INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

REPORT

ALL INDIA RADIO

THRISSUR

FROM:

10-06-2013

TO: 21-06-2013

CONTENTS

1.

SPECIFICATIONS

2.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3.

INTRODUCTION

4.

INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATION

5.

PRESENT SETUP

6.

STUDIO CUM OFFICE COMPLEX

7.

STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK

8.

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM AT STUDIO

9.

ANTENNAS

10.

TRANSMITTER COMPLEXSPECIFICATIONS

11.

100 KW BEL HMB 140 MW TRANSMITTER

12.

CONTROL AND INTER LOCK SYSTEM

13.

COOLING TECHNIQUES IN TRANSMITTER

14.

ANTENNA TUNING UNIT

15.

AKASAVANI IN NEAR FUTURE

16.

CONCLUSION

PRASAR BHARATHI
(BROADCASTING CORPORATION OF INDIA)

ALL INDIA RADIO, THRISSUR

100KW BEL HMB 140-MW
TRANSMITTER
COMMISSIONED ON 15/09/1994
FREQUENCY 630 KHz
11 KV FEEDERS
1.THANGALLUR
2.VARADIUM
MAST HEIGHT : 122 M.
IMPEDENCE : 56+81.60j
FEEDER LENGTH : 112 M.
IMPEDENCE : 121.60
FEEDER CURRENT : 29 A
ANTENNA CURENT :42.25 A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with extreme respect that remembers the names of all who
had been a great help and guidance throughout our training session.
We express our immense gratitude to all the departments of ALL
INDIA RADIO, THRISSUR for arranging an informative training.
We offer our sincere thanks to Mrs. Goury, Deputy Director (Engg.)
and Mr.V.R. Ramesan, Assistant Director (Engg.) for giving us
opportunity to undergo the training at AIR, Thrissur. We are also
thankful to all other staffs of AIR, Thrissur who helped us during the
course of training by sharing their valuable knowledge and ideas. We
express our gratitude to our H.O.D.Prof. Muneera. C. R for making all
the arrangements for the training programme. Finally, we express our
thanks to almighty Lord, who made all these possible.
Amal Sajeev
Anaswara. S
Deepa.T. M
Deljo David
Namratha Menon
Nikhil Antony
Remya. K
Reshma. K. R
Saranya. A.S
Shiny Rajan
Subin Mathew
Venkateswaran. J
Vyas. P.S

INTRODUCTION
Radio Broadcasting was pioneered in India by the Madras
Presidency Club Radio in 1924. The Club worked a broadcasting
service for three years, but owing to financial difficulties gave it up in
1927.
In the same year (1927) some enterprising businessmen in
Bombay started the Indian Broadcasting Company with stations at
Bombay and Calcutta. This company failed in 1930, in 1932 the
Government of India took over broadcasting. A separate department
known as Indian Broadcasting Service was opened.
The Service was later designated 'All India Radio' (AIR) and
was placed under a separate Ministry-the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting. The AIR is controlled by a Director General, who is
assisted by several Deputy Directors and a Chief Engineer.
Broadcasting, in its significance, reach and impact, constitutes
the most powerful medium of mass communication in India. Its
importance, as a medium of information and education is particularly
great in a vast and developing country like India where the reach of
the printed word is not very wide or deep. While the total circulation
of all the newspapers in India, including both English and Indian
language papers, is around 8 million, there are, according to a recent
estimate, nearly 400 million (out of a total population of 625 million)
potential listeners to All India Radio.
Broadcasting in India is a national service, developed and
operated by the Government of India. All India Radio (also known as
Akashvani) operates this service, over a network of broadcasting
stations located ail over the country.

As a national service, catering to the complex needs of a vast

country. All India Radio seeks to represent in its national and regional
programmes, the attitudes, aspirations and attainments of all Indian
people and attempts to reflect, as fully and faithfully as possible, the
richness of the Indian scene and the reach of the Indian mind.
AIR Network:
Starting with 6 broadcasting stations in 1947, the AIR today has
a network of 82 broadcasting stations. The 82 radio stations, grouped
into five zones, are the following: North Zone: Ajmer, Allahabad,
Aligarh, Bikancr, Delhi, Gorakhpur, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Jullundur,
Lucknow, Mathura, Rampur, Simla, Udaipur and Varanasi: East Zone:
Agartala, Aizawl, Bhagalpur, Calcutta, Cuttack, Dibrugarh. Gauhati,
Imphal, Jeypore, Kohima, Kurseong, Ranchi, Pasighat, Patna,
Sambalpur, Shillong, Silchar, Siliguri, Tawang and Tezu ; West Zone :
Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Bhuj, Bombay, Gwalior, Indore. Jabalpur,
Nagpur, Panaji, Parbani, Pune, Raipur, Rajkot and Sangli; South
Zone: Alleppey, Bangalore, Bhadravati, Calicut, Coimbatore,
Cuddapah, Dharwar; Gulbarga, Hyderabad, Madras, Mysore,
Pondicherry, Port Blair, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Trichur,
Trivandrum. Vijayawada and Vishakhapatnam; and Kashmir Zone:
Jammu, Leh and Srinagar.
In addition, there are three auxiliary studio centers at Vadodara, Darbhanga and Shantiniketan and two Vividh
Bharati/commercial centers, one at Chandigarh and the other at
Kanpur. These cover all the important cultural and linguistic regions
of the country.
The expansion of the broadcasting facility remained limited till
independence. In 1947 there were only six radio stations in the country. Today there are as many as 82 AIR stations. With two more

stations that will start working soon, India's broadcasting network

would cover 89 per cent of the population.
Till the end of 1976 radio licenses had reached a colossal figure
of nearly 1.74 crores, which fetched revenue of Rs. 23.51 crores.
Today the radio network has spread to the remote corners of India. It
is now possible to bring sense of unity not only political but also
cultural among the diverse traditions that enrich our land.
AIR's programme pattern combines three main elements: a
national channel providing programmes of countrywide interest and
significance, a zonal service from each of the four metropolitan
centers (Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras); and regional services
from individual stations each catering to the needs and interests of its
respective area.
The principal ingredients of AIR's programme output are Music,
Spoken Word, Dramas, Features. News and Current Affairs,
Commentaries and Discussion, Vividh Bharati and its Commercial
Service, Farm and Home Broadcasts, Programmes for Special
Audiences (like Youth, Women, Children, Industrial Workers and
Tribal Population), and Programmes for Overseas Listeners broadcast
in the External Services.
To enable AIR to reach all sections of the Indian people, its
programmes in the Home Service are broadcast in 20 principal
languages. In addition, the External Services of AIR beam their
programmes to listeners all over the world in 24 languages.
New Services:
The News Services Division of AIR through its central and
regional news bulletins and its current affairs, commentaries and
discussions, provides accurate, objective, speedy and comprehensive
coverage of news to listeners at home and abroad.

AIR now broadcasts a total of 239 news bulletins a day, with

duration of 32 hours 17 minutes. Of these, 67 are Central bulletins
broadcast from Delhi in 19 languages, with a daily duration of 10
hours 3 minutes; 57 external bulletins (from Delhi) broadcast in 24
languages for a duration of 7 hours 14 minutes and 15 regional
bulletins from 34 regional centers (including the Prade- shik desk in
Delhi) broadcast in 22 languages and 34 tribal dialects with a total
duration of 15 hours every day.
The major sources of news for AIR are its correspondents at
home and abroad, the news agencies and the monitoring services, AIR
has a total of 206 correspondents. Of these, 111 are part-time.

External Services:
AIR made its first broadcast to listeners outside India on
October I, 1939. Today the External Services of AIR broadcast in 25
languages for about 50 hours daily round-the-clock, reaching listeners
in widely scattered areas of the world.

PRESENT SETUP
Currently there are two complexes in All India Radio,
Thrissur.They are :
1.STUDIO CUM OFFICE COMPLEX
2. TRANSMITTER COMPLEX

STUDIO CUM OFFICE COMPLEX,

RAMAVARMAPURAM
A broadcasting studio is a room in studio complex which has
been specially designed and constructed to serve the purpose of
originating broadcasting programs. Whenever any musician sings and
we sit in front of a performing musician to listen to him, we enjoythe
program by virtue of the superb qualities of our sensory organs
namely ears.However, when we listen to the same program over the
broadcast chain at our homethrough domestic receivers, the
conditions are entirely different. These changes that we experience is
because of the audio processing that are performed in a broadcasting
studio.
There are three studios at AKASHVANI, THRISSUR studio complex.
They are:
MUSIC STUDIO
TALK STUDIO
PLAYBACK STUDIO
Music and talk studio are together known as RECORDING
STUDIO. A Recording studio is a facility for sound recording and
mixing. Ideally both the recording and the monitoring spaces are
specially designed by an acoustician to achieve optimum acoustic
properties (acoustic isolation or diffusion or absorption of reflected
sound that could otherwise interface with the sound heard by the
listener).

Recording studios may be used by recording musicians, voice over

dialogue replacement in film, television or animation, Foley or to
record their accompanying musical sound tracks.The typical recording
studio consists of a room called Studio or Live room, where
instrumentalists and vocalists perform; and the Control room,
where sound engineers operate professional audio for analog or digital
recording to route and manipulate the sound.
Following equipment are generally provided in a recording/dubbing
room:
i) Console tape recorders
ii) Console tape decks
iii) Recording/dubbing panel having switches jacks and keysetc.
The above equipment can be used for the following purpose

For recording of programmes originating from any studio.

For recording of programmes available in the switching.
Consoles in control room.
For dubbing of programmes available on cassette tape.
For editing of programmes.
For mixing and recording of programmes.

We can brief the studio arrangements at AIR-Thrissur as follows:

MUSIC STUDIO
The MUSIC STUDIO is an acoustically treated room attached to a
control room. The studio consists of five microphones and sufficient
musical instruments. The control room consists of
workstations/computers and a control console for adjusting and
checking the quality of the program. These arrangements together are
used for producing musical programmes. Live musical programmes
can be also conducted here. SONYSOUND FORGE is the software
which is commonly used for processing the raw version of the
recorded program. The processed version of the recording is saved to
the server and then it is made available for broadcasting by scheduling
it to the program list using the software VIRTUAL STUDIO.

 TALK STUDIO
The TALK STUDIO is similar to a music studio with an
acoustically treated LIVE ROOM and a CONTROL ROOM. The live
room consists of only two microphones. It is equipped with a
telephone connection which is a user friendly attribute for recording
Phone-in programs. The control room consists of an additional Phonein console for conducting Phone-in programs. The acoustics of the
talk studio is entirely different from a music studio. It is constructed
in such a way that the reverberation time is minimised and no echo is
experienced. The recording produced and processed at the talk studio
is then forwarded to the playback studio for transmission. Talk studio
can be also used to produce live chat programs.
PLAYBACK STUDIO
A PLAYBACK STUDIO is entirely different from all other
studios. It consists of transmission console, microphones, two
workstations/computers (Master & Standby). Its main function is coordinating the programs, announcements and advertisements. All the
recorded programs will be available in the workstations used and the
programs are sent to the control room for broadcasting as per the
schedule. Before transmission of the first program a tone of 1 kHz and
signature tone will be aired. A GPS clock is used both in the studio
complex and transmitting section, to avoid time delays.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STUDIO

TALK
STUDIO

CONTROL
ROOM

SWITCHE
R

PLAYBACK
STUDIO

MUSIC
STUDIO

DUBBING/E
DITTING
STUDIO

CONTROL
ROOM
SERVER

CONTROL ROOM STUDIO CONSOLE

The Studio console is the major equipment used in the STUDIO

CONTROL ROOM. It is with the help of this device the different
programmes that are produced and those that are received from other
stations routed to air. The various inputs to the console are the
programmes from various studios, the programmes that are received
using a C BAND receiver which is broadcasted from Delhi and the
programmes that are received via an ISDN link from Calicut and
Thiruvananthapuram. The Outputs from the console is taken through
two master amplifiers among which one is active at a time. This
output is directed to the STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK (STL).

CONTROL ROOM AUDIO CONSOLE INPUTS

AND OUTPUTS
DELHI (CBAND
DISH
OUTPUT)

TALK
STUDIO

MUSIC
STUDIO

CONTROL ROOM
AUDIO CONSOLE

BSNL LINK
TO OTHER
STATIONS(
CALICUT
AND TVM)

MASTER
AMPLIFIE
R 1 OR 2

STUDIO
TRANSMITT
ER LINK

PLAYBAC
K STUDIO

STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK:

The programs produced at the Studios are not transmitted from
the same complex with intention of preventing the problems due to
interference and radiation. Instead, the programs are transmitted from
the transmission complex which is situated at Avanoor. The high
quality sound programmes from AIR studio centre are normally
transported to the AIR transmitting centre with the help of a
transmission link named as the STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK
(STL).
AIR is having three types of STL called STL-01, STL-02 and
STL-05. The numbers 01, 02 and 05 describe the number of base band
(50Hz 15 kHz) channels that could be transported. At Thrissur, we
are using STL-01 since we are transmitting only one base band
channel
For quality transmission of the programmes, STL is realised
using four methods. They are :
1. A microwave link
2. 10W FM transmitter link
3. ISDN link
4. BSNL dial up link
1. MICROWAVE
Radio and television broadcast companies originate their signals
in studios, but must get them to the transmitter site. In many cities, a
nearby hill or mountain holds most of the transmitters. A microwave
studio transmitter link (STL) delivers the signal without wires.
Positioned at a fixed location and using radio waves, a microwave
transmitter sends those waves across space to be received by a
microwave receiver at another fixed location. Microwave is
broadband, so it can transmit a substantial amount of information
from point to point, for use in cell phone and wireless Internet service,
with no need for any other equipment between the two fixed
locations.
The microwave STL system consists of a transmitting system
(STL-TX) housed in the studio premises and a receiving system

(STL-RX) housed in the AIR transmitting centre. A low loss cable

connects the STL TX/RX to the microwave dish antenna of diameter
2m mounted on an approximately 50m tall self-supporting tower at
either end. In addition, a VHF service channel in duplex mode is
provided at both the ends for voice communication between the AIR
studio and transmitting end through a multi-element yagi antenna
mounted on the top of the tower. The need for the service channel
arises from the fact that there is no RF monitoring facility of the
transmitter sound program at STL-TX.
The STL system is meant to operate unattended round the clock.
The microwave STL TX/RX is powered by an external power supply
unit kept adjacent to the STL rack with floating batteries. This unit
takes 230V, 50Hz AC and supplies 24V DC to STL TX/RX. The
service channel is energised by another external power supply unit
placed over that of STL TX/RX.
SERVICE CHANNEL (RT 33) (VHF Link)
The service channel is mounted at the top of the transmitter and
receiver racks. It IS a VHF 1613-88 MHz) trans-receiver. The
transmitter output power is 15 watts YAGI( antenna mounted at the
top of the towers on either end is used for the service channel This
antenna may be used both in horizontal and vertical polarizations
Normally vertical polarization is used The hand set with a press to
talk (PM switch is employed at either end for service communication.
Theseunits can be remised from the racks and kept at any other
convenient location at either end M/s Meltron has developed an
interface unit with which telephone facilities can be extended to the
transmitter sole with this service channel without the use of land
lanes.

2. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of
communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of
voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional
circuits of the public switched telephone network. It was first defined

in 1988 in the CCITT red book. Prior to ISDN, the telephone system
was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services
available for data. The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech
and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in
the classic telephone system. There are several kinds of access
interfaces to ISDN defined as Basic Rate Interface (BRI), Primary
Rate Interface (PRI), Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), and Broadband
ISDN (B-ISDN).ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone
network system, which also provides access to packet switched
networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice
and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially
better voice quality than an analog phone can provide.
For AIR, The ISDN link is facilitated by the BSNL. Air is
making use of BROADBAND ISDN. In addition to an STL system
ISDN acts as a channel for live broadcasting of AIR programmes.

BROADBAND ISDN (B-ISDN): The original or basic version of

ISDN employs baseband transmission on copper wires. But B-ISDN
uses broadband transmission at 1.5Mbps for transmission of voice,
video and data at the same time. B-ISDN requires fibre optic cables
and is less widely available as it has relied mainly on evolution of
fibre optics. According to CCITT, B-ISDN is a service requiring
transmission channel capable of supporting transmission rates greater
than the primary rate.
SALIENT FEATURES OF ISDN :
ISDN is a fast network
ISDN is a telephone network
Integrated services

 Digital network

3. FM TRANSMITTER
Here in AIR, Thrissur, we use 60W FM transmitter link.
The principle of working of a modern FM transmitter is given in the
block diagram, The L and R audio signals are converted into the
stereo signal by a stereo coder. The stereo signal also called the
MULTIPLEXED signals then frequency modulates the VFH oscillator
which is a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) OF THE PHASE
LOCKED LOOP (PLL). The PLL is an automatic frequency control
system in the FM tsransmitter is maintained within the specified
tolerance limits of +2 KHz. In this arrangement the phase of the VHF
oscillator is compared with that of a reference crystal oscillator
operating at10MHz. As the VHF oscillator can operate at any
assigned in the FM broadcasting band of 87.5MHz-108MHz, the
factor N will vary from 8750-10800Hz.The phases of the output from
the two frequency dividers are then compared in a phase comparator
and the resultant error amplified rectified and filtered to get a dc error
voltage of positive negative polarity which corrects shift in the VHF
oscillator frequency. The FM signal obtained at the output of VHF
oscillator is then amplified in a VHF power amplifier with an output
power of1.5KW. This amplifier is the basic building block in the
series of FM transmitters. It is a wide band amplifier so that no tuning
is requires when the operating frequency is changed.
4. BSNL Dial Up Link
This link between the studio complex and the transmitter is the
least preferred and least used one. If all the other system fails then the
program signals are transmitted via the regular BSNL telephone
cables. Techniques are used at the transmission station to receive these
signals and then it is fed to the modulator.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STL

TRANSMITTER

MUSIC
AMPLIFIE
R

I/P

BASE BAND
INTERFERE
NCE UNIT

DUMM
Y

AUDIO LINE
TRANSFORM
ER

VCO

FREQUENCY
MULTIPLIER &
PRE
AMPLIFIER

REFEREN
CE
OSCILLAT

RF
POWER
AMPLIFIE

DIRECTION
AL
COUPLER

ANTENNA
CHANGE
OVER UNIT

RECEIVER
P/D

AUDIO LINE
TRANSFOR
MER

BASE BAND
INTERFEREN
CE UNIT

MUSIC
AMPLIFI
ER

DUMM
Y

IF
AMPLIFIER &
DEMODULAT
OR &

IF
FILTE
R

REFEREN
CE
OSCILLAT

FREQUENCY
MULTIPLIER
& PRE
AMPLIFIER

VCO

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM AT

STUDIO
The air conditioning at the studio complex is done using AC plants.
There are 3 AC plants at the studio complex each with a capacity of
XX tonnes among which 2 are sufficient for the purpose. These two
plants supply conditioned air to two different parts of the studio via
AC ducts that runs all over the ceiling.The AC plant consists of
Blowers and a water circulation system that carries thehot air out of
the building. The hot water is cooled at a cooling tower where water is
cooled by dissipation of heat to the surroundings. A fan is also
attached to the cooling tower for easy cooling.

ANTENNAS
Antenna is usually a metallic device (a rod or a wire) used for
radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves. The radio frequency
power developed in the final stage of a transmitter is delivered
through cables/feeders, without themselves consuming any power to
the transmitting antenna. The RF energy gets converted into
electromagnetic waves and travels in the free space at the speed of
light. The receiving antenna picks up the radio waves and delivers
useful signal at the input of a receiver for reception of signals. The
transmitting and receiving antennae are reciprocal in the sense, any
characteristics of the antenna in general applies equally to both.
Antennas play a vital role in AIR also since these are the
communication links between the various stations and the transmitter
complex as well. As the purpose differ the shape, size and
specifications varies in case of Antennas. In an AIR station we can see
a wide variety of Antenna systems. These include:
1. A C-band receiver antenna with a dish whose diameter is about
5m. This antenna receives signals from other stations like Delhi.

2. A DTH receiver antenna with a dish whose diameter is about

1m. This antenna receives signals from stations like Calicut and
Thiruvananthapuram
3. Yagi antennas are mounted on the top of a mast of height around
45 m. This is the transmitter antenna for the microwave studio
transmitter link. And a similar receiver antenna is mounted on a
mast of height about 50m. This enables the line of sight
communication between the studio and the transmitter.
4. Similar to microwave transmitter antennas, FM transmitter and
receiver antennas are also mounted on the same masts at the
studio and transmitter complexes.
5. Private FM channels have also installed their antennas on the
mast at the transmitter complex.
6. A self-radiating mast of height 122m which itself acts as the
antenna is present at the transmitter complex.
7. Another self-radiating mast is present at the studio complex
which was used in earlier times. This mast, having a power
dissipation capacity of 20kW has decommissioned and is left as
it is.

TRANSMITTER COMPLEX, AVANOOR

POWER SUPPLY TO THE TRANSMITTER COMPLEX

THANGAL
LUR
FEEDER

VARADIU
M
FEEDER

4 POLE
STRUCTURE

VCB

TRANSFORMER
500 KVA

VCB

OCB
TXR I

OCB
TXR II

11KV/440V
X

LT
PANEL
440 V

100KW BEL HMB 140-MW

TRANSMITTER
A radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of
an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a
radio frequency alternating current which is applied to the antenna.
When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio
waves. The transmitter combines the information signal to be carried
with the radio frequency signal which generates the radio waves,
which is often called the carrier.
Here in All India Radio, Thrissur; the 100KW BEL HMB
transmitter performs amplitude modulation in which the information
is added to the radio signal by varying its amplitude. This transmitter
mainly consists of these parts:
A power supply circuit to transform the input electrical power
to the higher voltages needed to produce the required power
output.
A quartz crystal oscillator that generates sinusoidal wave at a
frequency of 4MHz and associated frequency dividers to divide
the high frequency wave to the transmission frequency 630kHz.
A modulator circuit to add the information to be transmitted to
the carrier wave produced by the oscillator. This is done by
varying some aspect of the carrier wave. The information is
provided to the transmitter in the form of an audio signal whose
content is the program produced at the studio.
Transmitter complex includes the following rooms:

Power supply
HT room
Transmitter
Cooling

POWER SUPPLY IN 100kW HMB 140MW

TRANSMITTER
1. Main supply to Transmitter : 415 V 3PHASE 50Hz AC
2. Supply voltage to PA and Modulator : HT 11kV (Thyristor
Controlled for smooth variation)
3. Screen Voltage to PA Valve : 800V
4. Sreen voltage to Modulator valve : 1070V
5. Plate Voltage to RF Driver : 1900V
6. Grid bias to PA Modulator & RF Driver : -650V
7. Supply voltage to cathode of RF Driver : -600V (Supplied by way
Way of a tap on -650V supply)
8. Screen voltage of RF Driver : -100V

9. Thycon unit : +12V DC & -12V DC

10. Audio unit : +24V & +10V
11. Reflectometer : +15V & -15V
12. Control units :

VDDB : +15V Logic Circuits

VDDC : +12V Relays
VDDD : +15V For indication lamps
VDDE : -15V Comparator

Transmitter section includes RF, Audio as well as modulator

stages. RF section generates the required operating frequency, here
630 kHz. Audio stage makes the audio to reach up to the power
requirement. Modulator stage further modulates the audio with the
RF.

RADIO FREQUENCY STAGE (RF STAGE)

CRYSTAL
OSCILLAT
OR

TRANSISTOR
POWER
AMPLIFIER

RF
DRIVER

POWER
AMPLIFIER

To

The RF chain consists of a crystal oscillator followed by a wide

band transistorized power Amplifier developing an output of 12-15
watts. This is followed by a driver stage using 4-1000A valve working
in class AB condition. This stage delivers a driving voltage of 900V
peak to the grid of PA. The PA stage consists of CQK-50 ceramic
tetrode valve working as a Class-D Amplifier. The PA stage works
into output impedance of 120 ohms delivering a carrier of 100 KW.
The stage is also high level anode modulated by the modulator. The
stage has been provided with a composite anode circuit to provide for
generation of class-D waveforms, harmonic suppression and matching
of anode impedance to the output impedance.
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
The basic frequency determining unit is the crystal oscillator.
Two oscillator circuits are provided one in circuit and one is in
standby. The crystal oscillator is a self-contained unit including its
power supply and a proportionately controlled oven and gives an
output of 5V square wave which is required to transfer the Transistor
power Amplifier.
The 12 volts DC required for operating the unit as well as the
crystal oven is derived from a rectifier and a voltage regulator. The

crystal oscillator works between 3MHz and 6MHz for different carrier
frequencies. The basic oscillator is a pierce circuit with crystal as the
frequency determining element.
TRANSISTOR POWER AMPLIFIER:
The power amplifier is a self-contained unit including its power
supply and delivers an output of about 12W and on output impedance
of 75 ohms. The stage works as a switching amplifier and is wide
band. However, the output filters are to be selected for the frequency
ranges 525-1150 kHz & 1150-1650 kHz. The unit works on a 20V DC
which is derived by the rectifier. It is followed by the transistorized
regulator and series pass transistor.
RF DRIVER:
The RF Driver stage provides the driving power required to
develop an output of 100 KW to the final amplifier. Moreover, the
wave shape required for Class D operation of the final stage is also
generated in the driver.
4-1000A tetrode valve is used as a driver valve. The ac plate
load impedance of the tube is around 2.4K ohms which needs to the
matched to an effective PA grid load of 710 ohms. In order to generate
the required Class D driving waveform which is an approximate
square wave comprising of fundamental frequency and 20% of the
third harmonic grid of the final tube has got a parallel tuned circuit at
third harmonic frequency.
RF POWER AMPLIFIER:
The final stage RF amplifier consists of a single tube, CQK-50
beam power tetrode delivering carrier power output of 100 KW. High
level anode modulation is used using a class B modulator stage. The
screen of the PA tube is also modulated by a tap on modulation
transformer.
The plate load impedance of the PA stage is about 750 ohms and
the output impedance is 120 ohms. The complex PA circuit matches
the plate to the output impedance. In addition, the Class D operation
of the stage needs third harmonic impedance at the plate. In addition,

the output circuit should prevent radiation of harmonic frequencies.

The plate circuit provides all these functions.

AUDIO FREQUENCY STAGE (AF STAGE)

HIGH
PASS
FILTER

PRE
AMPLIFI
ER

PRE
CORRECTOR
PRE
CORRECTOR

AF
DRIVER
AF
DRIVER

MODULATIO
N
TRANSFORM

The AF Stage supply the Audio power required to amplitude

modulate the final RF stage. The output of the AF stage is super
imposed upon the DC voltage to the RF PA tube via modulation
transformer. An auxiliary winding in the modulation transformer,
provides AF voltage necessary to modulate the screen of the final
stage. The modulator stage consists of two CQK 25 ceramic tetrode
valves working in push pull class B configuration. The drive stages
upto the grid of the modulator are fully transistorized.
High Pass Filter
The audio inputs from the speech rack are fed to active High
Pass Filter. It cuts off all frequencies below 60Hz. Its main function is
to supress the switching transistor from the audio input. This also has
the audio attenuator and audio muting relay which will not allow AF
to further stage till RF is about 70kW of power
AF Pre-Amplifier
The output of the high pass filter is fed to AF Pre-Amplifier, one
for each balanced audio line. Signal from the negative feedback
network from the secondary of the modulation transformer and the
signals from compensator also are fed to this unit.
AF Pre-Corrector
Pre-Amplifier output is fed to the AF Pre-Correctors. As the
final modulator valve in the AF is operating as class B,its gain will

not be uniform for various levels of AF signals. That is the gain of the
modulator will be low for low level, input, and high for high level AF
input because of the operating characteristics of the vacuum tubes.
The Pre corrector amplifies the low level signal highly and high level
signal with low gain. Hum compensator is used to have a better signal
to noise ratio.
AF Driver
2 AF drivers are used to drive the two modulator valves. The
driver provides the necessary DC bias voltage and also AF signal
sufficient to modulate 100%. The output of AF driver stage is formed
by four transistors in series as it works with a high voltage of about
-400V. The transistors are protected with diodes and zener diodes
against high voltages that may result due to internal tube flashover.
There is a potentiometer by which any clipping can be avoided such
that the maximum modulation factor will not exceed.
AF Final Stage
AF final stage is equipped with ceramic tetrodes CQK 25.
Filament current of this tube is about 210 amps at 10V. The filament
transformers are of special leakage reactance typeand their short
circuit current is limited to about 2-3 times the normal load current.
Hence the filament surge current at the time of switching ON will not
exceed the maximum limit.
A varistor at the screen or spark gaps across the grid are to
prevent over voltages. As the modulator valve is condensed vapour
cooled tetrodes, deionised water is used for cooling. The valve
required about 11.5 L /minute of water. Two water flow switches WF1
and WF2 in the water lines of each of the valves protect against low
or no water flow. Thermostats WT1 and WT2 in each water line
provides protection against excessive water temperature by tripping
the transmitter up to standby if the temperature of the water exceeds
70 degree Celsius.
Modulation condenser and modulation choke have been
dispensed due to the special design of the modulation transformer.

Special high power varistor is provided across the secondary winding

of the modulation transformer to prevent transformer over voltages.

CONTROL AND INTERLOCK SYSTEMS

IN TRANSMITTER
Control and interlocking circuits of the transmitter are to perform four
major functions:1.
2.
3.
4.

Ensure correct switching sequence.

Safety of the equipment
Safety of the operating personnel.
Indication of the status of the transmitter.

In the following paragraph the details regarding the above aspects are
dealt briefly:
1. Switching Sequence of Transmitter
a)

Ventilation

b)

Filament

c)

Grid bias or medium tension

d)

High tension.

a. Ventilation: All the transmitters handle large amount of power.

Basically the transmitters convert power from AC mains to Radio
frequency and Audio frequency energy. The conversion process
always results in some loss. The loss in energy is dissipated in the
form of heat. The dissipated energy has to be carried away by a
suitable medium to keep the raise in temperature of the transmitting
equipment within limits. Hence, in order to ensure that the heat
generated by the equipment is carried away as soon as it is generated
the ventilation equipment need to be switched on first. Normally the
cooling provided in a transmitter could be classified on the following
lines:
Cooling for the tube filaments.
Cooling for the tube Anodes.

 General cooling of the cubic.

Cooling for coils, condensers, Resistors etc.
The cooling equipments comprise of blowers, pumps and heat
exchangers. Another important consideration is that during the
switching off sequence the cooling equipments should run a little
longer to carry away the heat generated in the equipments. This is
ensured by providing a time delay for the switch off of the cooling
equipment. Normal time delay is of the order of 3 to 6 minutes.
The water flow and the air flow provided by the cooling equipments
to the various equipments are monitored by means of air flow and
water flow switches. In case of failure of water or air flow, these
switches provide necessary commands for tripping the transmitter.
b. Filaments: All the transmitters invariably employ tubes in their
drive and final stages of RF amplifiers and sub modulator and
modular stages of AF amplifiers. After ventilation equipments are
switched on and requisite air and water flow established, the filament
of the tube, the control and interlocking circuits have to take care of
the following points.
The cold resistance of the filament is very low and hence application
of full filament voltage in one strike would result in enormous
filament current and may damage the tube filament. Hence it becomes
necessary to apply the filament voltage in steps. Various methods
adopted are:
i. Use of step starter resistance. Here the filament voltage of the tubes
are given through a series resistance (called step starter resistance).
The series resistance which limits the initial filament current is
shorted and after a time interval by the of a timer switch.
ii. Use of special filament transformer which allows slow build-up of
the filament voltage.
iii. Application of filament voltage in 3 or 4 steps.
The emission from the tubes depends upon the temperature of the
filament. Generally it takes some time for the filament to reach a
steady temperature after it is switched on. Hence, it is not desirable to

draw any power from the tube till it attains a stable temperature. This
means that the further switching on process has to be suspended till
the filament temperature and hence the emission becomes stable. This
aspect is taken care of by providing a time delay of 3 to 5 minutes
between the filament switching on and the next sequence namely bias
switching on.
c. Bias and Medium Tension: For obvious reasons the control grid of
the tube has to be given the necessary negative bias voltage before its
anode voltage can be applied. Hence, after the application of full
filament voltage and after the laps of necessary delay for the filament
temperature to become stable bias voltage can be switched on. Along
with bias generally anode and screen voltages of intermediate stages
and driver stages are also switched on. Application of bias and
medium tension makes available very high voltages for the various
transmitter equipment. Hence, in order to ensure the safety of the
personnel access to theseequipment should be forbidden before the
application of bias and medium tension. This is ensured by providing
the interlocking so that the bias and medium tension can be put on
only after all the transmitter and other HV equipment doors are closed
to prevent access.
Connection of load (Antenna/Dummy load)
After the application of ventilation, filament and bias the anode
voltage can be switched on. But before the anode voltage can be
increased the interlocking circuit is to ensure that the load of the
transmitter namely antenna or dummy load is connected to the
transmitter. The tuning process of the various RF stages are complete
and none of the tuning motors are moving.
Application of screen voltage
In the case of tetrode tubes, the screen voltage to the tube should not
be applied before the application of anode voltage to keep the screen
current and screen dissipation within limits. This is taken care of by
an interlocking provision that the screen voltage is applied only after

the anode voltage reach a certain predetermined value well above the
normal screen voltage.
Release of Audio frequency
The application of AF signal to the AF stage in the absence of carrier
power would result in the operation of modulation transformer with
no load connected. This is not desirable. Therefore, the AF signal
should be applied to the audio frequency stages only when the RF
power amplifier is delivering the nominal power. Normally AF
frequency signal to the AF stage is released only when the carrier
power is approximately 80% of the normal power.
2. Safety of the equipment
The various transmitting equipment and auxiliaries are to be safe
guarded against over loads etc. The various safety provisions provided
in the transmitter are as follows:
a) All the existing machineries are provided with switches with
magnetic and thermal overload release.
b) The air flow and water flow switches and temperature sensors
monitors the air flow and water flow of the cooling medium. If
the air and water flow fall below a certain predetermined value,
it ensures the necessary tripping sequence.
c) Water level in the reservoir and water conductivity are
monitored constantly.
d) Momentary release of air flow and water flow switches due to
some turbulence for a short duration will not result in the
tripping of the transmitter. However, if the fault persists for a
few seconds then the tripping will result.
e) Sometimes thermal sensors are embedded in the filament
transformers to monitor its temperature.
f) The filament voltage of various high power tubes is
monitored.in case of low or high filament voltage tripping of
the transmitter filament is initiated.

g) Circuit breakers associated with various rectifiers such as grid

bias, screen voltages etc. Protect the rectifiers and associated
equipment against over currents.
h) All the vital currents of the tubes and stages are monitored and
indicated by means of panel meters. This is to monitor
abnormality if any on the various operating conditions.
i) Also current operated over load relays are provided in the
cathode, screen grid and anode circuits to protect the tubes and
the associated rectifiers in case any of these respective currents
exceed a predetermined value. The operation of over load relays
are indicated by means of flags or latched lamps
j) The standing wave ratio on the load side is monitored suitably
and signal is used to trip the transmitter anode voltage in case of
VSWR is higher than the predetermined value.
k) Spark detectors are provided in various cubicles to ensure the
tripping sequence in case of sparking to prevent damage to the
equipments.
l) Normally the over currents are counted over a period of time
and if number of over currents occur in a short interval the
transmitter is tripped up to the filament.
m)In addition to the above safety provisions spark gaps and
varistors provided at various high voltage points offer
protection to the equipment against high RF voltage.
n) In some of the transmitter a crow bar device is provided to short
circuit the stored energies in the power supply circuit in case of
over load. This provision is to protect the high power tubes.
3. Safety for the personnel
Since very high voltage are encountered in transmitters the
operating personnel are to be protected by coming into contact with
these high voltages accidently. The safety interlocking generally
comprises of:
a. An earthing switch which earths all the high voltage supplies
before the access to the cubicles keys are allowed.

b. A key exchange panel where the key to the transmitter cubicles

can be utilized only after the earthing switch is put ON. The
earthing switch is interlocked in the bias circuit and hence the
operation of the earth switch automatically switches OFF up to
bias. This provision ensures that the cubicle doors can be opened
only when the bias and medium voltages are switched OFF and
earthed through the earthing switch.
c. In addition to the above, earth hooks are provided at various
parts of the cubicles and high voltage equipment area. The
operating professional are too short through these hooks are
high voltage points before any work is undertaken in these
equipment.
d. Some of the transmitters are also provided with additional
shorting switches in the cubicles which shorts the supplies in the
cubicle as soon as the door is opened.

4. Indication Lamps
The indication lamps are provided in the transmitter to indicate
the status of switching ON of the transmitter as well as to indicate the
occurrence of over load etc. These indication lamps are provided to
help the fault diagnosis.

COOLING TECHNIQUES IN TRANSMITTER

In high power A.M. transmitter, lot of power is dissipated in the
valve as the input power is not fully converted into output R.F. power
due to the efficiency of the amplifier which never reaches 100%.
Hence the valves have to be cooled. In addition filaments are drawing
large current of the order of 210 Amps at 10 volt for CQK valve.
Hence they also have to be cooled. The dissipated heat in the valves
also circulates in the concerned cubicle and heat develops there.
Hence some kind of cooling has to be provided to the transmitting

equipment. Different types of cooling are used in AIR transmitter at

present.

a) Air cooling
b) Vapour cooling
c) Condensed vapour cooling
a)

Air Cooling

At present forced air cooling is used in AIR transmitters. A

blower sucks the air through an Air filter and a guided duct system
and the forced air is passed on to the required transmitting tubes.
There has to be minimum air flow to cool the valves. Hence there
will be an air operated Air Flow Switch (Relay) AFR : the AFR will
close only when sufficient amount of air has been built up with the
blower. Otherwise, AFR will not close and filament cannot be
switched on. Sometimes, if the filter is not cleaned, sufficient air may
not go out of the blower. Hence the blower needs periodical cleaning.
b)

Vapour Cooling System

This system is used in 100 kW BEL Transmitters. For very high

power valves and efficient cooling, air cooling is not sufficient.
Hence some of the valves like BEL 15000, BEL 75000 etc. are cooled
by vapour cooling. (Hence called Vaptron). Here the principle of
heat required to convert water into steam at its boiling point is used
(Latent heat of steam). The valves are kept in a in-tight water
container filtered and de-ionized water. This water has high
resistivity and comes in contact with anode. The water containers
called "Boilers" are provided with inlet and outlet pipes.

Fig. 1 Block Diagram of Vapour-Cooling System

The inlet pipes are interconnected at the bottom to keep the
water level same in all the boiler and the outlet pipes are joined at the
top which provides passage of the steam to the condensing equipment
known as Heat Exchanger.
The heat produced at the anode of the vacuum tubes is absorbed
by water and gets converted into steam. The steam thus produced
goes up through the glass-tube to the steam pipe and to the heat
exchanger mounted on top of the transmitter room. The condenser is
made of copper tubes. This is a mono-block fine tube moulded from
copper in extrusion moulding system and has high terminal
conductivity. Steam flows inside the tube and cool air is forced
outside through the fins and the action of heat exchange takes place.
Now the steam is condensed to water and the cooled water flows
down through the water pipe due to gravity back to the boiler.
c) Condensed Vapour Cooling in HMB-140BEL 100 kW MW
XTR:

In BEL/BBC solid state transmitter of 100 KW/300 kW MW

and 50 KW/100KW/500KW SW transmitters, condensed vapour
cooling is used for the PA and modulator valves. Here a circulation of
fast flowing stream of de-mineralized water is used. A high velocity
water flows through the valve jaket and transforms into vapour due to
the dissipation of power in anodes. The tubes are fitted with a
specially formed anode which sits in a cylinderical cooler. Due to the
fast flow of water, the vapour is condensed to water as soon as they
are formed. Hence the cooling efficiency is much higher. The
temperature of water coming from the transmitter can theoretically
reach about 900 C, but in practice, it is desired to about 700 C in
normal programme modulation.
Filaments of the tubes are cooled by forced air by means of a
high pressure blower. It also cools the R.F. driver valves, the third
harmonic and second harmonic suppression coils.
The demineralized water is pumped by pumps (one in circuit
and one as standby) from the water tank to the PA and modulator
tubes through the water piping. At the inlet/outlet of each tube, a
double ball valve is provided to facilitate shutting off water supply
when the valve is required to be changed. Except for changing the
valve, this should be kept in open condition always. (Lever in the
horizontal position).

Fig.2 Water Flow Circuit 100 kW HMB 140

ANTENNA TUNING UNIT (ATU)

Antenna Tuning Unit (ATU) is to match the feeder line
impedance to the mast impedance of MW Transmitters for maximum
transmission of power. So ATU is located between the mast base and
the feeder line and is very close to the mast base. Commonly Feeder
Unit which is located in the aerial field, houses the ATU.
Generally the mast impedance (aerial impedance) is obtained in
a complex form i.e. the real part (resistive) and the imaginary part
(reactive) component. When the mast impedance is expressed in
polar form then negative angle indicates the mast is capacitive and
positive angle indicates the mast is inductive. Whether the mast
impedance is inductive or capacitive depends on the height of the
mast in terms of wave length (). If the height is less than /4, it will

be capacitive and inductive if more than /4. This can be measured

with impedance bridges.
ATU can be designed in a number of ways. The method used
may be different in different conditions. Criteria depends on the
requirements. Especially when directional antenna system is
employed by splitting power to different antenna, the phase angle of
the network is the most important parameter. In other cases mostly,
simplicity and safety against lightning is important. One of the
methods adopted in the past was the reactive component of the mast
impedance is neutralised, by putting opposite reactive component of
same value in series at mast end side, to make the mast impedance
purely resistive (i.e. for inductive mast the series reactance should be
capacitive and vice versa). Then the resistive part of the mast
impedance can be matched to the feeder line impedance by selecting a
suitable matching network. This matching network can be L, T or
network, and can be designed as phase lag or phase lead type. In
these cases if a capacitor is put in series, there is every possibility of
puncturing of capacitors due to lightning. Hence this method is being
discouraged.
The second method, which is most commonly used now, is first
to convert the antenna impedance into a parallel combination. Most
of the bridges used to measure the mast impedance measure it in the
series form.
At AIR, Thrissur we are using the first method and the matching
network used is a pi network. Here the mast impedence is 56+81.60j
ohms and the feeder impedence is 121.60 ohms. The possibility for
puncturing the capacitor bank is minimized by installing a lightening
arrest in the self-radiating mast. This will keep the pi network
arrangement intact from the threats of lightening.
The self-radiating mast is a part of the ATU. Its base is separated
from the ground using porcelain insulator. This prevents the signal

from earthing. The mast is held vertical using stay wires. For a certain
area, Copper bars are laid radiantly on the earth surface for the sake of
proper earthing.

AKASHAVANI - In near future.

DIGITAL RADIO MONDIALE (DRM)
DRM is the only universal non-proprietary digital radio system
for the short wave, medium wave and long wave AM broadcast
bands. Many existing transmitters can be easily modified with
an inexpensive upgrade to carry DRM signals, enabling a single
tower to broadcast over a large geographic area so that the
listeners can receive the same station with near FM quality
sound. Commercial and public international broadcasters, as
well as national radio networks and local radio stations, have
begun transmitting regular DRM broadcasts and special
programs.
The frequencies required are exposed to highly fluctuating
propagation conditions. In this frequency range the waves are
influenced by the ionosphere and they are reflected depending
on the time of day, season and the relative number on sunspots.
Thanks to the digital standards the AAC+ audio coding and the
COFDM technology, signal transmission now promises
outstanding quality as compared to conventional AM
broadcasting.
DRM can use the existing band plan and the frequency grid
present in the medium wave, short wave and long wave. The
technology therefore facilitates the transmission from analog to
digital transmission technology, which can cover large areas end
to end at a favourable price. Due to external influences on the
transmission conditions, the transmission parameters can be
adjusted to match the propagation conditions.

One advantage from using DRM plus is significantly lower

power consumption of the transmission systems.

DIGITALIZATION
Digitalization of program production facilities, transmission
facilities and uplink stations has been undertaken to ensure good
quality convergence-ready content, which will also support
interactive radio services like news on phone, music on demand
etc.

FM RADIO STATION
AKASHAVANI, Thrissur is about to launch a new FM radio
station which is transmitted at a frequency 111 MHz. This
project which is undergoing the paper level proceedings is
expected to be trial running very soon. This project if brought
into existence will help in increasing the listenership of
AKASHAVANI by means of broadcasting a set of listener
friendly programs.
Computerization of AIR stations and offices is in progress to
facilitate online exchange of information and improvement of
efficiency. Stations with digital equipments including
computerized hard disk based workstations for recording,
dubbing, editing and playback facilities etc. are being provided
at all the major stations.
Control archives and regional archives have valuable collection
of historical and cultural important recordings in their libraries.
The audio program material available on analog audio tapes is
being converted into digital and stored on CDs. It is proposed to
provide control archive at Delhi and regional archives at four
stations of AIR such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and

Hyderabad connected in the network so that the archival

material can be shared among the stations. Provision of
digitalization of analog material & refurbishing the old
recordings at these stations for release in market in CD format is
also proposed.
Digitalization and automation of NEWS gathering NEWS
production and NEWS broadcast activity has already been
introduced at NEWS services division of AIR in Delhi and
regional NEWS units. Under IInd plan it is proposed fully
digitalize and have NEWS room automation at all the regional
NEWS units by providing NEWS automation software,
computer server and workstations etc. This facility is further
extended to seven more regional stations of AIR.
Up-linking facility used for distribution of programs through
satellite is being digitalized by augmenting the existing capital
earth stations with digital uplinks. New digital captive earth
stations (Uplinks) have been installed at Varanasi, Rohtak, Leh,
Dehradun, Silchar and Aurangabad. Digital downlink facilities
have also been installed at most of the stations.
Analog microwave links, used for transportation of programs
from studio to transmitter, are proposed to be replaced by digital
microwave links. New digital microwave STL equipments have
been installed at Cuddaph, Vijayawada, Srinagar, Patna,
Jodhpur, Chandigarh, Jeypore, Kota and Aurangabad. Twenty
one numbers of Portable MSS terminals have been procured for
NEWS gathering in the network.
Digitalization of studio which includes digitalization of
switching consoles, audio processor, cables, amplifiers,
equalizers, audio ports, jacks etc.

CONCLUSION
Broadcasting, in its significance, reach and impact, constitutes
the most powerful medium of mass communication. In India, All
India Radio operates this service, over a network of broadcasting
stations located over the country. Starting with 6 broadcasting stations
in 1947, the AIR today has a network of 82 broadcasting stations.
AIR's programme pattern combines three main elements: a national
channel providing programmes of countrywide interest and
significance, a zonal service from each of the four metropolitan
centers (Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras); and regional services
from individual stations each catering to the needs and interests of its
respective area.
Currently there are two complexes in AIR Thrissur, Studio cum
office complex and the Transmitter complex. In studio complex,
there are three studios, MUSIC, TALK and the PLAYBACK. The
first two together called to be the recording studio facilitates sound
recording and mixing whereas the latter helps in coordinating the
programs, announcements and advertisements. The Studio console is
the major equipment used in the STUDIO CONTROL ROOM. The
various inputs to the console are the programmes from various
studios, the programmes that are received using a C BAND receiver
which is broadcasted from Delhi and the programmes that are
received via an ISDN link from Calicut and Thiruvananthapuram. The
Outputs from the console is taken through two master amplifiers
among which one is active at a time. This output is directed to the
STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK (STL). This further route the
programs to TRANSMITTER at Avanoor.
The source to the transmitter complex is also realized using
MICROWAVE, FM TRANSMITTER, ISDN or BSNL DIAL UP
links. In AIR thrissur, transmitter performs amplitude modulation in
which the information is added to the radio signal by varying its

amplitude. The transmission frequency is at 630 kHz generated by a

quartz crystal oscillator. RF driver stage provides the driving power
required to develop an output of 100 KW to the final amplifier. High
level anode modulation is used using a class B modulator stage. The
AF Stage supply the Audio power required to amplitude modulate the
final RF stage. The modulator stage consists of two CQK 25 ceramic
tetrode valves working in push pull class B configuration. The drive
stages upto the grid of the modulator are fully transistorized. The
transmitter complex is also equipped with various control and
interlocking systems. Due to the high power evolved, cooling systems
are also provided, utilizing ionized air, vapor and condensed vapor
cooling techniques. The transmitter complex is also equipped with a
HT room for providing the required power supplies.
There is also an ATU to match the feeder line
impedance to the mast impedance of MW transmitter
for maximum transmission of power, located between
mast base and the feeder line. The information in its
modulated form is further given to the self-radiating
mast provided with proper earthing.