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sin
kd cos
1 2
AFn
1
N
sin 2 kd cos
(6.28)
For small spacing between the elements (d << ) the normalized array factor can be approximated as:
N
sin kd cos
2
N kd cos
AFn
(6.29)
U ( ) AFn
D0 4
2
sin kd cos
2
sin Z
Z
N kd cos
(6.30)
U max U max
Prad
U av
(6.31)
where U av Prad / 4 .
The radiation intensity in the direction of maximum radiation, / 2 in terms of
U max U / 2 1
1
D0 U av
AFn
is unity:
(6.32)
U av
1
4
0 0
sin Z
Z
sin d d
1
2
sin kd cos
2
sin d
N
kd cos
2
N
N
kd cos dZ kd sin d
2
2
Then,
(6.33)
Nkd
2
sin Z
dZ
Z
Nkd
1 2
2 N kd
U av
2
Nkd
2
sin Z
dZ
Z
Nkd
1
Nkd
U av
(6.34)
The function ( Z sin Z ) is a relatively fast decaying function as Z increases. For large array Nkd / 2 is
too large and, (6.34) can be approximated by extending the limit to infinity.
U av
1
Nkd
Since
U av
D0
sin Z
dZ
Z
2
sin z
dz
z
(6.35)
Nkd
1
Nkd
U av
d
2N
(6.36)
D0 2 1
d
(6.37)
(6.38)
2
sin kd (cos 1)
2
sin Z
N kd (cos 1) Z
2
U AFn
where Z
N
kd cos 1 .
2
(639)
The maximum value of the radiation intensity is unity and it occurrs at = 00. The average value of the
radiation intensity is given by:
U av
P
1
rad
4
4
As Z
0 0
1 sin Z
sin Z
Z sin d d 2 Z sin d .
(6.40)
N
kd cos 1
2
so
dZ
N
kd sin d
2
1 2
2 Nkd
Nkd / 2
1
sin Z
Z dZ Nkd
Nkd /2
sin Z
Z dZ
(6.41)
Nkd
sin Z
Z dZ 2 Nkd
(6.42)
1
2 Nkd
d
4N
U av
(6.43)
In terms of the array length L ( N 1)d , the directivity can be expressed as:
L d
D0 4 1
d
(6.44)
4L /
(6.45)
It is observed that the directivity of an endfire array is approximately twice as large as the directivity of
the broadside array.
NULLS
( AFn 0)
n
N
d
n cos1
MAXIMA
( AFn 1)
n cos1
HALF-POWER POINTS:
h
1.391
cos 1
Nd
where
HALF-POWER BEAMWIDTH:
1.391 d
h 2 cos 1
,
Nd
2
FIRST-NULL BEAMWIDTH
n 2 cos 1
2
Nd
B. Endfire array
NULLS
( AFn 0)
n cos1 1
where n
n
N D
= 1,2,3,... and
n N ,2 N ,3N ,...
MAXIMA
( AFn 1)
n cos1 1
m
,
d
where m = 0,1,2,3,...
HALF-POWER POINTS:
h cos1 1
where
1.391
Nd
1
HALF-POWER BEAMWIDTH:
1.391
h 2cos 1 1
Nd
where
FIRST-NULL BEAMWIDTH:
n 2cos 1 1
Nd