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31.1
, Langmuir 3/2 ( )
Richardson.
Richardson.
31.2
31.3
31.2.1
, .
,
, , ,
. , ,
,
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
. , ,
,
, , ,
, , , ...
31.2.2 -
, (. 31.1),
, 6,3 V ac.
(BaO)
. 1000 1100 oC, BaO
, 100 mA/cm2,
.
,
,
A, ,
(.31.1) .
125
31.1 .
.
(U) (0 300 V).
(e) o (I),
().
(U > U).
I.
, .
,
, eU
.
I = I0 exp (U/kT).
II.
:
I A I 0 B U A3 / 2 B U A3 / 2 , I 0 0
(31.1)
B . . (31.1)
Langmuir "3/2" (
). Langmuir ,
. (. 31, . 31.3).
126
I=0 exp(-U/kT)
I ~ U 3/2
0
U
31.2. - , , .
, Langmuir,
, , .
. , , ()
.
. ,
,
Schottky (. 31, . 31.4).
31.2.4 - Richardson
, ,
, , ,
. 31, ,
, .
, ,
, , Richardson Dushmann
( ).
Richardson-Dushmann Richardson.
:
I A C T 2 exp
kT
(31.2)
Kelvin (), , k
Boltzmann C , [.
31, . 31.2, . (31.4)].
127
31.2.5 - Schottky
, . 31.2,
(. 31, . 31.4, . 31.33):
e3
4 0
(31.3)
0
. Richardson
, ( = 107 V/m = 0,12
eV) .
, X,
107 V/m.
( = 4,5 eV, = 2500 ),
80% , ,
. ,
Richardson :
I A C T 2 exp
kT
(31.4)
31.3
,
. 31.1 31.3.
O 3/2 Langmuir
. , . (31.1), :
ln I = ln B + (3/2) lnU
(31.5)
, , , I,
, U, ln I lnU,
3/2.
,
, .
Richardson (. 31.2),
, , ,
, , . , ,
1
I
.
ln A2 ln C
kT
T
(31.6)
. (31.6) y ln
1
IA
x ,
2
T
T
y ln C, /k.
/k . (31.6) ,
, , . Boltzmann
k 8,617 105
eV.
128
eV
K
31.4
,
,
- (. 31.3).
,
. ,
70 mm 0,16 mm ,
2 2,5 .
, , ,
, (. 31,
).
:
, , 0 50 V DC 0 300
V, DC ,
, , .
( 50 V )
(, V), , UA.
(),
, ,
( ),
, A.
(),
, , .
()
()
31.3. () . () ()
, () (A).
. , UA, (V),
, , () () ().
129
31.5
300 V,
. , ,
,
.
.
31.5.1 Langmuir
1.
.
. 31.3().
2. ,
.
3. , ,
2100 ,
.
4. , , U, ,
,
(. ).
5. , A, UA,
6 20 V, 2 V .
I
= 2100 K,
= ..mA,
U = ..V
ln [UA (U/2)]
UA
UA (U/2)
(V)
(mA)
(V)
ln A
6
8
: , , UA,
U/2,
, ,
U/2. ,
UA, V, UA
U/2. U 5 6 V, 6 20 V, U/2 .
130
31.5.2 A = f(UA)
2100, 2050 2000
1. ,
, A, , UA,
0 300 V, 10 V .
I
T = 2000 K
UA
IA
T = 2050 K
UA
IA
(V)
(V)
(mA)
(mA)
T = 2100 K
UA
(V)
IA
(mA)
0
10
2. 2050 2000
31.5.3 Richardson
1. 300 V.
2. , ,
, , 2100 1700 , 50 .
I
UA = ..V
T
1/
I/T 2
(K)
(mA)
(K1)
( K2)
ln(IA/T 2)
2100
2050
131
31.6
31.6.1 N Langmuir
1. , ln(IA), UA U ln (UA U)
.
2. , ln (IA) ln (UA
U) ,
, , . 7.
3. Langmuir,
. (31.1). 3/2, ,
, ;
31.6.2 A = f(UA)
1. IA UA,
0 300 V, . (
U/2 ).
2. . 31.2.
. ;
31.6.3 Richardson
1. 1/, ln(IA/T 2)
.
2. y = ln (IA/T2)
x = 1/T. . (31.6),
, /k.
3. ,
( , . 7).
, , ,
, .
4. 4,5 eV.
, ,
, ;
132
31 (31)
31.1 U, Fermi, F,
, ,
.
Pauli ,
= 0 ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
Fermi EF. Fermi EF,
:
EF
h 2 (3 2 n) 2 / 3
(31.1)
8m 2
h Planck, m n
.
:
(E)
dN 8
( 2m 3 ) E
dE h 3
(31.2)
, dN,
+ dE ()
f(E) .
Fermi-Dirac
1
f (E)
e
( E EF ) / kT
(31.3)
, dN :
dN ( E ) f ( E ) dE
8
h3
2m3
E dE
e ( E EF ) / kT 1
(31.4)
,
, ,
U, U (.
. 31.1). [
( )].
,
Fermi, EF, 0 ,
, , ,
U = EF +
(31.5)
133
31.1. ()
= 0 . () , 1
= 0 2 > 0. : EF, Fermi, ,
U .
, > 0,
, . ,
,
EF + .
(. . 31.2)
Richardson:
I (1 D)4emk 2 2 kT
J
T e
S
h3
(/m2)
(31.6)
D
, 4emk2/h3 120,4 104 A/m22 (
).
, , U, EF ,
.
134
Li
Na
Cu
Ag
Au
Ca
Al
U (eV)
6,9
5,0
3,9
11,1
10,2
10,3
7,5
10,2
14,7
EF (eV)
4,7
3.1
2,1
7,0
5,5
5,5
4,3
5,7
11,7
(eV)
2,2
1,9
1,8
4,1
4,7
4,8
3,2
4,5
3,0
31.2 Richardson
x
x, y, z. dN x
x x + dx.
.
, , Ef + , [.
31.3()]
,
dJx :
(31.7)
dJ x e x dN
e .
p :
2
2
2
p 2 px p y pz
2m
2m
(31.8)
p 2mE
(31.9)
, Fermi-Dirac, dNp
px, py, pz px + dpx, py + dpy pz + dpz , :
dN p
dp x dp y d p z
2
h
p x2 p 2y p z2
EF
2m
exp
kT
(31.10)
dN p x x px
px + dpx, py pz
dN px
2
h
dp x
dp y
dp z
exp
1/ 2
p 2y
p z2
2m
kT
EF
(31.11)
p x2
Ex, :
2m
2m 2m
dNp x 3
h E x
p x2
E E x
kT ln 1 exp F
dE x
kT
(31.12)
d x dN p
1/ 2
2E
d N Px
(31.13)
4m
h
E E x
kT ln 1 exp F
dE x
kT
(31.14)
,
, :
135
>> kT,
Ex EF >> kT
(. 31.4).
, . (31.14) .
ln(1 + x) x . (31.14)
d
4m
h3
E EF
kT exp x
dE x
kT
(31.15)
E
U (. . 31.1). ,
:
Jx e
d
U
4em
h3
E EF
kT exp x
dE x .
kT
(31.16)
, U EF = (. 31.1),
J
4em
h
k 2T 2 exp
kT
(31.17)
, , J . A0 =
4emk2/h3 Sommerfeld 120,4 104 A/m2K2.
(. 31.1),
. ,
, . D
, Richardson :
J (1 D) A0T 2 exp
kT
(31.18)
D
0,15.
31.3 Langmuir "3/2"
' ,
d, .
.
,
, . x
x = 0 .
,
x , U(x)
Poisson :
d 2U ( x)
dx 2
( x)
0
(31.19)
( ).
x, e
n, ( ), Jx,
(31.20)
J x ne x
, , , n,
(31.21)
ne
x, U(x),
136
e
m
x 2 U ( x)
(31.22)
Jx
m
U ( x)
2e
(31.23)
dU ( x)
:
dx
J
dU
4 x
0
dx
m
U const .
2e
(31.24)
(x = 0) U(x) = 0 dU/dx = 0,
. (31.24) .
4 3/ 2
x
U
Jx
9
0
m
2e
(31.25)
x = d U.
. (31.25)
:
J x d
4 0
9d
2e 3 / 2
UA
m
(31.26)
, ,
, :
J xd
8 0
9rA 2
2e 3 / 2
UA
m
(31.27)
r ,
r r. r > 10r, 1. . (31.27)
Langmuir,
"3/2".
, ,
3/2,
1100 .
31.4 Schottky
, e, (.
31.2),
+ e
, :
e2
F ( x)
(31.28)
4 0 (2 x) 2
137
31.2 , e, ,
.
, , , ,
, , x0,
,
e2
e
4 0 (2 x 0 ) 2
(31.29)
x0,
1 e
x0
2 4 0
1/ 2
(31.30)
,
F(x) . (31.28)
.
, .
,
.
, ,
x0:
( )
x0
( F ( x) e ) F ( x)dx
x0
F ( x)dx e x0 .
(31.31)
. (31.31)
. ,
x > x0, F(x) . (31.28) (
105 V/m, x0 60 nm) :
( )
x0
e 2 dx
4 0 4 x 2
e2
(31.32)
16 0 x0
x0 . (31.30),
e3
e3
( )
( )
(31.33)
40
40
, , (. 31.2)
Schottky.
1/ 2
138
1/ 2
31.5
,
2 2,5 .
.
,
L d .
, . dx
" " ,
,
I2 (T ) dx
d (T )T 4 dx ,
2
d
4
(31.34)
3/ 2
2 (T )
T
2
(T )
(31.35)
. (31.35) .
, T
II ( 1 cm "" ), III
0,16 mm
.
, , ,
,
, .
,
.
0 ()
(d = 1 cm)
580,6
662,2
747,3
836,0
927,4
1022
1119
1217
1310
1422
1526
1632
(A)
0 ()
(d = 0,16 mm)
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
1,3402
1,5124
1,6022
1,6919
1,7844
1,8769
1,9726
1,0684
1,1666
1,2674
1,3639
1,4630
1600
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
139
31.3 , T(x) , 70
mm 0,160 mm, , x, ,
. To T0
, (. ). ,
, .
. 31.3 (31.34)
,
70 0,160 mm ,
.
. 31.3 :
, ,
70 mm 0,160 mm,
0, "" ,
0 > 1600 .
, , 0,160
mm,
.
31.6
:
, ,
.
.
, -.
.
,
,
. , ,
, ...
140
.
,
,
.
. , ,
, -
(. . 31.4).
,
3/2, Richardson,
,
,
.
31.4 , .
, e,
, K, ( , A) .
141