PHAN 2: CAC VAN DE GIAI TOAN vAN pf 1 ; BAI TOAN SU DUNG CAC DINH Li TRUNG BINH 1. CAC DINH HUONG BINH HUONG 1 : DUNG BINH Li ROLLE Cho f 14 mét ham lién tye trén [a ; b], kha vi trén (a, b) va f(a) = f(b). Luc dé ton tai sé ¢ € (a; b) dé f'(c) = 0. Nhu vay, tir dinh If Rolle, mt ham sé flién tuc trén [a ; b], kha vi trén (a; b) va nhan 2 gid trj bang nhau tai x = a, x = b : fa) = f(b). Luc 46 10h tai c € (a; b) dé f'(c) = 0 tac 1a phuong trinh f(x) = 0 6 ft nhat mot nghiém c (a; b). Vay giita hai nghiém cua ham sé thi co it nhdt mot nghiém cua dao ham. Do dé, néu f 1 mot ham lién tye trén [¢ ; d], kha vi trén (¢ ; d) va fed n nghiém phan bigt trong khoang (¢ ; d) thi f" 6 it nhat n — 1 nghi¢m trong Kkhoang (c ; d) dé. BINH HU'ONG 2 : DUNG BINH Li CAUCHY Cho @ vay 14 hai ham lign tue trén (a ; b], kha vi trén (a ; b) va g'(x) #0 tai mdi x € (a3). Lice dé t8n tic € (a:b) dé: YO-V@) _VIO 9(b)-9(a) ec) Nhu vay, tir dinh i Cauchy, néu g va w 14 hai ham lign tuc trén [a ; b], kha vi trén (a ; b) va g'(x) #0 tai mdi x (a; b). Lite dé ton tai c © (a; b) dé wb)-va)_v'© 9(b)- ofa) @(c) tite 1d phuong trinh YO)= WO) _ WOO 6 i ahd mot nghiém ¢ € (a) 9(b)- (a) p(x) Hoc, viét cach khac, phuong trinh '(x).(w(b) - ¥(a)) — ¥'@).(@(b) - g(a) = 0 cé it nhdt mt nghiém c € (a; b). BINH HUONG 3 : DUNG BINH Li LAGRANGECho f 18 mot ham lign tye trén [a ; b], kha vi trén (a ; b). Lite do ton tai € (ab) dB (6) ~ fla) = b= ayi"(o) hay “HMO «4, —a Nhw vay, tir dinh Ii Lagrange, néu f 1a mot ham lién tuc trén [a ; b], kha vi trén (a ; b). Lie dé tn tai c € (a; b) dé f(b) - fla) = (b — a)f'"(c). Tite la phutong trinh f(b) - f(a) = (b — a)f (x) co it nhat mot nghiém c € (a ; b). Hoac, viét cach khéc phuong trinh f(x) HOS) cé it nhdt mét =a nghiém c € (a; b). 2. BAL TOAN UNG DUNG Trén co sé cdc dinh huéng trén, ta gidi cde bai todn sau BAITOAN | Cho 3 sé a, b, thoa man abe # 0 va S42sEa0, Chimg minh phuong trinh ax’ + bx” + c = 0 c6 nghigm. Gidi. Anfifes an bs ey a . * ‘ Xét ham sb Fo) = 5x7 + x! + Fx’, khi d6 FOs) lién tue, e6 dao him trén R. Ta cd F (x)= Ap dung dinh li Lagrange trén (0 ; 1] thi tn taic © (0; 1): F(1)-F() 1-0 ax’ + bx? + c) = x7 f(x). (Vii fx) = ax’ + bx? + ©). =F'(). Ma F(0) = 0, F(1) = 0 nén F'(c) = 0 hay c.f(c) = 0. Vic € (0; 1) nénc? #0 do dé fle) = 0. Vay f(x) c6 nghiém hay 1a phuong trinh : ax’ + bx + ¢ = 0 c6 nghiém. BAI TOAN 2 Cho n+ 1 sé ag, a), a2, «.., ay thoa : 4 Bet pg Bey n+l on 2 1 Chimg minh phuong trinh ayx" + ayix""! +... + a)x + ay= 0 66 nghiém. Gidi.Xét ham s6 Q(x) = 2x" n+l Q(x) lign tuc, ¢6 dao ham trén R la Q'(x) = anx” + ag-1x™” Ta co Q(0) = 0 va theo gia thiét thi Quy = 42+ +o. tax tay. +4214 20=9, n+l on 201 Ap dung dinh If Rolle, Q(x) cé it nhdt 2 nghiém nén Q’(x) = 0 c6 nghiém. "4. + ax + ay= 0 c6 nghiém. Vay phuong trinh ax" + a,1x™ BAI TOAN 3 Ching minh phuong trinh cé nghiém asin 3x + b cos 2x + ¢ cosx + sinx = 0 véi Va, b,c € R Gi Xét mot nguyén ham cia ham sé vé trai fo) = — Fest + Ssin 2x +c sinx — cosx Ham sé f lién tuc trén [0 ; 2x] va cé dao ham trén (0 ; 27) la: £'(x) =a sin 3x + b cos 2x +c cosx + sinx. f(2m)-f(0) et me b+e-(b+c) _ 2n = Theo dinh li Lagrang thi : 3 xo (02m) : f (xu) = f(2n) =b+e (0) =b+e } => f(s) = 0. Vay Xo 1a nghiém ctia.phutong trinh f'(x) = 0. (dpem) BAI TOAN 4 Cho ham sé f kha vi trén [0 ; 1] va thoa man : £0) =0; (1) =1. Chimg minh t6n tai 2 s6 phan biét a, b thuge (0 ; 1) sao cho f'(a).f"(b) = 1. Gidi. Xét ham s6 g(x)= fx) + x — 1, khi d6 thi g(x) lign tye va kha vi én (0; 1]. ATTa c6 : g(0) = -1 <0 va g(1) = 1 > 0 nén ton tai sc thudc (0 ; 1) sao cho g(c) = 0. Do dé fic) + ¢ -1 = O hay f(c)= 1 -e. Ap dung dinh li Lagrange cho f trén cac doan [0% c] va [¢ ; 1] thi t5n tai a € (0; ¢) sao cho HOO) _ a) va tn tai b € (¢ ; 1) sao cho = FU-FO) _ oy re = f(b). Nén f(a). AOE TO . £@) _ aoe =e (l=) Vay tdn tai 2 sé phan biét a, b thude (0 ; 1) sao cho f (a).f(b) = L. BAI TOAN 5 Cho ham sé f(x) kha vi trén doan [a ; b] va thoa man f(a) = Fab) f(b) = 5 (ba): FEL®) #0, Ching minh ring tén tai cic sé déi mOt khdc nhau ¢,,c,¢, € (ab) sao cho £(c,).f(c,).£\(c,) =1. Gi Ap dung dinh li Lagrange thi ton tai sd c; thudc (a ; b) sao cho Pe)= f(b) =F(a) _ b-a Xét ham sé h(x) =F) +x 222 Thi h(a).h(b) = -(a - b)? <0. Do dé tdn tai xo thude (a ; b) sao cho h(xo ) = 0 Theo dinh li Lagrange thi tén tai 6 c7 thude (a ; xo), ¢2 #¢1 sao cho f(c)= F(x) Fla) _ b= xy . Xp-aXyna Tuong ty, theo dinh li Lagrange thi tan tai sé ¢3 thude (xo ; b), 63 # cr sao cho_ b-x, b-x, RG rang ¢,,C3.¢5 ai mot khac nhau va thoa f'(c,).f es )f(e)=1. BAI TOAN6 Chimg minh phuong trinh : e“.cosx = 1 (1) cd 2 nghiém va phuong trinh e'sin x = 1 (2) co it nhat mt nghiém 6 gitta 2 nghiém phuong trinh trén. Gidi. co f(c,)= 5 Liles Tacé e*cos x = 1 <> cosx = — =e <> cosx-e*=0 Dat f(x) = cos x — e* thi f lign tue trén 2. Ta 6 £0) = 0 nén x = 0 la I nghiém ciia (1). Vacof G 2 } £(2n) < 0 nén (1) c6 it nhdt mot nghiém x € (F :2n). Do 46 phyong trinh (1) cé it nhat 2 nghiém. Goi x), x» 1a 2 nghiém dé (x. < x2). Ap dung dinh li Rolle trén [x; ; x2] thi f (x) = 0 cé it nhat 1 nghigm x € (x) ; x2). Ma f(x) =e™~sinx va sinx.e'=1¢ sinx= = e*-sinx =0. Vay phuong trinh e*.sin x = 1 c6 it nhat | nghiém x € (x; ; x2). BAI TOAN 7 Cho ham s6 f > 0 c6 dao ham trén [a ; b]. aan a f(b) (ay) Chimg minh ton tai sé ¢ € (a, b) sao cho Fay Sci (a Gidi. Xét ham s6 : g(x) = In [f(x)] trén [a ; b]. Ham sé g(x) lién tue trén [a ; b] va 6 dgo ham g ‘(x)= an x Theo dinh Ii Lagrng thi 3c € (a; b) sao cho: 49 4-86.NPT@wc)= g(b) - g(a) bo eo y(cy = Bib) fa] bea eo 1) _ In [tidy] - m [Hay] fle) bea o> 1) (y — )= in 1 1) f(a) afte one] <0 [2] fla) BAI TOAN 8 Cho day s6 thure {uy } duge xe dinh nhu sau u,=aeR,u,,, = Hind +u,?)-2002, n21. Chimg minh ring day {uy} h6i tu. Gidi. Xét ham sé f(x) = Hind +x?) 2002, khi d6 thi f(x) lién tuc trén IR x a va Frel-| l+x Mat khac, dat g(x) = x +2002 hind +x?) =x-f(x) thi g(x) lién tue trén R vacé g'(x) Do do g(x) don digu ving trén R. Ma g(0).g(-2002) = 2002.4 in( + 20027) <0 nén phuong trinh g(x) = 0 cé mét nghiém duy nhat L. Ap dung dinh li Lagrange thi tin tai sé.c : ju -L]=HFtu,)-F]= [Peay —H *4-8G.NPTE1 Suy ra Moa Ls5lu, -L].vn2l Dodd Os|u,_, -L|<
(a, sin kx +b, coskx) = 0 a c6 nghiém trong khoang (—r ; 7). Gidi. Xét ham sé F(x) eae: ft s coskx +P sinkx),x eR, Khi d6 F(x) =x +" (@, sinkx +b, coskx). Taco F(-m) = y- va F(n) = y- 0 =F(-n). es Ap dung dinh li Rolle trén doan [- ; x] thi ton tai sé c thude khoang (-n 57): F@)-FCM) _ pg n-(-m) Vay phuong trinh x +> °(a, sinkx +b, coskx)=0 cd nghiém trong khoang (—z ; 7). BAI TOAN 10 Cho phuong trinh ax" + ax" | +... + ap-ax + ag = 0, ao #0 c6 n nghiém phan biét. 51Chimg minh (n — 1) ar? > 2naya2. Giai. Dat f(x) = apx” + ax! +... + a, ax + ay, ao # 0, Khi dé thi f kha vi trén R. : Vi f(x) c6 n nghiém phan biét nén theo dinh Ii Rolle thi £'(x) cé n — 1 nghiém phan biét, £"(x) c6 n — 2 nghiém phan biét, f(x) = Fax’ + (n= 1)!aix + (n — 2)! a2 c6 2 nghiém phan biét. Do dé A> 0 nén ((n — 1)! a)? - 2n! ao(n — 2)! a2 > 0 Vay (n - 1)ai? > 2nap.ar. BAITOAN 11 Giai cdc phuong trinh a)i2; 1G). 5.. b) 2% =x41. Giai. a) Ta co 2* +6" =3°+5* hay 6° - Goi a la nghiém cia phuong trinh trén thi co 3*- 2" = 6" 5% Xeét ham sé f(t) = (t+ 1)" - t%, khi dé f(t) Lién tuc tén [2 ; 5] va co (2) = f(5) f(t) =al(t+ I-01). Ap dung dinh li Rolle trén [2 ; 5] thi ton tai s6 c thudc (2 ; 5) sao cho fc) =0. Do dé a{(e + 1)*!- e*']=0. Suy ra a = 0 hoac (¢ + 1)*!=c*!. Vic thudc (2; 5) nén a=0 hoe a= 1. Ther lai dung, vay phuong trinh cé 2 nghiém la x = 0 va x = 1. b) Ta co 2*=x +1 hay 2*~x~1=0 Xét ham sé f(x) = 2*-x-1,D=R. Khi d6 f(x) = 2"In2 - 1, £"(x) = 2"(In2)?> 0. Suy ra dé thi f 16m, do dé f(x) = 0 cé téi da 2 nghiém ma£(0)=0, £1) = 0. Vay phuong trinh c6 tap nghigm S={0 ; 1} BAI TOAN 12 Cho ham sé f(x) lién tue va cé dao ham trén (0 ; +20) va khong phai 1 ham hing. V6i 2 sé thyc 0 0 vai moi x. Suy ra f(x) - f(x) c6. n- 1 nghiém i, Be, ..., Brot Vida thire f(x) - f(x) bae n nén f(x) - f(x) c6 din nghiém BAI TOAN 14 Cho ham sé f(x) c6 dao ham trén (0 ; 1] va nhan gid tri duvong. Chimg minh bat phuong trinh F(x) F(x) $ 2(F(1)-2£(0)) 6 nghiém. : Gidi. Xét 2 ham s6 g(x) = aretan x ; h(x) = 22. trén (0 5 1], khi dé thi g(x), h(x) kha vi trén (0 ; 1). Taco Bode ar hee TS hont aro. Theo dinh li Cauchy thi ton tai c €(0; 1) sao cho cD ae hd)=hO) _hte) , 2 a(l)-g(0) ge) =f(c)- fe). % Ite 4 25 (0), 5 Nén 2 (ray- 200) = £6) Tt 1+. Vi00 nén 2c F(c)- f(c)2f(c)-F(). lee? Vay bit phuong tinh f(x) - f(x) < 2(F() -2F(0)) c6 nghigm x=. 7vin pB 2 - BAI TOAN st’ DUNG TINH CHAT DON DIBU LOI LOM CUA HAM sO 1, CAC DINH HUONG INH HUONG 1 : BAI TOAN SU' DUNG TINH CHAT DON BIEU Ham sé y = f(x) cé dao ham cdp | khéng déi ddu tén mién D tite 1a ham sé don digu tang hoac don diéu giam thi c6 tdi da mét nghiém trén mién D d6. Hon nita, néu chi ra duge mét nghiém thi dé la nghiém duy nhat cua phuong trinh. Nhu vay, viée phan chia cae khodng ma ham sé don digu cing cho phép ta dém duge sé nghiém cua phuong trinh. Déi voi bai toan bat phuong trinh, khi ham trén khoang (¢ ; d), néu f(c) va f(d) cing dau thi bat phuong trinh hoae cd mién nghigm [a ca khoang (c ; d) hodc v6 nghigm trén mién d6, cdn néu fle) va f(d) trai ddu thi tén tai duy nhdt nghiém xy cua phuong trinh nén bat phuong trinh s@ cé mign nghiém [a (c ; xo) hode (Xo ; d). BINH HUONG 2 : BAI TOAN SU’ DUNG TINH CHAT LO! LOM Ham sé y = f(x) cé dao ham cap 2 khong déi dau trén mién D tite 1a ham sé cé dé thi 161 hodc dé thi 16m thi cé téi da hai nghiém trén mién D do. Hon nita, néu chi ra duge hai nghiém thi phuong trinh co ding hai nghiém do. BINH HUONG 3 : BAI TOAN GIAI PHU'ONG TRINH, BAT PHU'ONG TRINH, HE PHU'O'NG TRINH Cée phuong trinh, bat phuong trinh, hé phuong trinh néi chung khong thé giai duge nghiém cu thé qua céng cu dao ham, tuy nhién mét sé phuong trinh, bat phuong trinh, hé phyong tinh ma khi lap ham s6 lién quan thi dav ham cé dinh lugng dic biét. Tir dé, ta ude Iugng duge sé nghigm Lin cde nghiém dae biét ca mét ham don digu, cua mot ham Idi, hay 1a mién nghiém 1a mién xac dinh cua bat phuong trinh, Chu y ring cdc bat ding thite dang trén mot mién cua bién x déu cé thé chuyén vé bai todn bat phuong trinh, cdc bat phuong trinh loai nay co tap nghiém 14 mién cuia bién x do. Néu chuyén vé bai toan giai phuong trinh thi nghiém phuong trinh la ddu bang xay ra cia bat ding thire trong img.2.BAI TOAN UNG DUN ' Trén co so cdc dinh hudng trén, ta giai cac bai toan sau BAITOAN 1 . Chimg minh véi méi sé nguyén duong n thi phuong trinh xt x2 x9 $+ x7" + 20077"! = 1999 c6 nghiém duy nhat. Gidi. Dat f(x) =x +x? + x3 +. + x?"+ 2007x7""!, khi dé thi f lién tuc wén D=R Xét_x =I thi M(x) =x +x°(1 +x) +... + 2"(1 + x) + 2006x Xe -1 0 thi £ (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x? +... + nx"?! + 2007(2n + 1)x?" > 0. Nén f déng bién ma ta cé f(0) =0 ; limf(x) = +0. Suy ra phuong trinh f(x) = 1999 c6 nghiém duy nhat x > 0. Vay phuong trinh cé 1 nghiém duy nhat. BAI TOAN 2 Cho 2 + 2n s6 ai, b; tho: 0< bo < laol, b> | Chimg minh cac nghiém néu co cla da thie: agx" + ax"! +... + aq cd gid trj tuyét déi khong vugt qua nghiém duong duy nhit xo cua phuong trinh aml cg, | vai i box" = bx! =... = ba =0. Giai. Dat f(x) = aox"+ ax"! +... + ay , B(x) = Dox" bix™! =... by Taco g(x) =x"(bp 2 -. a y= x" hoo. x x x Lb, , 2.b, hi(x) = tute 0,ux>0, x a\|2 0 véi do b;Nén h(x) ting trén (0, +00) va nh§n gid tri (—20 ; bo). Do dé g(x) co 1 nghiém duong duy nhat xo. Khi x > xo => g(x) > 0. Ta c6 |x) |=] aox"+ ax +... + an 12 Laox" |= Laux) +... + an = baox* | - lax™'| - = laol. Ixl*- tal. =.= lanl 2 by. Ix Yb Lx l=... -Tbal= g(x. Nén voi nghiém x néu co cia f(x) thi x < xo. BAI TOAN 3 Giai cdc phuong trinh a)2*=6-x; b) Inx = * Gidi. a) TXD:D=2 Bat fx) = 2° = f(x) = 2n2 > 0, Vx = ftang tren 2. g(x) = 6 —x => g(x) =-1 <0, Vx = g gidm trén Mat khac £2) = g(2) nén phuong trinh cé nghiém duy nhat x = 2. b) TXD : D=(0; +x) Dat f(x) = Inx = f(x) = 4 > 0, Vx > 0 = Feng tren (0 ; +0), x g(x) = 1 -x => g(x) =-1 <0 => g giam trén (0; +0) Mat khde f(1) = g(1) => x = | la nghiém duy nhat cua phuong trinh, BAITOAN 4 Giai phuong trinh Vx? + 15 =3x-2+ vx? +8 Giai. Phuong trinh © f(x) = 3x -2+ vx? + 8-Vx? + 15 =0(*) Néuxs 3 thi f(x) < 0 => phuong trinh (*) v6 nghiém. 57. 2 I 2 Néux> 2 hito=3+x[ — - ———=| > 0, vx> =. 3 Lvx? +8 vx? + 15 3 => ding bién wren G : +). : Hon niva f{1) = 0 nén phuong trinh (*) co dang | nghigm x = 1. BALTOAN 5 Giai phuong tinh V2x' 43x? +6x +16 =2V3 + V4—x. Gidi. Diéu kién xdc dinh: : 2x) 43x? 46x +1620 (x +2)(2x? -x+8)20 4-x20 4-x20 o@-2sxs4 Phuong trinh trong duong V2x? +3x? + 6x +16 -V4—x =2V3. Xét ham sé f(x) = ¥2x' +3x?+6x +16 -V4—x ,-25x <4. An 3(x° +x 41) i} Thi f(x) = ns V2x'+3x? +6x+16 2V4-x Ma t(1)=2 V3, do dé phuong trinh tré thanh f(x) = f(1) <> x= 1. Vay phuong trinh cé nghiém duy nhat x = | BAI TOAN 6 >0 nén f dong bién. X+x43 2x7 44x45 Giai. Ta bién déi phuong trinh thanh xtxt3 log, =—— 2x? +4x45 hay log,(x° +x +3) +(x? +x +3) =log,(2x? +4x +5) + (2x7 +4x +5) Giai phuong trinh log, =x743K+2 = (2x? +4x+5)-(x? +x +3) (Do x? +x +3>0va2x?+4x+5>0, VxeR) Xeétham sé f(t) =log,t+t,t>0 thi MO=Ts+1> 0.¥t>0, tlnDo dé f(t) déng bién, nén phuong trinh f(x? +x +3) =f (2x? +.4x +5) > x x43 2x7 +4x45 hay x7 4+3x4+2=0 Vay phwong trinh c6 2 nghiém x = -1 va x = -2. BAI TOAN7 Giai cac bat phurong trinh a)xt+Inxs1; b) V2x' + 3x? + 6x +16 > 2V3 + V4-x. Giai. a) Diéu kién xac dinh : x > 0 Xét ham f(x) = x + Inx = F(x) = 1+ 4 >0, ¥x>0. x Nén f déng bién trén (0 ; +20). Mat khée (1) = 1 + Int = 1. Do dé bat phuong trinh = f(x) < f{(1) @0 2x? + 3x? + 6x + 16 ~ V4-x > 23 Pip atl ee er (ae Xét ham sé f(x) = V2x" + 3x" + 6x + 16 - V4-x voi-2 f déng bién trén [-2 ; 4]. Mat khae : £1) = 23. nén bat phuong trinh <= f(x) > fU) 1 y thi t(x) > f(y) nén y > z do dé fly) > f(z) tue Ia z> x : v6 li Gia sit x f(x)Sfly)>ys fly) zsx nén phai cé x= y =z. Dodo x? +3x-3 + In(x?-x +1) =x hay x? +2x -3 + In(x?-x +1) =0 (*)Xét ham s6 g(x) = x° +2x -3 + In(x? —x +1), D = 2 = > 2x? 41 Vi gx) = 3x2 424 2h gg? Set x -x41 x =x4l >0,0x nén g(x) déng bién. Ma ta co g(1) = 0 nén phuong trinh (*) cé nghiém duy nhat x = 1. Do dé x = y=z=l. Thv lai dung. Vay hé phuong trinh co nghiém duy nhat x = y= z= 1. BAI TOAN 10 Giai hé bat phuong trinh x?-12x + 35 < 0 a) x ade 49S >0 Q) Gidi. Giai (1) : x? = 12x +35<0e>50, Vx ER. nén f(x) déng bién. Vi x>5 = f(x)> *. Do dé f(x) > 0, Vxe (5:7). Vay tap nghigm cia hé bat phuong trinh 1a S = (5 ; 7). Giai hé bat phuong trinh arcsin x ~ x Sarctgy —y aresin y ~ y < arctgx — x x,ye[0;1). Giai. Xét ham s6 f(t)=aresint - t,t e(0 ; 1). Thi cé £(1)=—ee-1= MEE 5 0 nan fy ding bién. vi-t vI- Vi x 20= f(x) 2 f(0) = 0 = aresinx —x 20. 61Xét ham s6 g(t) = arctant —t, t €[0; 1). Thi co g(t)= <0 nén g(t) nghich bién. vl Vi y20=> g(y) 0 S0Sxs4 x+1220 xvx + Vx +12 log, (2 + J4-x) (Vi log, (1+ V4—x) > 0, Vx e[0:4]). Dat: g(x) =xVx + Vx + 12. 7 + rai > 0, ¥xe [0 ; 4] = g(x) tang trén (0 ; 4]. h(x) = log: (2 + V4=x ) thi h(x) > 0. (2 + V4-x)' (2 + V4-x).In2 Khi dé (*) = m> = fx) B(x) = “ll hw = eo a 2(2 + Va-x) Va-x m2 = h'(x) gia. Do do : fx) ing trén [0 ; 4] Bang bién thién: - [x [0 4 ' 12 fx) | a 4 Vay bat phuong trinh cé nghiém khi m > V3.VAN DE 3 : BAI TOAN SU’ DUNG CYC TRI, GIA TRI LON NHAT — GIA TRI ‘ NHO NHAT 1, CAC DINH HUONG BINH HUONG 1 : BAI TOAN SU’ DUNG CUC TRI Khao sat sé nghiém cua phuong trinh bac 3 ax? + bx? +ex+d=0,a40. Xét ham sé y = f(x) = ax* + bx? + ex +d, a # 0, khi dé thi f(x) lién tue trén R. Néu f(x) 2 0, Vx hay f'(x) <0, Vx thi f(x) = 0 chi cd 1 nghiém. Néu f'(x) = 0 c6 2 nghiém phan biét thi dé = V6i_ yen -Yer> 0: Phuong trinh f(x) = 0 chi cé 1 nghigm. - Vi Yew -Yer = 0: Phuong trinh f(x) = 0 c6 2 nghiém (1 don, 1 kép). - Véi_ yew -ycr <0 : Phuong trinh f(x) = 0 cé 3 nghiém phan biét. BINH HUONG 2 : BAI TOAN SU’ DUNG BANG BIEN THIEN S6 nghiém tir bang bién thién (BBT): Dya vao bang bién thién ham sé f(x) trén 1 mién chi dinh. 6 2 cue tri: Néu f gidv nguyén | dau trén khodng (a ; b) thi v6 nghiém trén khoang do. Néu f bién d6i dau tir (-) sang (+) hay ngugc lai trén khoang (¢ ; d) thi “c6 dung | nghiém wén do. Sé lugng nghiém f(x) = 0 14 sé gid tri y = 0 duge mé ta qua BBT. DINH HU'ONG 3 : BAI TOAN SU DUNG GIA TRI LON NHAT, NHO NHAT - Cée ménh dé danh gid tham sé g(m) trong bai todn vé nghiém khi t6n tai gid tri én nhat, gid tri bé nhat wong img : Phuong trinh f(x, m) = 0 cé nghiém trén D, va néu f(x,m) = 0 tuong durong vi g(m) = h(x) thi digu kign ; min h(x) < g(m) $ max h(x). sed xe Phuong trinh f(x, m) = 0 v6 nghiém trén D, va néu f(x, m) = 0 trong durong véi g(m) = h(x) thi digu kién ; g(m) < min h(x) hay g(m)> max h(x). xD x 63Bat phuong trinh f(x, m) > 0 c6 nghiém tén D, va néu f(x, m) > 0 tuong dong véi g(m) > h(x) thi diéu kién : g(m) > min h(x) web Bat phuong trinh f(x, m) > 0 cé nghiém trén D, va néu f(x, m) > 0 tuong durong véi g(m) < h(x) thi diéu kién : g(m) < max h(x) xe Bat phuong trinh f(x, m) > 0 c6 nghiém [a moi xe D, va néu f(x, m) > 0 tuong duong voi g(m) > h(x) thi digu kign : g(m) > max h(x) xeD Bat phuong trinh f{x, m) > 0 cé nghiém la moi xe D, va néu f(x, m) > 0 tuong duong voi g(m) < h(x) thi diéu kién : g(m) < min h(x) web Néu bat phuong trinh dang < hoac > thi bé sung thém d4u “=" cho cdc diéu kién. 2, BAL TOAN UNG DUNG BAI TOAN | Tim tham sé m dé phuong trin! x? — 3mx’? + 3(m? — 1)x - m? + 1 =0 c6 3 nghiém duong phan biét. Gidi. 3 _3mx? + 3(m?- I)x-m?+1,D= 2. xe y x y! = 3x? — 6mx + 3(m?~ 1) Cho y’=0 = x, =m-1,x.=m+1(S=2m,P=m’-1) Do dé ham sé ludn ludn c6 cue dai, cue tiéu. Tacé yo om). y'= 2x4 m! mm = yer. Yoo = (-2x) +m? — m? - m + 1)(-2x. +m? - m? = m+ 1) = (m? - 1) (m? - 3) (m? - 2m - 1). Diéu kién 6 3 nghiém duong phan biét : {rs soe ee YerYen <0 (m? —1)(m? —3)(m? -2m-1) <0 Giai ra duge V3 1 thi f(x) = x6(x7 — 1) + 3x?(x? - 1) + 1 > 0: v6 nghiém XétO 0: v6 nghiém Xétx <0 thi: £"(x) = 13x!? - 6x5 + 12x? - 6x = 13x!? — 6x(x — 1)? > 0 nén fdéng bién Nén f(x) = 0 c6 nghiém duy nhat x <0. Vay phuong trinh cho co nghiém duy nhat. 5-8G.NPT@BAI TOAN 4 Chimg minh phuong trinh x°—x—2=0c6 nghiém duy nhat va nghiém dé lon hon 98. Giai. : Dat f(x) =x°-x-2,D=R. 1 4 x=-oe 3 fy =o £'(x) = 5x41 =0 as ss 1 4 Bang bién thign : [ ie ale LL toc & Gs | f'"(x) + 0 0 + |. - F00 | 4 | -2 i sis \ / | x 44! ss _ Dya vao BBT ta thay dé thj chi cat truc hoanh duy nhat tai 1 diém nén phuong trinh cé nghiém duy nhat 1a xp va nghiém do 1a duong. Do xo lA nghiém x$ — xo-2=0 Cosi . 2,/2x, (dau “=" khong xay ra) x)? > 8xy x2 >8 xo> VB (dpem). BAI TOAN 5 Tim k dé phuong trinh x‘ + 4x3 — 8x + 1 -_k = 0 c6 4 nghiém phan biét. Gidi. Phuong trinh: x‘ + 4x3 - 8x +1 =k Xét: y=x?+4x°-8x+1,D=R. 95-5G.NPT®y'= 4x? + 12x? — 8 = 4(x + 1) (x? + 2x - 2) y'=0>x=-I,x=-14 V3 Bang bién thién : x | 0 -1-V3 -1 -14+V¥3 +00 ee 0 0 0 NIN Vay diéu kién cé 4 nghiém phan biét la -34 “(ers néu 14, Cho y'=0=>x= . Bang bién thién : : 7 . ee 1 3 4 too = 6x +15 0 LYLLI. 2x5 : VA a + | : a aya = +00 y NN, ae NN, A 67peeeeeeee aan 43 Vay digu kign 6 4 nghigm a 4 . © Chi y ta c6 thé dat t = x? — 5x BAI TOAN 7 . Bién luan theo tham sé k vé sé nghiém cua phuong trinh 2x* - 17x3 + 51x? - 36+ k)x +k=0. qa) Gidi. R6 rang véi moi k thi x = | luén thoa man phuong trinh (1) Phuong trinh (1) duge phan tich thanh : (x- 1) (2x? - 15x? + 36x —k) = 0 n=l =a ay etenekeo ) - Trudng hop x = 1 1a nghiém ciia (*). Khi d6 k = 23 (*) tro thanh 2x? — 15x? + 36x — 23 = 0 <> (x ~ 1)(2x? - 13x + 23) =0 <> x= Thode 2x? - 13x +23 =0x=1. Vay voi k = 23 thi (1) cé nghiém duy nhat x = 1. - Voi k # 23. Khi dé x = 1 khéng phai la nghiém cua (*) nén sé nghiém cua (1) bing | cong voi sé nghiém cua phuong trinh (*). Xét f(x) = 2x? — 15x? + 36x thi £'(x) = 6x? — 30x + 36 = 6(x* — 5x + 6) f(x) = 0x =2 hay x=3. Bang bién thién : x 20 2 3 +00 f(x) ate 0 . 0 + 28 +00 ro | a Ns ZO Qua bang bién thién ta cd : - Néu 23 # k < 27, k > 28 thi (*) cé nghiém duy nhat nén (1) c6 2 nghiém phan biét. 68- Néu k = 27 hay k = 28 thi (*) c6 hai nghiém phan biét nén (1) c6 ba nghiém phan bigt - Néu 27 < k < 28 thi (*) c6 ba nghiém phan biét nén (1) c6 bén nghiém phan biét. : BAI TOAN 8& Tim a dé phuong trinh x° + 3x5 + (6 — a)x* + (7 — 2a)x? + (6 — a)x? + 3x +1 =0 vo nghiém. Giai. Xé x =0 => 1=0: loai. Xét x #0. Chia 2 vé cho x’, phuong trinh tro thanh : x3 43x? + (6 —a)x + (72a) +(6—a) 4+ x x e+ ty +3¢@+t y+ -a tty 7-2-0. x x x 1 poo Dat t=x+—, It] 22>P=x?+442- x x va ba+ teat tynenes + =t-3t. x x x Do dé phuong trinh : t - 3t + 3(t? - 2) + (6 -a)t+7-2a=0 (t+ 2Qa=O+3P+3t+1. Khi t=~2 thi phuong trinh khéng thod. Khi t #—2, phuong trinh la : as P43 +3t41 _ (t+1)? t+2 t+2 (t+) spray = (2t+5t +1)? Dat f(t) = ,t<-2hayt22 thif'() = ——=—_—.. a t+2 2 aw (t+2) Bang bién thién : x eA -5/2 : 2 +o f(t) ee a +e +00) a Nan +00 aVi mién gid tri f(t) = 2 nén diéu kién phuong trinh v6 nghiém 1a a< 2. BAI TOAN 9 Cho phuong trinh: ax? + 27x? + 12x + 2001 = 0 c6 3 nghiém phan bigt. Héi phuong trinh (ax? + 27x? + 12x +2001) (ax + 27) = Bax? + $4x + 12)° c6 bao nhiéu nghiém ? Gidi. Xét_ f(x) = ax? + 27x? + 12x + 2001, D= RB. Theo gia thiét thi f(x) = 0 cd 3 nghiém a, B, y. Taco £'(x) = 3ax? + 54x + 12, £"(x) = 6ax + 54, £'"(x) = 6a Phuong trinh cita dé bai viét lai : 2f(x) . f"(x) = (f'00)? Xét g(x) = 2f(x) F"(x) = (F009)? => g'(x) = 2f (x).£ "() + 2f00).f "x) — 2 (x) £"%) = 26(x) . F(x) = 12a°( x - @) (KB) (K-), 00, Vx Gia sir khiing dinh dung v6i gid tri bé hon n, ta chimg minh khang dinh ding tdi n. - Xétn le. Ta c6 : P's(x) = Pa-s(x) > 0, Vx nén P,(x) la ham tang, do dé P,(x) 6 duy nhdt 1 nghiém thyc khac 0. - Xétn chin. Pia(x) = Pai(). Da thie P,-; cd ding | nghiém thye xo # 0 (vin - 1 le). Bang bién thién : x 2 Xo +0 P'(x)=P._,(x) 0 + +00 $20 P, (x) ™, a Do 46 Py(x) 2 Pa(Xo) = Pn-i(Xo) + 22 22 > 0. n! on! Vay khang dinh duge chémg minh. BAITOAN 11 Tim m dé phuong trinh 1 + cosx + $ cos2 + Foosdx =m (1) cé nghiém. Gidi. VT = 1 + cosx + ; cos2x + ; cos3x =1+cosx + = (2 cos’x - 1) + ; (4cos*x — 3 cosx) voi t=cosx, |t| <1, NIH Nin ; 45 1 Xéty=ft)= =P ++ = sts. y=f0= 5 2 itl f(t)=40 +2t 71f()=0ot= + hoac t = 0 (nhan nghiém). 1 1 7 Ta cé fl Beren=2; == 5 f/-= |= acé f(1) = =; f(-1) f= 5 {-4) p => Max f(t) = ; min f(t) -1 F , al 7 bods pjesahtnit: me 2 BAI TOAN 12 ' Bign luan sé nghiém cia phyong trinh : vxt + 4x +m + ¥x* + 4x +m=6. Giai. Datt= Vx‘ + 4x +m ,t20 ate Vxi+4x +m 2 t=2 Phuong trinh: P+t=6eor+t-6 | = -3 (loai) t=2 Vx" + 4x 4m =2 x44 4x=16-m Xét fx)=x4+4x, xeR. f(x) = 4x7 +4 £"(x)=0x=-1 Bang bién thién : x “I +] y' en) + | ey +20 i Ne Dya vao bang bién thién ta c6 : Néu 16 —-m<~-3 <> m> 19: Phuong trinh v6 nghiém. Néu 16 —m=-3 <> m= 19: Phuong trinh c6 1 nghiém. Néu 16 - m>~3 <> m< 19 : Phuong trinh c6 2 nghiém phin biét.BAITOAN 13 Tim a dé phuong trinh Vitex + IHX =a cé nghiém. Giai. Xét f(x) = Vi-x + Vl4+x,D fo=-—! —— (#41) BY(-xy 3) +x)? 3yd—x)? . {a+xy f(x) =0 x =0. tim FO) = Jim (Vi-x +e x) = lim (Vi+x -¥/x-1) = i. — “"(Yie) + Joe-n + (Je=b) Tuong ty lim f(x) = 0. Bang bién thién : x 00 -l £'(x) 1 +00 9 a [+ o- | - 2 + f(x) et 0 0 Vay phyong trinh cé nghiém khi va chi khi 0 t=1,t= “2 t= eee: Dé tim GTNN va GTLN cia f(t) trén doan nay ta chi cdn tinh céc gia tri: f(-1), £1), 4) va a i so sinh, vi)Két qua: max y=5 ; miny=1. Vay diéu kién cé nghiém 1 : 0,vix122. Bang bién thién cua ham y : (Hoc sinh ne vé) Dya vao bang bién thién suy ra phuong trinh 6 nghiém khi m < 3 . haym2>~. a2 BALTOAN 19 Tim m 4é phuong trinh 8") ~ 2 06 nghigm duy nhat. [g(x +1). Gidi. 6 2) <9 & Ig(mx) = 2ig(x +1) (Didukign x +1 #1). Ig(x +1) eo mx =(x +1), x+1>0,x#0. oma 224 xed, x ie x?+2x4]1 5 Xét ham so : f(x) = ——-—— voix >-l vax #0, tacé: x fs x f(x) =0 > x =-1 hofe x = 1. Bang bién thién cia ham f(x) : (Hoc sinh ner ve) Tir dé, phuong trinh cé nghiém duy nhat khi m <0 hay m= 4. BAI TOAN 20 Tim diéu kién dé bat phuong trinh a.9* + (a— 1).3*? + a— 1 >0.c6 nghiém Vx. ceeGidi. Datt=3*>0. Bat phuong trinh tré thanh at +9a-Dtt+a-1>Oera? t+ 1)> 9+ +1 oa> > +9tel Xét f(t) = Sate voit 0 +941 BPT da cho s@ dugc nghiém ding Vx ¢> a> max f(t). 9? -2t Ta 6: f(t) = ———-; <0, Vt>0. (P+9t+1? Suy ra fnghich bién. Vay diéu kién can tim: a> 1. BAITOAN 21 78 Tim a dé bat phuong trinh aV2x? + 9 0e> 2V4-x > V4x-2 (waxed) ee d4-x)24x-2 xsi. Bang bién thién cua ham f(x) : (Hoc sinh te vé) Tir bang bién thién suy ra : bat phuong trinh c6 nghiém khi m > min f(x). Vay m> Vi4. BAI TOAN 23 Tim diéu kién bat phuong trinh sin’x + cos*x = m c6 nghiém. Gidi. Xét f(x) = sin’x + cos*x = (sinx + cosx) (1 — sinx.cosx) Dat t= sinx + cosx ; |t| < V2 1 + 2sinx cosx => sinx cosx = 3 [1-2]. 2 p+ St voi ts v2. 6 h(t) = ul Taco h(t)=t 3 h(y=-3e4+3 =O ete. 2 2 Bang bién thién cua ham h(t) : (Hoc sinh tw vé) Tit bang bién thién suy ra max f(x) = 1. Do dé max f(x) = 1. aeBat phuong trinh cé nghiém khi m < max f(x). Vay ms BAI TOAN 24 Tim didu kién hé bat phuong trinh fess Ron A 2 cé nghiém. x? 3x |x|-m?- 15m 20 Gidi. x? -3x-4.<0 q@) {s -3x |xj-m? - 15m > 0 (2) Xét (1): Ta tim diéu kién nguge lai, tire [a tim m dé : f(x) = x? — 3x |x| — m?- 15m <0; Vxe [-1; 4] > max, £00) <0. ~3x-4500-18xs4. - x? + 3x?-m?-15m;-1 f(x) =3x(x+2)<0 O f(x) =3x (K-2)>0. Do 46 Max, f(x) = max {f(-1) , £(4)} = £(4) = — 15m + 16. Nén co -m’— 15m + 16<0e>m<-l6vm> I. Vay diéu kién cé nghiém la-16 0;b>0. a b a / Gi. Néua>b>0 Bat ding thie can chimg minh <> 4 < Marine <1 a a-b b Xét ham sé f(x) = Inx trén [b; a] thoa cdc diéu kién cua dinh li Lagrange nén 3c € (b; a) f= BO f(b) 1 _ina-Inb -b c a-b eee Z < u a c b vay L o-B .a-B . a8 nén - cos'B cos*c —-cos*a vay; = Dene tanB < = ap i cosB cos’ BALTOAN 3 Chimg minh bat dang thire : x 0. i x Gidi. Xét ham s6 f(t) = Int wén [1 ; 1 + x] voi x > 0 thod cde diév kién dinh ii Lagrange nén 3c € (1; 1 +x) sao cho: pyey- ey) 1 nd + yin (h+x)-1 c x einditxy=* : . 1 1 x x Dol ! 96-56.NPT®Gidi. Xét ham s6 f(x) = Inx véix ¢[m;m+1]vame Z*. ry=t x Theo dinh li Lagrange : 3 c € (m; m+ 1): Fe a) ae (m + 1)-m c Vim 1996. Gidi. Dat f(x) =x70 + arx!? + ... + arogox + az000Vi f(x) c6 2000 nghiém phan biét, nén f'(x) cd 1999 nghiém phan biét nén f "(x) cé 1998 nghigm phan biét, f (x) cé 1997 nghigm phan biét Ma "(x)= 2000.1999,1998x'9" + ... + 4,3.2.a1996x + 3.2.aig97. Do f'"\(0) = 3.2.a1997 = 3.2.1997 # 0 nén da thire : 20x) = x!"76 Ly = bargor x!” + 2daroner!™ + 60.arysal™ +. + by F cling c6 1997 nghiém phan bit, gia siz cdc nghigm dé 1A x1, X2, «24 Xi997 Theo dinh li Vi-ét ta co : 1997 =- 2456 6a 907 = 80.Ais9s Cy 2907 F bsicjs1997 Yom (Es) 22S xx, =2 50M a Caiy, fir YP Mackie, 1.05: ($s, 22 xx, wen [ > lapel 25158 pmstion > 2231 > 1996 (dpem). BAI TOAN 6 Cho a, b,c, d> 0. Chimg minh: 3 sbexbod sede deb < peberededa seer . Giai. Kh6ng mat tinh téng quat, gia stra 0f(x) = 4x —3(a+b +. + d)x? + 2(ab + be + cd + da + ac + bd)x — (abe + bed + cda + dab) = A(x ~ x1) (X ~ x2) (&~%3) Theo dinh li Vi-ét, ta c6 : X1X2X3 = ; (abc + bed + cda + dab) X1X2 + X2X3 + X3Xp = Fab + be + ed + da ac + bd) Ap dung bat ding thitc Cauchy : ; (ab + be + cd + da + ac + bd) = XyX2 + X2X3 + X3X] > 3 (x,x3%) Tir d6 suy ra dpem. BAI TOAN7 Cho X1, 2, vy Xn> 0. Dat : s,= Dx, ;S,= xy XX, 5 S,= D1 XX XQ 5. VAS = X1X2. kre om isieisn Isigicksn 1a cde ham co ban cita xj, x2, ..., X». Chimg minh : Ta chimg minh bing quy nap : Khin= 1 thi bat dang thirc dung. Gia bat ding thurc dang dén n — 1. Gid sir 0 — (n-3)Sax™4 +. + (HD) Sa 6 n=1 nghiém xen ké : XLS YS X2SY2 Sa. S Xn S Yai S Xn S, 5 : 5 “+ 1a cdc ham co ban’ cua n YVbY2vsVarl Theo gia thiét quy nap thi (-). = (n=2) aC! aC? nel $2 wftstet] eo a LUrt—<—~—s—si‘“CS™SOSSOOSC'—sSéS o>" = Diéu phai chimg minh, Cc Cc BAI TOAN 8 Cho a, b, c phan biét. Chimg minh at+b+c—Va>+b* +c’ —ab—be-ca 3 < atb+e+ va" +b" +c —ab—be-ca 3 min {a,b,c} < < max {a, b, c}. Gidi. Gia sita A=(atb+c)-3(ab + be + ca) =a’ +b? +¢?—ab—be-ca>0 nén f (x) = 0 c6 2 nghiém xi2 Vi fc6 3 nghiém nén f’ c6 2 nghiém xen ké Ma:a0 Va vi hé sé cao nhat cia f duong nén : Yeo = flx1) > 0 va yer = flx2) <0. Tacd f(x)= ( +$a}Pay4Zb-aiyx re => fa) = 2Gb-2')x, 10-2 (Wie {1;2}). Tit 1x1) > 0 => -2V(a?=3b)> < 2a? + 27¢ - Yab 873b) £02) < 0 => 2a? + 27¢ - 9ab < 2yla Do vay: |2a? + 27¢ - 9ab| < 2,/(a* -3b)* BAI TOAN 10 Chimg minh bat dang thire a) sinx < x, Vx > 0. b) cos x > 1 = 1 ¥x>0. Gidi. a) Taco: sinx O0 > x-—sinx > 0, Vx>0. Xét fix) = x — sinx véi x 2 0. Taco f(x) =1—cosx 2.0, Vx nén f(x) tang. x>0=> flx) > 10) =0-sind =0. Vay sinx 0). b) Tacé cosx> 1 > (vx> 0) <2 cosx—1+ 5 > 0, vx >0 Met fx) = cosx - 1+ 7 voi x20 f(x) = -sinx + x > 0 Vx > 0 nén f(x) tang x >0 => f(x) > £(0) = cos0 -— 1 + =0 Vay osx - 1 aad 0 (dpem). BAITOAN 1} Chimg minh bat ding thite x- F< +x) 0. Gidi. 1) Ching minh : x - = 0 Xét fix) =x Dy In(1 +x) voix>0(x)= 1-x-—— = EE = XX 0 = fx) < f(0) = 0. Hay x- ~ 0. Xét f(x) = In (1 +x) - x voi x> 0. -1 = <0, vx>0. l+x 1+x = f(x) giam trén (0 ; +20) nén x > 0 = f(x) < f(0) = 0 Hay In(1 +x) 0 BAI TOAN 12 Chimg minh cdc bat ding thie : sina 5 Sine gigcacb< 2, a 2 Gidi pat fix) = 2% voix e (0; 4) x 2 X Cosx - sinx iO) ees eee xe Xét g(x) = x cosx — sinx g(x) =-x. sinx <0, Vx € (0; See) giam trong (0 ; 3) Ma O 1'"(x) <0, Vx e (0; 5) 109) gm trén (0:5), Ma: 0 fb). Vay sina _ sinb > > (dpem). 89BAI TOAN 13 Chimg minh bat ding thire tan (x + Spe ) veiocx< 4, Gidi. Bat dang thitc da cho tuong duong véi 7 tax tus + stm a | 1 - tanx \t 4 Datt=tanx > 0” it ode +39 In 1+t 2 I =e + 3t mary Tg +3070 Xét: f(t) = In sa -20 +31) (voIO ft) ting trén (0; 1). Ma 0 ft) > (0) =0. Vay bat dang thire duge chimg minh, BAI TOAN 14 Chung minh bat dang thire a) 2" + 2"™ > 2.2 yoiO 2z voi AABC nhon. (2) Giai. a) Ap dung bat dang thire Cauchy pie 4 28m > 2 PD a 2 Dé chimg minh (1) ta can chimg minh : 2 2 >2.B vee 0:5) 90sinx + tanx + 2 >xtlvxe(0;2 2 2 <= sinx + tanx — 2x > 0, Vxe (0; Dat fix) = sinx + anx~2x voix e (0; 4) £'(x) = cosx + 7] tid or a a a nén 0 < cosx < 1 = cosx > cosx 1 —2>cos*x+ = fx) = cox + —L -2>0, vxe (0; 2), cos” 2 cos’ x Nén f(x) tang trén (0 ; 5). Do 46 x >0 = fix) > (0) = 0. Hay sinx + tanx - 2x > 0 (dpem). b) (2) <9 (sinA + tanA — 2A)+(sinB + tanB — 2B)+(sinC + tanC - 2C) > 0. Theo edu a) : sinx +tanx - 2x > 0, Vxe (0; 3 Lan lugt thay x boi A, B, C va cong vé cac bat ding thite ta duge bat dang thite can chimg minh. BAI TOAN 15 Cho m> 1. Ching minh : x"+m-12mx véi moi x 20. Tir do chimg minh ring vdi ba s6 duong a, b, ¢ bat ki thi : je Eg Vere Xét f(x) =x" — mx + m-1 (x20) f'"(x) = m(x™! = 1) f(x)=Oax=1 Bang bién thién : ¢ ape a 91x 0 1 +00 | £9 | = 0 + fix) po Do dé voi m > | thi f(x) = 0,vx 20 Ap dung bat ding thite véi m = ; ta.06: 3 (*} 423 ). a 2 2ha Ma theo bat ding thire Cauchy thi : pees _ (2) (2) {ey a3 2\\b ec) la) [> 2° Céng 4 bat ding thire trén : 3 3 3 3 GEGEGl rr 2l\b} Ve) la 2°2Lb c al 2 : 3 3 > Gintl +(e} 284242 (pcm) b c a bea BAI TOAN 16 Chimg minh bat ding thire e>ltxt ee th (x>0) 2! nt! Gidi. 92Ta chimg minh bang quy nap toan hoc : Khi n= 1: can chimg minh: eX > 1 +x ee'-x-1>0(x>0) Dat ffx) =e*-x-l voix 20 thi £'(x) = e%— 1 > 0, Vx > 0 = f(x) tang trén (0 ; +20); Do d6 x > 0 thi f(x) > £(0) = 0. Gia str bat dang thire ding dén n =k: 2 ‘ e>lext+t 4 ..+ © @>0) _ Ki Ta chimg minh bat dang thir dung khi n = k + I, tire la phai chimg minh: > ltxt+— +n. + 2! 2 3 ke Dat g(x) =e*-| 1 + x + x, 4+ S| veix>o. a oD (k+1)! ok _ x* so-e-(0etexe aigtetTe => g(x) tang tn (0 ; +20), ma x>Onén g(x) > g(0) = 0. Vay theo nguyén li quy nap toan hoc thi bat ding thire dung Vn. BAI TOAN 17 Khéng ding may tinh hoac bang sé, chimg minh : log23 > logs4. Giai. Xét ham f(x) = log, (x + 1) voi x > 1. Khi dé bat dang thirc cdn ching minh cé dang : (2) > £3) Ding céng thite ddi co sé thic6: f(x) = me) inx x Inx - (x + 1).In(x + 1) x(x + 1). In’x Vay ¢6 f(2) > (3). (Bpem) =>f'W= <0, Vx > 1 = f(x) giamBAI TOAN 18 Chimg minh v6i moi a <3, ta déu co sinx (= *)* 2 cosx, Vx € (0; x Gidi. Khi xe 0:5) thi c6 0< sinx 0, Vx €[0 D. That vay, lai xét ham sé G(t) = 20? -3t Yet, te (05 1) Khi 46 Gt) = 4-4) $0, Vt © O51], Nén G(t) nghich bién. Do d6 G(t)2G(1) = 0, Vt e (0; I]. Suy ra F(x) 20, Wx € 10:5) nén F(x) déng bién trén to:5) Do dé F(x) 2 F(0) =0,Vx € 0:5) Bai toan due chimg minh. BAI TOAN 19 Choa, b, ¢> 0 thod mana’ +b? +0? =1 Chimg minh 2 + —P. +2 33 bec cra a tb Gidi. Bat ding thire trong duong voiXét f(x) =x (1 - x’) voix € (0;1) £'(x)=1-3x7=0ex Bang bién thién cua ham f{x) : (Hoc sinh tee vé) 2 Dya vao bang bién thién : f(x) < »vxe (0; 1. : wi Suy ra: 2 2 2 —— aos e 5 +btcy= 33 a(—a) a’) *y0-8) ae ) 2 2 BAI TOAN 20 Cho y=axd+bx?+ex+d (a#0) Chimg minh rang néu ham s6 c6 2 eye tri thi: yw ; (z yy y aly)” Gidi. Taco y=ax>+bx? +ext+d = 3ax? + 2bx +¢ y= 6ax + 2b y "= 6a. Thay vao (1) thi (1) <> b’—3ac>0. Vi ham s6 c6 2 cyc trinén A‘. > Odo dé b” - 3ac > 0. Vay bat dang thtre (1) duge chimg minh, BAI TOAN 21 Chimg minh véi n nguyén duong thi an 2 ‘ l-x+ BE yes >0, 2! 3! i! (Qn)! Giai. ex Xét f(x) =1-x+ te +o . “Gi— V6i x 120: ding. ~ V6i x > 2n thi: yo? aA 3 In at) fx) wofE-x)}o(5-E | 2! 4) 3! (2n)! ° (2n-1)!) x 5 (2n)! x xe HIF TKD) 4 A) x—2n) 2120: dung: ~ V6i 0 $x$ 2n, do flién tye trén doan [0 ; 2n] nén tén tai gid tri bé nhat tai Xo. Néu Xo = 0 hay Xo = 2n thi f(x) 2 f(xo) 21 20. Néu Xo € (0; 2n) thi f dat cue tiéu tai do. x x x P(x) =-t+x- Se. = *_#x). Pe) Tx a= mi 1”) id Vay f(x) 2 fo) > 0: singe BAI TOAN 22 Chimg minh rang véi moi bé s6 phan biét aj, a2, .., an ER ta ludn cd yy sso. ta jet +f Gidi. Xét da thire: Q(x) = Ly is ied ooisi* Tacb: Q@)= +> Yiaa, v= Soa‘) ist jel XA Suy ra Q'(x) 2 0 véi moi x > 0. Do dé ham sé Q(x) déng bién trong (0 ; toc) nén QU) = tim Q(x) = 0.Vay yy a ieee ‘ot fai BAI TOAN 23 Chimg minh néu f 1di trén D thi moi a, b,c € D: a) fa) + by <1(224), 2 2 ») fla) + fib) + fl) (2 +b+ :). 3 3 Ap dung trong AABC thi cé : a) sinA + sinB + sinC < 8, b) cotA + cot + cotC > i véi A,B, C nhon, Giai. a) Xétx € [a;b] f(x) + f(b) (2 + *) 2 2 e'w=4 [rev-r(24)] Vi f la ham Idi => f" <0 = f' gidm trén [a ; b] Maxs 222 arozr( : *) Dat g(x) = => g(x) 20=> g(x) tang. Via fa) + fb) (242) < A+ MO) |) 2 2 2 ee RayEanb) (22) <0 2 2 = fa) fone fb). =1(222 + *) (dpem). b) Theo edu a) ta co : fla) + aeys2e(22® a *) @ 7ASG.NETEfle) + { @) sar 2 Lay (1) + (2): fla) + f(b) + fle) + 1(s8*8) cat(Srbte, arbte) => fla) + fb) + fle) + (232) V3. VAN pf 5: BAI TOAN TONG HOP SU DUNG DAO HAM Trong phan nay, ngoai céc bai toan tong hgp ta xét thém bai toan nghiém b6i cua phuong trinh. Cho ham sé y = f(x) kha vi dén cp n+ 1, x = a 1a nghiém béi n cia phuong trinh f(x) = 0, digu kign can va dui Ia : fla) = f(a) = f(a) =...= £(@) = 0 va Fa) #0. BAITOAN 1 Tim tham sé a, b, ¢ 48 phuong trinh : x4 +ax?+bx +c=0 nhén x = | lam nghiém bi 3. Tim cac nghiém con Iai. Gidi. Dat f(x)= x* + ax? + bx + Ta cé f(x) = 0 nhan x=1 lam nghiém b6i 3 khi va chi khifl) = £1) = £1) =0 va f"(1) #0. f)=0 [Itatb+e=0 f()=0 — |4+2a+b=0 £0) =0 ~ |12+2a=0 fmy#0 (2440 Do 6 f(x) = x" - 6x? + 8x — 3 = (x - 1° (x +3). Suy ra nghiém cén lai a x = -3. BAI TOAN 2 Tim a, b dé f(x) = 2x! + ax? + bx? + ax ~ b chia hét cho (x - 1)*. Chimg minh khi dé thi f(x) khong chia hét cho (x -'1)°. Gi Ta co: f(x) = 2x4 + ax? + bx? + ax —b f(x) = 8x? + 3ax? + 2bx +a Vii f(x): (x 1)? nén f nhan x = | lam nghiém bdi k 2 2. = {b=8- c=-3 Tir dé f(1) = 0 va (1) =0 <> 2 +a +b +a-b = 0 va 8 +3a +2b +a =0. Dodo a=-1 vab= Suy ra f(x) = 2x*- x?-2x?-x +2 £'(x) = 8x9 — 3x? - 4x = 1 £"(x) = 24x? - 6x — 4. Vi f "(1) = 14 # 0 nén f(x) khong chia hét cho (x - 1). BAI TOAN 3 Chimg minh rng voi moi sé a nguyén, phuong trinh ; x4 — 2001? + (2000 + a)x? - 1999x +a =0 khdng thé cé hai nghiém nguyén phan biét hay tring nhau. Gidi. Dat f(x) = x* ~ 2001x° + (2000 + a)x? — 1999x + a. Trude hét ta chimg minh rang néu xy 1a mOt nghiém nguyén cua f(x) thi xo phai 1a s6 chin That vay: f(xo)=0 78-0G.NPT 99f(1) = 2a — 1999 1a sé le Nén f(xo) - £1) 1a s6 Ie. Nhung fo) ~ f(1) chia hét cho xo ~ 1 nén xo ~ 1 1a mét s6 18, do d6 xo chan. Ta xét 2 truong hgp : 1) Gia str f(x) c6 hai nghiém nguyén x;, x2 phan biét, thé thi: £(x,)-f(%) X)—X, O= =(X} +x?x,+X,x3 +X3)— 2001(x} +x,xp+X3) + (2000 + a) (x; + x2) — 1999 DAng thirc khong thé xay ra vi x), x2 chin. 2) Gia st f(x) cd nghiém xo bdi 2 (nghiém kép) la sé chin. Khi d6 xo ciing la nghiém cua dao ham f(x). £"(Xo) =0 nén 4x} —6003x; + 2(2000+a)x, -1999= 0. Ding thie nay khOng thé xay ra vi Xo 1a sé chin. BAI TOAN 4 Gia str v6i cde da thite P(x), Q(x) bac Ién hon 0, ki higu = {z~ C/P(2)=a}, Qu= {ze C/ Q(z) =a}. Chimg minh rang néu Po = Qy va P;) = Q) thi P(x) = Q(x), x € ® Gidi. Néu da thire P(x) c6 cdc nghiém on, ..., 0 voi cde bdi tuong tng Ia ki, .. k, thi da thite Q(x) cing c6 cée nghiém nay (nhung cé thé véi béi Khde) vi vi Py= = Qo. Tuong ty néu da thite P(x) — 1 6 cée nghiém Bi, B2,.... Br Voi cdc bOi tuong img 1a (1, &, ..., ér thi da thite Q(x) — 1 cling ¢6 cae nghiém’nay, vi Qi= Do dé méi s6 a1, 02, «.. Os. Bi «5 Br (461 mot khéc nhau) la mét nghigm ctia da thre P(x) — Q(x). Gia st rang P(x) - Q(x) # 0, khi dé deg (P(x) — Q(x)) 2 s + r khéng mat tinh téng quat gia str deg P(x) > deg Q(x) 2 1 Khi dé deg P(x) = deg [P(x) ~ 1] > deg (P(x) — Q(x). 100 978-86.NPT@Mat khac néu bdi cia nghiém y cua da thire P(x) ~a 1a m > 1 thi da thie P'(x) co nghiém y boi m-l, do dé ta c6 : deg P(x) 2 (ki - I +. (ks 1) + (4. - DF (4-1) =(kj +k) t+... +ks)+(Q)+..+ &)-(str) 2 deg P(x) + deg(P(x) - 1) - deg (P(x) - Q(x) > deg P(x); digu nay mau thudin Vay : P(x) = Q(x) BAI TOAN 5 Cho phuong trinh : 4+ ax? + bx? + ax + 1 =0.c6 nghiém. Tim gid tri bé nhat cia a? +b” Giai. Goi Xo La nghiém : X} tax) + bx; +ax,+1=0 => xy #0 4 ail Chia 2 vé cho xp?! Xo" Faxo + b+ —+—>=0 Xo Xo *) Dat: y=xo+ —L. Didukien Ly = [xol + 1-L 122 Khi do (*) <> (y?-2)+ay+b=0 => |2-y l= lay+bl < Ja tb? Jy?41 2-y) = depts 2%) l+y* pat:t=y?.t2-4, Ta chimg minh 2—) > 4 l+t 5 xeray= 2o2 og mit = CWO. 95 eaing bién, lst +p 101Vit 4 => f(t) 2 4) = wales Dau “=” xay ra khi t= 4'=> y=42 va 2 = b yl Phuong trinh tS Ft St =0cé nghiém x = 1. Vay ; min(a? + b’) = é ; BAI TOAN 6 102 Cho2 da thie f(x) =x*-(1+e4)x? +e? (x)= x4 - 1. Chimg minh véi cac sé duong a, b phan biét ma a? = b* thi f(a).f(b) < 0 va g(a).g(b) > 0. Gidi. Gia sta > b. Taco a? =b" => al*= 1-Inx => h(x) = h(x). Cho h(x) = 0 > x =e. Bang bién thién : v + 0 = Tir h(a) = h(b), a> b thicd 1 0 do dé fla). f(b) < 0; g(b) > 0, g(a) > 0 do dé g(a). g(b) > 0. BAI TOAN 7 Chimg minh rang khong tén tai da thie P(x) dé voi Vx € R 6 cdc bat dang thuc : (1) : P(x) > P"(x) va (2) : P(x) > P"Q). Gidi. Néu P(x) la hing sé thi P’(x) = P"(x) = 0, va bat ding thitc (1) khong thoa man. : Gia str deg P(x) = 2 1, khi do: . Néu n Ié thi deg (P(x) — P"(x)) = n 1A sé 18, va vi ham sé lin tuc nén P(x) — P"(x) $0 v6i it nhét I diémx e R Néu n chin thi deg (P'(x) - P"(x)) =n — 1 1a 6 Jé, tuong tw: P’(x) — P'(x) $0 vdi it nhat | diémx € R. Nhu vay déi voi da thre P(x) khong thoa man hodc bat dang thirc (2) hode bat ding thitc (1). Vay bai toan duge chimg minh. BAI TOAN 8 Cho f(x) la mét da thire véi hé sé hitu ti, 1 mot sé thy sao cho : 0? = @ = (f(a))? ~ fla) = 331 (*). Chimg minh ring : (fa())° — fa) = 33', trong dé n la sé nguyén duong va f,(x) = f(f(...(f()...)) 14 ham hop n lan, Giai. Xét phuong trinh x? — x = 33! qQ Tur (*) thi ot va f(a) la cdc nghiém thye cua (1). Xét ham sé g(x) =x? - x. Taco gx) = 3x?- 1. Bang bién thién : , 1031 1 [* |~ % B * f(x) + 0 - 0 + +0 Eze 3v3 f(x) B N\ 2 / WS “20 P Pe wr, 2 Suy ra (1) c6 dung mét nghiém thye (vi 33°" > a” Do dé f(a) = a. Vay f,(a) =a, Vn € N’. Tir day suy ra diéu phai chimg minh. BAI TOAN 9 Cho f(x) = (x ~ x1) (X= x2)... (K = Xn). Biéu dién cac téng sau theo f(x) va f"(x) : yy; » ya; oye. i XX; Fx-x, 3-x, Gidi. a) Tacé: f(x) = (x — x1) (Xx — x2) ... (kK ~ Xn) £'(X) = (K — X2)(K — X3)..-(K — Xn) + (K — X1(K — 3)... (XK = Xn) + wee F(K = X1)(K = X2).-(K = Kat) Do dé: =f) P= atGe 1 fx) -n=x =x, F(x) 104BAI TOAN 10 Cho x:, x2, x3 14 3 nghiém cua phuong trinh : x4x?-4x+1=0. 1 1 1 Tinh: $ = ——+—- + ++ 1 _, —3x, +2 x2—3x, +2 x? —3x, +2 Gidi. Ta 6 f(x) =x +x? = 4x + 1 = (x — x1) (X — x2) (K—X3) => f(x) =3x7 + 2x-4, Vi: _—— 2-x Dods: s=— ! =e =e I-x, » I=x, (=x, 2-x, 2x, _fW £@)_ 17 fl) (2) 5 105CHUONG 3 PHUONG PHAP DUNG PHEP TINH TICH PHAN Dé KAAO SAT NGHIEM PHUONG TRINH Dat sO PHAN 1: Li THUYET 3.1. NGUYEN HAM VA TICH PHAN KHONG XAC BINH 3.1.1, Nguyén ham Ham F duge goi la mt nguyén ham cia f trén (a ; b) néu: F(x) = f(x) véi moi x € (a; b). Dinh li 3.1 Néu ham f(x) 6 mét nguyén ham F(x) trén mét khoang nao dé thi trén khoang d6 ham f(x) c6 v6 sé nguyén ham va tét ca cdc nguyén ham cilia f(x) co dang F(x) + C, trong dé C 1a mot hing 86 bat ki. 3.1.2. Tich phan khong x4c dinh Tap hop tat c4 céc nguyén ham cia mot ham f(x) trén mot khoang nao 46 duge goi la tich phan khéng xc dinh cia f(x) va duoc ki higu la Jfcodx. Néu F(x) la mt nguyén ham cua f(x) thi: Jfodx = Fe) +c. Ww 3.1.3. Cée tinh cht cia tich phan khong xéc djnh Tur dinh nghia trén va céng thire dao ham ta suy ra cdc tinh chat sau: 1. (Jf@odx)'= £09) 5 @ va d(f£@ddx) = fhodx ; @) 2. JaF(x) = FQx)+C; (4) 1063. JCP(xdx =C J fOodx,, C 1a hing sé bat ki ; (5) 4, Néu f va g la hai nguyén ham trén mét khoang nao do thi : J(teoteeo)ax= [rodxs fears 6) 5. Néu ff(x)dx = F(x) + C va u= @(x) thi Jfaydu = Fa) +c, 7) 3.1.4. Bang céc tich phan co ban 1, fadx =ax+C (a la hing sé) ; xot! a+] 2. [xtdx = +C (@¥-1); dx 3. (= = Inlxl +c; Jr nl x 4, fatdx = 2 +C(0 0: int S= ali, DAG 4x, qa) 1103.3.1.2. Cong ciia m6t Ive bién thién Cho mét luc, hung theo truc Ox (hinh 3.3) va cé cudng 49 phy thuge vao vj tri cia diém dat F = F(x). Gia str F(x) lién tue trén [a ; b]. Chia doan (a ; b) thanh n doan nhé boi cdc diém chia a = xo 00 sao cho d(x) > 0 thi ta dinh nghia gidi han dé chinh 1a céng cua luc F khi diém dat di chuyén tir x=adénx=b. A= in Sn, 3.3.2. Dinh nghia tich phan xc dinh Cho f 1a mgt ham sé xée dinh trén [a ; b] (a 0 néu vi mdi & > 0 cho trudc tén tai 5 > 0 sao cho véi moi phép phan hoach x ma d(x) b ta dinh nghia Jreodx Jfoods. b Dinh 113.2 Néu f 1a mt ham kha tich trén [a ; b] thi-f phai bj chan 6 wén doan dé. Chiing minh, Goi 7 14 mot phan hoach bat ki.cia doan [a ; b] va lap tong tich phan tuong img: o, eps Néu f khéng bj chan trén [a ; b) thi phai cé mot khoang con [was x Jetta phan hoach z dé cho f khéng bi chan 6 trén khoang dé. Lie do : 0, =1(6, 0x, —x, DFE Nx, X49: a 112Chon cdc & (i # ig) 6 dinh. Lic do load 2118, OK, — Xia) | DEG, - x.) 1 a Dat A = >} F(E,)(x, —X.-,) va xét_N 1a mot s6 ty nhién bat ki. Do f in khéng bi chan 6 trén doan [x,,_,; xo] nén bao gid cling chon duge &, thudc 5 aa. te |AJ+N wea — doan a6 dé : |f(E),)] > aa) duge nghiém ding. Voi &, nhu vay thi x IMC, 1x, — X),.)- LAT > Nnén Loa] >N. Do dé véi moi sé ty nhién N va véi phan hoach x bat ki bao gid cling chon duge nhimg diém & dé téng tich phan tuong tng cho f vugt qua N vé tri tuyét déi. Digu nay cé nghia 1a f kh6ng kha tich trén [a ; b]. Mau thuan nay chimg t6 f phai bi chan. 3.3.3. Céeténg Darboux Cho f 14 m6t ham bj chan 6 trén [a ; b] va « KA mot phan hogch bat ki cuia (a; b). Ki higu A; = [x;.1 ; xi] va eding la d6 dai cua doan [x,.1 ; xi} Dat mj = inf f(x), M, = sup f(x). aed, x05, Hai tén; =dima, va $= MA, a m lan luot duge goi 1a tong dudi va téng trén Darboux cia ham f tong img vdi phan hoach r. Day la ce sé xée dinh, chi phy thuge vao ham f va phan hoach z. RO rang ta c6 sx $ Sy. Dudi day 1a mét sé tinh chat cua tong Darboux 1) M6t téng tich phan bat ki cia f img voi phan hoach 7 thi bao gdm gitta tng trén va téng du6i cia phan hoach do. 2) Téng wén (téng dudi) img véi phan hoach 7 1a supremum (infimum) cia tap hop moi tng tich phan img voi phan hoach do. 3) Téng dudi img véi phan hoach bat ki x thi khéng vugt qué mét tong trén bat ki img véi phan hoach z' tuy y ctia doan [a ; b]. 113Tinh chat 4 cho ta thay ring tap hop moi tng dudi thi bj chan trén va tap hop moi téng trén thi bj chan dudi. Do dé tén tai I. =sups, va I’ = infS,. R6 rang ta c6 : 8, < I+ $I" S$ Sx, I+ va I’ lan lugt duge goi la tich phan dui va tich phn trén cia ham f trén doan {a ; b]. 3.3.4, Tiéu chuan kha tich Dinh 1 3.3 Cho fla mét ham bj chan 6 trén [a ; b]. Digu kign can va du dé f kha tich trén (a; b] 14 lim (S, ~s,)=0 (14) Ching minh. Diéu kién cAn : Gia sir f kha tich trén doan [a ; b]. b Goi l= Jfodx. Luc d6 v6i méi € > 0, ton tai 8 > 0 sao cho véi moi phan hoach x ctia [a ; b] ma d(x) <8 va véi moi cach chon & € Aj, tacé: lan-I] 0 cho trudc tén tai 3 > 0 dé Sx = Sx<€ Voi moi x ma d(x) <8. Do dé: lon - 1] $Sp-5, 0 tén tai mt s6 hiru han khoang déng chita tat ca cac diém gin doan clia f va cdc khoding d6 cb téng d6 dai nhé hon ¢ thi ham f kha tich trén [a ; b]. Chirng minh, Dit M = sup £08) vam= inf (x). ela V6i e > 0 cho truéc tén tai hitu han khoang cé téng d6 dai nho hon & 2(M—m)" Cac diém cua doan [a ; b] ma khéng thudc vé cde khoang déng trén tao thanh mét tép hop gdm nhing khoang déng khéng giao nhau. Trén mdi khoang déng nay ham f lién tuc va do dé f lién tuc déu, Chia mdi khoang déng d6 thanh nhimg doan nhé sao cho trén mdi doan nho 46 thi dao 46 @; cia ham f déu nhé hon ~— 2b— . Két hgp cdc doan nho dé va cdc doan chita cac diém gién doan cia ham f ta thu duge mét phan hoach x cuia doan [a ; b]. di véi phn hoach nay, cac sd hang cua ting Dod; =S.-s5 ia Duge chia thanh hai nhém E'eA; va E"@A;. Nhom thir nhét gom nhiing sé hang tuong tmg voi cdc doan chita céc diém gidn doan ciia f va nhom thir hai gdm tat ca cdc sé hang con lai. Vi dao 46 w= Mi — mj trong 115cac sé hang cia nhém thir nhat déu thoa man bat ding thite @; ——(b-a) ==. 2(b-a) 2(b-a) 2 Do dé: Yo, =¥ 0A, +0, <= 5*5 =e. a Vay f kha tich trén doan [a ; b]. Hé qua Néu fla ham bj ch&n-va chi co mét sé hiu han nhimg diém gian doan trén dogn [a ; b] thi f kha tich trén [a ; b]. Dae biét moi ham lién tuc timg kh trén [a ; b] déu kha tich (Ham f duge goi 1a lién tuc timg khic trén [a ; b] néu [a ; b] duge chia thanh mot sé hiru han doan sao cho trén mdi khoang tuong img f lién tuc). Dinh li 3.6 Néu fla mét ham bj chin va don digu trén [a ; b] thi f kha tich trén doan 46. 3.3.6. Cc tinh chét cia tich phan x4c djnh Dinh Ii 3.7 Néu f va g la hai ham kha tich trén [a ; b] thi cdc ham f + g cing kha tich trén [a ; b] va 5 rl n Jlfeo + e00)]Ax = fronds + fexydx Dinh 13.8 Néu f 1a m6t ham kha tich trén (a ; b] thi ham sé cf (c la hing $6) cling kha tich trén [a ; b] va fotos = m voi moi x € [a ; b] thi 6 Jfcodx 2 me - a). That vay, vi f(x) - m 2 0 trén [a ; b] nén theo tinh chat trén thi 5 Jlfoo-m]dx 20. . 5 Do do ff(x)dx > [mdx =m(b -a). Ménh dé 3.3 Néu f lién tuc, khéng 4m va khong déng nhét bang 0 trén [a ; b] 5 thi [f(x)dx > 0. Theo gia thiét co xo € [a ; b] dé f(xo) > 0. Do f lién tye nén cé khoang [a,B} chita xo va [0,8] < [a ; b] sao cho f{x) > 0 trén [a ; B]. Cling do flién tue nén trén [a ; B], f ton tai gid tri nho nhat. Gi sit min £00) =o thi c> 0. Nhur vay f(x) > ¢ voi moi x € [a B). 8 Theo ménh dé 3.2 thi [ f(x)dx 2 ( - a) > 0. 117. . ’ r Taco: [f(x)dx = [f(x)dx + [f(xax + fteode. 7 7 . i : . Vif2>Onén [f(x)dx>0 va ffoodx 20. a 6 5 vay Jfoodx >0. Nh vao ménh dé 3.1, ta dé dang suy ra ménh dé sau : Ménh a2 3.4 Néu f va g la hai ham kha tich trén [a ; b] va f(x) $ g(x), voi moi y 5 xe [a;b] thi [f(x)dx< fa(xidx. Ménh dé 3.5 Néu f la ham kha tich trén [a ; bJ thi | fl cing kha tich trén [a ; b} vata c6 | ff(x)dx |< fifeofax. (18) 3.4.2. Dinh li gid trj trung binh Dinh ii 3.11 (Dinh li gid trj trung binh) Cho f 1a mt ham kha tich trén [a ; b) va m, M 1a infimum va supremum cia ham f trén [a ; b]. Lite dé t6n tai p © [m ; M] dé 4 cho f£(x)dx = p(b- a), (19) Chitng minh. Vi m < f(x) < M véi moi x € [a; b] nén » m(b~ a) < J £(x)dx < M(b ~ a). Dat w= . J f(x)dx ta suy ra cng thite (19) va 16 rang p € [m ; M] ay Néu fla ham lién tuc trén (a ; b] thi sé cd & € (a ; b] dé f(E) = p. Ding 6 thire (19) tr@ thanh Jfeodx = (b-a) f(€). (20) £(&) duge goi 14 gid tri trung binh cua ham f trén [a ; b]. 118 *6-8G.NPTH3.5. MOI LIEN HE GIU'A TiCH PHAN XAC DINH VA NGUYEN HAM 3.5.1. Sy tén tai nguyén ham cia mot ham lién tyc Cho f 1a mét ham lién tye trén doan [a ; b]. Luc dé f kha tich trén [a ; b] va do dé f citing kha tich trén moi doan [a ; x] vi x € [a ; b]. Nhu vay néu dat F(x) = Jecer (21) thi F 1a m6t ham xéc dinh trén (a ; b]. Ta c6 dinh ly sau: Dinh i 3.12 Néu f la mét ham lién tuc trén [a ; b] thi ham s6 F x4y dumg boi céng thir (21) 14 mét nguyén ham cia f trén [a ; b]. Noi cach khac F kha vi trén [a ; b] va F(x) = f(x) voi moi x € [a ; b] Chitng minh, Xét x € [a ; b] vah di bé dé x +h e [a; b] ta c6: Fx +h)-FOO= f t(yat-ffepar = f feat. Nhung theo (19) thi cé & ndm gitta x va x +h dé ay fecode= nite ). Nhu vay Fern Fa) = (6). Khi h > 0 thi & > x va do flién tuc nén ta c6 f(&) > f(x). Do dé F'(x) = f(x). Tuong ty ta chimg minh duge F'-(a) = fla) va F'-(b) = f(b). Luu y rang dang thire F\(x) = f(x) eon duge viét lai 1a : A{fros] = fx) 22) ax\4 (22) duge goi 1a céng thire tinh dao ham cua tich phan theo can trén. 3.5.2, Cong thire Newton — Leibnitz Néu f(x) lién tye trén [a ; b] va cé nguyén ham 1a F(x) thi 4 Jfoodx = Fb) -'F(@) = Fool. (23) Céng thire (23) duge goi la céng thtre Newton — Leibnitz. Céng thie Newton - Leibnitz cho ta cach tinh tich phan xac dinh vi vn dé tinh tich phan xac dinh qui vé viée tinh nguyén ham cia mot ham sé. aaPHAN 2: CAC VAN DE GIAITOAN vn bf 1 : BAL TOAN CHUNG MINH PHUONG TRINH CO NGHIAM 3. CAC DINH HUONG BINH HUONG 1 : BAI TOAN CHU'NG MINH PHU'ONG TRINH F(X) = G(X) CO NGHIEM Ta co thé xét ham s6 F(x) = £(x) — g(x), kiém tra tinh kha tich. Dya vao gid thiét dé chimg minh tich phan x4c dinh trén doan [a ; b] mh€n gia trj bang 0 hoac nhan dau duong hodc dau am : ‘ -Néu J F(x)dx =0 thi theo cng thre trung binh : ® 3c e[a;b], [ F(x)dx = (b—a)F(c) s@ cho két qua 3c ¢[a;b],F(c)=0. Do 46 phuong trinh f(x) = g(x) cé nghiém x = c. 4 ~Néu | F(x)ds > 0 thi theo céng thite trung binh : > 3c ¢[a;b], [ F(x)dx = (b-a)F(c). s& cho két qua 3c €[a;b],F(c) > 0. ‘Trong truong hop nay, ta phai sir dung gia thiét ho&c chimg minh thm dé 06 3d,F(d)<0. Dro dé F(c).F(d) < 0. ‘Mia ham sé F¥x) lién tuc trén doan [c ; d] thi phuong trinh F(x) = 0 6 snghiém do d6 phuong trinh f(x) = g(x) cé nghiém x = m thudc doan [c ; d]. 4 ~Néu [ F(x)dx <0. thi theo cOng thite trung binh : Os. 3c [a:b], [ Foxidx = (b~a)F(c). Sau dé giai tiép nhu trudng hop trén. . BINH HUONG 2 : BAI TOAN CHUNG MINH TON TAI SO C THOA MAN MOT DANG THUC. Thay sé ¢ boi bién x va chuyén dang thire cia dé bai thanh phuong tinh dn x. Bai toan dua vé bai toan dinh huéng 1. BINH HUONG 3 : BAI TOAN CHUNG MINH PHO! HOP Do thir ty cia kién thie va phuong phap nén mét so bai toan chimg minh phuong trinh f(x) = g(x) c6 nghiém hoae chimg minh ton tai s6 ¢ thoa min m6t dang thitc, ngoai viéc,sir dung phép tinh tich phan, dinh li gia tri trung binh cia tich phan, ta con phdi hgp sir dung tinh chat ham sé lién tuc hay cdc dinh li Rolle, Lagrange, tinh don digu, ... dé chimg minh 2, BAI TOAN UNG DUNG Trén co so cde dinh huéng trén, ta gidi cdc bai toan sau : BAI TOAN 1 Gia sir f(x) lién tue trén [0 4 vathod man: 0)>0, [/(x)de 0 nén tdn tai cy € [0 I 8 F (co) = 0 tite 1a F(x) = 0 c6 nghiém. Vay f(x) - sinx = 0 c6 it nhét mot nghiém trén [0 a BAI TOAN 2 Cho ham s6 f(x) lién tuc trén doan [0 ; 1], £(0) > 0 va: WW [rede < a oop? 9 Chimg minh phuong trinh x!” ~ f(x) = 0 co it nhdt mOt nghigm thude khoang (0 ; 1). Giéi Xét ham sé F(x) = x!” - f(x) , khi d6 F(x) lin tuc trén (0 ; 1). Theo gia thiét thi F(0) <0 va [Fede = fer —f(x)dx = - | ee >0. 0 Suy ra tén tai x; thudc (0 ; 1) sao cho F(x1) > 0. Ma F(x) lién tue nén tdn tai a thuge (0 ; x1) dé F(a) = 0. Do do a’? — f(a) = 0, nén phuong trinh x'**’ — f(x) = 0 ludn ludn co it nhat m6t nghiém thudc khoang (0 ; 1). BAI TOAN 3 Chumg minh rang tén tai sé thuc x thudc khoang (0 ;-1) sao cho j 12 gy : xa (1+ ele?) 271) (Lt x) x?) 2)” Giai. Xét ham sé en]n ay 2000 x voi x thuge [0 ; 1). Tac6 F(x) lign tue trén (0 ; 1] va Fe ai o lomo ar") {Sarl = ma” F Pedr ew F(l= J PU+od+r tem) (D0 +E)..d +P” Tir do suy ra ton tai x thudc khoang (0 ; 1) dé F(x) = 0. Hay t6n tai x thuée khoang (0 ; 1) thoa man : t Par came Veena +P).1+0 (it lx?) 142)” BAI TOAN 4 Cho ham sé f(x) xac dirih va lién tue trén doan [a ; b] va thoa man diéu kién [rover =0. chimg minh ring tén tai c thugc khoang (a ; b) sao cho f= 2005} f(x)dx. Giai Xétham sd F(s) =e" | foade. Khi d6 F(a) = F(b) = 0 va , F'(t) = -2005e°7" [rede +e FD, Theo dinh li Rolle thi tn tai c thugc khong (a ; b) sao cho F'(c) =0 nén: 123F'(c) =-2005e™* Jyreoar +e F(c) =0. Do 46 677% f(c) = 20057" | f(x)dx. Hay t6n tai c thuge khoang (a ; b) dé fo= 2005 | f(x)dr. BAI TOAN $ Cho sé a> 0 va ham s6 f(x) lién tuc trén R sao chof (x) 2a, Vx eR. Bidt ring 0< f f(a)sinxdr 0 nén f(x) ddng bién trén doan [0 ; 4h. Vay f(x) $f(w/2)<0,Vx <(0:5| do d6 f(x)sinx <0,Vx <[o:3] 124Suy ra J ‘1(x)sinxdx < 0, diéu nay mau thudn voi gia thiét. ° Vay f(7/2)>0 nén phuong trinh f(x) = 0 co nghiém va la nghigm duy nhat, vi f ding bién trén doan [0 3h BAL TOAN 6 Cho ham sé f(x) lién tue durong trén mién [0 ; +0). Joa Ching minh ring phuong trinh 2——— =m cé téi da mot nghiém fra véi moi m. Giai. Jroae Xét F(x) =4 J S (oat - Ta chtmg minh F(x) la ham don diéu trén (0 ; +00), feof fod foo [ fod That vay, F'(x) = ——?——___2____ (J fwary SOGf Sde-[f dry Hay F'(x) = ——_\___*____. (J f@ary* Theo gia thiét thi f(x) > 0. Va vi t0. 0 0 a 125Do dé F'(x) > 0 vei moi x > 0. Vay F(x) la ham don digu trén [0 ;+20) nén phuong trinh F(x) =m c6 téi da mét nghiém véi moi m. VAN DB 2 . BAL TOAN TONG HOP SU DUNG TicH PHAN BAI 126 TOAN | Cho a € (0; 1). Gia sir f(x) lién tye trén doan [0 ; 1] thoa digu kién : £(0) = f(1) = 0. Chimg minh tén tai b € [0 ; 1] sao cho hode f(b) = f(b — a) hode f(b) = f(b + a - 1). Giai. Ta mé rong ham ftrén R dé dugc ham tun hoan chu ky T Do (0) = (1) = 0 nén ham méi, van ki higu f, lién tuc trén R. Xét ham s6 g(x)= fcta) - f(x) , khi do g(x) lién tye va kha tich én Tacd: Jecoar = i S(x+adx -f f(xdx 0 0 ° = | f(r+ajde-J fide =0 Mat khac, ton tai ce[0 ; 1] sao cho: Jeadx = (1-0) g(e) = 80) nén g(c) = 0. Do dé 0 = f(cta) — fic). Suy ra 0 = fle + a) - f(c) = f(c + a + n) - fc) voi n nguyén. Vay, néuc +a €[0; 1] thi chon b=c+a (0; 1]. Con néuc + a> 1 thichonb=ce (0; 1].BAI TOAN 2 Cho P(x) = ap + ajcosx + agcos2x +... + ancosnx nh§n gid tr durong vxe R. Chimg minh rang ay > 0. Gidi. Xét nguyén ham . a, . . a 7 F(x) = agx + i: sin + sindx +. + 52 sinnx trén 2 Ta cd: F(x) = P(x) > 0, Vx € R. => F(x) déng bién trén RB nén F(x) > F(0) => ao.2 > 0. Vay : ay > 0. BAI TOAN 3 Cho da thie lugng gide : f(x) = ap + Y°(a, coskx +b, sin kx) , re trong dé cdc sé thyc ao, ax, by € R thoa man diéu kién a? +b?= 1 (i= 1, 2, vy). Chimg minh néu f(x) > 0, Vx € R thi: LO rye R. ay Gidi. Taco: f(x) Say +) ya; +b; =a, +n (*) a Xét mot nguyén ham cita f(x) la F(x) =aox+ > a Vi F "(x)= f(x) > 0 véi moi x © R nén F(x) ld ham ting trén R. Suy ra F(2n) > F(0) tite ap > 0. 127f(a)-n Két hgp vai (*) ta thu duge : <1,VxeR. ay BAITOAN 4 Cho cac 86a, b, ¢, m thoa +4 -0,m>0. m+2. m+l om Chimg minh phuong trinh : ax? + bx +c =0 conghiém. Gidi. Ta xét mOt ham sé lién quan dén nguyén ham cia vé trai ham axeee + bx oa + cx” m+2 m4 f(x) = trén (0; 1]. Ham sé f lién tyc trén (0 ; 1] va cé dao ham trén (0 ; 1) la: f(x) = ax™! +bx™+ex™! =x™! (ax? + bx +0). Theo dinh li Lagrding thi 3xo € (0 ; 1) : (xo) = 1) a b c 84 af xP" (ax2+ bxo+c)= M+2 = _ Cue (ax) + bxy +c) =O (vixp'#0) ax) + bxo + c= 0. Suy ra phuong trinh : ax” + bx +c = 0'c6 nghiém xo € (0; 1). BAITOAN 5 Chimg minh néu a, coskx = 0, 'Vxe[0 ; 27] thi phuong tinh agx "+ aqix "2+... +a; =0c6 v6 sé nghiém. Gidi. V6i cdc sé nguyén p, q. - . Ta 06:1 feos px.cosqxads = 5 Jleose +q)x+cos(p~ q)x|ix. 4 128Néup=qthil= 7. Néu p # qthil=0. Vi flx) = Da, coske = 0, Vxe[0 ; 2x] re 2s nén 0= J f0.cospx.dx =a,.t, Vp=1,2,...0. 3 Do dé cac hé sé a = 0. Vay phuong trinh a,x °! + a)1x°"? +... +a: =0¢6 v6 sOanghiém, BAI TOAN 6 Cho ham sé f(x) xée dinh va lién tue trén doan [1 ; 2] va thoa man diéu kign es X= % véi moi x,,x, €[1;2],x, $x). Jutontas ; Chimg minh ring f f(x)dx< ;. Gidi. Tacé | x°dx= nén tir gia thiét thi cé fureaytars fear hay J[x*-(ro0y" x20 WX, Sp, Suy ra tén wi c € [x,;x,] sao cho (f(c))’ -c? $0 véi moi x), x2 € [1 ; 2]. Do ham s6 h(x) = x ? ~(f(x))? lién tye trén [1 ; 2] nén (f(x) -x? $0, Vx € [152]. Suy ra |f(x)|$x,Vx € [1:2]. B A : Tird6 suy ra [renders fiscofars fadr= 3. 129BAI TOAN 7 Nén phuong trinh [ i = 0 tuong duong véi J inX*2|-0 [84-1 ox =0. 4 |x-2 x-2