Higher National School Of Renewable Energy

Report

Module:Wireless Network AND IIoT

Dr M.HADEF

Beamforming

students group
1- Bouhssira Mounira
2- Gridi RANIA
3- Achoura Youssra
4- Boudahba Widad

1
Contents

0.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
0.1.1 What is Beamforming? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
0.1.2 How does Beamforming work? . . . . . . . . . 5
0.1.3 The principles of beamforming . . . . . . . . . 5
0.2 types of beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.2.1 Analog beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.2.2 Digital beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
0.2.3 Hybrid beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
0.2.4 Massive MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
0.3 Beamforming Tranceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
0.3.1 definition of beamforming tranceiver . . . . . 9
0.3.2 Between Traditiona Routers and Beamform-
ing Tranceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
0.4 Adv and Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
0.4.1 Advantges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
0.4.2 Limitation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
0.5 Application of beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
0.5.1 Wireless communications . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
0.5.2 Radar systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
0.5.3 Medical imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
0.5.4 Sonar systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
0.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
0.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2
0.1 INTRODUCTION

Beamforming is powerful technique which has been widely

used in signal processing. Radar and sonar, biomedical and par-
ticularly in communications .This scientific report provides a com-
prehensive overview of beamforming; it delves into the various types
of beamforming. The report also explores beamforming transceivers,
detailing their essential components and functionalities. It then pro-
ceeds to discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with
beamforming technology.

3
0.1.1 What is Beamforming?
Beamforming is a type of radio frequency (RF) management in
which a wireless signal is directed toward a specific receiving device.
Beamforming is applied to numerous technologies, including wireless
communications, acoustics, radar and sonar. The RF management
technique directs radio and sound waves for signal transmission or
reception.
Rather than sending a signal from a broadcast antenna to be spread
in all directions – how a signal would traditionally be sent – beam-
forming uses multiple antennas to send out and direct the same sig-
nal toward a single receiving device, such as a laptop, smartphone
or tablet. The connection results in a faster, more reliable wireless
data transfer.
The concept originates from 1905, but more recently, the technology
has been applied to Wi-Fi and fifth-generation (5G) networks. As
an example, the 802.11 standard gives a specification for routers to
implement Wi-Fi beamforming.

Figure 1:

4
0.1.2 How does Beamforming work?
Beamforming works differently, depending on its type or imple-
mentation. However, by having multiple antennas in close proximity
send out multiple signals at different times, a beamforming tower or
router can adjust the signals it sends. This adjustment determines
the best path for the signal to take to reach the client device. In a
sense, beamforming shapes the RF beam as it traverses a physical
space.
The radiating elements – or parts of the antenna designed to sup-
port RF currents – in multiple antennas need to transmit a signal
at identical wavelengths and phases.

Figure 2:

0.1.3 The principles of beamforming

1. If you put multiple number of antenna with a certain dis-
tances, you will always have some special shape of beam which is
different from the radiation pattern from single isotropic antenna.

5
 2. if you want to have a specific shape of beam you need
to put those multiple antenna in a specific distances between them
==¿ BeamForming
3. if you want to point the team toward a specific direction,
you need to transmit the signal through each of the antenna elements
with certain amount of phase difference. ==¿ BeamSteering

0.2 types of beamforming

0.2.1 Analog beamforming

Uses phase-shifters to send the same signal from multiple an-
tennas. The signal is set to different phases, which creates an an-
tenna pattern that points a specific direction. The signal phases
of antenna signals are adjusted in an RF domain, which improves
coverage.

Figure 3: analog beamforming

6
0.2.2 Digital beamforming
Has different signals for each antenna in a digital baseband.
Digital receivers are placed at the radiating elements of each an-
tenna. Different phases are applied to different frequency bands,
enabling digital beamforming to be more flexible. A digital beam-
forming processor can then steer numerous independent beams in
any direction. This method is useful for spatial multiplexing.

Figure 4: digital beamforming

0.2.3 Hybrid beamforming

Is a combination of analog and digital beamforming. The hy-
brid approach uses analog beamforming along with digital precod-
ing, which is used to support multistream transmission, to form the
patterns transmitted from an antenna array. The process defines
the number of analog beams while allowing for some frequency vari-
ations. 5G base stations can use hybrid beamforming.

7
 Figure 5: hybrid beamforming

0.2.4 Massive MIMO

Or multiple input and multiple output, is an antenna tech-
nology for wireless networks where multiple antennas are used at
both the transmitter and the receiver ends. Massive MIMO uses
a common frequency that is then steered in multiple directions. It
requires digital signal processors and an area with a lot of signal
interference. The different signal arrival times form multiple time-
division duplexing channels, providing path redundancy. Massive
MIMO is used in wireless, Wi-Fi and 5G technology.

Figure 6: massive mimo beamforming

8
0.3 Beamforming Tranceiver
0.3.1 definition of beamforming tranceiver
A beamforming transceiver refers to a device or system that
combine both beamforming and transceiver functionalities. Let’s
break down these two terms: beamforming : is a technology that
focuses the transmition and reception of radio waves in a specific di-
rection tranceiver : is a combination of a transmitter and a receiver
in a single device. It’s responsible for both transmitting and receiv-
ing signals in a communication system. beamforming tranceiver :
is just refers to a device that can transmit and receive signals while
using beamforming technology to focus those signals in a specific
direction, enhancing communication quality.

0.3.2 Between Traditiona Routers and Beamforming Tran-

ceiver
To explain the defference between them imagine you have a
wireless router that sends out a Wi-Fi signal to your devices. In a
traditional setup, the router sends the signal in all directions Lead-
ing to interference, reduced range, and slower data speeds . Now,
with beamforming, the router is equipped with multiple antennas
that can focus the signal like a spotlight. These antennas work
together to identify the location of your device and direct a concen-
trated signal beam towards it. This means the signal is stronger and
more precise, and it follows your device as it moves. So, instead of
broadcasting the signal in all directions like a light bulb, beamform-
ing focuses it like a flashlight, ensuring a more stable and efficient
wireless connection for your devices .

9
 Figure 7: routeur wifi vs routeur wifi with beamforming

0.4 Adv and Limitation

0.4.1 Advantges
Improved Signal Quality:

Beamforming makes signals stronger and better in one direc-

tion, which helps with better communication or finding things.

Better Location Details:

Beamforming gives more precise information about where

things are, which is important in things like medical pictures.

Energy Efficiency:

By transmitting or receiving signals only in the desired di-

rection, beamforming can reduce power consumption in wireless de-
vices.

Increased Capacity:

In wireless communication, beamforming can increase the ca-

pacity of a network by serving multiple users simultaneously in dif-
ferent directions

10
0.4.2 Limitation:
cost:

If you want to use the best beamforming, it can be costly, and

not everyone can afford it.

Limited range:

Beamforming works well for signals you aim at, but it might
not cover a big area, which can be a problem sometimes

interference:

In wireless communication, beamforming can be sensitive to

multipath fading, where signals take multiple paths and interfere
with each othe

complexity:

One of the main challenges of beamforming is the complexity

of the algorithm which can take longer processing time

0.5 Application of beamforming

11
0.5.1 Wireless communications
Beamforming helps make your phone’s 4G and 5G connections
faster, with fewer problems and better coverage

Figure 8: wireless-communication

12
0.5.2 Radar systems
Under the sea, beamforming helps boats and scientists find
things in the water, like fish and ocean stuff.

Figure 9: radar system

13
0.5.3 Medical imaging
Beamforming techniques are applied in ultrasound imaging to
generate high-resolution images of internal organs and tissues.

Figure 10: Medical imaging

14
0.5.4 Sonar systems
Beamforming is essential in radar systems for target detection
and tracking, weather monitoring, and aerospace applications.

Figure 11: sonor systems

15
0.6 Conclusion

Beamforming has the potential to greatly improve the perfor-

mance and efficiency of various systems and is an essential technol-
ogy in modern wireless communication networks and sensing appli-
cations.

16
0.7 References

[1]AlexanderS.Gillis.(2021,january20).what is Beamforming.Retrieved
from https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/beamforming
[2]TELCOMA CERTFICATION SINCE2009.Describe the con-
cept of beamforming in 5G.Retrieved from https://telcomaglobal.com/p/beamforming-
in-5g-network-coverage-capacity.
[3]Dr.Mohamed Nedder Hamdy, PHD.Book untitled Beaformers
Explained
[4]-https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/beamforming.
[5]-https://ofinno.com/technologies/beamforming
[6]-ieee journal of solid-state circuits A 25-30 GHz Fully-Connected
Hybrid Beamforming Receiver for MIMO Communication .

17