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INTRODUCTION
12
12
depending on whether the ends of the strut are pinjointed or clamped. These same formulae have been
shown to be applicable ta the buckling of a bellows under
internal pressure where, if D, is the mean bellows diameter and p , is the internal gauge pressure when buckling
occurs,
271
<
\SLIDING
/
JOINT ALLOWS EXPANSION OF THE
CONNECTING PIPE AND ALSO SMALL A X I A L
AND LATERAL MOVEMENTS OF THE ANCHORAGES,
B U T RESISTS M O V E M E N T OF THE CONNECTING
PIPE *NAY RON I J S CENTRE-L N E IN BUCKLING
PIPE EXTENSION TO
A RIGID ANCHORAGE
. .
= PcS-M-k6x
(1)
y=s
. . .
(3)
x=l,
y=o
(5)
(P*/EZ).
Angular deflection.
Angular deflection.
Deflection of bellows end.
Poissons ratio.
Ratio of bellows diameters = Dl/Do.
A N A L Y S I S O F A SINGLE B E L L O W S
Consider the case when the length of the straight connecting pipe (Fig. 1) is much greater than the length of
J 0 U R X A L A1E C H A N I C A L E N G I V E E R I N G S C I E N C E
M
y = - (cos axpc
Vol6 NO 3 1964
D. E. NEWLAND
272
m
SPRl NG
STIFFNESS k
@--I)+ 2 tan
cd) = 0
+2(1-c0s
=0
(9)
. (gal
(9b)
* It can be seen that a1 = r, 37, ere., are not solutions since alzhougk
these values give sin
al =
n
d
0
a
5
J
Y
V
3
__--____~
00
4-2
S P R I N G STIFFNESS, k13/1
Fig. 3. Dependence of buckling loads on lateral spring sttxness for the model of Fig. 2
JOURNAL MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
I701 6 No 3 1964
273
MODE 1 :
M O D E 2:
ANALYSIS O F T W O B E L L O W S
EZ-+PP,y
dx2
= M+Fx
. .
CQS
M Fx
ax+B sin EX+-+pc pc
* A similar phenomenon
(11)
PIN JOINT AT
4-b
Fig. 4. Model for the analysis of two bellows joined by a
rigid pipe, showing different buckling modes
where A and B are again arbitrary constants, M is the
unknown bending moment and F the unknown shear
force at x = 0, and v. = 2/(Pc/EZ). The boundary conditions are
x=o, y = o
x = o , -dY= o
dx
x=E,
y=6
(10)
P,
(12)
.VoI 6 N o
3 1964
274
D. E. NEWLAND
and
I sin ul
6 1--0s az+--L
UL
M -_
P,
[2(1-cos crZ)-uZ sin uZ]
1.
(13)
. . (14)
= kj2(1-cos d)-uZsin
rxl} (15)
4172
MODE 2 (SOLID L I N E )
MODE 16 (DOTTED)
,*-
MODE 1A
7
i /
o/----
MODE 18
~~~~
L
4
SPRING STIFFNESS, k 1 3 / I
T2
Fig. 5. Dependence of buckzing Zoads on Iateral spring stiflness for the modeZ of Fig. 4
JOURKAL MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
---
1 -~
7
275
pc=p,Pc
WHERE
pc =BUCKLING PRESSURE
D,,,=MEAN
DIAMETER
iii
>
9~301- -
d
Q
3
0
f
Y
u20-..-
10
20
30
SPRING STIFFNESS,
40
50
60
kL3/EI
Fig. 6. Relation between the lowest buckling load and the lateral spring stiffness for a universal
expansion joint (shown diagrammatically in the inset view)
the length ratio l/L. With the interpretation that the buckling load is defined by the equation
7r
,'l = D,'pc
4
where D , is the mean bellows diameter and p , is the inrcrnal gauge pressurc at buckling, and that Elis the equivalent bending stiffness of the bellows (see Appendix I),
this allows the pressure at which buckling first occurs to
be estimated.
If there is no supporting structure to stiffen the centre
pipe against sideways movement (i.e. k = 0), then
EhGINEERING SCIENCE
D. E. NEWLAND
2 76
In this paper it has been stated that the effective axial load to be
substituted in the Euler formula i s given by
%-
- z D,'p,
"-4
P, = 4.69c/l
for the first buckling load. Substituting c = 8EI/Z then gives for
the critical load P,
P, = 373EI:P
For a continuous strut the corresponding result is
P, = 42EIi12 = 39.5EI/12
so that there is good agreement even for a bellows with only four
corrugations.
In order to use the results of this analysis quantitatively, the
effective bending stiffness EZ of the bellows must be known. If the
axial spring stiffness of the bellows is known (this is an easily
measured quantity, and it is generally tabulated by bellows manufacturers) then the bending stiffness can be deduced from its
value with good accuracy. By analogy with a thin-walled cylinder*
EI = +KDm21
and
EI = E x t -Om3
8
K = Ert-D",
1
Hence EIjK = +D.,"l as quoted above.
EI = ell8
Instead of using the results for a continuous strut with this value
of EI, a new analysis may be made using the model shown in
Fig. 8. The new model is a strut made up of rigid links joined
Together by eight spring hinges, the stiffness of each hinge being c.
By symmetry the buckled shaped of this system will be as shown in
Fig. 8 (for the lowest buckling load). By writing down rhe equilibrium conditions for the separate links, the following equation
for the buckling load may be obtained:
(P,Z)2-32~(P,l) +128c2 = 0
THICKNESS,f
EPI
4 1 + P)
(1 -Y)n j6(p2-(1 +p2) In p-1)
277
A P P E N D I X I1
REFERENCES
( I ) HARINGX,
J. A. Instability of bellows subjected to internal
pressure, Philips Res. Rep. 1952 7, 189.
(2) TIMOSHENKO,
S . P. and GEKE,J. M. Theory of elastic stability
second edition 1961, 74 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York).
(3) HARIMGX,
J. A. The instability of thin-walled cylinders
subjected to internal pressure, Philips Res. Rep. 1952 7,
112.
(4) REISSNER,
H. Uber die unsymmetrische Biegung dunner
Kreisringplatten, Ingenieur-Archiv 1929 1, 72.