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By-
Tasneem
XI – A
Roll-11138
17-1 Oscillating Systems
Each day we encounter many kinds of oscillatory
motion, such as swinging pendulum of a clock, a
person bouncing on a trampoline, a vibrating guitar
string, and a mass on a spring.
They have common properties:
1. The particle oscillates back and forth about a
equilibrium position. The time necessary for one
complete cycle (a complete repetition of the motion) is
called the period T.
2. No matter what the direction of the displacement,
the force always acts in a direction to restore the
system to its equilibrium position. Such a force is
called a “restoring force(恢复力)”.
m
Relaxed state
o x
F
m
o
2
x
d x
F x kx ax 2
dt
d 2x
kx m 2
dt
d 2x k
2
x0 (17-4)
dt m
Eq(17-4) is called the “equation of motion of the
simple harmonic oscillator”. It is the basis of many
complex oscillator problems.
m
Therefore, if we choose the constant such that
k
2 (17-7)
m
Eq(17-6) is in fact a solution of the equation of
motion of a simple harmonic oscillator.
a) :
If we increase the time by 2 in Eq(17-6), then
2
x xm [cos (t ) ] xm cos(t )
Therefore 2 is the period of the motion T.
2 m
T 2 (17-8)
k
1 1 k
f (17-9)
T 2 m
The quantity is called the angular frequency.
2f
b) x m :
x m is the maximum value of displacement. We call it
the amplitude of the motion.
c) t and :
The quantity t is called phase of the motion.
is called “phase constant (常相位)”.
x xm cos(t )
x t 图
xm
x 0
o t 2
xm
T
How to compare the phases of two SHOs with
same ?
x1 xm1 cos(t 1 )
x x
(t 2 ) (t 1 )
2 m2 cos(t 2 ) 2 1
超前
0同相 π 反相 为其它
落后
x x x
o o o
t t t
Fig 17-6 shows several simple harmonic motions.
x t a
Fig 17-6 x t
(a) (b)
1 1
0.5 0.5
t t
2 4 6 8 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
(a) same: x m ,
x t
1 (c)
different:
(b) same: ,
0.5
1 2 3 4 5 6
t
different: x m
(c) same: x m ,
different:
-0.5
-1
d). Displacement, velocity, and acceleration
Displacement x xm cos(t )
dx
Velocity v x x m sin( t ) xm cos(t )
dt 2
2
d x
Acceleration a x 2 2 xm cos(t )
dt
2 xm cos(t ) (17-11)
a
a xm cos(t ) m
2
x 2
xm cos(t π)
2
o T t
xm 2
17-4 Energy in simple harmonic
motion
1.The potential energy
1 2 1
U kx kxm cos 2 (t )
2
2 2 0
(17-12) 1
U(t)
0.8
1 1
K mv 2 m 2 xm sin 2 (t )
0.4
2
0.2
2 2 K(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
kxm sin 2 (t ) T/2 T
2
(17-13)
2
Fig 17-8(a)
v xm sin( t )
• Fig17-8(a), both potential and kinetic energies
oscillate with time t and vary between zero and
maximum value of 1 kxm .2
2
• Both U and K vary with twice the frequency of the
displacement and velocity.
xm xm x
1 1 2 1
K U mv x kx kxm
2 2
2 2 2 (17-15)
k
then v x ( x m x )
2 2 2
m
k (17-16)
vx ( xm x 2 )
2
or
m
Sample problem 17-2 Fig 17-5
m
x
o
In Fig 17-5, m=2.43kg, k=221N/m, the block is
stretched in the positive x direction a distance of
11.6 cm from equilibrium and released. Take time
t=0 when the block is released, the horizontal
surface is frictionless.
(a) What is the total energy?
(b) What is the maximum speed of the block?
(c) What is the maximum acceleration?
(d) What is the position, velocity, and acceleration
at t=0.215s?
Solution:
(a) E 1 kxm 2 1 (221N / m)(0.116m) 2 1.49 J
2 2
(b) 2 K max 2E 2(1.49 J )
vmax 1.11m / s
m m 2.43kg
(c) The maximum acceleration occurs just at the
instant of release, when the force is greatest
Fmax kxm (221N / m)(0.116m)
a max 10.6m / s 2
m m 2.43kg
k
(d) 0.9536rad / s
m
x(t ) xm cos(t )
Since x xm 0.116m at t=0, then 0
x(t ) xm cos t 0.116 cos(9.536t )
So at t=0.215s
x 0.116 cos(9.536)(0.215s) 0.0535m
v x xm sin t 0.981m / s
a x 2 x (9.536rad / s) 2 (0.0535m) 4.87m / s 2
Sample problem 17-3 Fig 17-5
m v
0 x
2 2
0.872 J 0.430 J 1.302 J
1 2E
Setting this equal to kxm , we have xm k 0.1085m
2
2
To find the phase constant , we still need to use the
information give for t=0:
x(t) xmcos(ωt φ)
x(0) xm cos 0.0624m v x 0.847m / s
x(0)
cos 0.5751 54.9
xm
★(1)
x1(t) xm cos(ωt 54.9 )
x x t图
o t
T
x2 (t) xm cos(ωt - 54.9 ) xmcos(ωt 360 - 54.9 )
So only 54.9 will give the correct initial velocity.
★(2)
dx
Or v x (t ) ωxm sin( ωt φ)
dt
Fig(17-11)
The restoring torque for an angular displacement is
z Mgd sin (17-26)
For small angular displacement sin .
z mgd k (17-27)
then
I I (17-28)
T 2 2
k Mgd
Fig(17-11)
The point O is called the “center of oscillation” of the
physical pendulum.
• If we pivot the original physical pendulum from point O, it
will have the same period as it does when pivoted from point P.
2 2
From Eq(17-28) with d=R, then
I 3R
T 2 2
MgR 2 g
The simple pendulum having the same period has
a length (Eq(17-30))
I 3
L R
MR 2
The center of oscillation of the disk pivoted at P is
3
therefore at o, a distance R below the point of support.
2
You may check that the period of the pendulum
pivoted at O is the same as that pivoted at P.
Torsional Pendulum
(扭摆)
Fig 17-14
At a time t, the vector r ( op ) makes an angle
t with x axis, and the x component of r is
x(t ) r cos(t ) (17-31)
This is of course identical to Eq(17-6) for the
displacement of the simple harmonic oscillator.
See动画库\波动与光学夹\1-07辅助圆
4. In Fig17-14,the y projection OQ of r at time t, is
y (t ) r sin( t )
3
r cos(t ) (17-34)
2
So the projection of uniform circular motion along the y
direction also gives simple harmonic motion.
See动画库\波动与光学夹\1-10垂直振动的合成
17-7 Damped (阻尼) harmonic motion
m v
x
0 f
Up to this point we have assumed that no frictional
force act on the system.
For real oscillator, there may be friction, air resistance
act on the system, the amplitude will decrease.
1. This loss in amplitude is called “damping” and
the motion is called “damped harmonic motion”.
Fig17-16 compare the motion of undamped and
damped oscillators.
x 1
0.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 t (a)
-0.5
-1
x 1.5
t
1 e
0.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 t (b)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
Fig 17-16
(a) When we add a small damping force, the amplitude
gradually decreases to zero but the frequency changes
by a negligible amount. In this case Eq(17-6) becomes
or kx bv x ma x
d 2x dx
m 2 b kx 0 (17-38)
dt dt
The solution is
bt
x(t ) xm e 2m
cos( ' t ) (17-39)
where
k b 2
'
( ) (17-40)
m 2m
(a) If b is negligible, ' . It is ideal simple harmonic
oscillation.
If b 2 km , ' that is , damping slows down
the motion. This case is called underdamping (欠阻
尼)
Comparing Eqs(17-39) and (17-36) we have
2m / b.
(b) When b 2 km , ' 0 , the motion decays
exponentially to zero with no oscillation at all.
This condition is called “critical damping (临界阻尼)”.
The lifetime has its smallest possible value, 1 / .
(c) When b 2 km , the motion also decays
exponentially to zero with no oscillation, called
overdamping (过阻尼).
x 三种阻尼的比较
(c)
(b) t
o
(a)
17-8 Forced oscillations and
resonance
Forced oscillations:
Oscillations of a system carried out under the action of
an external periodical force, such as
Fx (t ) Fm sin t
''
Small
damping
''
0.5 1.5 2