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02. CNG THC LOGARITH P1

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Thy ng Vit Hng Moon.vn

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1) Khi nim v Logarith

Logarith c s a ca mt s x > 0 c k hiu l y v vit dng y = log a x x = a y

V d 1: [VH]. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc logarith sau log 2 4;

log 3 81;

log

32; log

(8 2 )

/g

Hng dn gii:

log 2 4 = y 2 = 4 y = 2
log 2 4 = 2
y

log

( 2 ) = 32 = 2 = ( 2 ) y = 10 log 32 = 10
(8 2 ) = y ( 2 ) = 8 2 = 2 . 2 = ( 2 ) y = 7 log (8 2 ) = 7
y

32 = y
2

10

log

ro

log 3 81 = y 3y = 81 = 34 y = 4
log3 81 = 4

T
s/

V d 2: [VH]. Tnh gi tr ca
a) log 2 2 32 = ..........................................................................................................................................................
b) log 2 128 3 2 = .....................................................................................................................................................
c) log 3 81 3 = ........................................................................................................................................................

iL
a

d) log 3 3 243 3 = ......................................................................................................................................................

Ch :
Khi a = 10 th ta gi l logarith c s thp phn, k hiu l lgx hoc logx
Khi a = e, (vi e 2,712818) c gi l logarith c s t nhin, hay logarith Nepe, k hiu l lnx, (c l len-x)

ie

2) Cc tnh cht c bn ca Logarith

Biu thc logarith tn ti khi c s a > 0 v a 1, biu thc di du logarith l x > 0.

log a 1 = 0 ;log a a = 1, a

b > c a > 1
Tnh ng bin, nghch bin ca hm logarith: log a b > log a c
b < c 0 < a < 1

3) Cc cng thc tnh ca Logarith

( 2)

= 8...

V d 2: [VH]. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:

a) P = log 1
a

a 5 a 3 a2
a4 a

b) Q = log

iH
a

iD

24 = log

V d 1: [VH]. log 2 32 = log 2 25 = 5;log 2 16 = log

Cng thc 1: log a a x = x, x ,(1)

Chng minh:
Theo nh ngha th hin nhin ta c log a a x = x a x = a x

a a a a.

Li gii:

a) Ta c

a4 a

1
1
a 2 .a 4

1 1
+
a2 4

3
a4

= a

28 3

a 15 4

67
a 60

P = log 1

67
a 60

3
a.a 4

15
a 16

Q = log

15
a 16

= log

15
8

( a)

15
.
8

V d 3: [VH]. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:

7
a.a 8

67

1 60
67
= log 1 = .
a
60
a

1
a.a 2

28
a 15

a a a a = a a

1 2
1+ +
a 5 3

b) Ta c

a 5 a 3 a2

1
2
a.a 5 .a 3

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b) B = log a a 3 a 2 5 a a

a) A = log a a3 a 5 a

c) log 1

a 5 a3 3 a 2

a4 a

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Li gii:

1 1 37
= 3+ + =
2 5 10

1
1
1+ 1 + 1 + 2 3
3

27
3

3 25
b) B = log a a a a a = log a a 2 5 = 1 + = 1 + 3

10
10

1+ 53 + 32
a 5 a3 3 a 2
a
91
34 3
= log a 1 1 = =
c) log 1
4
60
a a
15 4
a
a2+4

V d 4: [VH]. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:

/g

.c

a) A = log a a 3 a 5 a = log a a

1 1
3+ +
2 5

ro

a) log 1 125 = .....................................................

5

b) log

64 = ....................................................................

d) log 0,125 2 2 = ..........................................................

e) log 3 3 3 3 3 = ................................................

f) log 7 7 8 7 7 343 = ............................................................

c) log16 0,125 = ..................................................

T
s/

V d 5: [VH]. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:

a) P = log a a 3 a 5 a = ..................................................................................................................................

b) Q = log a a 3 a 2 4 a 5 a = ............................................................................................................................

iL
a

Cng thc 2: a log a x = x, x > 0 , (2)

Chng minh:
t log a x = t x = at , ( 2 ) at = at
= 3, 5

log 5 6

= 6,

( )
3

log 3 4

1
= ( 3 ) 2

log 3 4

ie

V d 1: [VH]. 2

log 2 3

V d 2: [VH]. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:

2) 2
4)

log 2

= ....................................................................

log3 4

= ....................................................................

( 9)
3

64

1) 2log8 15 = .....................................................
1 log81 5

3)
= .....................................................
3

log 4
= ( 3) 3 2 = ( 4 ) 2 = 2...

Cng thc 3: log a ( x. y ) = log a x + log a y , (3)

Chng minh:
x = a log a x

x. y = a log a x .a log a y = a log a x + log a y

p dng cng thc (2) ta c
log a y
y = a

h
iD

b) log 3 81 = log 3 ( 27.3 ) = log 3 27 + log 3 3 = log 3 33 + log 3 3 = 3 + 1 = 4

V d 2: [VH]. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:
4
4 10
a) log 2 4 3 16 = log 2 4 + log 2 3 16 = log 2 22 + log 2 2 3 = 2 + = .
3 3
b) log 1 27 3 = log 1 27 + log 1
3

5
2

1
1
3 = log 1 3 + log 1 3 = log 1 + log 1
3
3
3
3
3
3
32 = log

23 + log

2 = log

( 2)

+ log

1
3

1
10
= 3 = .
3
3
2

( 2)

= 6 + 2 = 8.

c) log 2 8 5 32 = log 2 8 + log

1
3

iH
a

p dng cng thc (1) ta c : log a ( x. y ) = log a aloga x + loga y = log a x + log a y dpcm
V d 1: [VH]. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:
a) log 2 24 = log 2 ( 8.3) = log 2 8 + log 2 3 = log 2 23 + log 2 3 = 3 + log 2 3

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V d 3: [VH]. Cho bit log a b = 2;log a c = 2 Tnh gi tr ca log a x vi
a) x = a 3b 2 c .................................................................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................................................................................

.c

b) x = ab3 a 3bc ......................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................

/g

x

Cng thc 4: log a = log a x log a y , (4)
y
Chng minh:
log x
x a log a x
x = a a
p dng cng thc (2) ta c

= log y = a log a x log a y

log a y
y
a a
y = a

ro

x
p dng cng thc (1) ta c : log a = log a a loga x loga y = log a x log a y dpcm
y
4

T
s/

32
5 4 7
V d 1: [VH]. Ta c log 2 3
= log 2 32 log 2 3 16 = log 2 2 2 log 2 2 3 = = .
2 3 6
16
1
V d 2: [VH]. Cho bit log a b = ;log a c = 3 Tnh gi tr ca log a x vi
3
ab 2 c
a) x =
.................................................................................................................................................................
3
abc 2
........................................................................................................................................................................................

iL
a

b) x =

a 5bc 3

.........................................................................................................................................................
a 4 abc3
.......................................................................................................................................................................................

x2 + 1
b) y = log 1 log 5

x+3
5

x 1
x+5

1
x2 x 6

x 1
log 2 x 2 x 6
x +1

x 1
g) y = log
2x 3

e) y = lg ( x 2 + 3 x + 4 ) +

d) y = log 1

x3
x +1

x2 + 2
f) y = log 0,3 log 3

x+5

c) y = log 2

a) y = log 1

ie

V d 3: [VH]. Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s sau :

Li gii:
x 1

x 1
log 1
0
1
x 1
2

1 0
0 x 1
x 1
2 x +1
x + 1

a) y = log 1
. iu kin :

x +1
x +1
2 x+5
x 1 > 0
x 1 > 0 x < 1; x > 1 x < 1; x > 1
x + 1
x + 1

iH
a

iD

Vy D = (1; + )

x2 + 1
x2 x 2
log 1 log 5
0
0

x+3
x
+
3
3
x2 + 1

x 2 5 x 14
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
x+3
b) y = log 1 log 5
.

u
ki

n
:
0

log

5
2
x+3
x+3
x+3
5

0 < x + 1 5

x > 3
x2 + 1
x+3
0
<
5

x+3

3 < x < 1; x > 2

x ( 3; 2 ) ( 2;7 )
x < 3; 2 < x < 7
Phn cn li cc em t gii nt nh!

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