NAME: JANISS KRISTINE

NPM: 260110142013
SUBJECT: CELL AND METABOLISM 1
LECTURER:IBU ADE

QUESTIONS
1. Nyatakan enzyme yang berperan dalam proses calvin cycle and kreb cycle.
Calvin cycle proceeds in three stages which are carboxylation, reduction and
regeneration. In carboxylation, CO2 is covalently linked to a carbon skeleton (RuBP).
Reduction is when carbohydrate is formed at the expense of ATP and NADPH.
Regeneration is when the CO2 acceptor reforms at the expense of ATP. Energy required
for reduction would be 2ATP and 2NADH and for regeneration would be 1ATP. The
enzymes which are involved in this process are;
Rubisco
NADP:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase
fructose-1,6 bisphosphatephosphatase
sedheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatephosphatase
ribulose-5-phosphate kinase
In Krebs cycle, the enzyme involved in the process would be;

Citrate synthase
Aconitase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase

Succinate dehydrogenase

Fumarase

Malate dehydrogenase

2. Nyatakan contoh fatty acid dan kegunaanya?

There are a few types of fatty acids. They are unsaturated fatty acids. They have one or
more double bonds between carbon atoms where the pairs of carbon atoms connected by double
bonds can be saturated by adding hydrogen atoms to them, converting the double bonds to single
bonds. Therefore, the double bonds are called unsaturated. The two carbon atoms in the chain
that are bound next to either side of the double bond can occur in a cis or trans configuration.
A cis configuration means that adjacent hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond.
A trans configuration, by contrast, means that the next two hydrogen atoms are bound
to opposite sides of the double bond. As a result, they do not cause the chain to bend much, and
their shape is similar to straight saturated fatty acids. Another type of fatty acids are Essential
fatty acid, the fatty acids that are required by the human body but cannot be made in sufficient
quantity from other substrates, and therefore must be obtained from food, are called essential
fatty acids. The last type of fatty acid is Saturated fat. Saturated fatty acids are long-chain
carboxylic acids that usually have between 12 and 24 carbon atoms and have no double bonds.
Thus, saturated fatty acids are saturated with hydrogen since double bonds reduce the number of
hydrogen on each carbon. Because saturated fatty acids have only single bonds, each carbon
atom within the chain has 2 hydrogen atoms except for the omega carbon at the end that has 3
hydrogen.
The uses of this fatty acids are important sources of fuel because, when metabolized, they yield
large quantities of ATP. Many cell types can use either glucose or fatty acids for this purpose. In
particular, heart and skeletal muscle prefer fatty acids. Despite long-standing assertions to the
contrary, fatty acids can be used as a source of fuel for brain cells, at least in some rodents, in
addition to glucose and ketone bodies.

3. Apakah contoh Pantthothenic Acid ?

Pantothenic acid also known historically as vitamin B5 is among the most important of
the B vitamins for the basic processes of life while also being one of the less likely
nutrient deficiencies in diet.One factor helping to prevent pantothenic acid deficiency is
its common presence in so many different foods. In fact, the common presence of
pantothenic acid in foods is referred to in the naming of this vitamin. Without pantothenic
acid, you would be unable to use fats, carbohydrates, or proteins as energy sources. You
would also be unable to make hormones and your immune system would collapse. The
examples of panthothenic acids are;
Mushrooms
Avocado
Sweet Potato
Lentils
Dried Peas
Chicken
Brocolli
Yogurt