Chapter 1 - Introduction and Background: This Course Teaches Analog Integrated Circuit Design Using CMOS Technology

Chapter 1 Introduction (12/12/06)
Page 1.0-1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION
Course Objectives
This course teaches analog integrated circuit design using CMOS technology.
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0601220-01
CMOS Analog Circuit Design
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.0-2
Course Philosophy
Think before design!
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061215-03
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.0-3
Course Prerequisites
Basic understanding of electronics
- Active and passive components
- Large and small signal models
- Frequency response
Circuit analysis techniques
- Mesh and loop equations
- Superposition, Thevenin and Nortons equivalent circuits
Integrated circuit technology
- Basics process steps
- PN junctions
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.0-4
Course Organization Based on 2nd Ed. of CMOS Analog Circuit Design

Chapter 9
Switched Capacitor Circuits
Chapter 10
D/A and A/D
Converters
Systems
Chapter 6
Simple CMOS &
BiCMOS OTA's
Chapter 7
High Performance
OTA's
Chapter 8
CMOS/BiCMOS
Comparators
Complex
Simple
Chapter 4
CMOS
Subcircuits
Chapter 5
CMOS
Amplifiers
Chapter
Chapter10
2
CMOS/BiCMOS
D/A and A/D
Technology
Converters
Chapter
Chapter11
3
CMOS/BiCMOS
Analog
Modeling
Systems
Circuits
Devices
Introduction
061221-01
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.0-5
References
1.) P.E. Allen and D.R. Holberg, CMOS Analog Circuit Design 2nd Ed., Oxford
University Press, 2002.
2.) P.R. Gray, P.J. Hurst, S.H. Lewis and R.G. Meyer, Analysis and Design of Analog
Integrated Circuits 4th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001.
3.) B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2001.
4.) R.J. Baker, H.W. Li and D.E. Boyce, CMOS Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation,
IEEE Press, 1998.
5.) D. Johns and K. Martin, Analog Integrated Circuit Design, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., 1997.
6.) K.R. Laker and W.M.C. Sansen, Design of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems,
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.
7.) R.L. Geiger, P.E. Allen and N.R. Strader, VLSI Techniques for Analog and Digital
Circuits, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990.
8.) A. Hastings, The Art of Analog Layout 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2005.
9.) J. Williams, Ed., Analog Circuit Design - Art, Science, and Personalities,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.
10.) R.A. Pease, Troubleshooting Analog Circuits, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.
P.E. Allen - 2006
Chapter 1 Section 1 (12/12/06)
Page 1.1-1
SECTION 1.1 WHAT IS ANALOG DESIGN?

Definition
Design To create or execute in an artistic or highly skilled manner. The invention and
disposition of the forms, parts, or details of something according to a plan. (Webster)
Analysis versus synthesis (design)
System 1
System 2
System
ANALYSIS
Properties
System 3
DESIGN
Properties
System 4
031028-01
Analysis: Given a system, find its properties. The solution is unique.

Design: Given a set of properties, find a system possessing them. The solution is rarely
unique.
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.1-2
The Analog IC Design Process

Conception of the idea
Definition of the design
Electrical
Design
Comparison
with design
specifications
Comparison
with design
specifications
Implementation
Simulation
Physical Definition
Physical
Design
Physical Verification
Parasitic Extraction
Fabrication
Fabrication
Testing and
Product
Development
Testing and Verification
Product
Fig. 1.1-2
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.1-3
What is Electrical Design?

Electrical design is the process of going from the specifications to a circuit solution. The
inputs and outputs of electrical design are:
;;
L
W/L ratios
Circuit or
systems
specifications
Analog
Integrated
Circuit Design
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Topology
DC Currents
Fig. 1.1-3
The electrical design requires active and passive device electrical models for
- Creating the design
- Verifying the design
- Determining the robustness of the design
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.1-4
Steps in Electrical Design

1.) Selection of a solution
- Examine previous designs
- Select a solution that is simple
2.) Investigate the solution
- Analyze the performance (without a computer)
- Determine the strengths and weaknesses of the solution
3.) Modification of the solution
- Use the key principles, concepts and techniques to implement
- Evaluate the modifications through analysis (still no computers)
4.) Verification of the solution
- Use a simulator with precise models and verify the
solution
- Large disagreements with the hand analysis and
computer verification should be carefully examined.
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0601216-02
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.1-5
What is Physical Design?

Physical design is the process of representing the electrical design in a layout consisting
of many distinct geometrical rectangles at various levels. The layout is then used to
create the actual, three-dimensional integrated circuit through a process called
fabrication.
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P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.1-6
What is the Layout Process?

1.) The inputs are the W/L values and the schematic (generally from schematic entry used
for simulation).
2.) A CAD tool is used to enter the various geometries. The designer must enter the
location, shape, and level of the particular geometry.
3.) During the layout, the designer must obey a set of rules called design rules. These
rules are for the purpose of ensuring the robustness and reliability of the technology.
4.) Once the layout is complete, then a process called layout versus schematic (LVS) is
applied to determine if the physical layout represents the electrical schematic.
5.) The next step is now that the physical dimensions of the design are known, the
parasitics can be extracted. These parasitics primarily include:
a.) Capacitance from a conductor to ground
b.) Capacitance between conductors
c.) Bulk resistance
6.) The extracted parasitics are entered into the simulated database and the design is resimulated to insure that the parasitics will not cause the design to fail.
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.1-7
Packaging
Packaging of the integrated circuit is an important part of the physical design process.
The function of packaging is:
1.) Protect the integrated circuit
2.) Power the integrated circuit
3.) Cool the integrated circuit
4.) Provide the electrical and mechanical connection between the integrated circuit and
the outside world.
Packaging steps:
Dicing
the wafer
Attachment
of the chip to
a lead frame
Connecting
the chip to
a lead frame
Encapsulating the
chip and lead
frame in a package
031115-01
Other considerations of packaging:

Speed
Parasitics (capacitive and inductive)
Rao Tummala, Fundamentals of Microsystems Packaging, McGraw-Hill, NY, 2001.

P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.1-8
What is Test Design?

Test design is the process of coordinating, planning and implementing the
measurement of the analog integrated circuit performance.
Objective: To compare the experimental performance with the specifications and/or
simulation results.
Types of tests:
Functional verification of the nominal specifications
Parametric verification of the characteristics to within a specified tolerance
Static verification of the static (AC and DC) characteristics of a circuit or system
Dynamic verification of the dynamic (transient) characteristics of a circuit or system
Additional Considerations:
Should the testing be done at the wafer level or package level?
How do you remove the influence (de-embed) of the measurement system from the
measurement?
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-1
SECTION 1.2 ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN SKILLSET

Characteristics of Analog Integrated Circuit Design
Done at the circuits level
Complexity is high
Continues to provide challenges as technology evolves
Demands a strong understanding of the principles, concepts and techniques
Good designers generally have a good physics background
Must be able to make appropriate simplifications and assumptions
Requires a good grasp of both modeling and technology
Have a wide range of skills - breadth (analog only is rare)
Be able to learn from failure
Be able to use simulation correctly
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-2
Understanding Technology
Understanding technology helps the analog IC designer to know the limits of the
technology and the influence of the technology on the design.
Drain
Collector
Device Parasitics:
RD
CGD
Gate
RG
RC
C
CBD
RB Bulk
CGB
Base
CJS
RB
RSub
CGS
CBS
Substrate
RS
RE
Source
Emitter
050319-05
Connection Parasitics:
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P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-3
Implications of Technology on IC Design

The good:
Smaller geometries
Smaller parasitics
Higher transconductance
Higher bandwidths
The bad:
Reduced voltages
Smaller channel resistances (lower gain)
More nonlinearity
Deviation from square-law behavior
The challenging:
Increased substrate noise in mixed signal applications
Threshold voltages are not scaling with power supply
Reduced dynamic range
Poor matching at minimum channel length
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-4
Understanding Modeling
Modeling:
Modeling is the process by which the electrical properties of an electronic circuit or
system are represented by means of mathematical equations, circuit representations,
graphs or tables.
Models permit the prediction or verification of the performance of an electronic
circuit or system.
Electronic
Circuits
and
Systems
Equations,
Circuit
representations,
graphs, tables
Prediction or
verification of
circuit or system
performance
Electronic Modeling Process

030130-02
Examples:
Ohms law, the large signal model of a MOSFET, the I-V curves of a diode, etc.
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-5
Key Principles, Concepts and Techniques of Analog IC Design

Principles mean fundamental laws that
Techniques
"Tricks"
are precise and never change.
(Webster A comprehensive and
fundamental law, doctrine, or
assumption. The laws or facts of nature
Concepts Analog
underlying the working of an artificial
Information
IC Design
that enhances
device.)
Process
design
Concepts will include relationships,
soft-laws (ones that are generally true),
analytical tools, things worth
Principles (laws)
remembering.
040511-01
used in design
(Webster An abstract idea generalized
from particular instances.)
Techniques will include the assumptions, tricks, tools, methods that one uses to
simplify and understand.
(Webster The manner in which technical details are treated, a method of
accomplishing a desired aim or goal.)
Analog
Design
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-6
Complexity in Analog Design

Analog design is normally done in a non-hierarchical manner and makes little use of
repeated blocks. As a consequence, analog design can become quite complex and
challenging.
How do you handle the complexity?
Systems
Systems Level (ADC)
1.) Use as much hierarchy as possible.
2.) Use appropriate organization
Circuits Level (op amps)
techniques.
3.) Document the design in an efficient
Circuits
Block Level (amplifier)
manner.
4.) Make use of assumptions and
Sub-block Level (current sink)
simplifications.
5.) Use simulators appropriately.
Components
Components (transistor)
031030-03
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-7
Assumptions
Assumptions:
An assumption is taking something to be true without formal proof. Assumptions in
analog circuit design are used for simplifying the analysis or design. The goal of an
assumption is to separate the essential information from the nonessential information
of a problem.
The elements of an assumption are:
1.) Formulating the assumption to simplify the problem without eliminating the
essential information.
2.) Application of the assumption to get a solution or result.
3.) Verification that the assumption was in fact appropriate.
Examples:
Neglecting a large resistance in parallel with a small resistance
Miller effect to find a dominant pole
Finding the roots of a second-order polynomial assuming the roots are real and
separated
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-1
SECTION 1.3 TRENDS IN ANALOG IC DESIGN

Analog IC Design has Reached Maturity
There are established fields of application:
Digital-analog and analog-digital conversion
Disk drive controllers
Modems - filters
Bandgap reference
Analog phase lock loops
DC-DC conversion
Buffers
Codecs
Etc.
Existing philosophy regarding analog circuits:
If it can be done economically by digital, dont use analog.
Consequently:
Analog finds applications where speed, area, or power have advantages over a digital
approach.
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-2
Eggshell Analogy of Analog IC Design (Paul Gray)

Power
Source
Physical
Sensors
Actuators
Transmission
Media
VLSI
DIGITAL
SYSTEM
Audio
I/O
Storage
Media
Analog/Digital
Interface
Electronics
Imagers &
Displays
Fig. 1.3-3
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-3
Analog Signal Processing versus Digital Signal Processing in VLSI

Key issues:
Analog/Digital mix is application dependent
Not scaling driven
Driven by system requirements for
programmability/adaptability/testability/designability
Now:
ASP
A/D
DSP
System
Trend:
ASP
A/D
DSP
System
Fig. 1.3-4
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-4
Application Areas of Analog IC Design

There are two major areas of analog IC design:
Restituitive - performance oriented (speed, accuracy, power, area)
Classical analog circuit and systems design
Cognitive - function oriented (adaptable, massively parallel)
A newly growing area inspired by biological systems
Analog VLSI (An oxymoron): Combination of analog circuits and VLSI philosophies
Many similarities between analog circuits and biological systems
Scalability
Nonlinearity
Adaptability
Neuromorphic analog VLSI
Use of biological systems to inspire circuit design such as smart sensors and imagers
Smart autonomous systems
Self-guided vehicles (Mars lander)
Industrial cleanup in a hazardous environment
Sensorimotor feedback
Self contained systems with sensor input, motor output
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.3-5
What is the Future of Analog IC Design?

More creative circuit solutions are required to achieve the desired performance.
Analog circuits will continue to be a part of large VLSI digital systems
Interference and noise will become even more serious as the chip complexity increases
Packaging will be an important issue and offers some interesting solutions
Analog circuits will always be at the cutting edge of performance
Analog designer must also be both a circuit and systems designer and must know:
Technology and modeling
Analog circuit design
VLSI digital design
System application concepts
There will be no significantly new and different technologies - innovation will combine
new applications with existing or improved technologies
Semicustom methodology will eventually evolve with CAD tools that will allow:
- Design capture and reuse
- Quick extraction of model parameters from new technology
- Test design
- Automated design and layout of simple analog circuits
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.4-1
SECTION 1.4 NOTATION, TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLOGY

Definition of Symbols for Various Signals
Quantity
Lowercase
Subscript
Uppercase
Example
qA
DC value of the signal

AC value of the signal
Uppercase
Lowercase
Uppercase
Lowercase
QA
qa
Complex variable, phasor, or rms value Uppercase

of the signal
Example:
Lowercase
Qa
Drain Current
Signal Definition
Total instantaneous value of the signal
Idm
id
ID
iD
t
Fig. 1.4-1
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.4-2
MOS Transistor Symbols

D
S
Enhancement
NMOS with
VBS = 0V.
Enhancement
PMOS with
VBS = 0V.
S
Enhancement
B NMOS with
VBS 0V.
Enhancement
B PMOS with
VBS 0V.
S
Simple
NMOS
symbol
Simple
PMOS
symbol
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.4-3
Other Schematic Symbols

+
V
Differential amplifier,
op amp, or comparator
AvV1 +-
V1
I1
V
-
Independent
current source
I2
Independent
voltage sources
+
V2
V1
Voltage-controlled,
voltage source
GmV1
I1
Voltage-controlled,
current source
I2
+
RmI1 +-
V2
AiI1
Current-controlled,
voltage source
Current-controlled,
current source
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.4-4
Three-Terminal Notation (Data books)
QABC
A = Terminal with the larger magnitude of potential
B = Terminal with the smaller magnitude of potential
C = Condition of the remaining terminal with respect to terminal B
C = 0 There is an infinite resistance between terminal B and the 3rd terminal
C = S There is a zero resistance between terminal B and the 3rd terminal
C = R There is a finite resistance between terminal B and the 3rd terminal
C = X There is a voltage source in series with a resistor between terminal B
and the 3rd terminal in such a manner as to reverse bias a PN junction.
Examples
I
S
DSS
VGS
CDGS
+
G
(a.)
IDS
S
(b.)
BVDGO
G
(c.)
(a.) Capacitance from drain to gate with the source shorted to the gate.
(b.) Drain-source current when gate is shorted to source (depletion device)
(c.) Breakdown voltage from drain to gate with the source is open- circuited to the gate.
P.E. Allen - 2006
Page 1.6-1
SECTION 1.5 SUMMARY

Successful analog IC design proceeds with understanding the circuit before simulation.
Analog IC design consists of three major steps:
1.) Electrical design Topology, W/L values, and dc currents
2.) Physical design (Layout)
3.) Test design (Testing)
Analog designers must be flexible and have a skill set that allows one to simplify and
understand a complex problem
Analog IC design has reached maturity and is here to stay.
The appropriate philosophy is If it can be done economically by digital, dont use
analog.
As a result of the above, analog finds applications where speed, area, or power have
advantages over a digital approach.
Deep-submicron technologies will offer exciting challenges to the creativity of the
analog designer.
P.E. Allen - 2006

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Chapter 1 - Introduction and Background: This Course Teaches Analog Integrated Circuit Design Using CMOS Technology

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Chapter 1 Introduction (12/12/06)