Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Abstract
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs and walls of buildings and as the decks of
bridges. The floor system of a structure can take many forms such as in-situ solid slab, ribbed
slabs or precast units. Slabs may span in one direction or in two directions and they may be
supported on monolithic concrete beams, steel beams, walls or directly by the structures
columns. In this user guide, some common design methods, general assumptions and
considerations for one-way slabs and two-way slabs will be introduced. Typical demonstrations
will be shown. It will illustrate the programs with some concrete examples. The basic input
requirements and output characteristics of programs will be also introduced in this user guide.
Table of Content
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Figures
Figure 1 - One-way slab on beams and girders ................................ ................................ .......... 7
Figure 2 - Design procedure for one-way slab design. ................................ ............................. 11
Figure 3 - Design procedures for two-way design................................................................ .... 12
Figure 4 - Loading input interface for slab systems design................................. ...................... 15
Figure 5 Choose different location................................ ................................ ........................ 16
Figure 6 Selection of distribution steel reinforcement ........................................................... 16
Figure 7 Selection of tensile steel reinforcement................................ ................................... 17
Figure 8 - Results of moment resistance for one-way slab. ................................ ...................... 18
Figure 9 - Loading input interface for slab systems design................................. ...................... 20
Figure 10 Choose different connection condition for two-way slab....................................... 21
Figure 11 - Selection of distribution steel reinforcement................................ .......................... 22
Figure 12 Selection of tension steel reinforcement of resisting moment 1 ............................. 23
Figure 13 Confirmation of reinforcements in different locations ........................................... 24
Figure 14 View reinforcement for resisting moment in different locations ............................ 25
Figure 15 Calculation of reinforcement for resisting moment 4................................ ............. 26
Tables
Table 1 Comparison between one-way and two-way slab ....................................................... 4
Table 2 - Ultimate bending moment and shear forces in one-way spanning slab ........................ 7
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Determination of slab type depends on the ratio of length of longer side to that of shorter side.
The comparison between one-way and two-way slab is shown in Table 1.
One-way slab
Two-way slab
>2
Symbol
ly/lx
Distribution of reactions
on to supports
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
1. Elastic methods
It covers three techniques.
a) Idealization into strips or beams spanning one way or a grid with the strips spanning two
ways.
b) Elastic plate analysis.
c) Finite element analysis. It is the best method for irregularly shaped slabs or slabs with
non-uniform loads.
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
2) Arrangement of loads
Although the code states that in principle the slab should be designed to resist the most
unfavorable arrangement of loads, usually it is only necessary to design for the single-load case
of maximum design load on all spans or panels. Design load = 1.4G k + 1.6Q k This is permitted
subject to the following conditions:
The ratio of characteristic imposed load to characteristic dead load does not exceed 1.25.
The characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5kN/m2 excluding partitions.
3) Shear
Shear stresses are usually low, except where are heavy concentrated loads. But in my FYP, only
uniform distributed loads (including dead load and live load) are considered so that there is not
any shear reinforcement will be considered.
4) Distribution reinforcement
The functions of distribution reinforcement are typing the slab together, distributing non-uniform
loads through slabs and taking the possible bending moments in the long span.
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Slabs behave primarily as flexural members and design of the cross-section is similar to beams.
Breadth is fixed since a unit value of one meter is normally used in calculations. The design
ultimate moment and shear force are given in Table 2 here.
One important note should be mentioned here is 20% redistribution is allowed when using the
table.
End support/slab connection
Simple
Continuous
At outer
support
Moment
0.086FL
-0.04FL
Near middle
of end
support
0.075FL
Shear
0.4F
--
0.46F
--
At first
interior
support
Middle
interior
spans
Interior
supports
-0.086FL
0.063FL
-0.063FL
0.6F
--
0.5F
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Restrained slabs
When a slab is supported on all four of its sides it effectively spans in both directions, and it is
sometimes more economical to design the slab on this basis. The amount of bending in each
direction will depend on the ratio of the two spans and the conditions of restraint at each support.
Moment in each direction of span are generally calculated using coefficients which are tabulated
in the codes of practice. Areas of reinforcement to resist the moments are determined
independently for each direction of span.
in direction of span l x
m sy = sy nl y in direction of span l y
2
Where msx and msy are the moments at mid-span on strips of unit width with spans lx (the length
of longer side) and ly (the length of shorter side) respectively. And n is the total ultimate load per
unit area: n = (1.4G k + 1.6Qk )
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
The value of the moment coefficients are derived from the following equations:
ly
( )4
lx
sx =
ly
81 + ( ) 4
lx
(
sy =
ly
lx
)2
ly
81 + ( ) 4
lx
m sx
0.95 f y z
Asy =
m sy
0.95 f y z
m sy = sy nl y in direction of span l y
2
Where sx and sy are the moment coefficients and n is the total ultimate load per unit area:
n = (1.4G k + 1.6Qk ) .
y = (24 + 2 N d + 1.5 N d )1000
2
l
2
= {3 18 x [ y + 1 + y + 2 ]}
9
ly
= x + 3 + x + 4
Note: 1 and 2 take values of 4 / 3 y for continuous edges or zero for discontinuous edges.
3 and 4 take values of 4 / 3 x for continuous edges or zero for discontinuous edges.
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
m sx
0.95 f y z
Asy =
m sy
0.95 f y z
in direction of span l x
v sy = sy nl y
in direction of span l y
10
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
11
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
12
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Assumptions/Situations
Continuous slab
Equal spans
Simply supported
Restrained edge
Corner portion
13
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Example 1
A continuous one-way slab has three equal
spans of 3.5 meter each. The slab depth is
assumed to be 140mm. The loading is as
3.5m
followings:
10m
14
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Detail Procedures
1. Input basic parameters, such as include loads, sections properties, etc.
2. Chick Submit when you finish inputting basic parameters. (See Figure 4)
3. Select different location of slab connection. (See Figure 5)
4. Select an appropriate value of distribution reinforcement. In this example, 223mm2 is
chosen. (See Figure 6)
5. Select an appropriate value of tension/compression reinforcement. In this example,
335mm2 of tension reinforcement is chosen.
6. Chick Submit when you finish choosing areas of reinforcement. (See Figure 7)
In this example, since the dead load includes self-weight, screed, finish, partitions and ceiling,
therefore, zero value should be inputted for the density of slab. After entering the design
parameters, click the Submit button to proceed to the next step selection of slab connection.
15
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Users may assign appropriate area of reinforcement by selecting from the table in the Areas of
groups of bars section or defining at the User Define section. The required and maximum
areas of tension reinforcement are shown at the top of the window as shown in Figure 6. In this
example, 182mm2 is required and 223mm2 is chosen. After selecting distribution reinforcements,
then go to selection of tension / compression reinforcements.
16
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
The required and maximum areas of tension reinforcement are shown at the top of the window as
shown in Figure 7. In this example, 243mm2 is required. After selecting reinforcements, then
chick the Submit bottom.
17
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
2.2.1.1 Output
The application will show the results quickly. Numerical result and graphical output can be
shown in the output part. The section properties and design loadings are displayed at the top of
reinforcement calculation. The detailed calculations, including K value, tension and compression
reinforcement and checking of shear resistance are also displayed. A typical output is shown in
Figure 8.
18
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
In this section, a typical example for one-way slab design is shown. Reader may follow the
detailed procedures.
Example 2
A part floor plan for an office building measuring 6m
x 6m. (As shown in the right hand side) It consists of
restrained slabs poured monolithically with the edge
beams. The slab is 175mm thick and the loading is as
6m
follows:
Total dead load = 6.2 kN/m2
Imposed load = 2.5 kN/m2
6m
19
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Detail Procedures
1.
2.
Chick Submit when you finish inputting basic parameters. (See Figure 9)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Chick Confirm when you finish choosing areas of reinforcement for different location.
In this example, since the dead load includes self-weight, screed, finish, partitions and ceiling,
therefore, zero value should be inputted for the density of slab. After entering the design
parameters, click the Submit button to proceed to the next step selection of slab connection.
20
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
There are two types of two-way slab, which includes: simply supported slab and restrained slabs.
When considering restrained slabs, user may need to determine the continuity condition of the
four edges.
Interior panels
21
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Selection of distribution steel reinforcement is shown in Figure 11. In this example, 251mm2 is
chosen., and then chick Submit.
22
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Users may assign appropriate area of reinforcement by selecting from the table or defining by
themselves. The required and maximum areas of tension reinforcement are shown at the top of
the table.
23
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
Summary will be displayed after selection of steel reinforcement, please chick Confirm if there
is no any mistake.
24
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
2.2.2.2 Output
After selecting reinforcements in different location, designer can view the detailed calculation of
reinforcement in each location. In this case, there are six locations, they are from m1 to m6
according to Figure 14.
For example, suppose that the user want to view the calculation for resisting moment 4, than
select Moment 4 and then chick View Detailed Calculation. The detail calculation is
displayed the page. See Figure 14 and Figure 15.
25
Web-Based Reinforced Concrete Design (Part II): R.C. Slab Systems Design
26