Module PMR

CHAPTER 7 : ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

A. Unknown
*An unknown is a quantity whose value has not been determined.
*Letters can be used to represent unknowns or objects.
Example
1. The teacher gives some
pencils to the students
Solution : The unknown is the
number of pencils

Exercise
1. I bought some books
Solution :
2. There are many monkeys in the garden.
Solution : .

2. There are x students in m class

Solution : x is unknown
3. Azman bought y durian in z shop
m is object
yesterday.
Solution : unknown..
object .
4. Mr a sold his car for k ringgit
Solution : unknown ..
object :..
B Algebraic Terms
i) Algebraic Term with one unknown
- is the product of an unknown and a number.
Example : 4y is called an algebraic term
4y
Number

4y = 4 x y = y + y + y + y

unknown

* Identify coefficients in given algebraic term

- Coefficient is the number that multiply the unknown
Example
1) 7m : coefficient of m is 7
2)

Exercise
1) -3z : coefficient of z is

r
1
: coefficient of r is
4
4

2)

3) y : coefficient of y is -1

2
x : coefficient of x is ..
5

3) 0.7 h : coefficient of h is
4) p : coefficient of p is ..

Algebraic Expressions

77

Module PMR

(ii) Like and Unlike Algebraic Terms

* Like term : terms with the same unknowns
* Unlike terms : terms with different unknowns.
Example
1. 3m and -4m
2. 4x and x
3. 0.9z and 5z
1. 2w and 8h
2, -5f and g
3. 1.2q and 3.5g

Like term
(same unknown)

unlike term
( different unknown)

Exercise
Determine whether each of the
following pairs of algebraic terms are
like term / unlike term
1. 6s , - t :
y
2.
, 8y : ..
4
3. 19 d , 19e :
2
4.
, 4e : ..
e

C Algebraic Expressions
An algebraic expression is a combination of two or more algebraic
terms by addition, subtraction or both
Examples : 2x + 4y , 6r 3s + 6z
(i)

Number of terms in a given algebraic expression

Example
Determine the number of terms
in the algebraic expressions
below :

Exercise
Determine the number of terms
in the algebraic expressions
below :

1. 3x + 6y : 2 terms

1. 6m + 8n 9 : ..

2. 7p + 5q 9 : 3 terms

2. 3b + 2e 10b -5e : .

3. w 2z 8y + 1 : 4 terms

3. 2s 4s + 5s + 3 w :.

(ii) Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

- Group all the like terms together
- Add / subtract the coefficient of the terms
- unlike terms cannot be simplified

Algebraic Expressions

78

Module PMR

Examples
1. 6m 2n + 4m 5n
= 6m + 4m -2n -5n (group like terms)
= 10m 7n

Exercise
.1. 2x 7y + 5x y
=

2. -7x + 4y + 3y + 2x
= -7x + 2x + 4y + 3y
= -5x + 7y

2. 11z -3w - 8z- 8w

=

3. ( 12a 4b) + ( 5a + 7b)

= 12a+ 5a 4b + 7b
= 17a + 3b

3. ( 6r + 9s) + ( 3r 2s)
=

4. ( 9q + 2p) ( 4q 6p)
= 9q + 2p 4q + 6p
= 9q 4q + 2p + 6p
= 5q + 8p

4. ( 5k -3) ( 7k + 2)
=

5. 8x ( - 4x) + x
= 8x + 4x + x
= 13x

5. (2t +4s) (7t 3s)

=

6. -3c (- d) +(-2d)
= -3c +d 2d
=-3d -d

6. 3s (- 5s + 1)
=

7. -14w (-3w) -7w

=

D. Algebraic Terms in two or more unknowns

Is the multiplying factors of the term
Examples : 3xy , abc, 0.8 def
* Identifying the coefficient of an unknown
Example
In the term 8xy2
* 8y(xy) the coefficient of xy is 8y
* 8x(y2) the coefficient of y2 is 8x
* 8y2 (x) the coefficient of x is 8y2
* 8(xy2) the coefficient of xy2 is 8

Algebraic Expressions

Exercise
1. in the term -3ab2c
* the coefficient of abc =..
* the coefficient of ab2 = ..
* the coefficient of ab2c =..
* the coefficient of ac = .

79

Module PMR

E. Multiplication & Division of 2 or more terms

(i) Finding the product of 2 algebraic terms
- collect all numbers and similar unknowns together
- then multiply the numbers and the unknown separately.
Example
1. 2ab x 4b2c
=2xaxbx4xbxbxc
=2x4xaxbxbxbxc
= 8 x a x b2 x c
= 8ab3c

Exercise
1. ab x a2b
=

2. 3xy x (-2 yz)

2. 4m2 x mn 2
=4xxmxmxmxnxn
= 2 x m 3 x n2
= 2 m 3 n2

3.. 6ab2c x ( bc 3)
Exercise
4
1
6.
pqr ( pqr )
5
2
=

4. (-8p3qr) x ( -7pqr2)

7. (-3m2hk3)x (-7m2hk2)
=

5.
=

Algebraic Expressions

80

2 2
w z (9 wz 3 )
3

Module PMR

(ii) Finding the quotient of two algebraic terms

- Express the division in fraction form
- cancel similar unknowns that are found in both numerator and denominator
Example
14 xyz
1.
7 xz
14 2 x y z
=
7 x z
= 2y

Exercise
1. 24pq2z 8qr
=

2.

2. 12m2n 3mn
12 4 m m n
=
3 m n
= 4m

16 x 3 y 2
4x 2 y 3
=

3. 12abc (-18cd)
=

3. -5cd2e 15c2de
(5) c d d e
=
3 15 c c d e
d
=
3c

4. (- 18sr3t2) 6sr2t
=

iii) Multiplication and Division involving algebraic terms

Example
1. 4p x 6q2 3pq
4 p 62 q q
=
3 p q
= 8q

Exercise
1. 6p2qr 3pq x 8pr
=

4c 2 de 9cde 2
6ce 2
4 2 c c d e 93 c d e e
=
6 31 c e e

2.

= -2 x c x d x 3 x c x d x e
= -2 x 3 x c x c x d x d x e
= -6c2d2e

Algebraic Expressions

2.

12 gh (9kh)
6 gh 2
=

3. 10a2b3 x (-2b2c) 5abc

81

Module PMR

F) Computations involving Algebraic Expressions

* In Multiplication / division of algebraic expressions by a number, every term
In the expression is multiply/ divide by the same number
Example
Exercise
1. 3 ( 2a b)
1. 8 ( 5m -2)
= 3 x 2a 3 x b
=
= 6a 3b
2. - ( 4a + 12b)
=

1
2 (5t + 10 s )
5
1
1
= 5t 10 2 s
5
5
= t 2s

3. p 7 ( p -3 )
=

3. h 9(h 2)
= h 9h + 18
= -8h +18

4. 5 ( t -2) + 8t
=

5. 3 ( 2s -7) 4( s + 3)
=

4. 2 (4e +y) 5( 2e 3y)

= 2 x 4e + 2 x y 5 x 2e + 5 x 3y
= 8e + 2y 10e + 15y
= 8e -10e +2y + 15y
= -2e + 17y

6. . ( -12pq + 8qr 4pqr) 4

=

5. (6ab 4bc) 2b
= 6ab 2b 4bc 2b
= 3a 2c

7.
6

1
3
(4 p 2 8 pq ) (4 p 2 12 pq )
2
4
2
= 2 p 4 pq 3 p 2 + 9 pq

= 2 p 2 3 p 2 4 pq + 9 pq
= p 2 + 5 pq

8.

12 x 4
4
= 10x -5 (3x - 1)
= 10x -5 -3x + 1
= 10x -3x -5 + 1
= 7x -4

3x 9
5y
3
=

1
2
(5 p 2 10 pq ) (6 p 2 3 pq )
5
3
=

7. 5(2x 1) -

Algebraic Expressions

9.

82

18 24u 2
+ 5(2u 2 3)
6
=

Module PMR

Common Errors
Errors
1. 7pq x 3pq
= 21 pq

Correct Steps
1. 7pq x 3pq
=7x3xpxpxqxq
= 21 p2q2

2. 2 ( 4e 3 d)
= 8e 3d

2. 2( 4e 3d)
= 2 x 4e 2 x 3d
= 8e 6d

3. (6de2 4ef) 2e
= 3de 4ef

3. (6de2 4ef) 2e
= 6de2 2e 4ef 2e
= 3de 2f

4. (x 4y) ( 2x + y)
= x 4y 2x + y
= x -2x -4y + y
= -x-3y

4. (x 4y) ( 2x + y)
= x 4y 2x - y
= x -2y -4y - y
= - x - 5y

5. -2p ( pq 3)
= - 2pq 6p

5. -2p ( pq 3)
= - 2p2q + 6p

6. 10abc 4 abc
=6

6. 10abc 4 abc
= 6abc

7. 3a +6b 8a 3b
= 3a + 8a - 6b -3b
= 11a 9b

7. 3a +6b 8a 3b
= 3a - 8a + 6b -3b
= -5a +3b

8. ( - 4rs2t) x 5r3st2
= (-4) x 5 x r x r3 x s2 x s x t x t2
= 20r3s2t2

8. ( - 4rs2t) x 5r3st2
= (-4) x 5 x r x r3 x s2 x s x t x t2
= -20r4s3t3

9. -5s - ( 3t 2)

9. -5s - ( 3t 2)
= -5s -3t +2

= +15st -10s

Algebraic Expressions

83

Module PMR

(G) Expanding single Brackets

* Expanding algebraic expressions by multiplying each term inside the
bracket by the number or term outside
* p(q + r)= p q + p r = pq + pr
Example
1. 2p (p 3q)
= 2p x p 2p x 3q
= 2p2 6pq

Exercise
1. y ( w + y)
=

2. -4b(2a + b)
= -4b x 2a -4b x b
= -8ab 4b2
3.

2. -5e ( 3f + 2g)
=

2
b (6a 9c)
3
3
2
2
= b x 6 2a - b x 9c
3
3
= 4ab -6bc

3.

r
(12 9 s + 3t )
3
=

4. xy ( 4z 2w + xy)
=

5.

2
x( xy 5 yz 2 + 10 z )
5
=

6. - 7ab(2a 4b + c)
=

Algebraic Expressions

84

Module PMR

(H) Expanding double brackets

* Expanding algebraic Expressions by multiplying each term within the
first pair of brackets by every term within the second pair of brackets
( a + b)(x + y) = a( x +y) + b( x+y)
= ax + ay + bx + by
Example
1. (x -3)(y+5)
= x (y + 5) 3(y + 5)
= xy + 5x 3y 15

Exercise
1. (a -2)(b +1)
=

2. (2k -1)(k 3)
= 2k(k -3) 1(k -3)
= 2k2- 6k k + 3
= 2k2 -7k + 3

2. (m +3)( 3m n)
=

3. (p 3q)2
= (p 3q)(p -3q)
= p(p-3q) 3q (p-3q)
= p2 3pq 3pq + 9q2
= p2 6pq + 9q2

3. (-2s -5)( 3t + 4)
=

4. (2a +b)2
= (2a+b)(2a+b)
= 2a(2a+b) + b(2a+b)
= 4a2 +2ab +2ab + b2
= 4a2 +4ab +b2

4. ( a -3)2
=

5. (3m n)2
=

6. ( 5x +2)2
=

7. (y + 4d)2
=

Algebraic Expressions

85

Module PMR

Common Errors
Errors
1. 2x(x-3)

Correct Steps
1. 2x(x-3)

= 2x2 -3

= 2x2 6

2. (a+b)2

2. (a+b)2

= a2 + b2

= a2 +2ab + b2

3. ( a b)2

3.. ( a b)2

= a2 b2

= a2 2ab + b2

2m2(3m2n 4 mn3)

4.

= 6m4n 4m2n3

2m2(3m2n 4 mn3)
= 6m4n 8m3n3

5. -4 ( 3de 2rst2)

5. -4 ( 3de 2rst2)

= - 12de 2rst2

= - 12de + 8rst2

6. ( x -3)2

6. ( x -3)2

= x2 9

= x2 6x + 9

7. 4a2 (a + b)2

7. 4a2 (a + b)2

= 4a 2 a2 + b2

= 4a 2 ( a2 +2ab + b2 )

= 3a2 + b2

= 4a2 a2 - 2ab - b2
= 3a2 -2ab b2

8. (2x -3)(x + 4)

8. (2x -3)(x + 4)
= 2x( x+4) 3 (x + 4)

= 2x( x+4) 3 (x + 4)

= 2x2 + 8x 3x + 12

= 2x2 + 8x 3x - 12

= 2x2 +5x + 12

= 2x2 +5x 12

Algebraic Expressions

86

Module PMR

(I ) Factorization
* Process of writing an expression as a product of two or more
factors.
-

List out common factors for each alg. term , determine the HCF of
the terms .
Write as the product of 2 factors
ab ac = a ( b c)

Example
1. st sr
= s( t r )

a = common factor

Exercise
1. 6a 24c
=

2. 4m + 12mn 16m2
2. 4m3 6m2
= 4 xm + 4 x 3x mxn- 4 x 4 x m x m
=
= 4m ( 1 + 3n 4m)
3. 6d2 3d
= 3 x 2 x d xd 3 x d
= 3d ( 2d 1)

3. 8ax + 4bx 2cx

=

4. 10mn 15m2
=5x2xmxn5x3xmxm
= 5m ( 2n 3m )

4. x2yz xy2z
=

5. 3st2 15 stw
=

6. 2yz 4yz2 + 6xyz

=

Algebraic Expressions

87

Module PMR

*Factorize an expression by using the difference between 2 squares

i) expressions which consist of 2 terms :
a2 b2 = ( a b)( a + b)
Example
1 9 a2
= 32 a2
= ( 3-a)(3+a)

Exercise
1. w2 25
=

2. 4x2 25y2
= 22 x2 52 y2
= ( 2x)2 (5y)2
= ( 2x 5y)( 2x + 5y)

2. 5x2 -5
=

3. 8g2 18h2
= 2 ( 4g2 9h2 )
= 2 [ ( 2g)2 ( 3h)2 ]
= 2 (2g -3h) (2g + 3h)

3. 12d2 75
=

4. 36c2 -100e2
=

ii) expressions which consist of 3 terms

a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a - b)2
Example
1. 9x2 + 6xy + y2
= (3x2) + 2 (3x)(y) + y2
= ( 3x + y)2

Exercise
1. a2 + 4ab + b2
=

2. p2 4pq + q2
= p2 2(p)(q) + q2
= (p q)2

2. 4x2- 20x + 25
=

3. 16p2 24pq + 9q2

= (4p)2 2(4p)(3q) +(3q)2
= (4p 3q)2

Algebraic Expressions

3. 9e2 12 ef + 4f2
=

88

Module PMR

iii) expressions which consist of 4 terms

ax + ay + bx + by
= (ax + ay) + (bx + by)
= a( x+y) + b(x+y)
= (a+b)(x+y)

Example
1. w2 + wz + 6w + 6z

ax + ay - bx - by
= (ax + ay) -(bx + by)
= a( x+y) - b(x+ y)
= (a -b)(x + y)

Exercise
1. pq + qr + ps + rs

= (w2 + wz) +( 6w + 6z)

= w(w+z) + 6(w+z)
= (w + 6)(w+z)
2. a2b2 + a2b + b+1

2. 2ab + bc + 6ad + 3cd

= (a2b2 + a2b) + (b+1)

= a b (b + 1) + 1(b+1)
= (a2b +1)(b+1)
3. 2x2 - 4xy + 6y 3x

3. de de2 + 7de 7d

=(2x2 - 4xy) + (6y 3x)

= 2x (x -2y) + 3 (2y- x)
= 2x(x 2y) 3(x - 2y)
= (2x - 3)( x - 2y)

4. ab + bc ad dc

4. 10 + 3ab 15a 2b

= (ab + bc) (ad + dc)

= b(a+c) d(a+c)
= (b d)(a+c)

Algebraic Expressions

89

Module PMR

Common Errors
Errors
2m 2
1.
6m 2
=

2.

Correct Steps
2m 2
1.
6m 2

m2
3m 2

x2 9
x3
=

2(m 1)
2 3 m2

m 1
3m 2

x2 9
x3

2.

( x 3)( x 3)
( x 3)

( x 3)( x + 3)
( x 3)

=x+3

= x3
3.

3. x2 9

x2 9
= x2 - 32

= (x + 9 ) ( x 9)

= (x + 3 ) ( x 3)
4. y2 - 62

4. y2 - 62

= ( y 6 )( y + 6)

= ( y 6 )2

J) Factorizing & Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

* Algebraic Fractions are fractions with either its numerator or
denominator or both having algebraic expressions
Examples :

Algebraic Expressions

x p q 2a
,
,
y + 1 x 2 4 3b

90

Module PMR

I) Simplifying algebraic Expressions

* divide the numerator and denominator by their common factors.

* factorizing the numerator or denominator or both and then divide the
numerator and denominator by their common factors.
Example
4a 2 b
1.
2ab 2
4 a ab
=
2 a bb
2 a 2a
=
=
b
b

Exercise
5rs
1.
10r 2 s
=

12m n
20m 2 n 2
4 3 m m m n
=
5 4 m m n n
3 m
3m
=
=
5 n
5n
3

2.

3.

2.

b+c
b2 c2
(b + c)
1
=
=
(b c)(b + c) b c

3.

3d
9d2
=

e2 f 2
4.
3e 3 f
=

x2 9
4.
2x 2 6x
x 2 32
=
2 x x 2 3 x
( x 3)( x + 3)
=
2 x( x 3)
x+3
=
2x

Algebraic Expressions

21c 2 de 3
14cde 2
=

91

Module PMR

ii) Addition & Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions

a) Algebraic Fractions with same denominator
Example
Exercise
rt 5s
2x 4
1.
1.

y y
9k 9k
=
2x 4
=
y
2.

2m 1 m + 4

3n
3n
(2m 1) (m + 4)
=
3n
2m 1 m 4
=
3n
2m m 1 4
=
3n
m5
=
3n

2.

x 4 3x + 2

6 xy
6 xy
=

b) Algebraic Fractions with different denominator

Example
Exercise
1 2
4x y
1
1. +
(LCM = 5b)
+
b 5b
2 5
=
1 b 2
=
+
5b 5b
b+2
=
5b
2.

5y
3

( LCM =4x2y)
2
2 xy
4x
5 y y 3 2x
=

4x 2 y 4x2 y

3.

2.

4q
5q

2
a b 2ab 2
=

5 y 2 6x
4x 2 y

2 d 3 5d + 1

(LCM = 6ab)
2a
3b
3b (2d 3) 2a (5d + 1)
=

6ab
6ab
6bd 9b 10ad + 2a
=

6ab
6ab
6bd 9b (10ad + 2a )
=
6ab
6bd 9b 10ad 2a
=
6ab

Algebraic Expressions

3.

92

ab + 1 2 a

4r
18rs
=

Module PMR

iii)Multiplication and Division of Algebraic Expressions

a) Multiplication 2 algebraic fractions involving 2 types :
* Denominator with one term
Example
1. 2 p 3q

7 5a
2 p 3q
=
7 5a
6 pq
=
35a

Exercise
7
2
1.

3r 9 y
=

3x
18 y

2
6 yz 15 x 2
=

2.
2.

6m 2 4 n 2

2n
3m
2 3 m m 2 2 n n

=
2 n
3 m
2 m 2 n
=
1
= 4mn

3.

p+r 3

12 x q

* denominator with two terms

Example
2
2
x
1. x y

2x
x y
( x y )( x + y )
x
. =

2x
( x y)
x+ y
=
2

2.

2x 2 + x x 2 y 2

x+ y
2 xy + y
x(2 x + 1) ( x y )( x + y )
=

x+ y
y (2 x + 1)
x( x y )
=
y

Algebraic Expressions

Exercise
3x
x3
1. 2

x 9 6x 2
=

2.

93

2x 2 x + 3

x 2 9 4x 4
=

Module PMR

Division of Algebraic Fractions

* Denominator with one term
Example
a 2c a e
ae
1.

=
=
d e d 2c 2cd

Exercise
5 10 z
1. 2
x x
=

m n 2( m n )

4c
2c
( m n)
2c

=
2( m n )
2 4c
1
=
4

2.

2.

x 2 16 y 2 x + 4 y

xy
2x 2
2
2
x (4 y )
x + 4y
=

2
xy
2x
( x 4 y )( x + 4 y )
x y
=

2 x x
( x + 4 y)
y( x 4 y)
=
2x

3.

3.

a + b 2a + 2b

cd
3c 2 d
=

3b 3a a 2 b 2

2d
4d 2
=

4.

Algebraic Expressions

94

m 5 m 2 25

4 pq
6q

Module PMR

*Denominator with 2 terms

Example
1 2p p
. q + 2 q2 4

Exercise
5
10m
1.

n 3 3n 9
=

2 p q 2 22

q+2
p
2p
(q 2)(q + 2)
=

( q + 2)
p
= 2( q 2)

2.
2.

ab 2
2a
2
( a b) ( a b 2 )
=

ab 2
2a

(a b) (a b)(a + b)

ab 2
(a b)(a + b)

( a b)
2a

b ( a + b)
2

3.

3,

7 x 2 14 x 2 x 4

2x + 2
x +1
1
7 x ( x 2)
( x + 1)1
=

2( x + 1)1 2( x 2)1
7 x 1
=
2 2
7x
=
4

4.

5.

Algebraic Expressions

95

3g 2
27 gh

2
2
yx
y x
=

s 2 + st rs + rt

2 w 3 12 8w
=

d 2 e 2 (d e) 2

12b 6a 3a 6b
=

ab 2
2a
2
( a b) ( a b 2 )
=

Module PMR

Common Errors
Errors
3b + 6
1.
9b
3b1 + 6
=
9b3
1+ 6 7
=
=
3
3
2.

3.

1 2
+
x 3x
1+ 2
=
x + 3x
3
=
4x

1 2
+
x 3x
1 3 2
=
+
3x 3x
3+ 2 5
=
=
3x
3x

2.

2 p 3q
9q 6 p

4.

Correct Steps
3b + 6
1.
9b
3(b + 2)
=
9b3b
b+2
=
3b

2 p 3q
9q 6 p

3.

(2 p 3q )1
1
=
3(3q 2 p )1
3

1 h 1

hk
h
1 (h 1)(k )
=

hk
h(k )
1 kh k
=
hk

1 h 1

hk
h
1 (h 1)(k )
=

hk
h(k )
1 kh + k
=
hk

4.

2x
xy
y
2x
=
xy
y

(2 p 3q )1
3(2 p 3q )1

2x
xy
y
2x 1
2
=

= 2
y xy y

= 2x 2
6 m + 4 2x
m
m
.
4 2x
=
m m
4 2x 2x
=
=
m
m

Algebraic Expressions

96

m + 4 2x

m
m
m + 4 2x
=
m

=-

1
3

Module PMR

Questions based on PMR Format

(A) Simplify each of the following expressions :
1) 4a (a 5)
11. (a 3)2

2) 10q + ( -6q) -5

12 ( 3x + 2)2

3) 6p ( -3p) 2p

13. (5d t)2

4) 4a a( b+4)

14. (x 2)2 x( x -6)

5) -5m 4(m 2)

15. ( 2y + 3)2 ( 5y - 2)

6) 6b (b +3)

16. ( 3w z)2 + z(2w z)

7) 5x 3(2 - x)

17) (k-2)2- 8 + 3k

8) 4k(k 3m) 3m(m 4k)

18) ( 6s -1)2 ( 4s + 1)

Algebraic Expressions

97

Module PMR

9) 3(x y ) 2 ( y x)

19) 2 ( 3y- 4) + ( y -5)2

10) -3 ( c d) + 2 ( 4c -2d)

20) (2p +q)2 - q(4p 2q)

(B) Factorise completely each of the following expressions :

1. 12xy 4x2
11. 4x -3y xy 12

2. 6e 18ef

12, a2 b2 + a2b + b + 1

3. 4x2 -100

13. 2m2 m + 2mn

4, 75 3m2

14 9c2 100d2

5. 3y + 12

15 uv + wv ux wx

6. 20 5x2

16 ab+ bc ad-cd

Algebraic Expressions

98

Module PMR

7. 3st 15st2u

17. k2-14k + 49

8. 36x2 81y2

18. g2 -12g + 36

9. m3 9m

19. 3x-4y-6wx+8wy

10. 4p2 -1

20. 2pq- 6pz 3rq + 9rz

(C) Express each of the following expressions as a single fraction in its

simplest form
2
x
p 1 p
1.

9.

3 x 12
3m
m

2.

4q 3

p pq

10

2m 3 m + 2

4
6

3.

4 1 s

s 2s 2

11

2 m 3

3m 12m 2

Algebraic Expressions

99

Module PMR

4.

5
x 1

2w
t

12.

8 1 4w

5n
10n

5.

x+3 2 y

2e
4

13.

3( p + 1) 6 n

3np
n

6.

p 1 p
+
3f
f

14.

7
m4

12m 4m 2

1 2z 1

4 n 8n 2

15.

9
y

y ( y + 3) y + 3

5 p p2 + 6
8.

6q 12 pq

16.

2 4n

3n 9n 2

(D) Expand each of the following expressions

1. 2 (m+1)
10. (p + 2z )( p x)

Algebraic Expressions

100

Module PMR

2. 3b (b 3)

11 (n -7)2

3 -2a ( x 4)

12. ( r t)2 -4rt

4. 2k2 ( k 7)

13 (4m -2)2 + 7m

5. 5x ( x 2y)

14 (a+ 2d)( a+ 2d)

6. 2e( 4e f + 7)

15 (3 +b)(2a- 2c)

16

2
s (6 x 12 y + 9)
3

( x 3y)( x + 3y)

8. -6pq(2pq + 4p 3q)

17 . (2a + 1)( b- 3)

9 4 ( - 3s + 5h)

18. (x -2)( y + 3)

Algebraic Expressions

101

Module PMR

PMR past year questions

2004
1. Simplify (3x-1)2 (7x + 4)

(2 marks)

2. Factorise completely
a) 9xy -3x2

b) p2 6(p+1) (8 p)
(3

marks)

1 p

3
2 as a single fraction in its simplest form

3. Express
2m mp

( 3 marks)

2005
4. Simplify (2p- q)2 + q(4p q)

5.

( 2marks)

Factorise completely each of the following expressions :

(a) 4e 12ef
b) 3x 2 - 48
( 3 marks)

Algebraic Expressions

102

Module PMR

5. Express

1 m+2

as a single fraction in its simplest form.

2 m 6m 2
( 3 marks)

2006
6. Factorise completely 50 2m2

(2 marks)

7. Simplify 3 (2p -5) + (p 3)2

8. Express

( 2 marks)

1 5 2v

as a single fraction in its simplest form

5m 15mv
(3 marks)

2007
9. Factorise completely each of the following expressions :
b) 12 3x2

a) 2y + 6

Algebraic Expressions

103

( 3 marks)

Module PMR

10. Expand each of the following expressions :

(a) q(2 + p)
(b) ( 3m n)2
( 3 marks)

11. Express

5 2 3w
+
as a single fraction in its simplest form
3n
6n
(3 marks)

2008
12. Simplify 2p 3q (p + 5q)

( 2 marks)

13. Expand each of the following expressions :

(a) 2g ( 5 k)

(b) ( h 5)(3h + 2)
( 3 marks)

14. Express

Algebraic Expressions

1 n4

as a single fraction in its simplest form

n
3n
( 3marks)

104

Module PMR

CHAPTER 7 : ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

ANSWERS
A unknown
1. Number of books
2. number of monkeys
3. unknown : y
Object : z
4. unknown : k
Object : a

ii) find quotient of 2 alg. Terms

2ab
3 pqz
1)
3)
r
3d
4x
2)
4) -3rt
y
iii) Multiplication &Division of alg
terms
1. 16p2r2
2 18k
3. -4ab4

B Algebraic terms
(i) 1) -3
2
2)
5
3) 0.7
4) 1
(ii) 1) unlike term
2) like term
3) unlike term
4) unlike term

F. Computation involve Alg Exp.

1. 40m 16
2. -2a 6b
3. -8p + 21
4 10 + 3t
5 2s - 33
6 -3pq+2qr pqr
7 x 3 5y
8. -3p2
9. 6u2-12

C) Algebraic Expressions
i) Number of term
1) 3
2) 4
3) 5
ii) simplify Algebraic Exp.
1) 7x 8y
2) 3z 11w
3) 9r + 7s
4) -2k-5
5) -5t+7s
6) 2s -1
7) -18w

G. Expanding single Brackets

1. wy + y2
2. -15ef 10eg
3 4r 3rs + rt
4 4xyz 2xyw + x2y2
H. Expanding double brackets
1. ab + a -2b -1
2. 3m2-mn + 9m -3n
3. -6st 8s 15t -20
4. a2 -6a + 9
5. 9m2 -6mn +n2
6. 25x2+20x + 4
7. y2+8dy+16d2

D) Alg Terms in two or more terms

* Identify coefficient of unknown
-3b , -3c, -3, -3b2
E) Multiplication & division of alg
terms
i) find product of 2 alg terms
1) a3b2
2) -6xy2z
3) 3ab3c4
4) 56p4q2r3
5) 6w3z4
2
6) - p 2 q 2 r 2
5
7) 21m 4 h 2 k 5
Algebraic Expressions

I. Factorization
1. 6( a 4c)
2. 2m2( 2m -3)
3. 2x ( 4a + 2b c)
4. xyz( x -y)
5. 3st (t-5w)
6. 2yz( 1- 2z +3x)
105

Module PMR

3.
i) expressions which consist of 2
terms
1) (w 5)(w + 5)
2) 5(x 1)(x + 1)
3) 3(2d-5)(2d +5)
4) (6c -10e)(6c +10e)

iii) Mul & division of Alg Exp

a) Multiplication of 2 alg
fractions
* Denominator with one term
14
1.
27 ry
3
2.
5 xz 2
p+r
3.
4 xq

ii) expressions which consist of 3

terms
1) (a + b)2
2) (2x 5)2
3) ( 3e 2f)2
iii) expressions which consist of 4
terms
1) (q +s)(p + r)
2) (b+ 3d)(2a+c)
3) (de 7e)(1- e)
4) (5 b)(2 3a )

* denominator with 2 terms

1
1.
2 x( x + 3)
1
2
2( x + 3)

J) Factorising & simplifying Alg

Expressions.
i) Simplifying alg Expressions
1
1.
2r
3ce
2
2
1
3.
3+ d
e+ f
4
3
ii) Addition & Subtraction of alg
Exp.
a) Alg Fraction with same
denominator
rt 5s
1.
9k
3 x
2
3 xy
b)Alg Fraction with different
denominator
10 x + y
1.
5
8bq 5aq
2.
2a 2 b 2
Algebraic Expressions

9abs + 9b 4 + 2a
36rs

b) Division of Alg Fractions

* Denominator with one term
x
1.
2z
3c
2.
2
3
3.
2d ( a + b)
3
4.
2 p (m + 5)

* Denominator with 2 terms

3
1.
2m
g
2.
9 h( y + x )
4s
3.
r
d +e
4
d e
b 2 ( a + b)
5.
2

106

Module PMR

C) Express expressions as a single

fraction in its simplest form
8 x2
1.
.
12 x
4q 2 3
2.
pq
9s 1
3.
2s 2
5t 2 wx + 2 w
4.
2 wt
2 x + 6 2e + ey
5.
4e
p + 3 3p
6.
3f
2n 2 x + 1
7.
8n 2
9 p2 6
8.
12 pq
4p 3
9.
m
4m 13
10.
12
7m + 3
11.
12m 2
15 + 4 w
12.
10n
3 15 p + 3 pn
13
3np
m+3
14.
3m 2
3 y
15.
y
7n 4
16.
9n 2

Questions based on PMR Format

A. Simplify expressions
1. 3a+ 5
2. 4q -5
3. 7p
4. ab
5. -9m+8
6. 5b -3
7. 8x 6
8. 4k2 - 3m2
9. 5x 5y
10. 5c d
11 a2 - 6a + 9
12 9x2+ 12x +4
13 25d2 -10dt + t2
14 2x + 4
15 4y2 + 7y + 11
16 9w2 - 4wz
17 k3 k -4
18 36s2 16s
19 y2 -4y + 17
20 4p2 + 3q2
B. Factorise Expressions
1
4x( 3y x)
2. 6e( 1 3f)
3
(2x 10)( 2x + 10)
4. 3 (5 m)(5+m)
5. 3( y + 4)
6. 5(2-x)(2+x)
7. 3st(1 5tu)
8
9(2x -3y)(2x+3y)
9
m(m-3)(m+3)
10 (2p-1)(2p+1)
11 (x+3)(4-y)
12 (a2b+1)(b+1)
13 m(2m-1+2n)
14 (3c-10d)(3c+10d)
15 (v-x)(u+w)
16 (b-d)(a+c)
17 (k -7)2
18 (g 6)2
19 (3x -4y)( 1-2w)
20 (2p-3r)(q-2)

Algebraic Expressions

D Expand expressions
1. 2m+2
2. 3b2 -9b
3. -2ax+ 8x
4.. 2k3 14k2
5. -5x2+ 10xy
6. 8e2 -2ef +14e
7. 4sx -8sy +6s
8. -12p2q2 -24p2q +18pq2
9. -12s +20h
10. p2 px + 2pz 2zx
107

Module PMR

11. n2 -14x +49

12. r2 -6rt +t2
13. 16m2 -9m + 4
14, a2 +4ad + 4d2
15. 6a2 -6ac+2ab-2bc
PMR Past Year Questions
2004
1. 9x2 -13x -3
2. a) 3x(3y-x)
b) p2- 7p -14
2 p 1
3.
mp
2005
4. 4p2
5. a) 4e(1-3f)
6.
m 1
7.
3m 2

b) 3(x-4)(x+4)

2006
6. 2(5 m)(5 +m)
7. p2 6
v 1
8.
3mv
2007
9. a) 2(y+3)
10. a) 2q+pq
4w
11.
2n

b) 3(2-x)(2+x)
b) 9m2- 6mn +n2

2008
12. p -8q
13. a) 10g -2gh b) 3h2 -12h -10
7n
14.
3n

Algebraic Expressions

108

16.

x2 + 9y2

17.
18.

2ab- 6 + b -3
xy +3x -2y -6

Module PMR

Algebraic Expressions

109