and 100mm respectively. The throat is below the inlet at a distance of 100mm.
The mass density of the liquid is 900kg/m3. The pressure intensity at the inlet is
140 kPa while at the throat is 80kPa. Calculate the flow rate. Assume that 2%
of the differential head is lost between the inlet and the throat.
(8)
Chapter-VII: Flow through pipes &
Chapter-VIII: Laminar & Viscous Flow
PESIT
15.* Derive the Darcy Weisbach equation for the loss of head due to friction in a pipe
16.*What are hydraulic gradient and total energy lines.
17.*Water is supplied to a town having a population of 1 lakh from a reservoir 6 km
away from the town and it is stipulated that half of the daily supply of 150 litres
per head should be delivered in 8 hours. What should be the dia of the supply
pipe. The loss of head due to friction in the pipe line is 12m. Take Chezys
constant as 45.
(8)
18.*In the Chezy equation V=C(RS)1/2, explain the physical meaning of the terms
C,R and S.
(2)
19.*Derive the expression for the energy loss due to a sudden expansion in a pipe
from area A1 to area A2(>A1), in terms of the inlet dynamic pressure V12
Clearly state all the assumption made.
(6)
20.*Starting from an appropriate control volume derive the expression for the
velocity distribution for steady, laminar, fully developed flow of an incompressible fluid
in a circular pipe.
(10)
Further, show that the friction factor =2gDhf/LV2 is 64/Re for this flow.
21.*For the system shown below qualitatively sketch the hydraulic and energy grade
lines. The value is kept half open and the entry loss into the pipe is negligible
Ho
smooth
pipe
Rough
pipe
Vexit
Value
kept half
PESIT
KINEMATICS OF MACHINEME 44
Faculty: Sunith Babu. L
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
Class #
Chapter Title /
Reference
Literature
1.
Chapter #: 1.0
Introduction
2.
3.
4.
5
T1: 1 - 19
R1: 3 14
Chapter #: 1.0
Kinematic chain
and Inversion
T1: 20 - 30
R1: 15 - 21
7.
Chapter #: 2.0
Mechanism
9.
10.
11.
% Of Portions
Covered
4%
4%
8%
12 %
13 %
25 %
15 %
40 %
Their inversions
6.
8.
Topics to be covered
T1: 22 - 30
R1: 95 - 123
12.
13.
Mechanisms:
(I) Quick return mechanisms Drag link
mechanism, Whitworth mechanism and
Crank & slotted lever mechanism.
(II) Straight line motion mechanisms
Peacelliers mechanism and Robertss
mechanism.
(III) Intermittent motion mechanisms Geneva
mechanism and Ratchet & Pawl mechanism.
(IV) Toggle mechanism, Pantograph, Hookes
joint and Ackerman steering mechanism
14.
15.
16.
17.
Chapter #: 3.0
Velocity and
Acceleration
Analysis of
Mechanisms
18.
19.
T1: 31 - 52
R1: 21 - 23
20.
21.
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Chapter #: 4.0
Velocity
Analysis by
Instantaneous
center method
& Kleins
construction
T1: 53 - 73
Definition,
Kennedys Theorem
Determination of velocity using
instantaneous center method
Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration of single
slider crank mechanism by using Kleins
construction
12
%
52 %
8
%
60 %
15
%
75 %
12
%
87 %
R1: 24 71
27.
28.
29.
Chapter #: 5.0
Velocity Analysis
by Complex No
And Loop Closure
Equation
R2:
30.
31.
32.
33.
Chapter #: 6.0
Spur Gears
34.
35.
36.
37.
Law of gearing,
Involutometry,
Definitions, Characteristics of involute action,
Path of Contact, Arc of Contact, Contact
ratio, Interference in involute gears, Methods
of avoiding interference, Back lash,
Comparison of involute and cycloidal teeth
38.
39.
40.
Chapter #: 7.0
Gear Trains
41.
42.
43.
44.
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Chapter #: 8.0
Cams
50.
51.
Types of followers,
Displacement,
Velocity and Acceleration time curves for
cam profiles,
Disc cam with reciprocating follower
having knife edge,
Roller and flat faced follower, disc cam
with oscillating roller follower, Follower
motions including SHM, Uniform velocity,
Uniform acceleration & retardation and
cycloidal motion
13 %
100 %
52.
Title
Author(s)
T1.
Theory of Machines
S. S. Rattan
T2.
J. S. Rao
Kinematics of Machines
A.S Ravindran
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
QUESTION BANK
LINKAGES AND MECHANISMS:
1. Explain the following terms with examples
(i) Element (ii) Link (iii) Kinematic pair (iv) Mechanism (v) Inversion
(vi) Machine (vii) Mobility (viii) Degree of Freedom*
(16)
(4)
2. Define a Kinematic pair. Explain the various types of Kinematic pairs. *
3. Distinguish between complete, incomplete and successful constraint of the relative
motion between the two links
(4)
4. Define the following (i) Lower pair (ii) Higher pair*
(4)
(4)
5. Define Kinematic chain and how does it differ from a mechanism *
6. Differentiate between (i) Machine and Mechanism (ii) Machine and structure*(8)
7. Define mobility of a mechanism and write the Grublers mobility equation for planar
mechanism*
(4)
8. Write short notes on Kinematic chain with three lower pairs*
(6)
9. Sketch and explain the following*
(12)
(i) Four Bar Chain and its inversions
(ii) Single slider crank chain and its inversions
10. Explain the working of an Ellipse Trammel and show how is it useful in drawing an
ellipse
(10)
11. Explain the construction of Oldhams coupling and state for what purpose it is used*
(6)
12. Describe the following quick return mechanism*
(10)
(i) Drag Link
(ii) Witworth
13. What are straight-line motion mechanisms? How are they classified*
(6)
14. Describe Peacelliers mechanism with a suitable sketch*
(6)
15. Describe Roberts approximate straight line motion mechanism with suitable sketches*
(4)
16. What is a Pantograph and what are its uses? With neat sketches explain its working
principle *
(6)
17.
(4)
19.
20.
(6)
(4)
19. State and prove the condition that must satisfy by the steering mechanism of a car in
order that the wheel may have pure rolling motion when rounding a curve? (10)
21.
23.
PESIT
be exerted by the driving shaft. At what value of will the total fluctuation of
speed of the driven shaft be limited to 24 rpm (12)
26. Find the degree of freedom of the following mechanism shown in figure 1 *
(4)
27. In a with worth quick return mechanism as shown in figure 2, OP = 240mm,
OA = 150mm, AR = 165mm, RS = 430mm. If the crank OP rotates at an
angular velocity of 2.5 rad/sec & has an angular acceleration of 20 rad/sec2,
determine the acceleration of the slider, the angular acceleration of the link
AR, RS. (10)
1.
11.
PESIT
An oscillatory cylinder mechanism is shown in the figure 5. The crank O2B rotates at
300rpm (ccw). Determine the magnitude & direction of
I. Angular velocity of cylinder ii. Velocity of A3 a point on the system iii. Angular
acceleration of the cylinder. Also state whether the magnitude of angular velocity. Is
increasing or decreasing at the instant A3 & A4 are coincident points of piston &
A3B=400mm. (15)
cylinder respectively.
O2B=150mm. O2O4=600mm.
12. The crank of a slider crank mechanism is 480 mm long and rotates at 20 rad/sec in the
counter clockwise direction. It has a connecting rod of 160mm long, Determine the
following when the crank is at 60 degree from the inner dead center 1) Velocity of
slider 2) Angular velocity of connecting rod 3) The Position and velocity of a point P on
the connecting rod having at least absolute velocity.
(15)
13. A pin jointed 4-bar mechanism ABCD is shown in figure - 6. LINK AB = 150mm, BC =
180 mm CD = 180 mm, and the fixed Link AD = 300 mm. Link AB makes 60 degree
with Link AD and rotates uniformly at 100 rpm. Locate all the instantaneous centers
and find the angular velocity of link BC and Linear velocity of link CD.(16)
14. Locate all the instantaneous centers for the toggle mechanism shown in figure 7
(4)
15. Determine the velocity of point K in the mechanism shown in figure 8 (6)
16. In the mechanism shown in figure 9, crank rotates at 3000rpm. Find the acceleration
of the point c in magnitude, direction and sense. Find also the angular acceleration of
link 3.
(10)
17. The crank 02A of the four bar mechanism shown in figure - 10 is rotating clockwise at
a constant speed of 100 rad/sec. For the phase, shown in figure, determine I) the
acceleration of the point c. II) the angular acceleration of link 3 and 4. (10)
18. A four bar chain ABCD has a fixed link AD = 1m. The driving rank AB = 0.3m. The
Follower link CD = 0.6 m and the connecting link BC = 1.2m. Find the velocity and
acceleration of point P midway between B and C When the angle BAD =1350 and AB
rotates at a speed of 300 rpm.
(10)
19. In a slider crank mechanism, the crank is 50mm long and the connecting rod is
150mm long. The crank is rotating at a speed of 10 rad/s and the crank is at 450 from
IDC. By kleins construction determine:
Velocity of piston ii) Acceleration of the piston iii) Angular acceleration of
i)
the
Connecting rod
*
(15)
20. A four bar chain mechanism ABCD is made up of 4 links pin jointed at ends. AD is fixed
link, which is 250 mm long. The links AB, BC & CD are 90mm, 180mm & 180mm long
respectively. The crank AB rotates at 100 rpm and an angular acceleration 100rad/sec2
at the instant when the crank AB makes an angle of 600 to the horizontal. Find the
angular velocities and angular accelerations of links BC & CD *
(20)
21. The crank of an engine is 20cm long and connecting rod length to crank radius is 4.
Determine the acceleration of the piston when the crank has turned through 45 Degree
from the inner dead center position and moving towards center at 240 rpm by the
following methods 1) complex algebra analysis 2) Kleins construction and compare the
values and get the error % figure 11 *
(20)
22. For the four bar mechanism shown in figure 12 determine the acceleration of C and
angular acceleration of link 3 when crank 2, rotates at 20 radians / sec*
(10)
23. What is Coriolis component? Derive the expression for the same *
(06)
24. The crank of a reciprocating engine is 60mm long and connecting rod is 240mm long.
The crank rotates at 400rpm. Find the velocity and acceleration of the piston and the
angular velocity and angular acceleration of the connecting rod, when the crank is 30
degrees from inner dead center, by KLEINS construction. *
(12)
25. What is instantaneous center? Locate all the instantaneous center for a single slider
crank mechanism and show how velocity of slider is determined?
(08)
Velocity and acceleration analysis by complex method:
B.E. Mechanical
1.
2.
PESIT
In an internal combustion engine mechanism, the crank radius is 100mm and the
length of the connecting rod is 450 mm. the crank is rotating at 10 rad/sec, in (CCW)
direction. Determine the magnitude and direction of 1) Velocity of the piston 2) The
angular velocity of the connecting rod when crank is at 45 degree from the inner dead
center by complex algebra method verify the same by Kleins construction.
(15)
In a 4 bar mechanism ABCD link, AB=300mm,BC=360mm,CD=360mm and the fixed
link AD=600mm. The angle of link AB with fixed is 60degree. The AB has an angular
velocity of 10rad/sec and angular acceleration of 30rad/sec2 both clock wise.
Determine the angular velocity and angular acceleration of link BC and CD by RAVENS
approach. *
(20)
SPUR GEAR
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Define the following (i) Path of Contact (ii) Arc of Contact (iii) Contact Ratio*
(12)
11. Derive the formula for the length of arc of contact for two meshing spur Gears of
involute profile*
(6)
12. Explain the phenomenon of interference. State the condition for no Interference
(4)
13. Describe the various methods of avoiding interference
(4)
14. Derive an expression for minimum number of teeth necessary for a pinion to avoid
interference.
(10)
15. Derive an expression for the length of path of contact for a pinion on rack (6)
16. What is Involutometry? Derive an expression for the tooth thickness at any point on
the involute, if the tooth thickness at some other point is known
(10)
17. What is Backlash? Derive an expression for backlash if the center distance is pulled
apart at a distance c.
(10)
18. Two equal spur gears of 48 teeth mesh together with pitch radii of 100 mm, and the
addendum is 4.25 mm. If the pressure angle is 200, calculate the length of action and
contact ratio. Sketch the different types of gear trains and explain briefly (20)
19. A pair of gears having 40 and 20 teeth are rotating in mesh the speed of smaller being
1800rpm. Determine the velocity of sliding between the gear teeth faces at the point of
engagement, at the pitch point, at the point of disengagement if the smaller gear is the
driver. Assume the gear teeth 200 involute form, addendum length is 5mm and the
module is 5mm
(20)
20. The number of teeth on each of two equal spur gears is mesh each other are 40. The
teeth have 200 involute pressure angle and module is 5mm. If the arc of contact is
1.75 times the circular pitch. Find the addendum
(10)
21. The following are the particulars of a single reduction spur gear the gear ratio is 10: 1
and the center distance is 275mm. The pinion transmits 375 KW at 1800 rpm. The
teeth's are of involute form with standard addendum of 1 module and pressure angle is
22.50. Normal tooth pressure is not to exceed 9810N/cm width. Find (I) the nearest
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
standard diameter pitch if no interference is to occur (ii) the number of teeth in each
wheel (iii) the width of pinion*
(20)
A spur Pinion 100 mm in diameter has a torque of 200Nm applied to it. The spur gear
in mesh with it is 250 mm in dia. the pressure angle is 20 degree. Determine the
tangential force FT and the separating force FR. Show the forces action on the wheels
separately. *
(5)
Two Gear wheels mesh externally and are to give a velocity ratio of 3. The teeth are of
involute form of module 6mm, and the standard addendum is one module. If the
pressure angle is 180 and the pinion rotates at 90 rpm. Find i) The minimum number
of teeth on each wheel to avoid interference. The length of path of contact iii) The
maximum velocity of sliding iv) number of pairs of teeth in contact* (16)
The following data refers to two mating involute gears of 200 pressure angle:
Number of teeth on pinion 20
Module 12mm
If the center distance between the gears is increased by 2mm, find the backlash
between the gears.
(15)
Two spur gears wheels have 24 and 30 teeth and a standard addendum of 1 module.
The pressure angle is 200. Calculate the path of contact and arc of contact. Derive the
expression used. *
(15)
The following data refers to two mating involute gears of 200 pressure angle. Number
of teeth on the pinion is 20, gear ratio is 2, speed of the pinion is 250rpm, module
12mm. If the addendum on each wheel is such that the path of approach and the path
of recess on each side are half of the maximum permissible length. Find the maximum
velocity of sliding during approach and the recess and the length of arc of contact. *
(14)
A pair of gear has 16 teeth and 18 teeth, a module 12.5 mm an addendum 12.5mm
and a pressure angle 14.5 degrees. Prove that gears have interference. Determine the
minimum number of teeth and the velocity ratio to avoid interference. *
(08)
GEAR TRAINS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
75, 30 & 90 respectively. Find the speed and directions of the wheel C when wheel B is
(15)
fixed and the arm A makes 100rpm clockwise
In a planetary gear system of sun and planet type, the sun wheel A has 20 teeth and
is fixed to the frame. The arms C with Planet gear wheel B with 40 teeth revolve about
the gear wheel A. When the arm rotates at 30rpm, determine the speed planet gear B
(10)
Figure 13 shows an epicyclic gear train Wheel E is fixed and Wheel C and D are
integrally cast and mounted on the same pin. If arm A makes 1 revolution/ sec (CCW),
determine the speed and direction of the wheels B and F.
(15)
In the gear train shown in figure 14. The wheel C is fixed, the gear B is connected to
the input shaft, & the gear F is connected to the output shaft. The arm A, carrying the
compound wheels D & E, turns freely on the output shaft. If the input speed is
100rpm(ccw) when see from right. Determine the speed of output shaft. The No of
teeth on each gear is indicated in the fig. Find the output torque & the holding torque
to keep the wheel C fixed if the input power is 7.5kW*
(20)
In the epicyclic gear train shown in figure - 15 A gear C, has teeth cut both internally
& externally. The gear C is free to rotate on an arm driven by shaft S1 & meshes
externally with the casing D & internally with pinion B.The gears have the following No.
Of teeth TB=24, TC=32 & 40, TD=48. Determine the vel. Ratio between S1 & S2 when
D is fixed S1 & D when D is fixed
(15)
In an epicyclic gear train shown in figure - 16 the internal wheels A, Fand the
compound wheels C, D rotate about the axis O. The wheels B and E rotate on a pin
fixed to the arm L. The wheels have same pitch and the number of teeth on B and E
are 18, C = 28, D = 26. If the arm L makes 150rpm clockwise, find the speed of F
when I) Wheel A is fixed and II) Wheel A makes 15rpm (CCW) by tabular column
method.
(10)
In an epicycle gear train, the internal wheel A and B the compound wheel C and D
rotate independently about axis O. The wheel E and F rotate on pins fixed to the arm
G. E gears with A and C and F gears with B and D. All wheels have the same module
and the number of teeth are Tc = 28, Td = 26, Tf = 18,
Sketch the arrangement
i)
ii)
Find the number of teeth on A and B
If the arm G makes 100rpm clock wise and A is fixed, find B speed
iii)
iv)
If the arm G makes 100 rpm CW and wheel A makes 10rpm, CCW find
speed of B
CAMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Derive an expression for velocity acceleration & displacement when the tangent cam is
operating on an radial translating roller follower When the contact is on straight flank
When the contact is on circular nose
(4)
Draw the outline of a cam which will transmit motion to a roller follower in the
following manner I) the follower to move outwards through a distance of 65 mm
during 180 degree of cam rotation. ii) Follower to return to its initial position during
150 degree of cam rotation. iii) Follower to dwell for the remaining 30 degree of cam
9.
B.E. Mechanical
(10)
PESIT
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
B.E.
rotation. The minimum radius of the cam is 30 mm & the displacement of the follower
is to take place with cycloidal motion both during outward & return strokes. The roller
diameter is 10mm & the follower axis is offset by 10mm from the axis of the shaft. *
(8)
Draw the profile of the cam to give the following motion to the followerFollower to
move through 30mm. During 180oof cam rotation with cycloidal
motion. Follower to
return with cycloidal motion during 180o of cam rotation. Base circle dia. of the cam is
30mm and the roller dia of the follower is 10mm.the axis of the roller is offset by 8mm
to the right. Determine the maximum velocity and acceleration of the follower during
the outstroke, when cam rotates at 2000rpm. *
(8)
A disc cam is required to lift a flat-faced follower with U.A.R.M motion through 30 mm
in 1/3 rd revolution. Keep it fully raised through 1/6th revolution & to lower it with
S.H.M. in 1/3rd revolution and to dwell during rest of the revolution .The minimum
radius of the cam is 25 mm. Draw the cam profile & also determine the maximum
velocity & acceleration of the follower during and return strokes if the cam rotates at
200 rpm clockwise. *
(20)
Draw the cam profile for the cam with reciprocating follower .The axis of the follower
passes through the axis of the cam. Details of the cam & the follower motion are the
following: Roller dia = 10mm, minimum radius of the cam = 22 mm, Total lift = 25
mm .The cam has to lift the follower with SHM during 180 degree of cam rotation, then
allows the follower to drop suddenly halfway & further return the follower with UARM
during the remaining 180 degree cam rotation. Calculate the maximum velocity &
acceleration of the follower during outstroke
(20)
A push rod operated by a cam is to rise and fall with SHM along an inclined path. The
least radius of the cam is 30 mm and push rod is fitted at its lower end with a roller 15
mm diameter. When in its lowest position, the roller center is above the cam axis. The
max. Displacement of the follower is 40 mm in a direction 30 degree to the right of the
vertical .The cam rotates at 100 rpm in a clockwise direction .The time of lift is 0.15
sec & the time of fall is 0.10 sec with a period of rest of 0.05 sec at the upper position,
draw the graphical cam profile.
(20)
A knife edged follower for the fuel valve of a four stroke diesel engine has its center
line coincident with the vertical center line of the cam .It rises 25 mm with SHM during
600 of cam rotation, then dwells for 30 degree of cam rotation and finally descends
with UARM during 90 degree of cam rotation, the deceleration period being 1/2 the
acceleration period .The least radius of the cam is 30 mm. Draw the profile of the cam
to full size.
(10)
It is required to set out the profile of a cam for the following data.
i) Follower to move outward through an angular displacement of 20 degree during 900
of cam rotation ii) Follower to dwell for 45 degree of cam rotation .iii) Follower to dwell
for the remaining period of the revolution of the cam .iv) Follower to return to its initial
position of zero displacement in 5 degree of cam rotation. *
(20)
The distance between the pivot center and the roller follower center is 70mm. Roller
dia is 10mm, minimum radius of cam is 30mm .The location of the pivot is 70mm to
the left and 50mm above the axis of the cam. The motion of the follower is to take
place with SHM during outstroke and with UARM during return stroke, the acceleration
during outstroke of the follower, if the cam speed is 1200rpm. *
(15)
A cam rotating clockwise at uniform speed of 300rpm operates a reciprocating follower
through a roller 10mm dia the follower motion is defined: (I) Follower to move
outwards during 1200 of the cam rotation with equal uniform acceleration and deacceleration. (ii) Follower to dwell in the lifted position for the next 300 of cam
rotation. (iii) Follower to return to its starting position during 1200 of cam rotation with
SHM. (iv) Follower to dwell for the rest of cam rotation*
(15)
Draw the full size cam profile for a cam with roller of 25mm dia attached to the
follower to give a lift of 35mm. Axis of the follower is offset to right of cam axis by
18mm. Ascend of the follower takes place with SHM in 0.05sec follower by a period of
rest of 0.0125sec. The follower then descends with UARM during 0.125sec and the
Mechanical
4th Semester Course Information
PESIT
19.
20.
21.
remaining period rest at the minimum lifted position. The acceleration being 3/5 times
retardation. The cam rotates in CCW direction at a constant speed 240rpm and the
base radius is 50mm*(20)
A translating roller follower has lift of 4cm. The follower has a uniform acceleration and
retardation motion for both rise and return phases. How ever during the rise
acceleration is twice the retardation. And during return the duration of acceleration is
twice the duration of retardation. The angle of rotation of cam during rise and return is
1500 each. The duration of the dwell before and after the rise is 300. Draw the
displacement diagram of the follower. Do not draw the cam profile*
(20)
A cam rotates at a uniform speed of 300 rpm clock wise and gives an oscillating
follower 75mm long, an angular displacement of 30 degree in each stroke. The
follower is fitted with a roller of 20mm diameter, which makes contact with the cam.
The outward and inward displacement of the follower each occupying 120 degree cam
rotation and there is no dwell in the lifted position. The follower moves through out by
SHM. The axis of fulcrum is 80mm from the axis of cam and the least distance of roller
axis from cam axis is 40mm*
(20)
A roller follower is offset to the left by 1.2cm.the base circle radius of the cam is
3cm.the desired displacement of the follower Y for any cam rotation is listed in the
table given below. Layout the cam profile if the radius of roller follower is 1cm. The
cam rotates in clockwise direction. *
(20)
Cam rotation
o
Follower (cm)
Y displacement
30
60
90
120
150
180
0.25
0.92
1.87
2.83
3.50
3.75
21
0
3.5
240
270
300
330
2.83
1.87
0.92
0.25
22. Draw the full size cam profile for a cam with roller of 25mm diameter attached to the
follower to give a lift of 35mm. Axis of the follower is offset to right of cam axis is
18mm. Ascent of the follower takes place with SHM 0.05sec followed by a period of set
0.125sec. The Follower then descends with UARM during 0.125sec and the remaining
period as rest in the minimum lifted position, the acceleration being times
retardation. The cam rotates in CCW direction at a constant speed of 240rpm and the
base radius is 50mm
(20)
Class #
Chapter title /
Reference
Literature
14
Standards
Measurement:
R1:34-40
R2:311
Portions to be covered
%
Covered
PART-A
B.E. Mechanical
of
PESIT
5 13
System of Limits,
Fits,
Tolerances
and gauging:
R1: 73-110
R2: 312-446
14 18
Comparators:
R1 : 63-70
R2: 447 - 519
19 22
Angular
measurements
and
Interferometer
R1 : 111 127
R2 : 654 - 724
23 26
26
38
44
52
PART-B
26 31
Measurements
Measurement
systems
R1: 268-270
B.E. Mechanical
&
62
PESIT
32 35
Transducers
R1:271-314
36 38
Intermediate
modifying devices
R1: 315-326
39 40
Terminating
Devices
41 43
Measurement
force & torque
R1:368-379
44 46
Pressure
measurements
R1:380-418
47 49
Temperature
measurement
R1:419-455
50 52
Strain
measurement
R1:275-312
of
Text Books:
1. Mechanical Measurements - Beckwith ,Marangoni & Lienhard
2. Engineering Metrology- I.C.Gupta
Reference Books:
1. Mechanical Measurements Holeman
2. Mechanical Measurements Sirohi & Radhakrishna
3. Mechanical measurements-Doblin
4. Metrology for engineers-J.F.Galyer & C.R.Shotbolt
5. Industrial Instrumentation-Alsutko & Jerry.D.Faulk
6. Engineering Metrology - R.K.Jain
Scheme of examination:
B.E. Mechanical
70
76
80
86
92
98
100
PESIT
1. What is the difference between unilateral and bilateral tolerances? Why unilateral
tolerance is preferred over bilateral tolerance?*
2. Explain what is meant by:
i) Interchangeable part
ii) Universal interchangeability
iii) Local interchangeability*
3. Determine the type of fit, after deciding the fundamental deviations and tolerances in
the following:
Fit 70H9e7, Diameter step (50-80)
Fundamental deviation for e shaft = -11D0.41
IT7=16i, IT9=40i
i=0.453D+0.001D*
4. Calculate the dimensions of plug and ring gauges to control the production of 50mm
shaft and hole pair of H7d8.The following assumptions may be made.50mm falls in the
diameter step of 30-50mm.Upper deviation for dshaft is
16D0.44.
3
IT7=16i,IT8=25i, i=0.45 D+0.001D *
5. Explain different types of fits.
6. Write neat sketches and explain 'go' and 'Nogo' gauges.
7. Briefly explain interchangeability.
8. Briefly explain selective assembly.
9. Explain Taylor's principle for 'go' and 'Nogo' gauges.
10. Differentiate between:
i) Tolerance and allowance
ii) Hole basis system and shaft basis system *
11. Explain Taylors principle for the design of limit gauges. *
12. Illustrate with examples:
i) Geometrical tolerance
ii) Dimensional tolerance
iii) Positional tolerance
13. A shaft-hole pair is designated as H7d8.The standard tolerance is given by
i=0.453D+0.001D,where
D=Diameter(mm)falling
in
the
step
18-30mm.The
fundamental deviation for fit d is given by 16D0.44 Take wear allowance as 10% of the
gauge tolerance. Determine the shaft and hole dimensions, their tolerances, clearance,
interference and the class of fit. Sketch the fit and mark the dimensions clearly. *
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
Chapter 3: Comparators
1. What are the required characteristics of comparators?*
2. What are the advantages of electrical comparator over mechanical comparator?
3. Explain the working of Sigma comparator with neat sketches.
4. Explain the working of Jhonson's Microkrater with neat sketches.*
5. Explain the working of Brook level comparator with neat sketches.
6. Explain the working of Optical comparator with neat sketches.
7. What is the difference between a comparator and a measuring instrument? *
Chapter 4: Angular Measurements
1. Explain why it is preferred not to use a sine bar for generating angles larger than 45oif
high accuracy is desired.*
2. Explain how sine bars are used for measurement of angle. Show the arrangement of
gauges.
ii)12o2036 *
i)57o 349
3. With a neat sketch explain Bevel protractor.
4. With a neat sketch explain Universal Protactor.
5. Give the significance of Clinometer in angular measurement.
6. Write neat sketch and explain the principle of working of Auto Collimeter.
7. How is setup of angular gauges different from simple gauges? Explain with an example.
8. Sketch and label the parts of a Vernier bevel protractor. *
9. Distinguish between:
i) Sine bar and sine center
ii) Angle gauges and slip gauges. *
10. Select the sizes of angle gauges required to build the following angles:
i)31deg29min24sec
ii)102deg8min42sec *
Chapter 5: Screw thread and Gear measurement
1. Give the procedure to measure major and pitch diameter using 3 wire method.
2. Distinguish between 2 wire and 3 wire methods of measuring and suggest the best
one.
3. What are the two corrections applied in the measurement of effective diameter by the
method of wires?*
4. Explain the working principle of Tool Makers Microscope.
5. Describe screw thread terminology with sketch.
6. Compare profile projector with tool makers microscope.
7. What are the various types of pitch errors on threads and explain the reasons for the
same. *
8. How do you find effective diameter of a screw thread using two-wire method. *
9. How do you measure the following in case of a spur gear:
i) Runout
ii) Tooth thickness
iii) Backlash *
10. Explain the terminology of a simple Spur gear
11. Describe a Gear Tooth Vernier caliper and show how this is used for checking gear. *
12. Explain how Gear Tooth Vernier is used for gear measurement.
PART-B
Chapter 6: Measurements and measurement systems
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
1. What do you mean by static calibration? Sketch the calibration curve of an instrument
and explain how it is obtained?*
2. Explain the following:
i) Zero drift and sensitivity drift
ii) Threshold, Resolution and Hysteresis*
3. What are the sources of errors in instruments? Explain*
4. What is a measurement?
5. Draw a block diagram of generalized measurement systems and explain the salient
features of each stage.
6. With the help of examples, distinguish between the two fundamental methods of
measurement.
7. State the three basic elements of a measuring system and give an example to each of
the basic elements.
8. Draw the displacement time characteristics for damped motion and explain the
importance of damping.
9. Draw a block diagram of a generalized measurement system and explain the salient
feature of each stage.
10. Distinguish between:
i) Digital and Analog measurement
ii) Direct reading and null balancing *
For Oscillating systems, show that, a more sensitive instrument oscillates more
11.
slowly than a less sensitive instrument.
12. Draw a neat block diagram of measurement system employed for measuring
acceleration.
13. Explain the following: i) Accuracy ii) Sensitivity iii) Precision
14.
Explain briefly the different types of errors encountered during measurement.
Write a brief note an treatment of multisampling data.
15.
16.
What are the requirements and objectives of measurement?
State and explain the various forms of input to the instrument.
17.
18.
Explain with an example the various stages of a generalized measurement system. *
Explain with sketches:
19.
i) Hysteresis
ii) Threshold
iii) Repeatability
iv) Sensitivity drift *
Chapter 7: Transducers
1. Define the word Transducer. What do you understand by active and passive
transducers? Give examples.*
2. Explain the following with neat sketches:
i)Mutual inductance transducer
ii)Piezo electric transducer*
3. Explain any one type of elastic transducer with a neat sketch.*
4. Mention the advantages of electrical primary detector transducer elements over other
types.
5. Describe with a neat sketch the ionization transducer.
6. Define transfer efficiency.
7. Mention six mechanical elements used as detector transducers and indicate the
operations, which they perform.
8. Discuss the relative merits and demerits of mechanical and electrical transducers.
9. What are the parameters on which capacitive transducers are developed. Explain the
working of a pickup used for determining the level of liquid nitrogen with a neat sketch.
10. With a neat sketch explain the working of a transducer using electro kinetic
phenomenon and indicate its applications.
11. Explain the principle of working of a linear variable differential transducer with a neat
sketch and illustrate its characteristics.
B.E. Mechanical
PESIT
12. What are the relative merits and demerits of electrical transducers over mechanical
transducers?
13. Explain the principle of working of a piezoelectric transducer with a neat sketch.
14. What are primary and secondary transducers? Explain with examples.
15. Explain the working of a electronic transducer with a neat sketch.
16. What are active and passive transducers, give examples.
17. Explain the principle of variable resistance transducers with a neat sketch.
18. What are photoelectric transducers? Explain any one type with a neat sketch.
19. Explain the principle of variable inductance transducer with a neat sketch.
20. Distinguish between active and passive transducers. *
21. Explain with neat sketches the following:
i) Piezo electric transducer
ii) Ionization transducer *
11. Discuss briefly with sketches two types of elastic pressure transducers. *
Chapter 8: Intermediate modifying devices
1. Explain in brief inherent problems encountered in mechanical systems as intermediate
modifying devices.
2. Give the advantages of electrical modifying devices compared to mechanical ones.
3. Explain with a neat sketch ballast circuit.
4. Write short notes on:
i) Electronic amplifiers
ii) Telemetry
Chapter 9:Terminating Devices
1. With a neat sketch explain the construction and working of Cathode ray oscilloscope.
2. Write short notes on:
i) Oscillographs
ii) X-Y Plotters
Chapter 10: Measurement of force and torque
1. With the help of a neat sketch explain the working of a prony brake dynamometer.*
2. Explain with a neat sketch the analytical balance. *
3. Write a note on hydraulic dynamometer
4. How is electric dynamometer different from mechanical ones?
5. Explain with a neat sketch, the method of torque measurement of rotating shafts using
strain gauges. *
Chapter 11:Pressure measurements
1. Explain with sketches the proper orientation of strain gauges for measurement of (i)
Bending strain (ii) Torsional strain (iii) Axial strain.
2. How do you define high pressure range and low pressure range.
3. Explain with neat sketch the working of any one device used for measurement for high
pressure.
4. Explain with a neat sketch the working and application of a Bridgeman gauge.*
5. With neat sketches explain Mcleod and Pirani gauges.
6. With neat sketches, explain the working principle of :
i) Mcleod gauge
ii) Knuolsm gauge *
Chapter 12: Temperature measurement
1. What are pyrometers? Explain any one.
2. How resistance thermometer is used to measure temperature with advantages.
3. Explain the thermocouple way of measuring temperature.*
4. Differentiate between radiation and pressure thermometer.
5. With a neat sketch explain bi-metal strip thermometer. *
6. With a neat sketch explain resistance thermometer. *
B.E. Mechanical
4th Semester Course Information
PESIT
B.E. Mechanical