enaAssignment No.

1
Discuss role of environmental engineering in other discipline and real life, also narrate the major
environmental projects nationwide and worldwide respectively. What do you think about the scope
of environmental engineering and sciences in Pakistan also discuss the demands in your own views.
The practice of environmental engineering dates back to the dawn of civilization. Ever since groups of
people began living in semi-permanent settlements, they have had to deal with the challenges of
providing clean water and disposing of solid waste and sewage. With the growth of cities and the advent
of large-scale farming and manufacturing, people have also had to worry about air quality and soil
contamination.
Environmental engineering plays a vital role in saving the environment, for protection of human
populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors.
Basic roles of ecology are: (1)

Management of Solid Waste

We are a consumer society and generate a lot of waste in the form of Food packaging, white goods,
broken electronics and everything else that we dispose. In the western world, we recycle a lot, but not
nearly enough recycling or disposal is done. In the developing world, recycling is limited, which is
expected to be a major problem. Climate change is now a large factor in how fast these countries can
develop. Environmental engineers of the future will be expected to provide answers and strategies for this
form of waste disposal .Landfill sometimes remains the only option for some materials, and how we
manage these sites and the materials that go into them is something that environmental engineers work
with every day. Recycling is big business in order to better utilize the resources we have.

Harmful Chemical and Biological Contaminants :

One of the most important responsibilities of environmental engineering is to prevent the release of
harmful chemical and biological contaminants into the air, water and soil, the BLS says. This requires
extensive knowledge of the chemistry and biology of the potential contaminants as well as the
industrial or agricultural processes that might lead to their release. With this knowledge, new
processes can be designed, or existing processes can be modified, to reduce or eliminate the release of
pollutants.

Water Supply

With increasing human population, we need access to an ever-increasing supply of water - whether that is
drinking water or to preserve the delicate ecosystem. Over the last decade, California and Europe has
suffered both drought and flooding and both scenarios affected the economy and food supply and
increased fire risks in urban area.
Environmental engineers already play a huge part in managing water supply - in droughts and in floods
and outside of disaster areas, identifying where there are problem areas not getting enough water irrigation or inadequate facilities.

Management of Water Waste:

Environmental engineers ensure the smooth running of supplying us with water, and of taking it away
from our homes and businesses. Humans have always needed to remove waste water quickly and
effectively. Today we produce so much waste water from our toilets and other home use as well as
from industries. Dangerous materials can leak into the environment and our drinking water so it needs
careful handling. The majority of this water goes to waste treatment facilities is filtered, processed
and pumped back to us after a rigorous cleaning process. Much of what you drink and use has been
used over and over again for the same things. Thanks to experts in this area that our water is so clean.

Air Pollution Management (2)

Another important function performed by environmental engineers is detecting the presence of pollutants
and tracking them back to their source, the BLS says. In some cases, this can present a significant
challenge. For instance, the source of contamination in a lake could be anywhere within several thousands
of acres of land surrounding the lake and its tributaries. Contamination of oceans can present even greater
challenges in identifying the source.
SCOPE IN OTHER DICIPLINES: (3)
Environmental Engineering is most closely related to civil and chemical engineering. It requires
knowledge in many fields of science, including physics, chemistry, hydrology, geology, and biology. This
field covers fields including microbiology, organic chemistry, microbiology, hydrology, engineering
geology and others. (Guide lines of US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.)
Environmental science is also referred to as an interdisciplinary field because it incorporates information
and ideas from multiple disciplines. Apart from natural sciences, what makes environmental science such
a complex and broad field is that it also includes fields from the social sciences and the humanities that
are geography, economics, and political science. Philosophy and ethics are the two fields within the
humanities that are also included in environmental science. By combining aspects of the natural sciences,
social sciences, and the humanities, the field of environmental science can cover more concepts and also
examine problems and topics from many different points of view.

WORLDWIDE PROJECTS
In the United States, the practice of environmental assessment was formally initiated on January 1, 1970,
the effective date of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Since that time, more than 100
developing and developed nations either have planned specific analogous laws or have adopted procedure
used elsewhere. NEPA is applicable to all federal agencies in the United States

1) ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
Help Music for Relief protect our planet.
Music for Relief recognizes the environmental consequences of global climate change, which has
demonstrated the capability to accelerate and strengthen certain types of natural disasters. It supports
environmental projects to help the planet and to mitigate damage caused by natural disasters. MFR
replants coastal wetlands to absorb storm surges and absorb CO2 emissions, provides clean cook stoves to
families without electricity to prevent deforestation and preserve wildlife habitats. Recent environmental

work includes Mangrove Restoration in Baja, Mexico, and Power the World, bringing sustainable energy
solutions to 1 million families, and MFR has also planted 1.3 million trees to combat climate change.
2) A GREENER FUTURE
The project share only positive information about the environment, nature and green living and strongly
believe in the importance of being optimistic, inclusive and judgement-free.
The project is here to help anyone with an interest in sustainability and green living to expand their
knowledge, gain experience and to share their love for nature. The project is a zero waste and paperless
organization.

3) HIGH ATLAS FOUNDATION

HAF works to establish sustainable development projects identified and managed by local communities in
partnership with the public, private and civil sectors. HAF works to support understanding and use of the
participatory approach in all levels of government and society.
HAF has been actively implementing projects in Morocco since 2000, building on the Peace Corps
experience of its founders. HAF is both a U.S. organization and a Moroccan non-profit association. Since
2011 it has held special Consultative Status at the United Nations Economic and Social Council. The
dynamic created by this intercultural team gives HAF a unique perspective and capacity to advance
peoples development.

4) SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, AUSTRALIA

They evaluate the water balance within a watershed and determine the available water supply, and convey
water for various uses. Water is treated to achieve water quality objectives for the end uses. In the case of
a potable water supply, water is treated to minimize the risk of infectious disease transmission, the risk of
non-infectious illness, and to create a palatable water flavor. Water distribution systems are designed and
built to provide adequate water pressure and flow rates to meet various end-user needs such as domestic
use, fire suppression, and irrigation.

5) AIR POLLUTION MANAGEMENT

Scientists have developed air pollution dispersion models to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a
receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flue gas stack emissions.
To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas
emissions from combustion processes.

6) ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is one of the many agencies that work with
environmental engineers to solve key issues to protect and improve air, water, and overall environmental
quality in order to avoid or mitigate the consequences of harmful effects.
ONGOING PROECTS IN PAKISTAN: (4)

FORESTS:
With Pakistans forests on a steady decline in the last three decades, there is a pressing need for
their protection. Conserving forests of Pakistan is one of the programmatic pillars of WWFPakistan it includes:

o Improving Sub-watershed Management and Environmental Awareness around Ayubia National

Park (G200 - Western Himalayas)

o Preparation of Action Plan and Capacity Building for a National Forest Monitoring
System (NFMS) for REDD+

WATER:
With the goal to conserve and sustainably manage freshwater habitats to benefit nature and
people, WWF-Pakistan works to promote water stewardship and watershed management through
a variety of interventions

Environmental Baseline Survey and Monitoring of Rehabilitation and Modernization of Jinnah

Barrage Under Punjab Barrages Improvement Phase II Project

Installation of Drinking Water Facilities in the City of Lahore for the Local Communities

Alliance of Water Stewardship Standards-

FOOD:
Sustainable food systems conserve nature and maintain food security

o Pakistan Sugarcane Improvement Programme II

CLIMATE AND ENERGY:
Over the past two decades, climate change has emerged as a global threat. Although a low
contributor of greenhouse emissions, Pakistan faces significant threat due to rising global
temperature. Keeping this in mind, WWF-Pakistans climate change adaptation programme is one
of its many initiatives based on this programmatic pillar. Our aim is to reduce the consequences
of climate change on ecosystem and biodiversity in Pakistan and to promote sustainable
development in the country.

o Enhancing the Value of Hydrological Resources for Livelihoods, Youth Employability and
Resilience, an R&D Pilot in Giligt-Baltistan, Pakistan.

o Rural Livelihoods and Climate Change Adaptation in the Himalayas (Himalica)o Study on Carbon Emission for the selected BRT Line and Potential for Clean Development
Mechanism.

o Construction of Bio-gas Plants in Thatta

o Agricultural Water, Energy and Hazard Management in the Upper Indus Basin for Improved
Livelihood
Beside this some ongoing project related to wide life and oceans are also working in Pakistan

SCOPE & DEMENDS: (5) (6)

To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas
emissions from combustion processes. Scientists apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if
there are likely to be any adverse impacts to water quality, air quality, habitat quality, flora and fauna,
agricultural capacity, traffic impacts, social impacts, ecological impacts, noise impacts, visual (landscape)
impacts, etc. If impacts are expected, they then develop mitigation measures to limit or prevent such

impacts. An example of a mitigation measure would be the creation of wetlands in a nearby location to
mitigate the filling in of wetlands necessary for a road development if it is not possible to reroute the
road.

Education
Courses aimed at developing graduates with specific skills in environmental systems or environmental
technology are becoming more common and fall into broad classes: Mechanical engineering,
Environmental engineering, Environmental chemistry, and Environmental technology courses oriented
towards understanding the effects (good and bad) of chemicals in the environment, focusing on water
treatment facilities, pumping stations, garbage segregation plants and other mechanical facilities.

Water supply and treatment

There are numerous wastewater treatment technologies. A wastewater treatment train can consist of a
primary clarifier system to remove solid and floating materials, a secondary clarifier, to remove the
activated sludge from the water, a tertiary biological nitrogen removal system, and a final disinfection
process. The activated sludge system removes organic material by growing bacteria (activated sludge) and
the tertiary system is becoming more prevalent to remove nitrogen and phosphorus and to disinfect the
water before discharge to a surface water stream or ocean outfall.
Ecological engineering for sustainable agriculture in arid and semiarid Asian regions
Ecological engineering offers new alternatives for the management of agricultural systems by managing
the complexity of agro systems, taking advantage of traditional practices and local know-how.
1. Acting on biodiversity. Biodiversity is essential to the productivity of ecosystems and their temporal
stability under the impact of external disturbances. Biodiversity may promote diversity and soil
microorganism activity to benefit plants, associating and utilizing the mutual benefits of plants.
2. Utilizing organic matter and nutrient cycles. The productivity of agro systems with low chemical
input use in dryland regions is primarily based on efficient organic resource management, and in turn on
the nutrient and energy flows they induce. It can be done by restoring the biological activity of soils via
specific organic inputs, supplying nutrients to plants locally.
3. Enhancing available water use. Water supplies are limited and irregular in dryland areas which could
be improved by focusing on the organization of the farm and community and on cropping techniques to
reduce crop water needs (plant choices, weeding, etc.), preserving water in crop fields and water in
drylands.
4. Managing landscapes and associated ecological processes. Ecological crop pest regulation by their
natural enemies is one ecosystem service provided by biodiversity. Better pest management could be
considered in association with promoting biodiversity at different scales, e.g. from the plant to the
landscape.

REFRENCES:

1. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering (3rd ed.). McGrawHill, Inc. 1993.

2. Jump up^ Sims, J. (2003). Activated sludge, Environmental Encyclopedia. Detroit.

3. .(book name: Enviromental sciences , chapter: Environment and humanity page 101)
4. WWF ONGOING PROJECTS OF PAKISTAN
5. D. Masse; JL. Chotte; E. Scopel (2015). "Ecological engineering for sustainable agriculture
in arid and semiarid West African regions". Fiche thmatique du CSFD (11): 2
6. Davis, M. L. and D. A. Cornwell, (2006) Introduction to environmental engineering (4th ed.)
McGraw-Hill