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Pumping Test PDF
Pumping Test PDF
Ramallah
December , 2005
Course Description
Course Objectives
First Session
Second Session
NEA Basin
WA Basin
EA Basin
Groundwater over-pumping
(uncontrolled pumping) from
production wells.
Water-level decline
Today
Todays Water Levels
Year 2020
Important Terminology
Well yield: is a measure how much water can
be withdrawn from the well over a period of time
and measured in m3/hr or m3/day.
Specific capacity: is referring to whether the
well will provide an adequate water supply.
Specific capacity is calculated by dividing
pumping rate over drawdown (Q/S).
Static water level: is the level of water in the
well when no water is being taken out.
Dynamic Water level: is the level when water
is being drawn from the well. The cone of
depression occurs during pumping when water
flows from all directions toward the pump.
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t1
t2
t3
tn
Dynamic Water Level
Aquifer Terminology:
Aquiclude:
A water-bearing layer of rock or sediment that is
incapable of transmitting water.
Aquifer:
A water-bearing layer of rock or sediment capable of
transmitting significant quantities of water.
Aquitard:
A water-bearing layer of rock or sediment that
transmits small quantities of water in relation to
Aquifer.
Terminology.Cont
Confined Aquifer:
An aquifer whose upper and lower boundaries are defined by
aquicludes.
Drawdown:
the amount of water level decline in a well due to pumping.
Usually measured relative to static (non-pumping) conditions.
Unconfined Aquifer:
An aquifer in which the water table forms the upper boundary.
Potentiometric Surface: an imaginary surface to which water
would rise in wells from a given point in confined aquifer. The
water table is a particular potentiometric surface for unconfine
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aquifers.
Hydraulic Properties
Hydraulic Conductivity (K)
Darcys Law: states that the rate of flow through a porous medium is
proportional to the loss of head, and inversely proportional to the
length of the flow path, or
v = K (dh/dl)
where,
v = Q/A, which is the specific discharge, or Darcy velocity,
(length/time).
Q = the volume rate of flow (length3/time).
A = the cross sectional area normal to flow direction (length2).
dh/dl = aquifer hydraulic gradient (dimensionless) and,
K = hydraulic conductivity (length/time).
]
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Hydraulic Properties
Specific Storage (Ss)
Volume of water released from storage from a unit
volume of aquifer per unit decline in hydraulic
head. [1/L]
Specific Yield (Sy) is the volume of water yield
by gravity drainage to the volume of the
aquifer. The specific yield is dimensionless
and typically ranges from 0.01 to 0.3.
Storativity (S)
The storativity of a confined aquifer is the
volume of water released from storage per
unit surface area per unit change in head.
The storativity is dimensionless and
typically ranges from 5x10-5 to 5x10-3.
S=Ss*B
Transmissivity (T)
The product of hydraulic conductivity and Aquifer
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Hydraulic Conductivity
(m/sec)
3x10-4 to 3x10-2
Coarse sand
9x10-7 to 6x10-3
Medium sand
9x10-7 to 5x10-4
Fine sand
2x10-7 to 2x10-4
Clay
1x10-11 to 4.7x10-9
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Sedimentary Rocks
Rock Type
Karst and reef
limestone
Limestone, dolomite
Hydraulic
Conductivity
(m/sec)
1x10-6 to 2x10-2
1x10-9 to 6x10-6
Sandstone
3x10-10 to 6x10-6
Shale
1x10-13 to 2x10-9
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ASM Flowchart
Aquifer System
Management
Identifying
Data Needs
Actions
Monitoring
Numerical (Modeling)
Sampling
Laboratory
Analysis (WQ)
Reporting
Data Analysis
Data Handling
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20
24
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Equipment Requirements
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Time intervals
(minutes)
0.5
5-60
60-120
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Time intervals
(minutes)
30 sec
5-15
15-50
50-100
10
100-300
30
5-48 hr
60
480 (8 hr)
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33
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D
r
a
w
d
o
w
n
Step Drawdown
Recovery
Test
Test
Constant Rate
Test
Recovery Test
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Time
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37
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50m
25m
100m
Observation
Wells
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2- well-bore storage
If a pumping test is conducted in large-diameter
well, the data will be affected by the well-bore
storage in the pumped well. At early pumping
time, data will deviate from the theoretical curve.
3- Recharge and Impermeable Boundaries
Recharge or impermeable boundaries can also
affect the theoretical curves of all aquifer types.
The field data curve then begins to deviate from
the theoretical curve up to stabilization in
Recharge Case.
Impermeable boundaries have the opposite effect
on the drawdown. If the cone of depression
reaches such a boundary, the drawdown will
double.
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S Log
t Log
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t Log
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t- Log
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The effect of well-bore storage on theoretical timedrawdown data of observation well. The dashed curve is a
part of theoretical time drawdown data
S- Log
t- Log
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t- Log
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t- Log
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Theis (Confined)
CooperCooper-Jacob (Time(Time-Drawdown) (Confined)
CooperCooper-Jacob (Distance(Distance-Drawdown) (Confined)
Hantush and Jacob (Leaky(Leaky-Confined)
Neuman (Unconfined)
Moench (Unconfined/Partially Penetrating Well)
Moench (Fracture Flow)
Theis (Confined)
CooperCooper-Jacob (Confined)
Recovery Test (are frequently conducted after pumping is stopped to estimate
aquifer properties)
TheisTheis-Jacob (Theis)
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Hvorslev
Bouwer-Rice
Well Loss Solution Methods
Hantush-Bierschenk
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Q= 2rkb(dh/dr)
r1
rw
Since T=Kb
h1 h2
H
Q = 2rT(dh/dr)
hw
R
b
Rearrange equation as follow:
dh=(Q/2T)dr/r
With two observation wells, and by integrations
h2
r2
Q/ 2T r1 1/r dr = h1 dh
r2
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Gives
In term of drawdown
(Q/ 2T) ln (r2/r1)=s2-s1
Arrange the equation yields
T= kb = (Q/ 2(s2-s1)) ln (r2/r1)
Which is Known as Thiem equation
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2.
SWL
r2
r1
h1
h2
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By integrations
Q/ 2k
Gives
r2
r1
dr/r =
h2
h 1
h dh
Q/ 2k ln (r2/r1)=(h22-h21)
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u= r2S/4Tt
Where
s= drawdown (L; m or ft)
r= is the distance from pumping well where (s) is
recorded ( L).
S= Storage coefficient
t= is the time since the beginning of pumping (minutes)
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T= Transmissivity (L2/t)
1. Theis Method
s=(Q/4T) W(u)
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Theis Method
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Type Curve
W (u)
10
0.1
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
1/u
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Matching
point
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2.25Tt/r2S=1
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s (m)
100
Q=200
Q=100
Q=220
10
0.1
10
time (min)
100
1000
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Remember!
Cooper-Jacob Method (TimeDrawdown) is highly recommended
for pumping tests with single well
(conditioned by t?).
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T = 2.3Q/4
2.3Q/4s
When s=0
therefore,
Where,
delta (s) is the change in drawdown over one logarithmic cycle,
cycle,
(ro) is the distance defined by the intercept of the straightstraight-line fit
of the data and zerozero-drawdown axis, and (t) is the time to which
the set of drawdown data correspond.
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u= r2S/4Tt
T =(Q/4
=(Q/4s)W [u,r/B]
u,r/B]
S=4Tut/r2
W [u,r
/B]: is the well function for leaky confined aquifer
[u,r/B]:
B: Is the leakage factor given as
K=[Tb
=[Tb(r/B)2]/r2
K is the vertical hydraulic conductivity of confining bed
(aquitard) (L/t)
b is the thickness of aquitard (L)
B is the leakage factor, (Tb
(Tb/K
/K)1/2
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Hantush Method
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Hantush Method.
The data requirements for the Hantush
solution are:
5. Neuman (Unconfined)
In general all previous techniques of confined aquifer can be used
for unconfined aquifer, BUT an adjustment should be done for
drawdown as follow:
s = ss-(s2/2h)
Where
s is the adjusted drawdown
h is the initial saturated thickness of aquifer
Neuman introduce the following flow equation for unconfined aquifer:
S=(Q/4
S=(Q/4T) W(ua, ub, )
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Where
W(ua, ub, ) is the well function of water table and
S=(4Tuat)/r2..for early drawdown data
Sy =(4Tubt)/r2..
..for later drawdown data
= (r2Kv)/(b2Kh)
Where,
S is the storativity
Sy is the specific yield
R radial distance from pumping well
b is the initial saturated thickness of aquifer
Kv is horizontal hydraulic conductivity
Kh is horizontal hydraulic conductivity
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Neuman (Unconfined)
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sT=sa+sw=BQ+CQ2
Where
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s /Q ( m .h r/m 3 )
Q-s/Q RelationShip
s/Q = 0.0013Q + 0.28
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Q (m3/hr)
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Lp=(BQ/(BQ+CQ2))*100
Where
Lp is the ratio of laminar head losses
to the total head losses (this
parameter can be considered also as
well efficiency)
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Well Efficiency
Well Efficiency is the ration between theoretical
drawdown and the actual drawdown measured in the
well expressed as:
Drawdown Configuration
Q
Ground Level
Total
Drawdown
Theoretical
Drawdown
outside the
well
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DD=26.3 ft
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SC can be also determined (Q/s) from the constant rate test. Its
important parameter that can gives indication about future well
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productivity, degree of well development,
=
=
=
=
T=15.3(Q/s)0.67
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Optimum Q
100
90
Effeciency %
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Recovery Test
When pumping is stopped, water level rise towards it
pre-pumping level. The resulting drawdown at any time
after pumping stop is algebraic sum of (s) from well
and buildup (negative drawdown) from imaginary
recharge well.
Q
+Q
Time
-Q
t
t
s
srec
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Residual Drawdown
s=s+srec
s=Q/4
=Q/4T{(ln(2.25Tt/r2S) - ln(2.25Tt
ln(2.25Tt/r2S )}
or
s= (Q/4
(Q/4T)ln(t/t
T)ln(t/t)
or
s=(2.303Q/4T)log(t/t)
s=Drawdown per log cycle
s=(2.303Q)/4
=(2.303Q)/4T
or
T= (2.303Q)/4
(2.303Q)/4s
Note: this method of recovery analysis (s
(s-t/t
t/t) does not allow
calculation of S, this is obvious from the absence of S in
basic equations of this method.
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srec=s-s
From Eqsrec=(2.303Q/4T) log10 (2.25Tt/
r2S)
When srec=0
therefore,
S 2 25Tt /
2.25Tt/r2S=1
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Training by using
AQTESOLV Software
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Thank You
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