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05 LIGHT Physics Form 4
05 LIGHT Physics Form 4
Reflection of Light
Type of Mirror
Laws of Reflection
1. The angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of reflection; the ray leaves the
surface at the same angle as it arrives.
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and
the normal all lie in the same plane; all
three could be drawn on the same flat piece
of paper
Plane Mirror
Images in plane mirrors
1. Figure to the left shows how, by reflecting
light, a plane mirror forms an image of a
point source of light such as a small light
bulb.
2. The image forms in a mirror is
a. Upright
b. Virtual
c. Laterally inverted
d. Same size as the object
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Reflection
Curved mirrors
1.
Important Terms
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Example
Reflection
The ray of light through C. This is reflected The ray of light parallel to the principal axis. The ray of light through F. This is reflected
back through C.
This is reflected through F.
parallel to the principal axis.
Convex Mirror
Reflection
The Ray Diagram and the Types of Image
Convex Mirror
The image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual, upright and smaller than the object.
Concave Mirror
The characteristic of the image formed by the concave mirror depends on the position of the object.
Applications of Mirror
Plane mirror is used in
1. Periscope
2. Telescope
3. Optical Testing
4. Anti-parallax Mirror
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Refraction
1. Refraction is the bending of a light ray at the boundary of
two medium as the light ray propagates from a medium to
another with difference optical density.
2. Light passes into an optically denser medium will bend
towards the normal; light passes into an optically less
dense medium will bend away from the normal.
Laws of Refraction
1. The incident and refracted rays are on opposite sides of
the normal at the point of incidence, and all three lie in the
same plane.
2. The value of
sin i
is constant for light passing from one
sin r
refractive index =
In symbol,
c
v
sin i
sin r
i = angle of inceident
r = angle of refraction
D
d
D = real depth
d = apparent depth
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Optical Fibre
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Diamond
Periscope
Lenses
Types of Lenses
Convex lens/
Converging lens/
Positive lens
Concave lens/
Diverging lens/
Negative lens
Power of a Lens
The power of a lens is defined as the
reciprocal of the focal length in unit meter.
1
f
Linear magnification,
v hi
m
u ho
1 1 1
u v f
Conventional symbol
positif
u
Real object
v
Real image
f
Convex lens
negatif
Virtual object
Virtual image
Concave lens
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Light 4
A light ray passes through the optical centre of A light ray parallel to the principle axis of the A light ray passes through principle focus will
the lens will not be refracted.
lens will be refracted passes through the be refracted parallel to the principle axis.
principle focus.
Concave Lens
1. As with a curved mirror, the position and size of an image can be found by drawing a ray diagram.
2. Any two of the following three rays are sufficient to fix the position and size of the image:
3. The ray diagrams of concave lens and convex lens, and the natures of its image is shown in the table next page.
The projector
Light 5
Bulb
1. Bulb with high brightness is used.
2. The bulb must be placed at the
centre of curvature of the concave
mirror.
Condenser
1. The condenser consists of two
Plano-convex lenses.
2. The function of the condenser is
to focus all the light that brightens
the whole slide.
3. It also acts as a heat insulator to
stop heat from the bulb so it does
not spoil the slide.
Projector Lens
1. The projector lens projects the
image on the screen that is placed
a few meters away.
2. It can be adjusted to focus a sharp
image.
Concave mirror
1. The function of the concave mirror
is to reflect and focus light that
shines on it to the direction of the
condenser.
2. This is to increase the brightness
of the image.
Slide
1. The slide acts as the object.
2. It is located at a distance between
f and 2f from the projector lens so
that the image produced is real
and magnified.
3. It is purposely placed upside down
so that the image forms on the
screen looks upright.
Image
The image produced is
real (it form on a screen)
magnified
inverted (Since the slide is
placed upside down, hence the
image looks upright)
Compound Microscope
Light 5
Magnification power
= Power of objective lens x Power of
eyepiece
m = mo x me
Eyepiece
1. The power of the eyepiece is
lower than the power of
objective lens.
Object:
1. The object must be placed in
between the F and 2F of the
objective lens.
2. This is to produce a real and
magnified image.
Light 5
Astronomical Telescope
Magnification
Focal length of
objective lens
fo
m
fe
Focal length of
eyepiece
Eyepiece
1. The power of the eyepiece is
higher than the power of
objective lens.
2. This is to produce a greater
magnification to the image.
Object:
The object is at infinity.
Therefore, the light rays is
almost parallel when
reaching the eye lens, and
hence form an image at the
principle focus (Fo)