Briefly about MIMO.

The technology based on the IEEE 802.11n standard, the WiFi.

Wi - Life is a brief overview of WiFi IEEE 802.11 n technology.
Extended information to our videopublikatsii .
The first generation of devices with support for WiFi 802.11n appeared on
the market a few years ago.MIMO technology (MIMO - multiple input / multiple
output -mnozhestvennye input / multiple output) is the core of 802.11n. This radio
system with a plurality of separate transmit and receive paths. MIMO-system are
described using a number of transmitters and receivers. WiFi 802.11n standard
defines a set of possible combinations from 1x1 up to 4x4.
Typically, the deployment of Wi-Fi network standard indoors, such as in an office,
workshop, hangar, hospital, radio rarely is the shortest path between the
transmitter and the receiver because walls, doors and other obstacles. Most of these
environments have many different surfaces that reflect a radio signal
(electromagnetic wave) like a mirror, reflecting the light. After reflections generated
multiple copies of the original WiFi signal. When multiple copies of WiFi-signal move
in different ways from the transmitter to the receiver signal which went by the
shortest route will be the first and following copy (or multipath echo signal) will
come later due to longer routes. This is called multipath propagation
(multipath). Terms of multiple propagation are constantly changing, as Wi-Fi-devices
often move (smartphone with Wi-Fi in the hands of the user), moving around the
various objects making noise (people, cars, etc.). Signals arriving at different times
at different angles and this may cause distortion and possible signal attenuation.
It is important to remember that support WiFi 802.11 n c MIMO and a large number
of receivers can reduce the effect of multipath propagation and destructive
interference, but in any case it is better to reduce the multipath environment where
as soon as possible. One of the most important moments - keep the antenna as far
away from metal objects (primarily omni WiFi antennas that are circularly or
omnidirectional radiation
pattern).

It should be clearly understood that not all Wi - Fi clients and access points WiFi standard are
identical in terms of MIMO.
Existing customers of 1x1, 2x1, 3x3, etc. Such as mobile type devices often
smatrfona MIMO support 1x 1, 1 x sometimes 2. This is due to two key challenges:
1. The need to ensure low energy consumption and long battery life,
2. The difficulty in the arrangement of the multiple antennas with adequate spacing them in a small
package.
The same applies to other mobile devices: tablets, PDAs, etc ..
Vysk level Laptops often now supports up to 3x3 MIMO (MacBook Pro and etc).

Let's look at the main types of MIMO in WiFi standard networks.

Now we omit the details of the number of transmitters and receivers. It is important to understand the
principle.
The first type: Explode Upon receipt of the signal to the WiFi device
If the received signal has at least two associated receiver antenna diversity,
it is quite possible to analyze all copies at each receiver to select the best signal.
Further, these signals can be carried out various manipulations, but we are interested, first of all,
the possibility of combining them with the help of technology MRC (Maximum Ratio
Combined).Technology M RC details will be considered later.
The second type: Explode When sending a signal to the WiFi device
If the sending point has at least two associated WiFi transmitter antenna diversity, there is a
possibility of sending a group of identical signals to increase the number of copies of information to
improve the reliability and reduce the need for transmitting retransmission data in a radio channel, in
case of loss.
The third type: Spatial multiplexing signals on the device WiFi standard
(combining signals)

If the point of sending and receiving point has at least two associated WiFi
transmitter antenna diversity, there is a possibility to send a set of different
information over different signals in order to create opportunities virtual association
of such information streams into a single data channel, the total capacity of which
tends to the sum of the individual streams of which it is composed. This is called
spatial multiplexing. But it is extremely important to ensure the possibility of a
qualitative division of the original signals, which requires large
quantities SNR - signal / noise
ratio.

MRC Technology (maximum ratio combined) is used in many modern access

point Wi - Fi enterprise.
MRC is aimed at the rise of the signal level in the direction of Wi - Fi client to Point
WiFi 802.11 access.
The algorithm of the MRC involves the collection on multiple antennas and receivers
of all direct and multipath multipath signals. Further special processor (DSP) selects
the best signal from each receiver, and performs combining. In fact, mathematical
processing implements a virtual phase shift to create a positive interference with
the addition of signals. Thus the resultant summed signal characteristics
significantly better than all of the source.
MRC allows to provide significantly better working conditions for low-power mobile

devices on the network standard Wi - Fi.

The WiFi 802.11n systems dignity multipath is used for the simultaneous
transmission of several signals.Each of these signals is called "spatial streams" are
sent to a single antenna via a separate transmitter. Due to the presence of a
distance between the antennas, each signal to the receiver should be on a bit
different way. This effect is called "exploded". The receiver is also equipped with
multiple antennas with their individual radios that are independently decode the
signals, and each signal is combined with signals from other receiver radios. As a
result, the reception is carried out simultaneously multiple data streams. This
provides a much higher bandwidth than previous systems, WiFi 802.11 standard,
but also requires the presence of the client with support for 802.11n.
Now a little deeper into this topic:
In the standard devices with WiFi MIMO separation may all incoming information
stream into different streams using Spatial multiplexing for subsequent
dispatch. Using multiple transmitters and antennas for sending different streams in
the same frequency channel. This can be visualized in such a way that some text
phrase can be transmitted so that the first word is sent via a transmitter and the
second transmitter through another etc.
Of course, the host must support the same functionality (MIMO) for the full
allocation of the various signals, and combining them rebuild using spatial

multiplexing again. So we are able to restore the original information stream. The
presented technology can divide a large data stream to a set of smaller streams and
transmit them separately from one another. In general this allows more efficiently
utilized and specifically radio environment frequencies allocated for Wi-Fi.

WiFi 802.11n standard technology also defines as MIMO it can be used to

improve the SNR level at the receiver using the control beam pattern on the transfer
(transmit beamforming). With this technique it is possible to control the process of
sending signals from each antenna so as to improve the parameters of the received
signal at the receiver. In other words, in addition to sending the multiple streams
multiple transmitters to achieve a higher SNR can be used at the receiving data,
and as a result, higher data rates on the client.
It is necessary to note the following things:
1. diagram of the control procedure directivity (transmit beamforming), defined in
the Wi-Fi 802.11n standard requires collaboration with the receiver (actually with
the client device) to obtain feedback on the state of the signal at the receiver. It is
necessary to have support this functionality on both sides of the channel - at both
the transmitter and the receiver.
2. In view of the complexity of the procedures for managing radiation pattern
(transmit beamforming) was not supported by the first generation of 802.11n chips
as the terminal side and on the side of APs.Currently, most of the existing chips to
the client device does not support this functionality.

3. There are solutions to build networks of Wi - Fi, which enables you to control the
radiation pattern of the access point without the need for feedback from the client
devices.

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