CHNG 1: GiI THIU TNG QUAN V

CNG NGH GIA CNG POLYMER

Nguyn liu + Phng php sn xut
(cng ngh gia cng) sn phm

I. Nguyn liu sn xut: Polymer

I.1 Khi nim polymer
Poly (nhiu) + meros (phn)

 Polymer l nhng hp cht m phn t ca chng

gm nhng nhm nguyn t c ni vi nhau

bng nhng lin kt ha hc to thnh nhng mch

di v c khi lng phn t ln.
Trong mch chnh ca polymer nhng nhm nguyn
t ny c lp i lp li nhiu ln.

Polymer l mt hp cht cao phn t nhng hp

cht cao phn t cha chc l polymer.
1

I.2 Phn loi polymer

a. Nha nhit do
b. Nha nhit rn
c. Nha n hi (cao su)

Sn phm sn xut t nha nhit do

Nha nhit do
nguyn liu

a.Nha nhit do
Nhit thng: trng thi rn, gia
nhit th chy lng, lm ngui th tr v
trng thi rn.
Khng xy ra phn ng ha hc trong
qu trnh chuyn trng thi.
Ti sinh c

Nha nhit rn nguyn liu

b. Nha nhit rn
Nhit thng: trng thi lng, khi
gia nhit v/hoc c xc tc th ng
rn v khi ng rn th khng tr v
trng thi lng c na (khng tan,
khng nng chy).
C xy ra phn ng ha hc trong qu
trnh chuyn trng thi.
Khng ti sinh c
1

ng dng ca nha nhit rn

Sn, vecni
keo dn (cht kt dnh)

ng dng ca nha nhit rn

Vt liu composite

Si thy tinh + Nha

Sn phm composite

c. Nha n hi (cao su)

C cc c im tng t nha nhit
rn nhng c tnh n hi cao. *

Cao su
nguyn liu

Sn phm sn xut t cao su

Gng tay

Nm ti

Bong bng

Dy thun buc

Nm

Sn phm sn xut t cao su

Cao su chng thm

lt sn g
Cao su chng rung
V, rut xe

Cao su gim chn

Vng m cao
su chu du

Cao su lm
chn

II. CNG NGH GIA CNG

Mi loi polymer c mt c tnh khc
nhau nn phng php gia cng cng
khc nhau.

II.1 Phng php gia cng cao su

S luyn hn luyn to hnh
lu ho.

II.2 Phng php gia cng nha nhit rn

Sn xut sn, vecni, keo dn
Sn xut vt liu composite: gia cng bng
phng php ln tay, phun, qun,

Phng php ln tay

Phng php phun

Phng php qun si

II.3 Phng php gia cng nha nhit do

p phun
n
Thi khun
Thi mng

II.4 Phng php trn polymer

Phng php trn kn
Phng php trn h

CHNG 2: NGUYN LIU SN XUT

2.1 Quan h gia cu trc v tnh cht ca
polymer
2.2 Phn loi nha
2.3 Gii thiu mt s loi nha thng
dng
2.4 M nhn dng nha
2.5 Nhng tnh cht k thut ca polymer
1

2.1 Quan h gia cu trc v

tnh cht ca polymer

2.1.1 trng hp
(DP - Degree Polymerization)
trng hp (DP) biu th s mc xch c s c
trong i phn t.
M: Trng lng phn t* 1 mch polymer
m: Trng lng phn t 1 mc xch c s

VD:

trng hp = n

Nha c trng hp cao th c tnh do dai,

kh nng chng va p, chu mi mn tt.
1

2.1.2 Cu trc mch polymer

Mch thng
(linear)
Mch nhnh
(branched)

Mng li khng
gian (crosslink)*
1

 Polymer mch thng c cc mch phn t

thng, khi kt tinh cc mch ny s d sp
xp cht ch, c trt t nn c kt tinh
v t trng cao hn polymer mch nhnh.
cc tnh cht c hc ( cng, bn un,
bn ko t) ca polymer mch thng
tt hn polymer mch nhnh.

Polymer mch khng gian khng tan trong

dung mi* v bn nhit cao.
1

2.1.3 Thnh phn monomer

Homopolymer (polymer ng ng) : trong thnh
phn mch phn t ch cha 1 loi monomer.
-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-AA: l mt monomer
Copolymer (polymer ng trng hp): trong thnh
phn mch phn t cha trn hai loi momomer.*

-A-A-B-A-B-A-B-B-AA, B: l cc monomer khc

nhau
1

 Homopolymer mch phn t ch cha 1

loi monomer c tnh ng nht cao,
d sp xp u n, trt t nn c
kt tinh cao v do cc tnh cht c l
cao hn copolymer.

2.1.4 Cc nhm phn cc

Khi trong monomer c s hin din ca
cc nhm phn cc (-NH2, -COO, -OH, Cl, -F,) th lc lin kt gia cc phn t
tng tng kt tinh, tng bm
dnh.

2.1.5 Trng thi tp hp v trng thi

pha
a. Trng thi tp hp:
V nguyn tc, tt c cc cht c th tn ti 3
trng thi tp hp: rn, lng, kh.
Trng thi tp hp ca 1 cht c xc nh bi
cn bng gia nng lng lin kt Elk (mang cc
nguyn t li gn nhau) v nng lng nhit Enh (y
cc nguyn t ra xa nhau)
Enh = k.T va Elk = const
k: hang so Boltzman = 1,382.10-23J/K
Khi T tng, Enh tng lm mt i cc cu trc trt t.

 Kh: trng thi mt trt t hon ton.

Rn: trng thi trt t hon ton.
Lng: l trung gian gia 2 trng thi trn.

b. Trng thi pha

Theo quan im cu to, cc pha khc
nhau l do cch sp xp ca cc phn
t.
C 2 trng thi pha:
tinh th (kt tinh)
v nh hnh.

 Trng thi pha v nh hnh: Cc mch polymer sp xp

ngu nhin, khng c trt t. Vt liu c th th
rn hoc lng*.
Trng thi pha tinh th (kt tinh): Cc mch polymer
sp xp mt cch c trt t. Vt liu th rn.
Trong thc t, polymer thng trng thi bn kt
tinh l trng thi trong va c nhng vng pha kt
tinh va c nhng vng pha v nh hnh xen k nhau.

T l gia vng kt
tinh so vi ton
khi polymer gi l
kt tinh.
Trng thi v nh hnh

Trng thi bn kt1tinh

 Polymer v nh hnh c trong sut cao hn

polymer kt tinh.
VD: Nha PMMA (Poly methyl methacrylate) c
trong sut cao hn thy tinh v c.
Polymer kt tinh c tnh cht c l cao hn polymer
v nh hnh.*
kt tinh ph thuc vo tc lm ngui. Lm
ngui chm th kt tinh cao v ngc li.
Nu cho thm cht ha do th kt tinh gim.

 Cc polymer v nh hnh tu thuc vo nhit c

th c 3 trng thi l hc:
Trang thai
Thuy tinh

Trang thai
Mm cao

Tg
Dao ong
Nguyen t

Trang thai
Chay nht

Tm
Dao ong
oan mach

Chuyen ong
Phan t

Tg: Nhiet o hoa thuy tinh

Tm: Nhiet o chay nht

38

 Trng thi thu tinh: c trng bi s dao ng ca

cc nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t trong mch
phn t quanh cc v tr cn bng no .
Trng thi mm cao: c trng bi s dao ng ca
cc on mch, do mch polymer c kh nng
un do.
Trng thi chy nht: c trng bi linh ng
ca ton mch i phn t.

 Nhit ho thu tinh (Tg): l nhit ti nha

bt u chuyn sang trng thi thy tinh.*
Nhit (Tm): l nhit ti nha bt u
chuyn sang trng thi chy nht.*
Nhit gia cng (Tp) (Tp Temperature
processing): l nhit m lm c hn hp nha
chy do ra, p ng kh nng gia cng v cho sn
phm hon ho nht.*
Nhit gia cng lc no cng ln hn nhit
nng chy.*

2.2 Phn loi nha

Trong sn xut nha phn thnh 4 loi:
Nha thng dng
Nha k thut
Nha k thut chuyn dng
Nha hn hp

a. Nha thng dng

L loi nha c s dng s lng
ln.
Dng nhiu trong nhng vt dng
thng ngy.
Gi r
VD: PE, PP, PS, ABS, PVC, PET

b. Nha k thut
L loi nha c tnh cht c l ( bn
ko, bn un, va p,) tri hn so vi
cc loi nha thng dng.
ng dng sn xut cc chi tit yu
cu tnh nng cao.
Gi t.

Mt s loi nha k thut

Tn nha
PolyAmide (Nylon)
PolyCarbonate
PolyAcetal
Poly Phenylene Sulfide
Poly Buthylene
Terephthalate

Tn vit tt
PA
PC
POM
PPS
PBT

c. Nha k thut chuyn dng

Ch dng vi s lng t, trong mt s
lnh vc ring bit. Gi rt cao.
Tn nha
Tn vit tt
Poly Phenylene Sulfide
PPS
Poly Ester kt tinh dng lng
LCP
Poly Imide
PI
Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene
PTFE
Poly Ether Imide
PEI
Poly Amide Imide
PAI
1

d. Nha hn hp
Phi hp tnh nng u vit ca cc loi
nha v hn ch nhng tnh nng yu
km ca n tng loi ring l.
VD: PC/PET, PC/ABS, PA/PP,

2.3 Gii thiu mt s loi nha

thng dng

1. Cu to, tnh cht, ng dng ca cc

loi nha thng dng (PE, PP, PVC, PS,
ABS, PMMA)

2. Cu to, tnh cht, ng dng ca cc

loi nha k thut (PA, PC, POM, PET,
EVA, PTFE (Teflon))

CHNG 2: NGUYN LIU SN XUT

2.1 Quan h gia cu trc v tnh cht ca
polymer
2.2 Phn loi nha
2.3 Gii thiu mt s loi nha thng
dng
2.4 M nhn dng nha
2.5 Nhng tnh cht k thut ca polymer
1

2.4 M nhn dng nha

2.4 M nhn dng nha

M nhn dng l k hiu c bit
ngi s dng d nhn bit nha l
g.
M nhn dng nha c hnh tam gic,
bn trong c s k hiu cho loi nha.
M nhn dng nha dng nhn bit,
phn loi, ti ch v bit cch s dng
t yu cu k thut.
1

2.5 Nhng tnh cht k thut ca

polymer

2.5.1 T trng
Vt liu
Kim loi
Gm s
Mica
Si thy tinh
Oxyt Titan
Cacbonate canxi

T trng (g/cm3)
2,9 9,0
2,1 5,3
2,0 3,8
2,54
3,9 4,2
2,7

Vt liu
Poly propylene PP
High Density PE (HDPE)
Low Density PE (LDPE)
Polystyrene (PS)
PolyMethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
PVC
Nylon
Polycacbonate PC*
PET
ABS

T trng
(g/cm3)
0,9
0,95
0,90
1,05
1,14
1,40
1,09 1,14
1,2
1,34
1,04
1

 Nha c t trng tng i thp, dao ng

t 0,9 2 g/cm3
Nha nh bng nhm, nh hn t 5 7
ln so vi st, thp, ng, ch.
c bit cc loi nha khi gia cng thnh
sn phm xp th c t trng rt thp (0,02
0,1 g/cm3) v c truyn nhit rt nh.
T trng cao kt tinh cao, co th
tch thp.
1

2.5.2 Ch s chy (MI Melt Index)

Th hin tnh lu ng
ca vt liu khi gia
cng.
Phng php o lng
ch s nng chy l
ASTM D1238 hoc ISO
1133.
1

 My o ch s chy bao gm mt ci nng c gia

nhit v 1 piston.
Ti trng c t ln trn nhng piston to p
lc ln khi nha chy nht nhit cao, dng
nha s thot ra ngoi thng qua mt ming chy
c kch thc = 2,1mm. Khi lng nha chy ra
trong 10 pht gi l ch s chy, n v l gam/10
pht.
V d: Ch s chy ca PE l 3 c ngha l vi th
nghim trn, ta thu c 3g PE chy qua l trn =
2,1 mm trong thi gian 10 pht, trong iu kin
nhit v p sut nht nh.
1

 ngha
Ch s chy cng ln (trong sn xut gi l
Nha nh la) th hin tnh lu ng ca
vt liu cng cao. (vt liu chy vo khun
nhanh, p sut i hi khng cao, khun lu
mn, kch thc v hnh dng sn phm
chnh xc, cht lng sn phm ng u)
Ch s chy qu cao th sn phm c nhiu
bavia
1

 Ch s chy cng thp th hin tnh lu

ng ca vt liu km. Cn tng p
sut phun, tng nhit gia cng.
Trong gia cng sn phm, ty theo
phng php gia cng v yu cu ca
sn phm chn vt liu c ch s chy
thch hp.
1

2.5.3 ht m
c xc nh bng mc ht nc ca
nha.
Phng php o: ly mu nha sy kh
ri cn trng lng ca n. Sau
ngm mu nha 24 gi ri ly ra cn li.
T l % tng trng lng l mc hp th
nc.
1

Loi nha
PE, PP
PS
PVC cng
PVC mm
PBT, PET
PC
POM
Nylon 6.6
Nylon 6

Mc ht m (%)
< 0,01
< 0,04
0,01 0,04
0,5 1,0
0,1
0,15
0,21
2,8
3,5
1

 Nha khng c nhm phn cc

hp th nc thp.
Nha c nhm phn cc hp th
nc cao.

 ngha
Hm lng m trong nguyn liu cao
nh hng n qu trnh gia cng (phi
ko di thi gian duy tr p) v cht
lng sn phm (b cong vnh, b mt
sn si, long lnh nh bc trn b mt,
l xp trong sn phm,)
phi sy nha trc khi gia cng.
Nhit v thi gian sy khc nhau ty
theo tng loi nha.
1

Loi nha

PE*, PP*
PS*
PC
ABS
PET
POM
Nylon 6 v 6.6

Nhit sy
(oC)
60 80
70
120
80 100
130
80
80

Thi gian
sy (gi)
1-2
1-2
24
24
24
12
1-2
1

2.5.4 Mc thng hi
L mc thng hi kh hay d ca
mng nha (film) hay tm nha (sheet).

y l ch tiu rt quan trng trong vic

sn xut bao b (dng mng) hoc chai
l (sn phm rng).

 Tnh thng hi trong khng kh ca cc loi mng nha

c dy 0,03 mm nhit 24oC.
Tn vt liu
nha
PVC
LDPE
HDPE
PC
Polyester
Nylon 6
PP
Nylon 6.6

Tnh thng hi qua cm3/m2/gi

CO2
O2
N2
2,12
0,88
0,33
1480 1700
380 470
100 - 133
424 636
117 175
33 50
700
114
20
4,24
2,34
2,12
0,88
530 740
146 234
0,42
0,29
1

 ng dng: PA dng lm bao b ht chn

khng.
C th ch to mng a lp bng cch
ghp cc mng khc nhau tng tnh
nng sn phm.

2.5.5 co th tch
L % chnh lch gia kch thc ca sn phm sau
khi ly ra khi khun c nh hnh v n nh
kch thc so vi kch thc ca khun.

y l mt ch s cc k quan trng khi thit k

khun lm ra nhng sn phm c chnh xc
kch thc cao.
Khi co rt qu ln cn gy nhiu khuyt tt khc
nh: cong vnh, rn nt.
1

Mc co rt nh hnh
Loi nha
(0,1%cm/cm)
ABS
6,0
AS
5,0
VH
PS
6,0
PC
7,0
POM
15
Nylon 6
15
Kt tinh
Nylon 6.6
15
PBT
20
PP
20
Nha kt tinh c co rt ln hn nhiu ln so vi
nha v nh hnh.*
1

 co th tch ph thuc vo cc yu t:
Bn cht ca polymer: mi loi polymer c gii hn
co th tch khc nhau. i vi loi nha nhit rn,
co th tch cn ph thuc vo mt ni ngang khi
ng rn.
m nguyn liu: S co th tch do mt m v cc
cht d bay hi trong qu trnh gia cng.
iu kin gia cng: quan trng l nhit gia cng
v cch thc lm ngui.
Cht n: s hin din ca cc cht n thng lm
gim co th tch.
1

Loi nha

VH

Kt tinh

ABS
AS
PS
PC
POM
Nylon 6
Nylon 6.6
PBT
PP

Mc co rt nh hnh
(0,1%cm/cm)
Nha thun

Sau khi c 30% si

thu tinh

6,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
15
15
15
20
20

1,0
0,5
0,5
1,0
5,0
3,5
4,0
4,0
4,0

2.5.6 Nhit gia cng

(tp Temperature processing)
Nhit gia cng l nhit lm cho c
hn hp nha chy ra, p ng kh nng
gia cng v cho sn phm hon ho nht.
Nhit gia cng ca cc nguyn liu khc
nhau thng c xc nh bng thc
nghim.
Khi la chn nhit gia cng cn lu cc
c im: nhit ha thy tinh, nhit
nng chy, nhit phn hy.
1

2.5.7 Khi lng ring gp (g )

L t s gia khi lng ca vt liu v
th tch gp ( ng) m vt liu chim
ch.

 Khi lng ring gp khc vi khi

lng ring tht ca vt liu.
Th d: khi lng ring gp ca ct kh
l 1200 kg/cm3, trong khi khi lng
ring tht l 1500kg/cm3.
Khi lng ring gp ph thuc hnh
dng, kch thc, mc xp cht ca
vt liu.
1

 Khi lng ring gp l mt s liu

khng th thiu khi tnh ton th tch
phn cha nguyn liu nguyn liu ca
thit b nh: th tch bung np nguyn
liu ca my p phun, xilo,

2.5.8 H s nn p K
L t s gia khi lng ring sn phm
( ) trn khi lng ring gp ( ) ca
nguyn liu.

K th hin s bin i th tch ca khi

lng vt liu khi a vo qu trnh gia
cng.
1

2.5.9 Thnh phn c ht kch thc

ht
Nguyn liu c kch thc ht ng u
s thun li hn khi gia cng: trn ln
vi cc cht khc u hn, s gia nhit
d ng nht hn.

CHNG 3: CNG NGH TRN

POLYMER
3.1 TNG QUAN V CNG NGH TRN POLYMER
3.2 GiI THIU MT S THIT B TRN

79

3.1 TNG QUAN V CNG NGH

TRN POLYMER
3.1.1 Khi nim v mc ch trn
3.1.2 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh
trn
3.1.3 Trn phn b v trn phn tn
3.1. 4 C ch qu trnh trn

3.1.1 Khi nim v mc ch trn

Khi nim:
Trn l qu trnh trong cc cht ph
gia c a vo v phn tn trong pha
polymer to nn mt h ng nht.

Mc ch:
Trn u v phn b cc loi vt liu khc
nhau trong hn hp (polymer, ph gia, n,
mu)
Trong khi gia cng qu trnh trn h tr cho
vic truyn nhit, gip cho khi vt liu c
nhit ng u.
Nu hn hp dng past th qu trnh trn
cn lm nhuyn v do vt liu, to iu
kin thun li cho qu trnh gia cng.
1

3.1.2 Cc yu t nh hng n qu
trnh trn
Moi polimer co mot nhiet o tron toi
u: mc o giam cap thap nhat.
Qua trnh tron thc hien bi tac ong c
hoc cua thit b tron.

Tc ng ca c v nhit n s gim cp
Mc o giam cap

Anh hng cua c

Anh hng cua nhiet

Anh hng tong cong

Topt

Nhiet o
84

3.1.3 Trn phn b v trn phn tn

Qu trnh trn c phn bit thnh:
Trn phn b
Trn phn tn

a. Trn phn b
Trn phn b l qu trnh phn b cc cht n vo
khi polymer lin tc.
Khng ch n vn pha phn tn l ht s cp
hay tp hp ht n. Ch ch n s ng u
ca ht mc v m.
Trong qu trnh trn yu cu ln ca lc tc
ngkhng cao.

b. Trn phn tn
Cc ht n phi b ph v v cht n phn tn
di dng cc ht s cp.
phn tn ht n di dng s cp, lc tc
ng phi ln thng lc ht gia cc ht
s cp.

3.1.4 C ch qu trnh trn

Khi trn vt liu ht, cc ht chu tc dng ca
nhng lc c hng khc nhau v chuyn ng ca
ht chnh l h qu tc ng hn hp ca cc lc
.
Ngoi ra c ch trn cn ph thuc vo cu trc
my trn v phng php tin hnh qu trnh.

Cc qu trnh c bn trong cc my
trn
To cc lp trt vi nhau theo cc
mt phng
Chuyn dch mt nhm ht t v tr
nay n v tr khc
Thay i v tr ca tng ht ring l
Phn tn tng phn t do va p
vo thnh thit b
Bin dng v nghin nh tng b
phn lp

Trn ct
Trn i lu

Trn khuch tn
Trn va p
Trn nghin
1

3.2 GiI THIU MT S THIT B

TRN
3.2.1 My cn 2 trc (my trn h)
3.2.2 My trn kn
3.2.3 Mt s loi my trn khc

3.2.1 My cn 2 trc

a. Cu to: Gm 2 trc rng lm bng thp, quay ngc

chiu nhau. St mt trong ca trc c b tr h thng
ng ng cho nc gii nhit chy qua.
Hai bnh
rng iu
chnh khe
h gia hai
trc c
b tr hai
bn pha
thao tc.
1

 2 u trc c b phn ging nh li g c th iu

chnh ra vo c, c nhim v trnh cho lp vt liu dn
v 2 u trc kh ct hoc iu chnh chiu rng tm
khi xut tm.

 Pha di l khay hng nguyn liu ri ra.

Ngoi ra cn c b phn dng khn cp khi c s c.

b. Nguyn l lm vic
My cn 2 trc lm vic gin on. Cm chi tit lm
vic l 2 trc rng, t song song trn cng mt mt
phng nm ngang.
Cc trc ny quay vi vn tc khc nhau v ngc
chiu.
T s vn tc di gia 2 trc gi l t tc (f)

T tc l thng s quan trng cn lu khi s dng

my cn 2 trc.
f cng ln th ng sut tc dng cng ln, s ph v
1
cu trc cng mnh, nhit sinh ra cng nhiu.

Nguyn l lm vic
Vt liu gia cng khi a vo my b cc trc quay
ngc chiu ko vo khong gia 2 trc nh lc
lin kt ni v lc ma st ca vt liu vi b mt
trc.
Lc ct v lc nn cng gia tng khi vt liu cng i
su vo khe trc tng ng vi s gia tng ca ng
sut trt v ng sut nn..
Cc ng sut ny gy bin dng trong khi vt liu
v lm vt liu chy qua khe trc.
Cc bin dng to nn b mt tip xc mi gip qu
trnh phn tn cc ph gia vo khi polymer d
dng hn.
1

 Cc ng sut pht sinh cng ln, bin dng cng

mnh m khi t tc cng cao v khe h trc cng
b.
Di tc dng ca ma st ni v ngoi, khi vt liu
s nng ln d dng to thnh mt khi ng nht
v lin tc.
Ra khi khe trc, tm vt liu thng bm vo b
mt trc trc (c vn tc di b).
t c ng nht v s mm do cn
thit, vt liu c cho qua khe h trc nhiu ln.

Vn hnh v thao tc

Vn hnh v thao tc

M nc gii nhit ti a cho trc quay.

M ng c vn hnh
M c ly khe trc theo yu cu
t cao su ln trc trc cao su i vo khe h hai
trc.
Cho cao su i qua khe h vi ln t do cn thit.
Cho cc ph gia vo (ph gia kh phn tn cho trc, d
phn tn cho sau. Ph gia rn cho trc, lng cho sau)
Thc hin ct o, cn i u, gp tam gic trn
u ph gia.
M c ly khe trc theo yu cu xut tm cao su vi
dy cn thit.
1

Cc cng dng ca my cn 2 trc

Mc ch
S luyn
Hn luyn

Gii thch
lm mm cao su trc khi cho ph gia.
trn h lu ha vo hn hp cao su

Xut tm
Gia nhit

Cn dp
Cn nghin

Cn lc

T tc f
1 1,07
1 1,07
1

cho hn hp polymer n nhit cn

thit

1,22 1,27

nghin s b cao su c, nha hng

2,42 2,55
trong qu trnh ti sinh nguyn liu
nghin mn cao su c, nha c, nha
2,55 4
nhit rn
loi cc vt liu dng si, cc cht bn c hc trong
cao su c trc khi tin hnh ti sinh.
Trc cn c dng c bit ln gia, nh hai u
ging nh qu bom.
1

Nhc im:
Hiu qu trn thp nn thi gian ca mt chu k
trn di, nng lng tiu tn cho n v khi lng
nguyn liu ln hn so vi cc thit b khc.
Thao tc nng nhc, vt v.
An ton lao ng v v sinh cng nghip thp.
u im:
C th s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh
s luyn, hn luyn, xut tm, gia nhit trong
c nhng chc nng m my trn kn khng thc
hin c (xut tm).
1

3.2.2 My trn kn

Cu to:
Gm 1 bung c 2 roto
hnh qu trm quay
ngc chiu nhau.
Th tch bung trn
c gii hn bng
mt qu nn c tc
dng nn cc nguyn
liu xung bung my
v chu tc dng ca
cc trc quay.
1

 H thng nc gii
nhit c b tr
xung quanh bung
trn v c trong
trc roto.

Cu to roto
1

Cu to roto
1

Nguyn l hot ng
Khi roto quay vt liu b o
trn, mnh nht vng 2 roto
gp nhau.
Phn vt liu nm nh roto
v vch bung trn s xut
hin cc ng sut trt, gy
nn cc bin dng trt, gip
phn tn cc cht c d
dng.
Cc ma st ngoi v ni trong
khi vt liu s lm nng khi
vt liu to thnh mt khi
ng nht v lin tc.
1

 Nhit ca khi vt liu c

iu chnh bng h thng nc gii
nhit v my v trong trc roto c
th cho nc gii nhit hoc hi gia
nhit vo.
Cc ph gia v polymer c cho
vo my qua ca np liu. Sau mt
thi gian trn nht nh, hn hp
c tho ra ca tho liu di
dng khi.
thun tin cho vic gia cng tip
theo, khi vt liu thng phi a
qua my cn 2 trc cn thnh
tm.
1

Cng dng:
Thng dng hn luyn cao su
u im:
Hiu qu trn , nng sut trn cao
An ton v sinh cng nghip tt
Cc thng s gia cng:
H s lm y
Nhit vch bung trn
Vn tc roto
1

Phn tn ZnO trong cao su

Nhiet o Nhiet o
Thi
vo may
cuoi
gian tron
cung
(0C)
(phut)
(0C)
50
92.5
3
65
100.0
3

Van toc
roto
(RPM)
69
69

Nang Mc o
lng phan tan
tieu hao tng oi
(KWH)
398
1
380
2

80

107.5

69

379

50

80.0

35

268

50

92.5

69

398

50

105.0

137

532

3.2.3 Mt s loi my trn khc

a. My trn Ribbon

Cu to: gm bn trn, dao trn xon v cc thnh

phn truyn ng
ng dng: My trn ribbon thng c s dng
cho bt c tnh nht, nho hoc dnh kt, ht.

b. My trn 2 vt

c. My trn vt ng

1. ng c
2. Thng trn
3. Vt
4. Ca np liu
5. Chn
6. Ca tho liu
7. ng khuch tn
8. Cnh gt
9. Bully
1

Nguyn l lm vic:
Hn hp c a vo mng cp liu (4), c phn
di ca vt trn (3) nng ln ng khuch tn (7) v o
trn.
Khi hn hp i ht chiu cao ca ng khuch tn, nh
lc ly tm ca cnh vt (3), hn hp c nh vng vo
thng trn (2) v ri xung phn hnh cn ca thng.
Ti y vt liu li c vt trn nng ln vo ng
khuch tn. Qu trnh ny c thc hin lp i lp li
nhiu ln.
Sau khi trn, hn hp c ly ra qua ca tho liu (6).
1

My trn vt ng

My trn vt ng

d. My trn thng quay

CHNG 4
CNG NGH P PHUN
4.1 GII THIU CNG NGH P PHUN
4.1.1 Sn phm p phun
4.1.2 Nguyn l chung
4.2 CU TO MY P PHUN
4.2.1 H thng phun
4.2.2 H thng h tr p phun
4.2.3 H thng kp
4.2.4 H thng iu khin
4.2.5 H thng khun

Sn phm p phun

Sn phm p phun

Chi tit my lnh

Chi tit my qut

Linh kin in t

123

c im sn phm p phun
Nguyn liu thng l nha nhit do.
C hnh dng t n gin n phc tp.
Khng gia cng c cc sn phm
rng, sn phm dng mng, ng di.

 Sn phm rng

125

 Sn phm ng di

126

 Sn phm dng mng

127

My p phun

Nguyn l hot ng

Nguyn liu dng ht c cho vo phu np liu ri

ri vo rnh vt. Trc vt quay trn a nguyn liu
tin v pha trc. Trong qu trnh nguyn liu tin v
pha trc, n b nng chy dn dn thnh dng lng
nh ngun nhit truyn t v xylanh v nhit ni sinh
ca nguyn liu do ma st. Khi n u trc vt
nguyn liu chuyn thnh dng lng hon ton. Lc
ny trc vt chuyn ng tnh tin v pha trc to
nn mt p lc rt ln p dng nha lng phun vo
khun.
Sau khi nha in y vo lng khun, trc vt lui
v tip tc ly nha cho chu k sn phm tip tip
theo, cn trong khun, khi sn phm c nh
hnh v lm ngui n nhit cn thit th khun
m ra, sn phm c ly ra ngoi.
1

4.2 CU TO MY P PHUN

4.2.1 H thng phun

Nhim v: a nha
vo khun thng
qua cc qu trnh:
cp nha
lm chy do nha
phun nha lng
vo khun.

H thng phun

Phu cp liu: cha vt liu nha dng

ht cp vo khoang trn.

H thng phun

Khoang cha liu (xylanh):

L ni cha nha. *
Nhim v quan trng ca xylanh l to b mt truyn
nhit.*

 Cu to xylanh gm 2 lp: lp ngoi chu lc

thng c bng gang hoc thp, lp trong thng
lm bng thp khng g chu tc dng n mn
ha hc v chng mi mn.
Bao quanh lp v bn ngoi xylanh l cc bng gia
nhit hay cn gi l cc vng nhit. Vng nhit thc
ra l cc in tr, khi c t nng, lng nhit
ny truyn ti xylanh, t xylanh s truyn qua
nha lm nha nng chy. Nhim v quan trng
ca xylanh l to b mt truyn nhit. Nhit lng
lm nng chy nha cung cp t 2 ngun, ngun
th nht do xylanh cp, ngun th 2 l nhit ni
sinh do qu trnh ct, x, o trn nguyn liu trong
khoang trn.
1

Cc bng gia nhit (vng nhit)

Nhim v: cung cp nhit cho xylanh.

Trn mt my p phun thng c nhiu
bng gia nhit ( 3 bng) c ci t vi
cc nhit khc nhau.

Trc vt

Vai tr: ti nha, nn, lm chy do v to p lc

y nha nng chy phun vo khun.
Thng s ca trc vt: chiu di L, ng knh D,
chiu su rnh vt: Df, Dm

Trc vt

Vng cp liu (Feed zone):

- Chiu su cnh vt ln nht v hu nh khng i.
Chuyn nguyn liu v pha trc, cui vng ny nguyn
liu mm v bt u chy.

Trc vt

Vng nn/ vng chuyn tip (Transition/ compression section):

- ng knh ngoi trc vt khng i nhng chiu su cnh vt
nh dn t vng cp liu n cui vng nh lng.
Nha b nn cht vo thnh trong ca khoang cha liu to
ra nhit ma st.

Trc vt

Vng nh lng (Metering section):

Chiu su cnh vt b nht v hu nh khng i.
cung cp nhit vt liu chy do mt cch ng
nht trc khi phun vo khun.

Trc vt

nh gi c kh nng lm chy do vt liu ca

trc vt cao hay thp ngi ta da vo hai thng s
chnh l: L/D v Df/Dm.
T l L/D nh nht l 20:1
T l Df/Dm thng l 3:1 ; 2,5:1 v 2:1

B hi t h

Cu to ca b hi t h: gm u trc vt (tip),
(seat), gia u trc vt v c mt phn lm vo
(phn eo), trn eo c vng chn (check-ring). ng
knh trong ca vng chn ln hn ng knh ca eo
vng chn c th chuyn ng ti lui trong khong
eo ny.
Nguyn l hot ng: Khi trc vt li v th vng chn
di chuyn v hng vi phun v cho php nha chy
v pha trc u trc vt. Cn khi trc vt tin ti th
vng chn s di chuyn v hng phu v ng kn
vi n (seat) khng cho nha chy ngc v pha
sau.
Chc nng: ca b hi t h ging nh 1 ci van t
ng, khi th m ra cho nha t hng phu np tin
v pha trc phun vo khun, cn khi trong
khun in y nha th n ng li ngn nha
trong khun b tro ngc v pha phu np liu.
1

Vi phun (nozzle)

vi phun
Cung phun
(Sprue)

Cung
phun

 Vi phun l chi tit lp gc u pha

trc ca xylanh, n l cu ni gia
xylanh v khun trong qu trnh phun
nha vo nng khun.
Gia vi phun v khong to hnh ca
khun l cung phun (sprue) v h
thng knh dn nha (runner system).
1

Cu to vi phun

vi phun

 m bo nha vn duy tr trng thi nng chy trc khi i

vo khun, bn ngoi vi phun c t vng nhit. Nhit vi
phun nn c ci t ln hn nhit chy ca vt liu.
Trong qu trnh phun nha lng vo khun, vi phun phi thng
hng vi bc cung phun v u vi phun nn c lp kn vi
phn lm ca bc cung phun thng qua vng nh v m
bo nha khng phun ra ngoi v trnh mt p.
Thng thng ngi ta quan tm n mt s thng s nh:
ng knh l ca vi phun khong 3 - 6mm. i vi cc sn
phm c khi lng ln ng knh ca vi phun c l khoan
ln hn 6mm.
ng knh l ca u vi phun phi nh hn ng knh l
ca bc cung phun mt cht (khong 0.125 0.75mm)
cung phun d thot ra ngoi v trnh cn dng.
Chiu di vi phun nn di hn chiu su ca bc cung phun
( to dng n nh trc khi vo bc cung phun).
1

4.2.2 H thng h tr p phun

Nhim v:
- iu khin cc chuyn ng ti lui
hoc quay trn ca trc vt.
- Vic iu khin chuyn ng ny c
th thc hin bng h thng thy lc,
h thng c hoc kt hp c hai.

Nguyn tc hot ng ca h thng

thy lc

4.2.3 H thng kp (ng m khun)

Nhim v:
Lm b v iu khin s di chuyn
cc b phn ca khun (ng, m
khun, kp cht khun trong qu trnh
phun nha vo khun, li sn phm).
C cu ng m khun c th l h
thng kha thy lc, h thng kha c
hoc kt hp c hai.
1

4.2.4 H thng iu khin

Nhim v: m bo tnh thng nht v
lp li trong qu trnh vn hnh my.
N kim sot v iu khin cc thng s
ca qu trnh nh: nhit , p sut, tc
phun, v tr v tc trc vt,

CHNG 4
CNG NGH P PHUN
4.1 Gii thiu cng ngh p phun
4.2 Cu to my p phun
4.3 Chu kz p phun
4.4 Cc thng s k thut ca qu trnh p
phun
4.5 Mt s hng dn iu chnh khi sn
phm c khuyt tt

4.3 Chu kz p phun*

4.3 Chu kz p phun

Qu trnh p phun c th chia thnh 2
giai on:
Giai on nha ha
Giai on c.

Giai on nha ha
Giai on ny bt u t lc trc vt bt u
chuyn ng quay trn v li v pha sau.
Khi trc quay trn nguyn liu t phu np
liu ri vo rnh vt v c chuyn v pha
trc i vo vng t nng.
Do u phun kn nn nha lng u vt s
y vt v pha sau n mt mc nht
nh th dng li.
Khi h thng ng khun khp kn hai
na khun, qu trnh bc sang giai on
hai.
1

Giai on c
H thng thy lc lm vic y vt tin v pha
trc, khp kn u phun v ng lt rnh
chnh, ng thi to p sut y nha lng
thot qua u phun vo rnh v n vng to
hnh ca khun.
Lu : u phun ch cho nha thot ra khi p
sut nha vo u phun t n mt gi tr
nht nh no .
Nha lp y vng to hnh. Sau khi lp y,
p sut c duy tr khng i tng ng vi
u trc vt st u phun nht.
1

 n thi gian cn thit (thi gian duy tr

p) vt li v pha sau tin hnh nha
ha cho chu k sau.
Lu : trc khi vt li li, cm nha ha
phi li ra sau tch ri u phun khi
ng lt rnh chnh.
Qu trnh kt thc bng cng on tho
khun ly sn phm.
1

CHNG 4
CNG NGH P PHUN
4.1 Gii thiu cng ngh p phun
4.2 Cu to my p phun
4.3 Chu kz p phun
4.4 Cc thng s k thut ca qu trnh p
phun
4.5 Mt s hng dn iu chnh khi sn
phm c khuyt tt

4.4 Cc thng s k thut ca qu

trnh p phun

Nhit
Thi gian
p sut
Hnh trnh khun
Vn tc trc vt

4.4.1 Nhit

a. Nhit dng nha trong xylanh

b. Nhit khun
c. H thng sy nha
e. H thng nc gii nhit

a. Nhit dng nha trong xylanh

Nhit dng nha trong xylanh = V
xy lanh cp + Ni sinh do ma st = nhit
gia cng.
Tmin < T gia cng < Tmax
Tmin = Tnng chy + 20oC
Tmax = Tphn hy 30oC

 Trn xylanh chia t nht 3 (nhiu nht 7) vng

nhit theo th t:
Phu np liu Nhit thp Nhit cao
Nhit thp.
Vng gn phu np liu: nhit thp trnh
truyn nhit cho phu lm chy nha ngay
trong phu.
Vng gia trc vt: nhit cao nha nng
chy.
Vng u trc vt: nha chy lng ht, ch
cn duy tr nhit cho nha, trnh nha b qu
nhit.
1

b. Nhit khun
Nhit khun cao s gy cc nh hng:
Chm ha rn nha, khi li sn phm b bin
dng
Tng thi gian ca mt chu k
Nhit khun qu thp s gy cc nh hng:
Lm tng nhanh qu trnh ha rn
Sn phm cha kp in y
1

c. H thng sy nha
Mc ch ca qu trnh sy: lm gim lng
m c trong nha trnh hin tng n
mn trong xilanh trn, trnh hin tng
vn cc, bt kh do m gy ra, trnh kt cu
xp khng bn vng.
Cc thng s cn cho qu trnh sy nha l:
Tc kh
m ca dng kh
Nhit nng chy ca vt liu
Nhit dng kh
Thi gian sy

 Nhit nha trong phu sy < Nhit

nng chy ca nha*
Nha dn dng thng sy 60 80 . Nha
k thut thng sy cao hn.
Nha nhit cao d b bin tnh th khng
sy nhit cao. VD: mng co PVC.
Thi gian sy t nht phi 2h.

d. H thng nc gii nhit

Gii nhit cho phu np liu

Gii nhit cho khun
Gii nhit cho du thy lc
Gii nhit cho trc vt (c th dng qut
gi hoc bng nc gii nhit i trong
trc vt)

 Cn gii nhit cho phu np liu v khi nhit

ti tng bng nhit chy ca vt liu th
mt phn nha s b chy ra v kt dnh li
ngn khng cho nha i vo khoang trn dn
n thiu nha trong qu trnh phun.
Cn gii nhit cho du thy lc v khi bm du
thy lc thc hin cc chc nng ca my
th du thy lc nng ln nht gim lm
nh hng n cc thng s phun, khng iu
chnh chnh xc cc hot ng ca my.
Cn gii nhit cho khun lm ngui sn
phm, rt ngn thi gian hnh thnh sn
phm, tng nng sut sn phm.
1

Thp gii nhit hot ng

theo nguyn tc bc hi
thu nhit ca mi trng.

4.4.2 Thi gian

Thi gian ca mt chu k p phun gm thi
gian ca nhiu chu k con: ng khun, Trn,
Phun, Gi, Li, Gii nhit, M khun, Li.
ngha ca cc chu k con trong qu trnh p
phun: chu k con cho php ta chia nh 1 qu
trnh vn hnh thnh nhng modun nh, do
:
d iu khin v kim sot cc thng s.
khi c s c ta s bit c s c ny thuc chu
k con no c bin php khc phc.
gip t ng ha h thng c d dng.

4.4.3 p sut
Mi my p phun c mt p sut tng
(p sut ti u y ca bm). T p
tng s phn phi cho cc h thng
c nhng p nh hn thng qua cc
van, gm:
p sut phun iu khin vt xon
p sut ng, m khun
p sut li
p sut li
1

 p sut tng tnh bng atm. Cc p sut

cn li tnh bng phn trm p sut
tng.*
VD: Mt my p phun c p sut tng l
150atm. Ci t p lc li l 60. Ngha l
p lc ci t = 150x60/100 atm.

 Cc thng s ci t l thng s trung

bnh. Nu p sut cao th ci > 50, nu
thp ci < 50.
VD: khi phun cn p cao th ci > 50, khi
li cn p thp th ci < 50.

Lc ng khun
Lc ng khun l lc gi cho khun khng b bong
ra khi phun nha. Qu trnh gi ny thc hin nh
p lc ng khun ca h thng xi lanh thy lc v
cc h thng trc khy.
nh hng ca lc ng khun:
Nu lc ng khun thiu th khun khng kn, sn
phm b li hoc khng th hnh thnh.
Nu lc ng khun qu ln th tiu tn nhiu nng
lng.
Nn gi khun vi p sut ln hn p sut phun.
1

4.4.4 Hnh trnh khun

Hnh trnh ca khun l vn tc khun trn qung
ng i trn thanh dn hng m khun thc
hin.
Vn tc i ph thuc vo cc v tr trn thanh dn
hng.
Ty theo kt cu ca khun v kt cu ca sn
phm m vn tc i trn nhng on ng l
khc nhau.
Khong no khng gy tr ngi cho sn phm v
cho khun th nn i nhanh.
1

Hnh trnh ca khun

ng khun: nhanh, chm, chm v gi
Gii thch:
Hnh trnh ng khun:
Lc u khun tin th khong h ln ta c th i
nhanh.
Cng v cui khun di ng cng gn khun c nh
nn rt d xy ra va p mnh gy gy cc cht dn
hng nn cn i chm.
Khi hai na khun p st th tng p lc gi
cht khun.
1

Hnh trnh ca khun

M khun: chm, chm, nhanh, chm.

Gii thch:
Hnh trnh m khun:
Khi m sn phm cn trong khun v dnh bn
trong d gy mp mo sn phm nu m khun
chm.
Sau m cc cht dn hng cng m chm
cc cht c tho ra d dng.
Khi tho cc cht dn hng th c th i nhanh.
Gn n im kt thc ta i chm trnh hin tng
va p gy h khun.
1

4.4.5 Vn tc trc vt
Vn tc quay ca trc vt (vn tc gc)
Vt liu c tnh n nh nhit km (nhy nhit), d b
ph hu bi lc ct ln, vt liu c nht cao p
dng tc quay nh.
Vt liu bn nhit, mun hon thnh cng on nhp
liu vi thi gian ngn p dng tc quay ln.
Tc quay qu ln gy phn hu nhit polymer,
hiu qu trn nguyn liu km, gia tng mi mn vt v
xylanh.

 Vn tc chuyn ng tnh tin ca trc vt

(vn tc di): nh hng n ch chy ca
nha trong khun. Tc ln p dng trong
trng hp gia cng sn phm c t l chiu
di chy/b dy sn phm ln.
Vn tc trc vt tng dn n:
Tng nhit nha lng trong khun.
Tng s truyn p sut trong khun.
Gim s hin din ca cc ng gip dng
bn ng gip dng tt hn
Tng bng b mt.
1

CHNG 4
CNG NGH P PHUN
4.1 Gii thiu cng ngh p phun
4.2 Cu to my p phun
4.3 Chu kz p phun
4.4 Cc thng s k thut ca qu trnh p
phun
4.5 Mt s hng dn iu chnh khi sn
phm c khuyt tt

CHNG 4
CNG NGH P PHUN
4.1 Gii thiu cng ngh p phun
4.2 Cu to my p phun
4.3 Chu kz p phun
4.4 Cc thng s k thut ca qu trnh p
phun
4.5 Mt s hng dn iu chnh khi sn
phm c khuyt tt

CHNG 4
CNG NGH P PHUN
4.1 GII THIU CNG NGH P PHUN
4.1.1 Sn phm p phun
4.1.2 Nguyn l chung
4.2 CU TO MY P PHUN
4.2.1 H thng phun
4.2.2 H thng h tr p phun
4.2.3 H thng kp
4.2.4 H thng iu khin
4.2.5 H thng khun

4.2.5 H thng khun

Nhim v ca
khun?

l ni nha c phun vo
nh hnh dng v kch thc sn phm
Lm ngui
Ly sn phm ra
1

4.2.5.1 Cu to ca khun
Nha c phun vo
(h thng knh dn nha)
nh hnh dng, kch thc sn phm
(lng khun)
Lm ngui
(h thng nc gii nhit)
Ly sn phm ra
(h thng li sn phm)
1

1- Vng nh v: dng xc nh v tr thch

hp ca vi phun vi khun.

2- Bc cung phun: ni vi phun v knh

dn nha vi nhau thng qua tm kp
pha trc v tm khun pha trc.

3- Tm kp khun
pha trc: kp
phn c nh ca
khun vo bn
my p phun.

4- Tm khun pha
trc: l phn c
nh trn khun,
ni hnh thnh hnh
dng ngoi ca sn
phm.

5- Cht dn hng (Guide pin): dn phn

khun di ng ti phn khun c nh
lin kt chnh xc gia hai phn c
nh v phn di ng ca khun.

Phn khun di ng
6- Bc dn hng (Guide bushing): bo
m cho s ph hp chnh xc gia
phn di ng v phn c nh ca
khun.

7- Tm khun sau (Rear cavity): l phn

chuyn ng ca khun, ni hnh thnh
hnh dng trong ca sn phm.
1

8- Tm (Support plate): cho cc

phn ghp ca chi tit khun trn tm
khun sau c nh, cng vng trong qu
trnh hot ng ca khun.
1

9- Cht dn hng bn i sn phm

(Sprue puller pin): dng dn hng
chnh xc cho bn i sn phm v cht
i sn phm.
1

10- Cht y sn phm Ty li (Ejector pin): dng

y sn phm ra khi khun khi khun m.
11- Cht hi (Ejector return pin): C nhim v lm cho
cht y sn phm quay v v tr ban u khi khun
ng li.

Cht y sn phm
Cht y rt nh v thng thit k nhiu cht
nhiu v tr cn thit m bo y c sn phm
ra.
Nu cht y ln s li l thng ln trn sn phm
nht l khi sn phm cha ngui hon ton.

V tr y phi thit k hp l khng nh hng

n m quan sn phm.*
i vi sn phm trn nh ci np th dng tm gt
thay v cht y, v y ti 1 hoc 2 v tr c th lm
sn phm b mo.
1

12- Tm gi bn y sn phm (Ejector retainer

plate): c nhim v gi cht y vo tm y.
13- Tm y bn y sn phm (Ejector plate):
y cht i sn phm ng thi vi qu trnh
y sn phm ca khun trong chu trnh p
phun.

14- Tm kp pha sau (Ejector housing):

kp cht phn chuyn ng ca khun
vo bn chuyn ng ca my p phun.
1

4.2.5.2 H thng cp v phun nha

nng chy vo khun*

 Vng cha nha ngui lnh (Cold slug

well) nhm:
Trnh tn tht p sut do thay i hng
dng chy t ngt.
Nh lp cch nhit gip dng nha chnh
nng chy tip.

a. Cung phun

a. Cung phun (sprue)

Cung phun c kch thc ph thuc
vo khi lng, b dy sn phm
thit k sao cho gim ph liu cung
phun v trnh tn tht p sut.
Gc thot trn cung phun ti thiu l
15o d ly sn phm.

b. Knh dn nha (runner)

Ch s cn bng h thng knh dn
nha m bo nha in y lng
khun.
S lng khun thng thng c thit
k theo dy s sau : 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16,
24, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128. V d dng c
sp xp theo hnh ch nht hoc hnh
trn.
1

Ch hnh dng knh dn nha

c lng nha ti a chy qua v
khng b mt nhit.

c. Ming phun (gate)

Kch thc ming phun ti u nht s
li vt trn sn phm nh nht. Kch
thc ming phun thng nn bng
60% b dy sn phm.
V tr ming phun nh hng rt nhiu
n dng nha chy vo khun sn
phm c th c nhng khuyt tt b
mt, cong vnh hoc khng c in
y.
1

d. Thot hi cho khun*

Trong sut qu trnh in y khun, dng chy y
kh c sn trong cc khun. Nu khng c ch thot,
kh s b nn li, to p sut cui dng chy.
p sut ny ngn nha in y khun v sinh
nhit lm nha b chy, lm xut hin cc vt en,
bt kh, ti nhng im cui cng ca sn phm
v c th gy n mn khun.

Do phi thit k l thng hi trn ng i

gii phng bt hi bn trong khun.
1

4.2.5.3 H thng lm ngui*

 Thi gian lm ngui chim 50 60%

ton b thi gian ca chu kz mt sn
phm. Do qu trnh lm ngui c
hiu qu rt quan trng lm gim
thi gian ca c chu kz.

 iu khin tt nhit trong khun,

cn lu :
Nhng knh lm ngui phi t cng
gn b mt khun cng tt, nhng ch
n bn c hc ca vt liu lm
khun.

 ng knh ca knh lm ngui phi > 8mm v

khng i trnh tc chy khc nhau.
1

 Trnh thit k knh lm ngui qu di dn n s

chnh lch nhit ln.
B tr knh lm ngui song song cho hiu qu lm
ngui tt hn nhng hiu qu s dng cht ti
nhit km hn.
c bit ch n vic lm ngui nhng phn dy
ca sn phm.

4.2.5.4 Phn loi khun

Ty theo mc phc tp ca hnh
dng sn phm m khun c kt cu 2
tm, 3 tm, nhiu tng, v c cc c
cu ph tr nh c cu tch khun
mt bn, c cu tho ren, c cu knh
dn nha nng (hot runner),

Khun 2 tm
Ch gm c 2 tm*:
khun c nh (khun trc)
khun di ng (khun sau).

Khi m khun ch c 1 khong m

ng dng:
Khi xt thy v tr cc ming phun c th
t thng hng vi cc lng khun.
u im:
Thit k n gin nht.
Chu k p phun ngn hn.

Khun
3 tm

C 3 tm khun:
Tm trc (c nh)
Tm gia
Tm sau (di ng)
Khi m khun c 2 khong m. Mt ch m ly
sn phm v ch m kia ly cung phun nha ra.

 H thng knh dn ca khun ba tm c t trn

tm gia song song vi mt phn khun chnh.
Chnh nh tm gia ny m knh dn v cung
phun c th ri ra khi sn phm khi khun m (t
ct ui keo).

ng dng:
S dng khi m ton b h thng knh
dn khng th t trn cng mt phng
nh khun hai tm. Do:
Khun c nhiu lng khun.
Khun c mt lng khun nhng
phc tp nn cn hn mt v tr phun
nha.

 Nhc im:
Chu kz p phun tng do hnh trnh ca
dng nha in y lng khun di,
hnh trnh ng m khun di.
Lng ph nhiu vt liu (nha).
Cn gi p sut phun lu in y.
Kt cu khun phc tp, khong
m khun ln.
1

H thng
khun c
knh dn
nha nng
1

c im:
Khun hai tm dng knh dn nng lun
gi cho nha nng chy trong bc cung
phun, knh dn v ming phun. Nha ch
ng c khi n chy vo lng khun.
Khi khun m ra th ch c sn phm c
ly ra ngoi. Khi khun ng li th nha
trong cc knh dn vn nng v tip tc
in y vo lng khun mt cch trc
tip.
1

Knh dn nha cp
nhit t bn ngoi

Knh dn nha cp
nhit t bn trong
1

ng dng:
Ph hp vi khun c nhiu lng khun
vi kch thc nh hay nhng khun
m h thng knh dn phc tp v ph
nhiu vt liu.

u im:
Khng c ph liu h thng knh dn
nha.
Hnh trnh m khun v dy ca
khun gim ng k so vi khun 3 tm.

Nhc im:
Khng thch hp vi nhng loi nha
chu nhit km.
H thng iu khin nhit d b
hng.

Khun c c cu tch khun mt bn

 14 - Cam cht
xin: dng dn
hng v y b
slider.
15 - Rail trt:
dng dn
hng b slider.

16 - B slider :
dng to li
mt bn sn
phm.

CHNG 5
CNG NGH THI KHUN
(Blow molding)
5.1 Gii thiu cng ngh thi khun
5.2 Cu to my n thi

5.3 Cc thng s iu khin qu trnh

n thi
5.4 Cc li thng gp ca sn phm v
bin php khc phc

CHNG 5
CNG NGH THI KHUN
(Blow molding)
5.1 GII THIU CNG NGH THI KHUN

5.1.1 Sn phm thi khun

5.1.2 Phn loi cng ngh thi khun

5.1.3 Nguyn liu

5.1.1 Sn phm thi khun

236

5.1.2 Phn loi cng ngh thi khun

5.1.2.1 Cng ngh n thi
(extrusion blow molding)
5.1.2.2 Cng ngh p thi
(injection blow molding)
237

5.1.2.1 Cng ngh n thi

238

239

240

241

242

5.1.2.2 Cng ngh p - thi

p phun

Thi

243

p phun

244

p phun

245

246

Thi

247

248

249

Cng ngh p - thi

p thi gin on: cn gi l phng
php hai giai on (two-step) hoc
phng php phi ngui (cold preform)
p thi lin tc: cn gi l phng php
mt giai on (one- step) hoc phng
php phi nng (hot preform)
250

p thi gin on

251

p thi gin on
Qu trnh p phun to phi v thi to hnh
thc hin trn cc thit b ring bit nhau.
Sau khi p phun to phi, phi c th lu tr
trong kho, qu trnh thi c th khng thc
hin ngay.
Trc khi thi, phi cn phi c gia nhit
li n nhit trn nhit ha thy tinh
ca nha. Sau khi c gia nhit thch hp,
phi c a qua my thi v to hnh
252

Thit b
sy mm quay
n hng ngoi

253

254

p thi lin tc

255

Nguyn l hot ng
Nha t u phun ca my p phun c phun vo trong
khun ti v tr khun 1 to nn hnh dng ca phi.
Khun 1 m ra, cn thi di chuyn qua v tr khun 2.
Khun 2 ng li, thc hin qu trnh thi v lm ngui sn
phm ri m khun ra. Lc ny sn phm cn dnh trn cn
thi s di chuyn qua v tr 3 y sn phm ra ngoi.
Cn thi tip tc di chuyn n v tr khun 1 v lp li quy
trnh nh trn.
Trn mt my, ngi ta thit k nhiu cn thi khi cn
thi ny ang lm vic ti v tr khun 1 th cc cn thi
khc cng ang lm vic ti v tr khun 2, v tr khun 3
tng nng sut ca my.
256

257

My p thi lin tc

258

p thi gin on
u im:
Chi ph u t my mc, thit b thp

Nhc im:
Tn nhn cng
Tn nng lng

Kh nng cng ngh:

C th sn xut c cc sn phm ln v nh
259

p thi lin tc
u im:
t tn nhn cng
Tit kim nng lng
Nng sut cao

Kh nng cng ngh:

Ch sn xut c cc sn phm va v nh

Nhc im:
Chi ph my mc, thit b cao
260

5.1.3 Nguyn liu

Nguyn liu dng cho cng ngh thi
khun l Nha nhit do.
Nha nhit do thi khun phi c t
trng thp (nhng cao hn nha cn
mng).
Cng ngh p thi: thng dng nha
PET
Cng ngh n thi: thng dng nha
PE, PP. Ngoi ra cn dng nha PS, PC

261

CHNG 5
CNG NGH THI KHUN
5.2 CU TO MY N THI
5.2.1 B phn n
5.2.2 B phn ct
5.2.3 B phn kp
5.2.4 B phn thi v nh c
5.2.5 Cc h thng ph tr

263

5.2.1 B phn n

B phn n gm: phu np liu,

xylanh, trc vt, thanh nhit, qut.

264

 Die head (u khun*): nm ngay trc

mi u n, nhim v nh c cho ng
parison.
B phn die head c th iu chnh c

265

 Spider legs: nhim v ngn ht nha

hoc cc ht rn khc i ra u khun,
m bo dng nha i ra u khun l

266

5.2.2 B phn ct
Nhim v: ct t ng parision khi
khun ng li.
C 2 loi: dao ct nhit v dao ct ngui.
Dao ct thng hot ng nh kh nn,
c th dng thu lc.

267

5.2.2 B phn kp
Nhim v:
Di chuyn khun t v tr di die head
n v tr di u thi.
ng m khun.
Duy tr lc ng gi khun trong sut qu
trnh thi.

C th hot ng nh kh nn, h thng

thu lc, c cu trc khu hoc kt hp.
268

5.2.2 B phn thi v nh c

(blowing and calibration unit)
u thi: c th xoay vng trn ly nha
vo phn ren, nh c c ca sn phm.

269

Khun:
nh hnh dng v kch thc sn phm.
Ch c 2 na (tm) tri v phi u l tm
i ng. Thit k, n gin hn khun p
phun.
Trong khun c h thng nc gii nhit.
Mt u die ch cho ra mt kiu c chai,
khng dng 1 u cho ra c nhiu kiu
c chai. Mi ng parision ch dng thi
ra 1 loi chai (cng 1 kch thc c)
270

5.2.2 Cc h thng ph tr
Compressed air: kh nn dn ti u
thi.
Kh nn cung cp cho u thi v thi
ng parision thng ra, khng b dnh li.
Nc gii nhit: cho phu np liu, du
thu lc, khun.

271

CHNG 5
CNG NGH THI KHUN
(Blow molding)
5.1 Gii thiu cng ngh thi khun
5.2 Cu to my n thi
5.3 Cc thng s iu khin qu trnh
n thi

5.4 Cc li thng gp ca sn phm v

bin php khc phc

5.3 Cc thng s iu khin qu trnh

n thi
1. Nhit
Nhit gia cng ca nha ging p
phun.
Nhit nc gii nhit cho khun
Nhit du thu lc (< 65oC),
Ch c nhit kh nn l my p phun
khng c.
273

a. Nhit gia cng Tp.

Vic ci t nhit gia cng cn ty
thuc tc vt xon.
Tc vt xon cng nhanh th Tp cng
ln.
Nu ci nhit thp th tc truyn
nhit khng kp vi tc vt xon
nha cha nng chy.
274

b. Nhit sy phi:
Phi nng th p sut kh thi cng nh
v ngc li.
Nhng loi nha d b bin tnh th
khng nn gia nhit cao qu m dng p
lc thi ln.
p lc thi cng ln th sn phm cng
sc nt.

275

2.Thi gian
Thi gian ca chu k:
Gm thi gian cc chu k con: di chuyn
khun n, ng khun, ct ng, thi gian
di chuyn v v tr thi, thi gian u thi i
xung, thi gian thi, thi gian m khun,
rt u thi, thi gian ch.
Thi gian 1 chu k ch tnh cho thi gian ca
khun, khng tnh cho vt xon. Hai khun
phi ch nhau cho ht 1 chu k.
276

3. p sut
C 2 loi p sut: du thu lc v kh nn.
p sut du thu lc cng ging my p
phun c tnh bng phn trm p sut
tng.
p sut thu lc: iu khin khun, iu
khin vt xon
p sut kh nn: iu khin qu trnh thi,
qu trnh ct (dao ct)
277

p sut trong qu trnh thi khun gm 2 loi: p sut du thy lc v p sut kh

nn.
- p sut thy lc c tnh bng phn trm p sut tng ca my. Nu mun khun
di chuyn chm th p lc di 50%. Khun c vn tc nhanh v lc ng khun ln
th p lc ln hn 50% p sut tng.
- p sut kh nn: kh nn iu khin qu trnh thi, ct sn phm v iu khin cc
hot ng khc ca my c p sut b. Thng th p sut thi khun c iu
chnh t 6-8 (atm)

278

3. p sut
p sut trong qu trnh thi khun gm 2 loi:
p sut du thy lc v p sut kh nn.
- p sut du thy lc c tnh bng phn
trm p sut tng ca my. Nu mun khun
di chuyn chm th p lc di 50%. Khun c
vn tc nhanh v lc ng khun ln th p
lc ln hn 50% p sut tng.
- p sut kh nn: kh nn iu khin qu trnh
thi, ct sn phm v iu khin cc hot ng
khc ca my c p sut b. Thng th p
sut thi khun c iu chnh t 6-8 (atm)
279

4. Hnh trnh ca khun:

i vi my c th iu chnh vn tc di chuyn
khun:
Hnh trnh khun i ti: nhanh (nhanh) -chm.
Hnh trnh ng khun: nhanh (nhanh) chm.
(Hnh trnh khun l s, th na khun l s/2. Khi i
trn qung ng s/2 th 2 na khun cng vn tc
v i xng nhau).
Hnh trnh m khun: chm - nhanh - chm.
i vi my khng iu chnh vn tc di chuyn
khun khun di chuyn, ng m cng vn tc.

280

5. Tc

Vn tc gc (vng/pht) (dnh cho vt

xon)
Vn tc di (dnh cho khun).
Vn tc trc vt tng tc n tng
vn khun tng nng sut cao.

281

5.4 Cc li thng gp v cch khc phc

1. ng parison cong theo cc hnh dng

khc nhau.
Do 2 vng trong diehead b lch tm lm
cho bn mng bn dy.
Khc phc: iu chnh cho ng tm.

282

2. ng parison b hp phn gia

a. Do nhit gia cng cao nho ra,
tr xung. Khc phc: gim nhit gia
cng.
b. Tc n chm ng parison b tr
xung do lc trng trng. Khc phc:
tng tc vt xon.

283

Chng 6: Cng ngh sn xut mng

6.1. Gii thiu tng quan
6.2. Quy trnh cng ngh tng qut sn
xut mng
6.3. Cng on thi mng
6.4. Cng on in mng
6.5. Cng on ghp mng
1

6.4 Cng on in mng

X l corona
Mc ch:
Mng nha thng c b mt nhn, bng, c tnh
tr, kh lin kt vi cht nn, mc in, trng ph. Do
mng cn phi qua cng on x l corona b
mt trc khi in, nhm tng phn cc b mt
mng, ci thin bn dnh mc, dung mi, cht
trng ph khi in hoc khi cn.
i vi nha phn cc th mc in bm ln b mt
d dng (VD: PVC). i vi nha khng phn cc
(PE, PP, nylon, PET, nha vinyl), mc in khng th
bm dnh ln b mt mng in th cn phi x l
corona.
1

Nguyn l:

Nguyn l:
S dng dng in cao tn bin phn t oxi
khng kh ti khu vc cn x l thnh oxi
nguyn t.
O + O2 = O3
O v O3 ct t cc lin kt C C, C H, ri
lin kt vi on cui ca chui phn t
trong nha, to nn b mt phn cc v to
ra nhng l nh li ti trn khp b mt mng
mc in bm dnh cht trn b mt vt liu
in.
1

Thanh nhm phng tia la in

Trc bc silicon mng

Bt th corona

Dung dch th corona (mc/bt th corona):

l hn hp ca formamide v Ethyl Cellosolve
c pha trn vi cc t l % th tch khc
nhau.
1

Cc phng php in
Cc phng php in:
Truyn thng: In flexo, In offset, In ng ng

Da vo v tr tng i ca cc phn t in
vi phn t khng in.
Phng php in cao (Flexo): phn t in nm
cao hn so vi phn t khng in.
Phng php in phng (offset): phn t in v
khng in nm trn cng mt phng
Phng php in ng ng: Phn t in nm
thp hn so vi phn t khng in
1

In flexo

In flexo
In flexo bt ngun t ch flexible, ngha l mm
do.
Cu to:
Trc anilox c cu trc vi l c nhim v cp mc cho
khun in (c th c hoc khng c h thng dao gt
mc).
Khun in n hi cha phn t in cao hn phn t khng
in (nn gi l phng php in ni).
Trc p in cng.
Mc in dng lng c kh nng kh nhanh truyn ln
khun in v chng c in ln bt k vt liu no, k c
vt liu thm ht v khng thm ht.
1

In flexo

ng dng:
s dng rng ri in cc loi nhn, bao b hoc
thng carton.
u im:
Cc bn in bng cao su hay nha nn c gi thnh r.
Cc bn in c dn ln trc bn nn vic ch to d
dng.

Nhc im:
Nu p lc in qu ln lm cho hnh nh b bt rng ra lm
gim cht lng in.
p lc in qu ln c th lm hng bn in hay vt liu
c in.
Bn in mau h
1

In offset
c im: Trn khun in, hnh nh, ch vit
v nhng vng khng in u c cao bng
nhau (nhn ln b mt tm bn in ch thy
phng nh t giy).

In offset
Nguyn l: ng dng s y nhau gia du
vi nc.
Trn khun in, phn trng (khng in) c b
mt l nhm, cn phn t in (hnh nh, ch
vit) c cu to t nha c bit gi l
nha diaz. Lp nha ny c tnh cht ht
du, y nc, v mc in offset l loi mc
c gc du.
1

In offset
Trong qu trnh in, trc tin b mt khun in c
ch mt lp nc mng, lp nc ny s dnh t
vo vng khng in (chnh l lp nhm). Sau
khun in mi c ch mc. V mc c gc du
nn n khng th dnh vo phn trng trn khun in
(ang dnh nc) m ch bt dnh trn phn t in l
nha diazo a du.
V vy, d khun in phng l nhng khi ch mc,
mc s khng bm trn b mt khun m ch
chuyn ng vo phn t in thnh hnh nh, ch
vit trn b mt khun in.
Sau khi p in ln b mt vt liu in s cho ra hnh
nh cn in.
1

In offset

In offset
u im:
In c nhiu loi vt liu in khc nhau
Cc bn in c tui th lu hn v khng tip xc vi
b mt cn in.
Vic ch to bn in d dng hn.

Nhc im
Khun in phi c ch m trc khi ch mc. i
hi t l mc v nc phi chnh xc trong qu
trnh in.
Nu lng nc thp, git mc in c th xut hin
trn b mt khng cn in lm nh b sai.
1

In ng ng
c gi l in ng ng v trc in c m
mt lp ng dy khong 100 microns.
In ng ng cn c gi l phng php in
lm v cc phn t in c khc su v nm
di b mt trc in, phn t khng in nm
trn b mt trc in.

In ng ng

 Trc khi in, ton b trc in c nhng

vo mng mc.
Phn t khng in c gt sch bi dao gt
mc, khi mc ch cn cha trong cc l
(phn t in), mc t cc l ny truyn ln
b mt vt liu in nh p lc in cao v bm
vo vt liu.
V mc in ng ng c nht thp
(khong 0.1 Pa.S) nn sau mi n v in u
c n v sy.
1

Trc in ng ng
nng, su ca phn t in ph thuc
vo mt mu. Nhng v tr c mt
mu cng cao th su ca phn t in
cng tng v ngc li.

Trc in ng ng
Cc phn t in c khc (bng cc phng
php: n mn ho hc hoc khc in t)
trc tip ln trc ng sau khi trc ng c
m mt lp ng. Cui cng ngi ta m ln
mt lp crom nhm mc ch bo v lp
ng.

 Lp : thng lm bng thp, yu cu: kh

nng c kh chnh xc, kh nng un cong v
kh nng m d dng.
Nhm tng c s dng do n nh nn
thao tc d lm v d vn chuyn, nhc
im l kh nng m ng ln nhm rt kh.

 Lp vt liu b mt: thng dng ng. Lp

ny dy khong 0.5 1mm.
Lp ng ny l ni to ra phn t in bng
phng php khc hoc n mn.
Yu cu: kh nng khc, bn, kh nng ti
sn xut.
ng th c kh nng n mn nhanh v dd n
mn l FeCl3. N cng c bn tt trong khi
in, m bo cc vch ca cc khng b bin
dng. Vic m loi b i v nh bng vi lp
ng cng d dng.
1

 Trn bn in th cc hnh nh cng c tram

ho. Mi inch vung ca hnh nh gm
khong t 4200 n 90000 c khc trn
b mt.
Kch thc v s lng cc ph thuc vo
mt mu ca phn hnh nh.
Mc ch ca vic chia nh ny ngoi vic th
hin tng th nh, cn l bn in c th gi
c lp mc ti cc phn t in.
1

 Lp bo v:
Thng th sau khi to phn t in xong ngi
ta m ln chng 1 lp crom mng khong 6
microns.
Chc nng: bo v bn in khi lc ma st
gia bn v dao gt hoc vt liu. Crom c
cng cao hn ng. Nu khng c lp crom
th ng s b n mn lm cc b nng dn
hoc b bin dng lm sai lch nh lng
mc. Lp crom c h s ma st nh, do t
b hao mn.
1

 u im:
In ng ng ch yu in dng cun, c th in
trn cc vt liu khc nhau nh giy, mng
nha do, mng kim loi,
Cht lng in ng u.
My chy n nh, tc cao.
bn trc in ln, kh nng phc ch ln,
chnh xc cao.
Bng phng php khc in t, su v
din tch l c th thay i c nn pp ny
cho php phc ch hnh nh vi cht lng
rt cao.
1

 Nhc im:
My mc t tin do c chnh xc cao.
Dung mi d chy n, khng tt cho mi
trng
Hao tn nhiu nng lng.

 Quy trnh in mng

Mng dng cun c gn vo trc x cun,
c i qua nhiu trc ko cng cho mng
khng b nhn. Thng lc cng ca mng khong 2
3% lc ko t.
Mng tip tc i qua b phn kh tnh in. Mng
c xt vi cc l s tch in, khi gp dung mi ca
mc in s phng in gy chy n nn cn b phn
kh tnh in trc khi mng qua l in.
Tip mng i qua gia trc cao su v trc in
c bm mc vo nh trc ly mc. Trc quay
ngc chiu vi trc in c th truyn mc ln
trc in.
1

 Trn trc in c t dao gt mc gt mc khng

c in bm vo trc in.
Mng sau khi c mc bm ln tip tc c
cun vo bung sy c gia nhit trc sy
kh dung mi mc in. Nhit bung sy khong
60 70oC.
Sau mng i qua trc lm lnh lm ngui
mng v tip tc qua nhiu trc in. S lng trc in
ph thuc vo s mu cn in trn sn phm.
Kt thc qu trnh in mng c cun li cho
qua cng on tip theo.

Thng s gia cng

Nhit khoang sy
Khi in nhng sn phm t mu: 55 56oC
Khi in nhng sn phm nhiu mu: khong 60oC

Nhit nc gii nhit: 27oC

Dao gt mc:
B rng dao gt mc: 5cm
Chiu di dao gt mc: Tuz theo kh mng v
chiu di trc trame

Tc quay ca trc trame dao ng khong

30 35m/pht
nht mc in: 23 27s
1

Chng 6: Cng ngh sn xut mng

6.1. Gii thiu tng quan
6.2. Quy trnh cng ngh tng qut sn
xut mng
6.3. Cng on thi mng
6.4. Cng on in mng
6.5. Cng on ghp mng
1

6.5. Cng on ghp mng

6.5.1 Mc ch ca cng on ghp mng
Mc ch ca cng on ghp mng l to
cho mng c nhiu tnh nng p ng c
i hi ca khch hng cng nh th trng.
Ngoi vic to cho mng c bn ko,
khng lo ha vi nh sng, ghp mng
cn nhm mc ch bo v mc in trn ti
nha v to cho mng c nhiu kh nng
nh khng m, chng li tia t ngoi, tia UV,
gip cho sn phm khng b hy hoi khi bo
qun trong bao b nha.
1

6.5.2 Cc phng php ghp mng

Ty thuc vo tnh
cht i hi ca sn
phm v u nhc
im m ng vi
l mt phng
php.

Ghp kh khng dung mi

S dng keo khng dung mi ghp cc loi mng
c tnh cht khc nhau thnh mng phc hp, dng
nhit lm chy lng keo, to kt dnh vi mng.
Thnh phn keo: hm lng rn l 100%.
c im: Cc l p c gi nhit 60 70oC.
khng c bung sy keo. Keo ng rn t nhin
trong mi trng hi m.

 Ghp kh khng dung mi:

S dng keo khng dung mi ghp cc loi mng
c tnh cht khc nhau thnh mng phc hp, dng
nhit lm chy lng keo, to kt dnh vi mng.
c im: Cc l p c gi nhit 60 70oC,
khng c bung sy keo. Keo ng rn t nhin
trong mi trng hi m.
Ghp n:
Vt liu kt dnh nh nha nng chy di tc dng
ca trc p (trc lnh v trc silicon) to lc lin kt
c hc gia cc lp mng.
1

1. u x cun 1
2. Cc l dn
3. Trc p

4. Trc ly keo
5. u x cun 2
6. u cun sn phm

Ghp kh khng dung mi

u im:
Khng cn h thng sy, thi kh lm kh dung
mi.
Loi b chi ph do dung mi
Tc vn hnh cao (180 200 m/min)
Ph hp vi mng nhy cm vi dung mi.
Lng keo tiu hao t.
Loi b vn dung mi cn lu li trn sn phm.
Khng gy hi cho sc khe v mi trng.
Ghp c vi mng k nc.
1

 Nhc im:
nht cao hn keo c dung mi
bm dnh ban u yu hn keo c dung
mi.
Keo bm dnh vo mng ng keo nn kh v
sinh.
Keo xm nhp qua mng.

Ghp kh c dung mi
S dng keo c dung mi ghp cc loi mng c
tnh cht khc nhau thnh mng phc hp.

 Mng nn c ph mt lp keo 2 thnh phn c

dung mi bi b phn ly keo gm trc silicon v
trc ly keo. Tuz nh lng keo ln mi sn phm
m s dng cc trc ly keo nhiu hay t.
Sau khi qua b phn ly keo, mng nn tip tc qua
bung sy lm kh keo. Mng nn s c ghp
dnh vi mt mng khc bi trc NIP ( nhit 55
60oC) m bo keo dn u v bm dnh trn b
mt 2 lp mng ghp.

Ghp kh c dung mi

u im:
C th ghp nhiu loi mng khc nhau.
Lc bm dnh gia cc lp cao.
D kim sot lng keo ph.
Linh ng: tt cho cc hp ng nh c nhiu kh
mng khc nhau.
Sn phm sau khi ghp d gia cng cc cng on
sau.

 Nhc im:
Do tip xc trc tip nn dung mi d ho tan mc
in.
Rt kh trit tiu dung mi cn tha trong sn
phm.
Phn ng ng rn cn nhiu thi gian.
S dng nhiu keo hao ph.

Phng php ghp n

Vt liu kt dnh nh nha nng chy v keo
(nu c) di tc dng ca trc p (trc lnh
v trc silicon) to lc lin kt c hc.
Ghp n ph: l qu trnh nha nng chy
c n ra khi u to hnh ch T to dng
mng v ph ln b mt nn mng 2 lp
gm mng nn v lp nha n.

Ghp n sandwich
Nha nng chy n ra u T v c
kp gia mt mng nn t u x chnh
v mt mng khc t u x sanwich
mng 3 lp bao gm mng nn, lp
nha n, mng sanwich.

Ghp n 2 u

Ghp n phi

feedlock

CHNG 7: CNG NGH N

(EXTRUSION)

7.1 GiI THIU CNG NGH N

c im sn phm
Nguyn liu
Nguyn l chung

ng

Mng
Mng chng
thm HDPE
dng trong
nui trng
thy sn

Mng ph nng nghip

Tm

Vch ngn v sinh

Tm lp bng nha PVC

Profile

Profile l cc sn
phm dng thanh
c mt ct phc tp

Bc dy
cp in

n thi chai l

Bao dt

c im sn phm
Sn phm c chiu di lin tc v mt
ct ngang khng i.
To ra cc bn thnh phm ri tip tc
gia cng bin dng trong giai on tip
theo nh: thi chai l, ghp mng mng
cc loi,
1

Nguyn liu
Ch yu cho nha nhit do, cc loi vt
liu c n hi cao nh cao su.

Nguyn l chung

Nguyn l chung

p phun

Trc vt chuyn ng
quay trn, ti lui

Quay trn

Hnh dng sn phm ty Ty thuc u to hnh

thuc vo khun
C chu k

Khng c chu k

Khng cn kt hp cc Phi kt hp cc b
b phn tip nhn, x l phn tip nhn, x l
sau khi ra khi khun
phi n sau khi ra khi
u to hnh.
1

7.2 MT S CNG NGH SN XUT C S

DNG MY N TRC VT

To mng
To tm phng, profile, ng
To si, ht
Ghp lp, ph nha ln vt liu khc

*To mng*

To tm phng

To profile

To ng

*To si, ht*

*Ghp lp *

Ph nha ln cc vt liu khc

7.3 CU TO MY N
Phu np liu Xylanh nguyn liu
H thng gia nhit, lm ngui
Trc vt
Li lc v tm chn
u to hnh
1

7.3 Cu to my n

Phu np liu
Cha nguyn liu d tr cung cp n
nh cho my n.
Hng cp liu c h thng nc lm
mt.
Phu np liu c thit k sao cho
m bo dng vt liu chy n nh.

Xylanh
Xylanh b phn gia nhit vng pha
ngoi.
Xylanh c ch to hai lp:
lp ngoi chu lc
lp trong chu ma st v n mn.

 Ty theo vt liu cn t nng m lp

ngoi c mt hay hai v.
Th d:
Gia cng nha nhit do: v ngoi thng
l mt lp, c t nng bng in tr.
Gia cng cao su: xylanh thng c 2 v
c th gia nhit bng hi nc hay tc
nhn ti nhit khc.

 Trn Xy lanh c l thot hi: Dng ly

i hi m hoc hi ca cc vt liu d
bay hi hoc hi pht sinh trong qu
trnh gia cng.
ng thot hi gm cc l nh c
ng knh khong 0,2mm trnh s
r r ca nguyn liu hoc ngi ta phi
gim p sut n vng thot hi.

H thng gia nhit

Gia nhit lm nha nng chy trong qu
trnh n.
C 2 ngun nng lng chnh cung cp cho
my n.
Nng lng sinh ra do ma st
Nng lng cung cp t bn ngoi (bng cch
gia nhit xylanh hoc gia nhit trc vt).

Gia nhit bng in tr:

Cc vng nhit t dc theo thn
my n.
C t nht 3 vng nhit . My n
di hn c trn 8 vng nhit .

Gia nhit gii nhit bng cht lng:

S dng cht lng cung cp nhit (ly
nhit) trong qu trnh n.
Gia nhit (gii nhit) bng cht lng trong
trc vt.
Gia nhit (gii nhit) qua xylanh.

H thng lm ngui
i vi xy lanh c v bc th vic lm
ngui c th dng nc.

 Trng hp xy lanh s dng vng gia

nhit th vic lm ngui c thc hin
bi qut gi (blower).

Trc vt
Chc nng:
Tip nhn nha ti ca np liu v ti
vt liu t vng np liu n u nh
hnh.
Trong qu trnh ti th chng thc hin
qu trnh trn hp, ha do nha.

 Cc thng s ca trc vt:

Chiu di vt (L), ng knh vt (D)

Chiu su rnh vt (h1, h2) vng np liu (L1),
vng nng chy (L2) v vng nh lng (L3)
khc nhau.
Chiu rng gn vt (e), bc vt (t), gc
nghing ca cnh vt (), khong cch gia hai
gn vt (w).
1

Cc vng trc vt:

Trc vt c chia thnh 3 vng:
vng np liu
vng nng chy (vng chuyn i)
vng nh lng (vng bm).

Vng np liu:
Chiu di khong 25% L, b su rnh vt ln
nht.
Nhim v: vn chuyn nguyn liu t phu
vo vng sau ca vt.
1

Vng nng chy:

Chiu di khong 50% L, su rnh vt
gim nhanh.
Trong vng ny nguyn liu b nn mnh
v nng chy, ng thi cc kh, hi
(nh hi nc) s b y ra khi my
n bng ng phu np liu v l
thot kh ca xy lanh (nu cn).

Vng nh lng:
Chiu di khong 25% L, su rnh vt
thp nht.
Trong vng ny nha c nng chy
ng nht (chy nht hon ton) ng
thi vng ny to p lc mnh y
nha nng chy vo u to hnh.
1

Tm chn

Tm chn
c t cui thn my n, l mt
tm kim loi dy, dng a, c l.
Mc ch chnh:
cc li lc
Ngn cn chuyn ng xoy ca nha nng
chy khi ra khi trc vt, hng nha chy
theo mt ng thng vo khun.

 C th kt hp b phn khuy o vo
tm chn ny.
Tm chn khuy o c nhiu rnh nh
dn, s chia nh dng chy, ko di
dng chy. Thit b ny s ci thin
khuy o phn b v phn tn.

Li lc
Chc nng ca li lc:
Lc tp cht ra khi khi nha lng, khng
cho tp cht vo u to hnh.
To p lc ngc tng kh nng trn v
nha ha trong vt.
Trn hp tt dng nha trc khi vo u
to hnh.
Gi cho dng nha vo u to hnh c
n nh.
1

 Li lc lm bng thp khng r c c

li t th (20 40 mesh) n mn (200
mesh).
Mesh l s dy kim loi an li trn 1
inch 25 mm, mesh cng cao, l li
cng nh.
Nn dng kt hp nhiu li to
hiu qu cao nht c th c.
1

 Thng thng, nhiu tm li lc c t

kt li vi nhau, bt u l tm li th,
tip n l cc tm li c kch thc nh
dn, ri mt tm li th, p st vo tm
chn. Tm li th sau cng ch lm nhim
v tm li tinh. Sp xp li lc to
nn hp lc.
Hp lc ngoi chc nng lc cc tp cht, n
cn lm tng khuy trn trong my n.
Hp lc thng gm: li lc 20 mesh, tip
n l 40, 60, 80, li 20 mesh c p st
vo tm chn.
1

u to hnh
u to hnh gi nhim v to hnh
dng sn phm.
Yu cu ca u to hnh:
khng c im dng trn dng chy
tn tht p sut nh
nhit phn phi u trn ton tit din
d lp rp.
1

Mt s loi u to hnh
u nh hnh dng ng: sn xut cc
sn phm hnh tr hay mng mng hnh
tr.
u nh hnh dng l: cho cc sn
phm dng si vi cc hnh dng khc
nhau (si trn, si dt)
u nh hnh dng khe: cho cc sn
phm tm phng, mng phng.
1

 u nh hnh dng Profile phc tp:

cho khung ca s, ca ra vo, np cc
loi
u nh hnh dng ng: cho sn phm
cui cng dng sn phm thi (chai l,
thng cha cc loi).

 Trong trng hp sn phm thi, li

trong ca u nh hnh c gn thm
b phn dn kh nn hoc dn vt liu
khc vo (i vi sn phm bc dy cp
in).

Cc thng s ci t trong qu trnh n

Nhit : gm nhit gia cng (gip nha
ha do hon ton), nhit nc gii nhit
cho du thy lc, nhit nc gii nhit
cho sn phm nha.
Vn tc: vn tc ca vt xon i km vi vn
tc ca my ko sn phm cho php n
nhanh, chm sn phm, gip iu chnh
dy mng v nng sut sn phm.

 p sut: p sut du thy lc gip iu

chnh cc hot ng n ca my. p
sut chn khng trong b nh hnh (i
vi ng trn) gip nh hnh ng trn.
Hnh trnh: hnh trnh ct t ng ca
my ct sn phm, nh k khi sn phm
i ht hnh trnh th sn phm s b
ct.
1

Hin tng trng n u n.

trng thi t nhin, cc phn t nha
nhit do l nhng mch phn t di, chng
c th co cun li, hoc sp xp ngu nhin,
hoc cc trng thi khc,
Khi nha b chy vo u nh hnh, cc
mch phn t b ko thng ra hoc nh
hng theo dng chy v vy chng khng
cn sp xp ngu nhin na.

 Khi nha b chy ra khi u nh hnh, cc

mch phn t c xu hng co cun li, y
l nguyn nhn lm cho sn phm n b co
ngt theo chiu n v b rng ra theo chiu
vung gc vi chiu n.
Hin tng ny gi l hin tng trng u
nh hnh v tng ng l nu tc ko
nh hn tc n th sn phm n s b
rng ra theo chiu vung gc.
Nu sn phm b trng qu nhiu th dng
nha s b t khc (gy v), c th lm cho
b mt sn phm b sn si.
1

 Hin tng trng u nh hnh c th hiu

n gin l hin tng hi phc li (sau khi
b bin dng) khi nha ra khi u nh hnh.
Kh nng hi phc li ca vt liu l mt hm
ca thi gian (giai on u vt liu hi phc
nhanh nhng sau kh nng hi phc
chm li).
u nh hnh c chiu di ngn th hin
tng trng xy ra nhiu v ngc li.

 V dng chy n nh, mch c thi gian

sp xp li

Phoi un chay roi

Phoi un dang mat tre

Cch gim hin tng trng u

nh hnh
Tng tc ko
Gim tc n, tng nhit chy
(phi mt tre)
Tng chiu di knh thot nha tng
ng (phi chy ri)
To dng hoc gim gc vo u to
hnh.
1

Mt s thng s lin quan n trc

vt

1. Trc vt
a) T l L/D. Chiu di trc vt /ng knh
trc vt. L/D thng t 16 36 tuz theo vt
liu.
Trc vt c vai tr trn v nha ho vt liu
Trc vt ngn: cht lng trn km, nng
sut km, nha ha khng n nh.
Trc vt di: c cht lng tt hn d p
ng c yu cu k thut. Nhng trc vt
di th bn ca trc vt yu hn v gi
thnh cao hn. Nh i vi PVC th L/D = 30
40, cao su L/D = 5 -7.

b)T l nn p: Trc vt phi to c h

s nn.

b)T l nn p: L t s gia th tch 1 bc vt

phn cp liu vi th tch 1 bc vt phn nh
lng.
H1, H2: Chiu su rng phn cp liu v phn
nh lng
T l nn p qu nh th sn phm khng c
kt cu cht ch, b mt sn phm km bng,
c th tn ti bng kh.
T l nn p cng ln th sn phm kt cu
cng cht ch v sn phm cng c bng
cao.
1

 Song t l nn p qu ln (vt lu b nn
cht qu) s gy tn ti ng sut d
nhiu gy hin tng sn phm c th
b rn nt, cc rng ca trc vt chu p
sut ln c th b h hng.
i vi nha t l nn p t 2,5 5,
ring i vi cao su 1,3 1,5.

 Theo thit k mt s trc vt ph bin:

ng knh trc vt D: 32 45 60 90 120
150 Chiu su cnh vt H1: 4 6 8 -10-16 18- 22 -25-30 -35 Bc rng cnh vt: A =
0.8 :1.2 D (theo kinh nghim ). B dy
cnh vt b = 0.1D (i vi cao su b =
0.2D). ng knh li vt: Do = D 2H
1

 d) Khe h gia xy lanh v vt xon: Nhm

lm gim dng nha chy ngc v ma st
gia vt xon vi xylanh. Thng khe h L =
0.003D.
c) Mt bn cnh vt: Thng vung gc vi
trc vt l thch hp nht nhng phn tip
gip vi chn ca mt bn vt vi ng
knh ca li trc phi c gc ln tng
bn vng cho vt .
1

 e) a nha ha: l mt b phn c

t cui trc vt (phn tip gip vi u
nh hnh). Phn ny c th ch to lin vi
trc vt hoc ch to ri ri ghp vo vt
xon, c ng knh nh hn xy lanh
khong 1 cm, c cu to nh mt bnh rng
hnh tr, chn rng bng ng knh trc
vt phn nh lng.
a nha ha c tc dng nh mt b phn
ct x, o, nha ho, tng cao hiu qu
trn.

2. Vn tc trc vt
Vn tc trc vt lin quan n:
p sut nha trong xy lanh,
sn lng,
mc trn
thi gian gip cho nha nng chy,
nhit gia cng (vn tc trc vt cng cao th
nhit cng cao do nhit ma st).

V vy vic ci t tc trc vt l rt quan

trng phi m bo c qu trnh nha
ha, nng sut cao, vt liu khng b phn
hy do qu nhit.
1

CHNG 8:
CNG NGH P TRC TIP

Sn phm cng ngh p trc tip

Nha nhit rn

Sn phm cng ngh p trc tip

Cc chi tit bng cao su

c im sn phm p trc tip

Sn phm p trc tip thng nng
(chiu su b), hnh dng khng qu
phc tp.

Nguyn l phng php p trc

tip

Nguyn l phng php p trc

tip

 Cc bc tin hnh phng php p trc

tip:
Nguyn liu (c th dng bt, ht, mu
ct nh) c nh lng ph hp (thng
bng phng php cn hoc o th th
tch) ri cho vo khun.
Khun c ng li. Di tc dng ca
nhit v p lc thy lc, nguyn liu
chy ra, to hnh, ng rn trong khun.
Sau khi to hnh, ng rn sn phm xong,
khun m ra, sn phm c ly ra ngoi.

 Cc thng s quan trng trong qu trnh

gia cng bng phng php p trc
tip:
nhit
p sut
thi gian lu sn phm trong khun.

Nguyn liu
Nha nhit rn: PF (Phenol formandehyd), UF (Urea
formandehyd), Melamin, Polyurethane,
Hn hp cao su
Nha nhit do: Cellulose acetat, Cellulose acetat
butirat, ethyl Cellulose, Acrylic, PS (polystyren), PE
(polyethylene), ...
Thng ch dng nha nhit rn v hn hp cao su
(t dng nha nhit do)

 Phng php p trc tip thng dng gia cng

cao su v nha nhit rn v:
Di tc dng ca nhit, nha nhit rn, cao su
nh hnh v ng rn trong khun m khng cn
h thng gii nhit cho khun
Khng cn thi gian ch ngui sn phm trong
khun nn nng sut tng.
Nha nhit do khi to hnh trong khun cn phi c
h thng gii nhit trong khun lm ngui sn
phm, mt thi gian lm ngui nn nng sut gim.
i vi nha nhit do c phng php p phun
cho nng sut cao hn v c th sn xut c
nhng sn phm c hnh dng phc tp hn.