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5
2.1
a)
(1)
Energy balance:
d 1V 2T3 Tref 3
dt
(2)
(3)
1CV
d (T3 Tref )
dt
= 1CV
dT3
= w1C 2T1 Tref 3 + w2C 2T2 Tref 3
dt
( w1 + w2 ) C (T3 Tref )
(4)
dT3
= w1T1 + w2T2 ( w1 + w2 )T3
dt
2-1
(5)
2.2
Energy balance:
Cp
d 1V 2T Tref 3
dt
Simplifying
1VC p
dT
= wC p Ti wC p T UAs 2T Ta 3 + Q
dt
dT
1VC p
= wC p 2Ti T 3 UAs 2T Ta 3 + Q
dt
b)
2.3
a)
Mass Balances:
2-2
A1
dh1
= w1 w2 w3
dt
(1)
dh2
= w2
dt
(2)
A2
Flow relations:
Let P1 be the pressure at the bottom of tank 1.
Let P2 be the pressure at the bottom of tank 2.
Let Pa be the ambient pressure.
w2 =
Then
P1 P2
g
=
(h1 h2 )
R2
g c R2
(3)
P1 Pa
g
=
h1
R3
g c R3
(4)
w3 =
b)
2.4
Assume constant liquid density, . The mass balance for the tank is
d (Ah + m g )
dt
= ( q i q )
2-3
dh
= qi q
dt
(1)
gh
q = C v Pg +
Pa
gc
1/ 2
(2)
Pg =
(m g / M ) RT
(3)
A( H h)
(mg / M ) RT gh
dh
+
Pa
A = qi Cv
dt
gc
A( H h)
(4)
Because the model contains Pa, operation of the system is not independent of Pa.
For an open system Pg = Pa and Eq. 2 shows that the system is independent of Pa.
2.5
a)
Pd P1
P P2
, wb = 1
,
Ra
Rb
Mass balances for the surge tanks
wa =
dm1
= wa wb ,
dt
wc =
P2 Pf
Rc
dm2
= wb wc
dt
2-4
(1)
(2)
P1V1 =
m1
RT1 ,
M
P2V2 =
m2
RT2
M
(3)
(4)
V
V
P1 1 = P2 2
m1
m2
or
PV
m1 = 1 1
C
= C , a constant
1/
and
PV
m2 = 2 2
C
(5)
1/
(6)
V1
1/
V2
1/
P1
(1 ) /
dP1
= wa wb
dt
(1 ) /
dP2
= wb wc
dt
P2
as the new dynamic model. If the ideal gas law were not valid, one would
use an appropriate equation of state instead of Eq. 3.
2.6
a)
Assumptions:
1. Each compartment is perfectly mixed.
2. and C are constant.
3. No heat losses to ambient.
Compartment 1:
2-5
thus
q1 = q
(1)
dT1
= 1qC 2Ti T1 3 UA2T1 T2 3
dt
(2)
Compartment 2:
Overall balance:
0 = q1 q2
thus
q2 = q1= q
(3)
Energy balance:
V21C
b)
dT2
= 1qC 2T1 T2 3 + UA2T1 T2 3 U c Ac 2T2 Tc 3
dt
(4)
c)
2.7
Let the volume of the top tank be V, and assume that is constant.
Then, an overall mass balance for either of the two tanks indicates that the
flow rate of the stream from the top tank to the bottom tank is equal to
q +qR. Because the two tanks are perfectly stirred, cT2 = cT.
2-6
dcT 1
= qcTi + qR cT 2 q + qR 3cT 1
dt
(1)
dcT 2
= 2q + qR 3cT 1 qR cT qcT
dt
or
(1 43V
dcT
= 2 q + qR 32cT 1 cT 3
dt
(2)
Eqs. 1 and 2 constitute the model relating the outflow concentration, cT, to
inflow concentration, cTi. Describing the full-scale reactor in the form of
two separate tanks has introduced two new parameters into the analysis, qR
and . Hence, these parameters will have to be obtained from physical
experiments.
2.8
Additional assumptions:
(i) Density of the liquid, , and density of the coolant, J, are constant.
(ii) Specific heat of the liquid, C, and of the coolant, CJ, are constant.
Because V is constant, the mass balance for the tank is:
dV
= q F q = 0 ; thus q = qF
dt
dT
0.8
= q F C (TF T ) Kq J A(T TJ )
dt
(1)
dTJ
dt
= q J J C J (Ti TJ ) + Kq J
2-7
0.8
A(T TJ )
(2)
where A is the heat transfer area (in ft2) between the process liquid and the
coolant.
Eqs.1 and 2 comprise the dynamic model for the system.
2.9
Additional assumptions:
i. The density and the specific heat C of the process liquid are
constant.
ii. The temperature of steam Ts is uniform over the entire heat
transfer area
iii. Ts is a function of Ps , Ts = f(Ps)
Mass balance for the tank:
dV
= qF q
dt
Energy balance for the tank:
1C
d V (T Tref )
dt
(1)
(2)
+UA(Ts T )
where: Tref is a constant reference temperature
A is the heat transfer area
Eq. 2 is simplified by substituting for (dV/dt) from Eq. 1, and replacing Ts
by f(Ps), to give
VC
dT
= q F C (TF T ) + UA[ f ( Ps ) T ]
dt
Then, Eqs. 1 and 3 constitute the dynamic model for the system.
2-8
(3)
2.10
(1)
dcB
= qi cBi qcB + V (k1e E1 / RT c A k2e E2 / RT cB )
dt
(2)
dcC
= qcC + Vk2e E2 / RT cB
dt
(3)
An overall mass balance over the jacket indicates that qc = qci because the
volume of coolant in jacket and the density of coolant are constant.
Energy balance for the reactor:
= ( qi c Ai M A S A + qi cBi M B S B ) (Ti T )
(4)
dTc
= 1 j S j qci 2Tci Tc 3 + UA2T Tc 3
dt
where:
j, Sj are density and specific heat of the coolant.
Vj
is the volume of coolant in the jacket.
Eqs. 1 - 5 represent the dynamic model for the system.
2-9
(5)
2.11
Model (i) :
Overall mass balance (w=constant= w ):
d ( V )
dh
= A
= w1 + w2 w
dt
dt
(1)
A component balance:
d (Vx)
= w1 wx
dt
or
d (hx)
= w1 wx
dt
(2)
Model (ii) :
Mass balance:
d (1V 3
dh
= A
= w1 + w2 w
dt
dt
(3)
or
d (hx)
= w1 wx
dt
(4)
2-10
2.12
a)
dm d (Ah)
dh
=
= A = w1 + w2 w
dt
dt
dt
Valve equation: w = C v
g
h = Cv h
gc
where C v = C v
g
gc
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Steady-state model :
0 = w1 + w2 C v h
b)
c)
Cv =
w1 + w2
h
Feedforward control
2-11
(5)
where hR = 2.25 m
w2 = (2.13)(1.5) w1 = 3.2 w1
(6)
h=
3
= 1.408 and h = 1.983 m (instead of 2.25 m)
2.13
2.25 1.983
100% = 11.9%
2.25
The sensitivity does not look too bad in the sense that a 10% error in flow
measurement gives ~12% error in desired level. Before making this
2-12
2.13
a)
(800)(3.14)
dh
= 120 + 100 200 = 20
dt
20
dh
=
= 0.007962 m/min
dt (800)(3.14)
Time to reach leak point (h = 1 m) = 125.6 min.
b)
dh
= 56 q4 = 56 12676583 h 9 = 20 20 h 1 , h 1
dt
To check for overflow, one can simply find the level hm at which dh/dt =
0. That is the maximum value of level when no overflow occurs.
0 = 20 20
hm 1 or
hm = 2 m
Thus, overflow does not occur for a leak occurring because hm < 2.25 m.
2.14
Model of process
Overall material balance:
2-13
AT
dh
= w1 + w2 w3 = w1 + w2 C v h
dt
(1)
Component:
AT
d (hx3 )
= w1 x1 + w2 x2 w3 x3
dt
AT h
dx3
dh
+ AT x3
= w1 x1 + w2 x2 w3 x3
dt
dt
dx3
+ x3 ( w1 + w2 w3 ) = w1 x1 + w2 x2 w3 x3
dt
AT h
dx3
= w1 ( x1 x3 ) + w2 ( x 2 x3 )
dt
dx3
1
=
[w1 ( x1 x3 ) + w2 ( x2 x3 )]
dt AT h
or
a)
(2)
(3)
1
[ (72 + 50) 220 x3 )]
(800)(1.75)
= 0.027738 0.050020x3
Integrating,
2-14
x3 f
x3 o
dx3
= dt
0.027738 0.050020 x3 0
Solving,
t = 47.42 min
c)
dh
= 100 + 100 Cv h
dt
dh
1
=
200 166.3 h
dt 800
= 0.079577 0.066169 h
1.7
h(m)
1.6
1.5
1.4
0
50
100
150
200
time (min)
250
300
d)
a)
2.15
dX
= Vrg FX
dt
or
dX
F
= rg X
dt
V
(1)
Product: V
dP
= Vrp FP
dt
or
dP
F
= rp P
dt
V
(2)
Substrate:
Cells:
dS
1
1
= F (S f S )
Vrg
VrP
dt
YX / S
YP / S
or
1
1
dS F
rg
rP
= ( S f S )
YX / S
YP / S
dt V
b)
At steady state,
then,
dX
=0
dt
rg = DX
X = DX
=D
or
<D
(3)
2-16
(4)
0 = rg DX
(5)
0 = rp DP
(6)
0 = D(S f S )
1
YX / S
rg
1
YP / S
rP
(7)
From Eq. 5,
DX = rg
(8)
From Eq. 7
rg = Y X / S ( S f S ) D +
YX / S
rP
YP / S
(9)
YX / S
rp
YP / S
From Eq. 6 and the definition of YP/S in (2-92),
DX = Y X / S ( S f S ) D +
rp = DP = DYP / S ( S f S )
From Eq. 4
S=
DK S
max D
DK S
D
DX = 2Y X / S S f
D
max
2-17
(10)
DX (g/L.h)
0.8
0.6
MAXIMUM
PRODUCTION
0.4
0.2
WASHOUT
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
D (1/h)
From Figure S2.15, washout occurs at D = 0.18 h-1 while the maximum
production occurs at D = 0.14 h-1. Notice that maximum and washout points
are dangerously close to each other, so special care must be taken when
increasing cell productivity by increasing the dilution rate.
2.16
a)
dM
= kAc s
dt
(1)
Notice that:
M = V
dM
dV
=
dt
dt
(2)
V = r 2 h
dV
dr
dr
= (2rh)
=A
dt
dt
dt
(3)
2-18
dr
= kAc s
dt
dr
= kc s
dt
Integrating,
r
r dr =
o
kcs t
dt
1 0
r (t ) = ro
kc s
t
(4)
Finally,
M = V = hr 2
then
kc
M (t ) = h ro s
b)
The time required for the pill radius r to be reduced by 90% is given by
Eq. 4:
0.1ro = ro
kc s
t
t=
0.9ro (0.9)(0.4)(1.2)
=
= 54 min
kc s
(0.016)(0.5)
Therefore, t = 54 min .
2.17
For V = constant and F = 0, the simplified dynamic model is:
dX
S
= rg = max
X
dt
Ks + S
dP
S
= rp = YP / X max
X
dt
Ks + S
dS
1
1
rg
rP
=
dt
YX / S
YP / X
2-19
dP
SX
= (0.2)(0.2)
dt
1+ S
dS
SX
= 0 .2
dt
1+ S
1 0 .2
0 .5 0 .1
2-20