Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ECS448 - Topic 4 (Cables) PDF
ECS448 - Topic 4 (Cables) PDF
ECS 448
DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Topic 4
Analysis of Cables
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Slide 1 of 54
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1. Find the support reactions of cable structure.
2. Determine the slope at each point of cable structure that
subjected to concentrated loads & distributed load.
3. Determine the tension in each segment of cable structure
that subjected to concentrated loads & distributed load.
Slide 2 of 54
Introduction
Slide 3 of 54
Slide 4 of 54
Column
ARCH BRIDGE
Slide 5 of 54
Structural Arch
Cable
Hanger
Girder
SUSPENDED BRIDGE
Slide 6 of 54
Types of Cables
Slide 7 of 54
Types of Cables
Figures below show a common types of cables that normally being used
W kN/m
P1
P3
P2
P1
W kN/m
P3
P2
Scope of Analysis
Cable is considered perfectly flexible in bending
(bending moment at any section is zero)
Cable can only transmit load to the supports by means
of tension acting along its length.
Maximum tension occurs at maximum reaction point
(support)
Minimum tension occurs at the lowest point of cable.
Slide 9 of 54
Symmetrical Cables
with Point Load
Slide 10 of 54
Example 1
A symmetrical cable below subjected to point load of 6 kN and 18 kN at B and C respectively.
1.
2.
3.
4m
B
C
6 kN
6m
6m
Slide 11 of 54
18 kN
3m
Example 1
Step 1.
Remove both support at A and B. Assume the segment of cable connected to that support is in tension.
Calculate the value of tension using equilibrium equation.
TAB
TCD
MA + = 0
6(6) + 18(12) = TCD Sin53.10(15)
TCD = 21 kN #
4m
1
FX+ = 0
6 kN
FY+ = 0
18 kN
6m
6m
3m
Slide 12 of 54
Example 1
Step 2.
Dismember the cable and using method of section to calculate the tension force for every segment.
Consider Member ABC
TAB
3.429m
0.57m
Since Tan = Sin Cos then let Eqn. (4) Eqn. (3)
Tan 1 = 0.571
1 = 29.7450
TBC
6 kN
6m
6m
FY+ = 0
TAB = 14.512 kN
Slide 13 of 54
Example 1
Step 3.
Maximum tension occurs when is the highest value.
TMax = TCD = 21 kN #
Step 4.
Minimum tension occurs when is the smallest value.
TMin = TBC = 12.657 kN
Step 5.
Total Length of the cable
S = 6 2 + 3.432 + 6 2 + 0.57 2 + 32 + 42
S = 17. 938 m
Slide 14 of 54
Example 2
Calculate the force P needed to hold the cable in the position shown so that segment CD
remains horizontal and the height of YD.
8m
B
YD
D
C
10 kN
P
6m
9m
15 kN
15 m
Slide 15 of 54
10 m
Example 2
Step 1.
Remove both support at A and B. Assume the segment of cable connected to that support is in tension.
Calculate the value of tension using equilibrium equation.
ME + = 0
TAB
8m
TDE
YD
2
FX+ = 0
TDE Cos 3 TAB Cos 1 = = 0
10 kN
9m
15 kN
6m
15 m
10 m
FY+ = 0
TAB Sin 1 + TDE Sin 3 10 P 12 = 0
0.8TAB + TDE Sin 3 = P + 25 kN ----- (3)
Slide 16 of 54
Example 2
Step 2.
Dismember the cable and using method of section to calculate the tension force for every segment.
Consider Member ABCD
Substitute Eqn. (4) into Eqn. (1)
TAB
8m
P = 6 kN
B
2
TCD
TAB = 20 kN #
From Eqn. (2)
10 kN
6m
9m
15 m
FY+ = 0
Since Tan = Sin Cos then let Eqn. (6) Eqn. (5)
TAB Sin 1 10 P = 0
Tan 3 = 1.25
3 = 51.340
Slide 17 of 54
Symmetrical Cables
with UDL
Slide 18 of 54
General equation
A symmetrical cable shows below is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of W
kN/m.
A
W kN/m
Slide 19 of 54
General equation
Remove both support at A and B. Assume the segment of cable connected to that
support is in tension. Calculate the value of tension using equilibrium equations.
MA + = 0
2
VA
VB
A
B
HB
HA
FY+ = 0
VA + VD = W (L)
VA = WL/2 #
W kN/m
FX+ = 0
HB - H A = 0
HA = HB
Slide 20 of 54
General equation
The horizontal support reactions (HA and HB) can
be calculate by splitting the cable into two and
take either LHS or RHS of the cable.
VA
VA
MD + = 0
HA
HA
y
D
W kN/m
HC
HD
VD
W (L)
W (L2 )
W(x 2 )
(x)
( y)
=0
2
8( h )
2
W kN/m
y=
L/2
4(h )( x )( L x )
L2
x
MC + = 0
VA(L/2) HA(h) - W(L/2)(L/4) =0
2
FX+ = 0
HC - H A = 0
HA = WL /8h #
2
HB = HA = WL /8h #
HC = WL /8h #
Slide 21 of 54
General equation
Maximum tension occurs at support.
TMax =
V 2 + H2
TMin = HC
Cable Length
Where
8h 2
S= L+
3L
S = Length of Cable
L = Horizontal distance from support to support
h = Vertical distance from support to the lowest point of cable
Slide 22 of 54
Example 3
A symmetrical cable shows below is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m.
1.
2.
3.
18 m
20 kN/m
90 m
Slide 23 of 54
Example 3
Step 1.
Remove both support at A and B. Assume the segment of cable connected to that support is in tension.
Calculate the value of tension using equilibrium equation.
MA + = 0
VA
VB
A
VB = 900 kN #
B
HB
HA
(20)(90)(45) = VB(90)
18 m
FY+ = 0
VA + VB (20)(90) = 0
VA = 900 kN #
FX+ = 0
20 kN/m
HB - H A = 0
HA = HB
90 m
Slide 24 of 54
Example 3
Step 2.
At the lowest point of the cable, vertical forces is zero. Split the cable at that point and consider either
member AC or member BC.
Consider Member AC
VA
A
MC + = 0
HA
18 m
20 kN/m
HC
HA = 1125 kN #
HB = 1125 kN #
FX+ = 0
H C HA = 0
HC = 1125 kN #
45 m
Slide 25 of 54
Example 3
Step 3.
Step 5.
8h 2
8 (18 2 )
S= L+
= 90 +
3L
3 ( 90 )
S = 99 . 6 m #
Step 5.
TMin = HC = 1125 kN
F
=
A
d=
where
d 2
A=
4
F 4
1440.704 4
x =
x
660
d = 1.667 m #
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Slide 26 of 54
Unsymmetrical Cables
with Point Load
Slide 27 of 54
Example 4
A symmetrical cable below subjected to point load of 9 kN and 20 kN at B and C respectively.
1.
2.
3.
A
2m
D
h
B
4m
C
9 kN
4m
5m
20 kN
3m
Slide 28 of 54
Example 4
Step 1.
Remove both support at A and B. Assume the segment of cable connected to that support is in tension.
Calculate the value of tension using equilibrium equation.
MA + = 0
TAB
2m
1
3
4m
TCD = 20 kN #
FX+ = 0
TCD Cos 3 TAB Cos 1 = 0
TAB Cos 1 = TCD Cos 3 ----- (1)
9 kN
4m
5m
FY+ = 0
20 kN
3m
Slide 29 of 54
Example 4
Step 2.
Dismember the cable and using method of section to calculate the tension force for every segment.
Consider Member ABC
TAB
4.333 m
B
1.667m
Since Tan = Sin Cos then let Eqn. (4) Eqn. (3)
Tan 1 = 1.0833
1 = 47.2910
TBC
9 kN
4m
5m
TAB = 17.692 kN
Slide 30 of 54
Example 4
Step 3.
Maximum tension occurs when is the highest value.
TMax = TCD = 20 kN #
Step 4.
Minimum tension occurs when is the smallest value.
TMin = TBC = 12.646 kN
Step 5.
Total Length of the cable
S = 4 2 + 4.3332 + 5 2 + 1.667 2 + 32 + 4 2
S = 16.165 m
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Slide 31 of 54
Unsymmetrical Cables
with UDL
Slide 32 of 54
General equation
An unsymmetrical cable shows below is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of
W kN/m.
A
d2
d1
W kN/m
L2
L1
L
Slide 33 of 54
General equation
Remove both support at A and B. Assume the segment of cable connected to that
support is in tension. Calculate the value of tension using equilibrium equations.
VA
A
FY+ = 0
VB
HA
B
d2
HB
VA + VB = W (L)
VA + VB = WL
d1
FX+ = 0
W kN/m
HB - H A = 0
HA = HB
L2
L1
L
Slide 34 of 54
General equation
At the lowest point of the cable, vertical forces is zero. Split the cable at that point and consider member
AC and member BC.
Consider Member BC
Consider Member AC
VB
VA
A
HA
d2
W kN/m
MB + = 0
L
W ( L 2 ) 2 = H C ( d 2 )
2
L
W ( L1 ) 1 = H C (d1 )
d1
2
HC
WL 2 2
H C =
2d 2
WL12
H C =
2
d
1
VA - W(L2) = 0
HB
W kN/m
L1
HC - H A = 0
FY+ = 0
HC
FX+ = 0
L2
VA = WL2
MA+ = 0
WL 2 2
H A =
2d 2
FX+ = 0
FY+ = 0
HB - H C = 0
VB - W(L1) = 0
WL12
H B =
2d1
VB = WL1
Slide 35 of 54
General equation
Since HB = HA
WL1
2d
1
WL 2
=
2d
2
L1
d
1
L2
=
d
2
L1 d1
=
L2 d 2
TMax =
V 2 + H2
TMin = HC
Where
Cable Length
2
S = L1 + L 2
2 d1
2d2
+
+
3L 1
3L 2
S = Length of Cable
L1 & L2 = Horizontal distance from support to the lowest point of cable
d1 & d2 = Vertical distance from support to the lowest point of cable
Slide 36 of 54
Example 5
An unsymmetrical cable shows below is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m.
1.
2.
9m
4m
10 kN/m
L2
L1
50 m
Slide 37 of 54
Example 5
Step 1.
Remove both support at A and B. Assume the segment of cable connected to that support is in tension.
Calculate the value of tension using equilibrium equation.
Calculate L1 and L2 where L2 = 50 L1
HA
L1
=
L2
VA
VB
9m
HB
d1
d2
MA + = 0
4
L1 = (50 L1 )
9
L1 = 20m
L 2 = 30m
VA + VB (10)(50) = 0
VA + VB = 500 kN ----- (2)
L2
L1
50 m
FX+ = 0
HB - H A = 0
HA = HB ----- (3)
Slide 38 of 54
Example 5
Step 2.
At the lowest point of the cable, vertical forces is
zero. Split the cable at that point and consider
either member AC or member BC
Consider Member AC
TMax =
VA
MA + = 0
10(30)(15) HC(9) =0
HA
HC = 500 kN #
9m
FX+ = 0
H C HA = 0
10 kN/m
Step 3.
HC
30 m
HA = 500 kN #
HB = 500 kN #
TMax = 583.095kN
Step 4.
Minimum tension occurs at the lowest
point of cable.
TMin = HC = 500 kN
Step 5.
Total Length of the cable
FY+ = 0
VA (10)(30) = 0
VA + HA = 300 2 + 500 2
VA = 300 kN #
VB = 200 kN #
Slide 39 of 54
2d
2d
S = L1 + L 2 + 1 + 2 = 52.333m#
3L1
3L 2
Topic 4 Analysis of Cables
Support Condition on
Cables
Slide 40 of 54
TB
T B
TB
FY+ = 0
FX+ = 0
Since TB = TB = T
Since TB = TB = T
RBX = T(Sin - Sin )
Slide 41 of 54
Roller Support
TB TB
RBY
T B
TB
T B
TB
FY+ = 0
FX+ = 0
- TBSin + TBSin = 0
TB Sin = TBSin
Slide 42 of 54
D
VAB
VCD
HAB
HCD
5m
h
B
C
6 kN
RAY
4m
6m
18 kN
2m
RDY
RDX
TAB
TAB
Slide 43 of 54
TCD
TCD
Example 6
An unsymmetrical cable shows below is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m.
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
45
9m
4m
10 kN/m
50m
Slide 44 of 54
Example 6
Step 1.
Remove both support at A and B. Assume the segment of cable connected to that support is in tension.
Calculate the value of tension using equilibrium equation.
Calculate L1 and L2 where L2 = 50 L1
HA
VA
VB
9m
HB
L1
=
L2
d1
d2
4
L1 = (50 L1 )
9
L1 = 20m
L 2 = 30m
MA + = 0
4m
10 kN/m
C
FY+ = 0
VA + VB (10)(50) = 0
L2
L1
50 m
Slide 45 of 54
Example 6
Step 2.
Step 3.
TMax =
Consider Member AC
MA + = 0
VA
10(30)(15) HC(9) =0
A
VA + HA = 300 2 + 500 2
TMax = 583.095kN
HC = 500 kN #
Step 4.
HA
FX+ = 0
9m
10 kN/m
H C HA = 0
HA = 500 kN #
HB = 500 kN #
HC
Step 5.
FY+ = 0
30 m
TMin = HC = 500 kN #
VA (10)(30) = 0
VA = 300 kN #
VB = 200 kN #
Slide 46 of 54
2d
2d
S = L1 + L 2 + 1 + 2 = 52.333m#
3L1
3L 2
Topic 4 Analysis of Cables
Example 6
Step 6.
Calculate the tension force in anchor cable.
RAY
RBY
RBX
HA
300
HB
450
TA
VA
TA
TB
VB
TB
FX+ = 0
FY+ = 0
FX+ = 0
FY+ = 0
TA Cos 300 + HA = 0
TA = 577.35 kN #
RAY = 588.675 kN #
RBX = 119.211 kN #
RBY = 580.789 kN #
Slide 47 of 54
Review
Problem
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Slide 48 of 54
Problem 1
The cable system ABCD in Figure P1
is supporting the two point loads as
shown. Determine the tension in each
cable segment and the distance yD.
Figure P1
Slide 49 of 54
Problem 2
The cable system ABCD in Figure P2
is supporting the two point loads as
shown.
2.5 m
4.0 m
1.0 m
1.5 m
150 N
Figure P2
Slide 50 of 54
Problem 3
The cable system shown in Figure P3 is loaded with point loads of 15 kN, P kN and
10 kN at point B, C and D respectively. Calculate the required force needed to hold
the cable in the position shown, thus segment BC remains horizontal. Determine
also the value of tension for each segment of the cable.
YD
4m
B
D
C
10 kN
P
15 kN
5m
7.5 m
4.5 m
3m
Figure P3
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Slide 51 of 54
Problem 4
The cable system ACDEB in Figure P4 is supporting the three point loads as
shown. Given P2 = 5 kN and YC = 2m, determine the magnitude of P1 and sag
YE.
2m
YC
5m
YE
E
P2
P2
D
2m
8 m P1
6m
3m
Figure P4
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Slide 52 of 54
Problem 5
Figure P5 shows a cable pinned at A and E and supported by a rigid rod BF. This
cable is subjected to two concentrated loads of 20 kN at C and 35 kN at D. The
vertical distances of AB, BE and DE are 8 m, 3 m and 2 m respectively.
a. Calculate all the cable forces
b. Determine the vertical distance, BC as shown in the figure
B
BC
8m
3m
2m
C
D
F
8m
20 kN
8m
35 kN
8m
8m
Figure P5
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Slide 53 of 54
References
Hibbeler R.C, (2012), Structural Analysis, 8th Edition in S.I. Units, Pearson,
Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2009), Structural Analysis, 7th Edition in S.I. Units, Pearson,
Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2006), Structural Analysis, 6th Edition in S.I. Units, Pearson,
Singapore
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Analysis, Cerdik Publications Sdn.
Bhd.
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Mechanics, Cerdik Publications
Sdn. Bhd.
Mc Cormac N., (1999), Structural Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons
Slide 54 of 54