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NHNG IU CN BIT LUYN THI QUC GIA

THEO CU TRC THI MI NHT CA B GD & T
K THUT GII NHANH
H PHNG TRNH
3 x 2 2 x 5 + 2 x x 2 + 1 = 2 ( y 1)+ y 2
2
2
x + 2 y = 2 x 4 y + 3
2+y 2+
Dnh cho hc sinh lp 10,11,12

n thi quc gia v bi dng hc sinh gii
Dnh cho gio vin ging dy v luyn thi Quc gia
NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI
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Li noi au
Chng 1: Kien thc bo sung khi giai he phng trnh . .................................. 3
Chu e 1: Phng trnh, bat phng trnh bac nhat va bac hai . ...................... 3
Chu e 2: Phng trnh bac ba . ....................................................................... 4
Chu e 3: Phng trnh bac bon ...................................................................... 7
Chu e 4: Phng trnh phan thc hu ty....................................................... 12
Chu e 5: He hng trnh hai an co cha phng trnh bac nhat .................. 13
Chu e 6: He hng trnh bac hai hai an dang tong quat. ............................. 14
Chng 2: Cac ky thuat va phng phap giai he phng trnh . ....................25
Chu e 1. Ky thuat s dung he phng trnh bac nhat hai an.. ...................... 25
Chu e 2. He phng trnh oi xng loai I. .................................................... 46
Chu e 3. He phng trnh oi xng loai II. . ................................................. 99
Chu e 4. He phng trnh co yeu to ang cap . .......................................... 132
Chu e 5. Ky thuat s dung phep the. .......................................................... 159
Chu e 6. Ky thuat phan tch thanh nhan t. . .............................................. 188
Chu e 7. Ky thuat cong, tr va nhan theo ve hai phng trnh cua he. ...... 222
Chu e 8. Ky thuat at an phu dang ai so. . ............................................... 254
Chu e 9. Ky thuat at an phu dang tong - hieu. ......................................... 336
Chu e 10. Ky thuat s dung tnh n ieu cua ham so. . ............................ 361
Chu e 11. Ky thuat s dung ieu kien co nghiem cua he phng trnh. ..... 427
Chu e 12. Ky thuat anh gia. ..................................................................... 438
Chu e 13. He phng trnh co cha can thc. . .......................................... 491
Chu e 14. Ky thuat lng giac hoa. ............................................................ 576
Chu e 15. Ky thuat he so bat nh. ............................................................. 600
Chu e 16. Ky thuat phc hoa. ..................................................................... 640
Chu e 17. Ky thuat s dung tnh chat hnh hoc giai tch. . .......................... 665
Chu e 18. Ky thuat nhan lien hp oi vi he phng trnh co cha can thc
...................................................................................................................... 677
Chu e 19. Mot so bai toan chon loc va ren luyen nang cao. ....................... 704
Chng 3: Bai toan co cha tham so...............................................................783
Chu e 1: He oi xng loai I . ........................................................................783
Chu e 2: He oi xng loai II .......................................................................827
Chu e 3: He ang cap . ................................................................................836
Chu e 4: Ky thuat s dung tnh n ieu cua ham so X ly bai toan he
phng trnh co cha tham so ......................................................................846
CHNG 1:
KIEN THC BO SUNG

KHI GIAI HE PHNG TRNH
- No i dung chng na y e ca p e n ca c noi dung

- Phng trnh, ba t phng trnh ba c nha t va ba c hai.
- Ca c phng trnh ba c ba, ba c bon da ng a c bie t.
- Ca c phng trnh dang pha n th c a c bie t.
- Phng pha p gia i phng trnh ba c ba, ba c bon to ng qua t.
- He phng trnh c ba n go m he ba c nha t hai a n, he ba c nha t ba a n, he
go m mo t phng trnh ba c nha t hai a n va mo t phng trnh ba c hai hai a n.
- He phng trnh ba c hai hai a n dang to ng qua t.
a y la nh ng kie n th c c ba n va ca n thie t tr c khi tie p ca n vi he phng
trnh nen hy vong se cung ca p u nhng ky na ng ve gia i phng trnh va he
phng trnh trc khi chung ta en vi cac he phng trnh dang nang cao hn.
Chu e 1: PHNG TRNH, BAT PHNG TRNH

BAC NHAT VA BAC HAI
1. Phng trnh bac nhat ax + b = 0, (a 0)
+ Ne u a = 0, b 0 phng trnh vo nghiem.
+ Ne u a = 0, b = 0, phng trnh vo so nghiem.
b
+ Ne u a 0 x = la nghie m cu a phng trnh.
a
Ba t phng trnh ba c nha t ax + b > 0.
b
b
+ Neu a > 0 x > S = ; +
a
a
b
b
+ Neu a < 0 x < S =
;
a
a
2. Phng trnh va bat phng trnh bac hai

a) Phng trnh ba c hai ax2 + bx2 + c = 0, (a 0). nh th c = b2 4ac.
+ Ne u = b2 4ac < 0, phng trnh vo nghie m.
b
+ Ne u = b2 4ac, phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t x 0 = .
2a
2
+ Neu = b 4ac > 0, phng trnh co hai nghiem pha n bie t:
x1,2 =
b
va khi o ax2 + bx + c = a(x x 1 )(x x 2 ).
2a
b) Ba t phng trnh ba c hai f(x) = ax 2
bx
+ c+ 0,(a
>
0)
.
+ Ne u = b2
4ac
0khi o a.f(x) 0, x R .
+ Ne u = b2
4ac
0>khi o f(x) = 0 co hai nghie m phan bie t x 1 < x 2 .
x > x2
f(x) > 0 a(x x1 )(x x 2 ) > 0
- Ne u a > 0
x < x1
f(x) < 0 a(x x1 )(x x2 ) > 0 x1 < x < x 2

f(x) > 0 a(x x1 )(x x2 ) > 0 x1 < x < x 2
x > x2
- Ne u a < 0
f(x) < 0 a(x x1 )(x x2 ) > 0 x < x
Chu e 2:
PHNG TRNH BAC BA
1. Phng trnh dang 4x3 + 3x = m .

Ha m so f(x) = 4x3 3x +
co f '(x) = 12x 2
3 +0, >x R ne n phng trnh
4x3 + 3x = m co kho ng qua mo t nghiem.
Ta ch ng minh phng trnh co nghie m duy nha t.

1
a t m = a3
2
a3
a =m
m2 1 . +
1
1
1
1 1
1
Khi o 4 a + 3 a = a3 =m .
a
a 2
a3
2
2
1
1
Do o x = a
nghiem cu a phng trnh hay phng trnh co nghiem
la
2
a
1
1
duy nha t x = a
.
2
a
V du 1. Gia i phng trnh 4x3 + 3x = 2 .

Li giai
Ha m so f(x) = 4x3 +3x 2 co f '(x) = 12x 2
co to i a mo t nghiem.
ne n phng trnh
3 +0, >x
1
1
a t 2 = a3 a =3 2
2
a3
Cho n a = 3 +2
5 =
a
5 .
3 2
1
1
1
1 1
1
Khi o : 4 a + 3 a = a3 .
a
a 2
a3
2
2
Va y: phng trnh co nghie m duy nha t:
1
1 1
x = a = 3 2
2
a 2
+5
5 .
+2
2. Phng trnh dang 4x3 3x = m .
3cos ne n
3
3
+ 2
2
.
cos
= ,x3 = cos
3
3
khi
o do cos = 4 cos3
TH1: Ne u m 1 a t m = cos
phng trnh co ba nghie m x1 = cos ,x2

3
1
TH2: Ne u m > 1 a t m = a3
2
1
+
a3
1
1
1
1
Khi o a3 + = 4 a +
3
2
a
a
2
a =m
m2 1 .
1
1
3 a + .
a
2
1
1
V vay x 0 = a
+ mo t nghiem cu a phng trnh.
la
2
a
Ta ch ng minh x 0 la nghiem duy nha t cu a phng trnh.
Tha t va y ta co : 4x3 3x = 4x30

Phng trnh 4x2 + 4x 0 x + 4x20
( +4x x +4x 3)
< x >1.
3 = 0 co ' = 12 (1 x ) 0 do
3x
0
( x x0 ) 4x2
2
0
2
0
=
0.
Va y phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t:

3
1
1
m + m2 1 + m m2 1
.
x = a + =
2
a
2
3. Phng trnh dang x3 + px = q .

TH1: Ne u p = 0 x3 = q x =
TH2: Ne u p > 0 a t x = 2
q.
p
t a ve phng trnh da ng: 4t 3 + 3t = m .
3
TH3: Ne u p < 0 a t x = 2
p
t a ve phng trnh da ng: 4x3 3x = m .
3
4. Phng trnh bc ba dng tng quat ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, (a 0).

Phng phap phan tch nhan t.
Ne u phng trnh co nghiem x 0 th ta co the pha n tch:
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = ( x x 0 ) ax2 +( b +ax 0 ) x +c +bx 0 +ax20 .
T o e gia i phng trnh ba c ba tre n ta i gia i phng trnh ba c hai:

ax2 + ( b + ax 0 ) x + c + bx 0 + ax20 = 0 .
Phng phap Cardano. Chia hai v phng trnh cho a

a phng trnh v
dng: x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 .
Ba ng ca ch a t y = x
a
luo n a phng trnh ve dang chnh ta c:
3
y3 + py + q = 0 (1) trong o p = q
a2
, q = c + G x, x 2 a2 = 0
3
PP
Ta ch can xet p, q 0 v neu p = 0 hoa c q = 0 phng trnh n gian, tie p tu c

a t y = u + v thay va o (1), ta c:
u v
p u v q 0 u 3 v 3 3uv p u v q 0 .
Ta cho n u, v sao cho 3uv + p = 0 khi o u3 + v3 + q = 0.

3 3
p3
3uv + p = 0
=
u
v

Va y : ta co he phng trnh 3
27 .
3
u + v + q = 0
3
3
u + v = q
Theo nh ly Vie t u, v la hai nghiem cua phng trnh X3 + qX
a t =
q2
4
p3
= 0 (3)
27
p3
+
27
q
q
+ Ne u > 0 khi o (3) co hai nghiem u3 = + , v3 =
2
2
va
q
q
phng trnh (2) co nghiem duy nha t y = 3 + + 3 ne n
2
2
phng trnh (1) co nghiem th c duy nha t x =
a 3 q
q
+ + +3 .
3
2
2
+ Ne u = 0 khi o (3) co nghiem ke p u = v = 3
q
va phng trnh (2) co
2
q
q
3
hai nghiem th c trong o co mo t nghie m ke p y1 =
2 3 ; y2 =
y3 =
2
2
Do o: (1) co hai nghie m th c, trong o co mo t nghie m ke p:

a
q
a
q
x1 = + 2 3 ;x 2 =x3 = + 3
3
2
3
2
+ Ne u < 0 khi o (3) co nghiem ph c, gia s la u 0 , v 0 khi o (1) co ba

nghiem phc:
y=
1 u0 + v0
( u0 + v0 ) + i
y2 =
2
1
( u0 + v0 ) i
y3 =
2
a
x1 = + u0 + v0
3
3
a 1
u0 v0 ) x2 =
( u + v0 ) + i
(
2
3 2 0
3
a 1
u 0 v 0 ) x3 = ( u 0 + v 0 ) i
(
2
3 2
3
( u v0 )
2 0
3
( u v0 )
2 0
Ngoai hai ca ch tre n co the gia i phng trnh ba c ba ba ng phng phap l ng

gia c ho a hoa c bien oi a ve a ng th c a3 = b3.
Chu e 3:
PHNG TRNH BAC BON
1. Phng trnh dang trung phng ax 4 + bx2 + =

c 0, ( a 0 ) .
a=
t t x 2 , ( t 0 ) phng trnh tr thanh: at 2 + bt + c =
0 . a y la phng
trnh ba c hai a bie t ca ch gia i.
4
2. Phng trnh dang ( x a ) + ( x b ) =

c.
a t t= x
a+b
phng trnh tr tha nh:
2
ba ab
c a ve
t +
+t +
=
2
2
phng trnh da ng tru ng phng.

4
V du 1. Gia i phng trnh ( x 2 ) + ( x 6 ) =

82 .
Li giai
4
a t t= x 4 phng trnh tr thanh: ( t + 2 ) + ( t 2 ) =

82 .
7
)(
t =1 x 4 =1 x =3
t 4 + 24t 2 25 =0 t 2 1 t 2 + 25 =0
=
x4 1 =
t 1
=
x 5
Va y phng trnh co hai nghiem la=
x 3,x
= 5.
m vi a + d = b + c .
3. Phng trnh dang ( x + a )( x + b )( x + c )( x + d ) =
at t =
( x + a )( x + d ) hoac t =
( x + b )( x + c) a ve phng trnh bac hai vi an
t.
24 .
V du 2. Gia i phng trnh x ( x 1)( x 2 )( x 3) =
Li giai
at t = x ( x 3) = x2 3x ( x 1)( x 2 ) = x2 3x + 2 = t + 2 phng trnh tr thanh:
x2 3x =
t =
x =
6
6
1
.
t ( t + 2 ) =24 t 2 + 2t 24 =0
2
=
4
t 4=
x 4
x 3x =
Va y: phng trnh co hai nghiem la x =

1, x =
4.
4. Phng trnh dang ( x + a )( x + b )( x + c )( x + d ) =
ex 2 vi ad
= bc
= m.
Vie t la i phng trnh d i da ng: ( x + a )( x + d ) . ( x + b )( x + c ) =
ex 2 .
)(
x2 + ( a + d ) x + ad x2 + ( b + c ) x + bc =
ex2 .
Xe t tr ng h p x = 0 xem thoa ma n phng trnh hay khong.

V i x 0 chia hai ve cu a phng trnh cho x2 , ta c:
ad
bc
+ a + d x +
+ b + c =
e.
x +
x
x
a t t =x +
ad
bc
a ve phng trnh ba c hai v i a n t .
=x +
x
x
V du 3. Gia i phng trnh ( x + 2 )( x + 3)( x + 4 )( x + 6 ) =

30x 2 .
Li giai
Phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
)(
( x + 2 )( x + 6 ) . ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) = 30x2 x2 + 8x + 12 x 2 + 7x + 12 = 30x 2
Nha n thay x = 0 kho ng thoa man phng trnh.

Xe t x 0 chia hai ve cu a phng trnh cho x2 , ta c:
8
12
12
30 .
x + + 8 x + + 7 =
x
x
12
a t t =
x + , t 4 3 phng trnh tr thanh:
x
t = 2
( t + 8)( t + 7) =30 t 2 + 15t + 26 =0 t = 13 .
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem t =

13 x +
12
=
13 .
x
x = 1
.
x2 + 13x + 12 =0
x = 12
Va y phng trnh co hai nghiem la x =

12,x =
1 .
2
e d
5. Phng trnh dang ax + bx + cx + dx + e =
0 vi = .
a b
4
TH1: Ne u e = 0 a ve phng trnh:
ax 4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx
= x ax3 + bx2 + cx + d= 0 , phng trnh tch co ch a
phng trnh ba c ba da ng to ng qua t a biet ca ch giai.

TH2: Ne u e 0 x =
0 kho ng la nghiem cu a phng trnh.
Xe t x 0 chia hai ve phng trnh cho x2 ta c:
ax2 +
d
e
d
+ bx + + c = 0 a x 2 +
+ b x +
+ c= 0.
2
x
bx
x
ax
d
d2
d
e
d
t 2 = x2 +
+ 2 = x2 +
+ 2 a ve phng trnh
2
2
2
bx
b
b
b x
ax
ba c hai vi an t .
a t t = x +
V du 4. Gia i phng trnh x 4 + 3x3 6x2 + 6x + 4 =

0.
Li giai
Xe t x 0 chia hai ve phng trnh cho x2 , ta c:
2
6 4
2
2
= 0 x + + 3 x + 10 = 0 .
x + 3x 6 + +
2
x x
x
x
t = 2
2
a t t =
x + , t 2 2 phng trnh tr thanh: t 2 + 3t 10 =0
x
t = 5
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem:
t =5 x +
2
5 17
.
=5 x2 + 5x + 2 =0 x =
x
2
Va y phng trnh co hai nghiem la x =
5 17
.
2
6. Phng trnh dang x 4 = ax 2 + bx + c .

TH1: Ne u = b2 4ac= 0 bie n o i a phng trnh ve dang:
2
b
=
x4 a x + .
2a
TH2: Ne u = b2 4ac 0 ta cho n so th c m sao cho:
x 4 = x2 m + m = x2 m
x2 m
+ 2m x 2 m + m 2 = ax 2 + bx + c .
( a 2m ) x2 + bx + c + m 2 .
Ta cho n m sao cho: b2 4 ( a 2m ) c + m 2 =

0.
V du 5. Gia i phng trnh x 4 = 7x2 3x
3
.
4
Li giai
( x + 1)
2
2
1
3 3
x + 1 = 3x
x =
1
2
2
.
= 3x
2
1
x 2 + 1 =3x +
3 7
x =
2
2
Va y phng trnh co bo n nghie

m la x
=
3 3
3 7
.
=
,x
2
2
7. Phng trnh bac bon tong quat ax 4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e =

0.
b
Cach 1: a t x =
+ t a ve phng trnh da ng: t 4 = t 2 + t + .
4a
Cach 2: Vie t la i phng trnh d i da ng:

4a2 x 4 + 4bax3 + 4cax 2 + 4dax + 4ae =
0
2ax2 + bx
10
) =( b
2
4ac x2 4adx 4ae .
The m va o hai ve cu a phng trnh a i lng 2y 2ax2 + bx + y2 (v i y la

ha ng so tm sau).
Khi o : 2ax2 + bx + y
) = (b
2
4ac + 4ay x 2 + 2 ( by 2ad ) x 4ae + y2 .
( by 2ad )
Ta cho n y sao cho: 'x =
)(
b2 4ac + 4ay y2 4ae = 0 .
V du 6. Gia i phng trnh x 4 16x3 + 57x 2 52x 35 =

0.
Li giai
x 4 16x3 + 64x2 = 7x2 + 52x + 35 x 2 8x
= 7x 2 + 52x + 35 .
Ta them va ha ng so y thoa ma n:
(
( x 8x + y ) =
x2 8x
+ 2y x2 8x + y2 = 7x2 + 52x + 35 + 2y x2 8x + y2 .
2
( 2y + 7) x2 + x ( 52 16y ) + 35 + y2 .
( 26 8y ) ( 2y + 7) ( 35 + y2 )=
2
Ta cho n y sao cho 'x =
0.
( y 1) 2y2 55y + 431 = 0 y = 1 .
Va y phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
(x
8x + 1
= 9 ( x + 2)
11 141
x =
x2 8x + 1= 3 ( x + 2 )
2
.
x2 8x + 1 =3 ( x + 2 )
+
11
141
x =
2
Va y phng trnh co hai nghie

m la x
=
11 141
11 + 141
.
=
,x
2
2
11
Chu e 4: PHNG TRNH PHAN THC HU TY

1. Phng trnh dang x2 +
a2 x 2
( x + a)
=
b.

2
2
x2
ax
2ax2
x2
+
=
+
=
x
b
2a.
b.
x+a
+
x+a
x+a
x
a
a t t =
x2
a ve phng trnh ba c hai v i a n t : t 2 + 2at =
b.
x+a
2
x
V du 1. Gia i phng trnh x +
1.
=
x +1
2
Li giai
ie u kien: x 1 .
2
2
x2
x
2x2
x2
+
=
+
=
x
1
2.
1.
x +1
x +1
x +1
x +1
x +1
x2
x =1 + 2 2 2 1
=1 + 2
x
2
.
1 x +1
+ 2.
=
x2
x +1
x = 1 + 2 + 2 2 1
=1 2
x +1
2
2
Va y phng trnh co hai nghiem la :

x
1 + 2 2 2 1
1 + 2 + 2 2 1
.
=
;x
2
2
2. Phng trnh dang
x2 + mx + a
x2 + nx + a
x2 + px + a
x 2 + qx + a
=
b.
Xe t xem x = 0 co la nghiem cua phng trnh hay kho ng.

a
a
+m x+ +p
x
x
Tr ng hp x 0 vie t la i phng trnh d i da ng:
b.
+
=
a
a
x+ +n x+ +q
x
x
x+
a t t= x +
12
a
a ve phng trnh ba c hai v i a n t .
x
V du 2. Gia i phng trnh
x2 + 5x + 3
x 2 + 4x + 3
184
.
=
119
x 7x + 3 x + 5x + 3
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x2 + 5x + 3 0,x2 7x + 3 0 .
3
3
+5 x+ +4
184
x
x
Xe t x 0 vie t la i phng trnh di da ng:
.
+
=
3
3
119
x+ 7 x+ +5
x
x
3
a t t =
x + , t 2 3 phng trnh tr thanh:
x
x = 2
7
3 7
=
t
=
x
+
2
t+5 t+4
184
3
x
2
.
+
=
x =
t7 t+5
119
2
971
3
971
y =
x + x =
211
211
971 408589
x =
422
x+
Chu e 5:
HE PHNG TRNH HAI AN CO CHA

PHNG TRNH BAC NHAT
a x + b1y =
c1
, a12 + b12 > 0,a22 + b22 > 0 .
1. He phng trnh bac nhat hai an: 1
+
=
a
x
b
y
c
2
2
2
a y la he phng trnh c ba n e gia i chu ng ta co the th c hie n phe p the , s

du ng may tnh bo tui hoac s du ng nh th c Crame(hay c du ng trong
bie n luan).
=
D
a1 b1
c1 b1
a1 c1
.
=
,Dx =
,Dy
a2 b 2
c2 b2
a2 c2
Ca c tr ng hp
D0
Ke t qua
He phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t:
Dy
.
D
D
( x;y ) =
=
D D=
D=
0
x
y
He phng trnh co vo so nghiem.
D = 0 nhng Dx 0 hoac Dy 0
He phng trnh vo nghiem.

13
a1x + b1y + c1z =
d1
2
2
2
2. He phng trnh bac nhat ba an: a2 x + b2 y + c=
2 z d 2 , a i + b i + ci > 0 .
a x + b y + c z =
d3
3
3
3
He na y du ng phe p the a ve he ba c nha t hai an hoac du ng ma y tnh bo tui.

3. He phng trnh hai an gom mot phng trnh bac nhat va mot phng
mx + ny =
a
trnh bac hai: 2
.
2
d
ax + bxy + cy =
Ru t x theo y hoa c ru t y theo x t phng trnh a u cu a he the va o phng

trnh th hai cu a he a ve gia i phng trnh ba c hai.
Chu e 6:
HE PHNG TRNH BAC HAI HAI AN

DANG TONG QUAT
A. NOI DUNG PHNG PHAP

He phng trnh ba c hai hai a n la he co da ng:
a x2 + b y2 + c xy + d x + e y + f =
1
1
1
1
1
1 0
2
2
0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 xy + d 2 x + e2 y + f2 =
(1)
(2)
a) Ne u mo t trong hai phng trnh la ba c nha t th de da ng gia i he bang phng

pha p the.
a
b
b) Ne u 1 = 1 ba ng ca ch loa i bo x2 + y2 a ve he phng trnh bac hai co
a2 b 2
mo t phng trnh ba c nha t va gia i he ba ng phng pha p the .
c) Ne u mo t trong hai phng trnh la thua n nha t ba c hai(cha ng han
2
2
0 phng trnh
d=
1 e=
1 f1 )khi o phng trnh au la a1x + b1y + c1xy =
na y cho phe p ta tnh c t =
x
.
y
d) He a ng ca p ba c hai ne u d=
0 he tr tha nh he a ng ca p ba c
1 e=
1 d=
2 e=
2
hai. Ba ng ca ch kh i he so t do ta a ve mo t phng trnh thua n nhat ba c
x
hai cho phep ta tnh c t = .
y
14
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Viet
e) a ve he ba c nha t ba ng ca ch at y = tx va a t z = x2 gia i he v i hai a n la
( x;z ) luc sau giai phng trnh z = x2 .

f) Trong nhie u tr ng h p ta co the a p du ng phng pha p tnh tie n nghiem.
x= u + a
(v i u,v la ca c a n va a,b la hai nghie m cu a he
Ba ng ca ch a t
y= v + b
phng trnh). e tm a,b co hai ca ch th c hie n ta cho ca c hang t ba c nhat
sau khi khai trien trie t tie u t o ta co he a ng ca p ba c hai vi hai an
u,v ca ch giai tng t tr ng h p c) hoa c ao ham mo t phng trnh la n l t
theo bien x ,theo bie n y giai he phng trnh thu c ta c nghiem
( x0 ;y0 ) khi o=a
x=
0 ,b y 0 .
g) Du ng he so ba t nh(xem the m chu e he so bat nh).

Cach 1: La y (1) + k.(2) a ve mo t phng trnh ba c hai v i a n
t = ax + by + c ta tm k h p ly sao cho phng trnh ba c hai co Delta la so
chnh phng.
Cach 2: Tm hai ca p nghie m cu a he phng trnh. Vie t phng trnh ng
tha ng i qua hai iem o . La y mo t ie m kha c hai ie m tre n thay va o hai ve
ca c phng trnh cu a he t o suy ra he so ba t nh ca n tm.
h) a o ham la n l t theo bien x hoa c theo y o i v i mo t trong hai phng trnh
u= x a
a ve he
cu a he tm ra nghiem =
x a,y
= b khi o a t an phu
v= y b
phng trnh a ng ca p.
B. BAI TAP MAU
Bai 1. Gia i he phng trnh
.
Li giai
Cach 1: S dung phng pha p the. Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
5x 4y xy =
15 . He phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
5x 15
5x 4y xy =
15
y =
x+4
2
2
3 2
x + y 4x + 2y =
2
3
x + y 4x + 2y =
( x 4 )
15
5x 15
y = +
x 4
2
x 2 + 5x 15 4x + 2. 5x 15 + 3 =
0
x+4
x+4
5x 15
y =
x+4
x 4 + 4x3 + 22x 2 180x + 153 =
0
5x 15
y = +
x = 1,y = 2
x 4
.
=
=
x
3,y
0
2
( x 1)( x 3) x + 8x + 51 =
0
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la=

( x;y )
( 3;0 ); (1; 2 ) .
Cach 2: a ve he ba c nha t
Nha n thay x = 0 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
Xe t x 0 a t y = tx he phng trnh tr tha nh:
(
(
1 + t 2 x2 + 2 ( t 2 ) x =
3
12
t 2 t + 1 x2 + (1 2t ) x =
(
(
1 + t2 z + 2 ( t 2) x =
3
.
a t z = x khi o he tr tha nh:
12
t 2 t + 1 z + (1 2t ) x =
Ta co ca c nh th c:
1 + t2
2t 4
D=
=
4t 3 + 7t 2 8t + 5
2
t t + 1 1 2t
3 2t 4
1 + t2 3
Dz =
=
18t + 45;D x =
=
15t 2 3t + 15
2
12 1 2t
t t + 1 12
Ne u D =0 4t 3 + 7t 2 8t + 5 =0 ( t 1) 4t 2 3t + 5 =0
t = 1 Dz = 27 0 ne n he vo nghie m.
16
Dx
x =
D z = x2 D .D = D2 .
Xe t t 1 D 0 khi o
z
x
D
z = z
( 18t + 45) ( 4t3 + 7t 2 8t + 5=)
(15t
3t + 15
153t 4 + 216t 3 + 360t =

0 9t ( t + 2 ) 17t 2 10t + 20 =
0.
t = 0
t = 2
TH1 : Ne u t = 0 D = 5,Dx =15 x =
Dx
D
=3 y = 0 .
D
TH2 : Ne u t =
81,Dx =
81 x = x =
1 y=
2 D =
2 .
D

( x;y )
( 3;0 ); (1; 2 ) .
Cach 3 : a t a n phu a ve he ang ca p

x= u + 1
he phng trnh tr tha nh:
a t
y= v 2
u +1 2 + v 2 2 4 u +1 + 2 v 2 =
) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3
(
.
2
2
( u + 1) + ( v 2 ) ( u + 1)( v 2 ) + u + 1 2 ( v 2 ) =
12
u2 + v2 2u 2v =
0
.
2
2
0
u uv + v + 5u 7v =
Cach 4: He so bat nh(2 h ng x ly).

x2 + y2 4x + 2y =
3
(1)
Vie t la i he phng trnh d i da ng:
2
2
12
(2)
x + y xy + x 2y =
La y (1) + k.(2) theo ve ta c:
0.
( k + 1) x2 ( ky + k + 4 ) x + k ( y2 2y 12 ) + y2 + 2y + 3 =
Ta co : x =
( ky + k + 4 )
((
4 ( k + 1) k y 2 2y 12 + y 2 + 2y + 3
= 3k 2 8k 4 y2 + 10k 2 + 8k 8 y + 49k 2 + 44k + 4 =0 .
17
Ta cho n k sao cho x la so chnh phng muon vay cho 'y =
0.
5k 2 + 4k 4
4
) ( 3k
2
)(
8k 4 49k 2 + 44k + 4 =0
43k + 141k + 134k + 44k + 8 =0 k =1
T c la tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he nh li gia i 1 tre n.

x2 + 3y2 + 4xy 18x 22y + 31 =
0
.
2
2
0
2x + 4y + 2xy + 6x 46y + 175 =
Li giai
x= u + a
Cach 1: a t
khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
y= v + b
u + a 2 + 3 v + b 2 + 4 u + a v + b 18 u + a 22 v + b + 31 =
0
) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
(
.
2
2
2 ( u + a ) + 4 ( v + b ) + 2 ( u + a )( v + b ) + 6 ( u + a ) 46 ( v + b ) + 175 =
0
u2 + 3v2 + 4uv + ( 2a + 4b 18) u + ( 6b + 4a 22 ) v
+ a2 + 3b2 + 4ab 18a 22b + 31 =

0
2
2
2u + 4v + 2uv + ( 4a + 2b + 6 ) u + ( 8b + 2a 46 ) v
+ 2a2 + 4b2 + 2ab + 6a 46b + 175 =

0
Ta se chon ca c he so ( a; b ) sao cho he tre n tr thanh he ang ca p ba c hai.

2a + 4b 18 =
0
a =
0
5
6b + 4a 22 =
.
=
+6 0 =
b 7
4a + 2b
8b + 2a 46 =
0
Thay vao he tre n ta c:

u2 + 3v2 +=
u2 + v2 =
u = v
4uv 1
2uv 0
.
2
2
2
2uv 1 2u2 + 4v2 + =
2uv 1 8u = 1
2u + 4v + =
18
5
x =
2 2
+7
y =
u = v =
2 2
2 2
1
x
=
5
u= v=
2 2
2 2
1
y
=
+7

2 2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la :
1
1
1
5;
+ 7 ;
5;
+ 7 .
( x;y ) =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
Nhan xet: Vie c a t a n phu th c hie n ba ng thu thua t nhanh nh sau :

a o ham theo bien x va a o ham theo bie n y mo t trong hai phng trnh cu a
he (ta l a cho n phng trnh a u cu a he)ta c:
2x + 4y 18 =
x =
0
5 u =+
x 5
.
6y + 4x 22 =0
y =7
v =y 7
Cach 2: La y (2) + k.(1) ta c:
( k + 2 ) x2 + 2 ( y + 3 + 2ky 9k ) x + 4y2 + 3ky2 46y + 175 22ky + 31k =0 .

Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai v i an la x.
Ta co :
2
'x ( 2k + 1) y + 3 9k ( k + 2 ) 4y 2 + 3ky 2 46y + 175 22ky + 31k

=
=
(k
6k 7 y 2 14 k 2 6k 7 y + 50k 2 291k 341
( 2k + 1) y + 3 9k =
Cho n k = 1 th 'x =
0 suy ra x =
y 12 .
k+2
Li giai
La y (2) (1) theo ve ta c: x2 + 2 (12 y ) x + y2 24y + 144 =
0.
2
( x + 12 y ) = 0 x = y 12 .
Thay vao phng trnh au cu a he ta c:
( y 12 )
+ 3y 2 + 4y ( y 12 ) 18 ( y 12 ) 22y + 31 =
0.
19
1
1
1
5,y =
+7
7
y =
x =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
8y 112y + 391 =
0
1
1
1
5,y =
+7
y = 7 +
x =
2 2
2 2
2 2
C. BAI TAP REN LUYEN

2
2
0
2x + xy y 5x + y + 2 =
.
2
2
0
x + y + x + y 4 =
Li giai
He phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
y= 2 x
( x + y 2 )( 2x y 1) =
0
y 2x 1
.
=
2
0
x + y 2 + x + y 4 =
2
2
0
x + y + x + y 4 =
y= 2 x
2
=
x 1,y
= 1
2
0
x + y + x + y 4 =
4
13 .
x =
,y =
y 2x 1
=
5
5
x2 + y2 + x + y 4 =
0
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y

=
)
(1;1) ; 45 ; 135 .
x2 y2 2x + 2y + 3 =
0
.
2
0
y 2xy + 2x + 4 =
Li giai
Nha n thay y = 1 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
Xe t y 1 ru t x =
y2 + 4
t phng trnh th hai thay va o phng trnh th
2y 2
nha t cu a he ta c:
2
y2 + 4
y2 + 4
+ 2y + 3 =
0.
y 2 2.
2y 2
2y 2
)(
3y 4 12y3 4y2 + 32y 44 =0 y2 2y + 2 3y 2 6y 22 =0 .
20
5
4
5
1
1
,y =
1
y =
x =
3
3
3
.
3y2 6y 22 =0
5
4
5
1+
1+
,y =
1+
y =
x =
3
3
3
( x;y ) =
1
4
3
;1
5
4
5
;1 +
; 1 +
.
3
3
3
x2 2xy + 2y + 15 =
0
.
2
+
+
=
2x
2xy
y
5
0
Li giai
V i x 1 ru t y =
x2 + 15
thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
2x 2
2
x2 + 15 x 2 + 15
+
2x 2x.
0.
+5=
2x 2 2x 2
)(
3x 4 12x3 + 26x 2 28x 245 =0 x 2 2x 7 3x2 6x + 35 =0 .
x =
x =
1 2 2
1 2 2,y =
1 3 2
.
x2 2x 7 = 0
x =
1 + 2 2 x =
1 + 2 2,y =
1+ 3 2
( x;y ) =
(1 2
)(
2;1 3 2 ; 1 + 2 2;1 + 3 2 .
x2 + y2 + x 2y =
2
.
Bai 4. Gia i he phng trnh 2
2
11
x + y + 2 ( x + y ) =
Li giai
Cach 1 : Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c x + 4y =
9.
Khi o he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
9 4y 2 + y2 + 9 4y 2y =
x2 + y2 + x 2y =
2
2
)
.
(
9
x= 9 4y
x + 4y =
21
=
= 2
x 1,y
17y2 78y + 88 =
0
23
44 .
x =
,y =
x= 9 4y
17
17
23 44
; .
(1;2 ); 17
17
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la =

( x;y )
Cach 2 : Nha n tha y x = 0 kho ng tho a ma n he phng trnh.

Xe t x 0 a t y = tx khi o he phng trnh tr thanh:
(
(
)
)
1 + t 2 x 2 + (1 2t ) x =
2
11
1 + t 2 x 2 + 2 (1 + t ) x =
(
(
)
)
1 + t 2 z + (1 2t ) x =
2
a t z = x he phng trnh tr tha nh:

11
1 + t 2 z + 2 (1 + t ) x =
Tnh c D =
( 4t + 1) t 2 + 1 ,Dx =9 t 2 + 1 ,Dz =26t 7 .
1
27
Ne u D =0 t = Dz = 0 he phng trnh vo nghiem.
4
2
Dx
x=
1
D z= x2 D .D= D2 .
Ne u D 0 t
z
x
Dz
4
z=
D
81 t + 1
t = 2
.
=( 26t 7 )( 4t + 1) t + 1 23t 2t 88 = 0
t = 44
23
TH1 : Ne u t =2 D =45,Dx =45 x =

TH2 : Ne u t =
Dx
D
=1 y =2 .
44
23
44
x=
,y = .
23
17
17

( x;y )
23 44
; .
(1;2 ); 17
17
x2 + 4y 2 4x + 12y + 11 =
0
2
2
0
x + 4y 2xy x + 4y 12 =
22
Li giai
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
( 2x + 8) y + 23 3x = 0 y = 3x2x+238 (do x = 4 khong thoa man he phng trnh).

Thay y =
3x 23
va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c :
2x + 8
2
3x 23
3x 23
+ 11 =
x + 4
0.
4x + 12.
2x + 8
2x + 8
2
0.
x 4 + 4x3 + 22x 2 180x + 153 =
x = 1,y = 2
x = 1
( x 1)( x 3) x2 + 8x + 51 =0
12 .
x = 3 x = 3,y =
7
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) =

(1; 2 ); 3; 127 .
x2 + 2y2 + xy + x 10y =12

.
2
2
8
3x y xy + 15x + 4y =
Li giai
a t u =+
x 2,v =
y 3 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u 2 2 + 2 v + 3 2 + u 2 v + 3 + u 2 10 v + 3 =12
) ( ) ( )( )
( )
(
.
2
2
3 ( u 2 ) ( v + 3) ( u 2 )( v + 3) + 15 ( u 2 ) + 4 ( v + 3) =
8
2
u2 + uv + 2v=
2
2
4 3u2 uv v2
4
u + uv + 2v =
2
2
1
3u uv v =
3u2 uv v2 =
1
u = v
11u2 5uv 6v2 =

0
6v
u =
2
2
11
1

3u uv v =
2
3u uv v2 =
1
23
u =
x =
1,v =
1
3,y =
2
u = v
2
1,y =
u=
1,v =
1
4
2
x =
1
3u uv v =
6
11
6
11
,v = x =
2,y = + 3 .

u =
u = 6 v
53
53
53
53
11
6
11
6
11
2
2
+3
x = 2,y =
1 u = ,v =
3u uv v =
53
53
53
53
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la :
11
+ 3 ;
2;
+ 3 .
53
53
53
53
Nhan xet: Ca ch a t a n phu nh tre n xua t phat t thu thua t. a o ham mo t

trong hai phng trnh cu a he theo bie n x va theo bie n y ta c( a y ta l a
cho n phng trnh a u cu a he ).
2x + y + 1 =0
x =2 u =x + 2
.
4y + x 10 = 0
y = 3
v = y 3
( x;y ) =
( 3;2 ); ( 1;4 );
2;
11
x2 + y2 =
1
(1)

2
2
69
48 x y + 28xy + 21x + 3y =
Li giai
La y 50.(1) + (2) theo ve ta c:
98x2 + 28xy + 21x + 2y 2 + 3y 119 =
0.
y= 7 7x
.
( 7x + y 7 )(14x + 2y + 17 ) = 0
y = 14x + 17
2
24 7
He phng trnh co hai nghiem la: ( x;y ) = (1;0 ) ; ; .
25 25
x2 + y2 + x =
3
.
2
2
0
x 2y xy + y + 1 =
Li giai
La y 2.(1) + (2) theo ve ta c:
3x2 + 2x 5 xy + y = 0 ( x 1)( 3x + 5 y ) = 0 .
Xe t tr ng h p tm c ca c nghiem cua he phng trnh la:

11 17
x;y ) (1;1) ; (1; 1) ; ( 2; 1) ; ; .
(=
10 10
24
(2)
CHNG 2.
CAC KY THUAT VA PHNG PHAP

GIAI HE PHNG TRNH
Chng na y la no i dung chnh cu a cuo n sa ch. To i trnh bay theo ca c da ng

toa n ie n hnh pha n theo ca c chu e . Mo i chu e cung ca p ca c phng phap
cu ng nh ky thua t gia i nhanh o ng th i la mo t so lu y o i vi ba n o c trong
qua trnh x ly t ng bai toa n cu the.
Chu e 1.
KY THUAT S DUNG
HE PHNG TRNH BAC NHAT HAI AN

c1
a x + b1y =
Ta a bie t mo t he phng trnh ba c nha t hai a n 1
luo n gia i
c2
a2 x + b2 y =
Dy
Dx
v i
c ba ng phe p the hoa c tho ng qua co ng th c nh th
c x =
=
,y
D
D
a1 b1
c1 b1
a1 c1
=
,Dx =
,Dy
o : D =
.
D 0 , trong
a2 b 2
c2 b2
a2 c2
Ne u tinh y quan sa t he phng trnh ta co the a 1 he phng trnh ph c ta p

ve he ba c nha t hai an nh tre n va ta s du ng co ng th c nghiem e gia i.
Dau hien nhan biet phng phap:
+ Ca c phng trnh cua he ch la phng trnh ba c nha t hoa c ba c 2 cu a mo t
a n x va y.
+ Co 1 nha n t lap la i ca 2 phng trnh cu a he va ca c thanh phan co n lai
ch co da ng ba c nhat cu a x va y(1 ca n th c; 1 bieu th c cu a x va y).
+ Co 2 nha n t lap la i ca 2 phng trnh cu a he(co 2 ca n th c; 2 bie u th c
cu a x va y).
e ro hn ban o c theo do i ca c v du trnh ba y di a y cha c cha n se hnh
tha nh ky nang nha n dien he phng trnh c gia i ba ng ky thua t nay.
Chu y. Trong chng 1 cac ba i toa n ve he phng trnh ba c hai hai a n dang
to ng quat toi a trnh ba y ky thua t na y.
Ca n nha n ma nh them ra ng phng pha p nay giu p ta gia i quye t c ba i toa n
khi nha n bie t c he ba c nha t hai a n. Tuy nhie n co 1 th c te ra ng oi v i 1
so he phng trnh se ye u ca u ba n o c tnh toan kha na ng. Do va y mu c ch
cu a ba i vie t la cung ca p the m cho ba n o c 1 ky thua t e gia i he. Nhn he
phng trnh di con ma t linh hoa t hn va t duy suy ngh ta se co them ca c
ca ch gia i hay kha c nhau.
25
B. BAI TAP MAU
x2 + y2 4x + 2y =
3
.
2
2
12
x + y xy + x 2y =
Li giai
Phan tch tm li giai:
Ca hai phng trnh cua he co dang phng trnh bac 2 cu a x hoa c cua y. V
va y ta co the a ve he phng trnh ba c nha t 2 a n. Ta co the coi x la tham
so hoa c y la tham so . L i gia i d i ay ta coi x la tham so .
2
a=
t a y=
,b y he phng trnh tr tha nh:
a + 2b =
x 2 + 4x 3
.
2
a ( x + 2 ) b =x x + 12
Coi ay la phng trnh bac nha t hai a n a va b khi o

He na y he so cu a a va b kha n gia n ne n ta du ng phng phap the :
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he suy ra: ( x + 4 ) b = 5 ( x 3)
5 ( x 3)
(v x = 4 khong thoa man he phng trnh).
b=
x+4
a
=
5 ( x 3)
x3 + 3x + 18
.
;b
=
x+4
x+4
2
x3
x3 + 3x + 18
Ma t kha c a =
b2
=
25
.
x+4
x+4
x = 1 x = 1,y = 2
.
( x 1)( x 3) x2 + 8x + 51 =0
=
= 0
x 3 =
x 3,y
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y=

)
(1; 2 ); ( 3;0 ) .
Co n nhie u gia i kha c cho 1 he phng trnh ba c hai hai a n dang to ng quat a
trnh ba y trong chng tr c.
x 4 + 4x 2 + y 2 4y =
2
.
2
2
23
x y + 2x + 6y =
Li giai
Nhan xet. Coi x la tham so va y la a n th ro ra ng ca 2 phng trnh cu a he co
da ng ba c 2 va ba c 1 cu a y.
26
t 4y =2 x 4 4x 2
a t t = y he phng trnh tr tha nh: 2

.
2
x + 6 y =23 2x
2
Ta coi he phng trnh trnh tre n la he phng trnh ba c nha t hai a n t va y ta

c: D =
x2 + 6;Dt =
x6 10x 4 30x 2 + 104;Dy =
23 2x 2 .
2
Dy
x2 + 6 x6 10x 4 30x2 + 104 = 23 2x 2
Suy ra: t = y
=
D D
2
Dt
)(
) (
x =1 y =3
.
(1 x)(1 + x)(1 + x 2 )(x 4 + 16x 2 + 95) = 0
x =1 y =3
Va y he phng trnh a cho co hai nghiem la ( x;y ) =
( 1;3); (1;3) .
Nhan xet. Ta hoa n toan du ng phe p the cho he phng trnh tre n ba ng ca ch
ru t y =
23 2x 2
t phng trnh th hai cu a he va the va o phng trnh a u

x2 + 6
cu a he ta co ke t qua tng t .
Bai 3. (TSH Khoi A 2008) Giai he phng trnh:

2
5
3
2
x + y + x y + xy + xy = 4
.
5
x 4 + y 2 + xy (1 + 2x ) =
Li giai
Nhan xet. L i giai tham kha o va a p an chnh th c s du ng a n phu kha n
gia n. Nhn nha n ca 2 phng trnh cu a he la phng trnh ba c 2 cu a y. V va y
theo da u hie u a biet ta hoa n toan a c he ve he phng trnh ba c nha t
hai an.
2
5
3
2
xy + x + x + 1 y = x 4
.
Vie t la i he phng trnh d i da ng
5
4
y2 + 2x2 + x y =
x
5
3
2
xa + x + x + 1 b =x
4.
2
a=
t a y=
,b y he phng trnh tr tha nh:
5
a + 2x 2 + x b =
x 4
27
) (
Ta co D = x 2x2 + x x3 + x + 1 = x3 + x 2 x 1 =
( x 1)( x + 1)
3
+ Neu x =
1 y=
.
2
+ Neu x = 1 thay va o he ban au ta tha y vo nghie m.
Tnh tiep Dx ,Dy ta tm c:
a=
4x6 + 4x 5 + 8x 4 + 4x3 + 5x 2 5x 5
4 ( x + 1)
;b =
4x 4 + 4x3 + 4x 2 + 5
4 ( x + 1)
v i ( x 1)( x + 1) 0 .
Ma t kha c:
2
4x + 4x + 8x + 4x + 5x 5x 5 4x 4 + 4x3 + 4x 2 + 5
2
=
a=
b
2
2
4 ( x + 1)
4 ( x + 1)
2x2 + 2x + 3
) ( 4x 5) =0 x = 45 y =
2
25
.
16
3 5
25
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la : ( x;y ) =
.
1; ; 3 ; 3
2 4
16
Xem them l i gia i a t a n phu trong chu e ky thuat a n phu a i so.
( x + y )( 2 y ) =(1 2y )(1 + xy )
, ( x,y ) .
( x y )( 3 x ) =(1 3x )(1 xy )
Nhan xet. Sau khi khai trie n ta a ve mo t he phng trnh ba c hai hai a n
da ng to ng qua t. Va y a p dung ky thua a ve he ba c nha t hai a n ta c:
2x y2 y + 1 = y 2 4y + 1
2x ( y + 3) = ( 3y + 1) x2 + 1
y 2 4y + 1
x =
2 y2 y + 1
y2 4y + 1
y2 4y + 1
y + 3) ( 3y + 1)
1
0 (1)
+
=
(
2.
2 y2 y + 1
2 y2 y + 1
28
Ta co (1) 11y 5 35y 4 + 110y3 70y 2 + 55y 7 =
0.
e giai phng trnh a th c tre n ta a t y =
phng trnh ve da ng: 2v5 9 = 0 v =
Thay ng c la i ta tm c x =
12 1
12 + 1
v 1
va sau khi ru t go n a
v +1
9
y=
2
9
1
2
.
9
+1
2
5
5
12 1
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) =

;
5 12 + 1
5
9
1
2
.
9
+1
2
Nhan xet. Ca u ho i a t ra la tai sao ngh en vie c gia i phng trnh a thc
v 1
ba c 5 nh tren ba ng phep a t y =
. e lam ro ie u nay tr c he t ta xe t
v +1
ca ch kha c cho ba i toan nh sau:
x + y 1 2y
=
1 + xy 2 y
2 2
Vi x y 1 ( x 3)( y 2 ) 0 viet lai he phng trnh di dang:
x y = 1 3x
1 xy 3 x
a t x
=
u 1
v 1
.
=
,y
u +1
v +1
uv 2u
=
(1)
u+v u+2
uv 1 3 v
=
(2)
uv + 1 3 + v
T (1) ke t h p v i tnh cha t cu a ty le th c ta co :

uv 2u
2v
2 + v 2u
= =
=
u + v u + 2 2 + v + 2u
2v .
2
2
2
(2 v) = (2 + v) 4u u2 = 2v
Tng t t (2) ta co :
uv 1 3 v 3u uv
3u 1
3u + 1 2uv
= =
=
=
uv + 1 3 + v 3u + uv 3u + 1 + 2uv
3u 1
(3u 1)2 = (3u + 1)2 4u2 v2 u2 v2 = 3u .
29
u2 = 2v
Va y ta co he phng trnh:
.
2 2
u v = 3u
Xe t u = 0 v = 0 x = y = 1 xy = 1 (loa i do 1 xy 0 ).
Va y u.
12 1
u
9
,y =
= 3 u = 5 12 v = 5 x =
5
4
2
12 + 1
9
1
2
.
9
+1
2
a y la mo t he c xa y d ng mo t ca ch kha a c bie t. Nguye n do au ta co

phe p a t tre n va c s nao xay d ng da ng he tre n xin nhng cho ba n o c.
e a p du ng ba n o c ren luye n qua ba i toa n tng t sau:
x + y 1 3y
1 + xy = 3 y
V du. Gia i he phng trnh

.
x y = 1 5x
1 xy 5 x
( x + y ) 2xy + 5= 4xy 3y + 1
Bai 5.Gia i he phng trnh:

, ( x,y ) .
( x + 2y ) 2xy + 5= 6xy + x 7y 6
Li giai
2xy + 5 va ca hai phng trnh cu a he co ch a the m a i
Chu y ca n th c
l ng 4xy,6xy hoa n toa n bieu dien c theo ca n th c tren va ca c tha nh

pha n co n la i e u da ng bac nha t cu a x va y. V va y ne u coi
=
u
2xy + 5 la
tham so ta a c he phng trnh ve he ba c nha t 2 a n x va y.

Cach 1: ieu kie n 2xy + 5 0 .
a t u =
2xy + 5, ( u 0 ) 2xy = u2 5 .
He phng trnh tr tha nh:
x + y ) u= 2 u2 5 3y + 1
2u2 ( x + y ) u 3y 9 =
0
(
2
0
u 3 u2 5 + x 7y 6
( x + 2y )=
3u ( x + 2y ) u + x 7y 21 =
ux ( u + 3) y =
2u2 + 9
2
1
u
x
7
2u
y
21
3u
+
=
(
) (
)
30
Coi ay la he phng trnh ba c nha t hai a n cua x va y; u la tham so ta c:
D=
u ( u + 3)
= u2 + 5u + 3 .
1 u ( 7 + 2u )
Tng t ta co : Dx= u u2 + 5u + 3 , Dy = ( u 3) u2 + 5u + 3 .
V i D = 0 he phng trnh vo nghiem.
V i D 0 x=
Dy
Dx
= u,y=
= u 3 xy= u ( u 3) .
D
D
u = 1
u2 5
.
= u ( u 3) u2 6u + 5 = 0
2
u = 5
Thay ng c la i cong th c nghiem ta co ca c nghiem la:
( x;y=) (1; 2 ); ( 5;2 ) thoa man ieu kien.

) (1; 2 ); ( 5;2 ) .
Cach 2:Vie t la i he phng trnh d i da ng:
( x + y ) 2xy + 5= 4xy 3y + 1
( x + 2y ) 2xy + 5= 6xy + x 7y 6
(1)
(2)
La y 2.(1) (2) va 3.(1) 2.(2) theo ve ta c:

x 2xy + 5 =2xy x + 4y + 7
2x + 5y + 15
( x y ) 2xy + 5 =
x y 3= 2xy + 5 x 2xy + 5
( x y 3) 2xy + 5 + 5 = 3 x 2xy + 5
) (
x y 3= 2xy + 5 x 2xy + 5
2xy + 5 + 5 = 3 x 2xy + 5
2xy + 5 x 2xy + 5
)(
) (
x y 3= 2xy + 5 x 2xy + 5
0
x 2xy + 5 2xy + 5 + 5 2xy + 5 + 3 =
)(
x y 3= 2xy + 5 x 2xy + 5
x y 3 = x2 x2
.
2xy + 5
=
2xy + 5
=
x
x
31
y= x 3
x 5,y
=
= 2
y= x 3
.
x 0
2
x =2x ( x 3) + 5
1,y =
x =
2
2
x = 2x 6x + 5
Nhan xet. Qua bai toan tren 1 lan na khang nh ky thuat nay to ra rat hieu qua.
Bai 6. Gia i he phng trnh:
3
( x + y ) y + 3 + y 2x2 1 = xy + 2y2
y3
, ( x,y ) .
y +3
+ ( x + y ) 2x2 1= 3xy x2
2x
3
y
Li giai
Vie c la p la i 2 ca n th c
y3 + 3
y
, 2x2 1 hai phng trnh cu a he lu c nay
coi hai an la 2 can va x,y la tham so . Hy vo ng a ve he phng trnh ba c

nha t 2 a n co the tm c 2 ca n th c theo x va y.
ie u kien: 2x 2 1 0,
a t u =
y3 + 3
y
y3 + 3
y3
0,y 0 .
,v = 2x 2 1, ( u,v 0 )
( x + y ) u + yv = xy + 2y 2
.
He phng trnh tr tha nh :
2
2xu + ( x + y ) v = 3xy x
Coi ay la he phng trnh ba c nha t v i hai a n la u va v ta c:
D=
x2 + y2 ,D u =
2y x2 + y2 ,Dv =
x x2 + y2 .
=
u
V vay
v =
y3 + 3
Du
= 2y
= 2y
x = 1
D
.
y3
Dv
y = 1
= x
2x2 1 =x
D
32
( 1;1) .
3x + y
8
=
3x y + 2
x y2

, ( x,y ) .
3x + y + 3x y =
7
x2 y2
Li giai
Nhn nha n ca 2 phng trnh cu a he co chung
1
x2 y2
va ne u coi a i l ng
na y la tham so th he tr tha nh he ba c nha t 2 an v i x va y.

ie u kien: x2 y2 0 .

1
1
8
y 1
3x 1 + 2
=
2
2
x y2
x y
.
1
1

7
+ y 1 2
=
3x 1 + 2
2
x y2
x
y
a t m =
3 (1 + m ) x (1 m ) y =
8
.
7
x2 y2
3 (1 + m ) x + (1 m ) y =
Coi ay la he phng trnh ba c nha t v i hai a n x,y va m la tham so .

Ta co : D =
6 ( m + 1)(1 m ) ,Dx =
15 (1 m ) ,Dy =
3 ( m + 1) .
m =
1 Dx =
0
he phng trnh vo nghiem.
Vi D =0 ( m + 1)(1 m ) =0
m =1 Dy =0
Dx
5
=
x =
D 2 ( m + 1)
V i D 0
.
Dy
1
=
y =
D 2 ( m 1)
Ma t kha c: x2 y2 =
1
5
2 ( m + 1)
m
3 5
m =
1
1
2 .
=
2 ( m 1)
m
3+ 5
m =
2
33
5+ 5
1+ 5
,y =
x =
4
4 .
Thay ng c la i cong th c nghiem tre n ta co
1 + 5
5 5
=
,y
x =
4
4
Cach 2:Co ng theo ve va tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
6x
15
=
6x + 2
x y2
2y + 2y =
1
x2 y2
Nha n thay x = 0 hoa c y = 0 kho ng thoa ma n he phng trnh.

Xe t xy 0 vie t la i he phng trnh di dang:
2
5
5 1
=
4
2 + 2
x y =
2
x
x y
25 1
16
x2 5y2 (1) .
=
=
2
2
2
2
5
1
4
2
1
x
y
x y
2 +
+ =
=
2
2
2
2
x
y
y
x
y
x y
Thay x2 = 5y2 va o phng trnh th hai ta c:
1+ 5
5+ 5
1+ 5
,y =
y =
x =
2
1
2
4
4
4 .
2 +
= 8y + 4y 2 = 0
y
4y
5 5
1 + 5
1 + 5
,y
=
=
y
x =
4
4
4
=
( x;y ) 5 +4 5 ; 1 +4 5 ; 5 4 5 ; 1 +4 5 .
Ghi chu. (1) xem them ky thua t co ng, tr la y tch hai phng trnh cu a he .
Ngoai ra ta co the gia i he phng trnh tre n bang so ph c.
5x2 ( y + 1) + y= y 2 x + 6x + 1

.
1
25x 2 + + 1
y2 + y (1 10x ) =
x
Li giai
Phan tch tm li giai: Ro ra ng ca hai phng trnh cu a he la phng trnh
2
ba c hai cua y. Do va y ne u a=
t a y=
,b y he tr tha nh mo t he phng trnh
ba c nha t 2 a n.
34
ie u kien: x 0 .
2
a=
t a y=
,b y khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
(
(
x.a 5x2 + 1 b 5x2 + 6x + 1 =0

25x3 + 15x2 x + 1
a =
, x 5x2 x 1 0
x
2
3
x.a + x 10x b + 25x x 1 =0 =
b 5x + 2
) )
((
2
25x3 + 15x2 x + 1
Ta co a =
b2
=
5x + 2 ) .
(
x
5+3 5
5+3 5
3 5 +1
,y =
x =
x =
10
10
2
.
5x2 + 5x 1 = 0
53 5
53 5
3 5 1
,y =
x =
x =
10
10
2
x= 0 VN
1 21
1 21
2
.
Ne u x 5x x 1 = 0 x =
y=
10
2
1 + 21
21 1
=
=
y
x
10
2
Va y he phng trnh co 5 nghiem la :
5+3
( x;y ) =
10
3 5 +1 5 3 5 3 5 1
;
;
;
2
10
2
1 21 1 21 1 + 21 21 1
;
;
10
10
2
2
Cach 2: Vie t la i he phng trnh d i da ng:
(
(
y2 x 5x2 + 1 y 5x2 + 6x + 1 =
0
.
2
0
xy + x 10x2 y + 25x3 x 1 =
1 21
1 21
=
=
y
x
10
2
1 + 21
21 1
.
5x2 x 1 ( 5x y + 2 ) = 0 x =
y=
10
2
=
y 5x + 2
35
+ Vi =
y 5x + 2 thay va o phng trnh au cua he ta c:
( 5x + 2 )
x 5x2 + 1 ( 5x + 2 ) 5x2 + 6x + 1 =
0.
5+3 5
5+3 5
3 5 +1
,y =
x =
x =
10
10
2
.
5x2 + 5x 1 = 0
53 5
53 5
3 5 1
,y =
x =
x =
10
10
2
Va y he phng trnh co 5 nghiem la
5+3
( x;y ) =
10
3 5 +1 5 3 5 3 5 1
;
;
;
2
10
2
1 21 1 21 1 + 21 21 1
;
;
10
10
2
2
3
2
x + y =(x y)(xy 1)
, ( x,y ) .
3
2
1 xy(x y + 1)
x x + y +=
Nhan xet. Cu ng tng t ba i toa n tre n coi x la tham so va y la bie n th ca 2

phng trnh cu a he neu vie t la i eu la phng trnh ba c 2 cua y. Do va y
hoa n toan s du ng c phng phap tre n.
x3 + y2= x2 y xy2 + y x
.
3
2
2
2
x x + y + 1= x y xy + xy
( x + 1) y 2 x2 + 1 y + x3 + x =
0 (1)
0 (2)
xy 2 x 2 + x 1 y + x3 x 2 + 1 =
Nha n tha y t he tre n ta hoa n toa n gia i ba ng phng pha p the ba ng ca ch l c

bo i nhan t y2 t hai phng trnh cu a he.
Do vay ta la y x.(1) (x + 1).(2) theo ve ta c:
x x2 + 1 y + x x3 + x + ( x + 1) x 2 + x 1 y ( x + 1) x3 x 2 + 1 =
0.
1
x = 2
( 2x + 1)( x 1)( y + 1) = 0 x =1 .
y = 1
36
1
+ TH1: Ne u x = thay vao phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
2
1 2 5
5
53 5
.
y y = 0 4y2 10y 5 = 0 y =
2
4
8
4
+ TH2: Ne u x = 1 thay vao phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:

2
1
3
2y2 2y + 2 = 0 2 y + = 0 vo nghiem.
2
2
+ TH3: Ne u y = 1 thay vao he ta c:

x3 + x2 + 2x + 2 =
0
(he vo nghie m).
3
0
x + 2x =
1 5 + 3 5 1 5 3 5
Va y he a cho co hai nghie m la (x;y) = ;
, ;
.
2
2
4
4
Cach 2: Du ng he hai phng trnh ba c nha t

Chu y neu a t a = y2 ,b = y a = b2 va he phng trnh tr tha nh:
( x + 1) a x 2 + 1 b + x3 + x =
0
0
xa x 2 + x 1 b + x3 x 2 + 1 =
Th ro rang a y la he phng trnh hai an ba c nha t va ta coi x la tham so .

Lu c na y ch ca n tm a va b theo x roi gia i phng trnh a = b2 ta c 1
phng trnh cua x va ta co ngay ke t qua cua ba i toan.
) (
Tha t va y ta co : D = ( x + 1) x2 + x 1 + x x2 + 1 =2x2 + x + 1 .
Da=
( x + 1)( 2x
2
x 1 ,D b= 2x2 x 1 .
1
x=
+ Neu D= 0
2 thay lai va o he ta tm c nghiem nh ca ch 1.
x = 1
D
+ Neu D 0 a = a =x2 1 < 0 vo ly.
D
1 53 5 1 5+3 5
Va y he co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) =
;
; ;
.
2
4 2
4
37
Cach 3: He so bat nh.
La y 1.(1) + 2.(2) ta c: (x 1)(x2 + y2 x 3y xy 2) =
0 .
x = 1
2
2
0
x + y x 3y xy 2 =
x3 + x2 + 2x + 2 =
0
(he vo nghie m).
V i x = 1 thay va o he ta ta c:
3
0
x + 2x =
V i x2 + y2 x 3y xy 2 =
0(3) .
La y 2.(1) (3) ta c: (2x + 1)(x2 + y2 x + y xy + 2) =
0
1
x=
2
2
2
x + y x + y xy + 2 =
0
V i x =
1
53 5
.
y=
2
4
V i x2 + y2 x + y xy + 2 =
0(4) .
La y (4) (3) ta c: y = 1 thay vao (3) tha y vo nghiem.
1 5 + 3 5 1 5 3 5
Va y he a cho co hai nghie m la (x;y) = ;
, ;
.
2
2
4
4
3x + x2 7 y2 + 24 =
3

, ( x,y ) .
4 x2 7 y 2 + 24 =
3y
Li giai
Phan tch tm li giai: Khi ba t ga p he xua t hie n hai ca n th c la p la i trong
hai phng trnh cu a he tre n y t ng a u tie n la ru t t ng can th c theo x va
y. Ro rang khi bie u die n c mo i ca n th c theo x va y ro i ch ca n th c hien
phe p bnh phng ta a ve he phng trnh ba c 2 hai an da ng to ng qua t. Va
theo ky thua t he phng trnh ba c nha t hai an ta hoan toa n gia i c he m i
sinh ra.
ie u kien: x 7 .
He phung trnh tuwong ng v i:
x2 7 y 2 + 24 = 3 3x
x2 7 = x + y 1
4 x2 7 y2 + 24 =
y2 + 24 = 4x + y 4
3y
38
x + y 1 0,4x + y 4 0
x + y 1 0,4x + y 4 0
2
2
2
x 7 = ( x + y 1)
x2 7 = ( x + y 1)
(1) .
2
2
y2 + 24= ( 4x + y 4 )
y2 + 24= ( 4x + y 4 )
x2 7 = x + y 1 2
2
(
)
y + 2y ( x 1) 2x + 8 = 0
.
Ta co :
2
2x 2 + 4x + 1
y2 + 24= ( 4x + y 4 )
( x 1) y =
Do x 7 he tre n kha n gia n ta s dung phe p the t phng trnh th hai

cu a he ta c:
y=
2x2 + 4x + 1
. Thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:
x 1
2
2x2 + 4x + 1
2x 2 + 4x + 1
. ( x 1) 2x + 8 =
0.
+ 2.
x 1
x 1
2x3 6x2 + 6x 11 =
0.
3
2 ( x 1) =9 x =1 + 3
9
y = 3 6 3 36 .
2
9
1 + 3 ; 3 6 3 36 .
x + y 1 0,4x + y 4 0 x + y 1 0,4x + y 4 0
7
Cach 2: Ta co : (1) ( y 1)( 2x + y 1) + 7 =0
y 1 =
(1)
2x + y 1
( x 1)( 2x + y 2 ) 3 =
3
x 1 =
(2)
2x + y 2
La y (1) + 2.(2) theo ve ta c: 2x=

+ y3
6
7
.
2x + y 2 2x + y 1
a t t = 2x + y 2 phng trnh tr thanh:

6
7
t = 3 6 2x + y 2 = 3 6 .
t t +1
Thay vao (1), (2) tm c nghie m cu a he phng trnh la :
9
1 + 3 ; 3 6 3 36 .
( x;y ) =
t 1 =
39
Nhan xet. a y la mo t ba i toa n hay va kho ca 2 li gia i cho bai toa n he t s c
e p ma t. V i l i gia i 1 t nhie n va de ngh e n hn tuy nhie n l i gia i 2 cho
ta 1 lo i t duy gia i he a ve a n phu gi a 2 a n ra t hay.
Bai 1. Ch ng minh rang v i moi m he phng trnh sau co nghiem x2 + y2
2x my =
m
kho ng oi:
3m 2 + 4
mx
y
+
=
m2 + 4
Li giai
De tnh=
c x
4m
4 m2
.
,y
=
m2 + 4
m2 + 4
16m 2 + 4 m 2
2
2
Khi
o x + y
=
= 1.
2
m2 + 4
x 4 y 2 8x2 6y =
2
.
2
2
1
x y + y + y =
Li giai
a 8b = y 2 + 6y 2
a t =
.
= x2
a x 4 ,b
2
by = y y 1
De tnh c a =
y3 2y2 10y 8
y2 + y + 1
.
,b =
y
y
2
y3 2y2 10y 8 y 2 + y + 1
Ma t kha c a =
b
=
y
y
x =
1,y =
1
y = 1
3 + 65
9 + 65
( y + 1) 4y 2 + 9y + 1 =
0
,y =
9 65 x =
4
8
y =
8
3 65
9 + 65
,y =
x =
4
8
( x;y ) =( 1; 1); 3 + 4 65 ; 9 +8 65 ; 3 4 65 ; 9 + 8 65 .
40
( y + x ) 2xy + 8= 4xy 3y + 7

, ( x,y ) .
( x + 2y ) 2xy + 8 = x 7y + 6xy + 3
Li giai
a t =
u
2xy + 8, ( u 0 ) xy
=
u 8
.
2
ux ( u + 3) y =
2u2 + 9
2
(1 u ) x ( 7 + 2u ) y = 21 3u
Coi ay la he phng trnh ba c nha t hai a n cua x va y; u la tham so ta c:

D=
u ( u + 3)
= u2 + 5u + 3
1 u ( 7 + 2u )
Tng t ta co : Dx= u u2 + 5u + 3 , Dy = ( u 3) u2 + 5u + 3 .
V i D = 0 he phng trnh vo nghiem.
V i D 0 x=
Dy
Dx
= u,y=
= u 3 xy= u ( u 3) .
D
D
Ta co phng trnh:
u = 2
u2 8
.
= u ( u 3) u2 6u + 8 = 0
2
u = 4
Thay ng c la i cong th c nghiem ta co ca c nghiem la :
( x;y=) ( 2; 1); ( 4;1) thoa man ieu kien.

) ( 2; 1); ( 4;1) .
x + y x2 + 7 + y 2y 2 + 1 = xy + 2y 2
)
(
.
2x x 2 + 7 + ( x + y ) 2y2 + 1= 3xy x2
Li giai
a t a =
x2 + 7,b =
2y 2 + 1, ( a,b > 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:

( x + y ) a + yb = xy + 2y2
2
2xa + ( x + y ) b = 3xy x
Ta co D =
x2 + y2 ,Da =
2y x2 + y2 ,D b =
x x2 + y2 .
41
+ Neu x2 + y2 = 0 x = y = 0 thoa man.
=
a
+ Neu x2 + y2 > 0 ta co
b =
Da
= 2y
x2 + 7 =
x = 3
2y
D
.
2
Db
y
=
2
2y + 1 =x
= x
D

( x;y )
( 0;0 ); ( 3;2 ) .
( x + y ) x + y + y x y = xy + 2y2
.
2
2x x + y + ( x + y ) x y= 3xy x
Li giai
a t a = x + y,b = x y, ( a,b 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:

( x + y ) a + yb = xy + 2y2
2
2xa + ( x + y ) b = 3xy x
Ta co D =
x2 + y2 ,Da =
2y x2 + y2 ,D b =
x x2 + y2 .
+ Neu x2 + y2 = 0 x = y = 0 thoa man.
=
a
+ Neu x2 + y2 > 0 ta co
b =
Da
= 2y
2y
x + y =
D
(he vo nghiem).
Db
x
y
=
= x
D
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) .

x + x2 7 y 2 + 24 =
2

, ( x,y ) .
4 x 2 7 y 2 + 24 =
7y
Li giai
ie u kien: x 7 .
x2 7 y 2 + 24 = 2 x
.
2
2
4 x 7 y + 24 =
7y
2
3 x 7 = 7y + x 2
.
3 y2 + 24 = 4x + 7y 8
42
7y + x 2 0
ie u kien tr c tie n:
.
4x + 7y 8 0
Bnh phng hai ve cua he phng trnh ba c hai to ng qua t:

8x2 + ( 4 14y ) x 49y2 + 28y 67 =
0
.
2
2
0
2x + ( 7y 8) x + 5y 14y 19 =
a t=
a x2=
,b x,a
= b2 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
8a + ( 4 14y ) b 49y 2 + 28y 67 =
0
2
0
2a + ( 7y 8) b + 5y 14y 19 =
Tng t ta tnh c a
=
91y3 124y 2 + 301y 204

23y 2 + 28y + 3
.
,b
=
4 ( 7y 6 )
2 ( 7y 6 )
2
23y2 + 28y + 3
7 (1) .
Ma t kha c do b = x 7
2
7y
6
(
)
91y3 124y 2 + 301y 204 23y 2 + 28y + 3
.
Ma t kha c a =
=
b
4 ( 7y 6 )
2
7y
6
(
)
12y 4 14y3 + 245y 2 378y + 135 =

0.
( y 1) 12y3 2y 2 + 243y 135= 0

=
y 1 =
x 4.
(1)
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 4;1) .

u =
u2 2ux + x2 = x2 7
x + x2 7
Cach 2: a t
.
,( v > 0)
2
2
2
v =
y + y2 + 24
v 2vy + y = y + 24
u2 + 7
v2 24
=
;y
x =
2u
2v
.
2
2
u
7
v
24
+
2
x 7
; =
y2 + 24
=
2u
2v
(Do u = 0 kho ng tho a ma n he phng trnh).
v2 + 24
u
=
2
2v
.
Khi o , he phng trnh tr tha nh:
2
2
v2 24
u 7 v + 24
7.
4. 2u 2v =
2v
43
v2 + 4v + 24
u =
2v
v2 + 4v + 24
2
u =
2
2v
.
v + 4v + 24 7
2
2
2
2v
u 7 4v 72

4v 72
=
2. u =
2.
2
v
v
v + 4v + 24
2v
v2 + 4v + 24
u =
v2 + 4v + 24
2v
u =
2v
2
2
2
v + 4v + 24 28v
v 6 ) 3v3 + 26v2 + 144v + 384 =

0
= 4v2 72 (
2
v + 4v + 24
2
u 7=
x 4
7
x + x 7 =
v>0
.
y
1
v 6=
y + y 2 + 24 =
1
Va y: he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t: ( x;y ) = ( 4;1) .

Nhan xet. V i phe p a t an phu nh tre n ta x ly toa n bo nh ng he phng
a x + b a2 x 2 + b + c y + d c2 y 2 + d =
e
1
1
1
trnh co da ng: 1
.
a2 x + b2 a2 x 2 + b + c2 y + d 2 c2 y 2 + d =
f
u =
ax + a2 x 2 + b
Phep at a n phu
la phep a t a n phu kh ca n th c da ng
v =
cy + c2 y2 + d
Euler (xem the m chu e he phng trnh ch ca n thc).
2 x2 + 3 2 y2 + 5 = y

, ( x,y ) .
3 x2 + 3 y2 + 5 =
3x
Li giai
6x + y > 0,6x + 3y > 0

4 x2 + 3 = 6x + y
Tm c
16 x2 + 3= 36x 2 + 12xy + y 2 .
4 y2 + 5 = 6x + 3y
16 y2 + 5= 36x 2 + 36xy + 9y 2
(
(
44
)
)
20x 2 + 12xy + y 2 48 =
0 (1)
a ve gia i he phng trnh:
.
2
2
0 (2)
7y 36xy 36x + 80 =
La y (2) 7.(1) theo ve ta c:

120xy + 176x 2 426 = 0 y =
416 176x 2
.
120x
Thay vao phng trnh (1) ta c:

2
416 176x 2 416 176x 2

20x + 12x.
+
0.
48 =
120x
120x
x =
x =
1
1,y =
2
DK
x 1 64x 169
= 0
13
13
1.
x =
x =
,y =
8
8
4
)(
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m=

la ( x;y )
(1;2 ); 138 ; 14 .
Nhan xet. e sa ng ta o ra ca c he phng trnh da ng nh tre n ta xua t pha t t

x2 + a = c x + d y + e
1
1
1
ca c ang th c
.
y2 + b = c2 x + d 2 y + e2
Ta ch viec lay tong bat ky k1 x2 + a + k 2 y2 + b c 1 phng trnh cua he.
x2 y + xy 2 y + 1 =
0

, ( x,y ) .
2
2
0
x 4 2y + y 9 =
Li giai
ie u kien: y 0 .
a t a = x2 ,b = x a = b2 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
y2 9
a = 2
2y 4
ya + yb 2 y + 1 =
0
y2 9
2
2
2 y 1 y.
0
a 4 2y + y 9 =
2y 2 4 2 y 1 y 2 9
b
=
=
y
y
2y 2 4
(do y = 2 kho ng thoa ma n he phng trnh) .

45
2
2 y 1 y2 9
.
Ma t kha c a =
=
b
2y 2 4 y
2y 2 4
2
y2 9
y11 + 10y 5 + 16y 4 + 24 y 7
=
y 2
0
3
5
2
3
.
40y + 28 y 8y 45 y + 54y 28 y + 8
1
y =2 y =4 x =
2
1
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t x ; y ; 4 .
2
Chu e 2.
HE PHNG TRNH OI XNG LOAI I
No i dung chu e na y toi e ca p en phng phap chung giai he phng trnh

o i x ng loa i I va mo t so he a c ve he o i x ng loa i I thong qua ca c
phe p a t a n phu c ba n. Ngoai ra e ca p ng du ng cu a he o i x ng loa i I
trong giai phng trnh vo ty va chng minh ba t ang th c.
a th c oi xng: Xe t a th c hai bie n x , y la P x ; y .
Neu P x ; y P y; x vi moi x , y th ta noi P x ; y la a thc oi xng.
He phng trnh oi xng loai I la he phng trnh co dang:
F (x , y ) 0 .
G (x , y ) 0
trong o: F (x , y );G (x , y ) la ca c a th c o i x ng v i x , y .
- He o i x ng loa i I la he ma vai tro cu a x , y trong moi phng trnh cu a he
la nh nhau.
- Ne u x 0 , y 0 la nghiem cu a he th y 0 , x 0 cu ng la nghiem cu a he .
x 2 y 2 xy x y
.
V du 1. He phng trnh
xy x y 1
V i he na y o i vay tro cua x , y th he kho ng thay oi.
46
Phng phap chung:
S= x + y
v i ie u kie n S2 4P tm c S,P .
a t
P = xy
Khi o theo nh ly Vi-e t x, y la hai nghie m cu a phng trnh:
t 2 St + P =
0.
Lu y: Mo t so trng h p ta pha i a t S =
x y,P =
xy va lu c na y ta pha i co
S2 4P th c cha t la he c suy ra t he o i x ng loa i 1 khi thay y b i
y . Mo t so ba i toa n n gia n ma khi bie n o i S,P ch co da ng ba c nha t
hoa c da ng ba c hai ta co the kho ng can a t an phu va c the tie n ha nh bie n

o i tng ng. Khi tm c S,P vie c tm x,y kho ng ca n chi tie t ma ch ra
ch ra nghie m ( x;y ) bang bao nhie u.
Mo t so ha ng a ng th c hay c s du ng:
2
x 2 + y2 = ( x + y ) 2xy = S2 2P
2
x 2 xy + y2 = ( x + y ) 3xy = S2 3P
x 2 + xy + y 2 = ( x + y ) xy = S2 P
2
x3 + y3 = ( x + y ) ( x + y ) 3xy = S S2 3P
2
x 4 + y 4 = ( x + y ) 2xy 2x 2 y 2 = S2 2P
)(
2P 2
) (
x 4 + y 4 + x 2 y 2 = x 2 + y 2 xy x 2 + y 2 + xy = S2 2P
1 1 x+y S
+=
=
x y
xy
P
P2
1 x2 + y2 S2 2P
+=
=
x2 y2
x2 y2
P2
1
a c ie m cu a da ng toa n na y la o i khi so nghie m cu a he th ch co nghiem

duy nha t hoa c co so nhiem cha n va o i khi ra t nhie u nghie m co khi en 8
hoa c 16 nghiem.
B. BAI TAP MAU
x2 + y2 + x + y =
4
.
2
x ( x + y + 1) + y ( y + 1) =
47
Li giai
x2 + y2 + x + y =
4
x 2 + y 2 + x + y =
4
2
2
2
xy = 2
x + y + x + y + xy =
x + y 2 2xy + x + y =
x + y 2 + x + y =
4
0
)
)
(
(
xy = 2
xy = 2
x + y =0 x + y =1
.
2 xy =
2
xy =
x =
x =
x =
2
2 x =
1
2
.
2 y =
1
2 y =
2
y =
y =
( x;y ) =
)(
2; 2 ; 2; 2 ; (1; 2 ) ; ( 2;1) .
x + y + 2xy =
2
3
8
x + y =
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
, S 4P . Khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
P = xy
2S
2S3 + 3S2 6S 16 =
0
P =
S + 2P =
2
2
2S
S S2 3P =
8 2 6 3S
P=
S S
8
=
( S 2 ) 2S2 + 7S + 8 =
0
S 2
x +
x 2 =
x 0
=
=
y 2 =

2S
=
P 0 =
xy 0 =
y 0=
y 2
P =
2
Va y: he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x,y ) = ( 2,0 ) ; ( 0,2 ) .

x3 + y3 =
19
.
2
( x + y )( 8 + xy ) =
Li giai
48
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
S3 + 24S 25 =
S S2 3P =
0
19
SP= 2 8S
.
3
2 8S
19
2
S ( 8 + P ) =
P =
S 3 ( 2 8S) =
S
( S 1) S2 + S + 25 =
0
S 1
=
=
x+y 1
2 8S
6
6
P =
xy =
P =
S
x = 3
x = 2
.
2 y =
3
y =
Va y: he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x,y ) =( 3, 2 ) ; ( 2,3) .
=
y ) 3 3 x2 y + 3 xy2
2 ( x +
.
3 x + 3 y =
6
Li giai
3
3y
a t=
x a,=
b khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh tr thanh:
) (
2 a3 + b3 = 3 a2 b + b2 a
6
a + b =
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
3SP =
S 6
a=
+b 6
2S S 3P =
=
=
P
8
ab
8
S = 6
a 4=
a 2 =
x 64=
x 8
=
.
=
b 2=
b 4 =
y 8 =
y 64
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x,y ) = ( 64,8) ; ( 8,64 ) .

x2 + y2 + 2xy =
8 2
.
x + y =
4
Li giai
49
Ytng: Bnh phng hai ve phng trnh hai cu a he va ru t x + y theo xy the
va o phng trnh a u cu a he .
ie u kien x 0,y 0 .
2
2
x + y 2 xy 2xy + 2xy =
8 2
4
x + y =
2
8 2
16 2 xy 2xy + 2xy =
.
x+ y=
4
2xy 64 xy + 256 + 2xy =

xy 32 xy + 128 =
8 2
8 xy
x + y 4
x + y 4
=
xy 32 xy + 128 =64 16 xy + xy
xy = 16
xy 8
x=y=4.
8
x + y =
4
x + y =
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 4;4 ) .
Cach 2: T hai phng trnh cu a he ta co
2 x2 + y2 + 2 xy = x + y
2 x2 + y2 =+
x y.
2 x2 + y2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 ( x y ) = 0 x = y .
Thay y = x va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta co ke t qua tng t .

x 4 + y 4 + 6x 2 y 2 =
41
.
2
2
10
xy x + y =
Li giai
T phng trnh th hai cua he suy ra xy > 0 .

xy x2 + y2 =
2
2
10
2

2
10
+ 4x2 y2 =
41
x +y
xy ( x + y ) 2xy =
100
2 2
4x
y
41
+
=
4
4
2
2
xy x2 + y2 =
10
0
4x y 41x y + 100 =
x2 y2
50
5
x + y =3
xy =2 xy =
x + y =3
2
5
xy = 2
xy ( x + y )2 2xy =
xy =
10

=
= 2
x 1;y
x + y =3
x=
2;y =
1
.
Vi
2
x=
1;y =
2
xy =
2;y =
1
x =
x + y =3
2
Vi
trng hp nay khong thoa man ( x + y ) 4xy nen vo nghiem.
5
xy =
2
Va y: he co bo n nghiem=
la ( x;y ) (1;2 ) ; ( 2;1) ; ( 1; 2 ) ; ( 2; 1) .
Cach 2: Nhan tha y hai phng trnh cu a he ve tra i e u cung ba c 4.

Ta a ve phng trnh:
41
8
2 2
x 4 + y 4 + 6x=
y
xy x2 + y2 ( 2x y )( x 2y ) x2 xy +=
y2 0 .
10
5
8
Do xy 0 x2 xy + y2 > 0 .
5
Do o hoa c y = 2x hoa c x = 2y .
Ch vie c the vao mo t trong hai phng trnh cua he ta tm c ( x;y ) .
1
x2 + y2 1 +
49
=
2 2
x
y
5
( x + y ) 1 + xy =
Li giai
ie u kien xy 0 .
2
2
2
1
1
2
49
x + 1 + y + 1 =
x + y + 2 + 2 =
53
x
y
x
y
1
1
x + y + 1 + 1 =
5
5
x + y + x + y =
x y
1
1
1
14
x + 1 + y + 1 2 x + 1
y+ =
53 x + y + =
x
y
x
y
x
y
1 1
x + y + 1 + 1 =
5
5
x + y + x + y =
x y
51
1
1
x = 1
2
7
73 5
x + =
x + =
x =
x
x
.
2
73 5
1
y + 1 =
y =
y = 1
2 y + =
7
y
y
73 5 73 5
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la ( x;y ) =
; 1 .
1;
;
2
2
( x + y )(1 + xy ) =
18xy
.
2
2 2
208x2 y2
x + y 1 + x y =
Li giai
Nhan xet: He phng trnh na y tng t bai toa n tre n khi kh i xy va
)(
x2 y2 be n ve pha i cu a phng trnh cu a he .
Nha n thay ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) la nghiem cua he phng trnh.

Xe t v i xy 0 khi o he phng trnh tng ng vi:
1 1
18
18
( x + y ) 1 +
=
x + y + + =
xy
x y
1
1
2
2
x2 + y2 1 + 1 =
x
y
208
+
+
+
=
208
x2 y2
x2 y2
1 1
1 1
18
18
=
=
x + y + +
x + y + +
x y
x y
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
212
+ 212
x + + y + 2 x + y=
x + x + y +=
y
x
y
x
y

1 1
1
1
18
x=
14 x =
4
+
+
x + y + + =
x
y
x
x
.
1
1
x + 1 y + 1 =
+
+
y=
4
y=
14
56
y
y
x
y
x =
7 4 3 x =
2 3
.
2 3
y 3
y =
y =
Va y: he phng trnh co nghiem la:
( x;y=) ( 0;0 ) ; ( 7 4
)(
3;2 3 ; 2 3;7 4 3 .
x + y xy =
3
Bai 9. Gia i he phng trnh (TSH Khoi A 2006)
4
x + 1 + y + 1 =
52
Li giai
xy 0
ie u kien :
x,y 1
S= x + y
a t
P = xy
, S2 4P . Khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
3
3
= ( x 1) x + 2 + 1
=
A
B=
,A
B=
,A
B ,... y
2
y = x + x + 1
2
1 y2 =
4xy
2
4
3
1
4x + y 4xy =
4 x2 + 1 x2 + y3 3y 2 0
2
P =
S P =
( S 3) ,S 3
3
16
2 S + ( S 3)2 + 1 = 14 S
S + 2 + 2 S + P + 1 =
2
2
P =
P =
( S 3) ,S 3
S 3) ,S 3
(
2 S2 5S + 10 = 14 S 4 S2 5S + 10 = S2 28S + 196
3S2 + 8S 156 =
0 =
S 6
x=
x 3
+y 6 =
2
P 9=
xy 9 =
y 3
P =
( S 3) ,S 3=

x2 1 + y2 =
1

1
1
2+ 2 =
y
x
xy + 2
Li giai
ie u kien: x 1, y 1,xy + 2 0 .
2
2
2
2
x 1 + 2 x 1 y 1 + y 1= xy + 2
.
2 2
x2 + y2 =
x y
)(
x2 + y2 xy 4 + 2 x2 y2 x2 y2 + 1 =
0
2
2
2
2
x + y =
x y
53
a t u= x2 + y2 ,v= xy, ( u 2,v 2 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u v 4 + 2 v2 u + 1 =
u = 1,v = 1
0
.
2
=
= 2
u 4,v
u = v
x =
u =
4
2,y =
2
x2 + y2 =
4
o i chie u v i ieu kie n suy ra
.
x =
2,y
2
=
v = 2
xy = 2
)(
Va y: he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x;y ) = 2; 2 ;
2; 2 .
Bai 11. Gia i he phng trnh (TSH Khoi A,A1 2012):

x3 3x2 9x + 22 = y3 + 3y2 9y
.
2
1
2
x + y x + y =
Li giai
2
1
( x y ) + 2xy ( x y ) =
2
He phng trnh tng ng vi:
3
3
2
2
x y 3 x + y 9 ( x y ) + 22 =
0
) (
2
1
( x y ) + 2xy ( x y ) =
2
.
2
( x y ) ( x y ) + 3xy 3 ( x y )2 + 2xy 9 ( x y ) + 22 =
0
a= x y
he phng trnh tr thanh:
Khi o ta a t
b = xy
2
1
a + 2b a =
2
.
a a2 + 3b 3 a2 + 2b 9a + 22 =
0
) (
1 a a2
b = +
4 2 2
2 3 3a 3a2 2 1
a a + +
3 a + + a a2 9a + 22 =
0

4 2
2
2
1 a a2
a = 2
1 a a2
b
=
+
b = +
4
2
2
4 2 2
( a 2 ) 2a2 + 2a 41 =
b =
3
2
0
4
0
2a + 6a 45a + 82 =
54
Do phng trnh: 2a2 + 2a 41 =
0 co ' =81 < 0 ne n vo nghiem.
a = 2
x y = 2
x = y + 2
V i
3
3
3
b =
xy =
y ( y + 2 ) =
x= y + 2
x =
2
1
( y + 1) = x =
3
1
;y =
2
2.
1
3
;y =
2
2
3 1 1 3
; ; ; .
2 2 2 2
x 1 3 12 x 1 =y + 1 3 12 y + 1
)
( ) ( )
( )
(
Cach 2: Vie t la i he d i da ng
.
1
x2 + y2 x + y =
e n a y a t u =x 1;v =y + 1 va a ve he phng trnh
( u v ) u2 + uv + v2 12 =
u3 12u =v3 12v (1)
0
2
2
1
1
( u + 1) + ( v 1) ( u + 1) + ( v 1) = u2 + v2 + 2u 2v =
0 (2)

x 1 3 12 x 1 =y + 1 3 12 y + 1
)
( ) ( )
( )
(
2
2
x 1 + y + 1 =
1
(2)
2
2
(1)
1
1
3
3
1
x 1 x
x 1
2
2
2
2
T (2) ta co :
3
1
1
1
y + 1 y
y + 1 3
2
2
2
2
2
3 3
x 1,y + 1 ; .
2 2
3 3
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 12t tre n ; ta co:
2 2
3 3
f '(t)
= 3 t 2 4 < 0, t ; t c f(t) la ham nghch bie n tren
2 2
3 3
; .
2 2
55
Do o (1) f(x 1) = f(y + 1) x 1 = y + 1 x = y + 2 .
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
( y + 2)
1
3
1
y=
x=
,y =
1
3
2
2
2.
+ y2 y 2 + y =
2y2 + 4y + = 0
2
2
3
1
3
x=
,y =
y =
2
2
2
Bai 12. (VMO 2005) Cho x,y la hai so th c tho a man x 3 x + 1= 3 y + 2 y .

Tm gia tr ln nha t, gia tr nho nha t cu a bieu th c P= x + y .
Li giai
ie u kien : x 1,y 2 .
Ta ca n tm ta p gia tr cua P , xe t he phng trnh :
x 3 x + 1= 3 y + 2 y
.
P
x + y =
Nh ng gia tr cu a P e he tre n co nghiem chnh la ta p gia tr cua P .

x +=
y 3 x +1 + y + 2
.
Vie t la i he d i dang :
P
x + y =
=
u
a t
v
=
x +1
y+2
, ( u,v 0 ) khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u2 + v2 3= 3 ( u + v )
3 ( u + v ) =
P
u2 + v2 3 =
u2 + v2 =P + 3
P
P
u + v =
3
( u + v ) u2 + v2 1 P 2
uv
P
3
=
=
2
2 9
Khi o u,v la hai nghie m cu a phng trnh: t 2
P
1 P2
t+
0 (1) .
P 3 =
3
2 9
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co hai nghiem kho ng a m.
56
P2
P2
=
2
P 3 0
9
9 + 3 21
P
0
P 9 + 3 15 .
3
2
1 P2

P 3 0
2 9
9 + 3 21
.
2
Vay gia tr ln nhat cua P bang 9 + 3 15 , gia tr nho nhat cua P bang
Bai 13. (TSH Khoi A 2006) Cho x,y la hai so th c x, y 0 tho a man
xy ( x + y ) = x2 xy + y2 . Tm gia tr l n nha t cu a bie u th c =
A
1
x
1
y3
Li giai
Theo gia thie t ta co :
xy ( x + y )
2 2
x y
a=
t u
x2 xy + y2
2 2
x y
1 1 1
1
1
.
+ =
+
2
x y x
xy y2
1
1
=
,v
, ( u,v 0 ) khi o u + v = u2 uv + v2 ;
x
y
Va A = u3 + v3 = ( u + v ) u2 uv + v2 = ( u + v ) .
u + v = u2 uv + v2
Xe t he phng trnh:
.
2
A
( u + v ) =
Khi o gia tr l n nha t cua A e he tre n co nghie m chnh la gia tr l n nhat

cu a A .
Tr c tie n ta pha i co A 0 va e y :
2
v 3v2
> 0, u,v 0
u + v = u2 uv + v2 = u +
2
4

2
u + v = u + v 2 3uv
A A
uv = ( u + v ) ( u + v )
( )
uv =
.
3
2
( u + v ) =
u + v =A
u + v =A
Khi o u,v la hai nghie m cu a he phng trnh :

57
A A
=
0
(1) .
3
He co nghiem tho a ma n ye u cau tre n (1) co nghiem u,v 0 .
t 2 At +
A A
0
= A 4.
0 < A 16
3
.
1
A
=
0
P
3
1
Khi A = 16 x = y = . Va y gia tr l n nha t cu a A ba ng 16 .
2
Bai 14. (TSH Khoi B 2009) Cho ca c so th c x,y thay o i tho a man:
3
(x + y)
+ 4xy 2 .
) (
Tm gia tr nho nha t cu a bie u th c P= 3 x 4 + y 4 + x 2 y 2 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1 .

Li giai
2
Ta co ( x + y ) 4xy ke t h p v i gia thie t suy ra :

3
( x + y ) + ( x + y ) ( x + y ) + 4xy 2
2
( x + y 1) ( x + y ) + 2 ( x + y ) + 2 0 x + y 1 .
Ta co :
(
3
=
(x
2
3
(x
2
) (
)
3
+ y ) + (x + y ) 2(x + y ) + 1
2
3
9
+ y ) + (x + y ) 2(x + y ) + 1 = (x
4
4
P= 3 x 4 + y 4 + x 2 y 2 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1
2
2
+ y2
) 2(x
2
2
1
1
9
x + y ) = khi o P t 2 2t + 1 .
(
4
2
2
1
9 2
Xe t ha m so f(t)=
t 2t + 1 tre n ; + , ta co :
4
2
a t t = x2 + y2
f '(t)=
1 9
9
1
.
t 2 > 0, t min f(t)= f =
2
2 t 1 ;+
2 16
1
9
Va y P a t gia tr nho nhat ba ng
khi x= y=
.
2
16
DANG 3: ng du ng he oi x ng loa i I giai phng trnh vo ty

58
+ y2 + 1
Mo t so phng trnh vo ty ne u khe o le o a t a n phu da ng hai an ta a c
ve he o i x ng loa i I de da ng tm c nghie m cu a phng trnh.
Bai 1. Gia i phng trnh sau: x 35 x3 x + 35 x3 =
30 .
Li giai
a t y =
35 x3 x3 + y3 = 35 .
Va phng trnh ban a u tr tha nh: xy ( x + y ) =

30
T o ta co he phng trnh:
x + y 3 3xy x + y =
x3 + y3 =
35
)
( ) 35 x + y= 5 x= 2,y= 3 .
(
= 6
=
= 2
30
xy
x 3,y
30
xy ( x + y ) =
xy ( x + y ) =
Va y phng trnh a cho co hai nghie m la=

x 2,x
= 3.
Bai 2. Gia i phng trnh
x + 4 x 1 =
1+ x .
Li giai
ie u kien: 0 x 1
Nha n thay x = 0 kho ng la nghiem cu a phng trnh
Xe t v i 0 < x 1 .
Khi o chia ca hai ve cu a phng trnh cho
1+ 4 1
1
=
x
4 1+
x ta c:
1
1
1
4 1 + 4 1 = 1.
x
x
x
1
1
a t u =4 1 + ;v =4 1 khi o ta co he phng trnh:
x
x
u v =
1
1
u v =
.
2
2
4
4
2
2
2u2 v2 =
2
u + v
u + v =
u v =
1
1
u v =
2
.

2 2
2
2 2
0
2
2u v + 4uv 1 =
( u v ) + 2uv 2u v =
59
u= v + 1
u=
6
>0
uv =1 +
4
v =
Bai 3. Gia i phng trnh
6
3 +1
2
2
x=
6
3 1
2
2
6
3 +1
2
1
2
33 2x x 2 = 2 x + 1 .
Li giai
ie u kien: 1 x 1 + 34 .
2
Phng trnh a cho tng ng v i: 34 ( x + 1) = 2 x + 1
=
u
x +1
a t
,( u 0) u + v =
2.
v =2 x + 1
Khi o ta co v4 = 2 x + 1
2
2
= 34 ( x + 1) = 34 ( x + 1) = 34 u4 .
Ta co he phng trnh:
u= 1 + 2
u + v =
2
u,v 0
x + 1= 1 + 2 x= 2 + 2 2 .
4
4
34
v= 1 2
u + v =

x2 + y2 =
8
.
0
xy + x + y =
Li giai
2
x + y 2 2xy
y) 8
( ) = 8 ( x + y ) + 2 ( x +=
.
=
=
xy + x + y 0
xy + x + y 0
60
x =
y =
x + y =
4
x + y =4
x =
xy = 4

x + y =
2
x + y =
2
y =
0
xy + x + y =
xy = 2
x =
y =
Vy h phng trnh co ba nghim la :
( x;y ) =( 2; 2 ); (1
2
2
1 3
1+ 3
1+ 3
1 3
)(
3;1 + 3 ; 1 + 3;1 3 .
x2 + xy + y 2 =
3
.
3
x + xy + y =
Li giai
2
x + y 2 =
xy 3 ( x + y ) =
xy 3
)
(
xy =3 ( x + y )
xy =3 ( x + y )
x + y =
2
x+y 2 +x+y6=
0
x = 1
)
(
xy = 1
.

x + y =3 y = 1
xy =3 ( x + y )
xy = 6
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = (1;1) .

x2 + y2 + x + y =
4
Bai 3. Gia i he phng trnh (D B Khoi A 2005)
2
x ( x + y + 1) + y ( y + 1) =
Li giai
2
2
4
x + y + x + y =
x 2 + y2 + x + y =
4
2
2
x + y + x + y + xy =
xy = 2
x + y 2 2xy + x + y =
x + y 2 + x + y =
4
0
(
)
)
(
xy = 2
xy = 2
61
x = 2,y = 2
x + y =
0
xy = 2
2.
2,y =
x=
x + y =
1 x =
1
2,y =
xy = 2
x = 1,y = 2
( x;y ) =
)(
2; 2 ; 2; 2 ; (1; 2 ) ; ( 2;1) .
x2 y + xy2 =
2
.
3
x + y + xy =
Li giai
2
xy ( x + y ) =
2
( 3 x y )( x + y ) =
.
3 xy =3 ( x + y )
x + y + xy =
x + y =
2
x+ y 2 3 x+ y +2 =
0
x = 1
) ( )
(
xy = 1
.

y =1
x + y =
1
xy =3 ( x + y )
xy = 2

a p so: ( x;y ) = (1;1) .
x2 xy + y2 =x + y

.
3
3 1
2 2
x + y = x y xy
4
Li giai
x2 xy + y2 =x + y
x2 xy + y2 =x + y
2
2
2
1
1 .
2
2
2
= xy
( x + y ) x xy + y = xy
x xy + y
2
2
x2 xy + y2 =x + y
1
x 2 xy + y2 =x + y
x + y + xy =
1
2
2
2
.
x xy + y = xy 2
1
2
2
1
x + y =
x2 + y2 =
1
2
x2 xy + y2 =
2
xy +
62
1
xy = ( x + y )
x + y + xy =
2
2
.
1
2
1
( x + y ) 2xy =
( x + y )2 2 1 ( x + y ) =
2
2
2
x + y =1
1
xy= 3 + 5
xy = 2 ( x + y )
2
2

( x + y )2 + 2 ( x + y ) 3 =
x + y =1 +
0
3
5
xy= 2 2
5
2
5
2
Bai 6. Gia i ca c he phng trnh sau:

x + y + xy =
5
.
1. Gia i he phng trnh 2
2
6
x y + y x =
Li giai
5
x + y +=
xy 5 x + y +=
xy 5
x + y + xy =
.
2
+ y) 6
+ y) 6
0
( 5 x y )( x =
( x + y ) 5 ( x + y ) + 6 =
xy ( x =
x + y =
2
x 2,y
=
= 1
xy = 3
.

=
x 1,y
= 2
x + y =
3
xy = 2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;2 ) ; ( 2;1) .

xy ( x y ) =
2
.
2. Gia i he phng trnh
2
x3 y3 =
Li giai
xy ( x y ) =
2
xy ( x y ) =
2
x=
x 1
y 2 =
2
3
2
1
1
xy =
y =
2
( x y ) ( x y ) + 3xy =
( x y ) 6 =
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y=

)
(1; 1) .
63
x3 + y3 =
2
.
2
xy ( x + y ) =
Li giai
2
8
x=
x 1
+y 2 =
( x + y ) ( x + y ) 3xy =
( x + y ) =
.
=
xy 1=
y 1
2
xy ( x + y ) =
xy ( x + y ) =
2

x2 + y2 = 8 x y
.
12
xy ( x + y + xy + 1) =
Li giai
x + y 2 + x + y 2xy =
8
)
(
.
xy
x
y
xy
1
12
+
+
+
=
(
)
S= x + y 2
a t
, S 4P he phng trnh tr tha nh:
P = xy
S2 + S 8
=
P
S2 + S 2P =
2
8
.
2
12
P ( S + P + 1) =
S + S 8 . S + S + S 8 + 1 =
12
2
2
S +S8
P =
S2 + S 8
2
P
=
.
2
2
2
8
S + S 8 . S + S + S =
+ 1 12
S + 5) 0
S ( S 3)( S + 2 )(=
2
2
x + y =
0
x = 2,y = 2
xy
4
=
2,y =
2
x =
x =
x + y =
3
S =
4
0,P =
2,y =
1
xy = 2
S 3,P
x 1,y
=
= 2
=
= 2
.

S =
x=
1
2,P =
3 x + y =2
3,y =
xy =
5,P =
3
6
1,y =
3
x =
S =
x =
2,y =
3
x + y =5
3,y =
2
x =
xy = 6
64
Va y he phng trnh co tam nghiem la
=
( x;y ) (1;2 ); ( 2;1); (1; 3); ( 3;1); ( 2;2 ); ( 2; 2 ); ( 2; 3); ( 3; 2 ) .
x+y 4 +2 x+y 3 = 3 x+y
) ( ) ( )
(
.
18
5 x 2 + y 2 8xy =
Li giai
x + y =
0
2
0

( x + y )( x + y 1) ( x + y ) + 3 ( x + y ) + 3 =
1
x + y =
.
2
2
5 x + y 8xy =
2
2
18
18
5 x + y 8xy =
x =
1,y =
1
x + y =
0
x + y =
0
x = 1,y = 1
xy = 1

3 35
3 + 35 .
1
x + y =
x + y =
,y
=
1 x =
6
6
2
18
13
5 ( x + y ) 18xy =
+ 35
3 35
xy = =
x 3=
,y
18
6
6
( x;y ) =
( 1;1); (1; 1); 3 6 35 ; 3 + 6 35 ; 3 + 6 35 ; 3 6 35 .
Bai 7. Gia i ca c he phng trnh sau:

1 1
1
+ =
2.
1. Gia i he phng trnh x y
2
2
5
x + y =
Li giai
2 ( x + y )
2 ( x + y )
xy =
xy =
2
2
= 5 ( x + y ) + 4 ( x + y ) =
5 0
( x + y ) 2xy
x + y =
1
x = 2,y = 1
xy = 2
.

1,y =
2
x + y =5 x =
xy = 10

( 1;2 ); ( 2; 1) .
65
x + y =1 2xy
.
2
1
x + y =
Li giai
x + y =1 2xy
x + y =1 2xy
x + y =1 2xy
.
2 2
2
2
0
= 1 (1 2xy ) 2xy
= 1 4x y 6xy =
( x + y ) 2xy
x + y =
1
xy = 0
=
= 0
x 1,y
.
x + y =
2
=
= 1
x 0,y
3
xy = 2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 0;1) ; (1;0 ) .
1 1
5
x + y + + =
x y
.
x2 + y2 + 1 + 1 =
9
x2 y2
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
1 1
1 1
+y+ +
+y+ +
5
5
x=
x=
x y
x y
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
13 x + + y + 2 x + y +=
13
x + x + y + y=
x
y
x
y

1 1
1
1
5
x + = 2,y + =
x + y + + =
x y
x
y
1
1
x + 1 y + 1 =
6
x + = 3,y + =
x
y
x
y
66
x
=
3 =
x
2
x
=
x
=
3+
2
3
=
1,y
2
3 5
=
,y
2
3+ 5
=
,y
2
=
1,y
5
5
.
1
1
( x;y ) = 1; 3 2 5 ; 1; 3 +2 5 ; 3 2 5 ;1 ; 3 +2 5 ;1 .
x2 + y2 =
13
.
0
3 ( x + y ) + 2xy + 9 =
Li giai
2
x
y
+
13
(
)
x + y 2 2xy =
xy =
13
)
(
.
0
3 ( x + y ) + 2xy + 9 =
2
0
3 ( x + y ) + ( x + y ) 13 + 9 =
x + y =
1
x = 3,y = 2
xy = 6
.
x + y =4 x =
2,y =
3
4 10
4 10
3
x =
,y
xy = =
2
2
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la:
( x;y ) =
( 2;3); ( 3; 2 ); 4 2 10 ; 4 2 10 .
x2 + y2 x + y =
2
.
xy + x y =1
Li giai
2
2 (x y) + (x y)
xy =
x y 2 + 2xy x y =
2
)
(
)
(
2
.
2
1
xy + ( x y ) =
2 (x y) + (x y)
+ (x y) =
1
2
x y =1
2
2
x
y
x
y
(
)
(
)
xy =
x =
1,y =
0
xy = 0
.
2
=
=
x
0,y
1
=
x
y
4
0
( x y ) 3 ( x y ) 4 =
xy = 5
( 1;0 ); ( 0;1) .
67
x + y + xy =
5
.
2
2
x + y x y xy =3
Li giai
5
x + y + xy =
xy =5 ( x + y )
3
x + y xy ( x + y ) =3 x + y ( x + y ) 5 ( x + y ) =
x + y =
1
xy =5 ( x + y )
= 2
x 1,y
xy = 4 =
.
2
x + y =
=
=
x
2,y
1
3
+
+
=
x
y
4
x
y
3
0
(
) ( )
xy = 2
x3 + y3 =
8
.
2
x + y + 2xy =
Li giai
2
3
2xy
8
( x + y ) ( x + y ) 3xy =
( x + y ) 3.
( x + y ) 8 =0 .
x + y + 2xy =
x + y + 2xy =
2
2
0
x + y= 2
x= 0,y= 2
( x + y 2 ) 2 ( x + y ) + 7 ( x + y ) + 8 =
.
= 0
=
= 0
xy
x 2,y
x + y + 2xy =
2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 2;0 ) ; ( 0;2 ) .

x y + y x =
6
.
2
2
20
x y + y x =
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0,y 0 .
xy =
xy x + y +=
20 + 2xy xy =
x+ y 6
2 xy 36
36
20
=
=
xy ( x + y ) 20
xy ( x + y ) 20
xy ( x + y ) =
xy = 4
x + y = 5 x = 1,y = 4
.
20
=
= 1
xy 4
=
x 4,y
xy ( x + y ) =
68
x + y + xy =
11
.
2
28
x + y + 3 ( x + y ) =
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
P= 11 S
S + P =
11
.
2
2
28
28 S 2 (11 S) + 3S =
S 2P + 3S =
P =
S =
11 S
5 S =
10
P= 11 S
.
2
5 S =10
6 P =
21
0
S =
P =
S + 5S 50 =
a p=
so. ( x;y )
( 2;3); ( 3;2 ); ( 3; 7); ( 7; 3) .
x + y =
2
.
4
34
x + y =
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
, S 4P khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh
P = xy
S = 2
2
S 2P
S = 2
S = 2
.
2
1
9 P=
0
2P =
34
P =
2P 16P 18 =
2
)(
a p so. ( x;y ) =
1
2;1 + 2 ; 1 + 2;1 2 .
x + y =
4

4
3
3
280
x + y x + y =
)(
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
, S 4P khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
P = xy
S = 4
2P 2 . S S2 3P =
S
2P
280
S = 4
.
280
2P 64P + 256 . 4 (16 3P ) =
69
a p so. ( x;y ) = (1;3) ; ( 3;1) .
x2 + y2 =
1

1.
10
10
x + y =
8
10
Ta co : x
10
+y
=x + y
)( x
Li giai
8
x 6 y 2 + x 4 y 4 x 2 y 6 + y8
= x8 + y8 x 2 y 2 x 4 + y 4 + x 4 y 4
2x 4 y 4 x 2 y 2 x 2 + y 2
= x2 + y2
= x4 + y4
1 2x 2 y2
=
2 2
4 4
2 2
2x 2 y 2 + x 4 y 4
2 2
2x y x y x y 1 2x y
5x 4 y 4 5x 2 y 2 + 1
x 4 y 4 x 2 y2 1 2x 2 y2 =
Va y he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:

x + y 2 2xy =
x2 + y2 =
1
1
)
(
4 4
1
2 2
7
5x y 5x y + 1 =
5x 4 y 4 5x2 y2 + =
0
8
x + y = 1 2
x + y = 1 2
x + y = 1 + 2
x + y = 1 + 2
x + y = 1 + 2 +
6
1
6
,xy =
2
5
2
5
6
1
6
,xy =
2
5
2
5
6
1
6
,xy = 2
5
2
5
6
1
6
,xy =
2
5
2
5
6
1
6
,xy = 2 +
5
2
5
x2 + y2 + xy =
7
.
4
4
2 2
21
x + y + x y =
70
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
S2 P =
2
7
7
S = 3
S P =
.
2
2
2
2
+ P 2 21 ( 7 P ) =
P 2 21 P = 2
S 2P 2P =
a p =
so. ( x;y )
(1;2 ); ( 2;1); ( 1; 2 ); ( 2; 1) .
x2 + y2 + xy =
13
.
4
4
2 2
91
x + y + x y =
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
S2 P =
13
S = 4
2
2
2
2
91 P = 3
S 2P 2P + P =
a p so
. ( x;y )
=
(1;3); ( 3;1); ( 1; 3); ( 3; 1) .
x2 + y2 =
5
.
5
x + y = 11( x + y )
Li giai
x2 + y2 =
5
4
3
2 2
3
4
( x + y ) x x y + x y xy + y = 11( x + y )
x2 + y2 =
5
4
3
2 2
3
4
0
( x + y ) x x y + x y xy + y 11 =
x2 + y2 =
5
(1)
0
x + y =
2
2
5
x + y =
(2)
4
3
2 2
3
4
0
x x y + x y xy + y 11 =
71
5
x =
2
y = 5
2
2
2
x + y 5 y = x
=

Gia i he phng trnh (1):
.
2
=
5
x + y 0 =
2x 5
x=

2
y = 2
x2 + y2 =
5
Gia i he phng trnh (2):
.
4
3
2 2
3
4
=
x
x
y
x
y
xy
y
11
0
x2 + y2 =
5
2
2
2
2x2 y2 xy x2 + y2 + x2 y2 11 =
0
x +y
x2 + y2 =
5 x =
2,y =
1
x2 + y2 =
5
xy = 7
x=
1,y =
2
.
2 2
2 2
2
2
x 1,y
= 2
0
5 =
x + y =
x y + 5x y 14 =
xy = 2
=
= 1
x 2,y

Va y he phng trnh co sau nghie m:
( x;y=) 25 ; 25 ; 25 ; 25 ; ( 1; 2 ); ( 2; 1); (1;2 ); ( 2;1) .
1
5
( x + y ) 1 +
=
xy
.
xy + 1 =
4
xy
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy

1
5
5
5 S 1 + 1 =
S 1 + =
5

=
S =
S
P
P
3+ 3
3 3 .
4
2 3 P =
2+ 3
0
P =
P 4P + 1 =
P + P =
72
1
4
( x + y ) 1 +
=
xy
.
1 x2 + y2
4
xy + xy + xy =
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
1
1
1 1
4
4
x + + y + =
x + y + x + y =
x
y
1 11
xy + 1 + x + y =
4
x y + + + y =
4

xy y x
y xy
1
1
1
4
x+ =
2
x + + y + =
x 2 2x
x
y
x 1
=
+1 0 =
x
.
2
1
y =1
y 2y + 1 =
0
x + 1 y + 1 =
y
2
+
=
y
x
y
1
6
( x + y ) 1 +
=
xy
.
2
1
2
2
18
x + y 1 + xy =
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
1 1
1 1
6
6
x + y + + =
x + y + x + y =
x
y
2
2
x
y
1
1
1
1
x2 + y2 + 2 +
+
=
18
18
x + y + y + x =
y x x2 y2
1 1
1 1
6
x+y+ + =
6
x + y + + =
x y
x y
1
1
1
1
x + 1 y + 1 =
18
9
x + y + y + x 2 x + y y + x =
y
x
73
1
3 5
3 5
3
=
,y
x =
x + =
=
x
y
+
=
xy
1
3y
y
2
2 .
3x
0
3+ 5
3+ 5
xy + 1 =
y + 1 =
x 3x + 1 =
3
=
,y
x =
x
2
2
( x;y ) = 3 2 5 ; 3 2 5 ; 3 +2 5 ; 3 +2 5 .
x2 + y2

3
3
x +y
1
8
1 +
=
xy
.
3
1
16
1 +
=
xy
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
2
2
1
+
8
x + y2 1 +
=
xy x2 y2
3
3
1
3
3
16
x + y 1 + 2 2 + xy + 3 3 =
x y
x y
2
2
2
1
1 2x 2y
2
1
1
x
+
y
+
+
+
+
=
8
x + +y + =
x
x2 y2 y
y
x
2
2
3
3
x3 + y3 + 3x + 3y + 3x + 3y + 1 + 1 =
1
1
16
16
x + + y + =
y
x
y2 x2
x3 y3
y
x
1
u= x +
y
a t
1
v= y +
x
2
2
2
2
2
8
8
8
u + v =
u + v =
( u + v ) 2uv =
.
3
2
2
3
16
16
16
u + v =
( u + v ) u + v uv =
( u + v )( 8 uv ) =
74
2
2
uv = ( u + v ) 8
u + v) 8
(
uv =
.
2
2
u + v) 8
(
16
=
0
( u + v ) 8
( u + v ) 24 ( u + v ) + 32 =
1
1
4
x + + y + =
y
x

1
1
4
x + y + =
u
v
4
+
=
y
x

uv = 4
x + 1 + y + 1 =2 2 3
y
x
u + v =2 2 3

x + 1 y + 1 =4 + 4 3
uv= 4 + 4 3
y
x
u
v
2
2
3
+
=
1
1

uv= 8 4 3
x + y + y + x =2 + 2 3

1
1
x + y + =4 4 3
y
x

=
x 1,y
= 1
( x + y ) . xy + 1 =2 + 2 3
.

xy
xy + 1 =
24 3

xy
Ba n o c t gia i tie p he phng trnh co na m nghiem.

x2 + y2 + x + y =
4xy
.
20. Gia i he phng trnh 1 1 y
x
4
x + y + 2 + 2 =
x
y
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
=
=
x2 + y2 + x + y 4xy
x 2 + y 2 + x + y 4xy
.
3
3
2 2
3
3
2 2
xy
x
+
=
y
+
x
+
y
4x
y
xy
x
+
=
y
+
x
+
y
4x
y
(
)
(
)
75
x2 + y2 + x + y =
4xy
x 2 + y2 =
2xy
2
2
2 2
4x y
2xy
( x + y ) x + y =
x + y =
x 0,y
=
= 0
x = y
.
2
= 1
x 1,y
2x = 2x
=
o i chie u v i ieu kie n suy ra ( x;y ) = (1;1) .

x y
4
+ ( x + y ) =
y x
.
2
x + y x2 + y2 =
4
y2 x2
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
x y
4
+ ( x + y ) =
y x
x + y 2 . x + y 2 2xy =
( )
4
y x

x y
4
+ ( x + y ) =
y x
2
2
2x
2
x y
y
4
( x + y ) y + x 2 ( x + y ) + 4xy 2xy y + x =
x2 + y2
x y
+
+
=
x
y
4
.( x + y ) =
4
(
)
xy
y x
.
2
2
x2 + y2
x2 + y2
x2 + y2 +
x2 + y2 +
6
=
6
=
xy
xy
S= x + y 2
a t
, S 4P h phng trnh tr tha nh:
P = xy
76
S2 2P
.S = 4
S2 2P
2
S 2P +
P
S3
P =
2S + 4
S3
S 2.
2S + 4
2
S3
+
=
6
S 2.
=
6
2S + 4
S3
2S + 4
S3
S3
P =
P =
+
2S
4
2S + 4
2
16S
4S
2
0
6
S + S 6 =
2S + 4 + 2S + 4 =
S = 3
P = 27
x=
x 1
+y 2 =
.

2
=
xy 1=
y 1
S = 2
P = 1

2 1
1
2
2 7
x + 2 + y + 2 =
x
y
.
6
1
1
xy + x + y =
ie u kien: xy ( x + y ) 0 .
Li giai
2
2
2 1
1
2
x 1 + 2 + y 1 + 2 =
2 7
x + 2 + y + 2 =
2 7
x
y
x
y
x+y
1
1
x+y
6
6 + xy =
x + y =
x
y
1
u= x
x
a t
v= y 1
77
u2 + v2 + 2uv =
36
u + v =
6
.
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
28
2 7
u + v + 4 + 2 u v + 2 u + v + 4 =
u + 2 + v + 2 =
u + v =
6
2
2
36
u + v + 2uv =
uv 6 (he phng trnh vo nghiem).

2 2
u v + 2 ( 36 2uv ) + 4 = uv 6
uv = 5
Cach 2:
Ta co :
1
1
x +
+ y +
= x + 2 + y + 2
2
2
x
y
x
y
1
1
x + y +
x
y
2 + 2 = 2 11 > 2 7 .
Va y he phng trnh a cho vo nghie m.

2 1
1
2
2 2
x + 2 + y + 2 =
y
x
.
1 1
x + y = x + y
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
Ta co :
1
1
+ y +
x + + y + 22 + 22 =
x +
2 2.
2
2
x
y
y
x
1
2
x + =
x = 1
x
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi
.
y =1
y + 1 =
2
Thay vao phng trnh th hai tha y tho a ma n.

x 1 + y 1 =
3
.
x + y = 5 + ( x 1)( y 1)
Li giai
78
=
u
Khi o at
v
=
x 1
y 1
u + v =
3
u + v 3
=
=
u + v 3
2
2
2
2
3
u + v + 2 =5 + uv
u + v uv =3 ( u + v ) 3uv =

u + v =
u 2,v
3
=
= 1
u 1,v
= 2

=
uv = 2
x 1 =
2
y 1 =
1
x 5,y
=
= 2
.
x 2,y
= 5
=
x 1 =
1
y 1 =
2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x;y ) = ( 2;5) ; ( 5;2 ) .

x2 + y2 + xy + 3xy =
4 3
.
x + y =
2 2
Li giai
2
+ 3xy 4 3
+ 3xy 4 3
8 2 xy xy=
( x + y ) xy=
.
x + y + 2 xy =
x + y = 8 2 xy
3xy 32 xy + 64 + 3xy =
3xy 32 xy + 64 =
4 3
4 3 3xy
x + y = 8 2 xy
x + y = 8 2 xy
xy 4
x=
x 2
+y 4 =
.
3xy 32 xy + 64 = 3xy 24 xy + 48
=
xy 4=
y 2
x + y = 8 2 xy

x2 + y2 + x + y =
18
.
72
x ( x + 1) y ( y + 1) =
Li giai
Cach 1: He phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
79
x + y 2 + x + y 2xy =
18
)
(
72
xy ( xy + x + y + 1) =
2
xy = ( x + y ) + ( x + y ) 18
2
2
( x + y ) + ( x + y ) 18 ( x + y ) + ( x + y ) 18
=
.
x
y
1
72
+
+
+
2
2
xy = ( x + y ) + ( x + y ) 18
4
3
2
0
( x + y ) + 4 ( x + y ) 31( x + y ) 70 ( x + y ) =
x + y =
0
x = 3,y = 3
3
3,y =
xy = 9
x =
x + y =
x 2,y
5
=
= 3
xy = 6
x 3,y
=
= 2
.

x
4,y
3
=
=
x
y
7
+
=
xy 12
x 3,y
=
= 4
=
x =
2
4,y =
x + y =
2
x = 2,y = 4
xy = 8
Va y he phng trnh co tam nghiem la :
( x;y ) = ( 3; 3); ( 3;3); ( 4;2 ); ( 2; 4 ); ( 3;4 ); ( 4;3); ( 3; 4 ); ( 4; 3) .

x2 + x =
12
2
2
x + x + y + y =
18
y2 + y =
6
2
2
72
x2 + x =
6
x + x y + y =
2
12
y + y =
)(
1
5
( x + y ) 1 +
=
xy

x2 + y2 1 + 1 =
9
x2 y2
Li giai
80
ie u kien: xy 0 .
1 1
1 1
5
5
x + y + + =
x + y + x + y =
x y
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
x + y +
9
+
=
13
x + x + y + y =
x2 y2

1
x +
1 1
1
5
x + y + x + y =
y + y
1
x + 1 y + 1 =
6
x+
x
y
x

1
y + y
=
3
3 5
x 1,y
=
=
2 .
3 5
=
2
=
,y 1
x =
2
=
2
=
3
3 5 3 5
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la ( x;y ) = 1;
;1 .
;
y
x
7
+
=
+1
y
28. Gia i he phng trnh x
.
xy
78
x xy + y xy =
Li giai
ie u kien: xy > 0 .
T phng trnh th hai suy ra x + y > 0 do o x > 0,y > 0 .
x + y 7 + xy
x + y = 7 + xy
x + y = 7 + xy
=
xy
xy
78
78 xy 7 + xy =
xy ( x + y ) =
78
xy ( x + y ) =
x + y =
13
x + y = 7 + xy
xy = 6
x + y= 13 x= 9,y= 4
2
=
= 9
xy 36
=
x 4,y
0
xy + 7 xy 78 =
x + y =6
xy = 13
( )
81
(
(
x2 + xy + y 2

x2 xy + y2
)
)
x2 + y2 =
185
2
x +y =
65
Li giai
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi:
2 x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2 =
250
2
2
5
x +y =
x 2 + y 2 =
25
.
2
2
2
2
=
xy
12
=
25
xy
.5
65
(
)
x xy + y
x +y =
65
x + y =
7
x 3,y
=
= 4
x + y 2 2xy =
x 4,y
=
= 3
25 xy = 12
)
.
(
x =
3,y =
4
x + y =7
xy = 12
4,y =
3
xy = 12
x =
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m=

la ( x;y )
( 3;4 ); ( 4;3); ( 3; 4 ); ( 4; 3) .
Cach 2: Nhan che o hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
2
4
65 x 2 + xy + y 2 =
185 x 2 xy + y 2 ( 4x 3y ) =
0
y =x .
3
4
Thay y = x va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c ke t qua tng t .
3
x5 + y 5 =
1
.
9
9
4
4
x + y = x + y
Li giai
x5 + y5 =
x5 + y5 =
1
1
x 0,y
=
= 1
9
4
4
5
5
4 4
= 0
x 1,y
0
=
x + y = x + y x + y
x y ( x + y ) =
)(

x3 + x3 y3 + y3 =
17
.
5
x + xy + y =
Li giai
x + y 3 3xy x + y + x3 y3 =
17
)
( )
(
.
5
( x + y ) + xy =
82
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
3
S3 3SP + P3 =
17 S3 3S ( 5 S) + ( 5 S) =
17
.
5
S + P =
S + P =
5
S3 3S 5 S + 5 S 3 =
0
( ) ( ) 17 18S2 90S + 108 =
.
S
P
5
+
=
S + P =
S = 2
x + y = 3 x = 1,y = 2
P = 3
.

xy
= 2
=
x 2,y
= 1
S = 3
P = 2

x2 + xy + y 2 =
3
.
5
32
x + y + 15xy ( x + y ) =
Li giai
x2 + xy + y 2 =
x2 + xy + y 2 =
3
3
5
5
5
2
2
32
32
x + y + 5xy ( x + y ) x + xy + y =
( x + y ) =
x + y =
2
x=
x 1
+y 2 =
.
2
=
=
xy
1
y
1
+
=
x
y
xy
3
(
)
x y 1
1
1
=
+
1
+
2
y2
y x xy x
.
y
x2 xy + y2
x
x + 1 + y + 1 =xy
ie u kien: xy ( x + 1)( y + 1) 0 .
Li giai
83
Khi o he phng trnh tng ng v i:
x2 + y2 1 x2 + y2 x2 y2
( xy 1) x2 + xy + y 2 =
0
=
2
2
xy
x y
.
x
y
x2 xy + y2
x
y
x2 xy + y2
+
=
+
=
xy
x + 1 y + 1
xy
x +1 y +1
Do xy 0 ne n x2 + xy + y 2 > 0 do o he tng ng v i:
xy 1=
xy 1
x
y
x2 xy + y2 2xy + x + y
x2 xy + y 2 .
=
+
=
xy
xy
x +1 y +1
xy + x + y + 1
x =
1,y =
1
xy = 1
2
.
2
= 1
x 1,y
2
=
x + y =
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem ( x;y ) = (1;1) .

x2 + y2 =+
1 xy
34. Gia i he phng trnh x 2 y 2

.
+
=
1
y + 1 x + 1
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 1 .
x2 + y2 =+
1 xy
2
x
y
2xy
1
+
( x + 1)( y + 1)
y + 1 x + 1
x2 + y2 =+
1 xy
x2 + y2 + x + y 2
2xy
1
=

( x + 1)( y + 1)
xy + x + y + 1
x2 + y2 =+
x2 + y2 =+
1 xy
1 xy
.
1 + xy + x + y
2xy
2xy
=0
1
( x + 1)( y + 1)
( x + 1)( y + 1)
xy + x + y + 1
84
x =
0
1,y =
x2 + y2 =
x 1,y
= 0
1 =
.
x = 0,y = 1
xy = 0
=
= 1
x 0,y

( 1;0 ); (1;0 ); ( 0; 1); ( 0;1) .
x2
y2
1
+
=
35. Gia i he phng trnh ( y + 1)2 ( x + 1)2 2 .
3xy
x + y + 1 =
Li giai
Cach 1:
Ta co
x2
( y + 1)
y2
( x + 1)
2xy
2xy
1
.
=
=
( x + 1)( y + 1) xy + x + y + 1 2
x + y + 1 =
3xy
=
x 1,y
= 1
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi x
y
1
1.
x =
,y =
y +1 = x +1
3
3
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ; ; (1;1) .
3 3
2
2xy
1
x y +
=
y + 1 x + 1

( x + 1)( y + 1) 2
3xy
x + y + 1 =
2
2
2xy
1
y
x
x y +
0
=
y + 1 x + 1
xy + x + y + 1 2 y + 1 x + 1
3xy
3xy
x + y + 1 =
x + y + 1 =
x
y
=
x 1,y
= 1
=
y +1 x +1
1
1.
x =
,y =
x + y + 1 =
3xy
3
3
85
xy + 3 2 + x + y 2 =
) ( ) 8
(
36. Gia i he phng trnh x
y
1 .
+
=
2
2
4
x + 1 y + 1
Li giai
2
2
x2 y2 + x2 + y2 + 8xy + 9 =
8xy
8 x +1 y +1 =
x
y
1
x
y
1
+
=
+
=
2
2
2
4
2
x
1
y
1
+
+
4
x + 1 y + 1
)(
x
1
=
2
x + 1 4
x=
y
1
x
y
1
.
=
2
2
2
2
8
y =
y + 1
x +1 y +1

1
x + y =
x =
x = 1
2
x2 + 1 y2 + 1
y=
4
x + 1
2
y
1
=
y2 + 1 4
2 3
1
1
2 3
)(
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la ( x;y ) =1;2 3 ; 2 3; 1 .
1
1
2
+
=
2
2
1 + 2xy
1 + 2y
.
37. (VMO 2009) Gia i he phng trnh 1 + 2x
2
x (1 2x ) + y (1 2y ) =
9
Li giai
1
.
2
Xua t phat t phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
ie u kien: 0 x,y
1
1
4
=
+
1 + 2x2
2
1 + 2y 1 + 2xy
1
1
2
4
+
+
=
1 + 2xy
1 + 2x 2 1 + 2y 2
1 + 2x 2 1 + 2y 2
86
)(
1
1 + 2x
1
1 + 2y
2
+
1 + 2xy
(1 + 2x )(1 + 2y )
2
2
=
0.
1 + 2xy
2 ( x y ) ( 2xy 1)
(1 + 2xy ) (1 + 2x2 )(1 + 2y2 )

+
4 ( x y )
(1 + 2xy ) 1 + 2xy +
(1 + 2x )(1 + 2y )
2
0
(1)
=
1
Do x,y 0; ne n ve tra i cu a (1) luon nho hn hoa c bang 0 do o da u bang
2
xa y ra khi va ch khi x = y .

1
1
9 73
2x 2 x +
=0x=
9
81
36
9 73 9 73
( x;y ) =
;
(tho a ma n ieu kie n).

36
36
( x;y ) = 9 +3673 ; 9 +3673 ; 9 3673 ; 9 3673 .
x (1 2x ) =
1
1
2
+
=
1+ y
1 + xy
.
38. Gia i he phng trnh 1 + x
1 + 1 x 2 . 1 + 1 y 2 =x + y 1
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0, x 1, y 1 .
Bie n o i phng trnh a u tie n cu a he tng t ba i tre n suy ra x = y .
1 + 1 x 2 = 2x 1 1 x 2 = 2x 2 x = 1 ( x;y ) = (1;1) .
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t: ( x;y ) = (1;1) .

x2 + xy + y 2= 19 x y 2
( ) .

x2 xy + y2 = 7 ( x y )
87
Li giai
2
x y 2 + 3xy = 19 x y 2
)
( ) xy = 6 ( x y )
(
.
2
2
( x y ) + xy = 7 ( x y )
7 ( x y ) = 7 ( x y )
x y =
0
x 0,y
=
= 0
xy = 0
x = 3,y = 2 .
x y =
1
x =
2,y =
3
xy = 6
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m=

la ( x;y )
( 0;0 ); ( 3;2 ); ( 2; 3) .
1 1
+ =3 xy
x y
.
2 2
1 + 1 =7 3x y + 2
x2 y2
xy
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
1 1
1 1
+ =3 xy
+ =3 xy
x y
x y
.
2
2 2
2
3x 2 y2 + 2
1 1
3 xy 2 2 =7 3x y + 2
(
) xy
x + y xy =7
xy
xy
x + y =
2
1 1
x = 1
+ =3 xy
xy = 1
.
x y

x + y =
2
y = 1
2 2
x y 3xy + 2 =
xy = 2
)(
4x2 + 3y 4y 2 + 3x + 25xy =
12

.
x3 + y3 + 2xy ( x + y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2
Li giai
88
)(
)
)
)
4x2 + 3y 4y 2 + 3x + 25xy =
12
( x + y ) x 2 xy + y 2 + 2xy ( x + y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2
4x2 + 3y 4y 2 + 3x + 25xy =
12
0
( x + y 1) x 2 + xy + y 2 =
4x2 y2 + 9xy + 12 x3 + y3 + 25xy =

12
x + y =
1
)(
(
))
2
2 2
12
4x y + 9xy + 12 ( x + y ) ( x + y ) 3xy + 25xy =

x + y =
1
2 2
12
4x y + 9xy + 12 (1 3xy ) + 25xy =
4x2 y2 2xy + 12 =
12
.
x
y
1
+
=
x + y =
1
xy = 0
2
2
x 0,y
=
= 1
4x y 2xy + 12 =
12
1
.
xy =
= 0
x 1,y
2
1
=

x + y =
x + y =
1

( 3x + y )( x + 3y ) xy =
14
.
2
2
36
( x + y ) x + 14xy + y =
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .

2
3x2 + 10xy + 3y 2 xy =
14
3 ( x + y ) + 4xy xy =
14
36
( x + y ) x 2 + 14xy + y 2 =
( x + y ) ( x + y )2 + 12xy =
36
3S2 + 4P 2 P =
14
S= x + y
a t
.
P = xy
36
S S2 + 12P 2 =
a y la he a ng ca p nhan che o theo ve ta c:
89
18 3S2 + 4P 2 P = 7S S2 + 12P 2 ( S 6P ) 7S2 12SP + 12P 2 = 0 .
S = 0
2

6
48
2
( S 6P ) 7 S P + P =0 P = 0 .
7
7

S = 6P
Ch co nghie m S = 6P tho a ma n.
S = 3
=
=
S 6P
S 6P
Khi o
1.
2
2
2
2
=
+
=
+
S
S
12P
36
6P
36P
12P
36
=
P
3
3
x=
+ y 3 x=
+ y 3 x = 2,y =+ 2
2
2
.
1
1
3
3
=
x =
xy =
xy
+ 2,y = 2
2
4
2
2
3
( x;y ) =

2
3
3
2; + 2 ; + 2; 2 .
2
2
2
( 3x + y )( x + 3y ) xy =
35 2

.
2
2
33
( x y ) x + 14xy + y =
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
2
3x2 + 3y2 + 10xy xy =

35 2
3 ( x y ) + 16xy xy =
35 2
33
( x y ) x2 + 14xy + y 2 =
( x y ) ( x y )2 + 16xy =
33
1 + xy + 1 + x + y =
2
.
2 2
2
2
x y xy = x + y + x + y
ie u kien: xy 1,x + y 1 .
Li giai

1 + xy + 1 + x + y =
1 + xy + 1 + x + y =
2
2
2 2
2
0
x y xy = ( x + y ) 2xy + x + y
( x + y xy )( x + y + xy + 1) =
90
1 + xy + 1 +=
x + y + 1 + 1 +=
x+y 2
x+y 2
=
=
x + y xy 0
x + y xy 0
x=
x 0
+y 0 =
.
=
xy 0=
y 0
x
2 xy
y
+
=
y +1 x +1
xy + 1
.
1 + 1 =
2
x 1
y 1
Li giai
ie u kien: x > 1,y > 1 .
Xua t phat t phng trnh a u tie n cu a he suy ra x = y .
2
= 2 x = 2 ( x;y ) = ( 2;2 ) .
1 x
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht ( x;y ) = ( 2;2 ) .
x
y
2+ 2
+
=
1 x2 1 y
1 x2 1 y2
( ) (1 y ) 1 x2
46. Gia i he phng trnh:

y
1
x
+
=
2
2
1 y
1 x2 1 y2
1 x
ie u kien: 1 < x < 1, 1 < y < 1 .
) (
)(
)(
Li giai
Phng trnh th hai cua he tng ng v i: x 1 y 2 + y 1 x 2 =

1.
S du ng bat ang th c Bunhiacopski va Co si ta co :
x 1 y2 + y 1 x2
(x
)(
+ y2 2 x2 y2
x2 + y2 + 2 x2 y2
=
1.
2
x
y
=
2
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi 1 y2
.
y=
1 x2 x =
2
2
2
1
x + y =
Th lai va o phng trnh th nha t ch co nghie m x= y=
2
thoa ma n.
2
91
2 2
;
.
2 2
x4 + y4
xy 3
=
4
x+y 8
( x + y )
.
1
1
+
3= 2 ( x + y )
y
x
Li giai
ie u kien: x > 0,y > 0 .
2
Ta c:
x +y
(x + y)
Ma t kha c:
x2 + y2
2(x + y)
x+y 2
)
(
2
1
=
.
4
8
2(x + y)
xy 3
x+y
3 1

=.
x + y 8 2(x + y) 8 8
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi x = y .

2
3 = 4x 2 3 x = 4x x x ( 4x + 3) = 2 .
x
2
1
1
x ( 4x + 3) = 4 ( 4x 1) 4x2 + 7x + 4 = 0 x = y = .
4
4
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ; .
4 4
x + y
2
0
2 xy x + y + x2 y2 +
=
xy
.
48. Gia i he phng trnh xy
x + y= 3 xy 2
ie u kien: x > 0,y > 0 .
Li giai

2
1
1
1 + 1 xy =
+
xy =
0
xy xy
x + y =
x
y
.
xy 3 xy 2
xy=
x + y= 3 xy 2
x + y= 3 xy 2
92
x+ y=
xy xy
x + y =
1
2
xy + 2 =
0
xy 1
xy = 1
)(
(He vo nghie m do
xy =
2 > 1 ).
x + y 2

2
3
2
2
( x y ) x 2xy + y + 3 + 1 =
.
x 2 + xy + y 2 =
2
Li giai
2
2
3
( x y ) ( x y ) + 3 + 1 =
2
2
2
x + xy + y =
1
xy =
xy 2 =
2
2
1
1
x 2xy + y =
(
)
3
.
2
2
5
2
x2 + y2 =
x 2 + xy + y 2 =
2
x + xy + y =
3 + 21
3 + 21
,y
=
x =
6
6
1
3 + 21
3 + 21
,y
=
x =
xy = 3 =
xy 3
6
6
.
5
3 + 21
3 21
( x + y )2 2xy =
x + y = 7
x =
,y =
3
3
6
6
3 21
3 + 21
x =
,y =
6
6
( x;y ) = 3 +6 21 ; 3 + 6 21 ; 3 + 6 21 ; 3 +6 21 ;
3 + 21 3 21 3 21 3 + 21
;
;
6
6
6
1 c suy ra t tnh
Nhan xet: Phng trnh a u tng ng v i ( x y ) =
o ng bie n cu a ham so f(x)

= x
x + 3 + 1 tre n (xem them ky thuat s
93
du ng ha m so trong giai he phng trnh). e tao ra ca c he phng trnh kho
hn ta ta thay phng trnh th hai va o phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
2
2
2
2
3
( x y ) x 2xy + y + 3 + m x + xy + y 2m + 1 =
.
x 2 + xy + y 2 =
2
Cho n m = 2 ta co ba i toan.
x 1 +

x+ y
y=
1 2
xy 1
1
1
=
+
2
x + 3y
y + 3x
Li giai
Ta co :
y
1 x
x+y
11
2y

+
+
;
+
+
+ 3y
2
x
y
x
3y
2
2
x
x + 3y
x + 3y
x+ y
1 x
x + 3y 1 1 x
3

+
+=
+ .
x + 3y 2 x + y x + 3y 2 2 x + y 2
Tng t ta co :
x+ y
1 y
3

+ .
y + 3x 2 x + y 2
Co ng theo ve hai ba t a ng th c tren suy ra :
1 x+y
1
1

+
+ 3 =
x+ y
2.
x + 3y
y + 3x 2 x + y

2 x 1 = 2 x 2 1 x 1 =
=
x 1 =
x 1,y
= 1
.
=
= 2
x 2 =
x 2,y
( x 1)
( x 1)( x 2 ) = 0
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;1) ; ( 2;2 ) .
94
1 1
9
+ =
x y
.
1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 =
18
3
3 x 3 y 3 x
Li giai
ie u kien : xy 0 .
Tr c tie n kh ca n cho n gian ta a
t u
=
1
=
,v
3
x
1
3
Khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:

3
u3 + v3 =
9
9
( u + v ) 3uv ( u + v ) =
.
18 ( u + v )( uv + u + v + 1) =
18
( u + v )( u + 1)( v + 1) =
3
uv = ( u + v ) 9
u + v) 9
(
3( u + v)
uv =
3( u + v)
u+v 3 9
(
)
3
2
18 ( u + v ) + 3 ( u + v ) + 3 ( u + v ) 63 =
+ u + v + 1 =
( u + v )
0
3
u
v
+
)
(
u
v
+
9
(
)
uv =
u + v =
3
3( u + v)
.
uv = 2
0
( u + v 3) ( u + v ) + 6 ( u + v ) + 21 =
1
3
x
1
3 y
=
u 1,v
= 2
=
= 1 1
u 2,v
3 x
1
3
y
=1
x = 1
= 2 y = 1

8
.
=2
x =
y = 1
=1
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = 1; ; ;1 .
8 8
95
( x + 7y ) x + ( y + 7x=
) y 8 2xy ( x + y )

.
x 2 + y2 + 2xy =
8
Li giai
Phng trnh a u cu a he vie t la i d i da ng:

x x + y y + 7 xy
(
(
)(
y )(
x+ =
y 8 2xy ( x + y ) .
x + y x xy + y + 7 xy
x+
x+ y
)(
x=
y
8 xy
x y
x +=
y 8 2xy ( x + y ) .
2(x + y) x y .
=
8 xy.
x y
2(x + y) + x + y
0 (1) .
) ( x + y ) ( 2 ( x + y ) + x + y ) 8 xy =
Ta c: ( x + y ) ( 2 ( x + y ) + x + y ) 8 xy
( x + y )( x + y + x + y ) 8 xy
.
= 2 ( x + y ) 8 xy = 2 ( x y ) 0
x y
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va chi khi x = y do o (1) x =

y.
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c :
2x2 + 2x 2 = 8 2 2x = 8 x = 2 2 y = 2 2 .
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = 2 2;2 2 .
3 x 2 + y 2 2 ( x + y + xy ) =
15
.
25
x3 + y3 =
4
Li giai
He phng trnh a cho tng ng v i :
2

15
3 ( x + y ) 2xy 2 ( x + y + xy ) =
.
25
( x + y )3 3xy ( x + y ) =
4
96
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
3S2 2S 15
3 S2 2P 2 ( S + P ) =
15 P =
8
.
25
3
3S2 2S 15 25
S 3SP =
3
=
4
S 3S.
8
4
7
S = 1,P =
4
3S2 2S 15
265
P =
S= 10,P=
8
8
( S 1)( S 10 )( S + 5) =
35
S =
5,P =
4
7
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem S = 1,P = .
4
1+ 2 2
1 2 2
S 1
x + y =
=
=
1 x =
,y
2
2
.
7
7
1 2 2
1+ 2 2
P =
xy =
4
4
=
,y
x =
2
2
( x;y ) = 1 + 22 2 ; 1 22 2 ; 1 22 2 ; 1 + 22 2 .
x2 + y2
x2 + xy + y2
+
=
x+y
2
3
.
3( x + y )
=
5
2xy
2
Li giai
e he phng trnh co nghie m ta pha i co x + y 0 .
x2 + y2 x + y
2
2
Ta co :
.
x2 + xy + y 2 x + y
3
2
Da u ba ng xay ra x =
y . Thay vao phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c :
97
x =
y=
1 x =
1
.
2x 3x =5
x= 5
x= y= 5
2
2
o i chie u v i ieu kie n suy ra he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t :
( x;y ) = 25 ; 25 .
x +1 2 y +1 2 =
) ( ) 9xy
(
.
10xy
x2 + 1 y2 + 1 =
)(
Li giai
(
(
x2 + 1
y 2 + 1
+
2
+ 2 =
9
x + 1 + 2x y + 1 + 2y =9xy
y
x
xy 0
.

2
2
2
2
10xy
x +1 y +1 =
x +1 y +1
.
= 10
y
x
2
)(
)(
x + y= xy + xy

.
1 + 3x2 + 1 + 3y2 =
4xy
Li giai
ie u kien xy 0 x + y 0 x 0;y 0 .
Nha n thay xy = 0 kho ng la nghiem cu a he nen x > 0;y > 0 .

T phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta co
x+y
1 1
x + y = xy + xy xy +
x + y 2xy + 2
2
x y
T phng trnh th hai cua he :
((
2
1 1
16x2 y2 = 1 + 3x2 + 1 + 3y2 + y 1 + 3x2 + x 1 + 3y2
y x
) (
)) .
1 1
= + ( x + y )(1 + 3xy ) 2.2xy (1 + 3xy ) = 4xy + 12x 2 y 2 xy 1 .
y x
La i co 2xy x + y 2 xy xy 1 .
Nh vay ta t ca ca c bat ang th c tre n pha i xa y ra da u bang, ie u na y tng
ng v i x= y= 1 .
98
Chu e 3.
HE PHNG TRNH OI XNG LOAI II
No i dung chu e na y to i e ca p e n phng pha p chung e giai mo t bai toa n

he phng trnh o i x ng loa i II va mot so he phng trnh co ca ch gia i
tng t . Mot so he a c ve he o i xng loa i II ba ng phng phap a t
a n phu va ng dung he phng trnh oi xng loa i II trong ba i toa n gia i
phng trnh vo ty .
F(x,y) = 0
.
He oi xng loai II la he co dang:
F(y,x) = 0
Trong o F(x,y) la mo t a th c kho ng o i xng.

Hay ca ch kha c he o i xng loa i II la he ma khi ta o i vai tro x,y cho nhau
th phng trnh nay chuyen thanh phng trnh kia.
3
3x=
2y + 1
.
V du: He phng trnh
3
=
+
3y
2x
1
3
Khi thay y b i x th phng trnh th hai tr tha nh 3x=
2y + 1 a y
chnh la phng trnh th nha t cu a he .

Phng phap chung.
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh trong he ta c mot nha n t chung ( x y )

nhom lai a ve phng trnh tch va sau o xe t hai trng h p
x = y
.
F(x,y) F(y,x) =
0
( x y ) f ( x,y ) =
f ( x,y ) = 0
Vie c tr theo ve th ng s du ng ca c ha ng a ng th c hoa c nha n lie n h p

(neu cha da u can).
a2 b2 =( a b )( a + b )
a3 b3 =( a b ) a2 ab + b2
ab
a b=
a+ b
ab
3
a3b=
3 2
3
a 3 ab + b2
)
.
99
TH1: Ne u y = x thay va o mot trong hai phng trnh cu a he tm c
nghiem.
TH2: Ne u f(x,y) = 0 ta co ca c hng x ly nh sau:
- Ne u f(x,y) co da ng ba c nhat hoa c ru t c y theo x hay x ru t c theo
y th c hie n phep the va o mo t phng trnh cu a he tm ra nghie m.
- Ne u f(x,y) co da ng ba c cao chu y f(x,y) va F(x,y) + F(y,x) la ca c a

f(x,y) = 0
th c oi x ng ta a ve gia i he phng trnh:
a y la he
0
F(x,y) + F(y,x) =
o i x ng loai I a bie t ca ch gia i.
Chu y:Ne u he phng trnh bao gom ca c ha m da ng a th c, ca n th c, ha m

mu va Logarit, l ng gia c sau khi tr theo ve hai ve mo t phng trnh
da ng g(x) = g(y) , trong o g(t) la mo t ha m n ie u th chu ng ta s du ng
tnh cha t cua ha m so e ch ra ra ng x = y .
2x
= y2 + 1
.
V du:He phng trnh
= x2 + 1
2y
Tr theo ve ta c 2 ( x y ) = y2 x2 x2 + 2x = y2 + 2y g(x) = g(y) .

Trong o g(t)= t 2 + 2t la ha m o ng bien tre n 0; + ) . T o suy ra x = y .
A. BAI TAP MAU
DANG 1: GIAI HE PHNG TRNH
x2 4x =
3y
Bai 1.Gia i he phng trnh
.
2
3x
y 4y =
Li giai
x2 y2 4x + 4y = 3y 3x ( x y )( x + y ) ( x y ) = 0 .
x = y
.
( x y )( x + y 1) = 0
y= 1 x
TH1: Ne u y = x thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:

x = 0
x = 0 y = 0
2
2
.
x 4x =3x x 7x =0
x = 7 x = 7
y = 7
100
TH2: Ne u y = 1 x thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:
1 13
x =
2

1 + 13
1 13
y =
x =
2
2
.
x 2 4x = 3 (1 x ) x 2 x 3 = 0
1 + 13
+
1
13
x =
x =
y = 1 13

2
Va y: he phng trnh co bo n nghiem la :
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ); ( 7;7); 1 2 13 ; 1 + 2 13 ; 1 + 2 13 ; 1 2 13 .

3
3x=
x2 + 2y2
.
3
2
2
3y= y + 2x
Li giai
T hai phng trnh cu a he suy ra he co nghie m khi x,y 0 .
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he , ta c:
) (
((
3 x3 y3 = x 2 y 2 ( x y ) 3 x 2 + y 2 + xy + x + y =0 .
x = y
.
2
2
0
3 x + y + xy + x + y =
x = y
x= y= 0
.
Ne u x = y , khi o ta c he 3
2
2
x= y= 1
3x= x + 2y
3 x 2 + y 2 + xy + x + y =
0
.
Ne u 3 x 2 + y2 + xy + x + y =
0 , khi o ta co he
3
2
2
3x=
x + 2y
T x 0 suy ra e he co nghiem th phng trnh th nha t pha i co nghie m,

suy ra y 0 . Do o x= y= 0 , th la i tha y tho a ma n.
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x,y ) = ( 0,0 ) ; (1,1) .
101
y2 + 2
3y =
x2
Bai 3. Gia i he phng trnh (TSH Khoi B 2003)
.
2
3x = x + 2
y2
Li giai
He co nghiem khi x > 0,y > 0 khi o he phng trnh tng ng vi
2
0
y y2 + 2
3x =
( x y )( 3xy + x + y ) =
x = y
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
x x +2
3xy= x + 2
3y =
3xy= x + 2
( x 1) 3x 2 + 2x + 2 =
0
x = y
x = y = 1.
2
0
x = y
3x x 2 =
Va y: he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = (1;1) .
Nhan xet: o i v i he co da ng pha n th c tr c tie n ta bie n o i a ve da ng

a th c va ie u kie n co nghiem cu a he phng trnh giu p ta x ly ba i toa n
nhanh go n hn.
x + y2 =
x3
.
2
y3
y + x =
Li giai
x y + y2 x 2 = x3 y3 x y ( x y )( x + y ) =
( x y ) ( x2 + xy + y2 ) .
x = y
( x y ) x2 + xy + y2 + x + y 1 = 0 2
.
2
0
x + xy + y + x + y 1 =
TH1: Ne u y = x thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:
x 0
x 0,y
=
=
= 0
1 5
1 5
1 5
.
x =
x + x2 = x3 x x 2 x 1 = 0 x =
,y =
2
2
2
1+ 5
1+ 5
1+ 5
=
=
x =
,y
x
2
2
2
TH2: Ne u x2 + xy + y 2 + x + y 1 =
0.
Co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c: x + y + x2 + y2 = x3 + y3 .
102
x + y + x2 + y2 = x3 + y3
Ta co he phng trnh:
.
2
2
0
x + y + xy + x + y 1 =
x + y 3 3xy x + y = x + y 2 2xy + x + y
)
( ) ( )
(
.
2
( x + y ) xy + x + y 1 =
0
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
S3 3SP = S2 2P + S P = S2 + S 1
.
3
2
2
2
2
0
S 3S S + S 1 = S 2 S + S 1 + S
S P + S 1 =
P = S2 + S 1
.
3
2
0 (1)
2S + 2S 4S + 2 =
Ma t kha c: S2 4P S2 4 S2 + S 1 3S2 + 4S 4 0 2 S
2
.
3
Khi o : 2S3 + 2S2 4S + 2 > 0, S 2 (1) vo nghiem.

Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la :
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ); 1 2 5 ; 1 2 5 ; 1 +2 5 ; 1 +2 5 .
3
2x + y =2
x
.
3
2y + x =
y2
Li giai
ie u kien x,y 0 .
Co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c x + y =
1
x2
1
y2
> 0.
Khi o tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c

2(x y) =
3
x2
3( x + y )
=0 x=y.
(x y) 2 +
2 2
y2
x
y
103
x = y
V vay ta co he phng trnh

3 x = y =1.
+
=
2x
y
y2
(
(
) (
) (
)
)
( x 1) y2 + 6= y x2 + 1
.
( y 1) x2 + 6= x y2 + 1
Li giai
xy 2 + 6x y2 6= yx 2 + y
.
He phng trnh a cho tng ng v i
2
2
2
yx + 6y x 6= xy + x
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c

x = y
( x y )( x + y 2xy + 7) = 0 x + y 2xy + 7 =0 .
TH1 : Ne u x = y khi o ta co he phng trnh :

x y=
x y
x= y= 2
.
2
2
2
2
x= y= 3
xy + 6x y 6= yx + y
x 5x + 6= 0
TH2: Ne u x + y 2xy + 7 =
0 , khi o co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta
0.
c: x2 + y2 5 ( x + y ) + 12 =
2
x2 + y2 5 ( x + y ) + 12 =
0 ( x + y ) 5 ( x + y ) 2xy + 12 =
0
T o ta co he :
0
x + y 2xy + 7 =
x + y 2xy + 7 =
0
S= x + y 2
a t
, S 4P .
P = xy
Khi o he phng trnh tren tr tha nh:

S2 6S + 5 =
0
=
= 4
S 1,P
S2 5S 2P + 12 =
0
.
S+ 7
=
= 6
0
S 5,P
P =
S 2P + 7 =
2
S= 5
x + y= 5 x= 2;y= 3
.
o i chie u ieu kie n ch nha n nghiem
P 6
= 6
=
= 2
=
xy
x 3;y
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la ( 2,2 ) ; ( 3,3) ; ( 3,2 ) ; ( 2,3) .

104
Nhan xet: Vie c la y to ng hai phng trnh cua he a ve mo t a th c o i
x ng ra t co y ngha khi ta th c hie n tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ma
phng trnh lu c sau kho x ly. ay la mo t kinh nghiem quy ba u khi gia i he
o i xng loa i II. Pha n bai tap re n luye n to i co a ra mo t so ba i ta p cu ng
da ng nay cho ba n o c re n luye n.
2 3
y2 7x
x y + 2 =
2
2y
x
.
2
7y
y2 3 x + x =
2
y2 2x
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
2
y2 7x 7y
+
x + 2y + 2 =
2y 2
x
.
2
y 2 + 2x + x = 7y + 7x
y2 2x 2
x + y = 7 y + x
x
2
y
x
7
y
y + = x +
y
2
x
y
x
a t u =+
x
,v =+
y
x
y
y
x +
2 7
u 0,v
= 0
y + y
u = 2 v =
7
7
u
,v
=
y
v2 = 7 u =
x+
2
2
2
x

x
y + y
=
0
x =
1,y =
1
5
x 5=
,y
=
0 =
2
2
3 .
x 3,y
=
=
7
=
2
2
3
,y 3
7 =
x =
=
2
2
5 5 3 3
Va y: he phng trnh co bo n nghiem la : ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; ; ; 3; ; ;3 .
2 2 2 2
105
Nhan xet:V i da ng he oi x ng loa i II bie u th c phng trnh co dang ph c
ta p hoa c ba c cao ca n chu y bie n o i phng trnh a ve he n gia n hn.
x + 5 + y 2 =
7
.
7
y + 5 + x 2 =
Li giai
ie u kien x 2,y 2 .
Xe t x > 2 khi o tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c
x+5 y+5 + y2 x2 =
0.
1
1
=0 x =y,
(x y)
x+5+ y+5
2
+
y
1
1
do
<0.
x+5+ y+5
x2 + y2
V vay ta co he phng trnh tng ng v i:

x = y
x = y
7 x + 5 + x 2 =
7
x + 5 + y 2 =
(1)
x = y
x = y
x 23
x = y = 11 .
2
2
x + 3x 10 = 23 x
2
x + 3x 10 = 529 46x + x
Va y: he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = (11;11) .
Nhan xet: Phng trnh (1) co the ch ra nghiem duy nha t ba ng phng phap
ha m so (xem cuo n phng trnh, ba t phng trnh vo ty cu ng ta c gia ) va mo t
he n gia n nh na y ta co the tie p ca n v i 10 li gia i kha c nhau. a ra cho
ca c ban tm toi.
x
y
ie u kien: 1 x
x y
(1 x )(1 y ) =
y x
(1 x )(1 y ) =
)(1 y ) 0 .
Li giai

106
(x y)
(1 x )(1 y ) = x y + x
(x y)
(1 x )(1 y )
2
y2 .
y = x
.
1 x y = 0
1 x 2 1 y 2 =1 + x + y
)(

x
1 x2
= x x2 x 1 x2 1 + x = 0 .
x = 0
x 0 =
x 0,y
=
= 0
.
2
=
=
= 1
x 1
x 1,y
1 x 1 + x =0
TH2: Ne u
(1 x )(1 y ) =1 + x + y thay vao phng trnh th nhat cua he

2
ta c:
x (1 + x + y ) = x y 2 x 2 + xy + y 2 = 0 .
2
y
x = 0
0
y
3 2
x + =
.
x + + y =0
2
2
4
y = 0
y = 0
Va y: he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; (1;1) .

x 1 + y2 + y 1 + x2 =
2
.
x 1 + x 2 + y 1 + y 2 =
2
Li giai
x 1 + y2 x 1 + x2 + y 1 + x2 y 1 + y2 =
0.
x = y
y = x
.
( x y ) 1 + y2 1 + x2 =0
1 + x 2 = 1 + y 2
y = x

x 1 + x2 x 1 + x2 =
2 (vo nghie m).

x 1 + x2 + x 1 + x2 =
2 x 1 + x 2 =
1 x=
5 1
2
107
5 1
( x;y ) =
;
5 1
.
2
Va y: he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) =
1
1
+ 5y =
4 1 + 2 +
2
x
+
x
1
( )

1
1
+ 5x =
4 1 + 2 +
2
y
( y + 1)
5 1
;
2
(
(
5 1
.
2
y + 2 y +1
x + 2 x +1
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y > 0 .
2
2
4 1 + 1 1 +
+ 5y = y + 4 ( y + 1) + 4 y ( y + 1)
x
x
1
+
x
x
1
+
(
)
1
1
2
4 1 +
+ 5x = x + 4 ( x + 1) + 4 x ( x + 1)
+
y ( y + 1)
y y +1
1
1 +
4 y ( y + 1) + 4
=
x ( x + 1)
1
4 1 +
4 y ( y + 1) + 4
=
x ( x + 1)
.
2
1
4 x ( x + 1) + 4
=
4 1 +
1 +
=
4 x ( x + 1) + 4
y ( y + 1)
y ( y + 1)
1
1
=
=
y ( y + 1)
y ( y + 1)
x ( x + 1)
x ( x + 1)
.
1
1
= x ( x + 1)
= x ( x + 1) y ( y + 1)
y ( y + 1)
y ( y + 1) x ( x + 1)
= y ( y + 1)
1
x ( x + 1) =
.
x ( x + 1)
y ( y + 1) =
1
x ( x + 1) y ( y + 1) =
108
1 + 5
x=
x + x 1 =
0 x,y > 0
2
.

2
0
1 + 5
y + y 1 =
y =
2
2
1 + 5 1 + 5
Va y: he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t la ( x;y ) =
;
.
2
2
x2 + 3 + 2 x = 3 + y

.
y2 + 3 + 2 y = 3 + x
Li giai
ie u kie n x 0,y 0 . Nha n thay ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) kho ng la nghiem cu a he vay

xe t v i x > 0,y > 0 .
x2 + 3 y2 + 3 + 3
x y =
0.
x+y
3
=0 x =y.
(x y)
+
x2 + 3 + y2 + 3
x+ y
V vay ta co he phng trnh:

x = y
x = y
.
2
2
0
x + 3 + 2 x = 3 + y
x + 3 2 + x 1 =
x = y
x = y =1.
x +1
1
+
0
=
( x 1) 2
x + 3 + 2
x + 1

x3 + 3x2 + x + 2=
3
2
y + 3y + y + 2=
2y + 11 + 2y2 y + 4 (1)
2x + 11 + 2x2 x + 4 (2)
, ( x 0,y 0 ) .
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 0 .
La y (1) (2) theo ve ta c:
109
x3 y3 + 3 x 2 y 2 + x y=
2y + 11 2x + 11 + 2y 2 y + 4 2x 2 x + 4
x2 + xy + y2 + 4 ( x + y )
2
=0
( x y ) x2 + xy + y2 + 3 ( x + y ) + 1 +
+ 2.
2
2
+
+
+
+
+
+
2x
11
2y
11
x
x
4
y
y
4
x=
y (do x,y 0 ).
Thay y = x va o phng trnh th nha t cua he ta c:

x3 + 3x2 + x + 2=
2x + 11 + 2x2 x + 4 .
Nh va y mau cho t cu a ba i toa n la x ly phng trnh vo ty tre n. Ta co ba

ca ch x ly nh sau:
Cach 1: ieu kie n: x 0 t gia thie t.
Vie t la i phng trnh d i da ng:
(x + 2
2x + 11 + x 2 x + 3 2 x + 4 =
0.
TH1: Ne u x + 2 > 2x + 11 x > 2 2 1 x + 3 > 2 x + 4 phng trnh vo

nghiem.
TH2: Ne u x + 2 < 2x + 11 4 x < 2 2 1 x + 3 < 2 x + 4 phng
trnh vo nghie m.
TH3: Ne u x + 2=
2x + 11 x= 2 2 1 phng trnh tho a ma n.
Va y phng trnh co nghie m duy nha=

t x 2 2 1 suy ra he co nghiem duy
nha t: ( x;y ) = 2 2 1;2 2 1 .

Cach 2: Nhan lie n h p ta c:
(x + 2
2x + 11 + x 2 x + 3 2 x + 4 =
0.
x2 + 2x 7
x + 2 + 2x + 11
+ x2 .
x2 + 2x 7
x +3+2 x+ 4
0.
=
x2
1
x2 + 2x 7
+
0.
=
x + 3 + 2 x + 4 x + 2 + 2x + 11
x2 + 2x 7 =
0
x
1
+
=0
x + 3 + 2 x + 4 x + 2 + 2x + 11
e x ly phng trnh (1) ta lam nh sau:

110
(1)
x2
x +3+2 x+ 4
1
x + 2 + 2x + 11
=
0
x3 + 2x2 + x + 3 + x2 2x + 11 + 2 x + 4 =
0.
Ke t h p v i phng trnh a u tie n ta c he :

x3 + 2x2 + x + 3 + x2 2x + 11 + 2 x + 4 =
0
.
3
2
2
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
x
3x
x
2
2x
11
2x
x
4
Suy ra x2 + 1 + 2 x2 + 1
)(
x2 + 1
2x + 11 + 2
( ) 2x + 11 =0 .
x + 4 1) + 2 =
0.
x + 4 + x2 + 1
Phng trnh na y vo nghiem do o x2 + 2x 7 =0 x =1 2 2 .

Ke t h p v i ieu kie n suy ra =
x 2 2 1 =
y 2 2 1.
Cach 3: a t=
t
(t
) (t
2
x + 4 phng trnh tr thanh:
0.
2t 1 + t 2 2 2t 2 + 3 =
t 2 2t 1 t 2 4
)(
+1+
t 0
=
=
t 1+ 2 .
0
2t 1 + 2t 2 + 3
2
x2 + x =
2y
.
2
+
=
y
y
2x
Li giai
ie u kien : x,y 0 .
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 2 + t tre n oa n 0; + ) .
Ta co f '(t)
= 2t +
1
2 t
> 0, t ( 0; + ) .
Do o ham so f(t) o ng bie n tre n 0; + )

2y = f(x)
He phng trnh tng ng vi
2 ( y x ) = f(x) f(y)
2x = f(y)
Do f(t) la ham ong bien ne n, ne u y x f(x) f(y) va ne u

y x f(x) f(y) . Va y x = y , khi o he tr tha nh:
x y=
x y
=
.
2
2
=
=
x 2y
x 0
x +
x 2x +
111
x= y= 0
x = y
x =y =1
0
x x 1 x + x 1 =
x= y= 3 5
)(
3 5 3 5
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x,y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; (1;1) ;
;
.
2
2
Nhan xet:Ngoa i s du ng ha m so ta th c hien theo hai ca ch sau:

Cach 1: Nha n tha y ( 0;0 ) la nghiem cu a he , xe t v i x2 + y2 > 0 khi o tr
theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c
1
x2 y2 + 2 ( x y ) + x y = 0 ( x y ) x + y + 2 +
= 0 x = y.
x + y
Cach 2: Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:

x2 + 2x + x = y2 + 2y + y .
Khi o ham so f(t) = t 2 + 2t + t o ng bie n tre n 0; + ) ne n:

f(x)= f(y) x= y .
x2 + 3x + ln ( 2x + 1) =
y
.
Bai 15. (VMO1994 Bang B) Gia i he phng trnh
2
x
y + 3y + ln ( 2y + 1) =
Li giai
1
ie u kien: x,y > .
2
x2 y2 + 3x 3y + ln ( 2x + 1) ln ( 2y + 1) = y x .
x2 + 4x + ln ( 2x + 1) = y 2 + 4y + ln ( 2y + 1) (1) .
1
Xe t ha m so f(t) = t 2 + 4t + ln ( 2t + 1) tre n ; + , ta co :
2
1
2
2
1
= 2 t + +
+ 3 > 0, t > ne n f(t) la ha m o ng
2t + 1
2
2 2t + 1
1
bie n tre n ; + .
2
f '(t)= 2t + 4 +
112
V vay (1) f(x)= f(y) x= y .
Thay y = x va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:
x2 + 3x + ln ( 2x + 1) = x x 2 + 2x + ln ( 2x + 1) = 0 (2) .
1
Xe t ha m so g(t) = t 2 + 2t + ln ( 2t + 1) tre n ; + , ta co :
2
1
2
2
1
= 2 t + +
+ 1 > 0, t > ne n g(t) la ha m o ng
2t + 1
2
2 2t + 1
1
bie n tre n ; + .
2
g'(t)= 2t + 2 +
V vay (2) g(x) = g(0) x = 0 y = 0 .

x + 1 + x 2 2x + 2 =
3y
.
2
x
y + 1 + y 2y + 2 =
3
Li giai
x y + x2 2x + 2 y 2 2y + 2 = 3y 3x .
3x + x + x2 2x + 2 = 3y + y + y 2 2y + 2 (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) = 3t + t + t 2 2t + 2 tre n , ta co :
t
f '(t) =+
3 ln3 1 +
t 1
t 2 2t + 2
=+
3 ln3
( t 1)
+1 + t 1
t 2 2t + 2
> 3t ln3 +
t 1 + t 1
t 2 2t + 2
> 0,
t R ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren .
V vay (1) f(x)= f(y) x= y .

Thay y = x va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c:
x + 1 + x 2 2x + 2 = 3x 3 x x + 1 + x 2 2x + 2 1= 0 (2) .
Xe t ha m so g(t)
= 3 t t + 1 + t 2 2t + 2 1 , ta co :
t 1
.
g'(t) =3 t ln3 t + 1 + t 2 2t + 2 + 3 t 1 +
t 2t + 2
113
t 1
= 3 t 1 +
ln3 t + 1 + t 2 2t + 2 < 0, t R

t 2 2t + 2
t 1
Do 1 +
ln3 t + 1 + t 2 2t + 2
2
t 2t + 2
t 2 2t + 2 + t 1 t 2 2t + 2 ln3 t + 1 + t 2 2t + 2
=
t 2 2t + 2
t 2 2t + 2 + t 1 t + 1 + t 2 2t + 2
2
=
<
<0
t 2 2t + 2
t 2 2t + 2
Do o g(t) la ham nghch bie n tre n R.
V vay: (2) g(x) =g(1) x =1 y =1 .

Tng t ca ch tre n ta giai c he to ng quat:
x 1 + x 2 2x + a2 + 1 =
ay
, ( a 1) .
2
2
x
y 1 + y 2y + a + 1 =
a
He phng trnh na y cu ng co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = (1;1) .

DANG 2:
NG DUNG HE OI XNG LOAI II

TRONG BAI TOAN GIAI PHNG TRNH VO TY.
n
Dang 1: Phng trnh ( ax + b =

) p n cx + d + qx + r .
a t
cx + d = ay + b ne u pc > 0 .
a t
cx + d =
( ay + b ) ne u pc < 0 .
n
Da ng 2: Phng trnh f(x) =

+ b(x) a(x) n a(x)f(x) b(x) .
n
a(x)v
u = f(x)
u + b(x) =
.
a t
n
n
=
a(x)f(x) b(x) v + b(x) =
a(x)u
v
a y la he o i x ng loai II co nha n t ch a bie n a(x) .

Bai 1.Gia i phng trnh
3x 5= 8x3 36x2 + 53x 25 .
Li giai
114
Cach 1: Vie t la i phng trnh a cho d i dang:
3
3x 5=
a t
( 2x 3) ( x 2 ) .
3x 5 = 2y 3 khi o ta co he phng trnh:
2y 3=
3x 5=
( 2x 3) ( x 2 ) 2y + x 5= ( 2x 3)
3
3
3x 5= ( 2y 3)
( 2y 3)
a y la he n a o i x ng loa i II. Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:

2
2
2 ( x y ) ( 2x 3) + ( 2x 3)( 2y 3) + ( 2y 3) =
y x.
2
2
( x y ) 2 ( 2x 3) + 2 ( 2x 3)( 2y 3) + 2 ( 2y 3) + 1 =
0.
x=
y (do 2 ( 2x 3) + 2 ( 2x 3)( 2y 3) + 2 ( 2y 3) + 1 > 0 ).
Va y: ba i toan a ve giai phng trnh:

Cach 2: a t y=
3x 5 = 2x 3 .
3
y=
3x 5
.
3x 5
3
2
y = 8x 36x + 53x 25
Co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:

y3 + y=
( 2x 3) + ( 2x 3) (1) .
Xet ham so f(t)= t 3 + t , ta co: f '(t)

= 3t 2 + 1 > 0, t nen ham so f(t) ong bien.
Do o (1) f(y) = f(2x 3) y = 2x 3 3 3x 5 = 2x 3 .
x = 2
8x 36x + 51x 22 =0 ( x 2 ) 8x 20x + 11 =0
5 3 .
x
=
4
3
Va y: phng trnh co ba nghiem la=

x 2,x
=
5 3
.
4
1
Bai 2. Gia i phng trnh: 8x2 13x + 7 = 1 + 3 ( x + 1)( 2x 1) + x 2 x 1
x
Li giai
Phng trnh a cho tng ng v i: 8x3 13x 2 + 7x = ( x + 1) 3x 2 2
3
( 2x 1) x 2 x 1 =
( x + 1) 3 ( x + 1)( 2x 1) + ( x2 x 1)
115
3
a t u = 2x 1,v = 3x2 2 ta co he phng trnh:
(
(
)
)
u3 x 2 x 1 =
v3 x 2 x 1 =
( x + 1) v
.
+
x
1
u
( )
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh trong he ta c:

u = v
( u v ) ( u2 + uv + v2 + x + 1) = 0
2
2
0
u + uv + v + x + 1 =
TH1:V i u = v 2x 1 =
3x 2 2 ( x 1) ( 8x + 1) = 0 x =
1 x=
u
3
TH2:V i u + uv + v + x + 1 =
0 v + + ( 2x 1) + x + 1 =
0
2
4
u
4 v + + 4x 2 + 2 ( 2x 1) + 5 =
0 , phng trnh na y vo nghie m.
2
1
Va y phng trnh co hai nghiem x = 1;x = .
8
B. BAI TAP REN LUYEN
1
x + = y + 1
y
.
y + 1 = x + 1
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
xy + 1= y 2 + y
.
2
xy + 1= x + x

y = x
.
y2 x2 + y x = 0 ( y x )( x + y + 1) = 0
y =1 x

x2 + 1 = x2 + x x = 1 y = 1 .
TH2: Ne u y =1 x thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:

116
1
8
2
x ( 1 x ) + 1 =( 1 x ) + x 2x 2 + 4x =0
x =2 y =1 .
x;y )
Va y: he phng trnh co hai nghiem la (=
x0
(1;1) ; ( 2;1) .
x2 xy = 3 ( 2 + y )

.
2
y xy = 3 ( 2 + x )
Li giai
y = x
.
x2 y2 = 3y 3x ( x y )( x + y + 3) = 0
y =3 x
Xe t tr ng h p thay va o phng trnh a u cua he tm c ca c nghie m
( x;y ) =( 2; 2 ); 3 +2 3 ; 3 +2 3 ; 3 +2 3 ; 3 +2 3 .
Va y: he phng trnh co ba nghie m:
( x;y ) =( 2; 2 ); 3 +2 3 ; 3 +2 3 ; 3 +2 3 ; 3 +2 3 .
4x + 2 2 =2y + 15
)
(
.
2
( 4y + 2 ) =2x + 15
Li giai
2
( 4x + 2 ) ( 4y + 2 )
=2y 2x 4 ( x y )( 4x + 4y + 4 ) = 2 ( y x )
y = x
( x y )( 8x + 8y + 10 ) =
0
.
y = 5 + 4x
4
He phng trnh co bon nghiem:

11 11 1 1 9 + 221 9 + 221 9 + 221 9 + 221
; ; ; ;
;
;
;
.
( x;y ) =
8 2 2
6
6
6
6
8
x + y2 =
y3
.
2
3
+
=
y
x
x
Li giai
117
x y + y2 x 2 = y3 x3 x y + ( y x )( y + x ) =
( y x ) ( y2 + xy + x2 ) .
y = x
( y x ) x2 + xy + y 2 x y + 1 = 0 2
.
2
0
x + xy + y x y + 1 =
x 0
x 0,y
=
=
= 0
1 5
1 5
1 5
.
x =
x + x2 = x3 x x 2 x 1 = 0 x =
,y =
2
2
2
1+ 5
1+ 5
1+ 5
=
=
x =
,y
x
2
2
2
TH2: Ne u x2 + xy + y2 x y + 1 =
0 co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he
ta c: x + y + x2 + y2 = x3 + y3 .
x + y + x2 + y2 = x3 + y3
(a y la he oi xng loa i I).
Xe t he phng trnh
2
2
0
x + xy + y x y + 1 =
Cach 2: Vie t la i:
2
x2 + xy + y 2 x y + 1 = 0 ( x + y ) + ( x 1) + ( y 1) = 0
x + y =
0
(vo ly).
x =
1
y = 1
Va y tr ng h p na y he phng trnh vo nghie m.

Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m:
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ); 1 2 5 ; 1 2 5 ; 1 +2 5 ; 1 +2 5 .
(
(
)
)
x3 +=
1 2 x2 x + y

.
1 2 y2 y + x
y3 +=
Li giai
x3 y3 = 2x2 2y 2 4x + 4y .
( x y ) x2 + xy + y2 = 2 ( x y )( x + y ) 4 ( x y ) .
118
y = x
.
( x y ) x2 + xy + y2 2x 2y + 4 =0 2
2
0
x + xy + y 2x 2y + 4 =
=
=
x 1
x
1 5
x =
x3 + 1 = 2x2 ( x 1) x2 x 1 = 0 x =
2
1+ 5
=
=
x
x
2
1,y
= 1
1 5
1 5
,y =
2
2
1+ 5
1+ 5
=
,y
2
2
TH2: Ne u x2 + xy + y 2 2x 2y + 4 =
0.
2
( x + y) + ( x 2) + ( y 2)
x = y
=0 x =2 (vo ly).
y = 2
( x;y ) = (1;1) ; 1 2 5 ; 1 2 5 ; 1 +2 5 ; 1 +2 5 .
x3 + 1 =
2y
.
3
2x
y + 1 =
Li giai
x3 y3 =
2y 2x ( x y ) x2 + xy + y 2 =
2 ( x y ) .
( x y ) x2 + xy + y2 + 2 = 0 x = y .
V i y = x thay va o phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
x = 1
1 + 5
3
2
x + 1 = 2x ( x 1) x + x 1 = 0 x =
2
1 5
x =
2
119
=
x 1,y
= 1
1 + 5
1 + 5
.
,y
=
x
=
2
2
1 5
1 5
=
,y
x =
2
2
( x;y ) = (1;1); 1 +2 5 ; 1 +2 5 ; 1 2 5 ; 1 2 5 .
2
2
2x y = 3x 2
.
2
2
2y x = 3y 2
Li giai
y = x
.
3x2 3y2 = 3x 3y ( x y )( x + y 1) = 0
y= 1 x
Xe t tr ng h p thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c: ( x;y ) = (1;1) ; ( 2;2 ) .
(
(
)(
)(
)
)
(1 + x ) 1 + x 2 1 + x 4 =y 7 + 1
.
(1 + y ) 1 + y 2 1 + y 4 =x 7 + 1
Li giai
(1 + x ) (1 + x2 )(1 + x4 ) (1 + y ) (1 + y2 )(1 + y4 ) =y7 x7 .
)(
)
( )(
Xe t ha m so f(t) = t + (1 + t ) (1 + t )(1 + t ) tre n .
Ta co f '(t)
= 14t + ( t + 1) ( 3t + 2t + 1) > 0, t .
x 7 + (1 + x ) 1 + x 2 1 + x 4 = y 7 + (1 + y ) 1 + y 2 1 + y 4 (1) .
7
Do o f(t) la ham so o ng bien tre n . V vay (1) f(x)= f(y) x= y .

Thay ng c la i phng trnh cu a he ta c:
1 + x7 .
(1 + x ) (1 + x2 )(1 + x4 ) =
120
Nha n thay x = 1 kho ng la nghie m cu a phng trnh nen nha n theo ve hai
phng trnh v i 1 x ta c:
(1 x )(1 + x ) (1 + x2 )(1 + x4 ) =
(1 + x7 ) (1 x )
x = 0
1 x =
1 .
1 + x x x x =
x = 1
=
Ke t h p v i x 1 suy ra ( x;y
)
( 0;0 ); ( 1; 1) .
=
Va y: he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x;y
) ( 0;0 ); ( 1; 1) .
4
2
4
x + xy =
y
.
y 4 + xy 2 =
4
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
x4 y4
2(x y)
2 2
+ = 0 ( x y )( x + y ) x2 + y2
=0 .
y x
xy
x = y
2
( x y ) ( x + y ) x2 + y2 =0
.
2
2
0
xy
xy ( x + y ) x + y 2 =
Xe t tr ng h p thay va o phng trnh a u cua he tm c nghiem.

( 5x 4y )( 3x + 2y ) =7y 2x
.
( 5y 4x )( 3y + 2x ) =7x 2y
Li giai
x = y
( x y )( 23x + 23y + 9 ) =0 23x + 23y + 9 =0 .
Xe t ca c tr ng hp thay va o phng trnh a u cu a he , suy ra:
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ); (1;1) .
121
5x 4y 3x + 2y 2 = 7y 2x + 20
)(
)
(
.
2
( 5y 4x )( 3y + 2x ) = 7x 2y + 20
Li giai
( x y ) ( 61x2 + 113xy + 61y2 + 9 ) = 0 x = y (do 61x2 + 113xy + 61y2 + 9 > 0 ).
25x3 = 5x + 20 5x3 x 4 = 0 ( x 1) 5x2 + 5x + 4 = 0 x = 1 y = 1 .

Bai 12. Tm ca c so th c dng x,y tho a man he phng trnh
5x 4y 3x + 2y 3= 5 7y 2x + 20
)(
) (
).
(
3
( 5y 4x )( 3y + 2x ) = 5 ( 7x 2y + 20 )
Li giai
( x y ) ( x + y ) 167x2 + 266xy + 167y2 + 45 = 0 x = y (do x,y > 0 ).
Thay y = x va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c nghie m dng duy nhat

x =1 y =1 .
(
(
)
)
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
35
2
=
6
y x2 + 1
( 3x + 2y ) y +
2
.
35
2
( 3y + 2x ) x 2 +
=
6
x y +1
Li giai
(
(
)
)
2 ( 3x + 2y ) y2 +=
6 35y x2 + 1
6 35x y2 + 1
2 ( 3y + 2x ) x2 +=
122
x = y
( x y ) ( 4x2 + 45xy + 4y2 47) =0
.
2
2
0
4x + 45xy + 4y 47 =

x 0
x 0,y
=
=
= 0
10x x + 6 =35x x + 1 x 25x 25 =0 x =1 x =1,y =1 .

=
=
= 1
x 1
x 1,y
TH2: Ne u 4x2 + 45xy + 4y 2 47 =

0 co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta
c:
0.
( x + y ) ( 4x2 33xy + 4y2 + 25) =
( x + y ) 4x 2 33xy + 4y 2 + 25 =
0
Xe t he phng trnh:
.
4x 2 + 45xy + 4y 2 47 =
0
a y la he o i x ng loai I a bie t ca ch gia i(he phng trnh na y vo nghiem).
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x;y

=
)
( 0;0 ); ( 1; 1); (1;1) .
(
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
( 6x + 4y ) x2 + y2 =
1 5y x2 + 1
.
1 5x y2 + 1
( 6y + 4x ) x2 + y2 =
Li giai
x = y
( x y ) ( 2x2 5xy + 2y2 + 3) =0
.
2
2
0
2x 5xy + 2y + 3 =
Xe t trng h p va th c hie n tng t ba i toa n tre n tm c ca c nghie m cu a
=
he la : ( x;y
)
( 0;0 ); ( 1; 1); (1;1) .
x + 9 + y 7 =
4
.
4
y + 9 + x 7 =
Li giai
ie u kien x 7,y 7 .
Nha n thay x = 7 y = 7 . Xe t v i x > 7 .
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c
x+9 y+9 + y7 x7 =
0.
123
1
1
(x y)
=0 x=y.
x + 9 + y + 9
x 7 + y 7
x = y
x = y
V vay ta co he phng trnh
.
4
4
x + 9 + x 7 =
x + 9 + y 7 =
x = y
x=y=7.
2
+
x
2x
63
7
x

Nhan xet:e y
x+9 + y7 7+9 =
4 nen he tng ng vi=
x 7,y
= 7.
x + 2 y =2
.
y + 2 x =2
Li giai
ie u kien: 0 x,y 2 .
Ne u x = 0 y = 0 . Neu x = 2 y = 2 .
Xe t v i 0 < x,y < 2 tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
x y + 2y 2x =0
xy
x+ y
xy
2y + 2x
=0.
1
1
=0 x=y.
(x y)
+
x+ y
2 x + 2 y
Thay ng c la i y = x va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c=

x 0,x
= 2 (vo ly).
Va y: he phng trnh co hai nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ( 2;2 ) .

x2 + 91 =

y2 + 91 =
y 2 + y2
x 2 + x2
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 2 .
x2 + 91 y2 + 91 =
124
x2 y2
=
x2 + 91 + y2 + 91
y 2 x 2 + y2 x2 .
yx
x2 + y2
+ ( y x )( y + x ) .
x+y
1
(x y)
+
+ x + y =
0.
x2 + 91 + y 2 + 91
x2 + y2
x=
y (do
x+y
x2 + 91 + y 2 + 91
1
x2 + y2
+ x + y > 0 ).
Thay x = y va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c:

x2 + 91 =
x 2 + x 2 x 2 + 91 10 =
x2 9
=
x2 + 91 + 10
x3
x 2 +1
x 2 1 + x2 9 .
+ ( x 3)(=
x + 3) 0 .
x+3
1
( x 3)
x 3 =
0.
2
x 2 +1
x + 91 + 10
x+3
1
x+3
x=
3 (do
x3<
x 3 < 1 2 3 =4 < 0 ).
x + 10
x 2 +1
x2 + 91 + 10

x2 + 21 = y2 + y 1

.
y2 + 21 = x2 + x 1
Li giai
x2 + 21 y2 + 21 = y2 x2 + y 1 x 1 .
x2 + 21 + x2 + x 1 =
y2 + 21 + y 2 + y 1 (1) .
t 2 + 21 + t 2 + t 1 tre n 1; + ) ta co:
t
1
+ 2t +
> 0, t > 1 ne n f(t) la ham o ng bie n tren
2
2
t
1
t + 21
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
=
f '(t)
1; + ) .
V vay (1) f(x)= f(y) x= y .
Thay y = x va o phng trnh au cu a he suy ra x = 2 .

125
2
3 7x 8 + 7 2x =
y
6
, ( x,y 0 ) .
2
3
7 2y
=
x
7y 8 +
6
Li giai
7
x,y 0 .
2
ie u kien:
Nha n thay x =
7
tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
2
Xe t x >
3
7
kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
2
7x 8 3 7y 8 +
7x 8
(x y)
7 2x2
7 2y2
= yx.
6
6
7(x y)
2
+ 3 7x 8 3 7y 8 +
7y 8
7x 8 +
7x 8 3
7y 8 +
7y 8
2 x2 y2
7 2x2
7 2y2
+
6
6
6
yx
=
2(x + y)
+ 1 =
0
2
2
7 2x
7 2y
+
6
6

x=
y do x,y 0 .

3
7 2x2
7 2x2
= x 3 7x 8 ( 2x 2 ) +
(2 x) = 0 .
6
6
7x 8 +
126
7x 8
7x 8 ( 2x 2 )
2
+ ( 2x 2 ) 3 7x 8 + ( 2x 2 )
2
7 2x2
(2 x)
6
+
=
0.
7 2x2
+2x
6
8x2 24x + 17
7x 8
x
2
+ ( 2x 2 ) 7x 8 + ( 2x 2 )
3
1
=
0.
2
7 2x
+ 2 x
6
8x2 24x + 17 =
0 (do x 0 ) phng trnh nay vo nghiem v i x 0 .
y

x = 1
4
.
x
1
y =
4
Li giai
He phng trnh co nghiem khi x > 0,y > 0 .
x

y = 1
4 .
y = log 1 x
1
Hai ha m
so f(x) =
=
,g(x) log 1 x la ham ng c cu a nhau ne n co o th
4
4
o i xng nhau qua ng pha n gia c go c pha n t th nha t suy ra

f(x)= g(x) x= y .
x
1
1
1
x = x.4x 1 = 0 x = y = .
4
2
2

1 1
2 2
(
(
1 + 2
1+ 2
)
)
x
y
=y + 1 + y 2
=x + 1 + x
Li giai
127
(1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) = y + y + 1 x x + 1 .
x + 1 + x + (1 + 2 ) = y + 1 + y + (1 + 2 ) (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) =t + 1 + t + (1 + 2 ) tre n , ta co :
t
f '(t) = 1 +
+ ln (1 + 2 )(1 + 2 ) > 0, t ne n f(t) la ham o ng bie n
t +1
x
tre n .
V vay (1) f(x)= f(y) x= y .
(1 + 2 )
=x + 1 + x 2 1 + 2
x + 1 + x 2 1 =0 (2) .
x + 1 + x 2 1 tre n , ta co :
)(
x + 1 + x2 + 1 + 2
Xe t ha m so g(x) = 1 + 2
ln 1 + 2 1 + 2
g'(x) =
x
1 +
1 + x2
x + 1 + x 2 1
ln 1 + 2 < 0, x .
1 + x2
Ne n g(x) la ha m nghch bie n tre n .

=
(1 + 2 )
V vay: (2) g(x) = g(0) x = 0 y = 0 .

y2 x2 x 2 + 1
=
e
.
y2 + 1
1 + x + 1 + y= 2 1 xy
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 1,xy 1 .
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he tng ng v i:
ey
ex
x2 + 1
y2 + 1
ex
( x + 1) = e ( y + 1) x
2
y2
x = y
.
= y2
x = y
Xe t tr ng h p va tm c ca c nghiem cu a he la ( x;y
=
)
128
( 0;0 ); ( 1; 1) .
8x3 + y2 + 5x =
3
2
8y + x + 5y =
3 y + x2
3 x + y2
Li giai
8x3 8y3 + y2 x2 + 5x 5y =x y + x2 y2 .
8x3 2x2 + 4x = 8y3 2y2 + 4y x = y .

3
(giai phng trnh na y ba ng phng phap
2
l ng gia c hoa hoa c an phu da ng a i so xem chng 1).
He phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t
8x3 + 6x =
3 4x3 + 3x =
3 3 + 7 + 3
( x;y ) =
16
3 7 3 3 + 7 3 3 7
+
;
.
16
16
16
x2 + 3x + ln ( x 1) =y + 8

.
2
y + 3y + ln ( y 1) =x + 8
Li giai
ie u kien: x > 1,y > 1 .
x2 y2 + 3x 3y + ln ( x 1) ln ( y 1) = y x .
x2 + 4x + ln ( x 1) = y 2 + 4y + ln ( y 1) x = y .

x2 + 2x + ln ( x 1) 8 =
0.
Ve tra i la mo t ham o ng bie n tre n (1; + ) ne n phng trnh co nghie m duy

nha t x = 2 y = 2 .
1
1
2
xy + = x + +
x
1 y ln y

.
1
xy + 1 = y 2 +
y
1 + x ln x
Li giai
129
V x ln x + 1 > 0,y ln y + 1 > 0, x,y > 0 (chu y xe t ham so).
1 1
1
1
.
= x2 y2 +
x y
1 + y ln y 1 + x ln x
x2
1
1
1
1
= y2
(1) .
x 1 + x ln x
y 1 + y ln y
1
1
tre n ( 0; + ) , ta co :
Xe t ha m so f(t) = t 2
t 1 + t ln t
2
1 + t ln t ) + t 2 + t 2 ln t
(
f '(t)= 2t + +
= 2t +
> 0, t > 0 (do t 2 + t 2 ln t > 0 )
2
2
2
t (1 + t ln t )
(1 + t ln t )
Ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren ( 0; + ) v va y (1) f(x)= f(y) x= y .
1
1 + ln t
Thay y = x vao phng trnh a u cu a he va th c hie n xe t ha m so ta co

x= y= 1 .

log2 (1 + 3cos x=
) log3 ( sin y ) + 2 .
y ) log3 ( cos x ) + 2
log2 (1 + 3sin=
Li giai
ie u kien: cos x > 0,sin y > 0 .
log2 (1 + 3cos x ) log2 (1 + 3sin=

y ) log3 ( sin y ) log3 ( cos x ) .
log2 (1 + 3cos x ) + log3 ( cos x ) = log2 (1 + 3sin y ) + log3 ( sin y ) (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
log2 (1 + 3t ) + log3 t tre n ( 0; + ) , ta co :
=
f '(t)
3
1
+
> 0, t > 0 ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren ( 0; + ) .
t
ln3
(1 + 3t ) ln 2
V vay (1) f ( cos x )= f ( sin y ) cos x= sin y .

Thay vao phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:
log2 (1 +=
3cos x ) log3 ( cos x ) + 2 log2 (1 + 3cos x ) log3 ( cos
=
x ) 2 0 (2) .
130
= log2 (1 + 3t ) log3 ( cost ) 2 suy ra (2) co toi a hai nghiem.
Khao sat ham g(t)
cos x = 1
sin y = 1
cos x = 1
1
1
Ta co : g(1) =
g =
0
1 cos x = .
3
=
cos
x
3
1
sin y =
3

131
Chu e 4. HE PHNG TRNH CO YEU TO ANG CAP

1. He a ng ca p la he co dang:
P k (x,y) = c
1
, ( c1 ,c2 ) .
k
Q (x,y) = c2
1
trong o P k (x,y),Q k (x,y) la ca c a th c bac k, k = ,1,2,3,4,5,... cu a x,y
2
kho ng cha tha nh phan bac nho hn k :

=
P k (x,y)
k i i
y ;Q k (x,y) q i x k i y i , ( pi ,q i ) .
p=
ix
=i 0=i 0
(
(
)
)
xy x2 + y2 =
30
th ve tra i ca c phng trnh cu a

24
xy x2 y 2 =
he la a th c ba c 4 cu a x,y .
2x2 5xy + 3y2 =
1
th ve tra i ca c phng trnh
2
2
3
3x + 4xy y =
cu a he la a th c ba c 2 cua x,y .
Phng phap: Xet xem x = 0 hoa c y = 0 co pha i la nghie m cu a he phng
trnh hay khong?
Xe t tr ng h p x 0 khi o a=
t y tx, ( t ) va a ve he phng trnh
P k (x,tx) c=
x k P k (t,1) c
=
1
1
.
k
k k
=
x
Q
(t,1)
c
Q (x,tx) c=
2
2
e n ay suy ra c2 .P k (t,1) = c1 .Q k (t,1) , a y la phng trnh a th c a bie t

ca ch gia i. Tm c t t o suy ra mo i lie n he gi a x,y va a ve phng
trnh a th c v i bie n x hoac bie n y .
1. Mot so he quy c ve dang he ong bac
a x2 + b y2 + c xy + d x + e y =
0
1
1
1
1
Dang 1: He phng trnh bac hai 1
.
2
2
0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 xy + d 2 x + e2 y =
132
Phng phap:
Xe t x = 0 hoa c y = 0 co la nghiem cu a he phng trnh hay kho ng?
t y tx, ( t ) .
Xe t v i x 0 khi o a=
a ve he phng trnh:
(
(
(
(
x2 a + b t 2 + c t + x ( d + e t ) =
x a + b t 2 + c t =
0
( d1 + e1t )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
.
2
2
( d 2 + e2 t )
0
x a2 + b2 t + c2 t + x ( d 2 + e2 t ) =
x a2 + b2 t + c2 t =
Suy ra:
d1 + e1t
2
a1 + b1t + c1t
d 2 + e2 t
a2 + b2 t 2 + c2 t
( d1 + e1t ) a2 + b2 t 2 + c2 t =
( d 2 + e2 t ) a1 + b1t 2 + c1t .
a y la mo t phng trnh ba c ba co phng pha p gia i to ng qua t ne n tm c

nghiem t .
Thay ng c la i he ta tm c ( x;y ) .
Ngoai ra da ng he nay con c gia i ba ng phng pha p he so ba t nh(xem

phng pha p he so ba t nh).
a x2 + b y2 + c xy + d x + e y + f =
1
1
1
1
1 0
Dang 2:He bac hai hai an 1
.
2
2
0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 xy + d 2 x + e2 y + f2 =
Phng phap:
Th tm ca c nghie m n gia n cha ng han tm =
c x x=
0 ,y y 0 .
x= u + x 0
Khi o at
thay va o he phng trnh va a ve he co da ng 1.
y= v + y 0
(
(
( a x + b y ) c x 2 + d xy + e y 2 =
f1
1
1
1
1
1
Dang 3: He phng trnh co dang
.
f2
( a2 x + b2 y ) c2 x 2 + d 2 xy + e2 y 2 =
Phng phap:
Xe t y = 0 co la nghiem cu a he phng trnh hay kho ng.
Xe t y 0 a t x = ty khi o he phng trnh tr thanh:
133
(
)
(
)
Suy ra: f ( a t + b ) ( c t + d t + e =
) f (a t + b )(c t
y3 ( a t + b ) c t 2 + d t + e =
f1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
f2
y ( a2 t + b2 ) c2 t + d 2 t + e2 =
+ d 2 t + e2 .
a y la phng trnh ba c ba co phng pha p gia i to ng qua t ne n tm c t ,

thay ng c la i he ta tm c ( x;y ) .
Chu y: Trong mo t so trng h p a c bie t he gia i c ba ng phng phap he
so ba t nh hoa c ph c hoa(Xem phng pha p he so ba t nh va ph c ho a
trong cu ng cuon sa ch).
P m (x,y) = a
Dang 4: He dang
, trong o m + n =
k khi o ta pha i
n
k
Q (x,y) = R (x,y)
a ve mo t phng trnh a ng ca p ba c k e la m c ieu na y ta the t
phng trnh a u va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
P m (x,y).Q n (x,y) = a.R k (x,y) , ay la phng trnh ang cap bac k ta giai c.
x2 + y2 =
2
.
3
2
x y
x + x y =+
Ta vie t la i he d i dang :
x2 + y2 =
2
x2 + y2 =
2
3
1
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
+
=
+
+
x
x
y
x
y
x
y
+
=
x
x
y
xy
y
0
( )
Lu y:o i khi ca n bie n oi a t a n phu e a ve da ng he a ng ca p.

B. BAI TAP MAU
x2 2xy + 3y2 =
9
.
2
2
0
2x 13xy + 15y =
Li giai
t y tx, ( t ) khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
V i x 0 ta a=
(
(
x2 1 2t + 3t 2 =
x2 1 2t + 3t 2 =
9
x2 1 2t + 3t 2 =
9
9
2
1
0
x2 2 13t + 15t 2 =
15t 2 13t + 2 =
t = t =
0
3
5
134
5 2
x = 3 x = 5 2
x =
x
3
2 .
2
2
2
y = 2
t =
t = 1
3
5
y = 2
5 2
2
Va y: he phng trnh co bo n nghiem la ( x;y ) =( 3; 2 ) ;
;
.
2
2
x2 + 2xy + 3y2 =
9
.
2
2
2
2x + 2xy + y =
Li giai
t y tx, ( t ) khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh
Xe t v i x 0 ta a=
(
(
)
)
) (
)
x2 1 + 2t + 3t 2 = 9
2 1 + 2t + 3t 2 = 9 2 + 2t + t 2
2
2t + t 2 2
2t + t 2 2
x 2 +=
x 2 2 +=
8
3t 2 + 14t + 16 =
0
t =2 t =
3
.
2
2
2
x 2 + 2t + t =
x 2 2 + 2t + t 2 =
2
8
t=
x =
t =
x =
2
1
3
17
.
3
x
1
y
2
x =
y = 8
17
17

( 1; 2 ); 3 ; 8
17
17
3x2 + 2xy + y 2 =
11
.
2
2
17
x + 2xy + 3y =
Li giai
Xe t v i x 0 ta a=
(
(
(
(
)
) (
x2 3 +=
x 2 3 +=
2t + t 2 11
2t + t 2 11
x2 1 + 2t + 3t 2 = 17 11 1 + 2t + 3t 2 = 17 3 + 2t + t 2
135
5
4 3
t
=
x 2 3 + 2t + t 2 =
x =
11
t
2
x
1
=
=
4
3 .
1
2
4 3
5 3
x =
y =
16t 2 12t 40 =
0
x=
y=
3
3
4 3 5 3
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 1; 2 ) ;
;
.
3
3
6x2 xy 2y 2 =
56
.
2
2
49
5x xy y =
Li giai
Xe t v i x 0 ta a=
(
(
(
(
x2 6=
x 2 6=
t 2t 2 56
t 2t 2 56
2
2
2
49
49 6 t 2t 2
x 5 t t=
56 5 t t=
1
42t 2 7t 14 =
t = 3
t =
0
2
2
x 6 t 2t =56
x = 2 7 x = 3 7
3
5
7
7
2
3
x =
x =
3
5
.
7
7
y = 3
y = 2 5
7
7
7
7
Va y: he phng trnh co bo n nghiem la : ( x;y ) =
2 ; 3 ; 2 .
3
3
5
5
2x2 x ( y 1) + y 2 =
3y
.
x2 + xy 3y2 =x 2y
Li giai
2x2 xy + y2 + x 3y =
0
.
2
2
0
x + xy 3y x + 2y =
Nha n thay x = 0 y = 0 suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) la nghie m cu a he .

136
Xe t x 0 ta a=
t y tx, ( t ) khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
3t 1
x2 2 t + t 2 + x (1 3t ) =0
x =
2 t + t2 .
2
x 1 + t 3t 2 + x ( 1 + 2t ) =0
x = 1 2t
1 + t 3t 2
(
(
)
)
3t 1
Suy ra:
2 t + t2
1 2t
1 + t 3t 2
7t 3 3t 2 7t + 3 = 0 t 2 1 ( 7t 3) = 0 .
t =
t =
1 t ==
1 t 1 7
t =
1 x = .
1 x =
1 x =
43
y 1=
y 1
3 =
t =
7
y = 43
Va y: he phng trnh co bo n nghie=

m la ( x;y )
3
( 0;0 ); (1;1); ( 1;1); 437 ; 43
.
14x 2 21y 2 + 22x 39y =

0
.
2
2
0
35x + 28y + 111x 10y =
Li giai
Nha n thay x = 0 y = 0 ne n ( 0;0 ) la nghiem cu a he .

Xe t x 0 ta a=
39t 22
x2 14 21t 2 + x ( 22 39t ) =
x =
0
14 21t 2 .
0
x2 35 + 28t 2 + x (111 10t ) =
x = 10t 111
35 + 28t 2
(
(
)
)
39t 22 10t 111

=
186t 3 421t 2 + 175t +=
112 0 .
2
2
14 21t
35 + 28t
1
( 3t + 1) 62t 2 161t + 112 =0 t = .
3
39t 22
1
V i t = suy ra x =
=3 y =tx =1 .
3
14 21t 2
Va y he co hai nghie m la =
( x;y )
( 0;0 ); ( 3;1) .
137
2y x2 y2 =
3x

.
10y
x x2 + y2 =
Li giai
Ne u x = 0 y = 0 suy ra ( 0;0 ) la nghie m cua he .

Xe t x 0 ta a=
2tx x 2 t 2 x2 =
2t 1 t 2 x 2 =
3x
3 2t 1 t 2 .10t =
3 1 + t2
2
2
2
10tx
10t
10t
x x 2 + t 2 x=
1 + t 2 x=
1 + t 2 x=
3
1
2
4
0
20t 17t + 3 =
t = 5 t = 2
.
2
2
10t
1 + t x =
1 + t 2 x2 =
10t
3
5 3
1
t =
x = 4
x
2
=
t =
5
2 5
.
2
y
1
=
54 3
5 4 27
x = 2
x =
y =
2 5
2 125
5 3 5 27
Va y: he phng trnh co bo n nghiem la ( x;y ) =( 2; 1) ; 4 ; 4
.
2 5 2 125
x x2 y2 =
6y
.
5x
2y x2 + y2 =
Li giai
Nha n thay x = 0 y = 0 suy ra ( 0;0 ) la nghie m cu a he .

Xe t x 0 ta a=
(
(
)
)
x3 1 t 2= 6tx
5 1 t 2= 6t.2t 1 + t 2
t 2 x3 5x
1 t 2 3t
2t 1 +=
x2 =
)
4t 1 3t + 5 =
12t + 17t 5 =
0
)( ) 0 t = 1 x = 2 .
6t
y = 1
6t
x (1 t ) =
x (1 t ) =
x = 2
138
=
)
(
(
( 0;0 ); ( 2; 1) .
)
)
( x y ) x2 y2 =
3
.
15
( x + y ) x 2 + y 2 =
Li giai
Xe t v i x 0 ta a=
(
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
x (1 t ) .x2 1 t 2 = 3
15 (1 t ) 1 t 2 = 3 (1 + t ) 1 + t 2
1 + t 2 15 x3 (1 t ) =
1 t2 3
x (1 + t ) .x 2 =
5 21
(1 + t ) 2t 2 10t + 2 =
0
t =1 t =
2
.
3
x3 (1 t ) 1 t 2 =
x3 (1 t ) 1 t 2 =
3
5 21
5 + 21
t =
t =
2
2
3
21
21
x 3 2+
x 3 2+
=
=
7
14
3 21
21
3
=
=
x 3 2+
x
2+
7
14
.
5 + 21 3
21
5 21 3
3 21
. 2+
. 2+
y =
y =
2
14
2
7
Va y: he phng trnh co hai nghiem la
3 2 + 21 ; 5 + 21 .3 2 + 21 ; 3 2 + 3 21 ; 5 21 .3 2 + 3 21
( x;y ) =
14
2
14
7
2
7
x x2 xy + y2 =
6y
.
7x
2y x2 + xy + y 2 =
Li giai

Xe t v i x 0 ta a=
139
) (
2x3 t 1 + t + t 2 = 7x
6t.2t 1 + t + t 2 = 7 1 t + t 2
3
2
2
2
1 t + t
6tx
1 t + t
6t
x=
x =
2t 1) 6t 3 + 9t 2 + 7t + 7 =
3
2
4
0
0
12t + 12t + 5t + 7t 7 =
(
.
2
2
x 1 t + t =6t
x2 1 t + t 2 =6t
3
3
1
6t
+ 9t 2 + 7t + 7 0
=
+ 9t 2 + 7t + 7 0 (1)
x = 2 6t
t =
=
.
2 2
= 1 x2 1 t + t 2 6t
y=
x 1 t + t 2 6t
x=
= 2
Nhng do
=
x2
6t
t2 t + 1
> 0 t > 0 do o (1) vo nghiem.
Va y he co ba nghie m la ( 0;0 ) ; ( 2; 1) .
x3 8x = y3 + 2y

.
3 3 y2 + 1
x =
Li giai
x3 y3 = 8x + 2y (1)
.
2
2
6
(2)
x 3y =
Nhan thay x = 0 khong thoa man he xet vi x 0 ta at y = tx , khi o he tr thanh:
(
(
x3 1 t 3 = ( 2t + 8) x
6
x 2 1 3t 2 =
T ay suy ra 6 1 t 3 = ( 2t + 8) 1 3t 2
1
t =
12t 2 t 1 = 0 3 .
1
t = 4
1
x = 3
1 y = 3 x
TH1: V i t =
.
3 2
y = 1
x 1 3t 2 =
6
140
4 78
x
x =
=
13 .
4
TH2: V i t =

4 2
78
x 1 3t 2 =
6
y = 13
Va y he co bo n nghiem la:
=
( x,y
) ( 3,1) ; ( 3, 1) ; 4 1378 ,
78 4 78 78
,
;
.
13 13
13
Nhan xet:T he tre n ta co the bie n o i nh sau Ve tra i cu a (1) la a th c

ba c ba, ve pha i (1) la a th c ba c mo t. Ve tra i cu a (2) la a th c ba c hai do
va y nha n ve trai cu a (2) vao ve pha i cu a (1) e c mo t phng trnh a ng
ca p ba c ba t o suy ra mo i lie n he gi a x,y . Ca c ba i toa n sau to i trnh ba y
ca ch nh tre n(ng nhie n ca c ban co the x ly ba ng ca ch a t y = tx ).
3
8x + 2y 2
x3 y3 = 8x + 2y
x y3
. x 3y2
=
.
6
2
2
6
2
2
x 3y =
x 3y =
6
3
2
2
0
4y
3y x =
0
x + x y 12xy =
x ( x 3y )( x + 4y ) =
x =
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
x
3y
6
=
x
3y
6
=
x
3y
6
x3 + y3 =
1
.
2
2
3
2
x y + 2xy + y =
Li giai
3
3
3
2
2
3
1
0
x + y =
2x x y 2xy + y =
.
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
x + y =
x y + 2xy + y = 2 x + y
( x y )( x + y )( 2x y ) =
0
y
y
2x
x =
x =
y =
.
3
3
3
3
3
3
y 1 x + =
y 1 x + =
y3 1
1
x + =
x + y =
x =
y
=
x =
2
1
=
y
3
2
3
1
3
9
.
2
141
1 1 1 2
.
;
;
;
3
3 3
3
2 2 9 9
x2 + y2 =
2
.
2 2
2y 5
( x + y ) 4 x y 2xy =
Li giai
Nhan thay ve phai cua phng trnh th hai co bac 5 nen bieu dien 4 x2 y2 2xy
d i da ng ba c 4. Tha t va y ta co :
4 x2 y2 2xy =x2 + y2

x2 + y2 =
2
x2 + y2 =
2
5
4
4
2 2
2
2
5
5
2y
2y 5
x + y =
( x + y ) x + y + x y xy x + y =
))
x = y
2
x=
1 .
y=
2
2
x + y =
Va y he co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) .

5x2 3y =x 3xy
.
3
2
2
3
x
x
y
3y
Li giai
2
x 3y
5x + 3xy =+
.
3
3
2
2
x + 3y =x + y
Xe t v i x 0 a=
t y tx, ( t ) khi o he phng trnh tr thanh:
x2 ( 5 + 3t ) = x (1 + 3t )
x 5 + 3t ) =+
1 3t
(
.
2
3
2
2
1 3t ) 1 + 3t 3
(
x 1 + 3t = x 1 + t
( 5 + 3t ) 1 + t =+
x ( 5 + 3t ) =+
1 3t
x ( 5 + 3t ) =+
1 3t
2
2
4
2
t
1
9t
4
0
+
=
9t
5t
4
0
142
x2 y2 x2 + y2 xy =
x 4 + y 4 + x2 y2 xy x2 + y2 .
)(
1
t = 1
x=
t =
1
1
2 x =
.
1
1
1 y =
1
x =
x =
y=
2
2
1 1
Va y he co ba nghie m la ( 0;0 ) ; ; ; ( 1;1) .
2 2
x3 + y3 xy2 =
1
.
4
4
4x + y = 4x + y
Phan tch li giai. Ve trai phng trnh a u cu a he da ng ba c 3 v vay nha n

va o ve pha i phng trnh th hai cua he ta c mot phng trnh ang ca p
ba c 4.
Li giai
x3 + y3 xy2 1
x3 + y3 xy 2 1
=
=
4
3
3
2
2
2
4x
y
4x
y
x
y
xy
xy
3y
4xy
x
0
+
=
+
+
+
=
(
)
x3 + y3 xy2 =
x y=
x 3y
=
1
x 0=
x 1
=
hoa c 3 3
3 3
2
2
0=
x + y xy= 1 x + y xy= 1
y 1=
y 0
xy ( x y )( x 3y ) =
1
x = 3
x 0=
x 1=
x 1
=
25
=
y 1=
y 0=
y 1 y = 3
3
25
( x;y ) = ( 0;1); (1;0 ); (1;1); 3 1
25
3
.
25
y. x y 2 =
(
) 2.
x3 y3 =
19
Li giai
143
2
2
3
3
2
y. ( x y ) =
19y. ( x y ) = 2 x y
.
x3 y3 =
x3 y3 =
19
19
( x y )( x 7y )( 2x 3y ) =
2x3 21y3 + 38xy 2 19x 2 y =
0
0
.
3
3
19
19
x y =
x3 y3 =
3
x =
x y=
x 7y
=
x = y
3
3
2
3
3
y 19 x =
y 19 3
3
y =
x =
19
x y =
7
3
18 x = 3
.
1
y = 2
18
7
1
;
; ( 3;2 ) .
3
3
18 18
x3 + y3 =
1
.
5
5
2
2
x + y = x + y
Phan tch li giai. Ve tra i phng trnh nha t cu a he la a th c ba c 3 ne n

nhan vi ve phai cua phng trnh th hai ta c mot phng trnh ang cap bac 5.
Li giai
x3 + y3 =
1
x3 + y3 =
1
5
2 3
5
2
2
3
3
3 2
0
x y + x y =
x + y = x + y x + y
)(
xy x2 + y2 =
0=
x 0=
x 1
=
=
y
1
y
0
x3 + y3 =
1

x m + y m =
1
Nhan xet: To ng qua t cho he phng trnh:
,( k > m ) .
k
k
k m
+ y k m
x + y = x
Nghiem cu a he la ( 0;1) ; (1;0 ) .
x3 + 3x
= 448y3 + 6y
.
2
2
96
385x 16y =
Li giai
144
3
1
3
x3 448y3 =
6y 3x
( 6y 3x ) 385x2 16y2 .
x 448y =
96
2
2
96
385x 16y =
385x2 16y2 =
96
1251x3 42912y3 2310x 2 y 48xy 2 =

0
.
2
2
96
385x 16y =
( x 4y ) 1251x2 + 2694xy + 10728y 2 =

0
385x2 16y 2 =
96
1
x =
x = 4y
2.
2
2
1
96
385x 16y =
y =
8
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ; .
2 8
x2 + y2 =
2

.
4
32
( x + y )(1 + xy ) =
x2 + y2
Phan tch li giai. e y 1 +=
xy
xy
+=
2
(x + y)
th hai cua he tr tha nh
16
(x + y)
2
khi o phng trnh
= 32 x + y = 2 .
Li giai
x2 + y2 =
2
x+y 9 =
(
) 29 .
4
x2 + y2
+ xy =
32
( x + y )
x2 + y2 =
2
x + y =
2
x = 1
2
.
x + y ) x2 y2
(
xy = 1 y = 1
=
2
Va y: he phng trnh a cho co nghie m duy nha t ( x;y ) = (1;1) .
145
3
1
3
3x y =
x+y.
2
2
1
x + y =
Phan tch li giai. Quy ong phng trnh th nha t ta c ve tra i la a th c

ba c 4 va y ch nha n ve pha i phng trnh o vi bnh phng ve trai cu a
phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c phng trnh a ng ca p ba c 4.
Li giai
ie u kien x + y 0 .
( x + y ) 3x3 y3 =
1 ( x + y ) 3x3 y3 = x 2 + y 2
x 2 + y 2 =
x2 + y2 =
1
1
) (
2x 4 + 3x3 y 2x2 y2 xy3 2y 4 =

0
2
2
1
x + y =
( x y ) 2x3 + 5x2 y + 3xy2 + 2y3 =

0
x 2 + y2 =
1
2
1
x =
x =
( x y )( x + 2y ) 2x2 + xy + y2 =
0
5
2
.
1
1
x2 + y2 =
y =
1
y=
2
5
Va y he phng trnh a cho co bo n nghie m la :
1
1 2
1
;
;
( x;y ) =
.
;
2
2
5
5
x2 + xy + y 2 =
3
.
5
32
x + y + 15xy ( x + y ) =
Li giai
Nhan xet: a y la he o i x ng loa i I tuy nhie n theo ca ch gia i tho ng th ng
a t S =+
x y,P =
xy ba i toa n se bie n o i tng o i da i va kho kha n.
x2 + xy + y 2 =
x2 + xy + y 2 =
3
3
5
5
2
2
32
32
x + y + 5xy ( x + y ) x + xy + y =
( x + y ) =
146
x + y =
2
x + y =
2
2
x = y = 1.
2
3 xy = 1
x + xy + y =
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = (1;1) .
x3 + 4y y3 16x =
0
.
2
2
y 5x + 4
=
Li giai
x3 y3 = ( y 4x ) 5x2 y 2
x3 y3 = 16x 4y
2
2
4
5x2 y 2 =
5x y =
4
x ( 7x 4y )( 3x + y ) =
21x3 5x2 y 4xy2 =
0
0
.
2
2
4
4
5x y =
5x 2 y 2 =
4
x= y
x =
x =
x =
1 x =
1
0
0
7
.
3 y =
3
y=
2 80 2
2 y =
2
y =
4
y y =
49
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la ( x;y ) =( 0; 2 ) ; ( 1; 3) .
x x y y= 2 4 x + y
.
x 3y =
6
Phan tch li giai: Ve tra i cu a phng trnh th nha t co da ng ba c
3
va ve
2
1
do va y ch can nhan them va o ve pha i v i ve tra i cu a phng
2
3
trnh th hai a ve phng trnh ong ba c .
2
Li giai
ie u kien x 0,y 0 .
pha i la ba c
1
4 x + y ( x 3y )
0
x x y y=
x x + x y 12y x =
.
=
x
3y
6
x 3y =
147
x x 3 y
6
x 3y =
)(
x +4 y =
0
.
x 0=
x 9
4 y 0
=
x 3 y x + =
.
x 3y
= 6 x 3y
= 6
x 3y 6 =
y 1

2x3 9y3 =( x y )( 4xy 1)
.
2
2
1
x 3xy + y =
Phan tch li giai: Thay 1= x 2 3xy + y 2 t phng trnh th hai cu a he

va o phng trnh th nha t ta c mo t phng trnh a ng ca p ba c 3.
Li giai
2x3 9y3 = ( x y ) 4xy + x2 3xy + y2

2x3 9y3 =x3 y3
2
2
+
=
x
3xy
y
1
x 2 3xy + y2 =
1
x3 = =
x 2y
x 2y
=
x = 2
8y3
.
2
2
2
1 y2 =
1
1 x 3xy + y =
y = 1
x 3xy + y =
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) =( 2; 1) .

2x2 y2 + x2 + 2x =
2
.
2
2 2
1
2x y x y + 2xy =
Li giai
2x2 y2 + x + 1 2 =
( ) 3 .

2xy ( x + 1) x 2 y2 =
1
a t u =x + 1,v =xy khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh
2
2
2
u2 + 2v2 =
3 u + 2v = 3 2uv v
.
2
2
=
2uv
v
1
2uv v =
( u v )( u 5v ) =
u2 6uv + 5v2 =
0
0
.
2
2
1
1
2uv v =
2uv v =
148
5
u=
=
u v=
u 5v
3
.
u =v =1
v2 1 2uv =
v2 1
v = 1
2uv =
5
8
x = 2
2 x =
x + 1 =
x + 1 =1
x =
3
3.
1
1
1
xy = 1
xy =
y =
2 y = 2 y =
3
8
1 2 8 1
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x;y ) =
2; ; ;2 ; ; .
2 3 3 8
x3 + 3xy2 =
49
.
2
2
x 8xy + y = 8y 17x
Li giai
Nha n thay x = 0 kho ng la nghiem cu a he phng trnh.
t y tx, ( t ) khi o he phng trnh tr thanh
Xe t v i x 0 a=
8t 7
8t 7
b
=
=
x =
x3 1 + 3t 2 =
1 8t + t 2
49
t 2 16 ( 8t 17 ) a b
49
49
49
x 2 1 8t + t 2 = x ( 8t 7 ) =
x3 =
=
1 + 3t 2 3 t 2 16 + 49 49 + 4a
(
(
trong o a =
t 2 16,b =
8t 17 .
T o suy ra :
3
b3
49
=
49 b3 + ( a b ) +=
3a 0
3
( a b ) 49 + 3a
2
a 49b2 49b ( a b ) + 49 ( a b ) + 3 = 0 a = 0
Suy ra t 2 =16 x3 =1 x =1 y =4 .
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x,y ) = ( 1,4 ) ; ( 1, 4 ) .
Nhan xet:Ngoai ra co the gia i he tre n ba ng phng pha p he so ba t nh va
a t a n phu da ng to ng hieu khi co dau hie u(xem phng pha p he so ba t nh
trong cu ng cuon sa ch) hoac a t a n phu da ng tong hieu.
149
x2 y2 =
5

.
3
2
y ( x y ) =
Li giai
x2 y2 =
x2 y2 =
5
5
.
2
2
3
2 2
2
2
2
x
y
2x
21xy
27y
0
+
=
y
x
y
x
y
(
)
) 25
(
x =
3,y =
2
x2 y2 =
5
9
1
x =
,y =
x2 y2 =
5
=
x
y
4
4.
2
9
1
=
0
2x 3y
x =
=
,y
( x y ) ( 2x 3y ) ( x 9y ) =
x = 9y
4
4
=
= 2
x 3,y
( x;y ) =( 3; 2 ); 94 ; 14 ; ( 3;2 ); 94 ; 14 .
Nhan xet: T ba i toa n giai he tren ta hoan toa n gia i c phng trnh:
x5
x x5
=
2 ba ng phe p a t a n ph:
2
2
5
u = x
u v =
.
3
2
v
x 5 v ( u v ) =
=

14x 2 21y 2 + 22x 39y =
0
.
2
2
0
35x + 28y + 111x 10y =
Li giai
14x 2 21y 2 =
22x + 39y
.
2
2
111x + 10y
35x + 28y =
2
14x = 22x
Nha n tha y y = 0
x = 0 ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) la mo t nghie m
2
35x = 111x
cu a he phng trnh.
150
Xe t y 0 , a t x = ty khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
(
(
)
)
y2 14t 2 21 =y ( 22t + 39 )
y2 35t 2 + 28 =y ( 111t + 10 )
Suy ra: ( 111t + 10 ) 14t 2 21 =

( 22t + 39 ) 35t 2 + 28 .
112t 3 + 175t 2 421t + 186 = 0 ( t + 3) 112t 2 162t + 62 = 0 t = 3 .
y2 14t 2 21 =y ( 22t + 39 )
x = 3
Khi o : x =
.
3y
y = 1
t = 3

( x;y )
( 0;0 ); ( 3;1) .
3x2 2xy =
16
.
2
2
8
x 3xy 2y =
Li giai
Nha n che o hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
) (
8 3x2 2xy =
16 x2 3xy 2y2 ( x + 2y ) =
0x=
2y .
y =
1 x =
1
2,y =
.
Thay vao phng trnh cu a he ta c: 16y2 =
16
2,y =
1
1
y =
x =

( 2;1) ; ( 2; 1) .
x2 2xy + 3y2 =
9
.
2
2
18
2x 13xy + 15y =
Li giai
) (
y = 0
.
2 x2 2xy + 3y2 = 1 2x2 13xy + 15y 2
x = y
TH1: Ne u y = 0 thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c: x = 3 .

2x 2 =
9x=
3
2
y=
3
2
151
( x;y ) =
( 3;0 ); ( 3;0 ); 3 ; 3 ; 3 ; 3 .
2
2 2 2
x2 3xy + y2 =
1
.
2
2
+
=
x
2xy
2y
1
Li giai
Nha n che o theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
x = y
.
1 x 2 + 2xy 2y 2 2x 2 xy y 2 =
1 x 2 3xy + y 2 =
0
y = 2x
Xe t tr ng h p thay ng c la i he phng trnh tm c ca c nghie m:
( x;y ) =( 1; 1); (1;1) .
(
(
)
)
( x y ) x2 + y2 =
13
.
25
( x + y ) x 2 y 2 =
Li giai
25 ( x y ) x 2 + y 2 = 13 ( x + y ) x 2 y 2 .
x = y
( x y )( 2x 3y )( 3x 2y ) =0 2x =3y .
3x = 2y
Xe t
tr ng
h p
( x;y ) =( 2; 3); ( 3;2 ) .
thay
ng c
lai
he
tm
ca c
nghiem
x2 + y2 =
2
.
2
3
0
5x y 4xy + 3y 2 ( x + y ) =
Li giai
2
2
2
2
2
2
x + y =
x + y =
.
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
0
0
2y 5xy + 4x y x =
5x y 4xy + 3y x + y ( x + y ) =
152
x =
1,y =
1
= 1
x 1,y
=
x2 + y2 =
2
x2 + y2 =
2
2
2.
x =
x =
y
2 ,y =
2
5
5
0
( y x ) ( 2y x ) =
x = 2y
2
2
x 2=
=
,y
5
5
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m:
( x;y ) =( 1; 1); (1;1); 2 25 ; 25 ; 2 25 ; 25 .
(
(
x2 + xy 3y2 + 1 x 2 =
48
.
12
y2 + xy + 1 y 2 =
Li giai
) (
)(
x2 x2 + xy 3y2 =
+ 1 4y2 y2 + xy + 1 x 2 4y 2 x2 + xy + y2 =
+1 0.
x = 2y
.
x 2 4y 2 =0
x = 2y
TH1: Ne u x = 2y thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
(3y + 1) y
2
=
12 vo nghiem.
(1 y ) y
2
=2 y 4 y 2 12 =0 y =2 x =4 .

( 2;4 ) ; ( 2; 4 ) .
(
(
)
)
( 6 x ) x2 + y2 =6x + 8y
.
( 3 y ) x 2 + y 2 =8x 6y
Li giai
Ne u ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) la mo t nghie m cu a he .
Xe t x2 + y2 > 0 nha n che o hai phng trnh cu a he va l c i x2 + y2 hai ve

ta c:
( 6 x )( 8x 6y ) = ( 3 y )( 6x + 8y ) ( x 2y )( 4x + 2y 15) = 0
153
x = 2y
.
0
4x + 2y 15 =
Xe t tr ng h p thay ngc la i mo t trong hai phng trnh cu a he tm c
9
ca
c nghiem la ( x;y ) ( 0;0 ) ; ( 2;1) ; ( 4;2 ) ; 6; .
=
2
(
(
)
)
( 6 x ) x2 y2 =6x + 8y
.
( 3 y ) x 2 y 2 =8x 6y
Li giai
2
Ne u x y = 0 x = y = 0 .
Xe t x2 y2 0 nha n cheo hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
( 6 x )( 8x 6y ) = ( 3 y )( 6x + 8y ) ( x 2y )( 4x + 2y 15) = 0
x = 2y
.
0
4x + 2y 15 =
(
(
2x2 + 7 x y 2 + 1 =
0
( )
.
2
3x2 4xy + 4y2 7 ( x y ) 1 =
0
Li giai
Nha n thay x = y kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
Xe t x y khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
1
2
2x + 7 =
2
2x2 + 7 = 3x2 4xy + 4y2 7
(x y)
2
3x2 4xy + 4y2 7 = 1
2x2 + 7 ( x y ) + 1 =
0
(x y)
x = 2
x 2y 2 =
x = 2y
) 0
(
y = 1
.

2
2
2
0
x = 2
2x 2 + 7 ( x y ) + 1 =
8y + 7 y + 1 =
0
y = 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) =( 2; 1) ; ( 2;1) .

x3 + 8y3 4xy2 =
1
.
4
4
0
2x + 8y 2x y =
154
Li giai
x3 + 8y3 4xy2 =
1
.
4
4
3
3
2
0
2x + 8y ( 2x + y ) x + 8y 4xy =
x3 + 8y3 4xy2 =
x3 + 8y3 4xy2 =
1
1
.
4
2 2
3
0
0
2x 8x y + 12xy =
2x ( x 2y )( x 6y ) =
1
=
=
x3 + 8y3 4xy2 =
1 x 0,y
2
1
x = 0
.

x = 1,y =
2
x = 2y
3
1
x = 6y
x =
=
,y
25
2 3 25
1 1 3
1
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la : ( x;y ) = 0; ; 1; ;
;
.
3
3
2 2 25 2 25
x3 2xy2 =
1
.
4
4
0
x + y + x 3y =
Li giai
x3 2xy2 =
1
4
4
3
2
0
x + y + ( x 3y ) x + 2xy =
x3 2xy2 =
1
.
3
2
2
3
+
+
=
3x
2x
y
6xy
y
0
x3 2xy2 =
1
x3 2xy2 =
x = y
2
2
0
( x y ) 3x + 5xy y =
2
2
0
3x + 5xy y =
Xe t tr ng h p tm ra nghie m cu a he phng trnh la:
155
( x;y ) =
3 37 6 ; 5 + 37 .3 37 6 ;
1;0
;
1;1
;
( )( ) 5
2
5
.
37 6 5 + 37 3 37 6
;
.
5
2
5
16x 2 y2 17y 2 =
1
.
1
4xy + 2x 7y =
Li giai
Phng trnh th hai cua he tng ng v i :
2
4xy + 1= 7y 2x ( 4xy + 1) =
( 7y 2x )
16x 2 y2 + 8xy + 1 =4x 2 28xy + 49y 2 17y 2 + 8xy =4x 2 28xy + 49y 2 .
x = y
.
x2 9xy + 8y2 =0
x = 8y
TH1: Ne u x = y thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c :

=
=
x 1
x 1,y
= 1
4x + 2x 7x =1 4x 5x + 1 =0
1
x 1 =
x 1=
,y
=
4
4
4
(th la i thay tho a man).

TH2: Ne u x = 8y thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c :
2
32y 2 9y + 1 =
0 (vo nghie m).
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;1) ; ; .
4 4
x3 + y3 = 7x + 7y
.
3
3
x y = 19x 19y
Li giai
19 ( x y ) x3 + y3 = 7 ( x + y ) x3 y3
6x 4 13x3 y + 13xy3 6y 4 =
0.
156
y = x
y = x
( x y )( x + y )( 2x 3y )( 3x 2y ) =0 y = 3 x .
2
2
y = 3 x
Xe t tr ng h p thay va o phng trnh a u cua he tm c ca c nghie m:
( x;y ) =( 3; 2 ); ( 3;2 ); ( 2; 3); ( 2;3); ( 0;0 ) .
x3 + y3 = 4x2 + 4y 2
.
3
3
2
2
x
y
6x
6y
Li giai
)(
) (
)(
)
y = x
( x y ) ( x + 3xy + y ) =0
x + 3xy + y
6 x 2 y 2 x3 + y3 = 4 x 2 + y 2 x3 y3 .
3
.
0
=
TH1 : Ne u y = x thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c :

x 0 =
x 0,y
=
= 0
.
2x3 =
8x2
=
= 4
x 4 =
x 4,y
TH2 : Neu x2 + 3xy + y2 =

0 ket hp vi phng trnh th hai cua he ta c :
x2 + 3xy
x2 + 3xy
=
+ y2 0
=
+ y2 0
3
2
2
2
2
x y = 6 x y
( x y ) x + xy + y 6x 6y = 0
x = y
x 0,y
=
= 0
2
2
x + 3xy + y
5
3+ 5
x 3 =
.
,y
2
2
2
2
x + 3xy + y
2
3+ 5
3 5
2
+
+
=
x
xy
y
6x
6y
0
=
,y

x =
2
2
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghiem:
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ); ( 4;4 ) ; 3 +2 5 ; 3 2 5 ; 3 2 5 ; 3 +2 5 .
157
x2 + xy + y 2 =x + 4y
.
2
2
1
x 4y =
Li giai
T he phng trnh suy ra: x 2 + xy + y 2
= ( x + 4y ) x 2 4y 2 .
2x = 5y
.
( 2x 5y ) 3x2 + 12xy + 13y 2 =
0
2
2
0
3x + 12xy + 13y =
TH1: Ne u 2x = 5y thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he suy ra:

25 2
2
5
y 4y2 =
1 y=
x=
.
4
3
3
2
TH2: Ne u 3x2 + 12xy + 13y 2 =0 3 ( x + 2y ) + y 2 =0

x +=
x 0
2y 0 =
(th lai tha y kho ng tho a ma n).
=
y 0=
y 0
5 2 5 2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ; ; ; .
3 3 3 3
x 4 + y 4= 17 ( x + y )

.
4
4
x y = 45 ( x y )
Li giai
Nha n che o hai phng trnh cu a he ta c :
45 ( x y ) x 4 + y 4 = 17 ( x + y ) x 4 y 4
( x 2y )( x y )( 2x y ) 7x 2 + 9xy + 7y 2
x = y
x = 2y
=
.
0
y = 2x
x= y= 0
Xe t tr ng h p va thay vao phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ( 3 3;2 3 3 ) ; ( 2 3 3; 3 3 ) ; ( 3 17; 3 17 ) .
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ( 3 3;2 3 3 ) ; ( 2 3 3; 3 3 ) ; ( 3 17; 3 17 ) .
158
Chu e 5.
KY THUAT S DUNG PHEP THE

He go m hai phng trnh trong o co the ru t c mo t bie n theo bie n co n la i
va theo suy ngh n gia n the va o phng trnh con la i cu a he ta c mo t
phng trnh a th c ba c cao gia i c. o i khi ta cu ng th c hien phe p the
ha ng so hoa c the mo t bieu th c va o phng trnh co n la i.
Dau hieu nhan biet
- He go m mo t phng trnh la phng trnh ba c nha t o i v i x,y .
- Co the ru t mo t bien theo bie n co n la i t mo t phng trnh cu a he .
Cac dang he a gap
He phng trnh c ba n go m mo t phng trnh ba c nha t va mo t phng trnh
ba c hai hai a n.
B. BAI TAP MAU
x + y 1 =
0
(1)

2
2
2y2
(2)
3x + x ( 7y 3) + x 2y 7y =
Li giai
Nha n thay t (1) ta co the ru t y = 1 x hoa c x = 1 y e the vao phng trnh
(2) va e y se a ve phng trnh ba c ba v i a n x hoa c a n y . a y ta l a
cho n phe p the y = 1 x va o (2) v ba c cu a . y . (2) cao nha t la 2 ne n vie c

tnh ca c bie u th c (1 x ) , (1 x )
3
(1 y )
n gia n hn vie c tnh ca c bie u th c
Ru t y = 1 x t (1) the va o (2) ta c:

2
2
3x3 + x2 7 (1 x ) 3 + x 2 (1 x ) 7 (1 x ) = 2 (1 x ) .
( x;y ) =(1; 2 ); 21 ; 21 ; ( 2;1) .
1 3
Suy ra ( x;y ) =
; ; (1;0 ) ; ( 2; 1) .
2 2
1 3
; ; (1;0 ) ; ( 2; 1) .
2 2
159
xy =x + 7y + 1
Bai 2. Gia i he phng trnh 2 2
.
y 10y 2 1
x=
Phan tch li giai:

Ta ru t c y theo x t phng trnh au cu a he the vao phng trnh th hai
cua he a ve mot phng trnh bac 4 vi x .
Li giai
Xe t v i y 0 t phng trnh a u cu a he ta co x =
7y + 1
the vao phng
y 1
trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
2
7y + 1 2
2
4
3
2
1 0.
y= 10y 1 39y + 34y 8y 2y +=

y 1
( y + 1) 39y3 5y2 3y + 1 = 0 ( y + 1)( 3y + 1) 13y2 6y + 1 = 0

y = 1
.
y = 1
V i y = 1 suy ra x = 3 .
V i y =
1
suy ra x = 1 .
3
1
1; ; ( 3; 1) .
3
Phan tch li giai:

Ca hai phng trnh cua he eu co the ru t c bie n y theo bie n x nhng
vie c ru t t phng trnh th hai n gia n hn.
Li giai
) (
x3 2x 3x2 + 2x + 3 + 5 3x2 + 2x + 3 =
x3 2xy + 5y =
7
7
2
2
3x + 2x + 3 y =
y =
3x
2x
3
+
+
160
( x 1) 7x2 12x 8 =
7x3 19x 2 + 4x + 8 =
0
0
3x2 + 2x + 3
y =
y =
3x2 + 2x + 3
6 2 33
6 + 2 33
=
x =
x
x = 1
7
7
.
y
=
2
153 + 44 23
153 44 23
=
y =
y
49
49
Vy h phng trnh co ba nghim la :
=
( x;y ) (1;2
); 6 27 33 ; 153 +4944 23 ; 6 + 27 33 ; 153 4944 23 .
2x3 + y ( x + 1) =
4x 2
.
4
6
y2
5x 4x =
Phan tch li giai:

Phng trnh au cua he ch cha y t do ne n ta ru t y theo x va the va o
phng trnh th hai cu a he va hy vong a ve mo t phng trnh ba c cao o i
v i x pha n tch c nghiem.
Li giai
Xe t v i x 1 khi o he phng trnh tng ng v i
4x2 2x3
2
3
=
y
4x 2x
x +1
y =
2
x +1
4x 2 2x3
4
4
6
2
6
4x
y
4x
=
=
5x
5x
x +1
4x2 2x3
=
y
4x2 2x3
x +1
=
y
x = 0
x +1
2

4
2
x
(
)
=
y
0
4
2
=
5 4x2 x + 1 2 4 2 x 2 =
x 5 4x
0
( ) ( ) 0
2

+
x
1
(
)
4x2 2x3
x = 0 y =
x +1
y = 0 4
3
2
0
4x + 8x + 3x 26x + 11 =
161
4x2 2x3
x=
=
y
x = 0
x 0=
x 1
=
2.
x +1
=
y = 0 x 1 2x 1 2x2 + 7x + 11 =
y 0=
y 1 y = 1
0
)(
)
(
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; (1;1) ; ; .
2 2
5
x y + 1 =
2
.
y + 2 ( x 3) x + 1 = 3
Phan tch li giai:

Phng trnh a u cu a he ne u bnh phng kh can th c ta rut c y theo
x do vay ta th c hie n phe p the .
Li giai
x 1
khi o he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
ie u kien
y 1
5
x
x
2
2
5
21
.
y = x2 5x +
y = x 1
2
4
x2 5x + 2 ( x 3) x + 1 + 6 =
0
3
y + 2 ( x 3) x + 1 =
5
x
2
x = 3
21
2
y = x 5x +
3.
4
y =
4
( x 3) x 2 + 2 x + 1 =
0
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y=

) 3; 34 .
x 4 + 2x3 y + x2 y2 =
2x + 9
.
Bai 6. (TSH Khoi B 2008) Giai he phng trnh
2
x + 2xy =6x + 6
Phan tch li giai:

162
Ca hai phng trnh cu a he co iem chung la co ch a nhan t chung
6x + 6 x2
t phng trnh th hai cu a he va o
2
phng trnh a u a ve phng trnh ba c 4 v i a n x .
Li giai
x2 + xy do va y ta se the xy =
2
2
6x + 6 x2
2
2x + 9
2x + 9
x +
=
x + xy =
2
2
xy = 6x + 6 x
6x + 6 x
xy =
2
2
x x + 4 3 =
x 4 + 12x3 + 48x2 + 64x =
x =
0
4
( ) 0
2
17 .
6x + 6 x2
xy =
xy = 6x + 6 x
y =
4
17
He phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = 4; .
4
x2 + 1 + y ( y + x ) =
4y

.
2
y
x + 1 ( y + x 2) =
Phan tch li giai:

Ca hai phng trnh co nha n t chung x2 + 1 ne u ru t t phng trnh au the
va o phng trnh th hai ta co nha n t chung y .
Li giai
x2 + 1= y ( 4 y x )
x2 + 1= y ( 4 y x )
2
x
1
y
x
2
y
y
4
x
y
y
x
2
y
+
+
=
+
=
(
)
)(
)
2
x2 + 1 =
0 x + 1= y ( 4 y x )
1
( 4 x y )( y + x 2 ) =
y = 0
x2 + 1= y ( 4 y x )
2
3
x + 1= y ( 4 x y ) x + y =
2
2
2
y
x + 1 =
( x + y ) + 6 ( x + y=
3) 0
) 9 0 ( x + y =
163
y= 3 x
x2 + x 2 =
x = 1 x = 2
0
.
2
=
y 3=
y 5
x + 1 = 3 x
y = 3 x
He phng trnh co hai nghiem la (=

x;y )
(1;3); ( 2;5) .
x2 + 1
+x+y=
4
y
Nhan xet: Ngoa i ra co the a ve he
.
2
x +1
1
y .( y + x 2 ) =
a t a n phu u =
x2 + 1
;v = x + y 2 (xem the m phng pha p a t a n phu ).
y
x ( x + y + 1) 3 =
0
.
Bai 8. (TSH Khoi D 2009) Giai he phng trnh
2
5
0
( x + y ) 2 + 1 =
x
Li giai
ie u kien x 0 khi o he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i
3
x + y = 1
x + y = 1
x
.
2
4 6
3 1 5 + 1 =
0
+2=
0
x
x 2 x
x2
3
x = 2
x = 1
y = x 1
x
3.
y = 1 y =
( x 1)( 2x 4 ) =
0
2
He phng trnh co hai nghiem la=

( x;y )
(1;1) ; 2; 23 .
x + y =1
.
3
x 3x = y 3y
Li giai
y =1 x
y =1 x
3
3
3
3
x 3x = ( 1 x ) 3 ( 1 x )
x 3x = y 3y
( x 1)( 2x + 1)( x + 2 ) =
y =1 x
0
3
2
0
2x + 3x 3x 2 =
y =1 x
164
1
x=
x = 1
2 x = 2 .
2
1
y=
1
y =
y=
2
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x;y ) =(1; 2 ) ; ; ; ( 2;1) .
2 2
Nhan xet: Qua ca c v du tre n nha n tha y phng pha p the he t s c n gian
ma ba t ky ho c sinh na o cu ng ngh e n au tien khi gia i he . Tho ng th ng
ca c he co nghiem e p khi a ve phng trnh ba c cao ta se gia i c nh
pha n tch tha nh nha n t . Ha n che cu a phng phap nay la oi khi tnh toan
co ng ke nh de da n e n sai so t va mo t iem na la ne u he co nghiem le vie c
gia i phng trnh ba c cao se he t s c kho khan. Luc na y th ngh e n cac
phng pha p kha c cha ng ha n nh a t a n phu. Mot lu y cu a phng phap
na y la ta co the the mot bie u th c, mo t ha ng so t mo t phng trnh vao
phng trnh con lai.
y2 xy + 1 =
0
.
2
2
0
x + y + 2x + 2y + 1 =
Phan tch li giai:

2
Ru t y=
xy 1 t phng trnh a u the va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta
c phng trnh a c ve phng trnh tch nen ta s dung phng phap the.
x2 + xy + 2x + 2y =0 x ( x + y ) + 2 ( x + y ) =0
x = 2
.
( x + 2 )( x + y ) =0
x = y
Li gii
H phng trnh a cho tng ng vi:
2
2
y=
y=
xy 1
xy 1
0
0
x + xy + 2x + 2y =
( x + 2 )( x + y ) =
x =
x =
2
y
x = 2
2
2
2y 1 y =
y2 1 y = 1
y =
Vy h phng trnh co nghim duy nht ( x;y ) =( 2; 1) .
2x2 + y ( x + y ) + x ( 2x + 1) =7 2y
.
x ( 4x + 1) =7 3y
165
Phan tch li giai.
Ne u th c hie n phe p the bie n tho ng th ng trong trng hp na y kho ng th c
hie n c e y e n so 7 t do hai phng trnh th the t phng trnh d i
le n phng trnh tre n xem ta c g? Hy vong a ve c mo t phng
trinh tch.
Li giai
2x2 + y ( x + y ) + x ( 2x + 1) =7 2y
2
7= 4x + x + 3y
2x2 + y ( x + y ) + x ( 2x + 1)= 4x 2 + x + 3y 2y
7= 4x 2 + x + 3y
2x2 + y ( x + y ) =2x 2 + y
2x2 + y ( x + y 1) =0
7= 4x 2 + x + 3y
7= 4x 2 + x + 3y
y = 2x2
y = 1 x
.
2
2
7= 4x + x + 3y 7= 4x + x + 3y
1 17
y= 1 x
x =
y = 2x2
y = 1 x
4
.
1 17
2
2x
x
2
0
=
0
3 17
2x x + 7 =
x =
y =
4
1 17 3 17
;
.
4
x3 + 7y = x + y 2 + x2 y + 7x + 4
( )
.
3x2 + y2 + 8y + 4 =
8x
Phan tch li giai. Ba i toan na y ta th c hie n tng t ba i toa n tre n ru t 4 t

do t phng trnh hai the va o phng trnh a u cu a he .
Li giai
166
x3 + 7y = x + y 2 + x2 y + 7x + 8x 8y 3x2 y2
( )
.
2
2
4 = 8x 8y 3x y
3
2
2
0
0
x + 2x x y 2xy 15x + 15y =
( x y ) x + 2x 15 =
.
2
2
4 = 8x 8y 3x y
4 = 8x 8y 3x2 y2
x2 + 2x 15 =
x = y
0
.
2
2
2
2
4 = 8x 8y 3x y 4 = 8x 8y 3x y
x =
x =
x =
y
5
3
x 3=
x 3
=
2
2
2
1 y =
7
+ 4 0 y + 8y + 119
= 0 y + 8y =
+7 0
y =
2y =

( 3; 1); ( 3; 7) .
x2 ( y + 1) = 6y 2
.
4 2
2 2
2
2
x y + 2x y + y x + 1= 12y 1
Phan tch li giai. Ca hai phng trnh co nha n t chung x2 t phng trnh
6y 2
t i a y the va o phng trnh th hai cu a he a
cu a he ru t c x2 =
y +1
ve phng trnh a th c bac bo n v i a n y . Nhng tr c tie n phai xet xem
y = 1 co la nghiem cu a he hay kho ng?
Li giai
Xe t y 1 khi o he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i
2 6y 2
x =
y +1
2
6y 2
6y 2 2
2 6y 2
2
y + 1 y + 2y y + 1 + y y + 1 + 1= 12y 1
2 6y 2
x =
2 6y 2 x2 = 6y 2
y +1
x =
y +1
.
y +1
4 ( y 1)( 9y + 1) y2
2
2
= y 1 y = 1
( y + 1)
2
4 ( 9y + 1) y =
+
y
1
(
)
167
3
2
0
x = 2 36y + 3y 2y 1 =
.
2 6y 2
x
=
y = 1
y +1
( 3y 1) 12y 2 + 5y + 1 =
0
x = 0
x =
x =
2
2
1.
6y 2
x2
y =
y 1=
y 1
3
y +1
1
2;1 ; 0; .
3
x2 + xy + 2x + 2y =
16
.
32
( x + y )( 4 + xy ) =
Bai giai
( x + y )( x + 2 ) =
16
.
32
( x + y )( 4 + xy ) =
Xe t v i x 2 khi o he tng ng v i
16
16
16
x+y=
x
y
+
=
x + y =
x+2
x
2
+
x+2 .
16
( x + y )( 4 + xy ) =
32
. ( 4 + xy ) =
32
4 + xy = 2x + 4
x + 2
16
x =
0 x =
2x =
6
x + y =
.
x+2
=
y 8=
y 2
x ( y 2 ) =
0
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie

m la ( x;y )
=
( 0;8); ( 2;2 ); ( 2; 6 ) .
x 1 2 + 6 x 1 y + 4y 2 =
20
) ( )
(
.
2
x 2 + ( 2y + 1) =
2
Phan tch li giai: Cha tha y mo i lien he na o gi a hai phng trnh cu a he

ta th khai trie n ca c bie u th c tch va ha ng a ng thc ra xem sao? Nhan
tha y co nha n t chung x2 + 4y 2 ta s dung phe p the cho he nay.
Li giai
168
x 2 2x + 1 + 6xy 6y + 4y 2 =
20
20
2x + 1 + 1 4y + 6xy 6y =
.
2
2
2
2
1 4y
x + 4y =
2
x + 4y + 4y + 1 =
( 3x 5) y =+
x 9
.
1 4y
x2 + 4y2 =
5
3
5
Khi o vi x he tng ng v i:
3
Nha n thay x =
x+9
x+9
y=
3x 5
y =
3x 5
.
2
2
2 2x + 18
x 2 + 2y +=
1 2
( 1) 2 x + 3x 5 +=
x+9
y =
.
3x 5
9x 4 30x3 + 32x 2 + 190x + 119 =
0
x+9
y=
x = 1
3x 5
.
y = 1
( x + 1)2 9x 2 48x + 119 =

0
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) .

x3 + 2xy 2 =
5
.
2
2
2x + xy + y = 4x + y
Li giai
5 x3
2x
t phng trnh th nha t va thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
Nha n thay x = 0 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh, v i x 0 rut y2 =
2x 2 + xy +
5 x3
= 4x + y 3x3 8x2 + 5 + 2x2 y 2xy = 0 .
2x
( x 1) 3x 2 5x 5 + 2xy ( x 1) =0 ( x 1) 3x 2 5x 5 + 2xy =0 .
169
1 + 2y 2 =
5
V i x = 1 khi o he tr tha nh
y=
2.
2
2 + y + y = 4 + y
V i 3x2 5x 5 + 2xy khi o thay va o phng trnh th hai ta c

2x2
1
3x2 5x 5 + y2 = 4x + y .
2
x2 + 5x + 5 + 2y2 = 8x + 2y x 2 3x + 5 = 2y (1 y ) (1) .
2
3 11 11
Ve tra i x2 3x + 5 = x + .
2
4 4
2
1
1
Ve pha i 2y (1 y ) ( y + 1 y ) = .
2
2
T ay suy ra phng trnh (1) vo nghie m.
(1; 2 ); (1; 2 ) .
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m=

la ( x;y )
13y3 3x2 =
1
2
y + 4y + 1 = 5x + 4xy
Li giai
Nha n thay y =
y2 + 4y + 1
5
5
kho ng thoa man he , ne n vi y ru t x =
4 + 5y
4
4
t phng trnh th hai thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:

2
y2 + 4y + 1
y = 2
3
.
13y 3
1 . ( y 2 ) ( y + 2 ) 13y2 + 16y + 7 =0
=
4 + 5y
y
=
2
Va y he co hai nghie m la ( x;y=

)
(1; 2 ); (1;2 ) .
xy x + y =
2
.
2
3
2
x 4x + x + 18= 2y + 5y y
Li giai
x+2
Xe t x 1 ru t y =
t phng trnh au thay va o phng trnh th hai
x +1
3
x+2
x+2
x+2
cu a he ta c: x 4x +=
.
x + 18 2
+ 5

x +1
x +1
x +1
3
170
x =
x =
2
2,y =
2
x
x =
2
2,y
2
=
=
2
17
1 17
1 17 .
0 x 1 =
x2 2 x 2 x 4 ==
,y
x =
2
2
4
1 + 17
1 + 17
1 + 17
,y
=
=
x
x =
2
2
4
( x;y ) = 2; 2 ; 2; 2 ; 1 2 17 ; 1 4 17 ; 1 + 2 17 ; 1 + 4 17 .
)(
)(
Nhan xet: Xem the m mot so ba i toa n cung da ng nay c e ca p trong chu
e Ky thua t he so bat nh.
xy + x 1 =
3y
.
2
x
y
x
=
2y
(
)
Li giai
x 1
thay va o phng trnh th hai
Xe t x 3 t phng trnh au suy ra y =
3x
cu a he ta c:
2
x 1
x 1
5
4
3
2
x =
x 2
4x + 2 0 .
x 5x + 5x + 5x =
3
x
3
( x + 1) x 4 6x3 + 11x 2 6x + 2 =
0.
1
( x + 1) x 2 3x + 1 + 1 =0 x =1 y = .
2
1
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = 1; .
2
x ( y 3) 9y =
1
.
2
1
( x 1) y2 + 2y =
Li giai
Nha n thay y = 3 kho ng thoa man phng trnh t phng trnh a u cu a he suy
ra he phng trnh tng ng v i:
171
4 ( 2y + 1)
x ( y 3) ( y 3) = 8y + 4
x 1 = y 3
.
2
1
2 2
( x 1) y 2 + 2y =
1
( x 1) y + 2y =
4 ( 2y + 1)
x 1 =
4 ( 2y + 1)
y3
x 1 =
y3
.
2
2 2
4 ( 2y + 1) 2
( x 1) y + 2y =1 y 3 y + 2y + 1 =0
4 ( 2y + 1)
4 ( 2y + 1)
x = 2,y = 1
x 1 =
x 1 =
y3
x = 1,y = 1
2y + 1 16y2 2y + 1 + y 3 2 =
0
2
) ( ) ( ) 0 ( 2y + 1)( y + 1) =
(

( 2; 1); 1; 21 .
2 x + 2 2 =+
) y 19 .
(
2
2 ( y + 2 ) =+
x 1
Li giai
2
Rut x = 2 ( y + 2 ) 1 t phng trnh hai cua he the vao phng trnh au ta c:

2
2
2 2 ( y + 2 ) 1 + 2 = y + 19 8y 4 + 64y3 + 200y 2 + 287y + 143 = 0 .
( y + 1) 8y3 + 56y2 + 144y + 143 =

0.
y = 1
3 3 12081 277 .
,k =
7
10
k
y =
2

+
3 3k 6
x = 1, y = 1
1 10 k
7 10 k .
=
+

+
x
2
1,y =
3 3k 6
3 3k 6

1 10 k 2
k
3 12081 277
.
+ v i k = 3
( x;y ) =(1; 1); 2 3 3k + 6 1; 37 10
3k 6
2
172
4x2 y2 + xy2 + 4xy 3y3 + 1 =
7y 2
.
2
0
3xy 3y y + 1 =
Li giai
xy ( 4xy + y + 4 )= 7y2 + 3y3 1
Vie t la i he d i dang:
3y2 + y 1
xy =
3
2
2
3y + y 1 3y + y 1
+ y + 4 = 7y2 + 3y3 1
4.
3
3
y = 1
y = 1
6
( y 1)( 6y 1) 6y2 + 8y + 1 = 0
y = 4 + 10
y = 4 + 10
=
x 1,y
= 1
3
1
x =
,y =
2
6
5
4 + 10 .
x=
1
,y =
2
6
5
4 + 10
x =
1+
,y =
2
6
( x;y )= (1;1); 23 ; 61 ; 1 25 ; 4 + 6 10 ; 1 + 25 ; 4 +6 10
x y
8
2x + 4y + y + x =

.
4x + 1 + 1 =
6
x y
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
173
6x 4x 2 1
t phng trnh th hai va thay va o phng trnh a u cu a
x
he ta c:
Ru t y =
2x + 4.
6x 4x 2 1
x2
6x 4x 2 1
+
+
=
8.
x
6x 4x 2 1
x2
( x 1) 8x3 20x 2 + 24x 5 =

0.
x = 1
5 11
2
x =
3
+
6 6 3 3261 155
5 11
2
vi k =
3
+
6 6 3 3261 155
=
= 1
x 1,y
3 3261 155
6k 4k 2 1
x k,y
=
=
2
k
6
3 3261 155
2
.
6
6k 4k 2 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;1) ; k;
5 11
2
v i k =
3
+
6 6 3 3261 155
3 3261 155
2
.
6
xy 3x 2y =
6
.
2
8
x + y 2x 4y =
Li giai
3x + 6
t phng trnh au thay vao phng trnh th hai ta c:
Xet x 2 rut y =
x2
2
3x + 6
3x + 6
x2 +
=8 x 4 6x3 + x2 + 60x + 52 =0 .
2x 4.
x
2
x
x =
1 x =
1,y =
1
.
( x + 1)( x + 2 ) x 2 9x + 26 =0
2 x =
2,y =
0
x =
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; ( 2;0 ) .

x ( x + 2 )( 2x + y ) =
9
.
6
x2 + 4x + y =
174
Li giai
2
Cach 1: Ru t y =
x 4x + 6 t phng trnh th hai cu a he the va o phng
trnh a u ta c:
x ( x + 2 ) 2x x 2 4x + 6 =
9
x 4 + 4x3 2x 2 12x + 9 =
0.
x =
3 x =
3,y =
9
2
2
.
( x 1) ( x + 3) =0
x 1
x 1,y
= 1
=
=
x;y )
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la (=
(1;1) ; ( 3;9 ) .
x2 + 2x ( 2x + y ) =
9
)
(
.
x 2 + 2x + 2x + y =
6
a t u =
x2 + 2x,v =
2x + y khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u + v = 6
u = 3 x2 + 2x =
3 x = 1,y = 1
3,y =
9
3 2x + y =
9
3
uv =
v =
x =
x2 + xy =x + 2

.
2
2y
5
x
13x
26
+
+
=
Li giai
Xe t x 0 ru t y =
x + 2 x2
t phng trnh au the va o phng trnh th hai
x
cu a he ta c:
2

x + 2 x2
x 2
+ 5 + 13x 2 = 26 2x 4 + 9x3 x 2 18x + 8 = 0 .

=
x 1,y
= 2
x = 1
x 1=
=
,y
x = 1
2
2 .
( x 1)( 2x 1)( x + 2 )( x + 4 ) =0
2
2
2,y =
x = 2 x =
9
4,y =
x = 4 x =
2
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la=

( x;y )
(1;2 ); 21 ; 29 ; ( 2;2 ); 4; 29 .
Bai 9. (TSH Khoi D 2012) Giai he phng trnh :

175
xy + x 2 =
0
(1)
3
2
2
2
0
2x x y + x + y 2xy y =
(2)
Li giai
De tha y x = 0 khong tho a man he phng trnh.
2x
t (1) the va o (2) ta c:
Khi o ru t y =
x
2x3 x2 .
2x
2x
2x 2x
+ x2 +
=
0 .
2x.
x
x
x
x
2x5 + 2x 4 2x 2 6x + 4 = 0 2 ( x 1) x 4 + 2x3 + 2x 2 + x 2 = 0 .
( x 1) x2 + x
) + (x
)(
+ x 2 = 0 ( x 1) x2 + x + 2 x 2 + x 1 = 0 .
x = 1
x = 1
2

1 5 .
x
x
1
0
+
=
x
=
Suy ra ( x;y )
=
(1;1) ; 1 2
; 5 .

m la ( x;y )
=
(1;1) ; 1 2
x2 + 5x + y =
9
(1)
3
2
2
18
3x + x y + 2xy + 6x =
Li giai
2
Ru t y =9 x 5x t (1) thay va o (2) ta c:
; 5 .
(2)
x 4 + 4x3 5x2 18x + 18 =

0.
x = 3
.
( x 1)( x + 3) x2 + x 6 = 0 x = 1
x =1 7
)(
)(
Suy ra: ( x;y ) = ( 3;15) ; (1;3) ; 1 7;6 + 3 7 ; 1 + 7;6 3 7 .

( x;y ) = ( 3;15); (1;3); ( 1
176
7;6 + 3 7 ; 1 + 7;6 3 7 .
x2 + y2 xy =
1
.
3
2x = x + y
Li giai
Rut=
y 2x3 x t phng trnh th hai cua he thay vao phng trnh au ta c:
x2 + 2x3 x
)(
x 2x3 x = 1 4x6 6x 4 + 3x2 1 = 0 .
x =
1 x =
1,y =
1
.
x2 1 4x 4 2x 2 + 1 =0 x 2 =1
x 1
x 1,y
= 1
=
=
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; (1;1) .
x2 ( y + 1)( x + y + 1)= 3x2 4x + 1

.
xy + y + 1 =
x2
Li giai
2
x 1
t phng trnh th hai the vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:
x
x2 1 x2 1
+ x + 1= 3x2 4x + 1 .
x2
x x
Rut y =
=
x 1,y
= 0
x = 1
2
x ( x 1) ( x + 2 ) =0
3.
2,y =
x = 2 x =
2
(1;0 ); 2; 23 .

=
)
9y 4 xy 2 =12 4x
.
2
2 2
3
4x y x =
Li giai
9y 4 xy 2 =12 4x
9 4x2 3 x3 4x2 3 = (12 4x ) x 4
2
3
y = 4 2
y2= 4 3
x
x2
177
( x 1) 132x3 + 135x 2 81 =
132x 4 + 3x3 216x 2 + 81 =
0
0
.
2
3
3
y = 4 2
y 2= 4
x
x2
x = 1
y 1
132x3 + 135x 2 81 =
0.
2
3
y = 4 2

x
Do y2 0 4
3
x2
0 x
3
2
Khi o phng trnh 132x3 + 135x 2 81 =

0 vo nghiem vi x
( ) (1; 1) ; (1;1) .
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la x; y=
x + x2 y =+
y 2
.
2
2
12
( 2x + y ) + 3y =
Li giai
y x2 1 =2 x (1)
.
( 2x + y )2 + 3y 2 =
12 (2)
Ne u x = 1 thay va o (2) ta c:
(2 + y)
y = 1
.
+ 3y 2 = 12 4y 2 + 4y 8 = 0
y = 2
Suy ra=
( x;y )
(1;1) ; (1; 2 ) .
Ne u x = 1 thay va o (2) ta c:
(2 y)
y = 1
.
+ 3y 2 = 12 4y 2 4y 8 = 0
y = 2
Suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; ( 1;2 ) .

Ne u x 1 khi o ru t y =
178
2x
x2 1
t (1) the vao (2) ta c:
3
.
2
2
2x
2x
0
12 . x6 3x 4 x3 + 9x2 6x + 1 =
2x + 2
+ 3 2
=
x 1
x 1
x3 3x + 1
=
0 x3 3x + 1 =
0.
Ta xet nghiem x 2;2 , a=

t x 2 cost, t 0; phng trnh tr thanh:
1
2
2
8cos3 t 6 cos t + 1 =0 cos3t = t =
+ k ,k .
2
9
3
2 4 8
2
4
8
Do t 0; t ; =
cos ,x 2=
cos ,x 2 cos .
; x 2=
9
9
9
9 9 9
Do phng trnh bac ba co toi a ba nghiem nen ay la ba nghiem cua phng trnh.
Vay he phng trnh co bay nghiem la:
x;y ) (1;1) ; (1; 2 ) ; ( 1; 1) ; ( 1;2 ) ; 2 cos t;

(=
2 (1 cos t )
2 4 8
vi t ; ; .
2
cos t 1
9 9 9
x 4 4x 2 + y 2 6y + 9 =
0
(1)
.
2
2
0
(2)
x y + x + 2y 22 =
Li giai
Ru t y =
22 x
x2 + 2
t (2) thay va o (1) ta c:
2
16 x 2 4
22 x 2
4
2
2
2
3 =0 x x 4 +
=0 .
x 4x +
2
x2 + 2
x +2
x = 2
.
x2 4 x2 2 x 4 + 6x 2 + 32 =
0
x = 2
)(
)(
a p so. ( x;y ) =
( 2;3) ; 2;5 .
x 1 2 + 6 x 1 y + 4y 2 =
20
) ( )
(
.
2
x 2 + ( 2y + 1) =
2
Li giai
179
x2 + 4y 2 2x + 6 ( x 1) y =
1 4y 2x + 6 ( x 1) y =
19
19
.
1 4y
x 2 + 4y2 =
x 2 + 4y2 =
1 4y
x+9
Ru t y =
the va o phng trnh th hai tm c nghiem: ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) .
3x 5
6 1
y 3x 4
8x xy =
.
2
x3 4x2 y =
y
Li giai
Ru t y theo x t hai phng trnh cu a he ro i so sa nh v i nhau tm c
nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) .
x2 ( y + 1) = 6y 2
.
4 2
2 2
2
2
x y + 2x y + y x + 1= 12y 1
Li giai
)
(
2
2
2
2
2
x + 1 y + y x + 1= 13y 1
.
( y + 1) x2 + 1 = 7y 1
u2 v2 + uv= 13v2 1
a t u = x2 + 1,v = y, ( u 1) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
.
u ( v + 1) = 7v 1
7v 1
t phng trnh th hai cu a he thay va o phng trnh au cua
v +1
he ta c:
Ru t u =
1
v = 1
2
=
=
7v 1 2 7v 1
x 0,y
2
+
=
v
.v
13v
1
3 .
v = 1
v +1
v +1
1
2,y =
3 x =

( x;y ) 0; 13 ; 2;1 .
y2 4x 1 + 3= 5y2 12x 3
.
2
6
2y 3 2x =
180
Li giai
ie u kien:
Ru t y2 =
ta c:
1
3
x .
4
2
6
2 3 2x
t phng trnh th hai cu a he thay vao phng trnh a u,
( 6 4x )( 4x 1) 5 =0 .
6 4x t 2 = 5 + 2 ( 6 4x )( 4x 1) , ( t > 0 ) .
4x 1 + 6 4x +
a t t = 4x 1 +
Phng trnh tr thanh: t +
t = 3
t2 5
.
5 = 0 t 2 + 2t 15 = 0
2
t = 5
Suy ra t = 3 4x 1 + 6 4x = 3 5 + 2
1
x =
x = 2
y = 5
x =
( 6 4x )( 4x 1) = 9 .
1
3
,y =
2
2 .
5
,y = 3
4
; 3 ; 5 ; 3 .
2
2 4
1 y 2 =
4xy
.
2
4
3
+
=
4x
y
4xy
1
Li giai
Xe t y 0 ru t x =
1 y2
t phng trnh au thay va o phng trnh th hai cua
4y
2
1 y2
1 y2 3
0
he ta c: 4
1 . y2 1 8y 4 + 5y 2 1 =
+ y4 4
y =
4y
4y
)(
x = 0,y = 1
y
1
=
1
y =
.
x = 0,y = 1
57 5
21 57
57 5
x =
,y =
y =
4
16 57 5
181
x;y
0;
1
;
0;1
;
( ) ( ) ( ) 21 57 ;
16 57 5
57 5
.
x3 y + x3 + xy + x =
1
3 2
3
8
4x y + 4x 8xy 17x =
Li giai
Xe t x 0 khi o he phng trnh tng ng v i:
x3 + x ( y + 1) =
1
4x3 y 2 + 4x3 8xy 17x =

8
1
=
1
y
3
x +x
2
4x3 1 1 + 4x3 8x 1 1 17x =
8
x3 + x
x3 + x
1
1
1
1
y=
y =
3
3
x +x
x +x
2
2
x 8x6 + 7x 4 10x
x x2 1 8x 4 + 15x
=
5 0
=
+5 0
3
x2 = 1
1,y =
x =
2.
1
1
=
y
1
x3 + x
x = 1,y = 2
3
1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = 1; ; 1; .
2
2
)(
3
3
= ( x 1) x + 2 + 1
.
Bai 22. Gia i he phng trnh y
2
y = x + x + 1
Li giai
3
ie u kien: y 0,x 2 .
The y = x2 + x + 1 t phng trnh hai vao phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
3=
182
( x 1)
3
x3 + 2 + 1 .
x3 + 2 phng trnh tr thanh:
a=
t u
( u 3) ( u + 1) u + u 3u 6=
( u 2 ) ( u + 3u + 3) = 0 u = 2
3=
x3 + 2 = 2 x = 3 2 y = 3 4 + 3 2 + 1 .
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y

=
)
2; 3 4 + 3 2 + 1 .
x3 + xy 2 =
0
.
3
0
y + 3xy + 3 =
Li giai
Xe t x 0 khi o t phng trnh a u cu a he ta co y =
Thay y =
2 x3
.
x
2 x3
va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
x
3
3
2 x3
2 x3
+ 3 = 0 x3 1 = 7 .
+ 3x.
x
x
x 3 1=
7 x=
1+ 3 7 y=
1 3 7
3
1+ 3 7
1 3 7
3
3
.
=
+
1
7
;
)
3
3
1 + 7
Nhan xet: Dang he na y c nha c t i trong chu e Co ng tr va nhan theo

theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ca c em theo do i.
2x2 y + 3xy = 4x 2 + 9y
2
7y + 6= 2x + 9x
Li giai
Nha n thay 2x2 + 3x 9 =
0 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
Ru t y =
4x2
2x2 + 3x 9
hai ta c:
t phng trnh a u cu a he thay va o phng trnh th
183
7.
4x2
2
2x + 3x 9
0
+ 6= 2x2 + 9x ( x + 2 )( 2x 1) 2x2 + 9x 27 =
16
2,y =
x =
x = 2
7
1
1
1
x =
x =,y =
2
2
7
9 3 33
9 3 33
x =
,y 3
=
x =
4
4
( x;y ) = 2; 167 ; 21 ; 17 ; 9 43
33
; =3 .
x 4 y2 4xy + y 2 =
1
.
2
1
2x 2x + y =
Li giai
x 4 y2 4xy + y 2 =
1
2
2x + 2x 1
y =
) (
4
2
2
2
x 2x + 2x 1 4x 2x + 2x 1 + 2x + 2x 1
y =
2x 2 + 2x 1
1
=
.
x 4 4x 4 8x3 + 8x2 4x + 5 =
0
y =
2x2 + 2x 1
2
4
2
2
0
x = 0
x 4 x x + ( 2x 1) + 4 =
.

y = 1
2
2x + 2x 1
y =

)
( 0; 1) .
x + y =
1

2x + 3y + 25 .
( 4 x )(13 y ) =
2x + y + 2
184
Li giai
ie u kien: ( 4 x )(13 y ) 0,2x + y + 2 0 .
Rut y = 1 x t phng trnh au va the vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
( 4 x )(12 + x ) = xx ++ 328 ( x + 3) ( 4 x )( x + 12 ) = 28 x .
( x + 3)( 28 x ) 0
( x + 3)( 28 x ) 0
2
2
2
2
0
( x + 3) ( 4 x )( x + 12 ) = ( 28 x )
( x + 6x 22 )( x + 8x 16 ) =
x = 31 3
x = 31 3,y = 4 31
.
x = 4 2 4 x = 4 2 4,y = 5 4 2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m:
( x;y )=
)(
31 3;4 31 ; 4 2 4;5 4 2 .
2x3 + y ( x + 1) =
4x 2
.
4
6
2
y
5x 4x =
Li giai
Ru t y =
4x2 2x3
t phng trnh a u thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ,
x +1
2
4x2 2x3
ta c: 5x 4x =
.
x +1
x 0 =
x 0,y
=
= 0
4
2
x ( x 1)( 2x 1) 2x + 7x + 11 =0 x =1 x =1,y =1 .
1
1
1
=
=
,y
x
x =
2
2
2
.
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; (1;1) ; ; .
2 2
x2 2xy + x + y =
0
.
4
2
2
2
0
x 4x y + 3x + y =
Li giai
1
Nha n thay x = kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
2
185
Xe t x
1
x2 + x
t phng trnh a u cu a he suy ra y =
.
2
2x 1
Thay y =
x2 + x
2x 1
2
x2 + x
x2 + x
+ 3x2 +
x 4x .
0.
=
2x 1
2x 1
x 0 =
x 0,y
=
= 0
x ( x 1)( x 2 ) 2x + 1 =0 x =1 x =1,y =2 .
x 2 =
x 2,y
=
= 2
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; (1;2 ) ; ( 2;2 ) .

x 4 + 2x3 y 2x2 y2 12xy3 + 8y 4 + 1 =
0
.
3
4
1
2x y + y =
Li giai
x 4 + 4x3 y 2x 2 y2 12xy3 + 9y 4 =
0.
x2 + 2xy 3y2
0
x2 + 2xy 3y2 =
0.
=
Ta gia i he phng trnh:
1
1
y = x
x=
,y =
4
4
x + 2xy 3y =
0
3
3
.
x = 3y
3
4
1
1
1
2x y + y =
3
4
,y
x 4=
1 =
4
2x y + y =
3
3
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m:=

( x;y ) 41 ; 41 ; 41 ; 41 .
3
3
3 3
xy +=
3 y x2 + 3
.
y2 + 4x + 2 ( x 1) x2 2x + 4= 2x 2 + 5
Li giai
2
3
y x + 3 x =
.
y 2 + 4x + 2 x 1 x 2 2x + 4= 2x 2 + 5
( )
186
y= x2 + 3 + x
y2 + 4x + 2 ( x 1) x2 2x + 4= 2x 2 + 5
y= x2 + 3 + x
2
x + x2 + 3 + 4x + 2 ( x 1) x2 2x + 4= 2x 2 + 5
y= x2 + 3 + x
4x 2 + 2x x2 + 3 + 2 ( x 1) x 2 2x + 4 =
0 (1)
Xe t phng trnh (1):

4x 2 + 2x x 2 + 3 + 2 ( x 1) x 2 2x + 4 =
0.
x + x x2 + 3 =1 x + (1 x )
( x 1)
+ 3 (2) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t + t t 2 + 3 tre n , ta co :
f '(t) = 1 + t 2 + 3 +
t2
2
t +3
> 0, t ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren .
1
1 + 13
V vay (2) f(x) =f(1 x) x =1 x x = y =
.
2
2
1 1 + 13
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ;
.
2

y =
y =
x + x2 + 3
x + x2 + 3
2
2 .
2

2
= 1 x 2 + 3 + 1 x
2
2
y=
+
+
+
+
1
x
3
1
x
x
x
3
)
)
(
(
Nha n xe t: x + x2 + 3 > 0,
2
x + x2 + 3 =
(1 x )
+ 3 + 1 x > 0 do o
2
2
(1 x ) + 3 + 1 x x + x2 + 3=
(1 x )
+ 3 +1 x
1
1 + 13
.
x =1 x x = y =
2
2
x2 + 3y =
9
.
2
0
y + 4 ( 2x 3) y 48y 48x + 155 =
187
Li giai
Rut y =
9x
t phng trnh au thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
3
4
9 x2
9 x2
9 x2
48x + 155 =
0.
+ 4 ( 2x 3)
48.
3
3
3
x 4 18x2 + 36x 18 =0 x 4 =18 ( x 1) .
3
9+6 2
x =
=
x 3 2 ( x 1)
2
2
.
x2 =
3
2
x
1
(
)
3
96 2
x
2
2
Chu e 6.
KY THUAT PHAN TCH THANH NHAN T

F(x,y) = 0
.
He co dang
G(x,y) = 0
Trong o co mo t phng trnh cua he a c ve phng trnh tch.
Chang han F(x,y) = f(x,y).g(x,y) la mot a thc phan tch c thanh nhan t.
Tho ng thng F(x,y) la phng trnh ba c hai hai a n hoa c la phng trnh
a ng ca p tm c mi lien he gi a ca c bie n trong phng trnh.
Mo t so tch hay ga p:
a + b =1 + ab ( a 1)( b 1) =0
au + bv = ab + uv ( a v )( b u ) = 0

f(x,y).g(x,y)
f(x,y) 0=
g(x,y) 0
= 0=
.
=
=
G(x,y) 0
G(x,y) 0=
G(x,y) 0
Phng pha p phan tch thanh nha n t o i v i phng trnh ba c hai hai an
Phng trnh ba c hai hai an co da ng:
F(x,y) = ax2 + bxy + cy 2 + dx + ey + f = 0 .
Vie t la i phng trnh d i da ng: ax2 + ( by + d ) x + cy2 + ey + f =

0.
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai an x va tham so la y ta c:
=
188
( by + d )
4 cy2 + ey + =
f
( my + p )
( by + d ) + my + p
x =
2a
Suy ra
.
( by + d ) my p
x =
2a
( by + d ) + my + p
( by + d ) my p
x
.
Do o F(x,y) =
a x
2a
2a

( by + d ) + my + p
( by + d ) my p
x
=
0
a x
.
2a
2a

G(x,y) = 0
o i v i phng trnh a ng ca p ba c cao ca c em xem them he a ng ca p trong

cu ng cuo n sa ch.
Chu y: Da u hie u nha n biet a ve tch oi vi phng trnh cu a he.
- He co mo t phng hoa c hai phng trnh ba c hai(nhng nh la co the la
2
ba c bon hoa c ba c sa u v ba ng phe p a=
t x t=
,x t 3 a phng trnh ba c hai
ve phng trnh ba c cao hn).

- He co phng trnh ang ca p.
- He co mo t phng trnh co da ng tch uv Av Bu + AB =
0.
- He co mo t phng trnh la ha ng ang th c da ng ...
- He co mo t phng trnh ch a ca n( th ng a ve nha n t chung ba ng
php t n ph; phe p nhan lie n hp hoa c a nh gia ha m so ).
Nhan xet. Ngoa i ra ne u tha nh thao s du ng ma y tnh cam tay ta phan tch
phng trnh tha nh nha n t het s c n gia n:
Mo t v du phan tch thanh nha n t ba ng ma y tnh Bo tu i:
x3 3x2 + 2 y2 3 y =
0 (1).
Ta ca n tm mo i lien he gi a x va y tho ng thng se chu ng se co dang tuye n

.
tnh
+ Bc 1: Nhap vao may so 1000 va lu vao bien nh A(SHIFT + STO + A).

+ Bc 2: Nhap va o may tnh phng trnh (1) v i chu y a u co y ta thay
ba ng bien nh A v a lu.
+ Bc 3: Gia i nghie m tren ma y (SHIFT + SOLVE).
+ Bc 4: Ma y hie n ke t qua 1000 t c la
.
189
Va y ta vie t la i phng trnh di dang:
Nh vay ne u s du ng thanh thu c ma y tnh Bo tui ca c ba i toa n s du ng tnh

n ie u cu a ha m so vie c tm ra ha m a c trng kha n gia n.
B. BAI TAP MAU
Li giai
5x2 y 4xy2 + 3y3=

5x2 y 4xy2 + 3y3=
2(x + y) 0
2(x + y) 0
2
2
2
2
2 0
2xy 0 ( xy 1) x 2 + y 2 =
xy x + y + 2 x + y =
xy = 1
2
5x2 y 4xy2 + 3y3 2 ( x + y ) =
0
2
3
0
5x y 4xy + 3y 2 ( x + y ) =
xy = 1
x2 + y2 =
2
2
2
2
2
x + y =
2
3
0
5x y 4xy + 3y 2 ( x + y ) =
xy = 1

5x2 y2 4xy.y2 + 3y 4 2 xy + y2 =
0
x2 + y2 =
2
2
3y x + y2 + 2x2 y 4xy2 2 ( x + y ) =
0

190
x = 1
xy = 1
y = 1
4
2
0
3y 6y + 3 =
x = 1
2

2
2
x + y =
y = 1
x2 + y2 =
6y + 2x 2 y 4xy 2 2 ( x + y ) =
0
2

(1 xy )( 2y x ) =
0
x = 1
2 10
2 10
=
x
x =
=
y
1
5
5 .

x = 1
10
10
y=
y=
y = 1
5
5
( x;y ) =( 1; 1) ; (1;1) ; 2 510 ;
10 2 10
10
;
;
.
5
5
5
y2 =(5x + 4)(4 x)
.
2
2
y
5x
4xy
16x
8y
16
0
+
=
Li giai
Vie t la i phng trnh th hai cu a he d i dang:
y2 (4x + 8)y 5x2 + 16x + 16 =
0.
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai v i an la y ta c
y= (4x + 8)2 4 5x2 + 16x + 16 = 36x 2 .
4x + 8 + 6x
y
= 5x + 4
=
2
.
Suy ra
y= 4x + 8 6x= 4 x
TH1: V i =
y 5x + 4 , thay va o phng trnh a u cu a he ta c
x = 0 y = 4
.
x(5x + 4) =0
4
x =
y=
0
TH2: V i y= 4 x , thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c
191
x = 0 y = 4
.
x(4 x) =0
x = 4 y = 0

m la ( x;y )
=
( 0;4 ) , ( 4;0 ) , 45 ;0 .
Nhan xet: a y la da ng he phng trnh ba c hai hai a n a c ba n t i ta

hoa n toan x ly bang phng pha p a trnh ba y trong chu e tr c.
x3 4y3 = 6x2 y 9xy2
.
2
x + y + x y =
Li giai
x + y 0
ie u kien:
.
x y 0
Nhan xet: He co phng trnh a u la phng trnh a ng ca p nen ta x ly

phng trnh na y tr c tien.
x3 4y3= 6x2 y 9xy2 ( x 4y ) x2 2xy + y2 = 0 .
x = 4y
2
.
( x 4y )( x y ) =0
x = y
TH1: Ne u x = y thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

2x = 2 x = 2 y = 2 .

3y + 5y = 2 y = 8 2 15 x = 32 8 15 .
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y )=
( 2;2 ); ( 32 8
15;8 2 15 .
xy + x + y = x 2 2y 2
.
Bai 4. (TSH Khoi D 2008) Giai he phng trnh
x 2y y x 1= 2(x y)
Li giai
Nhan xet: Ro ra ng phng trnh th hai ch a ca n co da ng ph c ta p ta kho ng
x ly c g nen tap trung nghien cu phng trnh au cua he co dang bac hai.
192
x = y
( x + y ) ( x + y ) 3y2 3xy = 0 ( x + y )( x 2y 1) = 0 =x
2y + 1
Do x 1,y 0 ne n x = y vo ly.
Va y =
x 2y + 1 thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
( 2y + 1) 2y y 2y = 2y + 2 ( y + 1) ( 2y 2 ) = 0 y = 2 (do y 0 ).
Suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 5;2 ) la nghiem cua he phng trnh.
.
Li giai
ie u kien:
Th c hien tng t ca c bai toa n tren ta vie t la i phng trnh au cu a he d i

.
da ng:
+ TH1: Ne u
thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
.
.
.
+ TH2: Ne u

.
.
.
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la
.
193
Nhan xet: Nh va y mau cho t cua ba i toa n la a ve gia i mo t phng trnh
vo ty ba ng phep nha n lien h p. Ca c nam ga n ay Bo giao du c va o a o ta o
ra t hay a ba i toan gia i he phng trnh ve mo t ba i toan gia i phng trnh
vo ty ba ng ca ch nha n lien hp. e chi tie t them ve phng pha p ba n oc
tham kha o Cuo n Nhng ieu can biet LTH Ky thuat giai nhanh Phng
trnh, bat phng trnh vo ty cu ng ta c gia .
3
2
1 x + xy + 3 =
y3
x 2
2
.
2
1
4
( xy + 2 ) + 2 = 2y +
x
x
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0 .
Phng trnh th hai cua he tng ng v i:
( xy + 2 )
Thay =
y
x2
1
x
= 2.
xy + 2
1
1
1 2
xy + 2 = 0 xy + 2 = 0 y =
x
x
x
x2 x
2
va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:
x
3
1 x2
1 2 3 1 2
+ x 2 + = 2 .
x2
x x x
x
x
x ( x 2 ) 3x 4 + 4x3 + 2x 2 12x + 6 = 0
x= 2 y=
x0
3
.
4
Do 3x 4 + 4x3 + 2x 2 12x + 6 > 0, x .

) 2; 34 .
x2 + 2x + xy 1 2 =
(
) 2x2 y .
x3 y3 + 3xy2 7y3 =
1
Li giai
Phng trnh th hai nha t cu a he tng ng v i:
2
x 2 + 2x + x 2 y 2 2xy + 1 2x 2 y = 0 ( xy x ) 2 ( xy x ) + 1 = 0 .
2
( xy x 1) = 0 xy x 1 = 0 y =
phng trnh).
194
x +1
(do x = 0 kho ng tho a ma n he
x
Thay y =
x +1
x
2
3
2
3
1 x3 ( x + 1) + 3x2 ( x + 1) 7 ( x + 1) =
x3
( x + 1) + 3x x x+ 1 7 x x+ 1 =
x ( x + 1) + 1 = 8 ( x + 1) x 2 + x + 1 = 2 ( x + 1) .
1 5
1 5
1 5
=
=
,y
x
x =
2
2
2 .
x2 x 1 = 0
1+ 5
1+ 5
1+ 5
=
=
,y
x
x =
2
2
2
( x;y ) = 1 2 5 ; 1 2 5 ; 1 +2 5 ; 1 +2 5 .
2
8xy
2
16
x + y + x y =
+

.
2
2x
x3 x 2 y
x
+
8y + 3 =
3y 4 2
Li giai
ie u kien: x + y 0,y 0,
x
x2
+
0.
3y 4

x2 2x y
+
+ =
8y 3 2
x3 x 2
x 2 4x + 3y
+
+
=
3y 4
8y
6
x2
3y
x 2 4x + 6y
x
+
=
2
.
3y
4
8y
8
x2 4x + 3y
x2 4x + 3y
x2 4x + 6y
+ =
=
4 .
0.
8y
8y
6
8y
8
6
x = 6y
x2 4x + 3y
2
.
=
3x=
2y ( 4x + 3y )
8y
6
3x = 2y
TH1: Ne u x = 6y thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:
28
168
28
y=
x=
,y =
48y
37
37
37 .
36y2 + y2 +
= 16
7y
4
24
4
=
=
,y
y 7
x =
7
7
2
195
TH2: Ne u 3x = 2y thay va o phng trnh a u cua he suy ra:
( x;y ) =
( 8;12 ); 138 ; 12
.
13
o i chie u la i ieu kie n ch nha n hai nghie m ( x;y ) =

( 8;12 ); 247 ; 47 .
( 8;12 ); 247 ; 47 .
x 5 + 2y 4 = x y + 1

2.
8
y
x
2
4
8y
y
x
( )
( )
Li giai
8 xy 2y + 4 8y = x2 2xy + y2 4 ( xy 2y ) + 8 xy 2 + 4 =
2 xy 2y + 2
=( x + y ) 2 xy 2y + 2 =x + y
(do 2 xy 2y + 2 > 0,x + y > 0 ).

V vay he phng trnh tr tha nh:
0
2 xy 2y + 2 = x + y
x 2 2 y ( x 2 ) + y =
.
x 5 + 2y 4 = x y + 1 x 5 + 2y 4 = x y + 1
x 2 =y
0
x2 y =
.
x 5 + 2y 4 = x y + 1 x 5 + 2y 4 = x y + 1
y= x 2
y= x 2
x = 6
.
3 y = 4
x 5 + 2y 4 = x y + 1 x 5 + 2x 8 =

3y2 + 1 + 2 x +=
1) y 4y x 2 + 2y + 1
(
.
y ( y x ) =3 3x
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x + 2y + 1 0 .
196
(x + y)
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he vie t la i d i da ng:
4y2 4y x 2 + 2y + 1 + x 2 + 2y + 1 = x 2 2xy + y 2 .
2y x2 + 2y + 1 = x y
2
2
2
.
2y x + 2y + 1 = ( x y )
+
+
=
2y
x
2y
1
y
x
TH1: Ne u 2y x2 + 2y + 1 = x y ke t hp v i phng trnh th hai ta co he

phng trnh:
3y x 0
3y x 0
3y x= x2 + 2y + 1
2
9y 6xy 2y 1 =
0 9y2 6xy 2y 1 =0
2
2
y ( y x ) =3 3x
0
0
y xy + 3x 3 =
3y 2y 18x + 17 =
x = 1
3y x 0
y = 1
3y 2y + 17
9y2 y.
2y 1 = 0 x = 62 + 4 178 .
3
3y 2y + 17
y = 13 + 178
x =
18
TH2: Ne u 2y x2 + 2y + 1 = y x ke t hp v i phng trnh th hai ta co he

phng trnh:
x + y 0
=
x 1,y
= 1
x + y= x 2 + 2y + 1
y + 2xy 2y 1 = 0
2
1 + 10 .
=
=
x
,y
y ( y x ) =3 3x
2
0
3
3
y xy + 3x 3 =
( x;y ) = (1;1); 62 + 49 178 ; 13 + 3 178 ; 23 ; 1 + 3 10 .
( x + y + 1) x y + 2y + 2 =
0

, ( x,y ) .
2
2
x + 2 ( x y 3) = y + 2
Phan tch tm li giai: Ta se pha n tch phng trnh a u cu a he suy ngh t
a2 + b
x
=
=
a
xy
2 .
nhie n nha t la a t
,(a 0)
b a2
b= x + y
y
=
2
197
Khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he tr tha nh:
( b + 1) a + b a2 + 2 =0 a2 ( b + 1) a b 2 =0 (1)
Ta co (1) la phng trnh ba c 2 cua a co a =
b + 1 ( b + 3)
( b + 1)
+ 4 ( b + 2) =
b +1+ b + 3
= b+2.
2
2
Do vay vie t la i phng trnh th nha t d i da ng:
Suy ra a =
( b + 3)
= 1 hoa c a=
( a + 1)( a b 2 ) = 0 (
)(
xy xy2 = 0.
x y +1
Li giai
(
(
)(
x+y+2 xy
x + y + 2 = x y
x y +1 =
0
2
2
2
x
2
x
y
3
y
2
+
=
+
(
)
x + 2 ( x y 3) = y + 2
x2 y2 = ( x y ) x y 2
x2 + 2 ( x y 3) = y2 + 2
2
3
2
y =x ( x y ) + 2 ( x y )
.
3
2
2
x + 2 ( x y 3) = x + 2 ( x y ) + 2 ( x y )
2
3
2
y =x ( x y ) + 2 ( x y )
.
x 2 ( x y 4 ) + ( x y )3 8 =
0
2
3
2
y =x ( x y ) + 2 ( x y )
2 xy+2 xy +4
( x y 4 ) x +
=
0
+
x
y
2
x=
x 3
y 4 =
.
2
x + y =
y =1

)
( 3; 1) .
Nhan xet. Ca ch kha c xem chu e Ky thua t a t a n phu da ng to ng hieu.

198
Bai 1. (TSH Khoi D 2012) Giai he phng trnh:
xy + x 2 =
0
.
3
2
2
2
0
2x x y + x + y 2xy y =
Li giai
Ba i toa n na y a c nhac e n trong chu e phng pha p the. Tinh y ta phan
tch c phng trnh th hai cua he d i da ng:
y = x2
.
x2 y ( 2x y + 1) = 0
y 2x + 1
=
Xet tng trng hp ket hp vi phng trnh au cua he tm c cac nghiem:
( x;y ) =(1;1) ; 1 +2 5 ;
1 + 5
5 ;
; 5.
y2 =+
( x 8) x2 + 2

.
y2 ( 8 + 4x ) y 5x2 + 16x + 16 =
0
Li giai
y2

2 ( x 8) x2 + 2
y=
y =+
2
0
( y 5x 4 )( y + x 4 ) =
y
y
=
=+
( x 8) x2 + 2
x 0,y
=
= 4
4x
2,y =
x=
6
.
x =
2
=
5,y
9
=+
( x 8) x + 2
=
= 99
x 19,y
5x + 4
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m ( x;y ) =
( 0;4 ); ( 2;6 ); ( 5;9 ); (19;99 ) .
x2 3x = y2 y 2

( x + y ) x2 4x + 5 = ( 2 x )
(x + y)
+1
Li giai
2
y= x 1
1
3
.
x 3x + 2 =y y y = x
2
2
y= 2 x
2
199
Xe t t ng trng h p va thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he tm c ca c
nghiem: ( x;y ) = ( 0;2 ) ; (1;0 ) .
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;0 ) ; ( 2;0 ) .

x2 + 2y + 3 + 2y 3 =
0
.
2
3
3
2
0
2 x + 2y + 3y ( x + 1) + 6x + 6x + 2 =
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x + 2y + 3 0 .
2
2x3 + 6x 2 + 6x + 2 + 4y3 + 3y ( x + 1) =
0.
3
2
2
2 ( x + 1) + 3y ( x + 1) + 4y3 =0 ( x + 1 + 2y ) 2 ( x + 1) y ( x + 1) + 2y2 =0
2y = x 1
2y =x 1
x = 1 .
2
2
2 ( x + 1) y ( x + 1) + 2y =
0
y = 0
TH1: Ne u ( x;y ) =
( 1;0 ) th lai thay khong thoa man.
TH2: Ne u 2y =x 1 thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:

x2 x + 2 =x + 4 x =
14
5
y= .
9
8
14 5
9 8
x3 + 2x2 y 3xy2 + xy + x
=
2y 2y 2 ( 5y + 1)

.
2
2
2
x + 17y + 12 = 4 ( x + y + 7 ) x + 3x + 8y + 5
Li giai
( x 2y ) ( x2 + 4xy + 5y2 + y + 1) =0 .
2
( x 2y ) ( x + 2y ) + y2 + y + 1 = 0 x = 2y .

200
( 4y
) (
+ 17y + 12 = 4 ( 3y + 7 ) 4y 2 + 14y + 5 4y 2 + 11y 2 = 0 .
11 + 3 17
11 + 3 17
11 + 3 17
,y =
y =
x =
8
4
8
.
4y 2 + 11y 2 = 0
11 + 3 17
11 + 3 17
11 + 3 17
,y
=
=
y
x =
8
4
8
11 + 3 17 11 + 3
;
( x;y ) =
4
8
17 11 + 3 17 11 + 3 17
;
;
.
4
8
)(
x2 + 9 x 2 + 9y = 22 y 1 2
( ) .

x 2 =
2 4y y + 1
Li giai
ie u kien: y 1 .
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he c vie t la i d i dang:
( x + 9) ( x + 9 + 9 ( y 1=)) 22 ( y 1) .
( x + 9 ) + 9 ( y 1) ( x + 9 ) 22 ( y 1) =
0 (1) .
2
Coi (1) la phng trnh bac hai v i an la x2 + 9 va tham so la y , ta c:
=
x2 + 9
81( y 1) + 4.22 ( y 1) = 169 ( y 1) .
2
Suy ra x=
2y 11 hoa c x2 =
11y + 2 .
2
TH1: Ne u x=
2y 11 thay va o phng trnh th hai ta c:
2y 13
= 4y y + 1 .
Phng trnh na y vo nghiem v e phng trnh co nghiem ta co

2y 13 0 y
13
4y y + 1 > 2y > 2y 13 .
2
TH2: Ne u x2 =
11y + 2 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
11y =
4y y + 1 y =
0 x2 =
2x=
2.
2;0 .
201
x + y =
2
.
2
4x + y = 5 ( 2x y ) xy
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
Ro rang he na y co mo t phng trnh ba c nha t ne n ta co the x ly ba ng phep
the . Tuy nhie n ne u e y phng trnh th hai:
2
4x2 + y2= 5 ( 2x y ) xy ( 2x y ) 5 ( 2y y ) xy + 4xy= 0 .

2x y xy =
0
.
2x y xy 2x y 4 xy = 0
2x y 4 xy =
0
)(
T i a y th c hie n xe t trng h p va the t phng trnh au va o hai phng

25 + 8 6 28 8 6
trnh tre n de da ng tm c nghiem ( x;y ) = (1;1) ;
;
.
25
25
) (
( x y ) x2 + xy + y2 + 3= 3 x 2 + y 2 + 2
.
4 x + 2 + 16 3y = x2 + 8
Li giai
ie u kien: x 2,y
16
.
3

3
x3 y3 + 3 ( x y ) = 3x2 + 3y2 + 2 ( x 1) = ( y + 1) x = y + 2 .

2
4 y + 4 + 16 3y = ( y + 2 ) + 8 .
e gia i phng trnh vo ty tre n ta du ng ky thua t nha n lien h p tm c

nghiem y = 0,y = 3 .
He phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x;y
=
)
( 2;0 ); ( 1; 3) .
3y2 + 1 + 2 x +=
( 1) y 4y x2 + 2y + 1 .

y ( y x ) =3 3y
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x + 2y + 1 0 .
202
4y2 4y x 2 + 2y + 1 + x 2 + 2y + 1 = x 2 2xy + y 2 .
2y x2 + 2y + 1 = x y
2
2
.
2y x 2 + 2y + 1 = ( x y )
2y x + 2y + 1 = y x
Xe t tr ng hp va ke t h p v i phng trnh th hai cua he tm c

17
; .
( x;y ) = (1;1); 415
51 3
415 17
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;1) ;
; .
51 3
x2 + y2 + x =
3
.
2xy
2
+
=
x
4y
1
x + y 1
ie u kien: x + y 1 0 .
( x + y 1) ( x2 4y2 ) + x + y + 2xy + 1 =0 .
x + 2y 1 =
0
( x + 2y 1) x2 xy 2y2 + y + 1 = 0 2
.
2
0
x xy 2y + y + 1 =
Xe t tr ng h p tm c ca c nghiem cua he phng trnh la

1 + 2 14 3 + 14
;
;
5
5

11 17
x;y ) (1;1) ; (1; 1) ; ( 2; 1) ; ; ;
(=
10 10
1 + 2 14 3 14
;
5
5
y + 3 = x2 x y 3
.
Bai 11. Gia i he phng trnh y
=
+
12
x
3
2
4y
x
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0,y 3,4y x 0 .
203
2
2
y + 3 + 1 = x 1
y + 3 + y + 3 = x2 x
2
2
.

2
3 ( 4y x ) = x 2x 4y x
4y x x =
0
4y x + x
)(
Ba n o c t chia tr ng hp va gia i tiep tm c:
( x;y ) = ( 3;1); 1 6145 ; 19 18145 .

2
2xy
2
=
1
x + y +
x+y
.
x + y = x2 y
Li giai
ie u kien: x + y > 0 .
x y.
( x + y ) ( x2 + y2 ) + 2xy =+
2
0.
( x + y ) ( x + y ) 2xy + 2xy x y =
( x + y )( x + y 1)( x + y + 1) 2xy ( x + y 1) =
0.
x + y =
1
( x + y 1) x2 + y2 + x + y = 0 2
.
2
0
x + y + x + y =
V x + y > 0 x 2 + y 2 + x + y > 0 do o x + y =
1.
x = 1
x + y =
1
y = 0 .
2
x = 2
x + y = x y
y = 3

( x;y )
(1;0 ); ( 2;3) .
2
2xy
2
=
1
x + y +
x+y
.
x + y = x3 y 2
204
Li giai
Th c hie n tng t ba i tren a ve gia i he phng trnh:
y = 1 x
x + y =
1
x = 1
y= 1 x
.
3
3
2
2
2
0
0
y = 0
x (1 x ) 1 =
( x 1) x + 2 =
x y = x + y
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = (1;0 ) .
2 x2 y 4 + 2xy 2 y 4 + 1= 2 3 2 x y 2

.
x y2 + x =
3
Li giai
ie u kien: x y2 0,x2 y 4 + 2xy2 y 4 + 1 0 .
( xy + 1)
2
) )
y 4 = 2 1 + xy 2 3 2 y 2 .
Nha n tha y y = 0 kho ng tho a ma n he phng trnh ne n chia hai ve phng

trnh tre n cho y2 va a t t =
xy 2 + 1
y2
ta c:
t 3 2
t 2 1 = 2t 2 3 2
2
2
t 1= 4t 8t 3 2 + 4 3 2
Va y he phng trnh tng ng v i:

x = 2
2
1
xy2 + 1
y =
=3
y = 1
3x
2
y
.
x= 4 2
1
2
3 x
3 x 3 x =
x y + x =
2 +1
y =
) (
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la

( x;y ) =( 2; 1); ( 2;1); 4 2; 2 + 1 ; 4 2;
t = 3.
2 + 1 .
x3 2y3 + 3 ( x 2y =
) 3xy ( x y )
.
3
2
2x + 1
2x = 1 + 4y 3x
Li giai
1
ie u kien: x .
2
205
( x 2y ) x 2 xy + y 2 + 3 ( x =
( x 2y ) x 2 xy + y 2 =
+3 0
2y ) 0
2x3 = 1 + 4y 3x 2 2x + 1
2x3 = 1 + 4y 3x 2 2x + 1
x = 2y
3
2x = 1 + 2x 3x2
x = 2y
x + 2x + 1
)(
2
x = 2y
3
2
2x + 1
2x + 3x 2x + 1
2x + 1
=
0
x = 2y

x + 2x + 1 =
0
2x + 2x + 1 =
0
0
2x + 2x + 1 =
x =
1 2,y =
22 2
1 5
1 5 .
,y
=
x =
4
2
( x;y ) =
(1
1 5 1 5
2;2 2 2 ;
;
.
4
x3 3x2 y + 4y3 = 4 x 2y 2
(
) .

3
x + y + x 2y =
Li giai
ie u kien: x + y 0,x 2y 0 .
x = 6
x = 2y
x + y x 2 4xy + 4y 2 =x 2y 2
)
(
) x + y =
(
y = 3
1
.

x
2
=
x + y + x 2y =
3
x + y + x 2y =
y = 1

=
( x;y )
( 6;3); ( 2; 1) .
y 4 2xy 2 + 7y 2 =
x 2 + 7x + 8
.
3y2 + 13 = 15 2x + x + 1
206
Li giai
15
.
2
ie u kien: 1 x
) (
)(
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
y x + 7 y x 8=
y x 1 y x + 8 =
.
3y 2 + 13 = 15 2x + x + 1
3y2 + 13 = 15 2x + x + 1
Xe t tr ng h p va tm c nghiem cu a he la ( x;y=
)
( 3; 2 ); ( 3;2 ) .
2 xy y + x + y =
5
.
1
5 x + 1 y =
Li giai
ie u kien: xy y 0,y 1,x 5 .
x + y 5
2 xy y = 5 x y
2
2
4 ( xy y ) = 25 10 ( x + y ) + x + y + 2xy .
1
5 x + 1 y =
1
6 x y + 2 5 x 5y + xy =
x + y 5
x + y =
5
2
2
2
2
x + y 2xy 10x 6y + 25 =0 x + y 2xy 10x 6y + 25 =0
2 5 x 5y + xy = x + y 5
2 5 x 5y + xy = x + y 5
x = 5
.
y = 0

x 2y =
xy
.
1
x 1 2y 1 =
Li giai
ie u kien: x 1,y
1
.
2
207
)(
x y y =
x+ y
+ xy 0
2 y 0
x=
x 1 =
x 1 =
2y 1 1
2y 1 1
x 4y
x 4y
=
.
2y 1 1 4y 1 =
2y 1 1
x 1 =
x = 10
x = 2
=
x 4y
x 4y
1 hoa c
5 .
y =
y =
4y 1 = 1 + 2y 1
4y 1 = 2y + 2 2y 1
2
2
1 5
2 2
x2 + 4y 2 =
5
( x + y 1) y 1 =
( y 2)
x+y
Li giai
ie u kien: x + y 0,y 1 .
x2 + 4y 2 =
5
.
+
+
+
=
x
y
y
1
y
1
y
1
x
y
x
y
0
(
)
(
)
x2 + 4y 2 =
5
x + y y 1 + 1
)(
x2 + 4y 2 =
5
.
x + y y 1 =
0
x + y = y 1
x2 + 4y2 =
1,y =
1
5 x =
.
= 1
x 1,y
x = 1
=

x
2 + 6y = x 2y
y
.
x + x 2y =x + 3y 2
Li giai
ie u kien: y 0,x 2y 0,x + x 2y 0 .
208
)(
x 2y 3y
x 2y y x 2y 6y 2 =
x 2y + 2y =
0
0
x + x 2y =x + 3y 2
x + x 2y =x + 3y 2
Xe t tr ng h p va tm ra nghiem cua he la ( x;y

=
)
(12; 2 ); 83 ; 94 .
x + y + x y= x2 y2 + 1
.
2
2
2
x +y
=
1
Li giai
ie u kien: x + y 0,x y 0 .
(
(
)(
x + y =
1
x + y 1 x y 1 =
0
1
.
x y =
2
2
x2 + y2 =
2
1
2
=
1
x + y
x + y =
1
x + y =
2
1
2

=
2 2
x 0,y
=
= 1
x
y
2xy
1
+
(
)

0
4x y 4xy =
x = 1,y = 0 .
x y =
1
1
x y =
2 2
x = 0,y = 1
2
2
0

1 4x y + 4xy =
( x y ) + 2xy =
o i chie u v i ieu kie n nha n hai nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 0;1) ; (1;0 ) .

1
1
x = y
x
y.
3
x= 2y 1
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
x = y
y x2 1= x y 2 1
( x y ) ( xy + 1=
0
)
xy = 1
3
3
3
x=
2y 1
x= 2y 1
x= 2y 1
) (
209
x = 1
x = y
3
y = 1
0
x 2x + 1 =
x = y
x = 1 5 .
2
y = 1
0
( x 1) x + x 1 =
2
4
y = 1 5
0
x + x + 2 =

2

=
( x;y )
(1;1) ; 1 +2
5 1 + 5 1 + 5 1 + 5
;
;
;
.
2
2
2
x3 3x2 + x + 3y = xy + 3
.
2
2
=
2y
9x
3xy
y
3x
Li giai
x = 3
2
( x 3) x2 y + 1 =
0
0
x y + 1 =
.

0
( y 3x )( 3x + 2y 1) =
y = 3x
0
3x + 2y 1 =
x = 3
y = 3x
x = 3
x = 3,y = 4
= 9
3x + 2y 1 =
0 =
x 3,y
2
x =
1,y =
2 .
0
x y + 1 =
1
5
x =
,y =
y = 3x
2
4
x2 y + 1 =
0
0
3x + 2y 1 =
( x;y ) =
( 3; 4 ); ( 3;9 ); ( 1;2 ); 21 ; 45 .
(x y)
2x + 1 + 2y + 1 =
.
2
4
( x + y )( x + 2y ) + 3x + 2y =
210
Li giai
1
1
ie u kien: x ,y .
2
2
y= 1 x
.
x + 3 ( y + 1) x + 2y + 2y 4 = 0
y = x + 4
2
2
TH1: Ne u y = 1 x thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:

2
2x 1
4x 2
2x + 1 + =
3 2x
4 + 2 3 + 4x=
2
4x 2 4x + 1
a t u = 3 + 4x 4x2 a ve phng trnh ba c bon vi a n la u cuo i cung tm

c hai nghiem cua phng trnh la:
1 3 3 1
1
3
,x =
( x;y ) =
x=
; ; ; .
2
2
2 2 2 2
TH2: Ne u y =
1
x+4
1
x 3 vo ly do x .
2
2
2
1 3 3 1
; ; ; .
2 2 2 2
4x =
3 2y2 + 11 (17 y ) + y

.
y ( y 3x + 3=
) 5 ( 3x + 2 )
Li giai
3
ie u kien: x ,y 0 .
5
( y + 5)( y 3x 2=)
Thay x =
4.
y0
=
0
y 3x + 2 .
y2
va o phng trnh th nha t cua he ta c:
3
y2
4y 17
3 =2y2 + 11 (17 y ) + y
y =2y2 + 11 (17 y )
3
3
211
y 17
1
=2y2 + 11 (17 y ) ( y 17 )
+ 2y2 + 11 =
0
4y 17
4y 17
+ y
+ y
3
3
y = 17 x = 5 .
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t . ( x;y ) = ( 5;17 ) .

.
2 2
= x + 1 + 1 x2 y3 + 3y 2
4x
.
2
x 2 + ( y + 1)2 = 2 1 + 1 x
Li giai
ie u kien: y 0 .

y = 2
( y + 2 ) ( x2 + y2 1) = 0
.
2
2
1
x + y =
TH1: Ne u y = 2 thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:
x = 0
=
.
4x 2 x2 x2 + 1 + 1
x = 2 2
)(
Suy ra ( x;y ) =( 0; 2 ) ; 2 2; 2 ; 2 2; 2 .
TH2: Ne u x2 + y2 = 1 1 x,y 1 .
Khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he vie t la i d i dang:
4 x2 + 1 x2 + y3 3y 2 =
0.
4 + x2 4 x2
4x 2 + 4 x 4
Ta co : 4 =
=
4, x 1;1 .
x +1 x
2
2
2
2
4 x +1 + x
4 x +1 + x
2
Ma t kha c: y3 3y 2 + 4 = y3 3y + 2 = ( y 1) ( y + 2 ) 0, y 1;1 .
Suy ra 4 x2 + 1 x2 + y3 3y 2 0 .
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi=
x 0,y
= 1.
( x;y ) =( 0; 2 ); ( 0;1); ( 2
212
)(
2; 2 ; 2 2; 2 .
x5 + ( 7 4y ) x3 + ( 4 y ) x 4 + ( 4 9y ) x2 + 4y2 6y + 2 x 2y3 + 2y2 2y =

0
4 x + y2 + 1 = 1 + 5x 2y3 + 4y2 x 4
Li giai
ie u kien: x + y2 + 1 0 .
Nha n xe t. Vie c phng trnh a u cua he ra t co ng kenh co du ng y cu a ta c gia
ne n suy ngh ngay en viec ru t c y theo x va ng c la i.
Vie t la i phng trnh th nha t cu a he phng trnh d i da ng:
( x y ) ( x + 1)
2
+ x 2 + y 2 + ( y 1) =0 x =y .
Thay y = x va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

4
4 x2 + x + 1 = 1 + 5x 2x3 + 4x 2 x 4
)(
x2 + x x2 + x 5 + 4 x2 + x + 1 1 =
0.
2
a t u=
x + x + 1=
1
3
3
khi o phng trnh tr tha nh:
x + +
2
4
2
0 (u
( u 1)( u 6) + 4u 1 =
2
)(
u 1 u2 + u 5 =
0
1+ 5
2
1 + 21
u =
2
3
u =
2
2
1+ 5
x 1 3 + 2 5
=
=
x + x +1
2
2
.
2
1 + 21
1
19
2
21
x =
x + x +1 =
2
( x;y ) = 1
3 + 2 5 1 3 + 2 5 1 19 2 21 1 19 2 21
;
;
;
2
2
2
2
213
43
3
2
=
0
2xy 3y 4xy +
.
27
2 2
2
2
6x3 y + 3xy3 + 5xy
= 6x y + 2x + y + 1
Li giai
Phng trnh th hai cua he vie t la i d i da ng:
( 3xy 1) ( 2x2 + y2 + xy + 1) =0 xy = 13 .
2
y
3y2
V 2x + y + xy + 1= x + + x2 +
+ 1 > 0, x,y .
2
4
Thay xy =
1
va o phng trnh th nha t cua he ta c:
3
2xy.y 2 3y2 4xy +
43
2
4 43
=0 y 2 3y 2 +
=0 .
27
3
3 27
1
1
x=
1,y =
y =
3
3.
1
1
y
x 1,y
=
=
=
3
3
1 1
Vy h phng trnh co hai nghim la : ( x;y ) = 1; ; 1; .
3 3
xy + 1 3 + x y 1 = x3 1
(
) ( )
.
x3 4xy 4 =
0
Li giai
3
2,y =
x=
xy + 1 3 + xy + 1 = x3 + x
x
(
xy + 1 =
)
2
.
3
1
0
=
x 4xy 4 =
x3 4xy 4 =
0
=
x 2,y
2
3 1
2 2
2x2 x y + 2= 2x + 2y + 3 + 4x + 2y + 6
.
2
2
2
x y + x 3y =
214
Li giai
ie u kien: 2x + 2y + 3 0,4x + 2y + 6 0 .
y= x 1
( x + y + 2 )( x y 1) = 0 x + y =2 .
o i chie u v i ieu kie n suy ra y= x 1 .

Thay y= x 1 va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c:
2x2 2x + =
3
4x + 1 ( x + 1) +
2x2 4x=
4x + 1 + 6x + 4 .
6x + 4 ( x + 2 ) .
1
1
x2 2x 2 +
+
0.
=
4x + 1 + x + 1
6x + 4 + x + 2
x = 0 x = 0,y = 1
.
x 2 2x =0
=
= 1
x 2 =
x 2,y

)
( 0; 1); ( 2;1) .

7x3 + y3 + 3xy ( x y ) 12x 2 + 6x 1 =
0
.
2
y + 7y 17 = 9x + 2 ( x + 6 ) 5 2y
Li giai
5
.
2
ie u kien: y
( 2x 1) = ( x y )
2x 1 = x y x = 1 y .
Thay x = 1 y va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

y2 + 7y 17 = 9 (1 y ) + 2 ( 7 y ) 5 2y .
y2 + 16y 26 = (14 2y )
(14 2y ) y 2 + 16y 26 0
5 2y
2
y 2 + 16y 26 = (14 2y )2 ( 5 2y )
(14 2y ) y 2 + 16y 26 0
y =
x =
1,y =
2
2
=
=
y
38
x
39,y
38
y 4 + 40y3 + 72y 2 160y 304 =

0
( ) (
)(
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la x; y =

1;2 ; 39; 38 .
215
( x + y ) x 2 + y 2 + 2xy =+
x y

.
x + y log3 x 2 + y 2 + 1 1
log2 =
Li giai
ie u kien: x + y > 0,x2 + y2 > 0 .
( x + y 1) ( x2 + y2 + x + y ) =0 .
TH1: Nu x + y =1 y =1 x thay v o phng trnh th hai ca h ta c:

log3 x 2 + y 2 + 1 1 = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 1 1 = 1 .
x2 + y2 + 1 = 2 x2 + y2 = 3 .
y = 1 x
.
Ta co he phng trnh: 2
2
3
x + y =
1 5
1+ 5
=
,y
x =
y = 1 x
2
2 .
2
0
1+ 5
1 5
x + (1 x ) 3 =
=
,y
x =
2
2
TH2: Ne u x2 + y2 + x + y =
0 v do x2 + y2 > 0,x + y > 0 nen trng h p nay
vo nghiem.
( x;y ) = 1 2 5 ; 1 +2 5 ; 1 +2 5 ; 1 2 5 .
x =
+ 3 2 ( 3y x )( y + 1)
.
x+5
3y 2
= xy 2y 2
Li giai
2
.
3
ie u kien: x 5,3y x 0,y
3y x + 2
216
( 3y x )( y + 1) 3 ( y + 1) =0 .
3y x y + 1
)(
3y x + 3 y + 1 = 0 3y x = y + 1 x = 2y 1
Thay =
x 2y 1 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
3y 2 y + 2= 2y 2 3y 2 .
2 ( y 2)
3y 2 + y + 2
=
( y 2 )( 2y + 1) .
2
( y 2)
2y 1 = 0 y = 2 x = 1 .
3y 2 + y + 2
Do
2
3y 2 + y + 2
2y 1
2
2. 1 < 0 .
3
2
2+
3

Bai 35. Tm nghiem h u ty cu a he phng trnh
3 17x 2 y 2 6x + 4 =
+ x 6 2x 2 + x + y 3y + 2
3x2 + xy + 1= x + 1
Li giai
17x 2 y 2 6x + y 0
2x2 + x + y 0
ie u kien:
3x2 + xy + 1 0
x + 1 0
Bnh phng hai ve phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

x = 0
.
3x2 + xy + 1 = x + 1 x ( 3x + y 1) = 0
0
3x + y 1 =
TH1: Ne u x = 0 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

3 4 y2 + 3y 6 y 2 =
0.
e gia i phng trnh na y ta a

t t
=
y, ( t 0 ) phng trnh tr tha nh:
3 4 t 4 + 3t 2 6t 2 =0 3 4 t 4 =3t 2 + 6t + 2 .
217
3t 2 + 6t + 2 0
4
2
9 4 t =3t + 6t + 2
) (
2
3t + 6t + 2 0
.
4
3
2
0
18t 36t + 24t + 24t 32 =
3t 2 + 6t + 2 0
(phng trnh nay khong co nghiem hu ty).
4
3
2
0
18t 36t + 24t + 24t 32 =
TH2: Ne u 3x + y 1 = 0 y = 1 3x thay va o phng trnh th nha t cua he

ta c: 3 8x2 + 3 8x 6 2x2 2x + 1 + 1 =
0.
e gia i phng trnh na y ta a t hai a n phu:
u
=
v=
8x2 + 3
2
2x 2x + 1
u2 4v2 = 8x 1 thay va o phng trnh ta c:
u2 4v2 = 3u 6v ( u 2v )( u + 2v 3) = 0 .
0.
2
2
2 2x2 2x + 1 + 8x2 + 3 3
8x + 3 2 2x 2x + 1 =
8x2 + 3 2 2x2 2x + 1 =0 8x2 + 3 =2 2x2 2x + 1 .
8x2 + 3 = 4 2x2 2x + 1 x =
1
5
y= .
8
8
2
1
1
V 2 2x 2x + 1 + 8x + 3=
3 2 2 x + + 8x2 + 3 3 .
2
2
1
+ 3 3=
2
2 + 3 3> 0
1 5
Va y nghie m duy nha t thoa man yeu cau bai toa n la ( x;y ) = ; .
8 8
x3 + ( 2 y ) x2 + ( 2 3y ) x = 5 ( y + 1)
.
3 y + 1= 3x2 14x + 14
Li giai
ie u kien: y 1 .
( x y 1) ( x2 + 3x + 5) = 0 x = y + 1 .

218
2
3 y + 1= 3 ( y + 1) 14 ( y + 1) + 14 3 y + 1= 3y 2 8y + 3 .
3y2 8y + 3 0
3y2 8y + 3
9 ( y + 1=
)
3y2 8y + 3 0
y =
0
.
4
3
2
0
y = 3
9y 48y + 82y 57y =

x +1
= 8y2 + 8y + 1

.
4 x3 8y3 6 x2 + 4y2 + 3 ( x 2y ) 1 =
0
) (
Li giai
ie u kien: x 1 .
3
( 2x 1) = ( 4y + 1)
2x 1 = 4y + 1 2y = x 1 .

2
x +1
= 2 ( x 1) + 4 ( x 1) + 1
2
x +1
= 2x2 1 .
2
=
x = 1
= 0
x 1,y
2x 2 1 0
1+ 5
5+ 5 .
1+ 5
4
2
=
x
,y
=
x
0
8x 8x x + 1 =
4
8
4
1+ 5 5 + 5
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;0 ) ;
;
.
4
8
x2 3y + 2 + 2 x2 y + 2y =
0

.
x 2 + 4x y + 1 + 3 2x 1 =
1
Li giai
2
ie u kien: y 0,x + 4x y + 1 0 .
Xe t y > 0 phng trnh th nha t cu a he vie t la i d i da ng:
x2 + 2
x2 + 2
x2 + 2
y>0
3 0
y x2 + 2 .
+2
=
= 1=
y
y
y
219
4x 1 + 3 2x 1 = 1 x =
1
9
y= .
2
4
1 9
2 4
x + y
2(x y)
2
=
+ xy
+
xy
x+ y
xy
.
1 1 +x+y=
4
y
x
Li giai
ie u kien: x > 0,y > 0 .
Phng trnh a u cu a he tng ng v i:
1 1
2
+
+ xy 2
x y
xy
2
x y
2
xy
1
1
2
x y =
0
x
x y + xy =
0
x y + xy =
0.
2
x y
x > y
.
xy =
0 x y =
xy
2 2
=
x
y
2
xy
x
y
xy
x > y
3+ 5
x =
2 .
He phng trnh tng ng vi: x + y 2 xy
= x2 y2
3 5
1
x = 2
+x+y=
4
y
x
3+ 5 3 5
;
.
2
2
)(
x y + 2 2 + x 2 + 4x + 3 y 2 1 =
81
)
(
.
x + y 2= ( x + 1)( y 1)
220
Li giai
x + y 2 + 2 x ( y 2) =
( x + 1)( y 1) .
xy 2x 2 xy 2x + 1 =0
y=
xy 2x 1
=0 xy 2x =1
1
+ 2 (do x = 0 kho ng tho a man he phng trnh).
x
Thay y= 2 +
1
va o phng trnh au cu a he tm c ca c nghie m:
x
( x;y ) = 21 ;4 ; 2; 25 .
4x2 + y 4 =4 4xy 2
Bai 41. Gia i he phng trnh sau 2

.
2
y 4
x 2 xy + 8 =
Lii giai
Phng trnh th hai cua he pha n tch c tha nh:
=
x y2 + 4
.
y x4 y x+4 = 0
=
x y2 4
)(
TH1: Ne u =
x y 2 + 4 thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:
4 y2 + 4
+ y 4 =4 4 y2 + 4 y2 phng trnh vo nghiem.
TH2: Ne u =
x y 2 4 thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:
4 y2 4
+ y 4 =4 4 y2 4 y2 9y 4 48y2 + 60 =0 .
x =
y2 = 2
2,y =
2
2
10 .
2 10
y
=
x
=
,y
=
3
3
3
( x;y ) =( 2;
2
10 2 10
2 ; 2; 2 ; ;
; ;
.
3
3 3 3
)(
221
Chu e 7.
KY THUAT CONG, TR VA NHAN HAI VE

PHNG TRNH CUA HE
He dang nay gom hai phng trnh co mot iem chung la cung co mot nhan
t nhng ma ta khong bien oi c g t hai phng trnh rieng biet cua he.
Tuy nhien thc hien phep cong - phep tr hoac phep nhan theo ve hai
phng trnh cua he ta c mot he mi n gian hn he ban au. Dau hien
nhan biet la he co dang na oi xng thng co mot iem chung va sai khac
nhau ve dau.
u(x,y) + v(x,y) =
f(x,y)
,
Noi dung cua phng phap la a ve mot he co dang
u(x,y)
v(x,y)
=
g(x,y)
trong o u(x,y);v(x,y);f(x,y);g(x,y) la cac a thc vi x,y .

Khi o nhan theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
u2 (x,y) v2 (x,y) =
f(x,y).g(x,y) va ay la mot phng trnh ang cap oi
vi x,y .
Mot so hang ang thc s dung:
x + y 2 =x 2 + 2xy + y 2
)
(
;
2
( x y ) =x 2 2xy + y 2
x + y 3 =x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3

)
(
.
3
( x y ) =x3 3x2 y + 3xy2 y3
x + y 4 =x 4 + 4x3 y + 6x2 y2 + 4xy3 + y 4

)
(
.
4
( x y ) =x 4 4x3 y + 6x2 y2 4xy3 + y 4
x+y 5 =
) x5 + 5x4 y + 10x3y2 + 10x2 y3 + 5xy4 + y5 .
(
5
( x y ) =x5 5x 4 y + 10x3 y 2 10x 2 y3 + 5xy 4 y 5
x+y 6 =
) x6 + 6x5y + 15x4 y2 + 20x3y3 + 15x2 y4 + 6xy5 + y6 .
(
6
( x y ) =
x 6 6x 5 y + 15x 4 y 2 20x3 y3 + 15x 2 y 4 6xy 5 + y 6
x+y 7 =
) x7 + 7x6 y + 21x5y2 + 35x4 y3 + 35x3y4 + 21x2 y5 + 7xy6 + y7 .
(
7
( x y ) =x 7 7x 6 y + 21x 5 y 2 35x 4 y3 + 35x3 y 4 21x 2 y 5 + 7xy 6 y 7
222
Nhan xet: Loai he nay thng xuat phat t cac hang ang thc.
5
Xet vi ( x y ) thng xuat phat t hai hng

Hng 1:
x5 + 10x3 y2 + 5xy 4 =
a
(1) .
5
2 3
4
b
y + 10x y + 5x y =
Cong va tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:

x + y 5 =+
) a b x + y =
(
5
( x y ) =
x y =
a b
a+b + 5 ab
x =
2
.
5
5
ab
a+b 5 ab
=
y
2
5
a+b
Hng 2: Vi xy 0 viet (1) di dang:

4
a b
4
a
2 2
4
2 2
4
+
x + 10x y + 5y = 6x + 20x y + 6y =
x y
x
(2) .
b
a b
y 4 + 10x2 y2 + 5x 4 =
4y 4 4x 4 =
y
x y
Chu y.Cac he phng trnh dang (1) va (2) ta nh van dung tnh chat cua
hang ang thc.
ng dung cua phng phap:
- X ly he oi xng loai I.
- X ly he oi xng loai II.
- He co yeu to ang cap.
- Mot so he dang nay co the c giai bang cong cu so phc.
B. BAI TAP MAU
x2 + x + y + 1 + x + y2 + x + y + 1 + y =
18
Bai 1. Giai he phng trnh

x2 + x + y + 1 x + y 2 + x + y + 1 y =
2
Li giai
2
x + x + y + 1 0
.
ieu kien
2
y + x + y + 1 0
Khi o lan lt cong va tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
2
20
2
x + y =
8
2 x + x + y + 1 + y + x + y + 1 =
2
x
+
9
+ y2 + 9 =
10
2 ( x + y ) =
16
223
x + y =
8
2
2
+
+2
x
y
82
( x + 9)( y + 9) =
2
x + y =
8
2
2
2 2
82
( x + y ) 2xy + 2 9 ( x + y ) 18xy + x y + 81 =
xy 9
8
x + y =
8
x + y =
2 2
9 + xy
657 + x y 18xy =
2 2
2 2
657 + x y 18xy = x y + 18xy + 81
x + y =
8
x=y=4.
xy = 16
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) = ( 4;4 ) .

2x2 + 2 x + y 1 34 = x + 2xy
.
2
2y + 2 x + y 1 34 = 2y xy
Li giai
ieu kien: x 2,y 1 .
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
x = 2y
.
2x 2 2y 2 = 3xy + x 2y = 0 ( x 2y )( 2x + y 1) = 0
y = 1 2x
=
x 2y 2
TH1: Neu x = 2y
x = 2,y = 1 (th lai khong thoa man).
x 2
TH2: Neu y = 1 2x thay vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:

6x2 3x 34 + 2 x + 2x =
0.
3 ( x + 2 )( 2x 5)
x+2
2x +2
2 ( x + 2)
2x + 2
=
0.
1
2
( x + 2 ) 6x 15
=0 x =2 y =5 .
2x +2
2x + 2
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) =
( 2;5) .
( x + y ) 3xy 4 x =
2 (1)

.
2 (2)
( x + y ) 3xy + 4 y =
Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Bold

Formatted: Font: (Default) VNI-Times, 11 pt
Field Code Changed
224
Li giai
Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Italic
ieu kien: x,y 0 .
Formatted: Font: VNI-Times, 11 pt, Italic
T hai phng trnh cua he suy ra x + y > 0 .
Formatted: Centered, Line spacing: single

Formatted: Font: VNI-Times, 11 pt
Lay (1) + (2) va (1) (2) theo ve ta c:
(
(
(
(
( x + y ) 6xy 4 x + 4 y= 0
( x + y ) 3xy 2 x + 2 y= 0
4
1
( x + y ) 4 x 4 y =
( x + y ) x + y =
Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
2=
2 x y ( x + y )=
x y 3xy
x + y 3xy
( x + y ) x + y= 1 ( x + y ) x + y= 1

Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
2 ( x + y )(=
( x 2y )( 2x
=
+ y) 0
x y ) 3xy
y 1
y 1
( x + y ) x + =
( x + y ) x + =

Field Code Changed
x = 2 3 3 2 2
=
x 2y
x 2y
9
.
+ y 1 3y 2 +=
1 y 1
( x + y ) x=
32 2
3
y =
9
Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
32 2 32 2
.
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) = 2 3
;3
9
)
)(
1 1
4
4
= 2 y x
x 2y
.
1 + 1 = 3y2 + x2 3x 2 + y 2
x 2y

Field Code Changed
Li giai
ieu kien x 0,y 0 .
Khi o he phng trnh tng ng vi:
2
=x 4 + 5y 4 + 10x2 y2
5
4
3 2
2
x
x + 5xy + 10x y =
.
5
4
2 3
1
y + 5yx + 10y x =
1 =y 4 + 5x 4 + 10x2 y2
y
225
1+ 5 3
x+y 5 =
x =
5
3 x + y =
)
(
3
2 .
5
5
1
x y =
3 1
( x y ) =
y = 2
1+ 5 3 5 3 1
;
.
2
2
12
2
1
x=
y + 3x
.
Bai 5. Giai he phng trnh (VMO 2007)
1 + 12 y =
6
y + 3x
Li giai
e he co nghiem ta phai co x > 0,y > 0 khi o he phng trnh tng ng vi:
12
2
=
1
x
y + 3x
6
1 + 12 =
y + 3x
3
1
+
=
1
x
y
.
3
1
12
9 1 =12
=
y x y + 3x
y
x y + 3x
=
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
+
=
1
+
=
1
+
=
1
x
.
x
y
y
y
x
3x y 9x + y =
2
2
)(
) 0 y = 3x
0
27x 6xy y =
(
3
1
+
=
1 x= 4 + 2 3
.
3x
x
y 12 + 6 3
y = 3x
=

4 + 2 3;12 + 6 3 .
xy2 1 x 2 y 2 + x
3
5
x2 + y2
.
2
2
2
x y 1 x y y 4
=
5
x2 + y2
Li gii
ieu kien: 0 < x2 + y2 1 .

Field Code Changed

Formatted: Font: VNI-Times
Field Code Changed
226
Cach 1: Lan lt bnh phng hai ve cua hai phng trnh trong he roi cong lai
theo ve ta c:
2
Field Code Changed
)(
)=
1
(x + y )
x y ( x + y )(1 x y ) + x + y
=
1.
(x + y )
x y (1 x y ) + 1
=1 x y (1 x y ) =x + y 1 .
x +y
x2 + y2 + 1 x2 y2 x2 y 4 + x 4 y2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
)(
x y +1 1 x y

Field Code Changed

xy2 1 x 2 y 2 + x + x2 y 1 x 2 y 2 y

=1.
2
2
x +y
) =0 x

Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
+ y =1 .
Thay ngc lai he phng trnh ta c:
3
3
=
x 5=
x 5
(thoa man ieu kien).
y =4
y = 4
5
5

Field Code Changed
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y

=
) 35 ; 45 .
2
x y
Cach 2: Viet lai he phng trnh di dang:

y x2

Field Code Changed
1 x2 y 2 + 1
=3
5
x2 + y2
1 x2 y 2 1
=4
5
x2 + y2

Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
T ay suy ra x > 0,y < 0 .

Field Code Changed
227
2 2
x y
Khi o he phng trnh tng ng vi:

y2 x2

Lay (1) (2) theo ve ta c:
x2 + y2
2
x +y
1 x2 y2 + 1
= 3 x (1)
5
x2 + y2
1 x y 1
= 4 y (2)
5
x2 + y2
2
3x 4y
3x 4y = 5 .
5
5
3 2 4 2
3x 4y
Mat khac
+ x 2 + y 2=
5
5
5 5
x2 + y2 1 .

Field Code Changed


Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
x2 + y2 =
1
x =
y
x
5 .
Dau bang xay ra khi va ch khi =
3 / 5 4 / 5
y = 4
x > 0,y < 0
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y

=
) 35 ; 45 .
Field Code Changed

1
3
2x 1 + 2
=
x + y2
.
1

=
1
2y 1 2
2
x +y
Li giai
ieu kien x 0,y 0 .
Khi o he phng trnh tng ng vi
1
3
3
9
1
1
4
=
=
=
2
1 + 2
+
2 2
2
2x
x +y
2x 2y
4x
4y
x2 + y2
.
1
1
1
3 1 =2
3 + 1 =
=
2
2
2
2
2
x +y
2x 2y x + y
2x 2y
2y
2
2
2
4
2
2
4
9y 8x y x
y2 x2
y x 9y + x 2 =
0
=
0 =
.
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
=
2
+
=
+
+
2
2x
2y
2x
2y
2x 2y
228
)(
Field Code Changed


Field Code Changed
1
y = x
x=
x = 1
2 .
3
1
2
y = 1 y = 1
2x + 2y =
Vay he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x;y

=
) 21 ; 21 ; (1;1) .
78y
=
20
x + 2
x + y2
.
y + 78x =
15
2
2
x +y
Li giai
ieu kien x2 + y2 > 0 .
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi
78 ( x + y )
78
35
35
5
x + y +
= 35 1 + =
+
=
2
2
2
x+y
x2 + y2
x +y
x + y x y
.
156
5
78 ( x y )
1 78 =
35 5 =
=
5
2
2
2
2
x y 2
x
y
x
y
xy
x +y
x +y
x + y2
Nhan theo ve hai phng trnh cua he tren vi nhau ta c phng trnh:
1225
25
312
=(1) .
2
2
2
2
(x + y) (x y) x + y
u= x + y
Neu c the quy ong len se rat phc tap ta at an phu
th ta co:
v= x y
u2 + v2= 2 x2 + y2 .
Khi o (1)
1225
u2
)(
25
624
=
1225v4 25u4 + 576u2=
v2 0 .
v2 u2 + v2
0 25v2 u2 u =
25v2 u2 49v2 + 25u2 =
5v x + y =
5 ( x y )
Vi x + y= 5 ( x y ) ta co he phng trnh:
x + y= 5 ( x y )
=
x 18
x + y 30 =
35
5
xy 6 =
+
=
2
=
y 12
x
+
y
x
Vi x + y =5 ( x y ) ta co he phng trnh
229
x + y =5 ( x y )
=
x 2
x+y 5 =
35
5
x
y
1
y=
3
+
=
2
x + y x y
Vay he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x;y ) = ( 2;3) ; (18;12 ) .

x 4 22x2
x3 + y 6 2 +
=
3
x + 5y6
Bai 9.Giai he phng trnh

.
3
3
2y
y
9
=
4
x3 + 5y6 10x 2
x
Formatted: Font: (Default) VNI-Times, 11 pt,

Bold
Field Code Changed
Li giai
ieu kien: x3 + y6 0,x 0,x3 + 5y6 0 .
Formatted: Centered, Indent: Left: 0 cm,

Hanging: 0.49 cm, Line spacing: single
Nhan thay y = 0 khong thoa man he phng trnh.

Field Code Changed
Xet y 0 He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi:
x4
22x 2
=
2 + 3
6
x + 5y
5 x3 + y 6
x4
9x2
=
2 3
6
3
+
x
5y
10y

Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
Cong tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
11x 2
9x 2
=
+
2
3
6
20y3
5 x +y
4
11x2
9x 2
x
=
3
6
3
5 x3 + y6 20y
x + 5y

Field Code Changed
Nhan theo ve hai phng trnh cua he tren ta c:
2x 4
11x2
9x 2 11x 2
9x 2
121x 4
81x 4
=
+
=
x3 + 5y6 5 x3 + y6 20y3 5 x3 + y6 20y3 25 x3 + y6

400y6
x3 = 15y 6

565 6 .
3
x3 + 5y6 25 x3 + y 6
400y 6
x = 81 y
565 6
484 6
TH1: Neu x3 =
y x3 + y 6 =
y < 0 nen loai trng hp nay.

81
81
2
230
121
81

Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
TH2: Neu x3 = 15y 6 thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

6
x3 15y
x3 15y 6
=
x3 = 15y 6
.
2y3
y3
9 2y3
1
9
6
4
=
18x2 y3
40y x =
4 3=
4
6
2
3
2
+
x
x
5y
10x
x
20y
10x
4
2
6
=
,y
x3 15y
x3 15y6
x =
=
3
15
225
x,y 0
x,y 0
40
40
3
4
2 3
2
3
=
80
5
x x 18x y =
x x 18y
x =
,y = 4 3
15
15
3
9
4
2 80
5
Vay he phng trnh co hai nghie
m la: ( x;y ) ;
=
; ; 4 3 .
3
9
15 225 3
Nhan xet.Qua cac v du tren nhan thay mot ieu phep cong tr va nhan
theo ve c thc hien lien tuc va mau chot cua bai toan la a ve ap dung
hang ang thc: ( a b )( a + b ) = a2 b2 .

Tren ay la li giai t nhien nhat cho cac lp bai toan dang nay ngoai ra co
the giai c bang phng phap s dung so phc(xem noi dung giai he bang
lng giac va so phc).
Formatted: Font: VNI-Times, Underline
Field Code Changed

Formatted: Indent: Left: 0 cm, Hanging: 0.51

cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1.05 li
x2 y2 + 1 =
2

.
x2 y2 + xy + 1 =
3x 2
Formatted: Font: Bold

Li giai
Field Code Changed

2 2
2
2 2
2
x y 2 = x
3x y 6 =3x
.
2 2
2 2
y + xy + 1 3x 2
y + xy + 1 3x 2
x =
x =

Hanging: 0.51 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1.05 li
Cong theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
xy = 1
.
4x y + xy 5 = 0 ( xy 1)( 4xy + 5) = 0
xy = 5
2 2
Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
Xet tng trng hp thay vao he ban au tm c nghiem:
( x;y ) =( 1; 1); (1;1) .

Field Code Changed
231
3
1 + 97
x 4xy
=
8
.
1 97
3
=
y
xy
Li giai
Nhan theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
x y 4x y + xy + 6 = 0 ( xy + 1)( xy 2 )( xy 3) = 0 .
3 3
2 2
x3 xy 2 + 2000y =
0
.
3
2
0
y x y 500x =
Li giai
x3 xy 2 =
2000y
.
= y3 x 2 y
500x
500x x xy
)(
2000y ( y
)=
x2 y 2 x2 4y2
x y .
x = y
x = y .
=
0
x = 2y
x = 2y
Xet tng trng hp hay ngc lai vao he tm c cac nghiem:
( x;y ) =
( 0;0 ); 20 103 ;10 103 ; 20 103 ; 10 103 .
y ( xy 2 ) =
3x 2
.
2
2
0
y + x y + 2x =
Li giai
y ( xy 2 ) =
3x 2
y2
x ( xy + 2 ) =

232
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
xy = 0
3x 2 y2 xy ( xy 1)( xy + 4 ) =
xy ( xy 2 )( xy + 2 ) =
0
1 .
xy =
xy = 4
TH1: Neu xy = 0 x = y = 0 .
TH2: Neu xy = 1 thay vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:
1 3
3
1
3 3 x =
( x;y ) =
y (1 2 ) = y =
3 ; 3 .
3
y2
3
3

y ( 4 2 ) =3.
16
y2
y =2 x =2 ( x;y ) =( 2; 2 ) .
Vay he phng trnh co ba nghiem la ( x;y

=
)
;3 3 .
3
( 0;0 ); ( 2; 2 ); 31
3
2
x + xy =
.
3
3
y + 3xy =
Li giai
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
( xy 1) =7 xy =1 7 .
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
x = 2 1 + 7
=
3
3
=
+
y
3
1
7
1
y
=
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...
Formatted
...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
x = 2 xy
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi: 3
.
3 ( xy + 1)
y =
3
Suy ra x y =3 ( xy + 1)( 2 xy ) x y 3x y + 3xy + 6 =0 .

3 3
3 3
2 2
1+ 3 7
33 7 6
233
3
3
=
x 4 22x2
x3 + y 6 2 +
=
3
x + 5y6
Gi i h phng trnh
.
3
3
2y
y
9
=
4
x3 + 5y6 10x 2
x
Bi gi i
i u ki n: x3 + y6 0,x 0,x3 + 5y6 0 .
Nh n th y y = 0 khng th a mn h phng trnh.

2
Xt y 0 H phng trnh
cho tng
ng vi:
2
C ng tr theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta

c:
x
x3
22x
5y6
5 x3 + y 6
x4
9x2
x3 + 5y6
10y3
11x 2
9x 2
=
+
2
3
6
20y3
5 x +y
4
11x2
9x 2
x
=
3
6
3
5 x3 + y6 20y
x + 5y
Nhn theo v hai phng trnh ca h trn ta

c:
2
2
2
2x 4
11x
9x
11x
9x 2
121x 4
81x 4
=
+
=
.
x3 + 5y6 5 x3 y 6 20y3 5 x3 y 6 20y3 25 x3 + y 6
400y 6
x = 15y
121
81
=

565 6 .
3
6
6
3
6
x + 5y
400y
25 x + y
x = 81 y
2
Xt trng hp thay ngc l i phng trnh

u ca h tm
c nghi m.
Nh n xt. Qua cc v d tr n nh n th y m t
i u ph p c ng tr v nhn theo v
c thc hi n lin tc v m u ch t ca bi ton l

a v p dng h ng
ng thc
( a b )( a + b ) = a2 b2 .
234
Trn
y l li gi i t nhin nh t cho cc lp bi ton d ng ny ngoi ra c th gi i
c
b ng phng php s dng s phc(xem n i dung gi i h b ng lng gi c v
s phc).
Formatted
...
C. BI TP RN LUYN
Formatted
...
x y + 1 =
2
Gi i h phng trnh
.
2
2
x y + xy + 1 =
3x 2
Formatted
...
Gi i
Formatted
...
H phng trnh
cho tng
ng vi:
Formatted
...
x2 y2 2 = x2
3x2 y2 6 =3x2
.
2 2
2
2 2
y + xy + 1 3x
y + xy + 1 3x 2
x =
x =
Formatted
...
C ng theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta

c:
Formatted
...
xy = 1
.
4x2 y2 + xy 5 = 0 ( xy 1)( 4xy + 5) = 0
xy = 5
Formatted
...
Xt tng trng hp thay vo h ban

u tm
c nghi m ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; (1;1) .
Formatted
...
3
1 + 97
x 4xy
=
8
Gi i h phng trnh
.
1 97
3
=
y
xy
Formatted
...
Gi i
Nhn theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta
c:
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
x3 y3 4x2 y2 + xy + 6 = 0 ( xy + 1)( xy 2 )( xy 3) = 0 .
x3 xy 2 + 2000y =
0
Gi i h phng trnh
.
3
2
0
y x y 500x =
Formatted
...
Gi i
Formatted
...
H phng trnh
cho tng
ng vi:
Formatted
...
x3 xy 2 =
2000y
.
= y3 x 2 y
500x
Formatted
...
Nhn theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta

c:
Formatted
...
500x x3 xy 2 =
2000y y3 x 2 y .
Formatted
...
235
)(
x2 y 2 x2 4y2
x = y
x = y .
=
0
x = 2y
x = 2y
Formatted: Font: (Default) VNI-Times, English

(United States)
(United States)
Xt tng trng hp hay ngc l i vo h tm

c c c nghi m
( x;y ) =
( 0;0 ); 20 103 ;10 103 ; 20 103 ; 10 103 .
y ( xy 2 ) =
3x 2
Gi i h phng trnh
.
2
2
0
y + x y + 2x =
Gi i
H ph
a
ng
h trnh
ta c
c:
TH2: N u xy = 1 thay vo ph
h
ng
u trn
ca h ta
c:
1 3
3
1
3 3 x =
( x;y ) =
y (1 2 ) = y =
3 ; 3 .
3
y2
3
3
TH3: N u xy = 4 thay vo ph
V y h ph
Gi i h ph
Gi i
H ph
236
16
y2
Formatted: Font: (Default) VNI-Times, (Intl)

Cambria, English (United States)

(United States)
xy = 0
3x 2 y2 xy ( xy 1)( xy + 4 ) =
xy ( xy 2 )( xy + 2 ) =
0
1 .
xy =
xy = 4
TH1: N u xy = 0 x = y = 0 .
y ( 4 2 ) =3.

(United States)

(United States)
i:
ng trnh cho tng ng v
y ( xy 2 ) =
3x 2
y2
x ( xy + 2 ) =
Nhn theo v hai ph

ng
u catrnh
h ta

c:
y =2 x =2 ( x;y ) =( 2; 2 ) .
ng
m l trnh
=
0;0nghi
( x;y
)c(ba
); ( 2; 2 ); 31 ; 3 3 .
3
3
2
x + xy =
ng
.
3 trnh
+
=
3
y
3xy

(United States)
(United States)
(United States)
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...

Formatted
i:

...
3
x = 2 xy
.
3
3 ( xy + 1)
y =
Suy ra x3 y3 =3 ( xy + 1)( 2 xy ) x3 y3 3x2 y2 + 3xy + 6 =0 .

3
( xy 1) =7 xy =1 3 7 .
Thay ng
c l i h ph
x3 = 2 1 + 3 7
=
3
3
3 1 7 + 1 =
y =
y
ng
c: trnh ta
1+ 7
33 7 6
3
3 3
nghi
3
ng
m l trnh
( x;y )c=
1+ 7; 3 7 6 .
V y h ph
5x3 + 3y3 2xy =

6
.
3
3
8
3x + 2y + 3xy =

Li giai
Field Code Changed

Formatted: Centered
5x3 + 3y3 = 2xy + 6

x3 = 13xy 12
.
3
3
3xy + 8 y3 =
21xy + 22
3x + 2y =

Formatted: Centered

x3 y3 =
Field Code Changed
(13xy 12 )( 21xy + 22 ) .
)(

( xy 1) xy + 137 19033 xy + 137 + 19033 =

0
Field Code Changed

xy = 1
xy =
137 19033
xy
=
137 + 19033
Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
Thay ngc lai he phng trnh ta tm c cac nghiem
=
( x;y
) (1;1) ; 3 13 19033 1793; 3 2899 21 19033 ;
Field Code Changed
3 13 19033 1793; 3 2899 + 21 19033 .
Field Code Changed

x3 2y3 + xy =
0
.
3
0
3y + 3xy + 1 =

Field Code Changed
237
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...
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...
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3 + 3 3 7 + 3 49
trnh bay tm c nghiem duy nhat xy =
.
3
...
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
...
Thay ngc lai he phng trnh tm c:

11 + 6 3 7 + 3 3 49
4 + 3 3 7 + 3 49
3
; 3
( x;y ) =
3
3
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
Li giai
3
9xy + 2
x =
3 .
y3 = 3xy + 1

( 9xy + 2 )( 3xy + 1) 9x3y3 27x=
2 2
=
x3 y3
y 15xy 2 0 .
9
ay la phng trnh bac ba tong quat vi an t = xy s dung phng phap a
x3 8y3 =
1 + 3xy 3x2 y2
.
3
3
1 3xy + 9x2 y2
8y 3x =
Li giai
x3 =
3x2 y2 1
.
3
3xy 2
8y =
3 3
8x=
y
(3x y + 1) (3xy + 2) x y
2 2
3 3
+ 6x2 y2 + 3xy=
+2 0.
( xy + 1) + 3x2 y2 + 1 = 0 ( xy + 1) x3 = 0 xy + 1 = x xy = x 1 .
Thay vao phng trnh au cua he tren ta c:

2
x =3 ( x 1) 1 3x =( x 2 )
3
3x =x 2 x =
=1 3 9 .
1 3 3
Suy ra
=
y
238
x 1 1 3 9 1 1 + 3
.
=
=
x
2
1 3 3 3 9
Formatted
...
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...
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...
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...
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...
1+ 3 3
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat la ( x;y ) = 1 3 3 3 9;
.
Nhan xet: Qua ay nhan thay khi giai phng trnh bac ba co duy nhat mot
nghiem neu tnh y bien oi ta tm c nghiem rat trc quan ma khong phai
s dung bat ky mot phng phap nao khac.
(
(
)
)
( x y ) x2 + y2 =x 4 1

.
( x + y ) x 4 + y 4 =x 4 + 1
Li giai
( x y )( x + y ) ( x
+y
)( x
+y
) = ( x 1)( x + 1) .
4
y = 1
.
x8 y8 = x8 1 y8 = 1
y = 1
Xet trng hp thay ngc lai he ban au tm c cac nghiem:

=
( x;y
) ( 0;1); ( 1; 1); ( 2; 1) .
x = 2y 6y 2
.
x3 + 3x + 4
y =
3
Li giai
x 2 = y + 1 2 y 2
( )( ) .
Viet lai he phng trnh di dang:

2
y 2 = ( x + 1) ( x 2 )
Nhan cheo theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:

2
2 ( y 2 ) ( y + 1) =
( x + 1) ( x 2 ) x =
y=
2.
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) = ( 2;2 ) .

x ( xy + 6 ) =
y3

.
x3
y ( xy 24 ) =
Li giai
239
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
xy ( xy + 6 )( xy 24 ) =
x y xy ( xy + 8)
3 3
xy = 0
.
=
0
xy = 8
TH1: Neu xy = 0 x = y = 0 .
3
8
2x =y3 = x =4 y =2 .
x
Vay he phng trnh co ba nghiem la ( x;y ) =( 0;0 ) ; ( 4;2 ) ; ( 4; 2 ) .
(
(
)
)
5x 4y= 2 x2 y2

5 x2 y2 .
4x 5y =
x2 + y2
Li giai
ieu kien: x2 + y2 > 0 .
5
9 ( x y ) = x2 y2 2 +
+
x
y2
x = y
=
.
0
(x y) 9 (x + y) 2 +
5
2
2
9
=
x
y
+
( x + y ) 2 + 2
x + y2
Formatted
...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
5
5
x + y= x2 y 2 2
( x + y ) 1 ( x y ) 2 2
= 0 .
2
2
x
y
x
y2
+
+
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
...
x = y
5
1
=
( x y ) 2 2
2
+
x
y
Field Code Changed
...
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...
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...
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TH1: Neu x = y thay vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:
...
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...
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...
x = 0 y = 0 (loai).
TH2: Neu x = y thay vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:

9x = 0 x = 0 y = 0 (loai).
240
TH3: Neu x y khi o he phng trnh tng ng vi:
5
9
10
9
1
9
( x + y ) 2 + 2
=
= =
2 + 2
x
+
y2
x + y2 x + y
x2 + y2 x + y x y
5
1
9
1
5
2
= =
4
+
x
y
2
1
(
)
2
2
xy
x+y xy
x +y
x 2 + y 2

9
40
1 9
1
40
81
1
.
=
+
=
2
x2 + y2 x + y x y x + y x y
x + y 2 ( x + y )2 ( x y )2
40 x y
) = 81( x
2
+y
)(x y) (x
2
+y
)(x + y) .
2
10x 4 41x3 y + 60x 2 y 2 41xy3 + 10y 4 =

0
( y 2x )( 2y x ) 5y2 8xy + 5x2 =

0
y = 2x
( do x2 + y2 > 0 ).
x = 2y
Vi y = 2x thay vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:
5x 4.2x = 2 x 2 4x2
x = 0 y = 0
.
3x = 6x 2
x = 1 y = 1
1
oi chieu vi ieu kien nhan nghiem ( x;y ) = ;1 .
2
Vi x = 2y thay vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:
= 2 4y 2 y 2
5.2y 4y
y = 0 x = 0
.
y =1 x =2
oi chieu vi ieu kien nhan nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) .

1
Vay he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x;y ) = ;1 ; ( 2;1) .
2
Nhan xet: Ta co the nhan theo ve hai phng trnh cua he a ve phng trnh:
10 x2 y2
( 5x 4y )( 4x 5y ) = 2 2
x +y
Bien oi tng t cach giai tren ta co ket qua tng t.

241
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4
1
3
x + 2y x = + 3 3
4
.
y 4 + 2x3 y = 1 3 3

Field Code Changed
Formatted: Font: Italic
Li giai
Lay tong hai phng trnh cua he theo ve ta c:
Formatted: Font: VNI-Times, Italic
2
1 3
1
0 =
x
x + x=
2
1 2
1
2
2
.
x + x +y + y = 0
2
2
1 3
y2 + y 1 =
0
y=
2
2
Formatted: Centered
Field Code Changed
1 3 1 + 3
Th lai ch co nghiem ( x;y ) =
;
thoa man.
2
2
Field Code Changed
1 3 1 + 3
;
.
2
2
Field Code Changed

x 4 4x3 + 8y =4 16 3
.
4
3
y 4y + 8x =4 + 16 3

Field Code Changed
x 4 4x3 + 8y + y 4 4y3 + 8x =
8
3
Formatted: Centered
x 4x + 8x + 4 + y 4y + 8y + 4 =
0
x 2x 2
) + (y
2
2y 2
x =
1
x2 2x 2 = 0
x =1
2
0
1+
x =
y 2y 2 =
=
x
1+

Field Code Changed
=
0.

Field Code Changed
3,y =
1 3
3,y =1 + 3
3,y =
1+ 3

Li giai

Field Code Changed

3,y =
1 3
Th lai he phng trnh ch co nghiem ( x;y ) =+

1
3;1 3 thoa man.
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) =+

1
3;1 3 .
Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
242
x 4 2x3 11y 2 + 12y + 41 =

0
.
4
3
2
0
y 2y 11x + 12x + 31 =
Li giai
4
x 2x 11x + 12x + y 2y 11y + 12y + 72 =

0.
x x6
) + (y
2
y6
x= y= 3
x2 x 6 =0
x =y =2
=0
.
2
=
= 2
x 3,y
=
y
y
6
0
2,y =
3
x =
oi chieu vi ieu kien ch co nghiem ( x;y=

)
( 3; 2 ) thoa man.
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y=
) ( 3; 2 ) .
1 1
2
2
+ = 2 x + y (1)
x 2y
.
1 1 = y2 x2 (2)
x 2y
Li giai
ieu kien: xy 0 .
Lay (1) + (2) va (1) (2) theo ve ta c:
2
2
2
= 3y + x
x3 + 3xy2 =
2
x
.
3
2
1
2
2
+
=
y
3x
y
1
3x + y
y
ay ay tiep tuc lay tong va hieu hai phng trnh cua he ta c:

3
3 +1
x+y 3 =
) 3 x + y =3 3 x = 2 .
(
3
3
1
3 1
( x y ) =
x y =
1
y = 2
3 3 +1 3 3 1
;
.
2
2
243
Formatted
...
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...
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...
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...
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...
2 ( x + y )(=
( x 2y )( 2x
=
+ y) 0
x y ) 3xy
y 1
y 1
( x + y ) x + =
( x + y ) x + =
Formatted
...
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
...
Field Code Changed
x = 2 3 3 2 2
x 2y
x 2y
=
9
.
+ y 1 3y 2 +=
1 y 1
( x + y ) x=
32 2
3
y =
9
...
Formatted
...
( x + y ) 3xy 4 x =
2 (1)

.
2 (2)
( x + y ) 3xy + 4 y =
Li giai
ieu kien: x,y 0 .
T hai phng trnh cua he suy ra x + y > 0 .
Lay (1) + (2) va (1) (2) theo ve ta c:
(
(
(
(
( x + y ) 6xy 4 x + 4 y= 0
( x + y ) 3xy 2 x + 2 y= 0
4
1
( x + y ) 4 x 4 y =
( x + y ) x + y =
2=
2 x y ( x + y )=
x y 3xy
x + y 3xy
( x + y ) x + y= 1 ( x + y ) x + y= 1
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
32 2 32 2
.
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) = 2 3
;3
9
Formatted
...
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
...
6
2
2
( x 2y ) 3x + 8y + 4 x 4xy + 4y 16 =
( y 4x ) 2x + 3y + 2 x2 4xy + 4y2 16 =
10
Formatted
...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
Li giai
2
ieu kien: x 4xy + 4y 16 0 .

( x 2y )( 3x + 8y ) + ( y 4x )( 2x + 3y )
244
+ x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 4 ( x 2y ) + 2 ( y 4x ) =
16 .
Field Code Changed

5x2 10xy 13y 2 + 16 2 ( 2x + 3y ) x 2 4xy + 4y 2 16 =0 .

Field Code Changed
2
x2 4xy + 4y2 16 + 2 ( 2x + 3y ) x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 + ( 2x + 3y ) =

0.
2
Field Code Changed

x2 4xy + 4y2 16 + 2x + 3y =0 x2 4xy + 4y2 16 + 2x + 3y =0
x 4xy + 4y 16 =
( 2x + 3y ) .
Field Code Changed
(
(
Field Code Changed
)
)
( x 2y ) 3x + 8y 4 ( 2x + 3y ) =
6
6
( x 2y )( 5x + 4y ) =
.
10
10
( y 4x ) 2x + 3y 2 ( 2x + 3y ) =
( y 4x )( 2x + 3y ) =
Field Code Changed
ay la he ang cap ta a ve phng trnh.
Suy ra: 5 ( x 2y )( 5x + 4y ) = 3 ( y 4x )( 2x + 3y )
49 x y

Field Code Changed
y = x
.
=
0
y = x
Field Code Changed

Xet trng hp va thay vao phng trnh au cua he tren va oi chieu ieu
kien tm c nghiem ( x;y ) =

2; 2 ; 2; 2 .
Field Code Changed
)(
)(
Vay he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x;y ) =

2; 2 ; 2; 2 .

Field Code Changed
x y x2 y2
= 2 (1)
1 x2 + y2

.
y x x2 y2 7
= (2)
2
2
4
1 x + y

Field Code Changed
Formatted: Font: (Default) VNI-Times, 11 pt,
Vietnamese (Vietnam)
Li giai
ieu kien 0 x2 y2 < 1 .

Formatted: Centered
Field Code Changed
245
Lay (1) + (2) va (1) (2) theo ve ta c:

1 +
x 2 y 2 ( x + y )
15
=
4
1 x2 + y2
x2 y2 ( x y )
1
=
4
1 x2 + y2

Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
2
2
2
2
1 x y ( x + y ) 1 + x y ( x y ) 15 1
.
= . .
4 4
1 x2 + y2
1 x2 + y2
Field Code Changed
1 x2 + y2
Field Code Changed
1 x + y
. x2 y2 =
15
15
.
x2 y2 =
16
16
Thay ngc lai he phng trnh ban au ta c:
y 15
x
4 =2
4x y 15 =
7 15
2
x= 8 +
4
4 .
7
x 15
4y x 15 =
y= 7 + 2 15
4
y 4
7
=
1
4
Field Code Changed
Thoa man ieu kien.

Field Code Changed
7 15
;7 + 2 15 .
8 +
4
121x 122y
4
x y = 2
4xy
x + y2

.
4
2 2
4 122x + 121y
+
+
=
x
14x
y
y
x2 + y2
Li giai
ieu kien: xy 0 .

Field Code Changed
Formatted: Centered
Field Code Changed
246
121x 122y
4
4
(1)
4xy x y =2
x + y2
122x + 121y
x 4 + 14x 2 y2 + y 4 =
(2)
2
2
x +y
Nhan thay cac hang so 121,122 xuat hien ca hai phng trnh ngh en viec
loai bo chung i.
Lay (1).x + (2).y va (1).y + (2).x theo ve ta c:
x5 + 10x3 y2 + 5xy 4 =
122 (3)
.
5
2 3
4
121 (4)
y + 10x y + 5x y =
Lay (3) + (4) va (3) (4) theo ve ta c:

x+y 5 =
) 243 x=
x 2
+y 3 =
(
.
5
x
y
1
=
y 1
( x y ) =
1
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) .
x y2 + 1
3
=
x2 + y2
5

.
2
y x 1 4
=
5
x2 + y2
Li giai
ieu kien: x2 + y2 > 0 .
2
3 4
Khi o e y + =
1.
5 5
Lan lt bnh phng hai ve cua hai phng trnh trong he roi cong lai theo
ve ta c:
x y2 + 1
2
2
x +y
y x2 1
+
2
2
x +y

)(
x2 + y2 x2 y2 + 1
=
1
=
1.
x2 + y2
247
Field Code Changed
...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
)(
x = 1
.
x2 y2 + 1 = x2 + y2 x2 1 y2 1 = 0
y = 1
Field Code Changed
Xet trng hp roi th lai ta c hai nghiem ( x;y

=
) 13 ; 1 ; ( 3;1) .
Cach 2: Nhan thay xy = 0 khong thoa man he phng trnh nen viet lai di dang:
x2 y2 + 1
3x
=
(1)
x2 + y2
5
y2 x2 1 4y
=
(2)
2
2
5
x + y
Field Code Changed

Formatted: Font: VNI-Times, Condensed by
0.2 pt
0.2 pt
Field Code Changed
0.2 pt
Field Code Changed
Lay (1) (2) theo ve ta c:

Field Code Changed
3x 4y x 2 + y 2
4y + 5
.
=
=1 3x 4y =5 x =
5
5 x2 + y2
3

Field Code Changed
Thay ngc lai phng trnh au cua he ta c:
2
1
y = 1 x = ,y = 1
5 + 4y
5 + 4y 2
.
5.
. y + 1= 3 y 2 +
3
3
y = 1
=
= 1
x 3,y
3x3 + 5y3 2xy =

6
.
3
3
8
2x + y + 3xy =
Li giai
3
3
3x + 5y = 2xy + 6
3
3
3xy + 8
2x + y =
Coi ay la he phng trnh hai an x3 ,y3 va xy la tham so th ta tnh c:
3
x= 22 21xy
3
=
y 13xy 12
Ch viec nhan theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
x3 y3 = ( 22 21xy )(13xy 12 ) ( xy 1) x 2 y2 + 274xy 264 = 0 .
248

Field Code Changed
xy = 1
3
xy 1
=
x= 22 21xy
137 19.033
xy =
137 19.033
xy =
3
=
21xy
x
22

x = 1
y = 1
x = 3 22 21 137 19.033 .
3
y = 13 12 137 19.033
Vay he phng trnh co hai nghiem la:
=
( x;y ) (1;1) ; 3 22 21 137 19.033 ; 3 13 12 137 19.033 .
(
(
)
)
Nhan xet: Dang tong quat cua he tren co dang

ax k + by k =
P((xy)m )
, trong o k > m va P,Q la cac a thc bac m cua xy .
k
k
Q((xy)m )
cx + dy =
e giai he nay ta coi no la he c ban vi hai an la x k ,y k va
P((xy)m );Q((xy)m ) la cac hang so. Tiep e n nhan theo ve cua x k ,y k a
ve phng trnh a thc bac k cua xy . Tm c xy roi suy ra gia tr cua x,y .
Formatted: Font: VNI-Times, Vietnamese

(Vietnam)
Field Code Changed
1
1
35
+
=(1)
1 y 2 12
1 x2
.
y
7
x
= (2)
2
1 y 2 12
1 x

Formatted: Centered, Line spacing: single
Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line
spacing: single
Li giai
ieu kien: 1 < x < 1, 1 < y < 1 .
Field Code Changed
Lay (1) + (2) va (1) (2) theo ve ta c:
1+ x
1 y
7
1+ x
1 y 7
+
=
+
=
2
2
2
1 x
1 y
1+ y 2
1 x
.
1 x
1+ y
7
1+ y 7
1 x
+
=
+
=
1+ x
1 y 3
1 x2
1 y2 3

Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
249
Xuat hien nhan t chung a=

t u
1+ x
=
,v
1 x
1+ y
, ( u > 0,v > 0 ) .
1 y
Khi o he phng trnh tr thanh:
1 7
7v 2
u 3,v
=
= 2
u
+
=
u=
v 2
2v
1
1.
u =
1 7
7 =
,v
v=
v + 2v
+
=
2
3
u 3
7v 2 3
Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
1+ x
=3
1 x
Field Code Changed
1+ y
=2
1 y
1
1
=
,y
x 2=
3
.
1
1
1+ x 1
x
,y
=
=
3
2
1 x 2
1+ y 1
=
1 y 3
1 1 1 1
Vay he phng trnh co hai nghiem la (=
x;y ) ; ; ; .
2 3 3 2
Cach 2:
1 1 x2
x
x2
1
u2 =
u =
=
=
1
1 x2
1 x2
1 x2
1 x2
at
.
y
1 1 y2
v =
2
y2
1
=
=
=
v
1
2
1 y
1 y2
1 y2
1 y2
7
u v =
12
u2 + 1 v2 + 1 =u + v

Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
7
u v =
u v =
12
12
u2 v2
35
35
u2 + 1 + v2 + 1 =
=
(1)
2
2
12
u + 1 v + 1 12
250
Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
(2)
Formatted
Lay (1) + (2) theo ve ta c:
3
7
2u
u =
35 u + v 35
4.
2
2
12
2 u + 1=
+
=
+
120 u + 1 = 24u + 168
12
5
12
5
u = 4
3
Thay ngc lai ta co ket qua nh cach tren.

x6 + 15x 4 y2 + 15x 2 y 4 + y 6 =
32
.
5
3 3
5
32
6x y + 20x y + 6xy =
Li giai
Lan lt cong theo ve, tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
x+y 6 =
) 64 x + y =2 x =1,y =1 .
(
6
x y =0
x =1,y =1
( x y ) =
0
Vay he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; (1;1) .

x 7 + 21x5 y2 + 35x3 y 4 + 7xy6 =
64
.
7
2 5
3 4
6
64
y + 21x y + 35x y + 7x y =
Li giai
x+y 7 =
) 128 x=
x 1
+y 2 =
(
7
x
y
0
=
y 1
( x y ) =
0
Vay he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x;y ) = (1;1) .

2
3
1
2
x + y = 4x + 2y

.
3 1
x2 y2 =
2x y
Li giai
ieu kien: xy 0 .
251
...
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
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...
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...
Formatted
...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
Formatted
...
(
(
)
)
3 2
2
4
2
2
6x + 2y 2 = 3
4 x + y = +
2
2
x y
y + 3x y =
y
.
3
2
3
2
6
2
2
+
=
x
3xy
3
2 x y =
2x 2 + 6y 2 =
+
x y
x

Field Code Changed
5 +1
3
x =
3
5 x + y =
( x + y ) =
5
2 .
3
3
1
5 1
( x y ) =
x y =
1
y = 2
3 5 +1 3 5 1
;
.
2
2
Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm
(
(
)(
)(
Field Code Changed
3 2
2
2
4
2 2
4
8 x + y x + 6x y + y = +
x y

.
2 3
2 x2 y2 3x 4 + 10x2 y2 + 3y 4 =
y x
Li giai
ieu kien: xy 0 .
Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
Formatted: Centered
Field Code Changed
4
14x 6 + 70x 4 y 2 + 42x 2 y 4 + 2y 6 =
7
5 2
3 4
6
3
x + 21x y + 35x y + 7xy =

y
.
7
2 5
3 4
6
6
+
+
+
=
y
21x
y
35x
y
7x
y
2
2x 6 + 42x 4 y 2 + 70x 2 y 4 + 14y 6 =

7
5 +1
x+y 7 =
x =
7
5
(
)
x + y =5
2 .
7
7
1
5 1
( x y ) =
x y =
1
y = 2
7 5 +1 7 5 1
;
.
2
2
252

Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
4
2
3 9
0
x + y xy x =
8
.
y 4 + x 2 x3 y 9 y =
0

Field Code Changed
Li giai

Neu x = 0 y = 0 ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) la nghiem cua he phng trnh.
Formatted: Centered
Xet xy 0 khi o he phng trnh tng ng vi:

x
x + y
3 y2
y
9
9
3 9
=
=
0 +
x + y =
x 4
4
y
xy
x
8
2
1
y2 x2
3
3
y3 + x x3 9 =
3
3
0
0
0 x y 2 =
2 x y + x y =
xy
y
8
x = y
3
x + y
9
9
2x
x=
=
4
xy
4
x3 = y3

x =
1
xy
=

2
xy = 1
x
9 =
3
2
3

x + y =
8
3
Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
9
y=
8

Field Code Changed
1
1,y = .
2
1
,y 1
=
2
9 9 1 1
Vay he phng trnh co bon nghiem la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ; ; 1; ; ;1 .
8 8 2 2
Nhan xet: T bai toan nay ta sang tac mot so bai toa n tng t nh sau:

Field Code Changed
Formatted: Font: VNI-Times, Not Bold
x 4 + y 4 17
=
2
xy
Bai toan 1. Cho=
.
x 2,y
= 1 ta co
1
1
x4 y4
0
=
2 xy

Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
x3 y3 17
x3 y3 17
=
=
+
+
x
2
x
2
y
y
Suy ra
.
x3 y3
x3 y3
1 4
1 4
4
4
=
+
=
+
x
y
0
x
y
0
2
2
y
x
y
x

Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
253
1 4
y3 17
4
x y +2 = 5
4
3
17x
2
x xy + 4y =
x
2
.
3
5
4
3
2x
1
17
y x y + 4x =
17y
x 4 y 4 =
y
2
2
Field Code Changed
x5 xy 4 + 4y3 =
17x
Bai toan 2. Giai he phng trnh
.
5
4
3
17y
y x y + 4x =

Field Code Changed
x5 + y 5 33
=
2
xy
Cho=
.
x 2,y
= 1 ta co
x5 y5 1 1 =
0
2 xy

Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
x 4 y 4 33
1 5
2y 4 33
5
=
+
=
x y +
x
2
y
2
x
2
Suy ra
4
4
4
33
x
y
1 5
2x 1 x5 y5 =
5
0
2 x y y + x =
y
2
2
x6 xy 5 + 4y 4 =
33x
.
6
5
4
33y
y x y + 4x =

Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed

81x3 y2 81x 2 y2 + 33xy2 29y 2 =

4
.
3
2 3
3
2
+
=
25y
9x
y
6xy
4y
24

Field Code Changed
Formatted: Centered
Field Code Changed
Li giai

3 ( x 1) 27x 2 + 11 y 2 =
4 ( y 1)( y + 1)
3
4 ( y 1) 7y2 + 6y + 6
3 ( 3x + 1)( x 1) y =
Neu x =1 y =1 . Neu y = 0 he phng trnh vo nghiem.
Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
Xet x 1,y 1,y 0 nhan cheo hai phng trnh cua he va lc bo
( x 1)( y 1) hai ve ta c:
Field Code Changed

Field Code Changed
254
( 27x
( 27x
( 27x
) (
+ 11)( 7y
+ 11)( 7y
+ 11 y 2 7y 2 + 6y + 6 = ( y + 1) y3 ( 3x + 1) .
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
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Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
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...
Formatted
Vay he co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) = (1;1) .
...
Formatted
...
Nhan xet: ay la mot bai toan kho va nut that cua no la nham c nghiem
x= y= 1 dan ti phan tch nh tren. e x ly ca c bai toan dang nay cac em
Formatted
...
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...
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...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
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...
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...
( x 1) x2 + 1 y 2 = 2x ( y 1)

.
( y 1) y2 + 4 = 4 ( x 1) y3
Formatted
...
Neu x =1 y =1 .
Xet x,y 1 . Nhan theo ve hai phng trnh cua he va lc bo
Ta co:
2
2
2
2
2
)(
)
+ 6y + 6 ) = ( y
+ 6y + 6 = ( y + 1) y ( 3x + 1) .
) (
+ y ( 3x + 1) .
27x2 + 11 7y2 + 6y + 6 > y2 + y ( 3x + 1) y 2 + y ( 3x + 1) y 2 + y ( 3x + 1)
Nen phng trnh nay vo nghiem dan ti he vo nghiem.
lam nhieu bai cung dang se co phan xa khi gap he roi nh vay. Di ay la
mot so bai tap tng t cho cac em tham khao.
x3 y2 x2 y2 + xy2 2xy + 2x y 2 =
0
.
3
3
2
0
5y 4xy y + 4y 4 =
Li giai
(
(
)
)
8xy3 .
( x 1)( y 1) hai ve ta c: ( x2 + 1) y2 ( y2 + 4 ) =
) (
Ta co: x2 + 1 y 2 y 2 + 4 2 x .y2 .4 =
y 8 xy3 8xy3 .
x = 1
x2 = 1
2
y = 2
Dau bang xay ra khi va ch khi y= 4
(th lai thay khong thoa man).
x = 1
3
xy 0
y = 2
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) = (1;1) .

255
Formatted
...
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
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...
Formatted
...
Formatted
ieu kien: xy 0 .
...
Formatted
...

2
5 x + y xy + 1 =
)(
) 4 2x2 + 3y2 ( xy + 1)
(
11 3x2 + y2 = ( 9x + 13y )( xy + 1)
Formatted
...
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Field Code Changed
...
xy = 1
1) 4 2x 2 + 3y 2 .
5 ( x + y )( xy +=
2
2
11 3x + y = ( 9x + 13y )( xy + 1)
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
TH1: Neu xy = 1 thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he thay khong thoa man.
...
Field Code Changed
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
Formatted
...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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...
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Formatted
...
2x2 y3 x2 y + x2 4xy3 + 2y3 2y + 2 =

0
2 6
2
2
6
6
0
x y x y + 2x 2xy 2x + y y + 2 =
Li giai
2 x 1 2 y3 =
)
( y 1) x2 + 2
(
.
2
( y 1) x 2 + 1 = ( x 1) y 6 + 1
T o suy ra he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) = (1;1) .
1
1
2
2
+ 2=
5 x + y ) xy +
4 2x + 3y 1 +
(
xy
xy .
2
2
11 3x + y = 9x + 13y xy + 1
(
)(
)
Li giai
TH2: 5 ( x + y )( xy=
+ 1) 4 2x + 3y ,xy 1 ta co he phng trnh:
2
5 ( x + y )( xy +=
1) 4 2x 2 + 3y 2
11 3x 2 + y 2 = ( 9x + 13y )( xy + 1)
Nhan theo ve hai phng trnh cua he va lc i xy + 1 hai ve ta c:
256
55 3x 2 + y2 ( x + y=
) 4 2x2 + 3y2 ( 9x + 13y ) .

Field Code Changed
93x3 + 61x 2 y 53xy 2 101y3 =0 ( x y ) 93x 2 + 154xy + 101y 2 =0 .
x = y
xy 0
x = y .
2
2
0
93x + 154xy + 101y =
Field Code Changed
Thay y = x vao phng trnh th nhat cua he tren ta c:
Field Code Changed
10x x 2 + 1= 20x 2 x ( x 1)= 0

x 1 =
y 1.
=
x0

Field Code Changed
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) = (1;1) .

3
3
10x 1 +
=
5x + y
.
y 1 3 =
1
5x + y
Field Code Changed

Li giai
e he co nghiem ta phai co x > 0,y > 0 .
Khi o he phng trnh a cho tng ng vi:
3
3
1 + + =
5x
y
10x
1
1 3 =
y
5x + y
3
1
=2
10x
y
.
3
1
6
9 1 =12
+
=
10x
y 5x + y
10x y 5x + y
10x
Field Code Changed
=2
3
3
1
1
=2
=2
y
.
10x
10x
y
2
2
0
0
9y 50x 85xy =
( y 10x )( 9y + 5x ) =
y = 10x
x =
3
1
10 .
=2
y
y = 1
10x
1
Vay he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y ) = ;1 .
10
257
1
2
3x 1 +
=
x+y
Bai 34. Giai he phng trnh (VMO 1996)
.
7y 1 1 =
4 2
x+y
Li giai
e he co nghiem ta phai co x > 0,y > 0 .
Formatted: Centered
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi

2
1
2
2
4 2
4 2
2
+
=
2
+
=
1 + x y =
+
3x
7y
3x
3x
7y
.
4 2
4 2
2
4
1 1 =
2
4 32
3x 7y x + y
7y
7y x + y
x+y
3x
2
2
4 2
4 2
+
=
2
+
=
2
.
3x
3x
7y
7y
2
2
0
0
( y 6x )( 28y + 16x ) =
28y 96x 152xy =
1
2
1
y = 6x
+
x =
x =
3
21
3
2
4 2
+
=
2
12
y =
2 3
y =+
2 3
7y
3x
21
2
21
.
12
21
Vay he phng trnh co hai nghiem la:
21
( x;y ) =
;2 3
12 1
2
12
+
;2 3 +
;
.
21 3
21
21
Formatted: Centered
Gii h ph
5x3 + 3y3 2xy =

6
trnh
.
ng
3
3
8
3x + 2y + 3xy =
Gii
H ph
i:
5x3 + 3y3 = 2xy + 6

x3 = 13xy 12
.
3
3
3xy + 8 y3 =
21xy + 22
3x + 2y =
Nhn theo v hai ph

x3 y3 =
258
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
(13xy 12 )( 21xy + 22 ) .
xy = 1
( xy 1) xy + 137 19033 xy + 137 + 19033 =

0 xy =
137 19033 .
137 + 19033
xy =
Thay ng
c li h ph
atm
ng trnh
c

cc
t nghim
)(
=
( x;y
) (1;1) ; 3 13
19033 1793; 3 2899 21 19033 ; 3 13 19033 1793; 3 2899 + 21 19033
.
x3 2y3 + xy =
0
trnh
.
ng
3
0
3y + 3xy + 1 =
Gii h ph
Gii
H ph
i:
3
9xy + 2
x =
3 .
y3 = 3xy + 1
3
Nhn theo v hai ph
=
x3 y3
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
( 9xy + 2 )( 3xy + 1) 9x3y3 27x=

2 2
y 15xy 2
0.
9
ng
ph trnh bc ba tng qut vi n t = xy s dng ph
y l
by tm
c
nghim duy nht xy =
ng
c
Thay
li
3 + 3 7 + 49
.
3
ph
11 + 6 3 7 + 3 3 49
4 + 3 3 7 + 3 49
3
; 3
( x;y ) =
3
3
Gii
H ph
i:
3
3x2 y2 1
x =
.
3
3xy 2
8y =
Nhn theo v hai ph
8x=
y
c
ng
x3 8y3 =
1 + 3xy 3x2 y2
trnh
.
ng
3
3
1 3xy + 9x2 y2
8y 3x =
Gii h ph
3 3
ng ph
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
(3x y + 1) (3xy + 2) x y
2 2
3 3
+ 6x2 y2 + 3xy=
+2 0.
259
( xy + 1) + 3x2 y2 + 1 = 0 ( xy + 1) x3 = 0 xy + 1 = x xy = x 1 .
Thay
vo
ph
2
x3 =3 ( x 1) 1 3x3 =( x 2 )
u ng catrnhh trn
ta
c:

2
3 3x =x 2 x =
=1 3 3 3 9
1 3 3
.
Suy ra
=
y
x 1 1 3 3 3 9 1 1 + 3 3
.
=
=
x
2
1 3 3 3 9
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtclnghi
( x;y ) = 1 3 3 3 9; 1 +2 3 .
Nhn xt. Qua y nhn thy khi gii ph
c ng
ba trnh
c duy
b nht mt
nghim nu tnh bin i ta tm c

nghim rt trc quan m khng phi s
dng bt k mt ph
ng php no khc.
Vy h ph
(
(
)
)
( x y ) x2 + y2 =x 4 1
.
ng trnh
( x + y ) x 4 + y 4 =x 4 + 1
Gii h ph
Gii
Nhn theo v hai ph
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
)(
) (
)(
( x y )( x + y ) x2 + y2 x4 + y4 = x4 1 x4 + 1 .
y = 1
.
x8 y8 = x8 1 y8 = 1
y = 1
Xt tr
ng hp thay ng
c li h ban u tm
=
( x;y
) ( 0;1); ( 1; 1); ( 2; 1) .
x = 2y3 6y 2
.
ng trnh
x3 + 3x + 4
y =
Gii h ph
Gii
Vit li h ph
i dng:
ng trnh d
x 2 = y + 1 2 y 2
( )( ) .
2
y 2 = ( x + 1) ( x 2 )
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
Nhn cho theo v hai ph

2
( x + 1) ( x 2 ) x =
2 ( y 2 ) ( y + 1) =
y=
2.
Vy h ph
260
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc( nghi
x;y ) = ( 2;2 ) .
c cc nghim
x ( xy + 6 ) =
y3
.
ng trnh
x3
y ( xy 24 ) =
Gii h ph
Gii
Nhn theo v hai ph
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
xy = 0
2
.
xy ( xy + 6 )( xy 24 ) =
x3 y3 xy ( xy + 8) =
0
xy = 8
TH1: Nu xy = 0 x = y = 0 .
TH2: Nu xy = 8 thay vo ph
u
ca
ng trnh
h ta
c:
8
2x =y3 = x =4 y =2 .
x
m
ng
l trnh
0;0nghi
( x;y )c=(ba
); ( 4;2 ); ( 4; 2 ) .
Vy h ph
1
2
3x 1 +
=
x+y
.
ng trnh
xy 1 1 =
4 2
x+y
Gii h ph
2
2
1 2 ; 2 2 2 .
p s. ( x;y ) =
3

21 7
Gii h ph
p s. ( x;y ) =
Gii h ph
H
ng dn.

6
3 2
x 1 +
=
x+y
.
ng trnh
y 1 6 =
1
x + y
)(
2;1 ; 2 2;2 .
1 2
4 x +
4
ng trnh
4 1 2
y
4

x+ y
=
2
x + y
.
x+ y
=
1
x + y
x =2 y .
261
Gii h ph

7
3 2
x 2 +
=
2x + 5y

.
ng trnh
7
y 2
=
3

2x + 5y
Gii h ph

15
2+ 3
x 2
=
x + 2y

.
ng trnh
y 2 + 15 =
3 3 1

x + 2y
Gii h ph

5
2
x 3 +
=
42x + y

.
ng trnh
5
2y 3
=
4
42x + y
5+2 6 5+2 6
p s. ( x;y ) =
;
.
7
9
(
(
)
)
5x 4y= 2 x2 y2
ng trnh 5 x2 y2 .
4x 5y =
x2 + y2
Gii h ph
Gii
iu kin: x2 + y2 > 0 .
Cng theo v hai ph
9(x y) =
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
5
5
x2 y2 2 +
(x y) 9 (x + y) 2 + 2
= 0 .
2
2
x +y
x + y2
x = y
5
9
=
( x + y ) 2 + 2
2
+
x
y
Tr theo v hai ph
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
x + y=
262
(x
5
5
y2 2
( x + y ) 1 ( x y ) 2 2
= 0 .
2
2
x +y
x + y2
x = y
5
1
=
( x y ) 2 2
x + y2
TH1: Nu x = y thay vo ph
TH2:
Nu
x = y thay
vo
u
ca
ng trnh
h ta
c: x = 0 y = 0 (loi).
u
ngcatrnh
h ta
ph

c:
9x = 0 x = 0 y = 0 (loi).
TH3: Nu x y khi h ph
i: ng trnh tng ng v
5
9
10
9
1
9
( x + y ) 2 + 2
=
= =
2 + 2
x + y2
x + y2 x + y
x2 + y2 x + y x y
5
1
9
1
5
2
=
=
4
+
x
y
2
1
=
) 2 2
(
x+y xy
x2 + y2 x y
x +y
Nhn theo v hai ph
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
40
x2 + y2
9
1 9
1
40
81
1
.
=
+
=
2
x + y 2 ( x + y )2 ( x y )2
x + y x y x + y x y
40 x2 y2 = 81 x2 + y2 ( x y ) x 2 + y2 ( x + y ) .
10x 4 41x3 y + 60x 2 y 2 41xy3 + 10y 4 =0 ( y 2x )( 2y x ) 5y 2 8xy + 5x 2 =0
.
y = 2x
( do x2 + y2 > 0 ).
x = 2y
Vi y = 2x thay vo ph
u
ca
ng trnh
h ta
c:
x = 0 y = 0
.
5x 4.2x = 2 x2 4x2 3x = 6x 2
x = 1 y = 1
2
1
i chiu vi iu kin nhn nghim ( x;y ) = ;1 .
2
Vi x = 2y thay vo ph
u
ca
ng trnh
h ta
c:
y = 0 x = 0
.
= 2 4y 2 y 2
5.2y 4y
y =1 x =2
i chiu vi iu kin nhn nghim ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) .
263
mng
l trnh
;1nghi
( x;y )c= hai
; ( 2;1) .
2
Nhn xt. Ta c th nhn theo v hai ph
a
h
ng trnh a
c phv
Vy h ph
10 x y
( 5x 4y )( 4x 5y ) = 2
x +y
Bin i t
Gii h ph
cch
ng tgii trn ta c kt qu t
4
1
3
x + 2y x = + 3 3
4
.
ng trnh
y 4 + 2x3 y = 1 3 3
Gii
Ly tng hai ph
ng trnh
. ng t
a
h
ng theo
trnh v
c ta
c:
2
1
1 3
2
2
0 =
x
x + x=
2
1 2
1
2
2
.
x + x +y + y = 0
2
2
1 3
y2 + y 1 =
0
y=
2
2
1 3 1 + 3
Th li ch c nghim ( x;y ) =
;
tha mn.
2
2
1 3 1 + 3
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc( nghi
x;y ) =
;
.
2
2
Vy h ph
x 4 4x3 + 8y =4 16 3
.
4ng trnh
3
y 4y + 8x =4 + 16 3
Gii h ph
Gii
Cng theo v hai ph
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
x 4 4x3 + 8y + y 4 4y3 + 8x =
8 x 4 4x3 + 8x + 4 + y 4 4y3 + 8y + 4 =
0.
x 2 2x 2
) + (y
2
2y 2
x =
1
x =1
x 2x 2 = 0
2
0
1+
y 2y 2 =
x =
=
x
1+
2
264
=
0.
3,y =
1 3
3,y =1 + 3
3,y =
1+ 3
3,y =
1 3
cngnghim
trnh ch( x;y ) =+
1
3;1 3 tha mn.
Th li h ph
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc( nghi
x;y ) =+
1
3;1 3 .
Vy h ph
x 4 2x3 11y 2 + 12y + 41 =

0
.
4ng trnh
3
2
0
y 2y 11x + 12x + 31 =
Gii h ph
Gii
Cng theo v hai ph
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
x 4 2x3 11x 2 + 12x + y 4 2y3 11y 2 + 12y + 72 =

0.
x x6
) + (y
2
y6
x= y= 3
x2 x 6 =0
x =y =2
.
=0
=
= 2
x 3,y
=
y
y
6
0
2,y =
3
x =
i chiu vi iu kin ch c nghim ( x;y=

)
Vy h ph
Gii h ph
( 3; 2 ) tha mn.
h
cngnghim
trn duy nht ( x;y=
) ( 3; 2 ) .
1 1
2
2
+ = 2 x + y (1)
x 2y
.
ng trnh
1 1 = y2 x2 (2)
x 2y
Gii
iu kin: xy 0 .
Ly (1) + (2) v (1) (2) theo v ta
c:
2
2
2
= 3y + x
x3 + 3xy2 =
2
x
.
3
2
1
1
y + 3x y =
= 3x2 + y2
y
y y tip tc ly tng v hiu hai ph
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
3 +1
x+y 3 =
) 3 x + y =3 3 x = 2 .
(
3
3
1
x y =
3 1
( x y ) =
y = 2
Vy h ph
3 3 +1 3 3 1
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc( nghi
x;y ) =
;
.
2
2
265
( x + y ) 3xy 4 x =
2 (1)
.
ng trnh
2 (2)
( x + y ) 3xy + 4 y =
Gii h ph
Gii
iu kin: x,y 0 .
a h
ng suy
trnhrac x + y > 0 .
T hai ph
Ly (1) + (2) v (1) (2) theo v ta

c:
(
(
(
(
( x + y ) 6xy 4 x + 4 y= 0
( x + y ) 3xy 2 x + 2 y= 0
4
1
( x + y ) 4 x 4 y =
( x + y ) x + y =
2=
2 x y ( x + y )=
x y 3xy
x + y 3xy
( x + y ) x + y= 1 ( x + y ) x + y= 1
2 ( x + y )(=
( x 2y )( 2x
=
+ y) 0
x y ) 3xy
y 1
y 1
( x + y ) x + =
( x + y ) x + =
x = 2 3 3 2 2
x 2y
x 2y
=
9
.
+ y 1 3y 2 +=
1 y 1
( x + y ) x=
32 2
3
y =
9
Vy h ph
Gii h ph
32 2 32 2
.
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc( nghi
x;y ) = 2 3
;3
9
6
2
2
( x 2y ) 3x + 8y + 4 x 4xy + 4y 16 =
ng
trnh
.
( y 4x ) 2x + 3y + 2 x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 =
10
Gii
iu kin: x2 4xy + 4y2 16 0 .
Cng theo v hai ph
a h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
( x 2y )( 3x + 8y ) + ( y 4x )( 2x + 3y ) +
.
5x2 10xy 13y 2 + 16 2 ( 2x + 3y ) x 2 4xy + 4y 2 16 =0 .
266
x 2 4xy + 4y 2 16 4 ( x 2y ) + 2 ( y 4x ) =
16
x2 4xy + 4y2 16 + 2 ( 2x + 3y ) x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 + ( 2x + 3y ) =

0.
2
x2 4xy + 4y2 16 + 2x + 3y =0 x 2 4xy + 4y 2 16 + 2x + 3y =0 .
x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 =
( 2x + 3y ) .
Thay ng
c li h ph
(
(
)
)
c: ng trnh ta
( x 2y ) 3x + 8y 4 ( 2x + 3y ) =
6
6
( x 2y )( 5x + 4y ) =
.
4x
2x
+
3y
=
10
y
4x
2x
+
3y
2
2x
+
3y
=
10
(
)(
)
)
(
)
y l h ng cp ta
a
phv
ng trnh.
y = x
Suy ra 5 ( x 2y )( 5x + 4y ) =
.
3 ( y 4x )( 2x + 3y ) 49 x 2 y 2 =
0
y = x
Xt tr
ng hp v thay vo ph
u
ng
catrnh
h trn
v i chiu iu kin
tm
)(
c
nghim ( x;y ) =
2; 2 ; 2; 2 .
Gii h ph
)(
mng
l trnh
hai
nghi
2; 2 ; 2; 2 .
( x;y )c=
Vy h ph
x y x2 y2
= 2 (1)
1 x2 + y2
ng
trnh
.
y x x2 y2 7
= (2)
4
1 x2 + y2
Gii
iu kin 0 x2 y2 < 1 .
Ly (1) + (2) v (1) (2) theo v ta
c:
2
2
1 x y ( x + y ) 15
=
1 x2 + y2
.
1 + x2 y2 ( x y )
1
4
1 x2 + y2
Nhn theo v hai ph

a
h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
2
2
2
2
1 x y ( x + y ) 1 + x y ( x y ) 15 1
.
= . .
4 4
1 x2 + y2
1 x2 + y2
267
1 x2 + y2
1 x2 + y2
. x2 y2 =
Thay ng
c li h ph
15
15
.
x2 y2 =
16
16
nh
ban
ng tru ta
c:
y 15
x
4 =2
4x y 15 =
7 15
2
x= 8 +
4
4 .
7
x 15
4y x 15 =
=
+
y
7
2
15
y
4
4 =7
1
4
4
Tha mn iu kin.
7 15
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc( nghi
x;y ) =
;7 + 2 15 .
8 +
Vy h ph
4
121x 122y
4
x y = 2
4xy x + y 2
.
ng trnh
4
2 2
4 122x + 121y
x + 14x y + y = 2
x + y2
Gii h ph
Gii
iu kin: xy 0 .
ngng
ng
trnh v
i:cho t
H ph
121x 122y
4xy x 4 y 4 =
(1)
x2 + y2
122x + 121y
x 4 + 14x 2 y 2 + y 4 =
(2)
2
2
x +y
Nhn thy cc hng s 121,122 xut hin c hai ph

chng i.
Ly (1).x + (2).y v (1).y + (2).x theo v ta
c:
x5 + 10x3 y2 + 5xy 4 =
122 (3)
.
5
2 3
4
121 (4)
y + 10x y + 5x y =
Ly (3) + (4) v (3) (4) theo v ta

c:
268
n
vic
ng trnh
loi ngh
b
243 x=
x 2
+y 3 =
( x + y ) =
5
y 1 =
x=
y 1
( x y ) =
1
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc( nghi
x;y ) = ( 2;1) .
Vy h ph
x y2 + 1
3
=
x2 + y2
5
.
ng trnh
y x2 1 4
=
2
2
5
x + y
Gii h ph
Gii
iu kin: x2 + y2 > 0 .
2
3 4
Khi + =
1.
5 5
Ln l
t bnh ph
ca
ng hai
hai ph
v

c:
x y2 + 1
2
2
x +y
y x2 1
+
2
2
x +y

ri
ngcng
trnhli
trong
theohv ta
)(
x2 + y2 x2 y2 + 1
=
1
=
1.
x2 + y2
)(
x = 1
.
x2 y2 + 1 = x2 + y2 x2 1 y2 1 = 0
y = 1
Xt tr
ng hp ri th li ta
c hai nghim ( x;y
=
) 13 ; 1 ; ( 3;1) .
Cch 2: Nhn thy xy = 0 khng tha mn h ph
t li
ngdtrnh
i dng:
nn vi
x2 y2 + 1
3x
=
(1)
x2 + y2
5
y2 x2 1 4y
=
(2)
2
2
5
x + y
Ly (1) (2) theo v ta

c:
3x 4y x 2 + y 2
4y + 5
.
=
=1 3x 4y =5 x =
5
5 x2 + y2
3
Thay ng
c li ph
u
ca
ng trnh
h ta
c:
269
5.
2
1
y = 1 x = ,y = 1
5 + 4y
5 + 4y 2
.
. y + 1= 3 y 2 +
3

3
3

y = 1
=
= 1
x 3,y
xy2 1 x 2 y 2 + x
3
5
x2 + y2
.
ng trnh
x2 y 1 x2 y2 y 4
=
5
x2 + y2
Gii h ph
iu kin: 0 < x2 + y2 1 .
Cch 1: Ln l
t bnh ph
v ta
c:
ca
nghai
hai ph
v
ri
ngcng
trnhlitrong
theoh
2
xy2 1 x 2 y 2 + x + x2 y 1 x 2 y 2 y

=1.
2
2
x +y
2
)( x y
(x + y )
2
x + y + 1 x y
x2 y2 1 x2 y2 + 1
x2 + y2
)(
2 4
+ x 4 y2
x y ( x + y )(1 x y ) + x
)=
1
(x + y )
2 2
=1 x 2 y 2 1 x 2 y 2 =x 2 + y 2 1 .
c: ng trnh ta
3
3
=
x =
x
5
5 (tha mn iu kin).
y =4
y = 4
5
5
Vy h ph
Cch 2: Vit li h ph
270
x2 y2 + 1 1 x 2 y 2 =0 x 2 + y 2 =1 .
Thay ng
c li h ph
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc (nghi
=
x;y
) 35 ; 45 .
i dng:
ng trnh d
+ y2
=
1
2
2
x y 1 x y + 1 3
=
5
x2 + y2
2
2
2
y x 1 x y 1
4

=
5
x2 + y2
T y suy ra x > 0,y < 0 .
Khi h ph
i. ng trnh tng ng v
2 2
2
2
x y 1 x y + 1 3
= x (1)
5
x2 + y2
y2 x2 1 x2 y2 1

= 4 y (2)
5
x2 + y2
Ly (1) (2) theo v ta

c:
x2 + y2
x2 + y2
Mt khc
3x 4y
3x 4y = 5 .
5
5
3 2 4 2
3x 4y
+ x 2 + y 2=
5
5
5 5
x2 + y2 1 .
x2 + y2 =
1
x=
y
x
5 .
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi =
3 / 5 4 / 5
y = 4
x > 0,y < 0
Vy h ph
Gii h ph
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc( nghi
=
x;y
) 35 ; 45 .
1
1
35
+
=
(1)
1 y 2 12
1 x2
.
ng trnh
y
7
x
=
(2)
2
1 y 2 12
1 x
Gii
iu kin: 1 < x < 1, 1 < y < 1 .
Ly (1) + (2) v (1) (2) theo v ta
c:
271
1+ x
7
1+ x
1 y 7
=
+
=
2
1+ y 2
1 x
.
1 x
1+ y
7
1+ y 7
1 x
+
=
+
=
1+ x
1 y 3
1 x2
1 y2 3
1 x2
1 y
1 y2
Xut hin nhn t chung t

=
u
Khi h ph
1
+
u=
v
1
v=
+
1+ x
=
,v
1 x
1+ y
, ( u > 0,v > 0 ) .
1 y
thnh:
ng trnh tr
7
7v 2
u 3,v
=
= 2
u
=
2
2v
1
1.
u =
7
7 =
,v
v + 2v
=
2
3
3
7v 2 3
1+ x
=3
1 x
1+ y
=2
1 y
1
1
,y
=
x 2=
3
.
1
1
1+ x 1
x
,y
=
3
2
1 x 2
1+ y 1
=
1 y 3
Vy h ph
1 1 1 1
mng
l trnh
x;y )chai; nghi
(=
; ; .
2 3 3 2
1 1 x2
x
x2
1
u2 =
u =
=
=
1
1 x2
1 x2
1 x2
1 x2
Cch 2: t
.
y
1 1 y2
v =
2
y2
1
=
=
=
v
1
2
1 y
1 y2
1 y2
1 y2
Khi h ph
thnh:
ng trnh tr
7
7
u v =
u v =
u v =
12
12
12
u2 v2
35
35
u2 + 1 + v2 + 1 =
u2 + 1 v2 + 1 =u + v (2)
=
(1)
u2 + 1 v2 + 1 12
5
12
.
Ly (1) + (2) theo v ta
c:
272
3
7
u =
4.
12 120 u2 + 1 = 24u + 168
5
u = 4
3
Thay ng
c li ta c kt qu nh
cch trn.
2 u2 + 1 =
35 u + v 35
+
=
+
12
5
12
2u
6
4 2
2 4
6
32
x + 15x y + 15x y + y =
trnh
.
ng
5
3 3
5
32
6x y + 20x y + 6xy =
Gii h ph
Gii
Ln l
t cng theo v, tr theo v hai ph
a
h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
x+y 6 =
) 64 x + y =2 x =1,y =1 .
(
6
x y =0
x =1,y =1
( x y ) =
0
Vy h ph
1;nghi
1) ; (1;1) .
mng
l trnh
( x;y )c=(hai
Gii h ph
x 7 + 21x5 y2 + 35x3 y 4 + 7xy6 =

64
.
7ng trnh2 5
3 4
6
64
y + 21x y + 35x y + 7x y =
Gii
Ln l
a
h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
x+y 7 =
) 128 x=
x 1
+y 2 =
(
.
7
x
y
0
=
y 1
( x y ) =
0
mng
l trnh
.
1;1)nghi
( x;y )c= (hai
Vy h ph
2
3
1
2
+
x + y =
4x 2y
.
ng trnh
3 1
x2 y2 =
2x y
Gii h ph
Gii
iu kin: xy 0 .
(
(
)
)
3 2
2
4
2
2
6x + 2y 2 = 3
4 x + y = +
2
2
x y
y + 3x y =
y
.
3
2
3
2
6
2
2
+
=
x
3xy
3
2 x y =
2x 2 + 6y 2 =
+
x y
x
273
5 +1
x+y 3 =
x =
3
5 x + y =
)
(
5
2 .
3
3
1
x y =
5 1
( x y ) =
y = 2
Vy h ph
3 +1 3 5 1
mng
l trnh
;
.
( x;y )c= hai52nghi
2
Gii h ph
3 2
2
2
4
2 2
4
8 x + y x + 6x y + y = +
x y
ng
trnh
.
2 3
2 x2 y2 3x 4 + 10x2 y2 + 3y 4 =
y x
(
(
)(
)(
Gii
iu kin: xy 0 .
i:
H ph
4
6
4 2
2 4
6
14x + 70x y + 42x y + 2y =
x 7 + 21x5 y2 + 35x3 y 4 + 7xy6 =
3
y
.
7
2 5
3 4
6
6
2
2x 6 + 42x 4 y 2 + 70x 2 y 4 + 14y 6 =
y + 21x y + 35x y + 7x y =
x
Ln l
a
h
ng ta
trnh

cc:
7
5 +1
7
x =
7
5 x + y =
( x + y ) =
5
2 .
7
7
1
5 1
( x y ) =
x y =
1
y = 2
7 +1 7 5 1
mng
l trnh
;
.
( x;y )c= hai52nghi
2
Vy h ph
Gii h ph
4
2
3 9
0
x + y xy x =
8
ng trnh
.
y 4 + x 2 x3 y 9 y =
0
Gii
H ph
i:
Nu x = 0 y = 0 ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) l nghim ca h ph

Xt xy 0 khi h ph
274
ng trnh.
i: ng trnh tng ng v
x2 y2 9
x3 + y3 9
3 y2
9
=
=
+
0
y3 =
x +
x 4
4
y
xy
x
8
.
2
1
y2 x2
3
3
y3 + x x3 9 =
3
3
x y 2 =
0
0
=
2
x
y
0
xy
y
8
x
y
x = y
3
x3 + y3 9
9
2x
x=
=
2 =
xy
4
4
x
x3 = y3

x =
1
xy =
2
xy = 1
x
=

9
3
2
3
x + y =
8
y=
9
8
1,y =
1
.
2
1
,y 1
=
2
9 9 1 1
n nghim
ng trnhl
c(bx;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ; ; 1; ; ;1 .
8 8 2 2
Nhn xt. T bi ton ny ta sng tc mt s bi ton t
nhng t sau:
Vy h ph
x 4 + y 4 17
=
2
xy
Cho=
.
x 2,y
= 1 ta c
1
1
x4 y4
0
=
2 xy
x3 y3 17
x3 y3 17
=
=
+
+
x
2
x
2
y
y
Suy ra
.
3
3
x
y
1
x3 y3
1 4
4
4
4
=
+
=
+
x
y
0
x
y
0
2
2
y
x
y
x
1 4
y3 17
4
x y +2 = 5
4
3
17x
2
x xy + 4y =
x
2
.
3
5
4
3
17
17y
y x y + 4x =
2x 1 x 4 y 4 =
y
2
2
x5 xy 4 + 4y3 =
17x
.
5ng trnh
4
3
17y
y x y + 4x =
Bi ton. Gii h ph
x5 + y 5 33
=
2
xy
Cho=
.
x 2,y
= 1 ta c
x5 y5 1 1 =
0
2 xy
275
Suy
ra
x 4 y 4 33
1 5
2y 4 33
5
=
+
= 6
x y +
5
4
33x
x
2
y
2
x xy + 4y =
x
2
4
4
4
6
5
4
2x
1
33
+
=
x
y
y
x
y
4x
33y
5
5
1 5
5
x y =
0
2 x y y + x =
y
2
2
x6 xy 5 + 4y 4 =
33x
.
6ng trnh
5
4
33y
y x y + 4x =
Bi ton. Gii h ph
81x3 y2 81x 2 y2 + 33xy2 29y 2 =

4
.
ng3trnh 2 3
3
2
24
25y + 9x y 6xy 4y =
Gii h ph
Gii
H ph
i:
3 ( x 1) 27x 2 + 11 y 2 =
4 ( y 1)( y + 1)
3
4 ( y 1) 7y2 + 6y + 6
3 ( 3x + 1)( x 1) y =
Nu x =1 y =1 . Nu y = 0 h ph
m.ng trnh v nghi
Xt x 1,y 1,y 0 nhn cho hai ph
a
ng
h trnh
v l c
c b
( x 1)( y 1) hai v ta c:
( 27x + 11) y ( 7y + 6y + 6) = ( y + 1) y (3x + 1) .

( 27x + 11)( 7y + 6y + 6 ) = ( y + 1) y ( 3x + 1) .
( 27x + 11)( 7y + 6y + 6 ) = ( y + y ) ( 3x + 1) .
2
Ta
( 27x
.
Nn ph
)(
) (
c:
+ 11 7y 2 + 6y + 6 > y 2 + y ( 3x + 1) y 2 + y ( 3x + 1) y 2 + y ( 3x + 1)
mng
dn
trnh
ti h
nyvvnghim.
nghi
Vy h c nghim duy nht ( x;y ) = (1;1) .
Nhn xt. y l mt bi ton kh v nt tht ca n l nhm

c nghim
x
trn.
l cc
bi ton dng ny cc em lm
x= y= 1 dn ti phn tch nh
nhiu bi cng dng s c phn x khi gp h ri nh
bi tp t
cho
ngcc
t em tham kho.
276
y.v D
i y l mt s
3 2
2 2
2
2
0
x y x y + xy 2xy + 2x y =
trnh
.
ng
3
3
2
0
5y 4xy y + 4y 4 =
Gii h ph
Gii
(
(
)
)
( x 1) x2 + 1 y 2 = 2x ( y 1)
i:
ng
trnh cho tng ng v .
( y 1) y2 + 4 = 4 ( x 1) y3
H ph
Nu x =1 y =1 .
a h
ng v
trnh
l
cc b ( x 1)( y 1) hai v
Xt x,y 1 . Nhn theo v hai ph

ta
c:
8xy .
( x + 1) y ( y + 4) =
Ta c: ( x + 1) y ( y + 4 ) 2 x .y .4 =
y
2
8 xy3 8xy3 .
x = 1
x2 = 1
y = 2
2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi y=
(th li thy khng tha
4
x = 1
3
xy 0
y = 2
mn).
x;y ) = (1;1) .
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc( nghi
Vy h ph
Gii h ph
2
2
3
3
0
2x y x y + x 4xy + 2y 2y + 2 =
2ng6trnh2
2
6
6
0
x y x y + 2x 2xy 2x + y y + 2 =
2 3
Gii
H ph
x;y ) = (1;1) .
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc( nghi
T suy ra h ph
Gii h ph
2 x 1 2 y3 =
)
( y 1) x2 + 2
(
i:
ng
v
.
trnh cho tng ng
2
( y 1) x 2 + 1 = ( x 1) y 6 + 1
1
1
2
2
+ 2=
5 ( x + y ) xy +
4 2x + 3y 1 +
xy
xy .
ng trnh
11 3x2 + y2 = 9x + 13y xy + 1
(
)(
)
Gii
iu kin: xy 0 .
H ph
i:
277
xy = 1
2
2
2
5 ( x + y )( xy + 1)= 4 2x + 3y ( xy + 1)
5 ( x + y )( xy +=
1) 4 2x 2 + 3y 2 .

2
2
11 3x + y = ( 9x + 13y )( xy + 1)
2
2
11 3x + y = ( 9x + 13y )( xy + 1)
TH1: Nu xy = 1 thay vo ph
hai
ngca
trnh
hth
thy khng tha mn.
TH2: 5 ( x + y )( xy=
+ 1) 4 2x 2 + 3y 2 ,xy 1 ta c h ph
ng trnh:
5 ( x + y )( xy +=
1) 4 2x 2 + 3y 2
11 3x 2 + y 2 = ( 9x + 13y )( xy + 1)
Nhn theo v hai ph
a h
ng v
trnh
l
cc i xy + 1 hai v ta
c:
55 3x 2 + y2 ( x + y=
) 4 2x2 + 3y2 ( 9x + 13y ) .
93x + 61x y 53xy 101y =0 ( x y ) 93x 2 + 154xy + 101y 2 =0 .

3
x = y
xy 0
x = y .
2
2
0
93x + 154xy + 101y =
Thay y = x vo ph
nht
ng trnh
ca h
th trn ta
c:

10x x + 1= 20x x ( x 1)= 0

x 1 =
y 1.
=
2
Vy h ph
Gii h ph
278
x0
x;y ) = (1;1) .
m
ng
duytrnh
nhtc( nghi
3 x + y x + 1 2 =
)( ) 8x2 .
(
ng trnh
2
7 ( x y )( y 1) =
64y 2
Formatted: Font: Calibri
279
Chu e 8.
KY THUAT AT AN PHU DANG AI SO

No i dung chu e nay e ca p e n phng pha p chung khi a t a n phu da ng ai
so o la tm nha n t chung gia hai phng trnh cua he(Ca c bai toa n a t a n
phu c co n c nha c e n trong ca c chu e khac nh he phng trnh co
ch can th c, a t a n phu da ng to ng hieu).
Cac dau hien at an phu
- He o i x ng loai I.
- He co ca c nha n t la p la i trong hai phng trnh cua he.
- He co to ng va hie u x + y ; x y .
- Co ch a ca n th c at a n m i ba ng ca n th c(ca c bai toa n a t an phu oi
v i he ch a ca n th c ra t hay).
- Mo t so he sau khi a t a n phu a ve he oi xng loai I va loa i II.
Ap dung vi he co so hang chung xuat hien cac phng trnh trong he.
u= x y
Thng th cac bai toan bien oi n gian ta at an phu vi
v = xy
2
x + y ) ( x + y ) 2xy =
4
(
x3 + xy 2 + x2 y + y3 =
4
V du 1.
2
2
6
( x + y ) x + xy + y =
( x + y ) ( x + y )2 xy =
6
(
(
u u2 2v =
4
u= x + y
khi o c he m i:
n
Ta a t a n phu nh sau:
v = xy
6
u u2 v =
gia n hn nhieu.
oi khi chia(hoac nhan) hai ve cua phng trnh trong he vi mot bieu thc
nao o cua bien( thng n gian la x,x2 ,x3 ;y,y2 ,y3 ) luc nay se c he
mi co the at an phu c.
x2 + xy 3x + y =
0
V du 2.
.
4
2
2
2
0
x + 3x y 5x + y =
M i a u nhn he na y cha co g a c bie t tuy nhie n, v i x 0 ta chia hai ve

cu a phng trnh a u cho x va chia hai ve cu a phng trnh th hai cho x2 ta
c he m i nh sau:
254
y
0
0
x + + y 3 =
x + + y 3 =
x
x
2
2
y
x2 + y + 3y 5 =
0
x+ +y5=
0
x
x2
y
e n a y ta a t u =+
x
;v =
y 3 . Khi o he tr thanh:
x
u + v =
0
.
2
0
u + v 2 =
B. BAI TAP MAU

2x 1 2 + 4 y 1 2 =
) ( ) 25 .
(
6
xy ( x 1)( y 2 ) =
Li giai
2
2
2
2x 1 2 + 4 y=
1) 25
) ( 1) 25 ( 2x 1) + 4 ( y=
(
.
2
6
24
x x y2 2y =
4x2 4x y2 2y =
)(
)(
2x 1 2 + 4 y 1 2 =
) ( ) 25
(
.
2
2
24
( 2x 1) 1 ( y 1) 1 =
a t u =
( 2x 1) ,v =
( y 1) , ( u,v 0 ) he phng trnh tr thanh :
x = 3
2x 1 2 =
25 y = 1
u + 4v =
25
)
u = 25 (
u,v 0
.

2
24
x
2
v = 0
( u 1)( v 1) =
( y 1) =
0
y = 1

x;y )
( 3;1); ( 2;1) .
2
5
3
2
x + y + x y + xy + xy = 4
Bai 2. Giai he phng trnh(TSH Khoi A 2008)
5
x 4 + y 2 + xy (1 + 2x ) =
Li giai
2
5
2
x + y + xy x + y + 1 =
4.
2
5
x2 + y + xy =
255
=
u x2 + y
a t
he phng trnh tr tha nh :
v = xy
5
5
v=
u2
u + v ( u + 1) =
4
4
.
5
u2 + v =
u + v ( u + 1) = 5
4
4
5
5
5
2
u=
0,v =
u2
v
u
=
v =
4
4 .
4
1
3
u =
u3 + u 2 + u =
u 2u + 1 2 =
0
,v =
0
(
)
4
2
2
5
x2 + y =
u = 0
x = 3
0
4
TH1 : Ne u
.
5
5
v
=
25
xy =
3
4
y = 16
2
1
1
2x3 + x 3 =
x +y=
0
u =
2
2
TH2 : Ne u
.
3
3
3
xy
=
v =
xy =
2
2
2
( x 1) 2x2 + 2x + 3 =
0
x = 1
3.
3
xy =
y =
2
3 5
25
.
1; ; 3 ; 3
2 4
16
x3 y + x3 + xy + x =
1
.
3 2
3
8
4x y + 4x 8xy 17x =
Li giai
x3 ( y + 1) + x ( y + 1) =
1
2 2
2
2
3
8
4x x y + x + 2x y 8x y 8xy 17x =
( xy + x ) x2 + 1 =
1
2
4x ( xy + x ) 8xy x 2 + 1 17x =
8
256
( xy + x ) x2 + 1 =
1
2
2
2
4x ( xy + x ) 8 ( xy + x ) x + 1 + 8x x + 1 17x =
8
) (
x = 0
( xy + x ) x2 + 1 =
1
2
2
0.
4 ( xy + x ) + 8 x + 1 17 =
2
4x ( xy + x ) + 8x x2 + 1 17x =
1
( xy + x ) x2 + 1 =
(
)
(
)
4 xy + x 2 + 8 x 2 + 1 17 =
0
)
(
.
( xy + x ) x2 + 1 =
1
a t u =xy + x,v =x2 + 1, ( v 1) he phng trnh tr tha nh :

uv 1=
uv 1
=
2 2
2
3
8v 17 0
17v2 0
4u +=
4u v + 8v=
x = 1
y = 3
1
xy
x
+
=

u
=
uv = 1
2
v1
.
3
2
2
x =1
0
v = 2
x2 + 1 =
8v 17v + 4 =
1
y =
2
3
1
2
2
x3 ( 3y + 55) =
64

.
2
xy y + 3y + 3 = 12 + 51x
Li giai
Xe t x 0 vie t la i he phng trnh di dang:
4 3
4 3
= 3y + 55
= 3 ( y + 1) + 52
x
x
.
3
12
4
2
+ 51 ( y + 1) = 3. + 52
y + 3y + 3y =
x
x
257
4
u =
a t
x
v= y + 1
3
u3 v3 = 3 ( v u )
u=
3v + 52
.
3
3
u=
3v + 52
v= 3u + 52
2
2
0
u = v
( u v ) u + uv + v + 3 =
.
3
3
u
=
3u
+
52
u=
3v + 52
4
( u 4 ) u2 +
4u + 13 =
0
u 4=
x 1
=
=4
.
=
v 4=
y 3
u = v
y + 1 =
4

2x2 + xy =
1
2
Bai 5. Gia i he phng trnh 9x
3xy .
= 1+
4
2
2 (1 x )
2 (1 x )
Li giai
Cach 1: ieu kie n : x 1 .
3x
a t u =
khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh :
2
2 (1 x )
2x2 + xy =
1
x,u la hai nghiem cu a phng trnh 2t 2 + yt 1 =
0.
2
1
2u + uy =
1
3x
1
1 3
Theo vi-e t ta co : xu =

.x =
x=
y=
2.
2
2
2
2
2 (1 x )
1 + 3 1 + 3
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie
m ( x;y )
=
;2 ;
;2 .
2
2
Cach 2: Ru t y =
1 2x 2
the va o phng trnh th hai cu a he.
x
y ( 2x + 1) = 2x + 9
.
2
x 35
3 3x
3

=
2y + 4y
x +
2
4 8
258
Li giai

1
1
y x + = x + + 4
2
2

3
1
1
3
x
+
x + 4 =2y + 4y
2
2

a t t= x +
yt = t + 4
1
he phng trnh tr tha nh: 3
.
3
2
t t 4 =2y + 4y
yt = t + 4
yt = t + 4
.
3
3
3
3
0
0
t + 2y yt 4y =
t + 2y ( t + 4 ) 4y =
yt = t + 4
yt = t + 4
3
3
3
3
0
0
t + 2y y ( t + 4 ) =
t + 2y y.yt =
y = t
yt = t + 4
yt = t + 4
yt = t + 4
.
3

2
3
2
t = 2y
0
0
t + 2y y t =
( t y ) ( t + 2y ) =
yt = t + 4
1 17
t =
2

y = t
1 17
2
y =
t = t + 4
y = t
2
t
2y
=
t = t + 4
t = 1 + 17
2y 2 =
2
2y + 4

y = 1 + 17
2

1 1 17
17
x + =
x =
2
2
2
1 17
1 17
y =
y
=
2
2
1
1
+
17
17
x +
x
=
=
2
2
2
+ 17
y 1=
y 1 + 17
=
2
2

259
( x;y )=
17 1 17 17 1 + 17
;
;
;
.
2
2 2
2
Nhan xet: Ba n o c tham kha o mo t so ba i ta p tng t da ng na y trong chu e

Ky thua t he so ba t nh.
x + y3 =
2xy2
.
3
9
2xy 4
x + y =
Li giai
x + y3 2xy 2
x + y3 2xy2
=
3
2
3
6
4
2
2
2xy
xy + y
xy3 + y 6 2xy 4
x + y x=
2xy x=
)(
x + y3 =
2xy 2
2
x + y3 =
2xy
2xy 2 = 0
2
2
3
6
2
0
2xy x xy + y y =
2
3
6
2
0
x xy + y y =
2xy 2 0=
x 0
=
x + y3 =
2xy2
y = 0
.
2xy 2
x + y3 =
2xy2
x + y =
2
3
6
2
2
3
6
2
0
0
x xy + y y =
x xy + y y =
x + y3 2xy 2
x + y3 2xy 2
=
=
Xe t he phng trnh
.
2
3
6
2
3
y2 0
y6 y2
x xy + y =
x xy +=
Nghiem=
x 0,y
= 0 a xe t tre n ta xe t xy 0 khi o he phng trnh tng
ng v i:
x
x
2
2
2xy
2xy
y + y =
y + y =
2
2
x
x xy + y 4 =
2
1
1
y2
y + y 3xy =
x
a t u =+ y2 ,v =
xy he phng trnh tr tha nh:
y
260
u = 2
v = 1
u 2v
u 2v
=
=
2
2
u = 1 .
3v 1 4v =
3v 1 0
2
u=
1
v =
x = 1 + 5
x
2
4
2
+ y =
x = 1 y =
xy = 1
1+ 5
y = 1
.
x
1
x = 1
2
y
+
=
1+ 5
y
2
x =
y = 1
4
xy
=
1

4
y =

1+ 5
Va y he phng trnh co nam nghiem la :
=
( x;y
) ( 0;0 ); ( 1; 1); (1;1);
1+ 5
1
1
; 1 + 5 ;
.
;
4
4
1 + 5
1 + 5
7y
xy + x + 1 =
Bai 8. Gia i he phng trnh 2 2
.
13y2
x y + xy + 1 =
Li giai
Xe t y 0 khi o he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
x
1
x 1
7
7
+x + =
x + y + y =
y
y
.
2
x
1
2
1
x
x + +
13 x +
=
13
=
y y2
y
y
1
x
a t u =+
x
,v =khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
y
y
261
u = 5
u + v = 7
v= 7 u
v = 7 u
v = 12
.
2
2
2
13 u + u 20 0
u = 4
( 7 u) =
u v 13 u =
v = 3
1
5
x + =
y

x = 3
12y 2 + 5y + 1 =
x
0
= 12
y = 1
x
12y
=
y
x = 1 .
1
0
3y 4y + 1 =
x + =
4
y
y=
x = 3y
x
= 3
y
1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 3;1) ; 1; .
3
x2 + xy 3x + y =
0
.
4
2
2
2
0
x + 3x y 5x + y =
Li giai
y = 0
y = 0 ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) la mot nghiem cua he phng trnh.
Neu x = 0 2
y = 0
Xe t x 0 chia phng trnh th nha t cua he cho x , chia phng trnh th hai
cu a he cho x2 ta c:
y
0
0
x + + y 3 =
x + x + y 3 =
x
2
2
y
x2 + y + 3y 5 =
0
x+ +y5=
0
x
x2
a t u= x +
y
x
u = 1
y3 0
y3 0
u +=
u +=
y = 4
.
2

2
u = 2
y5 0
u2 0
u +=
u =
y = 1
262
y
1 2
x + =
x + x + 4 =
0
x
=
x =
y 4=
1
y 4
.
2
y
1
=
x
2x
1
0
+
=
x + =
y = 1
x

y = 1
x2 + y2 + xy + 1 =
4y
.
2
2
y ( x + y ) = 2x + 7y + 2
Li giai
x2 + 1 + y ( x + y ) =
4y
.
2
2
y ( x + y )= 2 x + 1 + 7y

Xe t y 0 vie t la i he d i dang:
x2 + 1
+x+y=
4
y
.
2
x2 + 1
) 2. y + 7
( x + y=
x2 + 1
u =
a t
y
v= x + y
u= 4 v
u = 4 v
u + v = 4
.
2
2
v) + 7 =
v
2 ( 4 =
2u + 7 v
v + 2v 15 0
x2 + 1
=9
y
u =
9,v =
5
5 x + y =5 x =
2,y =
x2 + 1
u 1,v
x 1,y
= 3
= 2
=
=
=1
y
x + y =
3
( 2;5); (1;2 ) .
263
4x2 y + y2 + 2 =
7xy
4 .
4 2
4
+ 4 25y 2 x 2
16x y + y=
25
Li giai
Nha n thay xy = 0 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
Xe t xy 0 khi o vie t la i he phng trnh d i dang :
y2 + 2
7
=
4x +
xy
4
2
16x 2 + y + 4y + 4 =
25
2 2
x
y
a=
t u 4x,v
=
y2 + 2
khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh :
xy
4x = 4
=
x
2
y + 2
x
=3
=
7
u + v= 7
u= 4,v= 3 xy
u + v =
=
2
x
2
4x = 3
uv
12
u
3,v
4
=
=
=
u
v
25
+
=
y + 2
=
4
x =
xy
Va y he phng trnh co bo
n nghie m la ( x;y )
=
(1;1) ; (1;2 ); 34 ;1 ; 34 ; 3 .
Nhan xet. Ta co the th c hie n tng t v i ba i toan sau :

4x2 y + y2 + 2 =
7y
4 .
4 2
4
+ 4 25y 2 x 2
16x y + y=
25
2
2x y xy
=
2xy (1 x )
2
.
1
2
2
x + 2y 1 +
12
=
xy
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
264
1,y
= 1
1,y
= 2
3
,y 1 .
=
4
3
,y = 3
4
2x2 y xy2 + 2x y =
2xy
He phng trnh a cho tng ng v i: 2

.
1
2
2
+ 1 =
12
x + 2y 2 2 +
xy
x y
xy + 1 xy + 1
2
=
2x ( xy + 1) y ( xy + 1) =
2xy
2.
y
x
.
1 2x
1 2y
2
2
2
+ y2 =
12
1
1
2 + 2 + x + 2 2 +
12
x
y
x
y
x + y + 2 y + x =
a t u
=
xy + 1
xy + 1
=
,v
y
x
u 2,v
=
= 2
=
v 2u 2
2
2u v =
2
2
22 .
2
2
u =
,v =
12
12
u + 2 ( 2u 2 ) =
u + 2v =
9
9
xy + 1
=2
y
xy + 1
=2
x = 1
x
xy + 1
y =1
2
9
y
xy + 1
22
=
9
x
(
(
)
)
6x 4 x3 x y 2 ( y + 12 ) x 2 =
6

.
2
5x 4 x2 1 y 2 11x 2 =
5
Li giai
(
(
) ( )
) ( )
2
2
2
2
0
6 x 1 x x 1 y x y =
.
2
2
5 x 2 1 x 2 1 y 2 x 2 =
0
265
Xe t x2 1 0 chia hai ve cu a phng trnh cho x2 1 ta c:

2
6 xy x y =
0
x2 1 x2 1
.
x
2
0
5 y 2
=
x 1
a t u =
x
2
x 1
6
uy =
uy ( u + y ) =
6
uy 2 + u2 y 6 =
0
u+y
2
2
2
2
12
+
=
u
y
5
0
+
=
u
y
2uy
5
(
( u + y )
)
=
5
u+y
6
uy = u + y
uy = u + y
.
( u + y 3) ( u + y )2 + 3 ( u + y ) + 4 =
0
0
( u + y ) 5 ( u + y ) 12 =
x
1 17
=2
x =
2
u = 2
4
x 1
y 1
y 1
=
=
y
1
uy = 2 =
3
u = 1
x
u + y =
1
5
=1
x =
2
y = 2
2
x 1
y = 2
y = 2
( x;y ) = 1 2 5 ;2 ; 1 +2 5 ;2 ; 1 4 17 ;1 ; 1 + 4 17 ;1 .
9xy3 24y2 + 27x2 + 40 y + 3x 16 =

0
.
y 2 + ( 9x 10 ) y + 3 ( x + 3) =
0
Li giai
y2 + 3x + 9xy +=
1 2 ( 5y 4 )
.
2
2
y + 3x ( 9xy + 1) = ( 5y 4 )
266
a t u =
y2 + 3x,v =
9xy + 1 khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u +=
v 2 ( 5y 4 )
u,v la hai nghiem cu a phng trnh:
2
uv ( 5y 4 )
=
2
t 2 2 ( 5y 4 ) t + ( 5y 4 ) = 0 t ( 5y 4 )
= 0 t = 5y 4 .
x 0,y
=
= 1
2
=
u 5y 4
1 + 21
y + 3x = 5y 4
V vay
,y =
2
x =
9
v 5y 4
=
9xy + 1= 5y 4
1 + 21
,y= 2 +
x=
9
7
.
3
7
3
( x;y ) =( 0; 1); 1 + 9 21 ;2 37 ; 1 +9 21 ;2 + 37 .
y 2 + 3x 9xy + 1 = 5y 4 2 (1)
(
) (
)
Cach 2: Vie t la i he phng trnh d i da ng

y 2 + 3x = 10y 9xy 9 (2)
1
Nha n thay xy = kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
9
1
Xet xy khi o nhan theo ve vao (2) vi 9xy + 1 va so sanh vi (1) ta c:
9
( 9xy + 1)(10y 9xy 9 ) = ( 5y 4 ) .

2
( 9xy + 1) 2 ( 5y 4 ) ( 9xy + 1) = ( 5y 4 ) .
2
( 5y 4 ) ( 9xy + 1) = 0 9xy = 5y 5 xy =
5
( y 1) .
9
Khi o (2) tr tha nh y2 + 3x 5y + 4 =

0 . Nhan tha y y = 0 kho ng tho a ma n
do vay nha n va o hai ve vi y ta c:
1
( 5y 5) 5y2 + 4y =0 .
3
y = 1
3
2
2
3y 15y + 17y 5 =
0 ( y 1) 3y 12y + 5 =
0
7 .
y
=
2
3
y3 + 3xy 5y2 + 4y =0 y3 +
267
u(x,y) + v(x,y) =
t(x,y)
Nhan xet: To ng qua t dang he na y co da ng
trong o
u(x,y).v(x,y) = s(x,y)
t 2 ( x,y ) 4s(x,y) . D i ay toi trnh ba y mo t so ba i ta p tng t cho ca c em
re n luye n pha n xa khi ga p he da ng tre n.

7x2 8xy + 4y2 = 6xy + 4

.
4
2
2
4 + 12xy 23x 2 y 2
12x 4xy 7x + 4y =
Li giai
He phng trnh a ho tng ng v i:
7x2 8xy + 4y2 = 6xy + 4
2
4
3
3
2 2
12x 28x y 16xy + 32x y =( 3xy + 2 )
3x2 4xy + 4y2 + 4x 2 4xy = 2 ( 3xy + 2 )
2
4x ( x y ) 3x2 4xy + 4y 2 = ( 3xy + 2 )
) (
a t u = 3x2 4xy + 4y2 ,v = 4x2 4xy khi o ta co he phng trnh:

u +=
v 2 ( 3xy + 2 )
2
uv ( 3xy + 2 )
=
2
t 2 2 ( 3xy + 2 ) t + ( 3xy + 2 ) = 0 ( t 3xy 2 ) = 0 t = 3xy + 2 .
Va y ba i toan a ve gia i he phng trnh:

3x2 4xy + 4y2 = 3xy + 2
x 2 4y 2 = 0
.
2
2
4x 4xy = 3xy + 2
4x 4xy = 3xy + 2
x 2,y
=
= 1
2,y =
1
x =
x = 2y
2
1
,y =
.
x = 2y
x =
15
15
2
4x 4xy = 3xy + 2
2
1
,y =
x =
15
15
2
=
( x;y
) ( 2;1); ( 2; 1);
15
268
1 2
1
;
;
.
15 15 15
x2 + 3x ( y 4 ) + 4y2 + 4 =
0

.
3
2
2
0
12 y + 1 x + 8y + ( 3xy 34 ) x 1 =
Li giai
Gia i he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
x2 + 4y 2 3xy + 2 = 6x 1 2
(
) (
) x2 + 4y2 =6x 1 .
x 2 + 4y 2 + 3xy +=
2
2
6x
1
(
) 3xy + 2 = 6x 1
Gia i he phng trnh ba ng phng pha p the hoa c he ba c hai hai a n tong qua t
tm c ca c nghiem:
( x;y ) =
(1;1) ; k; 5k 4k
4
11
5
+ 3 6 267 91 .
,k =
3
6 267 91
He phng trnh co hai nghiem la:

5k k 2 4
11
x;y
=
1;1
;
5
+ 3 6 267 91 .
( ) ( ) k; 4 ,k =
3
6 267 91
x2 xy y2 =
1

.
3
2
2
2
2
3yx + 1 5y x + 3y 2 3y x = y + 1
Li giai
x2 y2 + 3xy + 1 =
4xy
.
2
2
1) 5x2 y2 6xy + 1
x y ( 3xy +=
a t u =
x2 y 2 ,v =
3xy + 1 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u + v =
4xy
2 2
uv= 5x y 6xy + 1
t 2 4xy + 5x 2 y 2 6xy + 1 =
0.
xy= 2xy + x 2 y2 + 6xy 1

Suy ra =
xy= 1 .
t 2xy x y + 6xy 1
2 2
=
xy
2xy
x
y
6xy
1
2 2
269
Va y he phng trnh tng ng v i:
x = 1
xy 1=
xy 1
y = 1
2
x = 1 .
0
1 x2 y2 =
x xy y =
y = 1

Cach 2: a t u =
x2 y 2 ,v =
xy a ve he phng trnh:
u v =1
.
2
u ( 3v + 1)= 5v 6v + 1
Gia i he phng trnh na y ba ng phng pha p the ta co ket qua tng t .
( v 1)( 3v + 1) = 5v2 6v + 1 ( v 1)
= 0 v = 1.
x2 y2 =
x =
1,y =
1
0
.
x 1,y
= 1
xy = 1
=
5 x 2 + y 2 + 6xy + 3x + y =
0

.
7 ( x + y )3 + 2x3 + 6xy2 + 2 =
0
Li giai
3x + y 2 + 2 3x2 + 6xy + 7y 2 + 3 3x + y =
)
(
) 0
(
.
( 3x + y ) 3x2 + 6xy + 7y 2 =
2
u 3x + y
=
a t
.
2
2
v = 3x + 6xy + 7y

u2 + 2v + 3u =
uv = 2
0
3
.
2
uv =2
u + 3u 4 =0
u = 1,v = 2
uv = 2
.
2
2,v =
1
0
u =
( u 1)( u + 2 ) =
270
1
3x + y =
TH1: Ne u u =1,v =2 2
he na y vo nghie m.
2
2
3x + 6xy + 7y =
3
x = 4
3x + y =
2
TH2: Ne u u =
.
2,v =
1 2
2
1
1
3x + 6xy + 7y =
y=
4
3 1
4 4

4 x + y 2 + x y 2 + 2 x + y + x y =
) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.
(
3
3
8 ( x + y ) + ( x y ) =
2
u= x + y
e n a y a t
a ve he phng trnh:
v= x y
4u2 + v2 + 2u + v =
0
.
3
3
2
8u + v =
( x 3y )( 20x 9y + 33) + 49y 2 + 33y =

0
.
2
2 ( x y ) ( x + y ) + x2 y 10y3 + 3 =
0
Li giai
Cach 1: Vie t la i he d i da ng:
18 x 2y 2 + 33 x 2y + 2x 2 + 3xy + 4y 2 =
0
)
(
)
(
.
( x 2y ) 2x 2 + 3xy + 4y 2 + 3 =
0
u= x 2y
a t
2
2
v = 2x + 3xy + 4y
2
18u2 +=
18u3 + 33u
33u + v 0
=
+3 0
=
=
uv + 3 0
uv + 3 0

20x 2 69xy + 33x + 76y 2 66y =
0
3
2
2
3
0
2x x y 2xy 8y + 3 =
20 x 2y 2 + 33 x 2y + 4y 2 + 11xy =0
)
(
)
(
.
( x 2y ) 2x2 + 3xy + 4y2 + 3 =

0
271
20 x 2y 2 + 33 x 2y + 4y 2 + 11xy =0
)
(
)
(
.
2
( x 2y ) 2 ( x 2y ) + 4y2 + 11xy + 3 =0
3
3y
x y y + xy x y 2xy + 2 =

.
1
x 2 2x 2 y
0
=
x4 y
Li giai
ie u kien xy 0 .
Khi o vie t la i he phng trnh di dang:
y x 1 2 + y x 4 y 2x2 y + 2x =
3y
)
(
.
2
1
0
x 2x 2 y 4 =
x y
x 1 2 + x 4 y 2x2 y + 2x =
3 x2 2x 2 y + x 4 y =
2
)
(
2
1
2
1
0
0
x 2 2x 2 y 4 =
x 2x y 4 =
x y
x y
=
u x2 2x 2 y
a t
4
v = x y
u + v =
2
u=
u 1
+v 2 =
1
=
0
uv 1=
v 1
u =
v
2 2
x
1 x 4 x2 2 =
=
0
x 2 2x 2 y =
2
1
x
.
1
4
y = 1
y = 4
x y = 1
x
x4
)(
x2 + 1 x2 2 =
0
x = 2
1
1
y =
y =
4
x4
1
1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = 2; , 2; .
4
4
272
2 ( x 1)
x + y 2 +
=
3
x+y
.
( x + y ) x y + 2= 6 x + y 2
Li giai
u =
a t
v =
u2 + v2
=
x
x + y = u + 2
x+y2
2
.
, ( u,v 0 )
2
2
u v2 + 4
xy+2
x y = y 2
y=
2
u2 + v2
2
1
v u2 + 2 + u2 + v2 =
2
2 3 u2 + 2
=
3
.
v +
u2 + 2
6u
u2 + 2 v =
u2 + 2 v =
6u
6u + u2 + v2 =
2u2 v2 6u + 8 =
2 3 u2 + 2
0
2
2
u
2
v
6u
+
=
6u
u +2 v=
( u 1)( u 2 ) u4 + 6u2 + 6u + 8 =
0
2u2 6u 6u + 8 =
0
2
u
2
+
6u
6u
v =
v = 2
u2 + 2
u +2
( u 1)( u 2 ) =
0
u 1,v
=
= 2
6u
=
= 2

u 2,v
v = 2
u +2
5
x =
2
xy+2 =
2
1
y = .
2
x+y2 =
2
x = 4
xy+2 =
2
y = 2
x + y 2= 1
5 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x;y ) = ( 4;2 ) ; ; .
2 2
x y2 + 6 + y x2 + 3 =
7xy

, ( x,y ) .
x x 2 + 3 + y y 2 + 6 = 2 + x 2 + y 2
273
Li giai
V i x = 0 hoa c y = 0 he phng trnh kho ng tho a ma n.
Xe t x 0,y 0 khi o bie n o i he phng trnh thanh
2
2
2
y2 + 6
x +3
+
y
6
+
x
3
7
+
=
7
+
=
x
y
x
y
.
3x
6y
2
2
2
2
+
=
x x + 3 x + y y + 6 y =
2
2

y +6 +y
x +3 +x
2
2
x +3 + y +6 =
7
x
y
3
6
+
=
2
2
y2 + 6
x +3
1
+
+1
x
y
a t u
=
x2 + 3
=
;v
x
y2 + 6
khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh
y
u + v =
7
u= 7 v
.
3
6
+
=
2
3 ( v + 1) + 6 ( 8 v )= 2 ( v + 1)( 8 v )
u +1 v +1
7
u=
u = 2
u= 7 v
2.
2
v
=
5
2v
17v
+
35
=
0
v = 7
x2 + 3
=2
x = 1
u = 2
x
V i
1.
2
v = 5
y +6
y =
2
=5
y
2
2 15
7
x +3 = 7
u
=
x =
15 .
2 x
V i
2
2 30
v = 7
y +6 7
y=
=
2
15
2
y
1 2 15 2 30
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = 1; ;
;
.
15
2 15
274
x2 + 2y2 + 3xy + 3 =
0
Bai 23. Gia i he phng trnh x y + 18

.
= 9 xy
2
( x + y )
Li giai
ie u kien: x y 0,x + y 0 .
u + v2
x
=
u =
x+y
x + y =
u
2 .
2
=
v
x
y
=
x
y
v
u v2
=
y
2
He phng trnh a cho tr thanh:

2
2
2
2
2
2
u + v + 2 u v + 3 u + v u v + 3 =
0
2
2 2
2
v2 + 18
= 9v
u2
6u2 2uv2
0
+3=
2
3u2 =
9u2 3uv
uv2 + 6 0
=
+ 18 0
4
.
2
2
2
2
2
+ 18 0
+ 18 0
v + 18 = 9v
v 9u v=
v 9u v=
u2
9u2 v2 3uv ( v 3u ) =
0
0
u = 1
( 3u v )( 3u + v + 3uv ) =
.
v = 3
0
v2 9u2 v + 18 =
v2 9u2 v + 18 =
0
x + y =
1
x=
x 5
+y 1 =
.
3 x y =9
x y =
y =4

)
( 5; 4 ) .
x + x2 7 y 2 + 24 =
2

.
4 x2 7 y 2 + 24 =
7y
Li giai
ie u kien: x 7 .
275
u =
x + x2 7
a t
,( v > 0)
v =
y + y 2 + 24
u2 + 7
x =
2u
v 24
y =
u2 2ux + x2 = x2 7
2v
2
2
2
u2 7
v 2vy + y = y + 24 2
x
7
2u
v2 + 24
2
y
24
+
=
2v
(do u = 0 kho ng tho a ma n he phng trnh).
v2 + 24
=
u
2
2v
.
2
2
v2 24
u 7 v + 24
7.
4. 2u 2v =
2v
v2 + 4v + 24
u
=
2v
v2 + 4v + 24
2
u =
2
v + 4v + 24
2v
.

7
2
2
2
2v
u 7 4v 72

4v
72
=
2. u =
2.
2
v
v
v + 4v + 24
2v
v2 + 4v + 24
u =
v2 + 4v + 24
2v
u
=
2v
2
2
2
+
+
v
4v
24
28v
v 6 ) 3v3 + 26v2 + 144v + 384 =

0
= 4v2 72 (
2
v + 4v + 24
2
u 7=
x 4
7
x + x 7 =
v>0
.
v 6=
y + y 2 + 24 =
1 y 1
276
Nhan xet: V i phep a t a n phu nh tre n ta x ly toa n bo nhng he phng
trnh co da ng:
a x + b a2 x 2 + b + c y + d c2 y 2 + d =
e
1
1
1
1
.
a2 x + b2 a2 x 2 + b + c2 y + d 2 c2 y 2 + d =
f
u =
ax + a2 x2 + b
Ba ng phe p a t an phu
(xem the m chu e he phng
2 2
v =
cy + c y + d
trnh ch ca n th c).
( 6x + y 5)( 2x y ) =
1
.
2
2
2
1
2 6 4x y ( 2x y ) =
Li giai
Nhan xet: De tha y y 2x 0 khi o phng trnh th hai cu a he co da ng
tch ph c tap ta kho ng the nha n ra e tm mo i lien he g o c ma ta th
2
ngh en chia hai ve phng trnh cho ( 2x y ) xem sao? Va lam tng t
cho phng trnh au cu a he .
Nha n thay y 2x 0 khi o viet lai he d i da ng
1
1
=
2x + y ) + ( 2x y ) 5
(
6x + y 5
2=
2x y
2x y
2
2
1
1
2 6 =
12 ( 2x + y ) =
4x2 y2
( 2x y )
2
2
( 2x y )
( 2x y )
1
5
( 2x y )
2 ( 2x + y )=
2x y
2
2
1
12 ( 2x +=
+ ( 2x y )
y)
2
( 2x y )
=
u 2x + y
a t
khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh
1
=
v
2x
y
(
)
2x y
v
2u 5 =
v
2u 5 =
2 .
2
2
2
12 u = v + 2
10 u = ( 2u 5)
277
2u 5 =
v
u 1=
u 3
=
2
.
3 v =
1
0
v =
5u 20u + 15 =
2x + y =
1
2x + y =
1
u = 1
.
V i
1
2
3 ( 2x y ) 3 ( 2x y ) 1 =
0
v = 3 2x y ( 2x y ) =
5 13
2x + y =
1
x =
8
.
3 13
1 13
2x y =
y=
2
2x + y =
3
3
u = 3
2x + y =
V i
.
1
1 ( 2x y )2 + ( 2x y ) 1 =
0
v = 1
2x y ( 2x y ) =
5 5
2x + y =
3
x =
8
.
1 5
7 5
2x y =
y = 4
( x;y ) = 5 8 13 ; 1 4 13 ; 5 8 5 ; 7 4 5 .
Cach 2: Ru t
1
= 6x + y 5 t phng trnh a u the va o phng trnh th hai
2x y
cu a he ta c:
( 6x + y 5)( 2x y ) =
1
2
( 6x + y 5) =8x2 2y2 + 12
12x 2 4xy y 2 10x + 5y 1 =
0 (1)
2
2
0
(2)
44x + 12xy + 3y 60x 10y + 13 =
a y la he c gia i ba ng phng pha p o ng ba c hoa c he so ba t nh.
2x y 4 + 2y x 4 =
) (
) 1
(
.
1
( x y ) x2 xy + y2 =
9
278
Li giai
=
u 2x y u + v= 3 ( x y )
.
a t
2
2
2
2
v= x 2y u uv + v = 3 x xy + y

4
4
1
u4 + v4 =
1 (1)
u + v =
.
3
2
2
3
1 u + v =
1 (2)
( u + v ) u uv + v =
T phng trnh (1) suy ra u,v 1;1 .

u3 =1 v3 0 u 0
.
T phng trnh (2) ta co :
3
1 u3 0 v 0
v =
Va y u,v 0;1 .
Khi o lay (1) (2) theo ve ta c:
u ( u 1) =
0
.
u3 ( u 1) + v3 ( v 1) = 0
0
v ( v 1) =
2x y =
0
2
1
=
x =
,y
=
x
2y
1
=
=
u
0,v
1
3
3
Ke t h p v i u4 + v4 =
.
1 ta co

=
=
u
1,v
0
1
2
=
2x
y
1
,y =
x =
3
3
x 2y =
0
2 1 1 2
x;y ) ; ; ; .
3 3 3 3
2u v
x = 3
Nhan xet: Nhieu em thay kho bie n o i au th co the ru t
thay
y = u 2v
3
va o he ta co ke t qua tng t tre n.
Ket qua tren cho ta x ly c bai toan tong quat:
x2n + y 2n =
1
Giai he phng trnh:
, ( n,k ) .
2k +1
2k +1
+
=
x
y
1

279
x
5y
4
+
=
2
2
x y x + y
.
x2 5y2
=
5
5x + y + xy
Li giai
2
ie u kien: xy 0,x y 0,x + y2 0 .

x
x
5y
5y
4
4
+
+
2 =
2 =
2
2
x y x + y
x y x + y
.
2
2
2
2
2
x2 y
5x y + xy + x 5y
x + y
= 5
+ 5.
= 5
xy
x
y
a t u
=
x
y
=
,v
x2 y
x + y2
u + 5v 4 =
u 2
u= 4 5v
1 5
2.
5 =
4 5v + 5v= 5v ( 4 5v ) v
+
5
v u
x
=2
2
2
0
x y
2x x 2y =
2
0
2y + 2x 5y =
y =2
x + y2 5
3
3
,y =
x =
2
2x x
y =
1
2
.
x = 1,y =
2
2
2x x
2
=
0
3
2y + 2x 5. 2
x 3=
=
,y
2
2
2
3 1 3 3
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x;y ) = ;3 ; 1; ; ; .
2 2 2 2
3
2y
1
+
=
2
2
x + y 1 x
.
x 2 + y 2 2x =
4
Li giai
280
ie u kien: xy 0,x2 + y2 1 .
a t u = x2 + y2 1,v =
x
y
3 2
u 2v + 3
u 2v + 3
1
+ =
=
=
.
2
u v
3v + 2 ( 2v + 3=
v ( 2v + 3) v 2v 3 =
)
0
u + 1 2v =
x2 + y2 1 =
9
x = 1,y = 1
x
=3
u =
9,v =
3
x=
1
1,y =
y
2
2
1,v =
x=
3,y =
1
1 x + y 1 =
u =
1
3,y =
1
x =
x
=
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la ( x;y ) =( 1;1) ; (1; 1) ; ( 3; 1) ; ( 3;1) .

x2 + y2 xy = 4y 1
.
y
y
+2
x =
x2 + 1
Li giai
V i y 0 vie t la i he phng trnh di dang:
x2 + 1
x2 + 1 + y ( y x ) =
4y
4
+yx=
y
.
y
y
y
+2
x =
y
+2
x2 + 1
x =
x2 + 1
a t u=
x2 + 1
,v= x y he phng trnh tr tha nh:
y
u v =
4
u =3 10,v =1 10
v= u 4
1
+2
v=
u ( u 4 ) = 2u + 1 u =3 + 10,v =1 + 10
u
281
x2 + 1
= 3 10
y
x y =1 10
.
2
x
1
+
= 3 + 10
y
x y =1 + 10
He phng trnh vo nghiem.
1
1
4
x + y + =
x
y
.
2 x + 1 + y + 1 =
6

x
y
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
1
1
a t u =+
x
,v =+
y
, u , v 2 he phng trnh a cho tr tha nh:
x
y
2u + v 6 =
v= 6 2u
u2 3u + 2 =
0 u 2 u 2
.
4
v= 6 2u
uv 4=
v 2
u ( 6 2u ) =
1
2
x + =
x2 2x
x 1
=
+1 0 =
x
.
2
0
y = 1
y + 1 =
y 2y + 1 =
2
)
)
y x2 +=
1 2x y2 + 1
.
1
=
16
x2 + y2 1 +
x2 y2
ie u kien: xy 0 .
Li giai
1
1
1
1
x + = 2 y +
x + = 2 y +
x
y
x
y
2
2
1
1
x2 + 1 + y2 + 1 =
16
20
2
2
x + x + y + y =
x
y
282
1
1
a t u =+
x
,v =+
y
, u , v 2 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x
y
u 2v
u 2v
=
=
u 4,v
=
= 2
.
2
2
4,v =
2
+ v2 20 =
u=
5v 20
u =
1
x +
x

1
y + y
1
x +
x

1
y + y
=
4
x =
x2 4x + 1 =
2 3,y =
1
0
x =
2 + 3,y =
1
y = 1
.
x
2
3,y
1
=
+
=
x + 4x + 1 =
=
4
y = 1

x =2 3,y =1
2
=
=
2
( x;y ) =
(2 +
)(
)(
)(
3;1 ; 2 3;1 ; 2 3; 1 ; 2 + 3; 1 .
(
(
)
)
x y ) x2 y2 =
3
(
.
2
2
15
( x + y ) x + y =
Li giai
x3 + y3 xy ( x + y ) =
3
.
3
3
15
x + y + xy ( x + y ) =
a t u =
x3 + y3 ,v =
xy ( x + y ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x3 + y3 =
9
=
u 9
uv 3 =
.
u + v 15 =
6
=
v 6
xy ( x + y ) =
x+y 3 =
) 27 x + y = 3 x = 1,y = 2 .
(
= 2
=
= 1
xy
x 2,y
6
xy ( x + y ) =

Nhan xet: a y la he co ye u to a ng cap ne n nhan che o hai phng trnh cu a
he ta c:
15 ( x y ) x 2 y 2 = 3 ( x + y ) x2 + y2 ( x + y )( x 2y )( 2x y ) = 0 .
283
xy ( 2x + y 6 ) + y + 2x =
0
2
.
1
2
2
=
8
x + y 1 +
xy
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .

1
1
2x ( xy + 1) + y ( xy + 1) =
6xy
6
2x 1 +
+ y 1 +
=
xy
xy
.
2
2
1
2
2x 2y 1
1
8 2
+
=
2
x + y 1 +
2 2
x +y +
8
+
+
+
=
xy x y
y
x x2 y2

1
1
6
2 x + + y + =
y
x

.
2
2
1
1
8
x + y + y + x =

1
1
a t u =+
x
,v =+
y
y
x
v= 6 2u
2u + v =
5u2 24u + 28 =
6
0
.
2
2
2
8 v =6 2u
u + v =8 u + ( 6 2u ) =
1
2
x + =
y

u = 2
1
2
u 2,v
=
= 2
y + =
x = 1
x
14
.
u=
14
2
y =1
u =
,v
=
5
1 14

5
5
x + =
v= 6 2u
y 5

1 2
y + =
x 5
1 9
( x + y ) 1 +
=
xy 2

.
2
1
45
2
2
x + y 1 + xy =
4
Li giai
284
ie u kien: xy 0 .
1 1 9
1
1 9
x+ +y+ =
x + y + x + y =
2
x
y 2
2
2
45
1
1
45
x2 + y2 1 + 2 + 1 =
xy x 2 y 2 4
x + y + y + x =
4

1
1
a t u =+
x
,v =+
y
y
x
9
9
9
3
u + v= 2
u + v= 2
u + v= 2
u= 3,v= 2
.
u = 3 ,v = 3
u2 + v2 = 45
( u + v )2 2uv = 45
uv = 9
4
4
2
2
1
3
x + =
y
1

x 1,y
=
=
2
1 3
y + = =
x
2,y
1
=
x 2
1
1 3
x =
,y 1
x + = =
2
y
2
x 1,y
= 2
=
1
3
y + =
x
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;2 ) ; ( 2;1) ; ;1 ; 1; .
2 2
x2 + y2

3
3
x +y
1
25
1 +
=
xy
2
.
3
1 125
1 +
=
4
xy
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
2
2
2
1 25
1
1
25
+
=
x2 + y2 1 +
x + +y + =
2 2
xy
2
y
x
2
x y
3
3
3
3
1
125
3
1
1
125
3
x + y 1 + xy + 2 2 + 3 3 =
x + + y + =
4
y
x
4
x y
x y
285
2
25
u + v2 =
1
1
2 .
a t u =+
x
,v =+
y
y
x
125
u3 + v3 =
4
a y la he o i x ng loai I a bie t ca ch gia i.
( (
5 5
Tm c ca c nghie
m ( u;v ) ; ; 5k;5 1 + k 2k 2 4k 3
=
2 2
)) , vi:
k =1 4 12 + 3 .

2
1
1
2
5
x + y + 2 + 2 =
x
y
.
x 2 1 y 2 + 1 xy x + y + x y= x 2 y2 + x2 + y2 x2 y2 + 1
( )
)(
)(
)(
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
2
1
1
2
5
x + y + 2 + 2 =
x
y
x 1 y + 1 x + y + 1 1 =1 + x 2 + y 2
x
y
y x
1
1 + 2 2
x y
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
+
+
+
=
x
y
5
x +y + =
x2 y2
x
y
1
1
1 1
x 1 y + 1 x + y + 1 1 =
6 x y + x + y + =
x
y
y x
x
y
y x
1
1
a t u =
x
,v =+
y
, v 2 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x
y
12
u + v)
5
=
u + v 2 2uv =
(
u2 + v2 =
5
5
(
)
u+v
6
6
uv ( u + v ) =
uv ( u + v ) =
uv = 6
u+v
286
1
1 5
x =
1
=
,y 1
x =
u + v 3 =
u 1
=
v 2
x
2
.
=
+
1
5
uv 2=
v 2
y + 1 =
2
,y 1
x =
y =
2
1 5 1+ 5
;1 ;
;1 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
x + y 7 (x + y) =
.
( x 3)( x + y ) =
1
Li giai
Nha n thay x + y =
V i x + y 0 vie t la i he phng trnh di dang:
2
2
2
2
4
2
+ (x y) =
14
x + y 7 =
( x + y ) +
2
2
x
+
y
x
+
y
( )
( )
.
1
2
x 3 = x + y
x + y + x y + x + y =6
2
u = x + y +
a t
x+y, u 2 2 .
v= x y

u + v 2 2uv =
u2 4 + v2 =
14
18
)
.
(
6
u + v =
u + v =
6
2
x = 2,y = 1
=
3
u=
u 3 x + y +
+v 6 =
.
x+y
x = 5 ,y = 1
=
uv 9=
v 3 x y =
3
2
2

( 2; 1) , 25 ; 21 .
Cach 2: Ru t x + y =
1
thay va o phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
x3
x2 + y2 7 + 2 x 3 2 =
( ) 0 (1) .
x2 + xy 3x 3y + 1 =
0 (2)
287
2
La y (1) 2.(2) theo ve ta c: ( x y 3) = 0 x y 3 = 0 .

Khi o a ve giai he phng trnh:
x = 2,y = 1
x y 3 =
0
5
1.
1 x = ,y =
( x 3)( x + y ) =
2
2
4x 2 + 4y 2 4xy 51 x y 2 + 3 =
0
( )
.
( 2x 7 )( x y ) + 1 =
0
Li giai
Nha n thay x y =
Xe t v i x y 0 khi o vie t la i he d i da ng:
2
3
2
=
0
4x + 4y 4xy 51 +
2
(x y) .
1
0
2x 7 + x y =
2
2
3
=
51
3 ( x y ) + ( x + y ) +
2
y
( )
.
1
7
x y + x y + x + y =
1
u = x y +
a t
x y , u 2 khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
v= x + y
3 u2 2 + v2 =
51 v= 7 u
.
2
2
57
u + v =
7
3u + ( 7 u ) =
u 4,v
=
= 3
v= 7 u
1
15 .
u =
,v =
0
4u 14u 8 =
2
2
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem ( u;v ) = ( 4;3) .

Va y ta gia i he phng trnh:
288
5 3
1+ 3
1 =
,y
x =
x
y
4
+
=
2
2 .
xy
5+ 3
1 3
x + y =
3
=
,y
x =
2
2

5 3 1+ 3 5 + 3 1 3
=
;
;
;
.
( x;y ) =
2
2
2
2
Cach 2: Ru t x y =
1
thay va o phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
2x 7
4x2 + 4y 2 4xy 51 + 3 2x 7 2 =
(
) 0 (1) .
( 2x 7)( x y ) + 1 =0 (2)
La y 2.(1) 3.(2) ta c: ( x + y 3)( 2x + 2y 15) =

0.
e n a y xet t ng tr ng h p the vao he ban a u ta c nghiem tng t
ke t qua tren.
( 6x + y 5)( 2x y ) =
1
.
2
2
2
1
2 6 4x y ( 2x y ) =
Li giai
Nha n thay y = 2x kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
Xe t y 2x vie t la i he phng trnh di dang:
1
1
=
+ y ) + 2x y
5
6x + y 5
2 ( 2x=
2x y
2x y
2
2
1
1
2 6=
( 2x + y ) + ( 2x y ) =
4x2 y2
+
12
2
2
( 2x y )
( 2x y )
a t u = 2x + y,v = 2x y
1
2x y
5
=
u 1,v
= 3
2u + v =
v= 5 2u
.
2
2
2
2
12
0
u + v + 2 =
u = 3,v = 1
u + ( 5 2u ) 10 =
289
=
x
2x + y =
1
2x y 1 =
3
x =
2x y
3
2x + y =
=
x
2x y 1 =1
2x y

x
=
5 13
13 1
=
,y
8
4
5 + 13
1 + 13
,y =
8
4 .
5 5
7+ 5
=
,y
8
4
5+ 5
7 5
=
,y
8
4
=
( x;y ) 5 8 13 ; 134 1 ; 5 + 8 13 ; 1 + 4 13 ;
5 5 7+ 5 5+ 5 7 5
;
;
;
.
8
4 8
4
y ( xy 1) 2
=
5
y2 + 1
.
x ( xy 1) 1
=
2
2
x +1
Li giai
1
x y 2
=
1 5
1 + 2
Xe t xy 0 vie t la i he phng trnh di dang: y
.
1
y x 1
=
1 + 1 2
x 2
a=
t u
290
1
1
=
,v
x
y
1
1 uv
2
u v2 + 1
u v 2
=
2
=
5
=
u 1+ v
5
1 + v
2.
1 uv
2
1 u
1 uv = 1
v u +1
1
v
v u2 + 1 2
=2
=
1
uv
2
1 + u
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c: u v =
1
1
u = v + thay va o
2
2
phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
1
+ v
2
1
= 1
x = 1
1
5
1
x
2
.
v + 1 = 1 v + v v = u = 1 .Va y
2
2
2
y = 2
1 = 1
y 2

x y 1 3x
=
1 xy 3 x
.
x + y = 1 2y
1 + xy 2 y
Li giai
ie u kien: x2 y2 1 ( 2 y )( 3 x ) 0 .
e y ca c nha n t co hnh th c tng t nhau co da ng
xy
ne n ta van du ng
1 xy
ca c ang th c:
u + v + 1 + uv =
u + v 1 uv =
u v + 1 uv =
u v 1 + uv =
( u + 1)( v + 1)
( u 1)(1 v ) .
( u + 1)(1 v )
( u 1)( v + 1)
Nha n thay x =
1,y =
1 kho ng la nghiem cu a he phng trnh.
Xe t x 1,y 1 ta bie n o i ca c phng trnh cu a he:
291
x+y
+1
1 xy =
+
x+y=
1
1 + xy
( x + 1)( y + 1) 1 + xy
( x + 1)( y + 1) 3 ( y 1)
1 2y
=
+1
=
2y
2y
2y
3 ( y 1)
1 + xy
1 2y
x 1)( y 1) ( y + 1)
( x 1)( y 1) 1 + xy
1 (
=
=
2y
1 + xy
2y
y +1
2y
So sa nh hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
( x + 1)( y + 1) =
( x 1)( y 1) x + 1 y + 1 2 =
2
3 ( x 1)( y 1)
(
)(
)
y +1
3 ( y 1)
(1) .

( x + 1)( y 1) 1 xy
( x + 1)( y 1) 4 ( x 1)
xy
1 3x
=
=
+
+
=
1
1

3x
3x
1 xy
3x
1 xy
4 ( x 1)
1 3x
x 1)( y + 1) 2 ( x + 1)
xy=
( x 1)( y + 1) 1 xy
1 =
1 (
=
1 xy
1 xy
3x
3x
3x
2 ( x + 1)
So sa nh hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:

( x + 1)( y 1)
4 ( x 1)
( x 1)( y + 1) x + 1 2 y 1 =2 x 1 2 y + 1 (2) .
=
( )( ) ( )( )
2 ( x + 1)
T (1) va (2) ta co he phng trnh:

2
x +1
y 1
3
x +1 y +1 =
)( ) 3 ( x 1)( y 1) x 1 y + 1 .
(
2
2
2
( x + 1) ( y 1) =
x + 1
+
2
x
1
y
1
y +1
(
)
(
)
= 2.
y 1
x 1
2
2
2
x +1
x +1
y 1
y 1
x +1
=
3
=
3
=
x 1
x 1
x 1
y +1
y +1
3
6
y 1=
x + 1
y 1
y 1
y 1
y + 1
27
= 6.
= 6.
y +1
y +1
x 1
y +1
12 1
x = 5
5
12 + 1
12
5
1
2
2
5
y = 9
9
5
+1
5
5
12 1

;
5 12 + 1
5
292
9
1
2
.
9
+1
2
f(x,y) = g(a,y)
Nhan xet: To ng qua t ta gia i he phng trnh
.
g(x,y) = f(b,x)
Trong
o f(x,y)
=
x+y
xy
.
=
;g(x,y)
1 + xy
1 xy
1
1
.
=
,b
2
3
Hai ha m f(x,y) va g(x,y) la ca c ham co tnh cha t kha a c bie t :
V i ba i toa n tre n ta co=

a
2x 1 y 2
x+y xy
f(x,y) + g(x,y) =
+
=
1 + xy 1 xy (1 + xy )(1 xy )
2y 1 x 2
x+y xy
=
f(x,y) g(x,y) =
1 + xy 1 xy (1 + xy )(1 xy )
Cach 2 : =
a t x
u 1
v 1
=
,y
u +1
v +1
u v 4 2u
2
2
+ =
u v 2u + 4 2u + 4u 2uv 4v = 4u + 4v 2u 2uv .
2
2
uv v + 3uv 3= 3uv + 3 uv v
uv 1 = 3 v
uv + 1 v + 3
u = 5 12
u2
4u2 =
u2 2v
8v 0 =
v =
2
9 .
2
2
5
=
2uv
6
=
uv
3
v
=
2
u = 12
2
1
2
= 2(10 xy)
3(x + y ) +
2
y
( )
.
1
5
2x + x y =
Li giai
+ ie u kien x y .
1
2
2
20
=
2(x + y) + (x y) +
(x y)2
.
+ He phng trnh
1
x + y + x y +
=
5
xy
293
a t u = x + y; v = x y +
1
( v 2) , khi o he tr tha nh
xy
1
u=
2u2 + v2 2 =
u
5
v
u = 3
20
3 .
2
=
3v 20v + 28 0
u + v 5
=
v = 2 v = 14
3
x + y =
3
u 3
x=
x 2
=
+y 3 =
+ V i
.
1
2
=
y 1 =
v 2
x=
y 1
x y + x y =
1
4 10
x
x + y =
u =
3
3
3
+ V i
.
14
3 10
v = 14
x y + 1 =
y =
xy 3
3
3
4 10 3 10
Va y he phng trnh co 3 nghiem la ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) ,
;
.
3
3
y2 + x + xy 6y + 1 =
0
.
3
2
2
0
y x 8y + x y + x =
Li giai
y2 + x + xy + 1 =
6y
y 2 + x,xy + 1 la hai nghiem cu a phng trnh:

2
2
9y
y + x ( xy + 1) =
t 2 6yt + 9y 2 = 0 ( t 3y ) = 0 t = 3y .
x 3y y2
x = 2
y2 + x =
=
3y
.
V vay
2
3y
3y
y = 1
y 3y y + 1 =
xy + 1 =
Nhan xet: Ta co the chia phng trnh a u cu a he cho y, phng trnh th

hai cua he cho y2 va a t a n phu .
x 4 + 4x 2 + y 2 4y =
2
.
2
2
23
x y + 2x + 6y =
Li giai
294
t 4y =2 x 4 4x 2
a t t = y , khi o he tr tha nh: 2

, ta coi x la hang so
2
x + 6 y =23 2x
khi o ta c he n gia n v i 2 a n la t,y .
2
Ta co : D =
x2 + 6;Dt =
x6 10x 4 30x 2 + 104;Dy =
23 2x 2 .
2
Dy
x2 + 6 x6 10x 4 30x2 + 104 = 23 2x 2
Ta co t = y
=
D D
x =1 y =3
.
(1 x)(1 + x)(1 + x 2 )(x 4 + 16x 2 + 95) = 0
x =1 y =3
2
Dt
)(
) (
( 1;3); (1;3) .
x2 + xy + y 2 = 3y 1
.
3
2
2
x + x y = x x + 1
Li giai
x2 + 1 + y ( x + y 3) =
0
2
2
2
x x + 1 + y x + 1 y = x + 1
Ne u y = 0 x = 1 .
) (
Xe t y 0 he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:

x2 + 1
x2 + 1
+ x+ y3=
0
+ x+ y3=
0
y
y
.
2
2
2
2
+
+
x
1
x
1
x x +1
+
x
1
+ x2 + 1 1 =
y (x + y) 1 = y
y
y
a t u=
x2 + 1
,v= x + y he phng trnh tr tha nh:
y
1+ 5
5+ 5
x2 + 1
x=
,y =
u + =
u 1
v3 0 =
=1
2
2 .
=
1 + 5
5 5
uv 1 u =
v 2
2
=
,y
x =
x + y =
2
2
1 + 5 5 + 5 1 + 5 5 5
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la : ( x;y ) =
;
;
;
2
2 2
2
295
x2 + y2 + xy + 2x =
7y
.
3
2
2
0
x + x y x + 2xy 6x + 3y =
Li giai
x2 + 2x + y ( x + y 7 ) =
0
.
2
2
0
x + 2x ( x + y ) 3 x + 2x + 3y =
=
x 0
x2 + 2x 0 =
TH1: Ne u y =
.
0
3
2
0
x = 2
x x 6x =
TH2: Ne u y 0 chia hai ve cu a phng trnh au cho y, phng trnh th hai

x2 + 2x
+x+y7=
0
y
cho y ta c:
.
2
x2 + 2x
x + 2x
+3=
0
y . ( x + y ) 3. y
a t u=
x2 + 2x
,v= x + y he phng trnh tr tha nh:
y
u=
v=
v= 7 u
u + v 7 =
0
0
0
u=
uv 3u + 3 =
u ( 7 u ) 3u + 3 =
v=
x 2 + 2x
= 2
y
x + y = 5 + 7
2
x + 2x= 2 +
y
x + y = 5 7
4+
x =
14
y
=
4
7
x
=
14
y
=
5+ 7
2+ 7
5 7
7 + 5 7+4 7
2
7 + 5 7+4 7
2
7 + 5 7+4 7
2
7 5 7+4 7

296
2 7
4 + 7 + 5 7 + 4 7 14 7 + 5 7 + 4 7
;
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ); ( 2;0 );
;
2
2
4 7 + 5 7 + 4 7 14 7 5 7 + 4 7
;
2
2
4x2 3y =
2
.
4
2
2
8
2x + y 4x 3x + y 4x + y + 6 =
)(
))
Li giai
2
4x 2
the xuo ng phng trnh th hai cua he.
3
2x2 + y + 2 x2 2y =
2
8
2x2 + y 2x 2 + y 3 x 2 2y =
Nhan xet: Ta co the ru t y =
(
)(
)
) (
a t u =2x2 + y,v =x2 2y he phng trnh tr tha nh:
4
2
,y =
x =
2
u + 2v =
2
u 2
=
=
+y 2
2x
5
5
.
2
2
8 v = 0
0
4
2
u u 3v =
x 2y =
x =
=
,y
5
5
4 2 4 2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ; ;
; .
5 5 5 5
9y3 (3x3 1) =
125
2
6y2
45x y + 75x =
(1)
(2)
Li giai
Nha n thay y = 0 kho ng la nghie m cu a he , khi o chia 2 ve cua phng trnh
(1) cho y3 ; va chia 2 ve cua phng trnh (2) cho y2 ta c:
297
3 125
125
9
=
27x3 +
9
27x + 3 =
y3
.
2
x
5
45 x + 75 x =
15 (3x + ) =
6
6
y
y
2
y
y
a=
t u 3x;v
=
5
, khi o he tr tha nh:
y
u + v 3 3uv(u + v) =
u3 + v3 =
9
9
)
.
(
6
uv(u + v) =
6
uv(u + v) =
u +
u 2 =
u 1
=
v 3 =
.
=
uv 2 =
v 1=
v 2
3x = 2
2
u = 2
x =
+ V i
5
3.
v = 1
y =1
y = 5
3x = 1 x = 1
u = 1
3.
+ V i
5
v = 2
y = 2
y = 5
2
2 1 5
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ;5 ; ; .
3 3 2
11
4
x(1 + x) + + 1 =
yy
.
3 3
2 2
3
4y
x y + y x + xy + 1 =
Li giai
ie u kien y 0 .
2
1 1
2
1
1
x
x
x
4
+
+
+
=
x
x
4
+
+
+

2 =
2
y
y
y
y
y
2
3
x3 + x + x + 1 =
1
x
1
4
4
x + 2 x + =
y y 2 y3
y
y
y
298
1
x
a t u =+
x
;v =, khi o he tr tha nh:
y
y
u + u2 2v = 4
2v = 4 u u2
.
3
3
2
=
u
2uv
4
u
u(4
u
u
)
4
1
x+ =
2
2v = 4 u u2
u = 2
y
x = y = 1.
2
0
v = 1
(u 2) =
x =1
y
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t (1;1) .
x3 (2 + 3y) =
1
(1)
(x,y )
3
3
(2)
x(y 2) =
Li giai
Nha n tha y x = 0 , kho ng la nghiem cu a he , khi o chia 2 ve cu a (1) cho
1
1
2=
+ 3y
+ 3y
2 =
x3
x3 ,
x3 va chia 2 ve cu a (2) cho x , he tr thanh:
3
3
=
=
y3 2
2+
y3
x
x
u = y
a t
1 a ve he phng trnh o i x ng loa i II tm c:
v =
x
1
u= y= 1
x= 1 x =
.
u= y= 2
y= 1 y = 2
1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;1) ; ;2 .
2
x2 + 1 + y(x + y) =
4y
(1)
(x,y )
2
y
(2)
(x + 1)(x + y 2) =
Li giai
Nha n tha y y = 0 , kho ng la nghie m cu a he, ne n ta chia ca 2 ve cua (1) va (2)
x2 + 1
+ (x + y) =
4
y
cho y ta c:
2
x +1
1
y (x + y 2) =
299
a t u =
x2 + 1
;v = x + y 2 , he tr tha nh:
y
x2 + 1
u + v =
u =
x =
2
1
1 x =2
=1
.
=
=
uv 1 =
v 1
y 2=
y 5
1
x + y 2 =

( x;y )
(1;2 ); ( 2;5) .
1 2x x + y
=
+
2
Bai 26. Gia i he phng trnh 3x 3y 2x + y
( x,y ) .
2 2x + y = 2x + 6 y
Li giai
ie u kien : 3 x 0;y > 0 .
kx > 0
Khi o ta a t =
.
y kx
2 2
y = k x
Khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he tr tha nh :
2
1
2x
x + kx
+
=
( k 2) k2 + k + 1 = 0 k = 2 .
2
2
2
2
2
3x 3k x
2x + k x
V i k = 2 ta co
c : 4x2 + 8x=
a t
y = 2x x > 0 , thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta

2
2x + 6 ( 2x + 2 ) 4=
2x + 6 .
2x + 6 = 2t + 2 , khi o ta co he o i x ng loa i II.
3 + 17
2
2x + 6 = 2t + 2 2
x =
(
) 2x + 6 = ( 2t + 2 )
4
.
2
13 3 17
0
( 2x + 2 ) 4 = 2t + 2
( x t )(1 + 2x + 2t + 4 ) =
y =
2
3 + 17 13 3 17
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x,y ) =
,
.
4
2
x + y 1 =
6

x2 + 2x + y + 2x y 1 + 2 y 1 =
29
Li giai
ie u kien: y 1 .
300
y 1 y = a2 + 1 , khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
a t a =
x + 1 + a =
7
x + a =
6
2
2
2
29
29
x + 2x + a + 1 + 2 ( x + 1) a =
( x + 1) + a + 2 ( x + 1) a =
x + 1 2 + a2 + 2 x + 1 a =
)
( ) 49
(
( x + 1)2 + a2 + 2 ( x + 1) a =
29
(1)
(2)
La y phng trnh (1) tr theo ve cho phng trnh (2), ta c:
( x + 1)
+ a2
( x + 1)
+ a2 20 =0
( x + 1)
+ a2 =5 > 0
( x + 1) + a2 =
25
6
x 2;a
x 2;y
=
= 4
=
= 17
x + a =
.
2
2
= 3
= 10
x 3;a
x 3;y
25 =
=
( x + 1) + a =
Th lai tha y hai nghiem na y e u tho a ma n
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x,y ) = ( 2,17 ) ; ( 3,10 ) .

x2 + xy 3x + y =
0
.
4
2
2
2
0
x + 3x y 5x + y =
Li giai
Nha n thay ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) la mo t nghiem cu a he phng trnh.

Xe t x 0 , khi o chia hai ve cu a phng trnh th nhat cho x va chia hai ve
cu a phng trnh th hai cho x2 ta c:
y
0
0
x + + y 3 =
x + x + y 3 =
x
2
2
x2 + y + 3y 5 =
x + y + y 5 =
0
0
x
x2
y
e n a y ta a t u =+
x
;v =
y 3.
x
u + v =0
v = u
2
.
Khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh: 2
v2 0
u2 0
u +=
u =
301
y
1
x + =
u = 1
x
=
x = 1
=
v 1
y 3 1
.

y
1
=
u = 2
x + =
x
v = 2
y 3 =2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; (1;1) .

y2 + x + xy 6y + 1 =
0
3
2
2
0
y x 9y + x y + x =
Li giai
Nha n tha y y = 0 khong la nghie m cu a he , ne n vi y 0 ta chia hai ve cua
phng trnh th nha t cu a he cho y va hai ve cu a phng trnh th hai cu a he
x + y2 xy + 1
+
=
6
y
y
2
.
cho y , ta c:
2
x + y xy + 1
y . y =9
Va y ta
a t u
=
x + y2
xy + 1
. Khi o ta co he phng trnh:
=
;v
y
y
x + y2
=3
u + v =
6
y
.
u = v =3
uv = 9
xy + 1 = 3
y
y 1 3 =
=
x 3y y2
( ) 0 x = 2
1
1 y = 1 .
x= 3
x= 3
y
y
x2 + x y 2 4y 2 + y + 1 =
0
Bai 30. Gia i he phng trnh :

0
xy + x 2 y2 + 1 4 x3 y3 =
302
Li giai
x2 + x y2 + y + 1 =
4y 2

.
3
xy + x 2 y2 + 1 + x3 y3 =
4y
Nha n tha y y = 0 khong tho a man he, ne n v i y 0 ta chia hai ve cua phng
trnh th nhat cho y2 va chia hai ve cu a phng trnh th hai cho y3 ta c:
2 1 xy + 1
4
x + 2 + y =
y
1
xy
1
+
2
x +
4
y 2 y
1
u x2 +
=
y2
Ta a t
khi o he tr tha nh:
v = xy + 1
y
xy + 1
y =2
u + v 4 =
x 1
.
u =v =2
1
y
1
2
uv 4=
x +
=
2
y2
x2 ( y + 1) = 6y 2
.
4 2
2 2
2
2
x y + 2x y + y x + 1= 12y 1
Li giai
x2 ( y + 1) + 2 =
6y
4 2
2 2
2
2
2
x y + 2x y + y + y x + 1= 13y 1
) (
x2 ( y + 1) + 2 =
6y
(1)
2
2
2
2
2
y x + 1 + y x + 1 + 1 =
13y
(2)
Nha n tha y y = 0 kho ng tho a ma n he phng trnh, ne n v i y 0 ta chia hai

ve phng trnh (1) cho y va chia hai ve phng trnh (2) cho y2 , ta c :
303
2 x2 2
2
1 x2 + 1
6
7
=
+
+1+ +
x +
x=
y y
y
y
2
2
1
1 x2 + 1
2
x2 + 1 2 + x + 1=
13
x +1 +
+
+ = 13
2
2
y
y
y
y
1
x2 + 1
e n a y ta a t S= x2 + 1 + ;P =
;
y
y
(S
4P 0 khi o he tr tha nh:
S = 4
S + P = 7
P = 7 S
S2 4P
.
2
2
S P 13 S +=
S 20 0
P = 3
=
x2 + 1 =
3
x = 2
1
4
x + 1 + y =
y = 1
y = 1
.
2
x = 0
2
x
+
1
x
=
+
1
1
=3
1
y
y =
1
3
y = 3
( 2;1); (
1
2;1 ; 0;
3
y 1 + 2x3 y =
3x6

1 + 4x 6 y 2 =
5x 6
Li giai
Nha n tha y x = 0 khong tho a man he, v i x 0 ta chia hai ve cua ca c phng
y 1
3
3 3 + 2y =
x x
6
.
trnh trong he cho x ta c:
1 + 4y2 =
5
x 6
a t =
a
y
x
;=
b
1
x3
+ 2y khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
b2 5
y
a
=
=
1
x 1,y
= 1
=
ab = 3
4
a = 1
x3
2
1
1.
2
b=3 1
5 b 5
=
x 3=
,y
b 4a =
b
+ 2y =
3
=3
2
2
4
x3
304
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;1) ; 3 ; .
2 2
x3 y + xy =5 + x
Bai 33. Gia i he phng trnh 2 4 2

.
2
2
x x y y + 2y =5 + x
Li giai
x3 y + xy x =
5
.
2
6 2
=
x
y
xy
x
5
(
)
a t =
u x3 y,v
= xy x he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u + v =
x3 y = 3
5
u=
u 3
x 1
+v 5 =
=
.
2
v 1 =
=
=
u v 5 u=
xy x 2 =
v 2
y 3
x 4 + x 2 + xy x 2 2x y =
2

5
2 x2 y xy 2x2 2y + 1 =
Li giai
2
2
2
0
x y + xy x y + 2 =
.
2 x2 y (1 xy ) xy 5 =
0
=
u x2 y
a t
, khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
v= 1 xy
2
u2 + u (1 v ) + 2 =
0
0
u uv + u + 2 =
6
0
v ( 2u + 1) =
2uv + v 6 =
2
1
x y =
1
7
2
TH1: Ne u u =
v=

2
2
7
1 xy =
305
1
1
1
2
=
x
a
=
+
y
x
2 81 + 6567
2
a
2
3
(v
i
).
a
=
2
7
9
1
1
1
1 x x2 + 1 =
y =+
2
2
2 4
a
1
6
TH2: Neu u v =
the vao phng trnh au tien cua he ta c:
2
2u + 1
6u
u2
+ u + 2 = 0 2u3 + 3u2 u + 2 = 0
2u + 1
( u + 2 ) 2u2 u + 1 =
0 u=
2 v =
2
y x2 + 2
( x 1) x2 + x + 3 =
0
x2 y =2
x = 1
=
2
y
3
=
2
3
2
=
x x + 2 =
1 xy =
y x +2
x;y )
(=
2
1
2 81 + 6567
1 1 1
1
3
1;3
;
a
;
a
(v
i
).
a
=
( ) 2 2 2 4 a
9
x3 y (1 + y ) + x2 y2 ( 2 + y ) + xy3 30 =
0

2
2
0
x y + x 1 + y + y + y 11 =
Li giai
x3 y + x3 y2 + 2x2 y2 + x2 y3 + xy3 30 =
0
.
2
2
0
x y + x + xy + xy + y 11 =
xy x2 + y2 + x2 y2 ( x + y ) + 2x2 y2 30 =
0
0
xy ( x + y ) + x + y + xy 11 =
a y la he phng trnh oi x ng loa i I tm c ca c nghiem:
He phng trnh co bon nghiem:
( x;y ) = (1;2 ); ( 2;1); 5 2 21 ; 5 + 2 21 ; 5 + 2 21 ; 5 2 21 .
1
1 1
x + y + xy =
2
.
1
5 2 =
x2 + y2 x2 y2 2
306
Li giai
ie u kien : xy 0,x + y 0 .
1 1 1
2
2
(x + y)
2
1 + + =
x + y =
x
y
2
x
y
5 2 1 + 1 = 1 x 2 + y 2
x2 + 4 + y2 + 4 =
10
2 y2 2
x2
y2
x
2
u= x
x
a t
v = y 2 = 2
u + v =
2
u + v =
2
He phng trnh tr tha nh: 2

(he vo nghie m).
2
10
u + 4 + v + 4 =
uv = 2
10
1
1
2x + 3y + xy =

.
1
124
1
=
4x2 + 9y2 x2 y2
Li giai
ie u kien : xy 0,2x + 3y 0 .
2x + 3y
3
2
=
2x + 3y
10
10 +
2x + 3y =
xy
x
y
2
2
9
4
2
2
2
2
124 4x + 9y =
4x +
+ 9y +
=
124
4x + 9y
x2
y2
x2 y2
3
2
a t u =2x ,v =3y he phng trnh tr tha nh :
x
y
u + v 10
=
=
u 0,v
=
= 10
u + v 10
2
.
2
2
2
= 0
+ 12 124
+ v 100 =
u 10,v
u + 12 + v=
u=
307
3
0
2x =
x

2x2 3 =
0
2
3y
10
3y2 10y 2 =
0
y

3
2x2 10x 3 =
0
10
2x =
2
0
3y 2 =
2
0
3y y =
3
5 31
,y =
x =
x =
2
3
3
5 + 31
x
x =
=
,y =
2
3
x =
x = 3 ,y = 5 31
2
3
3
5 + 31
x
=
x =
,y
=
2
2
5 31
2
,y =
2
3
5 31
=
,y
2
2
3
5 + 31
2
,y =
2
3
5 + 31
2
=
,y
2
3
Va y he phng trnh co tam nghiem nh tre n.
x2 + y2 =x 4y 4
4
3
3
2
2
0
y + 8y 3x + 24y 9x + 32y 9x + 37 =
Li giai
x +1 2 + y + 2 2 x +1 =
) ( ) ( ) 0.
(
3
4
3 ( x + 1) ( y + 2 ) =
24
u= x + 1
a t
v= y + 2
v2 =
2
2
u2 + u
v2 = u2 + u
u + v u =0
2
3
4
4
3
2
3
2
+ u =24
u 5u + u + 24 0
3u u =
3u v 24
Phng trnh cuo i la phng trnh ba c bon to ng quat a biet ca ch gia i (xem
chng 1).
308
3x
17
2
+ + x + 3y =
4
2x y 1
.
3x + 9xy = 15
2x y + 1
4
Li giai
ie u kien : 2x y + 1 0 .
a t =
u
3x
,v
= x2 + 3y he phng trnh tr tha nh :
2x y + 1
17
17
3
u + v =
u + v = 4
u =5,v =4
4
17
15
15
3
uv =
u u + =
0
5
u=
,v =
4
4
4
4
3x
= 5
3x =
10x + 5y 5 x = 2,y = 3
2x y + 1
2
2
x = 4,y = 7
3
3
=
x + 3y
x + 3y
=
15
37
4
4

x =
,y =
.
2
2
3x
3
4x = 2x y + 1
=
3
11
x2 + 3y =
,y =
5
2x y + 1 4
x =

10
50
x2 + 3y =
5

15 37 3 11
; ; ; ; ( 2; 3) ; ( 4; 7 ) .
( x;y ) =
2 10 50
2
x3 ( 21y 20 ) =
1
.
3
21
x y + 20 =
Li giai
1
21y 20
=
3
x
.
Xe t x 0 he phng trnh vie t la i d i da ng :
21
3
y=
20
x
1
a=
t u =
,v y he phng trnh tr tha nh :
x
309
=
x 1,y
= 1
u= v= 1
3
3
=
=
u 21v 20
u 21v 20
1
3
u =v =4 x = ,y =4 .
3
3
4
u v = 21( v u )
v 21u 20
=
u = v = 5
1
x =
,y =
5
5

la ( x;y )
(1;1) ; 14 ;4 ; 15 ; 5 .
x+y +3 xy =
6

.
3
2
6 ( x + y) ( x y) =
8
Li giai
ieu kien : x + y 0 . at u = x + y,v =3 x y, ( u 0 ) he phng trnh tr thanh:

u + v =
6
u 4,v
u + v =
6
=
= 2
u + v =
uv = 8 u 0
.
uv = 8
=
2,v 4
6 6 6
u =
u + v =
6
u v = 8 uv = 8
u =
3 + 17,v =
3 17
uv = 8
Thay ng c la i ta tm c nghie m cu a he phng trnh :
( x;y =) (12;4 ); ( 34; 30 ); (103 19
17;25 17 77 .
2x y + 2 + x + 2y 3 =
3
.
2
2
0
x y xy + 9x + 9y 25 =
Li giai
ie u kien : 2x y + 2 0,x + 2y 3 0 .
u=
a t
v =
2u2 + v2 1
=
x
2x y + 2
5
.
, ( u,v 0 )
2
2v u2 + 8
x + 2y 3
y =
5
He phng trnh a cho tr thanh :

u + v 3
u + v 3
=
.
4
4
4
2 2
2
2
3
2
73 0
+ 17 0
u v + u v + 8u + 19v =
u + 6u 18u 6u=
310
u = 1
u + v =
3
v = 2
u,v 0
.
2

2
u
1
u
6u
17
0
=
u
3
26
=
v= 6 26

)(
Thay ng c la i tm c ca c nghiem cua he la:
( x;y ) = (1;3); 131 24

5
26 97 18 26
;
.
x2 + xy + y 2= 19 x y 2
( ) .

3
x2 xy + y2 = 7 ( x y )
Li giai
x y 2 + 3xy = 19 x y 2
)
( ) .
(
2
3
( x y ) + xy = 7 ( x y )
2
=
xy 6 ( x y )
2
2
3
( x y ) + 6 ( x y ) = 7 ( x y )
x = 0
x y =
0
y = 0
x = 3
xy = 0
.

y = 2
x y =
1
xy = 6
x = 2
y = 3

la ( x;y )
( 0;0 ); ( 3;2 ); ( 2; 3) .
x2 + xy + y2= 19 x + y 2
( ) .

3
x2 xy + y2 = 5 ( x + y )
Li giai
x + y 2 xy= 19 x + y 2
)
( ) .
(
2
3
( x + y ) 3xy = 5 ( x + y )
311
x + y =
0
x 0,y
=
= 0
2
xy =
18 ( x + y )
11
11
xy = 0

x =
73 1 ,y = 73 + 1
3
2
2
2
x + y =
11
5 ( x + y ) = 55 ( x + y )
11
11
73 1
xy = 2178 x = 73 + 1 ,y =
2
2
( x;y ) =( 0;0 ) ; 112 73 1 ; 112 73 + 1 ; 112 73 + 1 ; 112 73 1 .
) (
(
(
)
)
5
2
2
=
13
8 x + y + 4xy +
2
x + y)
(
.
1
1
2x + x + y =
Li giai
ie u kien : x + y 0 .
2
2
5
=
13
5 ( x + y ) + 3 ( x y ) +
2
(x + y)
He phng trnh tng ng vi :
.
1
1
x + y + x y + x + y =
a t u = x + y +
1
,v = x y, u 2 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x+y
u = 2,v = 1
u + v =
1
u = 2
u 2
5
9
2
2
13
v = 1
,v =
u=
5 u 2 + 3v =
4
4
1
=
2
=
x 0
x+y 1 =
x + y +
.
x+y
x y =1 y =1
x y =1

)
2 2
1
5 x + y 1 +
x2 y2
Bai 46. Giai he phng trnh :
3x y + 3x + y =
9
x2 y2
312
( 0; 1) .
1
+ 2xy 1
x2 y2
35
=
Li giai
ie u kien : x y khi o he phng trnh c vie t la i :
2
2
3
2
+ 2(x y) +
=
35
3 ( x + y ) +
2
2
x
y
x
y
+
( )
( )
.

1
1
9
2 x + y + x + y + x y + x y =
1
u = x + y + x + y
a t
, u , v 2 khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh :
v = x y + 1
xy
u = 3
v = 3
3 u2 2 + 2 v2 2 =
2
2
35
3u + 2v =
45
u = 39 .
+
=
2u
v
9
2u + v =
11
21
v =
11
) (
Do u , v 2 ne n ch nha n nghiem u= v= 3 .
1
3
5
2
3
x + y + + =
x = ,y =
+
+
+
=
x
y
3
x
y
1
0
(
)
(
)
x
y
2
2 .
3 5
x y + 1 =
( x y ) 3 ( x y ) + 1 =
0
3
=
,y 0
x =
xy
2
( x;y=) 23 ; 25 ; 23 ; 25 ; 3 2 5 ;0 ; 3 +2 5 ;0 .
x2 + y2 + 2x =
3
.
3
3
2
2
2x + 2y = 3y 3x + 5
Li giai
x2 + y2 + 2x =
x2 + y2 + 2x =
3
3
.
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
2x + 2y = 3y + 3x 6x + 5 2x + 2y = 3 ( 3 2x ) 6x + 5
x + 1 2 + y2 =
4
)
(
. a t u =x + 1,v =y de tm c ( u;v ) = ( 0;2 ) ; ( 2;0 )
3
( x + 1) + y3 =
8
313
Suy ra =
( x;y )
(1;0 ); ( 1;2 ) .
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m =

( x;y )
(1;0 ); ( 1;2 ) .
2x2 + xy + y =
5
.
3
2
9
x + x y + x ( y + 1) + xy + y =
Li giai
x2 + 1 + x 2 + xy + y =
2
6
x = 2,y =1 2
x + 1 =3
.
2
2
2
9
3 =
x
2,y
= 2 1
x + xy + y =
x + 1 x + xy + y =
)(
)(
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = 2; 2 1 ;
2; 2 1 .
x2 + y2 + xy = 3x 2

.
4
4
2
2
17x 4
x + xy + y + 2 =
) (
Li giai
x2 + xy y2 + 2
3
+
=
x
x
Xe t x 0 he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
4
4
2
2
x + xy y + 2
17
x + x =

x2 + xy
y2 + 2
=
,v
x
x
v= 3 u
u + v =
3
u 2,v
=
= 1
.
4
4
4
4
= 2
u 1,v
17 u + ( 3 u ) =
17
=
u + v =
x2 + xy
=2
x
x2 + xy =
2x
y2 + 2
=
x 1,y
= 0
=1
2
y + 2 =
x
x = 3,y = 2
x
.
2
x 2,y
=
= 0
x2 + xy =
+
x
xy
x
=1
2
x = 3,y = 1
2x
y + 2 =
2
y + 2 = 2
x
a t u
=

(1;0 ); ( 3; 2 ); ( 2;0 ); ( 3; 1) .
314
x2 + y 4 + xy= 2xy 2 + 7

.
2
2
28
xy x y + 4xy + 11 x y =
Li giai
2
+ xy 7 =
0
xy
xy y 2 x + 4xy + 11 x y 2 =
28
a t u =y2 x,v =xy he phng trnh tr tha nh :

v= 7 u2
u2 + v 7 =
0
.
2
2
28
28 u 7 u + 4 7 u 11u =
uv + 4v 11u =
) (
x = 3
=
y 2 x 0
u 0
=
v= 7 u2 =
y = 1
xy 7
v 7=
2
3
x =
2
u =
49
2
0
y
x
2
u ( u + 2 ) =
y = 3 7
xy = 3
v = 3

Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 3;1) ;
49; 3 7 .
x2 + y2 ( x + y + 1=
) 25 ( y + 1) .

x 2 + xy + 2y 2 + x 8y =
9
Li giai
x2 + y2 ( x + y + 1=) 25 ( y + 1)

2
x2 + y2 + x ( y + 1) + ( y + 1)=
10 ( y + 1)

x2 + y2
. ( x + y + 1) =
25
y +1
Xe t y 1 he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i :
2
2
x + y
10
y +1 + x + y +1=
a t u =
x2 + y2
,v = x + y + 1 he phng trnh tr tha nh :
y +1
315
x2 + y2
x 3,y
=
= 1
=
u 5
u + v 10 =
=5
y +1
3
11 .
x =
=
=
,y =
uv 25
v 5
5
2
2
x + y + 1 =

( x;y )
( 3;1); 23 ; 112 .
81x3 y2 81x 2 y2 + 33xy 2 29y 2 =

4
.
3
2 3
3
2
24
25y + 9x y 6xy 4y =
Li giai
Xe t y 0 chia hai ve phng trnh a u cu a he cho y2 , chia hai ve phng
trnh hai cu a he cho y3 ta c :
3
4
3
4
2
3 ( 3x 1) + 2 ( 3x 1) = 24 + 2
81x 81x + 33x 29 =
2
y
y
3
24
2
2
25 + 9x2 6x 4 =
2
3 y + 2. y =24 + ( 3x 1)
y y3
3u3 + 2u = 24 + v2
2
a t u =3x 1,v = he phng trnh tr tha nh :
.
3
2
y
3v + 2v = 24 + u
3x 1 =
2
x = 1
.
a y la he o i x ng loai II de tm c u =
v=
2 2
y = 1
y = 2
1
1
+
2=
0
3
3
Bai 53. Gia i he phng trnh ( x + y 1)
.
( x y + 1)
2
2
0
x y + 2y 2 =
Li giai
ie u kien : x + y 1 0,x y + 1 0 .
u+v
x=
u = x + y 1
2
a t
.
v
x
y
1
u
v+2
=
y =
He phng trnh a cho tr thanh :

316
1
1
0
3 + 3 2=
1
1
0
v
u
3 + 3 2=
u
v
2
2
uv+2
u + v u v + 2
2=
0
uv = 1
+ 2.
2
2
2

u + v 3 3uv u + v 2 =
u3 + v3 2 =
0
0
)
( )
(
uv = 1
uv = 1
u + v =
2
u 1 x + =
x 1
y 1 1 =
=
u + v =1
=
+1 1 =
v 1 x y=
y 1
uv = 1
1
1
+
2=
0
3
3
.
Bai 54. Gia i he phng trnh ( 2x 3y + 2 )
( 4x 2y 1)
2
2
0
8x + 2 ( 3 8y ) x + 6y y 3 =
Li giai
ie u kien : 2x 3y + 2 0,4x 2y 1 0 .
3v 2u + 7
x =
u = 2x 3y + 2
8
a t
.
, ( u,v 0 )
v = 4x 2y 1
y = v 2u + 5
4
He phng trnh tr tha nh :
1 1
0
3 + 3 2=
u v
2
2
3v 2u + 7 + v 2u + 5 3v 2u + 7 + v 2u + 5 v 2u + 5 =
8
2
3
8.
.
6
3 0

8
4
8
4
4

1
1
u + v 3 3uv u + v 2 =
0
3 + 3 2=
0
)
( )
.
u
(
v
uv = 1
uv = 1
u + v =
2
u 1 2x 3y=
x 1
=
+2 1 =
.
u + v =1
=
=
1 1 =
v 1 4x 2y
y 1
uv = 1

317
xy x =
2
16
+
=
1.
4
4
( y + 1)
( x + 1)
Li giai
ie u kien : x,y 1 .
1
2
( x + 1)( y + 1)= 2 ( x + 1) + y + 1
1
+
=
x +1 y +1
16
.
1
1
16
+
=
1
4
4
+
=
1
4
4
( y + 1)
( x + 1)
( y + 1)
( x + 1)
1
2
a t u =
=
,v
, ( u,v 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh :
x +1
y +1
u + v =
1
u + v =
1
4
2
4
1 ( u + v ) 2uv 2u2 v2 =
1
u + v =
1
u 0,v
=
= 1
u + v =
2 2
(kho ng tho a ma n).

= 0
u 1,v
0
=
2u v 4uv =
1
3
x+ + x+ y3 =
.
y
2
8y
2xy + y + 1 =
Li giai
1
ie u kien : x + y 3 0,x + 0,y 0 .
y
1
3
x+ + x+ y3 =
y
Chia 2 ve phng trnh th hai cua he cho y ta c :

1
8
2x + y + y =
a t u =
1
x + ;v =
y
x + y 3 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u + v =
3
u + v= 3 u= 2;v= 1
.
2
2
= 2
= 2
u 1;v
8 uv
=
u + v + 3 =
318
x = 3
2
x+ =
u = 2
y = 1
y
TH1: Ne u
.

x = 5
v = 1
1
x+ y3 =
y = 1
1
x 4 10
1
x+ =
u 1=
=
y
TH2: Ne u
.
v = 2
y= 3 10
2
x+ y3 =
( x;y=) ( 3;1); ( 5; 1); ( 4
)(
)
( x 2011) 2011 + 2012 y 2013 =
(
) 1.

10;3 + 10 ; 4 + 10;3 10 .
3
3 x 2010 ( y 4024 ) =
2012
Li giai
a t
3 y 2013
u =
x 2010,v =
, khi o he tr tha nh
u3 1 ( 2011 2012v ) =
1
2012
u v3 2011 =
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he , ta c :

2011u3 + 2012u3 v + 2011u uv3 2012v = 0 u = v = 0 x = 2010,y = 2013
45
y 3) 4y3 x2 y2 + xy +
( x + =
4 .
2
2xy
x + 4y 3 =
Li giai
x 3 3 =
) 0 x = 3 ( 3,0 ) la mot nghiem cua he.
TH1 : Xe t y = 0 (
x 3 =
0
TH2 : Xe t y 0 , khi o chia hai ve cu a phng trnh th nha t cua he cho

y3 va chia hai ve phng trnh th hai cu a he cho y , ta c:
319
3
x
2 2
3
45
+ 1 =
4 x y + xy +
y
y
4 .
3
x
2xy
y + 4 y =
a t u =
x
3
+ 1 ,v = xy khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
y
y
u3 4 u + 3 + u + 3 + 45
3
2
45 =
2
u= 4 v + v +
2
4
4
u + 3 =
u+3
2v
v =
2
u 5) u2 + 4u + 12 =
u3 u2 8u 60 =
0
0
(
u+3
u+3
v =
v =
2
3 73
x =
2

3 + 73
x
y =
3
+
1
=
5
u 5
=
x + y 3 5y
xy
4
v 4=
xy = 4
x = 3 + 73
y = 3 + 73

8
=
( x;y ) ( 3;0 ); 3 2 73 ; 3 + 8 73 ; 3 + 2 73 ; 3 +8 73 .
251
y + 1) 4x3 x 2 y2 xy +
( x =
16 .
2
1 y + x =16x y
Li giai
TH1: Ne u x = 0 y = 1 la nghiem cua he .
TH2: Ne u x 0 chia hai ve phng trnh au cu a he cho x3 , chia hai ve
phng trnh hai cu a he cho x ta c:
320
y 1 3
251
1 + =
4 x 2 y 2 xy +
x x
16 .
1 y
+ 1 =16xy
x x
1 y
+ 1,v = xy khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x x
3
3
2
2
251
251
u= 4 v v +
u= 4 v v +
16
16 .
u =
u =
16v
16v
a t u =
u = 4
( 4v + 1) 4096v2 1020v + 251 =
0
1 .
u = 16v
v = v
4
1 y
1
1
1 y + x =
4x
x = ,y =
4
x x + 1 =
2
2.
1
1
3
x =
xy = 1
xy =
,y =
4
6
2
4
( 0;1); 21 ; 21 ; 61 ; 23 .

=
)
x 4 + y 4 +=
16 6 x2 y2 x2 + 2xy + y 2
.
x y 1
3 3
x2 y2 =
y x xy
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
2
2
2
+ 16
= 4x2 y2 6 x2 y2 + 12xy
x y
x2 y2 1
x2 y2 3 =
3
xy
Tha y s la p lai cu a xy va x2 y2 ne n ta a t u =
x2 y2 ,v =
xy, ( v 0 ) he
321
2
u 1
u 1
=
u2 + 16 = 4v2 6u + 12v
u2 + 16 36
6u + 36.
u3
u3
.
u 1
3.
u 3 =
3 ( u 1)
v
v =
u3
u = 0
u u3 83u + 174 =
0
v = 1
u3 83u + 174 =
0 (1) .
3 ( u 1)
v =
3 ( u 1)
u3
v =

u3
Phng trnh (1) la phng trnh ba c ba giai c ba ng phng pha p lng

gia c ho a tm c u,v suy ra x,y .
3 2x2 2x 1
+
=
x
y
y 2 y3
.
x2 + 1 x + 1 =
2
y
y2
Li giai
ie u kien : y 0 .
3
3 1
x
x
x
1
x
2
x
=
0
x + x 1 =
3
y
y
y
y y
y
2
2
1
2x
1
1
2x
1
2
x =
2
x y + y x y =
x +
y
y
y
1
x
a t u =
x
,v =he phng trnh tr tha nh :
y
y
u = 0
2
u u2 + v =
u3 + uv =
2
0
u + 2v u =
0
2
2
2
v = u
u2 + 2v u =
u + 2v u =
2
2
2
u + 2v u =
322
u = 0
x =
0
v
=
1
u =
x =
1,y =
1
0
y
v = u2
v
1
x
x
1,y
1
=
=
=
=1
y
u2 2u2 u =
2


x2 + 1 + y 2 + xy =
4y
.
y
x + y 2 =2
x +1
Li giai
Xet y 0 chia hai ve phng trnh au cua he cho y , ta c :
x2 + 1
+x+y=
4
y
x2 + 1
4
+x+y=
y
.
Ta co he phng trnh :
x + y 2 = y
x2 + 1
a t u=
x2 + 1
,v= x + y he phng trnh tr tha nh :
y
u + v =
4
u= 4 v
u= 4 v
1
1
0
v + 6v 9 =
v 2 =
( 4 v )( v 2 ) =
u
x2 + 1
=
=
= 2
u 1
x 1,y
= 1 y= 3 x
y
2
2,y =
3
5
x + 1 = 3 x
v =
x =
3
x + y =

( x;y )
(1;2 ); ( 2;5) .
x2 y2 + 2y2 + 16 =
11xy
.
2
2
3xy 2
x + 2y + 12y =
Li giai
Xe t y 0 chia hai ve phng trnh cu a he cho y2 ta c :
323
2
2
16
x
4
x
x
2
11
+
+
=
x + 2 =
2
y
y
y
y
2
2
x + 2 + 12 =
x
4
3x
y2
+ 2= 3 x
y
y
y
4
x
a t u =
x
,v =he phng trnh tr tha nh :
y
y
4
1
x =
y
1 17
1 17
,y
=
x =
x
2
2
= 1
u2 + 2 = 3v
y
u = 1,v = 1
1 + 17
1 + 17 .
x =
,y =
2
= 2
4
2
2
3u =
u 2,v
v + 2 =
x =
2
x=
2,y =
1
y
x
=
= 2
x 4,y
= 2
( x;y ) =( 2; 1) ; ( 4;2 ) ; 1 2 17 ; 1 2 17 ; 1 + 2 17 ; 1 + 2 17 .
(
)
x2 y2 + 1 + 2y x 2 + x + 1 =
3

.
2
2
1
x +x y +y =
)(
Li giai
2
x2 y2 + 2x2 y + x2 + 2xy + 2y =
3 ( xy + x ) + 2 ( xy + y ) =
3
.
1
1
( xy + y )( xy + x ) =
( xy + y )( xy + x ) =
=
u 1,v
= 1
a t u =xy + x,v =xy + y de tm c
1.
u =
2,v =
2
xy + x =
1
1+ 5
1+ 5
1
,y =
x =
xy + y =
2
2 .
xy + x =
2
1 + 5
1 + 5
=
,y
x =
2
2
xy + y =
2
324
1 + 5 1 + 5 1 + 5 1 + 5
;
;
;
.
( x;y ) =
2
2
2
2

x2 + y2 = 3x 4y + 1
.
2 2
2
2
3
3
2
3x
x
9
2y
y
9
18
x
y
2y
7
y
3
+
+
=
+
+
+
(
)
) (
Li giai
x2 3x + y2 + 4y =
1

.
2
2
2
2
3
3 x 3x 2 y + 4y =
9
a t u= x2 3x,v= y2 + 4y, u ,v 4 he phng trnh tr tha nh :
4
3 13
,y 0
=
x =
2
3 13
9
,y = 4
x =
2
u ,v4 =
u + v =
1
3x 1
u 1
x =
2
4
2
2
3
3u 2v =
0
3 + 13
v = 0
y + 4y =
x =
,y 0
=
2
3 + 13
x =
,y = 4
2

3 + 13
3 + 13 3 13 3 13
; 4 ;
;0 ;
;0 ;
; 4 .
( x;y ) =
2
2
2
2
) (
2
y3
2
2
=
x + xy + y + x +
x
1
+
.
y2
2x + y +
2
=
x +1
Li giai
ie u kien : x 1 .
y2
( x + y + 1)
+ x =
2
x +1
.
2
y
+x=
3
x + y + 1 +
x +1
325
a t u = x + y + 1,v =
y2
+ x he phng trnh tr tha nh :
x +1
x + y + 1 =
1
x
=
2
=
x
y
x
2
+
=
x + 1
uv
=
= 2
= 2
u 1,v
=
2
u + v= 3 u= 2,v= 1 x + y + 1 =
y + x =
x =
1
x + 1
0,y
= 1
= 0
1,y
1 + 17 .
1 17
=
,y
4
4
1 + 17
1 + 17
,y =
4
4
( x;y ) ( 0;1); (1;0 ); 1 4 17 ; 1 +4 17 ; 1 + 4 17 ; 1 + 4 17 .
3x 4 4x3 y2 4x2 y + 6x2 4xy2 + 3 =

0
.
4
4 2
2 2
2
2
0
5x 4x y 8x y + 6x 4y + 5 =
Li giai
(
(
) ( )
) ( )
2
2
2
2
0
3 x + 1 4x x + 1 y 4x y =
.
2
2
5 x2 + 1 4 x2 + 1 y2 4x2 =
0
2
x
xy
3 4
0 u= x
4
4 u2 y + y 2 u 3 =
y=
0
2 +1
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
x
.

2
2
2
+
=
4
u
y
5
0
x
2
0
5 4y 4 2
=
x +1
(
(
x
1
y = 1
=
x = 1
2
.
1 x +1 2
y = 1
u =
y = 1
2

3 2x y + 3 3x 2y =
2
.
8
2 3 3x 2y + 5x + y =
326
Li giai
3 2x y + 3 3x 2y =
2
8
2 3 3x 2y + 13 ( 2x y ) 7 ( 3x 2y ) =
u
=
a t
=
v
2x y
3x 2y
u + v =
2
2
u + v =
.
3
3
3
8 2 ( 2 u ) + 13u3 7 ( 2 u ) =
8
2v + 13u 7v =
2
u + v =
2
u + v =
2
3
2
u
1
20u
22u
60
0
+
=
(
)
0
20u 42u + 82u 60 =
1
u 1 3 2x y =
2x
x 1
=
=
y 1 =
.
=
2y 1 =
1 3x =
v 1 3 3x 2y =
y 1
2
y2 x y + 2 =
2x 2
x
.
3
2
4
2 39
x + 4x 12x = y + y 8
Li giai
ie u kien: x > 0 phng trnh th nha t cua he tng ng v i:
y2 + 2 x
y2 + 2
y2 + 2
y2 + 2
2x = 0
2 = 0 (1) .
x
x
x
y2 + 2
=2 y2 =4x 2 .
x
2
Thay y=
4x 2 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
x3 + 4x2 12x = ( 4x 2 ) + 4x 2
39
23
x3 12x 2 +
= 0.
8
8
1
x =
2
x>0
( 2x 1) 4x 2 46x 23= 0
23 + 3 69
x =
4
327
1
,y 0
=
x 2=
.
23 + 3 69
,y =
3 7 + 69
x =
4
=
( x;y ) 21 ;0 ; 23 + 43 69 ; 3 7 + 69 ; 23 + 43 69 ; 3 7 + 69 .
Nhan xet: e giai phng trnh (1)

ta a t t
=
y2 + 2
, ( t > 0 ) tm c t = 2 .
x
y
2x
4
=
9x + + 2 y +
x
y
.
2x 1 y 9 =
18
y2
x2
Li giai
y
2x
ie u kien: xy 0,9x + 0,y +
0.
x
y
y
2x
y
2x
=
4
9x + + 2 y +
=
4
9x + + 2 y +
x
y
.
x
y
2x y 2 y 9x 2 =
2 2
3
3
2 2
18x y
2xy
18x + y + 9x y =
y
2x
y
2x
4
=
4
=
9x + + 2 y +
9x + + 2 y +
x
y
x
y
2
2x y 2
y2 9
9x
9
1
1
y + 2x + 2 xy =
2 x y + y + 2x =
)(
y
2x
y
2x
4
4
+2 y+
+2 y+
9x + =
9x + =
x
y
x
y
2x
y
9 x y + 2x + y y + 2x
2
4
2
y + y 9x +=
y 2x
y
x
=
u
a t
=
v
328
9x +
y
x
2x
y+
y
, ( u,v 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
y
2
9x + =
9x + =
4
u +=
u 2
2v 4 =
x
x
.
2x
=
uv 2=
v 1
y + 2x =
+
=
y
1
1
y
y
=
x 0,y
=
= 0
y 4x 9x2
9x2 + y =
4x
2
1.
2
2
x 1=
,y
y
+ 2x = 4x 9x 2 =
4x 9x
y + 2x =
9
3
1 1
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem ( x;y ) = ; .
9 3
3x
=2x y
( x 2 ) 1 +
y

.
3x
2
2
2
y 1 + y = 2x + y 4x
Li giai
ie u kien: y 0,1 +
3x
0.
y
x 2
3x
x
= 2 1
1 +
y
y
y y
.
2
x
3x
x 1
2 + 1 4 .
1 +=
y
y y
y
( u 2v ) 1 + 3u = 2u 1
x
1
.
=
,v
2
y
y
1 + 3u = 2u 4uv + 1
a=
t u
( u 2v + 1)
( u 2v + 1)
1 + 3u= 2u ( u 2v + 1) .
=
u 2v 1
1 + 3u 2u =0
.
= 1 + 3u
2u
Xe t tr ng h p suy ra he phng trnh co hai nghiem la ( x;y ) = ( 0;2 ) ; ( 4;4 ) .

2
2y 1
( x + y ) + x + 2 + 2y = 4x + 5
x
.
x2 + x y 2x y = 2x 1
Li giai
329
ie u kien: x 0,2x y 0 .
2 2(x + y)
1
( x + y ) +
2 + + 2y = 4x + 5
x
x2
x2 + x y 2x y = 2x 1
2
2
1
1
x + y + + 2 ( y =
2x ) 7 x + y + + 2 ( y =
2x ) 7
x
x
.

1
1
x + y 2x y = 2
x + y + 2x y = 2
x
x
1
a t u = x + y + ,v = 2x y, ( v 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x
u 3,v
=
= 1
u2 2v2 =
7 v= u 2
.
2
2
= 3
2
7 =
u v =
u 5,v
u 2 ( u 2 ) =
=
x
3
x + y + =
x2 + xy + 1 =
x
3x x =
2x y =
1
1
2x y =
5x x =
5 x + xy + 1 =
x + y + x =
2x y =
=
2x y =
3
1,y
= 1
1
1
,y =
3
3
7 46
13 + 2 46 (thoa man)
,y =
3
3
7 + 46
13 + 2 46
=
,y
3
3
( x;y ) =
(1;1); 13 ; 13 ; 7 3 46 ; 13 + 32 46 ; 7 + 3 46 ; 13 +32 46 .
x 4 + 2x3 5x2 + y2 6x 11 =
0

.
3 y2 7 6
x + x =
y2 7
Li giai
ie u kien : y > 7 .
)(
x2 + x 6 x2 + x + y2 11 =
0
.
3 y2 7 6
x2 + x =
y2 7
330
=
u x2 + x
a t
, ( v > 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh :
=
y2 7
v
2
( u 6 ) u + v2 4 =
3v 6 6. 3v 6 + v2 4 =
0
0
v
v
.
3v 6
u =
3v 6
v
u =
v
v4 13v2 + 36 =
0
u 0,v
= 2
v>0 =
.
3v 6
= 3
u 1,v
=
u =
v
x = 0,y = 11
x2 + x =
x =
1,y =
11
y2 7 =
x = 1 + 5 ,y = 4 .
x2 + x =
1
2

y2 7 =
1+ 5
3
,y =
x =
2
Va y he phng trnh co tam nghiem la :
( x;y ) = 0; 11 ; 1; 11 ; 1 +2 5 ; 4 ; 1 +2 5 ; 4 .
)(
x2 + 1 y x + y =
y
.
2
5y
x ( x + y 2 ) + x 2 =
Li giai
ie u kien : x + y 0 .
x2 + 1 y x + y =
y
.
2
6y
x ( x + y 2 ) + x + y 2 =

x2 + 1
x+y =
1
y
.
Xe t y 0 he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i :
2
x +1
6
y .( x + y 2 ) =
331
x2 + 1
,v =
y
a t u =
x + y 0 he phng trnh tr tha nh :
3 + 53
11 + 53
x2 + 1
,y =
x =
u v =
1
=
3
=
u
3
v 0
2
2
.
=
u
v
2
6
3 + 53
11 53
v = 2
,y
x =
=
2
x + y=
2
2
( x;y )= 3 + 2 53 ; 11 +2 53 ; 3 +2 53 ; 11 2 53 .
x 4 3 y =
3x + y
.
x y ( y 1)= 3 x + y
Li giai
ie u kien : y 0 .
a t t = y he phng trnh tr tha nh :
x 4 3t = 3x + t 2
x 4 t 2 = 3 ( x + t )
2
3
xt t 1 = 3 ( x + t ) xt xt = 3 ( x + t )
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c :
x 4 t 2 = xt 3 xt x x3 t 3 + t ( x t ) = 0 .
x = t
.
( x t ) x x2 + xt + t 2 + t = 0
2
2
0
x x + xt + t + t =
) )
((
TH1 : Ne u x =t x = y thay va o phng trnh a u cu a he ta c :
y2 3 y = 3 y + y y2 y 6 y = 0 y y y y 6 = 0 .
)(
y 0 =
x 0,y
=
= 0
.
y 2 y + 2 y + 3 =0
=
= 4
y 4 =
x 2,y
TH2 : Ne u x x2 + xt + t 2 + t =
0 ta co he phng trnh :
x x2 + xt + t 2 + t =
0
xt 3 xt = 3 ( x + t )
332
) )
((
t x x2 + xt + t 2 + t xt 3 + xt + 3x + 3t =
0
xt 3 xt = 3 ( x + t )
( x + t ) x2 t + t + 3 =0
x = t
3
xt 3 xt = 3 ( x + t )
xt xt = 3 ( x + t )
=
=
x 0,t
= 0
x 0,y
= 0
x = t
.
2 4
1,t =
1,y =
1 x =
1
0
x =
t t =
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la =

( x;y )
( 0;0 ); ( 1;1); ( 2;4 ) .
( 2x + y 1) x + 3 + xy + x =
8 x

.
2
x + 3 + xy + xy
= 2x ( 6 x )
Li giai
ie u kien : x 0,xy 0 .
Xe t x > 0 chia hai ve phng trnh a u cu a he cho x , phng trnh th hai
cu a he cho x ta c :
x+3
x+3
( 2x + y 1)
+ =
y + 1 8 ( 2x + y 1)
+ =
y + 1 8
x
x
2
2
x + 3
x + 3
+ y + y= 2 ( 6 x )
+ y + 2x + y= 12
x
x
x+3
a t u =
+ y,v =
2x + y, ( u,v > 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x
v 12 u2
8 =
u = 3
( u + 1)( v 1) =
u,v > 0
.

2
2
8
v = 3
12
u + v =
( u + 1) 11 u =
x+3
x+3
3 2x 3
=
+ y 3
+=
.
x
x
2x + y = 3
y = 3 2x
333
3
x+3
+ 3 2x nghch bie n tre n 0; ne n phng
x
2
trnh co nghiem duy nha t x =1 y =1 .
e y ham so f(x)
=
y
0
+ y2 =
x +
2
x +1 + x
.
2
x + 2 x2 + 1 + y2 =
3
y2
Li giai
ie u kien : y 0 .
x
2
0
+ y + x +1 x =
y

2
x
2
3
+
y
+ 2 x + 1 x =
y
x
+y
u=
y
, ( v > 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh :
a t
v
x2 + 1 x
=
u = 1
u + v =0
u =v
v>0
.
2
2
+ 2v 3 v + 2v
=
3 0
u =
v = 1
x
x = y y2
x 0,y
=
= 0
+ y =1
.
y
2
x2 + 1 = x + 1 x = 0,y = 1
1
x +1 x =
o i chie u v i ieu kie n suy ra he co nghiem duy nhat ( x;y=

)
x2 + 2y2 + 3xy 2 =
0
Bai 78. Gia i he phng trnh x y + 20

.
= 3 xy
2
( x + y )
Li giai
ie u kien: x y 0,x + y 0 .
334
( 0; 1) .
u + v2
x
=
u =
x+y
x + y =
u
2 .
2
v
x y x y =
v
u v2
=
=
y
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
u + v + 2 u v + 3 u + v u v 2 =
0
2
2 2
2
v2 + 20
= 3v
u2
6u2 2uv2
0
2=
2
2
u 2
4 0 =
3u uv=
4
.
2
2
2
v
=
2
v
+
20
v
3u
v
+
20
=
0
= 3v
u2
x + y =
2
x=
x 3
+y 2 =
.
2
x y =
x y =4
y =1

)
( 3; 1) .
2x 1 y 1 + 2 2x 1 =8
.
y2 + y 2y 4x 1 2x + y =
13
Li giai
1
ie u kien: x ,2y 1 4x 0 .
2
u2 + 1
.
2
u+8
thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a
T phng trnh cu a he suy ra y =
1 + 2u
he ta c:
a t u=
2x 1, ( u 0 ) x=
u+8
u+8
u+8
u2 + 1
u2 + 1 u + 8
+
2.
4.
2.
+
=
13 .
1 + 2u
2
2
1 + 2u
1 + 2u 1 + 2u
2
u+8
u + 8 4u3 2u2 4u + 13
u+8
u2 +
14 =
0 (1) .
+
1 + 2u
1 + 2u
1 + 2u 1 + 2u
335
2
u+8
u + 8 4u3 2u2 4u + 13
u+8
Xe t ham so=
: f(u)
+
u2 +
14
1
+
2u
1
+
2u
1
+
2u
1
+ 2u
tre n 0; + ) .
u+8
15
Ta co : f '(u) =
30.
3
2
( 2u + 1) ( 2u + 1)
4u3 2u2 4u + 13
1 + 2u
16u3 16u2 4u 30
( 2u + 1)
u+8
+
.
2u + 1
4u3 2u2 4u + 13
2
1 + 2u
Ne n f(u) la ham nghch bie n tre n 0; + )
2u
15
( 2u + 1)
< 0, u 0
V vay: (1) f(u) =f(1) u =1 2x 1 =1 x =1 y =3 .

Chu e 9. KY THUAT AT AN PHU DANG TONG - HIEU

u+v
x=
u= x + y
2
a t
thay va o he a ve gia i mot he phng trnh
xy
uv
v =
y=
2
o i v i ( u;v ) de x ly hn.
Dau hien nhan biet:
Phng trnh trong he co ch a ca c a i lng o i xng i cu ng n a o i x ng
d i a y:
-
x2 y2 = ( x + y )( x y ) = uv .
x + y = ( x + y ) x xy + y
336
3 xy 2 + x+y 2
( ) ( ) = 1 u 3v2 + u2
=(x + y)
4
4
3 x + y 2 + x y 2
( ) ( ) = 1 v 3u2 + v2
x y = ( x y ) x + xy + y = ( x y )
4
4
x+y 2 + xy 2
( ) ( )
4
4
2
2
2
2
x y = x y x + y = ( x y )( x + y )
)(
x 4 + y 4 = x2 + y2
1
uv u2 + v2
2
(u
2x 2 y 2 =
+ v2
2
x3 + 3xy
=
1 2
u v2
8
u4 + 6u2 v2 + v4
8
u +v
u v3
2
.
;y3 + 3yx
=
2
2
=
u mx + ny
To ng qua t ta a t
.
v px + qy
=
=
2
A. BAI TAP MAU

2
3 1
2
x y =
2y x .
3
5
( x + y ) =
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
2xy x2 y 2 =3x 2y

.
( x + y )3 =
5
u2 v2
xy =
4
u= x + y 2
2
.
a t
uv
x y =
v= x y
3( u + v)
u v u + 5v
3x =
2y
2. =
2
2
2
2
2
u2 v2 u + 5v
u vu3
=
2uv.
uv u v =+
.
4
2
3
u3 = 5
u = 5
.
337
3
5 1
x
=
u v3 + 1 =
3
3
0
u
=
5
x+y
5
=
2 .
3
3
v =1
x y =1
5 +1
u = 5
y = 2
3 5 1 3 5 +1
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t la ( x;y ) =
;
.
2
2
( x + y + 3) x y + 2y + 4 =
0

, ( x,y ) .
2
2
( x y ) x + 4 = y + 1
Li giai
ie u kien: x y .
( x + y + 3) x y + x + y + 3 + 1 ( x y )
( x + y + 3) ( x y + 1) + (1 x y )(1 +
)(
xy =
0
x y +1 x + y + 4 x y = 0 x + y + 4 = x y
x + y + 4 = x y
Va y he phng trnh tr tha nh:

.
2
2
( x y ) x + 4 = y + 1
e n a y co nhie u ca ch x ly he phng trnh tre n:

Cach 1: The 4 =
( x y ) ( x2 +
x y x y va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
x y x y = y2 + 1
( x y ) x2 x +
x ( x y )( x 1) y +
x 2 ( x y 1) +
(x y)
xy 1 =
0
3
(x y)
( x y 1) ( x y +
1 =
0
x y +1
x y + x y +1
0
( x y 1) x 2 +
=
x y +1
338
) =0
x y +1
x + y =
3 x =
1
x y =1
1
x y =
y =2
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 1; 2 ) .
x2 y2 = ( x y ) x y 4
Cch 2: Vit li
.
2
2
( x y ) x + 4 = y + 1
2
3
2
y = x + 4 ( x y ) ( x y )
( x y ) x2 + 4 = x2 + 4 ( x y )
(x y)
.
+1
2
3
2
y = x + 4 ( x y ) ( x y )
.
x2 ( x y ) = x2 ( x y )3 + 1
2
3
2
y = x + 4 ( x y ) ( x y )
.
x2 ( x y 1) + ( x y )3 1 =
0
2
3
2
y = x + 4 ( x y ) ( x y )
x y + x y + 1
( x y 1) x2 +
0
=
x y + 1
2
y = x2 + 4 ( x y )
x y 1 =
0
(x y)
x + y =3 x =1
1
x y =
y =2
Cach 3: Tha y xuat hie n da u hie u cu a to ng va hieu ne n a t
u2 + v
x
=
u
xy
=
2 .
,( u 0)
2
u v
v= x + y
y = 2
339
u= v + 4
Ta co he phng trnh: 2 u2 + v
u
4
=
+
u2 v
+1
2
v= u 4
5
4
3
2
0
( u 1) u + 3u 5u 11u + 12u + 20 =
Ta co : u5 + 3u4 5u3 11u2 + 12u + 20

3u4 5u3 11u2 + 12u + 20 > 0, u 0
u =v 4
x + y =3 x =1
.
Do o he phng trnh tng ng v i:
1
1
u =
x y =
y =2
u + v2
x
=
u= x + y
2
ngay t a u phng
Nhan xet. Ne u ta a t
,( v 0)
v
xy
u v2
=
y = 2
0.
trnh th nhat cu a he tr tha nh: ( u + 3) v + u v2 + 4 =
( v + 1)( u v + 4 ) = 0 u v + 4 = 0 .
Ta co ca c ke t qua tng t tren.

2x y 4 + 2y x 4 =
) (
) 1
(
.
1
( x y ) x2 xy + y2 =
9
Li giai
Ba i na y a c nha c e n trong chu e a t a n phu da ng a i so .
Ta trnh bay li gia i cho da ng a t a n phu to ng hie u.
Vie t la i phng trnh a u cu a he d i da ng:
2
2x y 2 + 2y x 2 2 2x y 2 2y x 2 =
) (
) (
)(
) 1
(
5 x 2 + y2 8xy 2 5xy 2x 2 2y 2
=
1
x+y 2 + xy 2
2
(
)
(
)
2
2
1
5.
8xy 2 5xy ( x + y ) + ( x y ) =
340
u= x + y
a t
v= x y
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5. u + v 8. u v 2 5. u v u2 v2 =
1
2
4
4
3v2 + u2 1
v.
=
4
9
2 1
2
1 2
2
2
2
+
=
u
9v
u
9v
1
8
4
4
3v3 + u2 v =
1
u4 + 54u2 v2 + 81v4 =
1,v =
8 u =
4
3
2
1
+
=
3v
u
v
=
u 1,v
9
=
3
x 4 2014x =
y 4 2013y
.
3
2
2
4027
=
x y
Li giai
He cho co so khung ta cha quan tam e n ie u na y.
Phng trnh th hai cu a he co tch so ( x y )( x + y ) va phng trnh a u vie t

x+y+xy
bie u die n c
2
theo x y va x + y ne n th a t a n phu xem sao.
c x 4 =
y 4 2013 ( x y ) =
+ x 2013 ( x y ) +
He phng trnh c vie t la i:

x 4 =
y 4 2013 ( x y ) + x
3
( x y )( x + y ) =
4027
2
2
) 2013 x y + x y + x + y
x y x + y ( x y ) + ( x + y=
)( )
( )
(
2
2
.
( x y )( x + y ) 3 =
4027
u= x + y
t phng trnh th hai cu a he suy ra uv 0 .
a t
v= x y
341
u2 + v2
u+v
uv u2 + v2 = 4027v + u
uv. = 2013v +
.
2
2
3 3
u3 v3 = 4027
u v = 4027
e y mo t chu t ne u the 4027 theo uv t phng trnh th hai le n phng trnh

th nha t ta co nha n t chung u .
Do vay ta co :
2
uv u2 + v=
u3 v3 .v + u u u2 v + v3 u2 v4 =
1 0 .
u u v 1 v
)+v
)(
1 =0 u u v 1 1 v
u = 0
=0 u2 v =1 .
3
v = 1
o i chie u v i uv 0 ta c u2 v = 1 hoac v3 = 1 .
TH1: Ne u v3 = 1 a ve gia i he phng trnh:
3
4027 + 1
x
=
3
3
v3 = 1 =
u
x + y
4027 =
4027
2
.
3 3
3
=
=
4027 1
v 1
x y 1
u v = 4027
y =
2
TH2: Ne u u2 v = 1 a ve gia i he phng trnh:
1
uv = 3 4027
u=
u2 v = 1
3
4027
3 3
1
u v = 4027 u = 3
3
4027
v = 4027
1
x + y =
3
4027
3
x y = 4027
x =
y =
1
3
4027
1
4027
4027
4027
( x;y ) =
342
1
+ 3 4027
4027 + 1 4027 1 3 4027

;
;
2
2
2
2
3
; 4027
(
2
4027
x2 y2 =
3
.
3
3
0
x 7x + y 13y + 18 =
Li giai
( x y )( x + y ) =
3
3 xy 2 + x+y 2
) ( ) 7 x + y 3 x + y x y + 18 =0 .
(
)
( )
( x + y )
(
4
a t u =+
x y,v =
x y he phng trnh tr tha nh:
uv = 3
uv = 3
2
2
.
3
u + 3v
2
+
=
u
7u
3
u
v
18
0
(
)
+
+
+
=
u
3uv
40u
12v
72
0
3
v =
uv = 3
u
.
3
+
+
=
u
9v
40u
12v
72
0
u3 + 63 40u + 72 =
3
v =
v =
u
.
u
2
u4 40u2 + 72u + 63 =
0
( u 3)( u + 7) u 4u 3 =
0
x + y =
3
1
x y =
x + y =7
u 3,v
=
= 1
3
3
u =
7,v =
x y = 7
7
x + y = 2
u =2 7,v =2 7
u =2 + 7,v =2 + 7
x y =2
x + y = 2 +
x y =2 +
=
= 1
x 2,y
2
x =
7,y =
.
7
26
23
,y =
x =
7
7
7
7
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la ( x;y=

)
( 2;1); (
26 23
7;2 ; ; .
7
7
Cach 2: Nhan tha y x = 0 kho ng tho a man he phng trnh.

343
x3 7x + y3 13y + 18 =
0
.
3
2
0
x xy 3x =
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh tre n ta c:
x y2 4 + y3 13y + 18 =
0.
0.
( y 2 ) x ( y + 2 ) + y2 + 2y 9 =
y = 2
.
2
0
x ( y + 2 ) + y + 2y 9 =
TH1: Ne u y = 2 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

x2 4 =
3 x = 7 .
TH2: Ne u x ( y + 2 ) + y 2 + 2y 9 = 0 x =
9
y (do y = 2 kho ng tho a
y+2
ma n he phng trnh).
y 1
x 2,y
2
=
=
= 1
9
y
y
3
23
26
23 .
y =
,y =
x=
y+2
7
7
7
Va y he phng trnh co bo n nghiem la ( x;y=

)
(
(
( 2;1); (
26 23
7;2 ; ; .
7
7
x 2 + 3y2 8xy 1 x + y 2 48 =
0
( )

.
2
2x 2 2xy + 1 ( x y ) + 12 =
0
Li giai
2
2
2
2
2
48
( x + y ) + x y 3 ( x y ) + 1 ( x + y ) =
.
x2 y2 + ( x y )2 + 1 ( x y )2 =
12
a t u =+
x y,v =
x y khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
344
(
(
u2 + uv 3v2 + 1 u2 =
48
2
2
12
v + uv + 1 v =
) (
)(
u2 u2 + uv 3v2 =
+ 1 4v2 v2 + uv + 1 u2 4v2 u2 + uv + v2 =
+1 0
u = 2v
x + y = 2x 2y
x = 3y
.
u2 4v2 =0
3x
u =2v
x + y =2x + 2y
y =
(12y + 1).4y
2
+ 12 =
0 vo nghiem.
TH2: Ne u y = 3x thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
(1 4x ).4x + 12 = 0 4x x 3 = 0 .
x =
1 x =
1,y =
3
.
( x 1)( 4x + 3) =0
= 3
x 1
x 1,y
=
=
2

4
3
1
4
x y =
4y 2x .
5
5
( x + y ) =
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
4xy x 4 y 4 =3x 2y
.
( x + y )5 =
5
u= x + y
a t
v= x y
u2 v2 uv 2
u+v
uv
2.
.
u + v2= 3.
4.
4
2
2
2 .
5
u = 5
uv u4 v4 =+
uv u4 v4 =+
u 5v
u u5 v
u5 5=
v5 5
345
v u4 v4 =
v5 = 1
1 + u4 v
5
u5 = 5
u = 5
5
5 1
x
=
5
5
u
=
=
5
x+y
5
2 .
5
v =1
x y =1
5 +1
y = 2
5 5 1 5 5 +1
;
.
2
2
4
3
1
4
x y = 4y 2x
.
5
2
2
=
5
x y
Li giai
u= x + y
a t
v= x y
uv u2 + v2
u + 5v
4
4
=
u 5v
uv u v =+
2
2
2
.
2 u v
u5 v5 = 5
u5 v5 = 5
uv u4 v4 =
v u4 v4 =
u u5 v6
1 u 4 v6
u5 v5 =
u5 v5 =
5
5
u5 = 5
v5 + 1 u 4 v 1 =
0
v = 1
5
5
u
v
1
=
u v = 5
5 5
u v = 5
346
)(
x =

u 3 5
x + y 3 5
=
=
y =
v =1
x y =1

1
1
u=
x+y=
15
15

5
5
x =
15
15
v
x y
=
625 =
625
y =
5 1
2
3
5 +1
2
1 15
+ 625 .
15
5
2
1 15
625
15
5
2

1 15
1 15
+ 625
625
15
3 5 1 3 5 + 1 15 5
5
.
;
( x;y ) = 2 ; 2 ;
2
2
2 3
6
6
4 2
2 4
3 x y + 7x y 7x y =
y 2x .
7
2
2
=
7
x y
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
4x 3y
6
6
2 2
2
2
3 x y + 7x y x y =
2xy
.
7
2
2
=
7
x y
)(
)(
2xy x2 y 2 3x 2 + y 2 3y 2 + x 2 =4x 3y
.
7
x2 y2 =
7
2
2
2
2
x + 3y = u uv + v
u= x + y 2
a t
3x + y2 = u2 + uv + v2 .
v= x y
u + 7v
4x 3y =
2
347
uv u6 v6 =+
uv u6 v6 =
u 7v
u u 7 v8
u7 v7 =
u7 v7 =
7
7
u = 7 7,v = 1
u v 7 + 1 u6 v 1 =
0
1
35 6 .
=
=
u
,v
7
u7 v7 = 7
35
7
Thay ng c la i bie n ( x;y )
)(
1
1 35 6
35
+ 76
7
35
7 7 1 7 7 + 1 35 7
7
Suy ra: ( x;y ) =
;
;
;
2
2
2
2
3
35
2
y + 3xy =
.
2
5x 2 + 5y2 + 2xy + 5x + 13y =
0
Li giai
a t u =+
x y,v =
u3 v3
35
=
u3 v3 + 35 =
0 (1)
2
2
.
2
2
u2 v2
0
(2)
3u + 2v + 9u 4v =
5 2
2
0
2 u + v + 2 + 9u 4v =
Gia i he nay ba ng phng phap he so ba t nh ba ng ca ch la y (1) + 3.(2) theo
ve ta c: ( u v + 5) u2 + uv + 4u + v2 v + 7 =
0.
Tm c: ( u;v ) =
( 3;2 ); ( 2;3) .
1 5 1 5
2 2 2 2
Cach khac: La y (1) + 3.(2) ta c:
5
y =
2
2
2

1
5
( 2y + 5) 3 x + 2 + y + 2 =0 x = 21 .

y = 5

2

348
x2 + y2 = xy + x + y
Bai 1.1. Gia i he phng trnh
.
2
2
3
x y =
Li giai
a t u =+
x y,v =
u2 + v2 u2 v2
=
u2 + 3v2 4u =
0
+u
.
2
4
uv = 3
uv = 3
2 27
u4 4u3 + 27 =
0
0
u + 2 4u =
u
.
3
v = 3
v =
u
u
u 3 2 u2 + 2u + 3
)
(
u 3 x=
x 2
=
+y 3 =
.
3
=
y 1 =
v 1
x=
y 1
v =
u
x2 + 2x + 6 = y + 1
.
2
2
7
x + xy + y =
Li giai
ie u kien y 1 , khi o he tng ng vi:
x2 + 2x + 6 = y 2 + 2y + 1
x 2 y 2 + 2(x y) + 5 = 0
.
1
1
2
2
2
2
y ) 7 ( x y ) + 3 ( x +=
y ) 28
( x y ) + 3 ( x +=
4
4
a t u =+
x y,v =
x y , khi o he tr tha nh:
0
u =
1 u =
3
uv + 2v + 5 =
.
2
2
5 v =
1
28
v =
3u + v =
u =1 x + y =1 x =3
( tho a ma n ieu kie n).
+ V i
2
v =5 x y =5 y =
u 3
=
x 1
=
x+y 3 =
( tho a ma n ieu kie n).
+ V i
2
v =1 x y =1 y =
Va y nghie m cu a he phng trnh la =

( x;y )
(1;2 ) , ( 3;2 ) .
349
x2 y2 4
x y =
5
.
3x 2 4y 2 + 45 x + y =
( ) 16
Li giai
a y la he to ng qua t ba c hai a bie t ca ch gia i d i a y trnh bay theo phng
pha p a t a n phu dang to ng hie u.
x2 y2 4
x y =
5
.
1 x 2 + y 2 + 7 x 2 y 2 + 45 x + y =
( ) 16
2
2
2
a t u =+
x y,v =
) (
uv 4
v =
uv 4 5v =
0
5
14uv u2 v2 + 90u =
64
1 u2 + v2 + 7 uv + 45 u =
16
4
2
2
uv 4 5v 0
uv 4 5v 0
=
=
.
2
2
64 0
v) 0
( u + v ) 16 ( 4 + 5v ) 90u +=
( u + v ) 90 ( u +=
u =
u + v =
0
u =
u + v =
0
= 0
uv 4 5v
u + v =

u
90
=
u + v =
90
0
uv 4 5v =
0
=
uv 4 5v
u
=
1,v = 1
4,v = 4
95 9 89
85 + 9 89 .
=
,v
2
2
95 + 9 89
85 9 89
=
,v
2
2
Thay ng c la i tm c nghiem cua he la:
( x;y ) = ( 0;1); ( 0;4 ); 45; 5 92 89 ; 45; 5 + 92 89 .
x2 + xy + y 2 = x y 4
( ) .
x2 xy + y2 =x y
Li giai
he
phng
trnh tr tha nh:
a t u =+
x y,v =
x y
350
2 4v4 v2
3u2 + v2
= v4
u =
3
4
2
4
2
2
u + 3v
4v v
v
=
=
+ 3v2 4v 0
4
3
2 4v4 v2
u 0,v
=
= 0
u =
3
u =
1,v =
1
v ( v 1) 4v2 + 4v + 12 =
=
0
= 1
u 1,v
x + y =
0
0
x y =
x 0,y
= 0
x + y =1 =

x =
0,y =
1 .
x y =
1
x 1,y
= 0
+
=
x
y
1
x y =
1
=
m la ( x;y )
( 0;0 ); (1;0 ); ( 0; 1) .
Cach 2: Ta viet lai he phng trnh d i dang

x y 2 + 3xy = x y 4
)
( ) x y 4 x y 2 = 3 x y x y 2 .
(
( ) ( )
( )
2
( x y ) + xy =x y
x2 y 2 = 8x 6y + 1
.
2
2
2
2
= 10 ( x y ) 1
x y
Li giai
a t u =+
x y,v =
7v + 1
u =
v 1
uv =u + 7v + 1
2 2
2
2
v 10v 1 2 7v + 1
u=
=
v
10v2 1
v 1
Do v = 1 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
7v + 1
u = 3,v = 1
u =
v
1
u = 1,v = 1
2
( v + 1)( 3v + 1) 13v 6v + 1 =
0
351
1
x + y =
3
x =
3
x y =1
2
x + y =
1 y = 3 .
1
x = 1
x
y
=
y = 2
1 2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ; ; (1;2 ) .
3 3
4 x 4 + 2x3 y + x2 y2 = 2x + 2y + 9
.
3x2 + 2xy y2= 6 ( x + y + 1)
Li giai
x + y + x y 2 x + y 2= 2 x + y + 9
)( ) ( )
(
.
2
( x + y ) + 2 ( x y )( x + y ) = 6 ( x + y ) + 6
a t u =+
x y,v =
2
2
u
+
uv
=
2u + 9
u + v 2 u2 =+
2u 9
(
)
2
uv = 6u + 6 u
u2 + 2uv =6u + 6
2
2
2
u2 + 6u + 6 u =
u4 + 12u3 + 48u2 + 64u =
0
2u + 9
6u + 6 u2
2
uv
=
6u + 6 u
2
uv =
2
1
u u + 4 3 =
x + y =4
u = 4
0
x=
(
)
8 .
17
2
17
v =
x y =
y = 33
uv = 6u + 6 u
8
2
8
He phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y

=
) 18 ; 338 .
352
Bai 1.7. Gia i he phng trnh:
x + y 2 x y + 1 = 6x 6y 2
)(
)
(
.
2
2
12 x y 2 x + y 1
2
2
2
2
2
x
y
2x
2y
x
y
x
y
x
y
+
+
+
=
( )
( )
Li giai
a t u =+
x y,v =
u2 ( v + 1) = 6v 2
3
2
uv u v + 2uv + u= 12v v 1
Nha n thay v = 1 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.

Xe t v 1 khi o he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i
2 6v 2
u =
v +1
2
2
6v 2 v2 + 2v2 6v 2 + 6v 2 .v
= 12y v 1
v + 1
v +1 v +1
2 6v 2
u =
2 6v 2 u2 = 6v 2
v +1
u =
v +1
.
4 v 1 9v + 1 v2
v +1
(
)(
)
4 9v + 1 v2 =v + 1 2
= v 1 v = 1
) ( )
2
(
+
v
1
(
)
3
2
0
u = 2 36v + 3v 2v 1 =
.
6v 2
2
v = 1
u =
v +1
( 3v 1) 12v2 + 5v + 1 =
0
u = 0
u =
u =
2
2
1.
6v 2
2
=
v
v
1
v 1=
u =
v +1
Thay ng c la i x,y ta tm c:
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
;
; +
; ;
2 2
2 2
6 6 2
( x;y )= 61 ; 61 ; 21 1 ; 21 1 ; 21 +
2
2
( x;y )=
1 1
; +
.
2 2
2
1 1
; +
.
2 2
2
Bai 1.8. Tm nghiem dng cua he phng trnh:

353
( 2x 7 )( x y ) + 3 =
0
2
2
2
1
3x 4xy + 4y 7 ( x y ) =
Li giai
( x + y + x y 7 )( x y ) + 3 =
0
2
2
xy 2 =
2
2
+
3
x
y
2
x
y
11
x
y
28
4
(
)
(
)
(
)
a t u =+
x y,v =
x y, ( u > 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
( u + v 7 ) v + 3 =
0
.
2
2
2
3u
2uv
11v
28
v
4
Gia i he na y ba ng phng pha p the chu y u > 0 tm c u = 4 v = 2 .
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem dng duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 3;1) .

x 4 ( a + 1) x = y 4 ay
Tong quat: Giai he phng trnh

2
x2 y2 =
x 4 y 4 = 4x 3y

3
7
( x + y ) =
Li giai
a t u =+
x y,v =
u2 + v2
2
2
u+v
uv
u 7v
3.
uv. = 4.
uv u + v =+
.
2
2
2
3
u3 = 7
u = 7
uv u2 + v2 = u + u3 v
u v3 1 = 0
3
u 7=
u3 7
3
7 +1
x
=
3
3
u
=
7
x+y
7
=
2 .
3
=
=
v 1
x y 1
7 1
y = 2
354
3 7 +1 3 7 1
;
.
2
2
x 4 2x = y 4 y
.
3
2
2
3
=
x y
Li giai
a t u =+
x y,v =
uv u2 + v2 =+
uv u2 + v2 =+
u 3v
u u3 v 4
3
3
( uv ) 3=
( uv ) 3
=
)(
u
u v3 1 1 u 2 v =
0 =
3
=
( uv ) 3
=
u
1+ 3 3
3 1
=
3,v 1 =
,y
x =
2
2 .
1
3
2
1
=
,v
9
3
x = 3 ,y = 3
3
3
3
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m phan bie t la :

3
3
=
( x;y ) 1 +2 3 ; 32 1 ; 32 ; 31 .
3
3
x2 y2 = 4x + 6y
.
4
4
2
2
2 2
x + y 5x 5y= 2x y 10xy
Li giai
x2 y2 = 5 ( x + y ) ( x y )
.
4
2
2
5
4
2 2
x + y ( x + y ) + ( x y ) =
2x y 10xy
2
a t u =+
x y,v =
x y he phng trnh a cho tr tha nh:
uv
= 5u v
2
u2 v2
u4 + 6u2 v2 + v4 5 2
u2 v2 .
2
u
v
2
10.
=
+
8
2
2
4
= 5u v
uv
= 5u v
uv
.
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
8u v + 20u 60v =
8 ( 5u v ) + 20u 60v =
355
u 0,v
x 0,y
=
= 0
=
= 0
1 + 815
75 + 815
812 + 2 815
838 + 24 815
u =
x =
,v =
,y =
11
3
143
143
1 + 815
838 + 24 815
75 815
812 + 2 815
=
=
=
,v
x
,y
u =
11
3
143
143
2 815 838 + 24 815 812 + 2 815 838 + 24 815

;
;
;
( x;y ) =
( 0;0 ); 812 +143
143
143
143
2xy + y x 2 y 2
x+y
xy
=
+
14
2
2
.
3
3
x+y
xy
9

+
=
2
2
Li giai
x+y
xy
t phng trnh th hai cu a he suy ra u + v > 0 khi
=
,v
2
2
o he phng trnh tr thanh:
2 u2 + v2 u2 v2 + 2uv u2 v2
= u + v.
14
3
3
9
u + v =
a t u
=
)(
)(
u2 + v2 u2 v2 + uv u2 v2 = 7 ( u + v )
u3 + v3 =
9
( u v ) u2 + uv + v2 =
( u v ) u2 + v2 + uv ( u v ) =
7
7
u3 + v3 =
u3 + v3 =
9
9
x+y
=2
3
u3 =
x = 5
u 2
v 7 =
2
.
3
3
9
y = 3
v = 1
xy
u + v =
=1
2
356
x2 y2 6 =
0
2
4
x,y ) .
3=
x + y 1)
0 (
2
(
(x y)
Li giai
ie u kien: x y 0 .
( x + y )( x y ) =
6
2
4
.
3=
x + y 1)
0
(
2
(x y)
a t a =+
x y; b =
x y khi o he tr tha nh:
ab = 6
6
b =
b =
a
a
2
4
2
0
2
( a 1) 2 3 =
a2 2a + 1 a 3 =
0
0
b
8a 18a 18 =
9
x + y =
3
5
1
2
a 3,b
=
= 2
=
,y
x y =
x =
2
2
.

3
3
a =
35
29
x + y =
,b =
8
4
4
x 8 ,y =
8
x + y =
8
Va y he co hai nghie m la=

( x;y ) 25 ; 21 ; 358 ; 298 .
x +1 + y +1 =
2
.
Bai 1.14. Gia i he phng trnh 72xy
4
+ 29 3 x2 y2 =
xy
Li giai
ie u kien: x y 0,x,y 1 .
Bnh phng hai ve phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:
x + y + 2 + 2 xy + x + y + 1 = 4 2 xy + x + y + 1 = 2 x y .
x + y 2
x + y 2
.
2
2
+
+
+
=
=
+
4
xy
x
y
1
2
x
y
x
y
8
x
y
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
a t u = x + y,v = x y, ( v 0, 2 u 2 ) khi o ta co he phng trnh:

357
v2 = 8u
2
v = 8u
2
2
.
18 u v
3
3
9v
112v
108
0
4
+ 29 uv =
=
x + y 2 =
x 3
x y =4
y =1
v 4,u
=
= 2
8
8
x+y=
x =
8
8
9
9.
v =
,u =
3
9
x y = 8
y =16

4
2
3
9
v =
,u =
3
9
2
x+y=
x = 5

9
9
x y = 4
y =7

3
9
8 16 5 7
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x;y ) =( 3; 1) ; ; ; ; .
9 9 9 9
3x 4 + 3y 4 + 10x2 y2 =
2 6x2 + 6y2
.
2
2
4x
3x + y =
Li giai
2
4
4
2
2
+ 6 x2 y2 =
2
( x + y ) + ( x y ) + x y
.
( x + y )2 + ( x y )2 + x 2 y 2= 2 ( x + y + x y )
) (
a t u =+
x y,v =
u4 + v4 + u2 v2 + 6uv =
2
.
2
2
u + uv + v = 2 ( u + v )
a y la he o i x ng loai I a bie t ca ch gia i. Chu y a ng th c
(u
2 ( u + v) ( u
u 4 + v 4 + u2 v2 =
=
358
)(
uv ) = 2 ( u
+ v2 uv u2 + v2 + uv
+ v2
+ v3
1 5
1+ 5
=
,v
u =
u3 + v3 + 3uv =
1
2
2 .
Suy ra 2
1+ 5
1 5
u + v + uv = 2 ( u + v )
,v
=
u =
2
2
1 5
x + y =
1+ 5
1
5
x y =
x = ,y =
2
2
2 .
1
5
1+ 5
x + y =
=
,y
x =
2
2
1 5
x y =
2

2
Cach 2: Ru t y=
4x 3x 2 t phng trnh th hai va o phng trnh a u cu a he
ta c ket qua tng t .
3x 4 + 3 4x 3x2
1
x =
2
x =
7 57
( 2x 1) 8x 2 14x 1 = 0 x =
=
x
7 + 57
x =
8
2 6x2 + 6 4x 3x2 .
+ 10x 2 4x 3x 2 =
1
5
,y =
2
2 .
1
5
=
,y
2
2

=
) 21 ; 25 ; 21 ; 25 .
) (
3
1
3
2
2
x + y + x 3y + 1 + y 3x + 1 =
x y +1

2
8
4 x2 y2 + 4 ( x + y )2 8x + 8y 17 =
x+y
ie u kien: ( x + y )( x y + 1) 0 .
Li giai
359
3
1
( x + y ) + x + y =
x
y +1
2
8
4 x2 y2 + 4 ( x + y )2 8 ( x y ) 17 =
x+y
1
( x y + 1) ( x + y ) + x + y =
2
( x + y ) 4 x2 y2 + 4 ( x + y )2 8 ( x y ) 17 =
8
a t u =+
x y,v =
u3 v + u3 + uv + u =
1
.
3 2
3
8
4u v + 4u 8uv 17u =
Nha n thay u = 0 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
Xe t u 0 khi o he phng trnh tng ng v i:
u3 + u ( v + 1) =
1
4u3 v2 + 4u3 8uv 17u =

8
1
=
1
v
u3 + u
2
3 1 + 3 1
8
4u
1
1 17u =
4u 8u 3
u3 + u
u +u
1
1
1
1
v =
v =
3
3
u +u
u +u
2
2
u 8u6 + 7u4 10u
u u2 1 8u4 + 15u
=
5 0
=
+5 0
)(
3
u2 = 1
1,v =
u =
2.
1
1
=
v
1
u3 + u
u = 1,v = 2
5 1 1 3
Thay ng c la i tm ra ( x;y ) = ; ; ; .
4 4 4 4
5 1 1 3
4 4 4 4
360
Chu e 10. KY THUAT S DUNG TNH N IEU CUA HAM SO

( a; b ) th
phng trnh f(x) = 0 ne u co nghiem th o la nghiem duy nha t tre n ( a; b ) .
nh ly 2: Ne u f(x) la ha m o ng bie n (hoa c nghch bie n) tre n ( a; b ) khi o
v i mo i u,v ( a; b ) thoa ma n f(u)= f(v) u= v .
nh ly 1: Ne u f(x) la ham o ng bie n(hoa c nghch bie n) tre n
Mo t so da ng phng trnh xua t phat t ham so nh sau:

Dang 1: Phng trnh co da ng f(u) = f(v) .
- Thong thng t mot phng trnh cua he ta nhan ra ang thc f(u) = f(v) .
- Co ng, tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua he a ve f(u) = f(v) .
- Vie c can la m la xe t ha m ha m trng f(t) ch ng minh f(t) nghch bie n hoa c
o ng bien tre n ta p K .
Dang 2: Phng trnh co da ng f(x) + g(x) =
0.
- T mot phng trnh cua he ta tm c mien xac nh x a; b va y c;d .
- Ch ng minh min f(x) + min g(y) = f(x 0 ) + g(y 0 ) = 0 .
xa;b
y c;d
- Ch ng minh max f(x) + max g(y) = f(x 0 ) + g(y 0 ) = 0 .

xa;b
y c;d
x = x 0
- Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi
.
y = y 0
Do va y ky nang x ly la tm gia tr ln nha t va gia tr nho nha t cu a ham so

va nh kiem tra nghiem ( x 0 ;y 0 ) co tho a ma n hay khong.
Chu y. o i v i ca c em l p 10 cha c ho c ve a o ha m e chng minh

ha m ong bie n, nghch bien ta x ly nh sau:
f(x1 ) f(x2 )
Xe t ty so k =
v i moi x1 ,x2 ( a; b ) va x1 x2 .
x1 x 2
- Ne u k > 0 th f la ham o ng bie n tre n ( a; b ) .
- Ne u k < 0 th f la ham nghch bien tre n ( a; b ) .

Mot so dang he thng s dung phng phap ham so
- He o i x ng loai II.
- He hoa n v vo ng quanh(xem chng 4).
361
Lu y. V i he x ly c bang phng pha p ha m so th cu ng co the x ly
c ba ng phng pha p nha n lie n h p.
y + y 2 + 1 =
2
1 (1)
x + x + 1
.
Cha ng han he phng trnh
2
x2 + y2 = 4 x y + x 4 y 4 (2)
( )
Phng trnh (1) x + x 2 + =

1
y 2 + 1 y (3) .
e n a y ta co hai hng x ly c ba n hay c x du ng nh sau:

Hng 1: x + y + x 2 + 1 y 2 + 1 = 0 x + y +
x2 y2
x2 + 1 + y2 + 1
=0.
xy
(x + y) 1 +
=
y .
0x=
2
2
x
1
y
1
+
+
+
Do 1 +
xy
=
x2 + 1 + y2 + 1
x2 + 1 + x + y2 + 1 y
x2 + 1 + y2 + 1
>
x +x+ y y
x2 + 1 + y2 + 1
0.
Hng 2: Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t + t 2 + 1 tre n , ta co :
t +t
t
t2 + 1 + t
f '(t) =
1+
=
>
0 ne n f(t) la ha m ong bien tren
t2 + 1
t2 + 1
t2 + 1
v vay phng trnh
(3) f(x) =
f( y) x =
y .
Vie c co n la i la the va o phng trnh th hai cua he tm c nghiem duy

nha t ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) .
A. BAI TAP MAU
x 4 4x = y 4 4y (1)
.
2014
+ y 2014 =
1 (2)
x
Li giai
x2014 1 1 x 1
.
T phng trnh (2) suy ra
2014
1 1 y 1
y
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 4 4t tren oa n 1;1 ta ch ng minh f(t) la ha m nghch

bie n tre n 1;1 ba ng hai ca ch nh sau:
362
Cach 1: Phu h p v i kie n th c l p 10 cha c ho c ve a o ham.
V i mo i t1 ,t 2 1;1 ,t1 t 2 ta co
k=
f(t1 ) f(t 2 )
t1 t 2
t14 t 24 4 ( t1 t 2 )
t1 t 2
( t1 + t 2 ) ( t12 + t 22 ) 4 4 4 =
0.
Do o f(t) la ha m nghch bien tre n 1;1 v va y (1) f(x)= f(y) x= y .

Thay vao (2) ta tm c x = y = 2014
1
.
2
1
1
2014 ; 2014 .
2
2
Cach 2: S dung a o ha m
Ta co f '(t)= 4t 3 4 4 4= 0 ne n f(t) la ham nghch bien tren 1;1 en
a y x ly tie p nh l i gia i tre n.
f(t ) f(t 2 )
Nhan xet. V i ca ch xe t ty so k = 1
ta ch ng minh c ha m ong
t1 t 2
bie n hoa c nghch bie n rat phu h p v i kie n th c cu a mo t ho c sinh lp 10
nhng ha n che cu a phng pha p nay la ne u ha m f(t) co da ng ph c ta p th
b c ch ng minh k > 0 ( k < 0 ) kho khan hn ra t nhie u.
x 2 y 1 = 27 x3 (1)
.
4
( x 2 ) + 1 =y (2)
Phan tch li giai. Nhan tha y t (2) ta co the rut y t do theo bie n x do vay
vie c the c l a cho n a u tien tuy nhie n sau khi the a ve mo t phng
trnh co ch a ca c nha n t t x3 cho e n x 2 do va y ta suy ngh e n mo t
ca ch na o o co the tm c nghie m cu a phng trnh mo t ca ch de da ng.
Nh a no i pha n tre n o la nham nghiem va x ly theo hai h ng
- H ng 1: Xe t ham so
- H ng 2: Nhan lien h p.
Li giai
ie u kien x 2,y 1 .
4
The y =( x 2 ) + 1 t phng trnh (2) va o phng trnh (1) ta c:

2
x 2 ( x 2 ) = 27 x3 x3 x2 + 4x + x 2 31 = 0 (3) .
363
Xe t ha m so f(x) = x3 x2 + 4x + x 2 31 tre n 2; + ) .
1
Ta co f '(x)
= 3x 2 2x + 3 +
> 0, x ( 2; + ) ne n f(x) la ha m o ng
2 x2
bie n tre n ( 2;+ ) . Ma t kha c f(3) = 0 do o (3) x =

3 suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 3;2 ) .
2
y + 1 + y 2 =
1
x + 1 + x
.
x 6x + 2x2 + 1= 4xy + 6x + 1
Li giai
1 ne n t phng trnh th nha t cu a he, ta suy
2
Do y + y2 + 1
y + 1 y =
ra: x + 1 + x 2 =y + y 2 + 1 f(x) =f(y) .

Xe t ha m so f(x) =x + 1 + x2 ta co :
x +x
x
1 + x2 + x
=
>
0, x .
f '(x) =
1+
1 + x2
1 + x2
1 + x2
.
Do o ham so f(x) o ng bie n tre n . Ne n f(x) =

f(y) x =
y .
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta co phng trnh :
2
x
25
4x + 6x + 1 6x + 2x 2 + 1 =x 2 .
x 6x + 2x + 1 =
2
4
x =
1 y=
1
6x + 2x 2 + 1 =
3x
3 11
3 + 11 .
6x + 2x2 + 1 =2x =
x
y
=
2
2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x,y=

)
(1, 1); 3 2 11 ; 3 +2

(4x2 + 1)x + (y 3) 5 2y =
0
2
2
7
(2)
4x + y + 2 3 4x =
364
(1)
11
.
Li giai
3
x 4
, khi o phng trnh (1) tng ng v i:
ie u kien
y 5
(4x2 + 1)x + (
(5 2y) 1
) 5 2y =
0.
2
(4x2 + 1)(2x) = (( 5 2y )2 + 1) 5 2y (3) .
Xe t ham so f(t)
= t t 2 + 1 tre n , ta co : f '(t)
= 3t 2 + 1 > 0, t ne n la ha m
o ng bien tre n .
x 0
V vay: (3) f(2x) = f( 5 2y ) 2x = 5 2y

5 4x 2 .
y
=
Thay y =
5 4x2
va o (2) ta c phng trnh:
2
4x 2 + (
Suy ra 0 x
5 4x2 2
) + 2 3 4x =
7 (4) .
2
3
5 4x2 2
. Xe t ha m so f(x) = 4x 2 + (
) + 2 3 4x 7 tre n
4
2
3
oa n 0; .
4
Ta co f '(x) =4x(3 + 4x2 ) +
3
< 0, x 0; ne n f(x) nghch bie n
3 4x
4
3
tre n 0; .
4
1
1
V vay phng trnh (4) f(x) = f x = y = 2 .
2
2
1
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ;2 .
2
Nhan xet. Ngoa i ra he tre n co n gia i c ba ng cach a ve he hoa n v la p

vo ng quanh(xem chng 4). Qua ba i toan tre n ta co mo t dau hie u nha n die n
phng pha p ha m so khi mo t phng trnh cu a he co da ng:
( mx + n )
ax + b =
( py + q )
cy + d .
365
Bai 5. (TSH Khoi A,A1 2013) Giai he phng trnh:
x + 1 + 4 x 1 y4 + 2 =
y
.
2
2
+
+
=
x
2x
y
1
y
6y
1
0
( )
Li giai
ie u kien x 1 .
Khi o bie n o i phng trnh th hai cu a he tr thanh:
( x + y 1)
= 4y 0 y 0 .
Vie t la i phng trnh th nha t cu a he tha nh
x 1
+ 2 + 4 x 1=
y 4 + 2 + y (1) .
e n a y ta xe t ha m so f(u) =
u + u4 + 2 tren n a khoa ng 0; + ) .
2u3
Ta co f '(u) = 1 +
Do o (1) f
u +2
> 0, u 0 ne n f(u) la ha m ta ng tren 0; + ) .
x 1 = f(y) y =
x 1 x = y4 + 1 .
The va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c phng trnh y 4 + y
=
4y .
y = 0
2
.
y y y3 + 1 4 =0
2
y y3 + 1 4 =
0
V i y = 0 x = 1 .
V i y y3 + 1 4 =
0 ta xet ham so g(u)= u u3 + 1 4 .
Ta co : g'(u)=
( u + 1)
3
+ 3u3 u3 + 1 > 0, u 0 . Ma t kha c: g(1) = 0 .
Do o y = 1 suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) .

Nhan xet. Nh a no i mot ba i toa n x ly c bang phng pha p ham so th
cu ng co the x ly ba ng phng pha p nha n lie n h p. V va y ta co the tm ra
=
x y 4 + 1 ba ng nha n lie n h p nh sau. V i y 0 va t (1) , ta co :
366
x + 1 y4 + 2 = y 4 x 1 .
x y4 1
y4 x + 1
.
=
y + 4 x 1 y2 + x 1
x + 1 + y4 + 2
)(
1
1
x y 4 1
+
4
y + x 1 y2 + x 1
x + 1 + y4 + 2
)(
=
0 .
x y4 1 = 0 x = y4 + 1 .
2 + 2 4y2 + 1
1
Bai 6. Gia i he phng trnh x + x 2 2x + 2 1 y ( x 1)2 .
2
2
0
4y x 1 x 4y + 3x 3 =
Li giai
ie u kien: x > 1,y 0 .
2 + 2 4y2 + 1
2 + 2 4y2 + 1
Do =
> 0 ne n e he phng trnh co
x + x 2 2x + 2 1 x 1 + ( x 1)2 + 1
nghiem ta pha i co y > 0 .

( x 1)
2
( x 1)
x 1+
2y + 2y 4y + 1 =
2
2y + 2y 4y 2 +=
1
1
1
+
x 1 x 1
+1
( x 1)
+ 1 (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t + t t 2 + 1 tre n ( 0;+ ) , ta co :
f '(t) = 1 + t 2 + 1 +
t2
t2 + 1
> 0, t > 0 ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren ( 0;+ ) .
1
1
1
V vay (1) f(2y)
.
= f
=
=
y
2y
x 1
2 ( x 1)
x 1
Thay y =
1
2 ( x 1)
367
2y x 1
x = 2
1
=
x 1
x 1
2
2
1
( x 2 ) =0
x 1 + ( x 2 ) =0 .
x 1
x =2 y =
1
.
2
1
2
3x2 + 3y2 + 5 =
10xy
.
3
2 ( x y ) + 2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2 4
1 +
2 ( x y )
Li giai
ie u kien: 1 x y 0 .
x+y 2 = 4 xy 2 +5
) ( )
(
2
3
2(x y) + 2 = (x + y) 4
1 +
2 ( x y )
x+y 2 = 4 xy 2 +5
) ( )
(
2
3
2 ( x y ) + 2= 4 ( x y ) + 1
1 +
2 ( x y )
2(x y) + 3
) 2(x y) + 2 =
(x + y) = 4(x y) + 5
.
3
8 ( x y ) + 2 ( x y ) (1)
Phng trnh (1) ch cha bien t= x y nen ta at t= x y a ve phng trnh:
( 2t + 3)
2t + 2 = 8t 3 + 2t
2t + 2
+ 2t + 2 = (2t)3 + 2t
(2) .
Phng trnh nay co dang ham ac trng f(u) = f(v) nen ta x ly bang ham so.
Va y xe t ham so f(u)
= u3 + u tren , ta co :
f '(u)= 3u2 + 1 > 0, u > 0 ne n ham so f(u) o ng bien tren .
Do o (2) f
368
2t + 2= f(2t) 2t + =
2 2t
t 0
2
t =1 x y =1.
0
4t 2t 2 =
3
x + y 2 = 4 x y 2 + 5 x + y =
x 2,y
=
= 1
(
)
(
)
.
x + y =3
x
=
1,y
=
x y =
1
1
x y =
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 1; 2 ) ; ( 2;1) .

Nhan xet. V du na y cho ta tha y e xe t ha m o i khi t mo t phng trnh cua
he ta cha co da u hie u cu a ha m a c trng va phep toa n the hoa c co ng tr
theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he se cho ta mo t ha m a c trng. ie u na y o i
ho i ca c em tinh y nhn nhan hai phng trnh cua he co ie m na o chung.
x + x2 2x + 5 =3y + y 2 + 4
.
x 2 y 2 3x + 3y + 1 =
0
Phan tch li giai. Phng trnh th nha t c vie t la i tha nh :
x+
( x 1)
+ 4 = 3y + y 2 + 4 .
Hai ve co da ng gan tng t nhau ; tuy nhie n sai kha c nhau ai l ng x va

3y ; ba y gi the 3y t phng trnh th hai cu a he va o chung ta se c g .
x+
( x 1)
2
( x 1) +
+ 4 = y2 + 3x 1 x2 + y2 + 4
( x 1)
+ 4 = y2 + y2 + 4 .
Li giai
2
Ru t 3y = y + 3x 1 x t phng trnh th hai cu a he thay va o phng trnh

th nha t cu a he ta c :
x+
( x 1)
2
( x 1) +
+ 4 = y2 + 3x 1 x2 + y2 + 4 .
( x 1)
( x 1) y 2 +
2
( x 1) y +
2
+ 4 = y2 + y2 + 4 .
( x 1)
+ 4 y2 + 4 =
0.
2
( x 1) y2
=
0.
2
2
x
1
+
4
+
y
+
4
( )
369
1 +
2
2
0.
( x 1) y =
( x 1) + 4 + y + 4
1
y= x 1
2
.
( x 1) y 2 =0
y= 1 x
y= x 1
.
Ne u y= x 1 khi o ta co he phng trnh : 2
2
0
x y 3x + 3y + 1 =
3
x=
y= x 1
2.
2
2
0
x ( x 1) 3x + 3 ( x 1) + 1 =
y = 1
2
y = 1 x
.
Ne u y = 1 x khi o ta co he phng trnh : 2
2
0
x y 3x + 3y + 1 =
3
x=
y = 1 x
4.
2
2
1
0
x (1 x ) 3x + 3 (1 x ) + 1 =
y =
4
3 1 3 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x;y ) = ; ; ; .
2 2 4 4
3x2 2x 5 + 2x x2 + 1= 2 y + 1 y2 + 2y + 2
( )
.
2
2
x + 2y = 2x 4y + 3
Li giai
2
2x2 2y 2 2x 5 + 2x x2 + 1 = 2 ( y + 1)
( y + 1)
2x 2 + 2x x 2 + 1= 2y 2 + 4y + 2 + 2 ( y + 1)
( y + 1)
x2 + x x 2 + 1 =( y + 1) + ( y + 1)
( y + 1)
+ 1 2x + 4y 3 .
+1 .
+ 1 (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) =t t + t 2 + 1 tre n , ta co :
t
t
=+
f '(t) =
t + t 2 + 1 + t 1 +
t
t 2 + 1 1 +
2
2
t +1
t +1
370
2
t + t2 + 1
> 0, t ne n f(t) la ham o ng bie n tre n .

=
2
t +2
V vay (1) f(x) = f(y + 1) x = y + 1 .

x= y + 1
x= y + 1
.
2
2
2
x + 2y = 2x 4y + 3 ( y + 1) + 2y = 2 ( y + 1) 4y + 3
x = 1
y = 2
x= y + 1
2
x = 5 .
0
3
3y + 4y 4 =
2
y =
5 2
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 1; 2 ) ; ; .
3 3
x3 3x2 9x + 22 = y3 + 3y2 9y

7.
4
4
3
3
2
2
+
+
+
+
=
+
2x
2y
4x
4y
3x
3y
x
y
Li giai
x 1 3 12 x 1 =y + 1 3 12 y + 1
( )
( ) ( )
( )
4
4
1
1
x + y + =
1
(2)
2
2
(1)
T phng trnh th hai cua he suy ra:
1
1
3
3
1
x 1 x
x 1
2
2
2.
3
1
1
1
y + 1 y
y + 1 3
2
2
2
2
2
3 3
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 12t tre n ; ta co :
2 2
3 3
3 3
= 3 t 2 4 < 0, t ; t c f(t) la ham nghch bie n tren ; .
f '(t)
2 2
2 2
Do o (1) f(x 1) = f(y + 1) x 1 = y + 1 x = y + 2 .
371
4
3
1
33
4
3
2
=0 .
y + + y + =1 2y + 8y + 15y + 14y +
2
2
8
1
3
1
y=
x=
,y =
1
3
11
2
2
2.
y + y + 2y 2 + 4y + =0
2
2
2
3
1
3
y =
x=
,y =
2
2
2
3 1 1 3
; ; ; .
2 2 2 2
Nhan xet. Nh va y phng trnh a u cu a he cho ta mo t ha m a c trng tuy

nhie n ba n tha n ham so f(t)= t 3 12t kho ng th c s n ie u tren mo t ta p so
th c. Chnh ie u nay la m ta suy ngh e n vie c tm mien cu a nghiem. Di
a y to i trnh ba y mo t ba i toa n co hnh th c tng t nhng ca ch ap du ng ham
so tng oi kha c.
2x2 ( 4x + 1) + 2y 2 ( 2y + 1) = y + 32

1
x2 + y2 x + y =
2
Li giai
8x3 + 2x2 + 4y3 + 2y 2 y 32 =
0 (1)
2
2
1
1
1
x + y + =
2
2
1
1
3
x 1 x
2
2.
2
y + 1 1 3 y 1
2
2
2
1 3
Xe t ha m so f(x)
= 8x3 + 2x 2 tre n ; , ta co :
2 2
x = 0
.
f '(x) =24x 2 + 4x =4x ( 6x + 1) ;f '(x) =0
x = 1
6
1 1 1
1 3 63
Ta co : f(0) =
0,f = ,f =
,f = .
2 2 2
6 54 2
372
Suy ra
3 63
.
max =
f(x) f=

1 3
2
2
x ;
2 2
3 1
Xe t ha m so g(y)= 4y3 + 2y 2 y 32 tre n ; , ta co :
2 2
1
y =
2.
g'(y) =12y2 + 4y 1;g'(y) =0 12y 2 + 4y 1 =0
y = 1
6
3
79 1
63 1
1733 1
63
Ta co : g =
,g =
,g =
,g =
.
2 2
2 6
54
2
2
2
Suy ra
1
1
63
.
max g(y) =
g
g =
=
3 1
2
2
2
y ;
2 2
Suy ra f(x) + g(y) max f(x) + max g(y) =

1 3
x ;
2 2
3 1
y ;
2 2
63 63
= 0.
2
2
3
x =
2
1
Do o (1) f(x) + g(y) =
0
y = .
2
1
y =
2
Th lai va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c nghie m ( x;y

=
) 23 ; 21 .

=
) 23 ; 21 .
3
1
4x 3x + ( y 1) 2y + 1 =
2
2x2 + x + y ( 2y + 1) =
0
(1)
(2)
Li giai
1
ie u kien y 0 .
2
Vie t la i phng trnh th nha t cu a he d i da ng:
8x3 6x + ( 2y + 1) 3 2y + 1 =
1.
373
(2x)3 3.(2x) +
2y + 1
3 2y + 1 =
1 (3) .
T (2) ta co 2x2 + x + y ( 2y + 1) = 0 2x 2 + x 0 1 2x 0 .
Va ta cu ng co 0 2y + 1 1 .
)
ha m nghch bie n tre n 1;1 . V va y (3) f(2x) + f ( 2y + 1 ) =
1.
Xe t ham so f(t)= t 3 3t
v i t 1 khi o f '(t)= 3 t 2 1 0 ne n f(t) la
1
x = 2
2x = 1
Ma t kha c f(2x) + f 2y + 1 f(1) + f(0) =
1 . V va y
0
2y + 1 =
y = 1
2
1 1
2 2
11
7
3
+ 2 1+
+ y3 y 2 7 =
0 (1)
x +
2
.
2x
2
x
2
2
0
x + y + xy 7x 6y + 14 =
Li giai
T phng trnh th hai cua he ta co :
x2 + x ( y 7 ) + y 2 6y + 14 =
0
2
2
0
y + y ( x 6 ) + x 7x + 14 =
x =
y =
( y 7)
( x 6)
(
4(x
) 2 x 103 .
1 y 7
7x + 14 ) 0
4 y 2 6y + 14 0
2
10
7
11
7
3
+ 2 1+
tren 2; va g(y) =
y3 y2 7 tren 1; .
2
2x
2
x
3
3
7
15
Ta co : g'(y) =3y 2 3y =3y ( y 1) 0, y 1; min g(y) =g(1) = .
2
3 y1; 7
Xet ham so f(x) =x +
Ta co : f '(x) =
1
374
11
2x
14
1+
7
x2
;f '(x) =
0 1
11
2x
14
1+
7
x2
0.
=
11
x
2
2x 2 11 x 2 + 7 = 28
2
2x 11
x=
3 (ve tra i la ha m o ng bie n).
784
) ( x + 7) =
2
19
15 10 299
163
15
Ta co : f(2) = + 11,f(3) = , f = +
min f(x) =
f(3) =
10
4
2 3 60
5
2
x 2;
x = 3
15 15
Do o (1) f(x) + g(y) = min f(x) + min g(y) = =0
10
7
2 2
y = 1
x 2;
y 1;

x + y x2 4x + 5 + x 2 x2 + 2xy + y2 + 1 =
0
( )
)
(
x y x2 y2 = 2 1 x2 + y2
) (
Li giai
Ne u x =
2y=
2 .
Ne u x + y =0 x =
2,y =2 .
Xe t v i ( x + y )( 2 x ) 0 phng trnh th nha t cu a he tng ng vi:
(2 x)
2x
+1
(x + y)
+1
x+y
T (1) suy ra ( 2 x )( x + y ) > 0 .

Xe t ha m so f(t) =
(1) .
t2 + 1
tre n ( ;0 ) ( 0; + ) , ta co :
t
1
f '(t) =
< 0, t 0 .
2
2
t t +1
Do o f(t) la ham nghch bie n tre n mo i khoang ( ;0 ) va ( 0;+ ) .

Va y (1) f(2 x) = f(x + y) 2 x = x + y y = 2 2x .
2
2
x ( 2 2x ) x2 ( 2 2x ) = 2 1 x2 + ( 2 2x ) .
6x3 16x 2 + 7x + 2 =0 ( x 2 ) 6x 2 4x 1 =0 .
375
Tr c tie n ta co : ( 2 x )( x + y ) > 0 ( 2 x )( x + 2 2x ) > 0 x 2 .
2 10
2 10
4 + 10
,y
=
=
x
x =
6
6
3
Do o 6x2 4x 1 = 0
.
2 + 10
2 + 10
4 10
,y
=
=
x
x =
6
6
3
( x;y ) 2 6 10 ; 4 + 3 10 ; 2 + 6 10 ; 4 3 10 ; ( 2; 2 ) .
x2 12xy + 20y 2 =
0
.
ln
1
+
x
ln
1
+
y
=
x
y
(
)
(
)
Nhan xet. Phng trnh th hai cho ta ha m a c trng y= ln (1 + x ) x tuy

1
x
o ng bie n tren khoa ng ( ;0 ) , nghch bien tren
nhie n y' =
1 =
x +1
x +1
khoang ( 0;+ ) .
Do vay ta ca n xa c nh c mie n gia tr cu a hai an x,y .

x = 2y
.
Ta co : x2 12xy + 20y 2 =0 ( x 2y )( x 10y ) =0
x = 10y
Suy ra x,y cu ng da u v i nhau do o ta xe t ha m so c.
ie u kien: x > 1,y > 1 .
Li giai
Khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he tng ng vi:

x = 2y
.
0
( x 2y )( x 10y ) =
x = 10y
Suy ra x,y cu ng da u v i nhau.
Phng trnh th hai cua he tng ng v i: ln (1 + x ) x = ln (1 + y ) y (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t)= ln (1 + t ) t tre n ( 1; + ) ta co:
1
t
f '(t) =
1 =
;f '(t) =0 t =0 .
t +1
t +1
Suy ra f(t) o ng bie n tre n khoang ( 1;0 ) va nghch bie n tre n khoang
( 0;+ ) . Mat khac x,y cung dau nen (1) f(x)=
376
f(y) x= y .
x = y
x = 0
x = 2y
Khi o ta co he phng trnh:
.
y=0
x = y
x = 10y

Nhan xet. Nh vay vi mo t so ba i toan tnh ma ha m so n ie u tre n hai
khoang ( ;0 ) va ( 0;+ ) ta kho ng tr c tie p s du ng c tnh n ie u cua
ha m so khi o ca n tm mie n gia tr cua xy va th ng la ch ng minh

xy > 0 (t c hai an cu ng da u khi o chu ng cu ng thuo c khoa ng ( ;0 ) hoac
( 0;+ ) luc nay ta s dung ham so nh cac bai toan hay lam.
x
x y +=
1
( y + 1)

2x2 9x + 6
4x2 + 18x 20 +
=
2x 2 9x + 8
y +1
Li giai
4x2 + 18x 20 0
2 x
2
ie u kien : 2x 9x + 8 0
2.
y + 1 0
y 1
a t t =
1
9
1 1
4 x + + t 0; .
4
4 2
4x + 18x 20 =
Khi o phng trnh th hai cu a he tr thanh : t + 1 +

Xe t ha m so f(t) = t + 1 +
4
2
t +4
=
t +4
y +1 .
, ta co :
8t
f '(t) =
1
t2 + 4
t 4 + 7t 2 + ( t 4 )
(t
+4
>0.
1
Do o f(t) la ham o ng bie n tre n 0; f(t) f(0) =
2.
2
T o suy ra ta pha i co
y +1 2 y 3.
377
T phng trnh th nha t cu a he la y logarit t nhie n hai ve ta c :
( y + 1) ln=x
Xe t ha m so g(u) =
ln x ln ( y + 1)
x ln ( y + 1) =
(*)
x
y +1
1 ln u
ln u
, ta co g'(u) =
=0 u=e
u
u2
Suy ra ha m so tang trong khoang ( 0;e ) , giam trong khoang ( e;+ )

5
ln 2
Va y ta co : x 2; g(x) g(2) =
2
2
ln 4 ln 2
=
4
2
T o suy ra phng trnh (*) tng ng v i :=
x 2;y
= 3
Va y 3; + ) g(y) g(3)
=
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta tha y thoa ma n.
(
(
2y 4y2 + 3x2 = x 4 x2 + 3
.
x
2y 2x + 5 x + 1 =
4
2
Li giai
ie u kien : 2y 2x + 5 0 .
Nha n tha y x = 0 kho ng la nghiem cu a he ; nen chia hai ve phng trnh th
3
2y
2y
nha t cu a he cho x , ta c: + 3. =
x3 + 3x .
x
x

3
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 + 3t co f '(t)
= 3t 2 + 3 > 0, t ne n suy ra f(t) o ng
2y
2y
x2
bie n tren . V va y f = f(x) x =
; thay va o phng
y=
x
2
x
trnh th hai cu a he ta c: 2x 1
( x 1)
+ 4 ( x 1) =
2 (1) .
Xe t ha m so =
f(u) 2 u u2 + 4 u 2 tre n , ta co
1
> 0 ; do
=
f '(u) 2 u u2 + 4 u ln 2

u2 + 4
378
u2 + 4 > u u
1
ln 2 > 1 >
u2 + 4
Va y f(u) o ng bie n. Ma t kha c f(0) = 0 do o (1) x 1 = 0 x = 1 ;
Suy ra y =
1
.
2
1
2
( 2x 1) x + y = ( 6 x y ) 2 x (1)
.
2 3 12x2 + 3xy 18x = x3 6x y + 5 (2)
Li giai
ie u kien x + y 0,x 2 .
Phan tch li giai. Nha n tha y (2) la phng trnh ch a ca n th c ba c ba viec
tm ra moi lien he n gia n gi a hai a n x va y khong kha thi va y ta tap
trung x ly phng trnh (1) .
Nha n thay co nha n t chung x + y hai ve va 2x 1 co the bie u die n theo
2x
ne n cha ca n xe t vo i lie u ( x + y ) 2 x =
0 hay kho ng ta chia hai
ve phng trnh cho ( x + y ) 2 x ta c:
6xy
x+y
2x 1
2x
ie u nay lam ta suy ngh e n vie c xe t ham so va phng trnh tren co da ng

f(u) = f(v) .
6 u2 3 2v2
=
u
v
Phng trnh nay ta cha the xe t ham c tuy nhie n e y ta tm ca ch bieu
n gia n ta a t =
u
die n
x + y va=
v
2 x khi o ta c:
3 2v2
cho co dang ve tra i va vie t la i:
v
6 u2 3 2v2 6 4v2 6 (2v)2
.
= = =
u
v
2v
2v
Ro rang a y co da ng f(u) = f(v) va i va o gia i chi tie t ta a t =

u
x + y va
=
v 2 2x .
Li giai
Neu x + y =
0 khi o t (1) suy ra x = 2,y = 2 thay vao (2) thay khong thoa man.
Va y x + y > 0 va
2 x > 0 khi o vie t la i (1) d i da ng:
379
6 x+y
2x 1
=
x+y
2x
x+y
6xy
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
6 2 2x
=
2 2x
(3) .
6
6 t2
v i t > 0 ta co f '(t) = 1 < 0, t > 0
t
t2
Do o f(t) la ham nghch bie n tre n ( 0;+ ) .

V vay (3) tng ng v i:
f
) (
x + y = f 2 2 x x + y = 2 2 x y = 8 5x .
Thay y= 8 5x va o (3) ta c:
2 3 12x 2 + 3x ( 8 5x ) 18x =x3 6x ( 8 5x ) + 5 .
3
3
2 3x 2 + 6x =x3 x 3 x3 3x 1 =2 3x2 + 6x ( x 1) .
x3 3x 1 =2.
x3 3x 1
2
3 3x 2 + 6x + x 1 3 3x 2 + 6x + x 1 2
)
( )
2
=
x3 3x 1 1 +
0 .
2
2
3
3
2
2
3x + 6x + ( x 1) 3x + 6x + ( x 1)
x3 3x 1 =
0.
e gia i phng trnh na y ta xe t nghiem x 2;2 va at=

x 2 cost,t 0;
1
2
ta c 2 cos3t =1 cos3t = t = + k
.
2
9
3
5 7
5
7
Nhng v t 0; ne n t ; ; suy ra: x 2 cos ;2 cos ;2 cos
9
9
9
9 9 9
nhng v phng trnh ba c ba co to i a ba nghiem ne n o la ta t ca ca c

nghiem cu a phng trnh tre n.
co suy ra ( x;y ) 2 cos ;16 cos 5 .

Ke t h p v i ieu kie n x + y > 0 ta=
9
9
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem=

duy nha t ( x;y ) 2 cos ;16 cos 5 .
9
9
380
6x2 + y2 5xy 7x + 3y + 2 =
0
(1)
Bai 19. Gia i he phng trnh x y

= ln(x + 2) ln(y + 2)
(2)
Li giai
ie u kien: x > 2;y > 2 .
Coi (1) la phng trnh bac 2 v i a n la y va vie t la i ta c:
y2 + (3 5x)y + 6x 2 7x + 2 =
0 , ta co :
5x 3 + x 1
y
=
= 3x 2
2
2
.
y = ( x 1)
5x 3 (x 1)
=
= 2x 1
y
2
T phng trnh (2) ta co :

x 3ln(x + 2) =y 3ln(y + 2) f(x) =f(y);f(t) =t 3ln(t + 2),t > 2
t 1
Ha m so nghch bien tre n khoang ( 2;1) va o ng bie n
t+2
tre n khoa ng (1;+ ) .
Ta co f=
'(t)
Nha n thay v i x= y= 1 la nghiem cu a he .

y x = 2x 2 < 0
V i x < 1
y < x, x < 1 f(y) > f(x) VN .
y x = x 1 < 0
y x= 2(x 1) > 0
V i x > 1
y > x > 1, x > 1 f(y) > f(x) VN
y x = x 1 > 0
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = (1,1) .
x2 2y
x2 2y 2y x2 + 2
=
4 + 9
.7
4 + 9.3
.
4x + 4 = 4x + 4 2y 2x + 4
Li giai
ie u kien y x + 2 0 .
a t =
t x 2 2y khi o phng trnh th nha t cua he tr tha nh
4 + 3t + 2 = 4 + 9t .72 t
4 + 3t + 2
7t + 2
4 + 32t
72t
f(t + 2) = f(2t) .
381
x
Xe t ha m so=
f(x)
1 3
4 + 3x
= 4 + la ha m nghch bien.
7x
7 7
Do o f(t + 2) = f(2t) 2t = t + 2 t = 2 .
T o suy ra x2 2y =2 2y =x 2 2 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he
ta c :
4x + 4 = 4x + 4 x2 2 2x + 4 4x 1 = x 1 +
( x 1)
+ 1 4s = s + s2 + 1
2
2
s
V i s= x 1 . Do s + s2 + 1
s + 1 s = 1 4 = s + 1 s
T o ta co phng trnh : 4s 4s 2s =
0(*)
Ta xe t ham so f(x) =4x 4 x 2x ta co :
f=
'(x) ln 4 4x + 4 x 2 2 ln 4 2 > 0 .
Do o ham so n ie u tang tre n . Ma t kha c f(0) = 0 ne n phng trnh (*)

1
co nghiem duy nha t s = 0 . T a y suy ra x =
1 y=
.
2
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x,y=

) 1, 21 .

2
x2 16
+ 3 x + x2 + 1= 4y 8y + 3 y 4 + y2 8y + 17
4
.
2
2
2
+
=
y
x
1
4x
3x
8
ln
x
3x
3
0
Li giai
Khi o bie n o i phng trnh th nha t tha nh :

4x
2 16
+ 3 x + x2=
+1 4
( y 4 )2 + 3 y 4 +
( y 4)
+1
2 16
+ 3 t + t 2 + 1 tre n oa n 0; + ) .
2
3
t
Ta
co f '(x) 2t4t 16 ln 4 +
=
+
> 0, t 0; + ) . Nen ha m so f(t)
2 t
t2 + 1
Xe t ha m so f(t)= 4t
0; + ) .
Va y
phng
trnh
f(x) = f(y 4) x = y 4 y = x + 4 lu c nay thay vao phng trnh th hai
ie u
tang
tre n
cu a he ta c phng trnh
382
oa n
x3 + 2x 12 + ln x 2 3x + 3 =
0(*)
Ta xe t ham so f(x) = x3 + 2x 12 + ln x 2 3x + 3 .
2x2 4x + 3
= 3x2 +
> 0 , ne n ham so f(x)
x2 3x + 3
x2 3x + 3
n ie u ta ng tre n oa n 0; + ) .
Ta co : f '(x)= 3x 2 + 2 +
2x 3
Ma t kha c nha n tha y f(2) = 0 , t o suy ra phng trnh (*) co nghiem duy
nha t x = 2 y = 6 .
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x,y ) = ( 2,6 ) .
log x = 2y + 2
2
.
4 1 + x + xy 4 + y 2 =
0
Li giai
ie u kien x > 0 , t phng trnh th hai cu a he ta suy ra y < 0 .
T phng trnh th hai ta suy ra:
16 ( x =
+ 1) x 2 y2 4 + y2 x2 y 4 + 4x2 y2 16 ( x =
+ 1) 0
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai v i an la y2 , ta c:

' 2 = 4x 4 + 16x 2 ( x + 1)= 4x 2 ( x + 2 )
2x2 + 2x ( x + 2 ) 4
2
y
=
=
x
x2
T o suy ra:
.
2
2
2x
2x
x
2
+
( ) 4x 4x < 0
2
=
=
y
2
x
x2
Ch nhan nghiem y2 =
4
4
, thay vao phng trnh th nhat cua he ta c :
x=
x
y2
4
2
log2 = 2y + 2 2 log2 y 2 2y +=
0 (*)
2
y
Xe t ha m so f(y) =
2 log2 y 2 2y + 2 v i y < 0
Ta co f '(y) = 2y + 2 ln 2
2 y +1
2
2
=
1 y ( ln 2 ) .2 > 0, y ( ;0 )
y ln 2 y ln 2
Va y f(y) la ham n ie u ta ng tre n khoang
( ;0 ) .
Mat kha c la i co
f(1) =
0y=
1 la nghiem duy nha t cu a phng trnh (*).
383
T ay suy ra x = 4 .

)
( 4; 1) .
x y3 x3 =
7
.
x 4 + x3 y + 9y = y3 x + x 2 y2 + 9x
Li giai
(
(
(
)
)
)
((
x y3 x3 =
7
0
x x3 y3 + x 2 y ( x y ) 9 ( x y ) =
x y3 x3 =
x y3 x3 =
7
7
0
( x y ) x x2 + xy + y2 + x2 y 9 =
0
x x2 + xy + y 2 + x 2 y 9 =
(
(
x y3 x3 =
7
Do x y kho ng tho a ma n he phng trnh

x ( x + y )2 =
9
T phng trnh th hai cu a he suy ra x > 0 do o t phng trnh th nha t

3
cu a he ta co y > x > 0 va t phng trnh th hai ru t ra=
y
x , thay va o
x
3
phng trnh th nha t ta c: x

x x3 =
7.
x
a
t t
=
x, ( t > 0 ) phng trnh tr thanh :

23
t t t 6 =7 t 3 3 + t 7 + 7t =0 (1) .
t
Xe t ha m so f(t) = t 3 3 + t 7 + 7t tre n ( 0;+ ) , ta co :
=
f '(t) 9t 2 t 3 3 + 7t 6 + 7 > 0, t > 0 ne n f(t) la ham o ng bien tren ( 0;+ ) .
V vay phng trnh (1) f(t) = f(1) t = 1 x = 1 x = 1 y = 2 .
384
x y3 x3 =
7
Nhan xet. e gia i he phng trnh

ta co ca ch kha c nh sau
x ( x + y )2 =
9
xua t phat t he a c ve da ng o ng ba c c nen ta x ly nh sau :

a=
t y tx, ( t > 0 ) ta co he phng trnh :
x 4 t 3 1 =
7
t3 1
73
8
94
x3 ( t + 1)2 =
t + 1)
9
(
( t 1)
Xe t ha m so
=
f(t)
( t + 1)
73
94
o ng bien tre n
( 0;+ ) va
f(2) = 0 ne n
phng trnh tre n co nghie m duy nha t t = 2 y = 2x thay ng c la i phng

trnh th hai cu a he ta c ( x;y ) = (1;2 ) .
+ Ngoai ra ta hoa n toa n co the ru t x=
9
y, x > 0 y < 3 va thay
4
y
= y
y y3 7
va o phng trnh a u cu a he a ve xe t ha m so f(y)
9
tre n 0; 3 . a y la mo t ham nghch bien tre n
9
0; 3 .

x2 2y 6= 8y + 17
2
2.
2
8y + 24y + 18 + 2 2 + 2 2y + 3 2 x + 2 x =
Li giai
17
.
8
Khi o phng trnh th hai cu a he tng ng vi :
ie u kien : y
8y2 + 24y + 18 + 2 2 + 2 2y + 3 2=
( 2y + 3)
+ 2 + 2y + 3 =
x2 + 2 + x .
x2 + 2 + x .
385
x 2 + 2 + x , ta co
e n a y ta xe t ha m so : f(x) =
=
f '(x)
=
+1
2
x + 2
x2 + 2 + x
2
x + 2
>
x2 + x
=
x2 + 2
x +x
2
x + 2
0.
Suy ra ha m so f(x) n ie u tang .

Va y f ( 2y + 3) = f ( x ) x = 2y + 3 y =
x3
, the va o phng trnh th nhat
2
cu a he ta c :
x2 x =
3
1 + 13
x
2
x2 x 3 0
1 13
4x + 5
2
x
2
x x 3 = 4x + 5
2
0
( x 1)( x + 1) x2 2x 4 =
x 2 2x 4 =0 x =1 5 y =1
5
, tho a ma n ie u kien (*)
2
5
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = 1 5; 1
.

x 1 y = 8 x3

.
4
y
( x 1) =
Li giai
4
( x 1) vao phng trnh au cua he ta c

2
x3 ( x 1) + x 1 8 = 0 x3 x2 + 2x + x 1 9 = 0 .
Xe t ham so f(x) = x3 x2 + 2x + x 1 9 tren 1; + ) la ham o ng bie n
tren 1; + ) . Mat khac f(2) = 0 suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) la nghiem duy nhat cua he.
The =
y
x + 1 + x + 3 + x + 5 = y 1 + y 3 + y 5
2
2
80
x + y + x + y =
Li giai
386
x +1 +
( x + 1) + 2 + ( x + 1) + 4 =
Xe t ha m so f(t) = t + t + 2 +
( y 5) + 2 + ( y 5) + 4
t + 4 o ng bien tren 0; + ) .
y5 +
(1)
V vay (1) f(x + 1) = f(y 5) x + 1 = y 5 y = x + 6 .

Thay y= x + 6 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
5 57
5 5+5
.
y=
2
2
5 5 7 5 5 +5
;
.
2
2
x 1
2x2 + 14x 38= 0 x=
2y3 + y + 2x 1 x= 3 1 x
.
2y2 + 1 + y = 4 + x + 4
Li giai
ie u kien: 4 x 1 .
2y3 + y = 2
1 x
+ 1 x y =
y 0
.
1 x
2
x = 1 y
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c: 2y2 + 1 + y = 4 + 5 y 2 .

Ve tra i la ham ong bie n, ve pha i la ham nghch bie n suy ra nghiem duy
nha t y =
2x=
3 .
( 3;2 ) .
x3 + y3 = 3x2 6x 3y + 4
.
2
2
x + y 6x + y 10 = y + 5 4x + y
Li giai
3
( x 1)
+ 3 ( x 1) =
( y)3 + 3.(y) x 1 =y y =1 x .
Thay y = 1 x va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
2x2 9x 8=
2x2 9x 5 +
6 x 3x + 1
) (
3x + 1 4 + 1 6 x =
0
387
3 ( x 5)
( x 5)( 2x + 1) +
3x + 1 + 4
x5
6 x +1
0.
=
3
1
( x 5) 2x + 1 +
+
=0 x =5 y =4 .
3x + 1 + 4
6 x +1

)
( 5; 4 ) .
x6 y3 + x2 9y2 30 =
28y

.
2 x x 1 1 + y + 2= x ( y + 3)
)(
Li giai
3
(x2 )3 + x 2 = ( y + 3) + ( y + 3) x2 = y + 3 y = x 2 3 .
Thay =
y x 2 3 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
x x 1 1 + x 2 1 =
x x.
Phng trnh nay co nghie m va ky thua t x ly ra t e p ma t. e giai phng

trnh na y ta du ng ky thua t nha n lien h p a ve he (xem the m cuo n Nhng
ie u can bie t LTH Ky thua t gia i nhanh phng trnh, ba t phng trnh vo ty
cu ng ta c gia ).
2 2
He phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) =
;
1 .
2+
5 5

6 2 x + 3y 1 y + 2y + 2= 3 1 y + 3x 2 x + 2x
4y + x + 7 y + 1 = 6 + x x 2
Li giai
T ieu kien cua he phng trnh va viet lai phng trnh au cua he di dang:
2 ( 2 x ) 3 ( 2 x ) 2 x = 2 (1 y ) 3 (1 y ) 1 y .
2 x = 1 y y = x 1.
Thay y= x 1 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

4 ( x 1) + x + 7 x =
388
6 + x x2 5x + 3 x =
6 + x x2 .
Gia i phng trnh nay bang ca ch bnh phng hai ve va ke t hp ie u kien
5 2 2 + 69 + 44 2
7 2 2 + 69 + 44 2
.
=
y
2
2
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t:
( x;y ) = 5 2 2 + 2 69 + 44 2 ; 7 2 2 + 2 69 + 44 2 .
cu a he, suy ra x
=
2x2 + 7 2y + 1 =
0
.
0
( 3 x ) 2 x 2y 2y 1 =
Li giai
2x
2x =
+ 2 =
x
2y 1
+ 2y 1
2y 1 2y 1 = 2 x
Thay 2y 1 = 2 x va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c:

x =
1 x =
1,y =
2
x 2
.
2x 2 + 7 = 2 x 2
2
3 x =
3,y =
3
x =
2x + 7 = x 4x + 4

( 1;2 ); ( 3;3) .
2.x log2 y = y2
.
ln (1 + x ) ln (1 + y ) =x y
Li giai
ie u kien: 1 x > 0,y > 0 .
Phng trnh th hai cua he tng ng v i: ln (1 + x ) x = ln (1 + y ) y .
Xe t ha m so f(t)= ln (1 + t ) t tre n ( 0;+ ) , ta co :
1
t
1
=
< 0, t > 0 ne n f(t) la ha m nghch bie n tre n ( 0;+ ) .
t +1
t +1
V vay f(x)= f(y) x= y .
f '(t)
=

2.x
log x = 0 x 1
= x2 log2 x (1 + log2 x=
=
x 2 =
y 2
) 2 log2 x log2 x = 1
2
log2 x
389
2x2 11x =2y 9 (1)

2
2
y + 3y + y + 4x 22x + 21= ( 2x + 1) 2x 1 (2)
Li giai
The 4x2 22x =4y 18 t (1) va o (2) a ve phng trnh da ng
3
( y + 1)
+ 2 ( y + 1=
)
2x 1
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 + 2t va tm c
+ 2 2x 1 .
2x 1 = y + 1 .
=
x 1,y
= 0
2x 1 = y + 1
.
Ta co he phng trnh:
2
= 2
x 5,y
2x 11x =2y 9 =
2x3 y x2 = x 4 + x 2 2x3 y 4y 2 + 1 (1)

.
4 1 + 2x 2 y 1= 3x + 2 1 2x 2 y + 1 x 2 (2)
Li giai
Vie t la i (1) di dang 2x3 y 1 + 4y2 + 1 = x 4 + x2 + x2 .
2
1
1
1
2y 1 + 4y 2 + 1 =
1 + 1 + f(2y) = f ,
x
x
x
1
Trong o : f(t) =t 1 + t 2 + 1 la ha m ong bie n suy ra 2y = .
x
5 x 2 + y 2 = 6xy 1
.
2
1
+
+
+
=
2x
2y
1
x
y
0
1 +
( )
x y
Li giai
1
ie u kien: x y 0 .
2
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he bie n o i thanh:
(x + y)
=
4 ( x y ) 1 thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
1
1 +
2x 2y + 1= 4 ( x y ) + 1 .
xy
390
3
( x y + 1) 2x 2y + 1= 4 ( x y ) + ( x y ) .
3
( 2x 2y + 2 ) 2x 2y + 1 = 8 ( x y ) + 2 ( x y ) .
1+ 5
4
Thay ng c la i phng trnh au ta tm c nghie m cu a he phng trnh.
Xe t ha m chu y x y > 0 ta tm c 2 ( x y=
)
2x 2y + 1 x y=
3
2
2
( x y ) 3x xy + 2y + 2 + 1 =

.
2x 2 + y 2 + xy =
1
Li giai
Ba i na y tng t ba i tre n ta kho ng x ly c o c la p hai phng trnh cua
he ne n ta xem chung co mo i lie n he na o v i nhau.
Ta co : 3x2 xy + 2y2 + 2 = 2x2 + xy + y2 + x2 2xy + y2 + 2 = 3 + ( x y ) .

2
2
3 (1)
( x y ) ( x y ) + 3 + 1 =
.
2
2
1
2x + y + xy =
Xe t ha m so f(t)
= t
t + 3 + 1 tre n 0; + ) , ta co :
f '(t)=
t + 3 +1+
t
t+3
> 0, t 0
Do o f(t) la ham o ng bie n tre n 0; + )
2
2
V vay phng trnh: (1) f ( x y ) = f(1) ( x y ) = 1 .
x = 0,y = 1
=
= 1
x 0,y
x y =
1
2
xy =
1
(
)
3
1.
x y =1
x =
,y =
2
2
4
4
2x + xy + y =
1 2
2
1
2x + xy + y =
3
1
x = 4 ,y = 4
3 1 3 1
; ; ; ; ( 0; 1) ; ( 0;1) .
4 4 4 4
391
2
x + y x 4 + y 4 + 3x 2 + 3y 2 2 xy 3 9 + 1 =
2
)
2 2
2
x2 y2 =
1
Li giai
2
( x + y ) 3 ( x + y ) + x 2 y 2
2
2
2
1
=
x y
+ 1 =
2
2
2
( x + y ) 3 ( x + y ) + 1 + 1 =
2
2
2
x
y
1
(1)
Xe t ha m so =
f(t) t 3t 2 + 1 + 1 tre n , ta co :
3t 2 + 1 + 1 +
f '(t)
=
3t 2
3t 2 + 1
> 0, t nen f(t) la mot ham ong bien tren .
V vay (1) f(x + y)= f(1) x + y= 1 .

x = 1
x + y =
1
x + y =
1
y = 0 .
x y =
2
1
2
2
x = 0
1
=
x y
x y =1
y = 1

2
2
x y 4y 5xy + 2 =
3x2 xy y2 =
1
(y x)
Li giai
392
3x 4 + 6x y2 + 1 3x2 + 3y 2 + 1
4y2 5xy + 2 0
ie u kien: 4
.
2
2
2
3x + 6x y + 1 3x + 3y + 1 0
Nha n tha y kho ng the x ly o c la p hai phng trnh cu a he va y ta xem

chu ng co mo i lie n he nao v i nhau.
Th c hie n phe p the y2 = 3x2 xy 1 t phng trnh th hai cua he vao ve
tra i phng trnh au cu a he ; the xy = 3x2 y2 1 va o ve pha i phng trnh
a u cu a he ta c:
2
2
x y 3 ( y x ) + 1 =( y x ) 3 x2 y
3x2 xy y2 =
1
+1
TH1: Ne u x = y khi o thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

x =
1,y =
1
.
3x2 x2 x2 =1 x =1
x 1,y
= 1
=
Th lai tha y ca hai nghiem na y e u tho a man.

TH2: Ne u x2 y =
0 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
3x2 x.x2 x 4 = 1 x 4 + x3 3x2 + 1 = 0 .
x =
x =
1
1
1,y =
2
( x 1)( x + 1) x + x 1 = 0 x = 1
x = 1,y = 1
x = 1 5
1 5
,y
x =
2=
2
1 5
Th lai ch co nghiem ( x;y ) = (1;1) thoa ma n.

TH3: Xe t
( x y ) ( x2 y ) 0 .
Khi o phng trnh th nha t suy ra
( y x ) ( x2 y ) > 0 va viet lai di dang:

2
3( y x ) + 1
yx
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
3 x2 y
x2 y
+1
(1) .
3t 2 + 1
tre n ( ;0 ) ( 0; + ) , ta co :
t
393
f '(t) =
1
t 2 3t 2 + 1
< 0, t 0 nen f(t) la ham nghch bien tren ( ;0 ) ( 0; + ) .
Ma t kha c y x va x2 y cu ng da u nen
(1) f(y x) = f(x 2 y) y x = x 2 y y =
Khi o ( y x ) =
x y
x2 ( x 1)
x2 + x
.
2
> 0 x {0;1} .
4
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he va tm c nghiem cu a he .
2
2x + 1
x2 + x + 1
y2 + 3
.
Bai 15. Gia i he phng trnh 2y
3
3
x ( 3y 11) = 2 ( xy x + 2 )
Li giai
ie u kien: xy x + 2 0,y 0 .
Nha n thay x =
Xe t x
1
2
1
phng trnh th nha t cu a he a cho tng ng v i:
2
y2 + 3
x2 + x + 1
=
2x + 1
2y
( 2x + 1)
+3
2x + 1
y2 + 3
4x 2 + 4x + 4
=
2x + 1
y
y2 + 3
=
(1)
y
T (1) suy ra ( 2x + 1) y > 0 .

Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t2 + 3
tre n ( ;0 ) ( 0; + ) ta co :
t
3
f '(t) =
< 0, t 0 .
2
2
t t +3
Do o ham so f(t) nghch bien tren mo i khoang ( ;0 ) va ( 0;+ ) .

Ma t kha c ( 2x + 1) y > 0 ne n (1) f(2x + 1) = f(y) y = 2x + 1 .
394
1 3x 4 + 4x3 =
(1 + x )
2
e gia i phng trnh vo ty na y ta co ca c ca ch x ly nh sau:

Cach 1:
Ta co :
9
x6 + 3x 4 + 3x2 x 4 3x2
3
4
1 +=
x2 1 + x2
=
3
2
3
1 + x2 + 1 + x2
2
3
x6 + x 4
4
(1 + x )
2
3
+ 1 + x2
2
0, x
3
1 + x2 , x .
2
3
Suy ra 1 3x 4 + 4x3 1 + x 2 x 2 6x 2 8x + 3 0 x =
0.
2
Th lai tha y tho a ma n va y x = 0 y = 1 .
1 + x2
Do o

Cach 2: Phng trnh tng ng vi:
3
9x 4 12x3 + 4x2 + 3 x2 + 1 4 x 2 + 1 + 1 =
0.
3x 2x
3x2 2x =
0
2
2
2
+ x + 1 1 3x + 2 x + 1 = 0
x= 0
x2 + 1 1 =0
Cach 3: Xe t ham so f(x) = 3x 4 4x3
( x + 1)
2
1 , ta co :
f '(x)
= 12x3 12x 2 + 3x x 2 +=
1 3x 4x 2 4x + x2 + 1
.
2
2
= 3x ( 2x 1) + x + 1 1 ;f '(x) = 0 x = 0
Suy ra min f(x)

= f(0)
= 0 va phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t x = 0 .
x
Cach 4: Nhan lie n h p ta c:
x2 3x2 4x =1
x2 + 1
x 2 + 2 + x2 + 1
= 1 x 2 + 1
x2 x2 + 2 + x2 + 1
.
=
2
x +1 +1
395
2
x2 + 1 1 + 5x2 + 2
2
=0 x=0.
x2 3 x +

2
3
x +1 +1
x3 + 3x 1 + 2x + 1 =y
.
3
y + 3y 1 + 2y + 1 =x
Li giai
1
ie u kien : x,y .
2
x3 + 4x + 2x + 1 = y3 + 4y + 2y + 1 f(x) = f(y)
1
Xe t ha m so f(x) = x3 + 4x + 2x + 1 tre n oa n ; + .
2
Ta co : f '(x)= 3x2 + 4 +
> 0 , nen f(x) n ieu tang tren oan ; +

2x + 1
2
Va y phng trnh f(x)= f(y) x= y , thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he

ta c phng trnh: x3 + 2x 1 + 2x + 1 =0 .
1
Ta xe t ham so f(x) = x3 + 2x 1 + 2x + 1 tren oa n ; + .

2
Ta co f '(x)= 3x 2 + 2 +
1
2x + 1
> 0 , ne n ham so f(x) n ieu tang tre n
oa n ; + .
2
Ma t kha c nha n thay f(0) = 0 .

Va y phng trnh f(x) = 0 co nghie m duy nha t x = 0 , t o suy ra he co
nghiem duy nha t ( x,y ) = ( 0,0 ) .
( x + 1)
( y + 1)
+ 21 y = ( y + 1) (1)
+ 21 x = ( x + 1) (2)
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 0 .
396
Nha n thay xy = 0 , kho ng la nghie m cu a he ne n x > 0;y > 0 .
Tr theo ve 2 phng trnh cu a he ta c
( x + 1)
+ 21 + x + ( x + 1) =
f(x) =
f(y) , trong o f(t) =
Ta co f '(t)= 2(t + 1) +
1
2 t
( y + 1)
( t + 1)
+ 21 + y + ( y + 1) .
2
+ 21 + t + ( t + 1) ,t > 0 .
t +1
2
( t + 1) + 21
Va y ham so f(t) o ng bie n tren ( 0;+ ) .
> 0, t > 0 .
Suy ra f(x)= f(y) x= y , khi o thay va o (1) ta c:

2
+ x
( x + 1)
Xe t ha m so g(x) =( x + 1) + x
( x + 1)
( x + 1)
Ta co g'(x) = 2x + 2 +
1
2 x
x +1
( x + 1)
+ 21 =
0 (3) .
+ 21 .
>2
+ 21
x +1
> 0.
x +1
Va y ham so g(x) o ng bie n.

Mat khac ta co, g(1) = 0 . Vay x = 1 la nghiem duy nhat cua phng trnh (3) .
Suy ra y = 1 .
x3 3x2 + 2 =y3 3y2 2

2 .
x2
y 1
log
+
log
=
x
2012
(
)
y
x
y 1
x2
Li giai
0 < y < 1
0 < x < 2
.
ie u kien
y > 1
x > 2
397
a t y= u 1 , khi o phng trnh th nha t tr tha nh x3 3x2 =u3 3u2 .
Xe t ham so f(t)= t 3 3t tre n mie n xa c nh, ta co f '(t)
= 3t 2 3 ne n n
ie u tre n mie n xa c nh. Do o f(x) = f(u) x = u x = y + 1 .
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta suy ra nghiem x = 2012 .
x2 y2 =
+1 2 y x +1 x
.
x + 1 + y 3 + x y =
2
Li giai
( x + 1)
+ 2 x + 1 = y2 + 2 y x + 1 = y y = x + 1 .

x +1 + x 2 = 3 x = 3 y = 4 .

x 4 + 2x3 y 2x2 y2 12xy3 + 8y 4 + 1 =
0

.
2
4
3
1 x 6 + 1 2x3 y
y + x + y =+
Li giai
3
ie u kien: 1 2x y 0 .
2
y 4 + y 2 = 1 2x3 y + 1 2x3 y (1) .
Ha m so f(t)= t 2 + t o ng bien tre n 0; + )

Do o (1) f(y2 ) = f 1 2x3 y y 2 = 1 2x3 y y 4 + 2x3 y = 1 .

y 4 + 2x3 y =
1
4
3
2 2
3
4
0
x + 2x y 2x y 12xy + 8y + 1 =
y 4 + 2x3 y =
1
4
3
2 2
3
4
0
x + 4x y 2x y 12xy + 9y =
398
1
x = 4
3
x = y
1
4
y = 4
3
y 4 + 2x3 y =
1
1
y + 2x y =
3
2
2
1
0
( x y ) ( x + 3y ) =
x = 3y
x =
4
y 4 + 2x3 y =
3
1
y = 1
4

3
1
1 1 1
4 ; 4 ; 4 ; 4 .
3
3 3 3
x x y y + xy + y 2 y x + 2 =
0
.
3x y + 5 x + y xy =
0
Li giai
x + 1 + x=
+1
( y)
+ y (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 + t tre n 0; + ) , ta co :
f '(t)
= 3t 2 + 1 > 0, t do o f(t) la ham o ng bie n tre n 0; + ) .
V vay (1) f( x +=
1) f( y ) x =
+1
Thay =
y
y.
x + 1 va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

x + 3 x = 0 x = 0 y =1.

x+ y +3 y 7 x =
4
.
2
2
2 y 1 y xy= 2 x 1 x xy
Li giai
399
3 x + y + x + y= 3
x + 1 + x + 1 (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t)
= 3t 2 + t tre n 0; + ) ta co :
f '(t)= 6t + 1 > 0, t 0 do o f(t) la ham o ng bie n tre n 0; + ) .
V vay (1) f( x + y ) = f( x + 1) x + y =
x + 1.
x + y = x + 1 + 2 x y = 2 x + 1.
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he tm c nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 0;1) ; (1;9 ) .
y + y2 + 9
( x y ) x2 + xy + y2 2 =
6 ln
x + x2 + 9
x y =1 2 x2 y + 1
Li giai
2
ie u kien: y 0,x y + 1 0 .
Khi o vie t la i phng trnh th nhat cu a he d i da ng:
y + y2 + 9
.
x3 y3 2 ( x y ) =
6
x + x2 + 9
x3 2x + 6 ln x + x2 + 9 = y3 2y + 6 ln y + y 2 + 9 (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) = t 3 2t + 6 ln t + t 2 + 9 tre n , ta co :
f '(t)= 3t 2 2 +
t2 + 9
3
33
t2 + 9
t2 + 9
.
3
t2 + 9
t 2 + 9 8t 2
+
1
9
9
t 2 + 9 8t 2
8t 2
+
1 = 2 +
> 0, t .
9
9
t2 + 9 9
3
Do o f(t) la ham o ng bie n tre n ne n (1) f(x)= f(y) x= y .

x x =1 2 x2 x + 1
2 x2 x + 1 =
400
x + 1 x 2 x2 x + 1 = x2 + x + 1 2x 2x x + 2 x
2
x2 x + 1 + 2x x 2 x = 0 ( x 1) + 2 x ( x 1) + x = 0
x 1+ x
3 5
x 1
.
= 0 x 1+ x = 0
2 x=
2
x= (1 x )
3 5 3 5
;
.
2
x y = ex ey
Bai 24. Gia i he phng trnh log2 x + 3log y + 2 =

0.
2
1
Li giai
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he tng ng v i: ex x = ey y .
Xe t ha m so f(t)
= et t tre n ( 0;+ ) ta co f '(t)= et 1 > 0, t > 0 nen f(t) la
ha m ong bie n tren ( 0;+ ) .
V vay f(x)= f(y) x= y .
log22 x + 3log 1 x + 2 = 0 log22 x 3log2 x + 2 = 0 .
2
log x = 1
x 2 =
x 2,y
=
= 2
.
2
x 2 =
= 4
x 4 =
x 4,y
log2=

2
2x + 1
4x2 + 4x + 2 ( x y ) + 1 3x2 + y2 4x 2xy 1
log3 x y=
2
2
log3 ( 2x ) + 4x 4x + 1 = 1 2
Li giai
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he c vie t la i tha nh:
( 2x + 1)
+ 1 ( 2x + 1) log3 ( 2x + 1=
)
(x y)
+ 1 ( x y ) log3 ( x y )
401
Xe t ha m so f(t)=
f=
'(t)
t
2
t +1
t 2 + 1 t 2 log3 t v i t > 0 , ta co
2t
1
< 0 ne n ham so f(t) nghch bie n.
t ln3
Do o phng trnh au tie n f(2x + 1) = f(x y) 2x + 1 = x y
(*)
Xe t ha m so
=
f(x) log3 ( 2x ) + 4x 2 4x 2 + 1, x > 0
1
1
+
Ta co f '(x) = 4x 2
> 0 , ne n ham so n ie u ta ng.
x ln3
2
4x + 1
1
Ma t kha c: ta co f = 1 2 .
2
3
Suy ra x = 1 2 ke t h p v i phng trnh (*) ta co nghiem y = .
2
3
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = 1 2; .
2
5x + 42y = 3x + 2x + 10x2 12y
Bai 26. Gia i he phng trnh x

.
2
2
e2y
e + ( x 2y ) ln 2x + y 2xy + x + 2 =
Li giai
2
1
7 7
Ta co : 2x + y 2xy + x + 2 = ( x y ) + x + + , x,y .
2
4 4
Ta xe t phng trnh th hai cu a he nh sau:

2
- Ne u x > 2y VT > ex > e2y =

VP he phng trnh vo nghiem.
- Ne u x < 2y VT < ex < e2y =
VP he phng trnh vo nghiem.
- Ne u x = 2y tha y thoa ma n phng trnh.
Va y x = 2y thay va o phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
5x + 4x = 3x + 2x + 10x 2 6x 5x + 4x 3x 2x 10x 2 + 6x = 0 .
Ne u x < 0 khi o VT < 0 phng trnh vo nghiem suy ra x 0 .

Xe t ha m so f(x) = 5x + 4x 3x 2x 10x 2 + 6x tre n 0; + ) , ta co :
f=
'''(x) 5x ln3 5 + 4x ln3 4 3x ln3 3 2 x ln3 2 0, x 0
ne n phng trnh
f ''(x) = 0 co to i a mo t nghiem. La p ba ng bie n thie n suy ra phng trnh
402
f '(x) = 0 co to i a hai nghiem. La p ba ng bien thie n suy ra phng trnh
f(x) = 0 co to i a ba nghiem(chu y co ay la mo t tnh cha t cua nh ly Rolle).
Ma t kha c f(0)
= f(1)
= f(2)
= 0 . Do o phng trnh co u ng ba nghiem
=
x 0,x
= 1,x
= 2.
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; (1;2 ) ; ( 2;4 ) .

3x +1 3y = y x 1
.
x
y
2
2
2.3 + 2 = 3x + 2y 2x y + 3
Li giai
Vie t phng trnh th nha t cu a he d i da ng: 3x +1 + x + 1 = 3y + y . T phng
trnh nay de tm c y= x + 1 . Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
2.3x + 2.2x 5x 2 x 4 =
0.
Xe t ham so f(x)
= 2.3x + 2.2x 5x 2 x 4 va th c hien tng t ba i toa n
tre n tm c ca c nghie m =
x 0,x
= 1,x
= 2.
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 0;1) ; (1;2 ) ; ( 2;3) .

4x +1 4y 1 = 2y 2 2x 2 4y 4x x + 1 + y 1
.
y + x2 + 2x + 2 1 =
4x +1
Li giai
2
4x +1 + 2 ( x + 1) + x + 1 = 4y 1 + 2 ( y 1) + y 1 (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) =4t + 2t 2 + t tre n 0; + ) , ta co :

1
f=
'(t) 4t ln 4 + 4t +
> 0, t > 0 ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren 0; + ) .
2 t
V vay (1) f(x + 1) = f(y 1) x + 1 = y 1 y = x + 2 .
4x +1 =x + 1 +
( x + 1)
+ 1 4x +1
( x + 1)
1 (2) .
+ 1 x 1 =
403
t2 + 1 t
Ha m so =
g(t) 4t t 2 + 1 t co =
g'(t) 4t ( ln 4 1) .
> 0, t ne n
2
t +1
la ha m o ng bie n tre n .
V vay (2) g(x + 1) =g(0) x + 1 =0 x =1 y =1 .
( 1;1) .
1
2
2
x + x + 1 y + y + 1 =
.
4 x + 2 + 22 3x = y 2 + 8
Li giai
22
.
3
T phng trnh a u cua he de tm c y = x . Thay y = x va o phng
ie u kien: 2 x
trnh hai cu a he ta c: 4 x + 2 + 22 3x = x2 + 8 .
e gia i phng trnh nay ta co hai ca ch x ly ba ng nha n lie n h p nh
sau(xem them ky thuat va phng pha p gia i a c sa c gia i phng trnh, ba t
phng trnh vo ty ).
Cach 1: Phng trnh c vie t la i d i dang:
4
x + 2 2 + 22 3x 4 = x2 4 .
4 ( x 2)
x+2 +2
3(2 x )
22 3x + 4
=
( x 2 )( x + 2 ) .
4
3
( x 2)
x 2 =
0.
22 3x + 4
x+2 +2
x = 2
.

4
3
x2=
0
x + 2 + 2
22 3x + 4
Xe t ha m =
so f(x)
x+2 +2
4
f '(x) =
2 x+2
x+2 +2
22
x 2 tre n 2; , ta co :
3
22 3x + 4
2 22 3x
22
ne n f(x) la ha m nghch bie n tre n 2; .
3
404
22 3x + 4
22
1 < 0, x 2;
3
4
V vay
x+2 +2
3
22 3x + 4
x 2 =0 f(x) =f(1) x =1 .
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) =( 2; 2 ) ; ( 1;1) .

Cach 2: Vie t la i phng trnh d i da ng:
x+4
14 x
2
4 x + 2
+ 22 3x
= x x2.
3
3
4.
x2 + x + 2
x2 + x + 2
+
= x2 x 2 .
x+4
14 x
x+2 +
9 22 3x +
3
3
1
4
2
=
x x 2 1+
+
0.
14 x
x+4
9 22 3x +
9 x + 2 +
3
3
x = 1
.
x2 x 2 = 0
x = 2
2x3 4x2 + 3x=
1 2x3 ( 2 y ) 3 2y

.
x + 2= 3 14 x 3 2y + 1
Li giai
3
.
2
Xe t x 0 vie t phng trnh th nha t cu a he d i da ng:
ie u kien: x 2,y
1
1
1 + 1 =
x
x
( 4 2y )
T ay de tm c 1
th hai cua he ta c:
1
=
x
1
1
3 2y 1 + 1 =
x
x
3 2y . Thay
x + 2 = 3 15 x + 1 x = 7 y =
ha m nghch bie n).
3 2y
3 2y =
1
+ 3 2y .
1
va o phng trnh
x
111
(ve tra i la ha m o ng bie n, ve pha i la
98
111
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = 7;
.
98
405
2
4x2 + 1
3 4 x2 2yx 2 3 2y +
2x +=
x
.
3
2x 2 + x3 + x + 2
2 3 2y = 2x + 1
Li giai
1 1
3
ie u kien: x 0; , y .
2 2
2

3
1
1
1 + 1 =
x
x
( 4 2y )
T ay de tm c 1
th hai cua he ta c:
1
1+ =
x
1
1
3 2y 1 + 1 =
x
x
1
=
x
3 2y . Thay
3 2y
3 2y =
1
2x2 + x3 + x + 2
1
( 2x + 1) 1 + =
2x + 1
x
1
1
2 + 1+ =
x
x
+ 3 2y .
2x 2 + x3 + x + 2 .
2
2
1
1
+1 + +1 1+ + 1+ =
x
x
x
x
1
Xe t ha m so suy ra 1 + =
x
1
va o phng trnh
x
2
2
+ 1 + + 1.
x
x
1 2
2
+ 1 1 + = + 1 x 2 + x 1= 0 .
x
x x
1+ 5
x =
1+ 5 3 5
2 x;y =
.
(
)
2
4
1 + 5
x =
2
1+ 5 3 5
;
.
2
4
2x2 11x 2y + 9 =
0
2
2
y + 3y + y + 4x + 22x + 21=
Li giai
1
.
2
Phng trnh th hai cua he c vie t la i d i da ng:
ie u kien: x
( y + 1)
406
+ y +=
1
2x 1
+ 2x 1 .
( 2x + 1)
2x 1
y +=
1
y 1
2x 1 2
.
0
y + 2y 2x + 2 =
2x2 11x 2y + 9 =
0
Xe t he phng trnh
.
2
0
y + 2y 2x + 2 =
Gia i he phng trnh nay ba ng phng pha p the tm c ca c nghiem
=
( x;y )
(1;0 ); 25 ; 3 ; ( 5;2 ) .
Ke t h p v i ieu kie n ch nha n hai nghie m (1;0 ) ; ( 5;2 ) .

2y x3 =x + 1

3
x + 5x + x 2y + 6
.
x3 2y + 1 =
0
Li giai
3
ie u kien: x 2y + 1 0 .
a t t =
x3 2y + 1 th phng trnh th hai cu a he c vie t la i thanh :
x5 + 5x + t 2 + 5 t =0 x 5 + 5x =
( t ) + 5 ( t ) .
Xe t ha m so f(u)
= u5 + 5u co f '(u)= 5u4 + 5 > 0 ne n ham so f(u) n ieu
ta ng tre n , t o suy ra:
x 0
.
f(x) =
f(t) x =
t x =
x3 2y + 1
1 3
=
x + 1 x2
y
2
Thay vao phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c :
1
=
=
x 0,y
x = 0
2 .
1 x = x +1
x
1
1
=
1,y =
x =
2
2
1
1
x;y ) 0; ; 1; .
2
2
407
2
3
5
100
3
2 8
x y + ( x + y ) + 5x xy + 13x =
3
3
3 .
x2 + y2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 =
0
Li giai
x2 + x ( y 3) + y2 4y + 4 =
0
2
2
0
y + y ( x 4 ) + x 3x + 4 =
=
x
y =
( y 3)
( x 4)
(
4(x
) 0 x 43 .
1 y 7
3x + 4 ) 0
4 y2 4y + 4 0
2

3
20 2 5 2 2
100
3
x y + x + y + xy + 13x =
3
3
3
3 .
2
2
x + y + xy 3x 4y + 4 =
0
3x3 3y3 + 20x2 + 5y2 + 2xy + 39x =

100 (1)
.
x 2 + y 2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 =
0 (2)

3x3 + 18x2 + 45x 3y3 + 3y2 + 8y 108 =
0 (3) .
4
Xe t ha m so f(x) =3x3 + 18x2 + 45x tre n 0; va :
3
7
g(y) =
3y3 + 3y2 + 8y 108 tre n 1; .
3
4 892
4
892
.
Ta co : max f(x) = f =
, max g(y) = g =
4
7
3
9
3
9
x 0;
x1;
3
x =
Suy ra f(x) + g(y) max f(x) + max g(y) =0 (3)
4
7
y =
x 0;
x1;
3
Th lai va o phng trnh th hai cu a he thay tho a ma n.

4 4
3 3
408
4
3.
4
3
x y x2 + xy + y2 + 15 x + y 2 = x 2 9y 2 15y + 94
)
( )
(
.
4x 2 + 4y 2 + 6x + 6y 2xy 9 =
0
Li giai
x3 y3 + 15x 2x 2 + 8y 2 2xy 94 =
0
(1)
.
2
2
0
(2)
4x + 4y + 6x + 6y + 2xy 9 =
T phng trnh (2) suy ra x 3;1 ,y 3;1 .
La y (1) (2) theo ve ta c :
x3 6x2 + 9x y3 + 4y2 6y 85 =
0
(3) .
Xe t hai ham so x3 6x2 + 9x va g(y) =

y3 + 4y2 6y 85 tren 3;1 th c
hie n tng t ba i toan tre n ta c:
x = 1
.
(3) f(x) +=
g(x) max f(x) + max g(y)
x 3;1
x 3;1
y = 3
Th lai tha y tho a ma n.
)
(1; 3) .
x3 y3 3x2 3xy + 17x + 13y 27 =

0 (1)
.
2
2
+
+
+
=
x
y
xy
5x
6y
10
0
(2)
Li giai
2
5
T phng trnh th hai cua he suy ra x ;2 ,y ;3 .
3
3
3
La y (1) + 3.(2) theo ve ta c : ( y 1) + 2 ( y 1) = x3 + 2x
(3) .
2
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 + 2t tre n ;2 la ham o ng bie n.
3
Do o : (3) f(y 1)
= f(x) y =
1 x.
Thay y= x + 1 va o phng trnh th hai cu a he tm c ca c nghie m
( x;y ) = (1;2 ); 35 ; 83 .
5 8
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;2 ) ; ; .
3 3
409
3
136
3
2
2
x 10y =
12
x y + x 2y + xy
.
9
x2 + y2 + xy 7x 6y =
14
Li giai
2
5
T phng trnh th hai cua he suy ra x ;2 ,y ;3
3
3
x3
73
x y3 3y2 4y 2 =
0 (3) .
9
Xe t ha m so f(x)
= x3
10
73
x tre n 2; va g(y) =
y3 3y2 4y 2 tre n
9
3
7
1; 3 .

10
Ta co : max=
f(x) f=
10 ; va max g(y) = g(1) = 10 .
10
7
3
x2;
x1;
10
x =
Do o: (3) f(x) +=
3 .
10
7
y = 1
x2;
x1;
3
3
Th lai va o phng trnh th hai cu a he thay kho ng tho a man.

3
136
76
3
2
2
x 6y =
x y + x + 3y + xy
9
27 .
2
2
x + y + xy 7x 6y =
14
Li giai
10
7
T phng trnh th hai cua he suy ra x 2; ,y 1; .
3
3
x3
Xe t ha m so f(x)
= x3
410
73
302
x y3 + 2y2
=
0 (3) .
9
27
10
73
302
tre n
x tre n 2; va g(y) =
y3 + 2y2
9
27
3
7
1; .
3
10
4
Ta co : max=
f(x) f=
10 ; va max g(y) = g = 10 .
10
7
3
3
x2;
x1;
10
x =
3 .
Do o (3) f(x) +=
10
7
y = 4
x2;
x1;
3
3

10 4
3 3
3
2y 25
2
3
=
0
x + 2x 2xy y +
3 54
.
1
2
2
2x x 2xy + 2y + 3y + =
0
Li giai
3
2
2
2
2
x + x =y + + y + x =y + y =x .
3
3
3
3
2
Thay y= x va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta tm c ca c nghie m :
3
( x;y ) = 61 1 ; 65 1 ; 61 + 1 ; 65 + 1 .
3
3
3
3
( x;y ) = 61 1 ; 65 1 ; 61 + 1 ; 65 + 1 .
3
3
3
3
( x + 1) x 1 4y 2y 2 + 1 =
0
.
2y 2 3xy + x + 8 =
0
Li giai
ie u kien : x 1 .
Vie t la i phng trnh th nha t cu a he d i da ng :
x 1
y 0
.
+ 2 x 1 = (2y)3 + 2.2y x 1 = 2y
2
=
x 4y + 1
411
Thay =
x 4y 2 + 1 va o phng trnh th hai cu a he tm c nghiem
( x;y ) = ( 5;1) .
x3 6x2 y =8y3 6 (1)

.
2
4xy + x = 2y + 2y x + 1 + 1 (2)
Li giai
ie u kien : 2y x + 1 0 .
La y (1) + 3.(2) theo ve ta c :
3
( x 2y ) + 3 ( x 2y ) + 3= 3
3
( x 2y ) + 3 ( x 2y ) + 3 3
1 ( x 2y ) .
1 ( x 2y ) = 0 x 2y = 0 .
Thay x = 2y vao phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta tm c nghiem duy nhat
.
4
( x;y ) = 3 2; 31
)(
2 13 2
2
y + 1 + 4x 15 =
0
y x + 4 x + 2
2
.
x 2 2 x 2 + 1 = 3y + y y 2
Li giai
ie u kien : y 0 .
Phng trnh th hai cua he vie t la i d i da ng :
3
x 2 + 1 1 + 3 x 2 + 1 1=
x2 + 1 1=
( y)
+ 3( y )2
y y= x 2 + 1 1 .
Thay=
y x2 + 1 1 va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c :
3
x + x2 + 4x 7 = 0 x2 + 1
2
4
1 16 2 7
.
=
2 2 x =
2 2
2

x3 8y3 3x2 + 12y2 + 6x 12y
=
1) 6y x 2 + 4y + 1
2x ( 2xy +=
412
2y 1 x 1
Li giai
1
.
2
ie u kien : x 1,y
3
( x 1)
+ 3 ( x 1) + x 1=
( 2y 1)
+ 3 ( 2y 1) + 2y 1
x 1= 2y 1 x = 2y .
Thay x = 2y va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
( x;y=) ( 0;0 ) ; 23
2;3 2 2 ; + 2;3 + 2 2 .
2
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem ( x;y ) =

+ 2;3 + 2 2 .
2

+ 2;3 + 2 2 .
2
4x3 4x2 7x= 3y2 6y + 4 3y2 6y + 7
2
x3 3x2 x2 + ( y 1) + 3 + 8 = x 2 + y 2 2y
) 7(x
2
+ y 2y
Li giai
2
2
3y2 6y + =
7 3 ( y 1) + 1 3 ( y 1) + 4 2 .
x 2
3
2
2
.
4x 4x 7x 2 ( x 2 ) 4x + 4x + 1 0
x = 1
2
Ta co : 3y2 6y + 4
1
Nha n thay x = kho ng thoa man he phng trnh v vay x 2 .
2
Vie t phng trnh th hai cu a he d i da ng :
3
2
2
x 3x= x2 + ( y 1) 3 x2 + ( y 1) (1) .
Ha m so f(t)= t 3 3t 2 o ng bien tre n 2; + ) nen phng trnh
2
2
(1) f(x)= f x 2 + ( y 1) x= x 2 + ( y 1) y= 1 .
413
Thay vao phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c x = 2 .
x y + 1 y 1 x =
0
.
x + 1 y =2
Li giai
ie u kien : 0 x 1,0 y 1 .
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he c vie t la i d i dang :
y 1 y .
x 1 x =
De tm c x = y thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c :

1
1
x + 1 x = 2 2 x (1 x ) =1 4x (1 x ) =1 x = y = .
2
2
1 1
2 2
3
1
2
8x 4x 3x = 3y
2
.
3
3
x + 5x + x 2y + 6 x3 2y + 1 =
0
Li giai
3
ie u kien : x 2y + 1 0 .
3
x3 2y + 1 + 5 x3 2y + 1 =
(x)3 + 5.(x) .
x 0
x 0
x3 2y + 1 =x 3
2
3
2
x 2y + 1 = x
2y = x x + 1
Thay y =
x3 x 2 + 1
va o phng trnh th nhat cu a he tm c nghiem duy
2
1
nha t cu a he la ( x;y ) = 1; .
2
414
x2 + 5y 6 =
0
.
x2 + x + x2 x + 4 x2 x + 4
y2 + y
= x2 x + 4
1 + x2 x + 4
1 + y2 y + 4
Li giai
y2 + y
=
x 2 + x=
2
2
1 + x x + 4 1 + y y + 4
x2 + x
y2 + y .
x = y
.
x2 y2 + x y = 0 ( x y )( x + y + 1) = 0
0
x + y + 1 =
Xe t tr ng h p va tm c nghiem cu a he phng trnh la
( x;y ) = (1;1); 5 2 69 ; 7 +2 69 .
x3 y3= 3y2 + 4y x + 2
.
3
x + y + 3 x + 3y + 19= 105 y xy
Li giai
ie u kien : x + y 0,x + 3y + 19 0 .
3
x3 + x = ( y + 1) + y + 1 x = y + 1 .
Thay x= y + 1 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

2y + 1 + 3 4y + 20= 105 y3 y 2 y .
y3 + y2 + y + 2y + 1 + 6 y + 5 105 =
0.
1
Ha m so f(y) =y3 + y2 + y + 2y + 1 + 6 y + 5 105 o ng bie n tren ; +

2
ne n y = 4 la nghiem duy nha t suy ra x = 5 .
2x3 4x2 + 3x=

1 2x3 ( 2 y ) 3 2y

+ 9 8y 7 + 8 3 2y = 17 + 4y + 4 3 2y
2
x +1
Li giai
415
3
ie u kien : y ,8y 7 + 8 3 3y 0 .
2
Xe t x 0 khi o phng trnh a u cua he tng ng v i :
3
3
1 1
1
3 2y + 3 2y 1 = 3 2y .
1 + 1 =
x
x x
1
Thay =
1 3 2y va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c :
x
18 1 3 2y
+ 9 9 4 1 3 2y
= 25 2 1 3 2y
(1 3 2y ) + 1
a t t =(1 3 2y ) ,t 0 phng trnh tr thanh:
2
18t
+ 9 9 4t = 25 2t 9 ( t + 1) 9 4t = ( 25 2t )( t + 1) 18t .
t +1
t 0
9 ( t + 1) 9 4t =
2t 2 + 5t + 25 2t 2 + 5t + 25 0
t=
2
2
2
81( t + 1) ( 9 4t ) =( 2t + 5t + 25)
1 3 2y =
2
=2
3 2y =1 +
1 3 2y =
2
1
.
y=
2x=
2
1
;
1 3 2y
2.
13y
5
2x 3 x 4 + 3y x2 +
7x =
x
2y x + 2
2 x y + 1 6 x y 2=
( ) + 3 2 2 ( x y ) 3( x y )
Li giai
Phng trnh th hai cu a he co ch co nhan t x y ne n ta co the tm c
t= x y khi a t an phu . D i a y s dung ha m so nh sau:

2
2 ( x y + 1) + x y + 1 + 2 x y +=
1 2.4 ( x y ) + 2 ( x y ) + 2 ( x y ) .
416
x y + 1 =2 ( x y ) x y =1 y = x 1 .

7x +
8
=
13 2x 3 x 1 + 3x x 2
x
2
2 1 3
1 3
1 + 2 1=
+ 1 + 2 3
+ 1
2
x
x2 x
x
x x
x0
3
2
1 3
3
3
1 =
+ 1 2 x =x + 3x2 x3 ( 2 x ) =+
x 3x2 x3 .
2
x
x
x
13 73
x =
6

7 73
13 73
y =
x =
6
6
.
3x2 13x + 8 = 0
13 + 73
13
73
+
x =
x =
y = 7 + 73

6
( x;y ) = 13 6 73 ; 7 6 73 ; 13 +6 73 ; 7 + 6 73 .
3
x
3
x + x + log2 = 8y + 2y + 1
y
.
x 1 y 1 1 =
0
Li giai
Khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he c bie n o i tha nh :
x3 + x + log2=
x
( 2y )
+ 2y + log2 2y
Ta xe t ham so f(t) = t 3 + t + log2 t,t > 0 . Ta co f '(t)= 3t 2 + 1 +
1
> 0,t > 0 .
t ln 2
Suy ra ha m so n ie u tang. T o suy ra f(x)

= f(2y) =
x 2y .
Thay x = 2y va o phng trnh th hai ta c :
2y 1 y 1 1 = 0 2y 1 = y 2 y 1 2 y 1 = 1 y y = 1 x = 2
417
2 ( x 2 ) x + 6 = 6 y
.
2
( x 2 ) y + 2 = y + 1. x 4x + 5
Li giai
x2
( x 2)
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t2 + 1
t
t2 + 1
+1
y +1
(1)
+1
tre n , ta co :
t2
t2 + 1
=
t2 + 1
=
f '(t)
y +1
( t + 1)
2
t +1
> 0, t ne n f(t) la ham o ng
bie n tre n .
V vay (1) f ( x 2 )= f
x 2
.
y +1
2
y = x 4x + 3
y + 1 x 2=
Thay y = x2 4x + 3 va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c :

2 ( x 2 ) x + 6 = 3 x2 + 4x x = 3 y = 0 .

( 53 5x ) 10 x + ( 5y 48) 9 y =
0
.
2x y + 6 + x 2 2x 66 = 2x + y + 11
Li giai
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he tng ng v i :
10 x
+ 3 10 x = 5
9y
+ 3 9 y 10 x = 9 y y = x 1
418
x + 7 + x2 2x 66 =
10 x
x + 7 4 + x 2 2x 63 + 1 10 x =
0
x9
x+7+4
+ ( x 9 )( x + 7 ) +
x9
1 + 10 x
=
0.
1
1
( x 9)
+x+7+
= 0 x = 9 y = 8.
1 + 10 x
x+7+4
2x2 11x 2y + 10 =
0
2
2
y + 3y + 4x + 22x + y + 21=
( 2x + 1)
2x 1
Li giai
1
.
2
ie u kien : x
( y + 1)
+ y +=
1
2x 1
y 1
2x 1 2
y + 2y + 1= 2x 1
+ 2x 1 y +=
1
y 1
x = 1
2
Ta co he phng trnh : y + 2y + 1= 2x 1
.
y = 0
2
0
x 11x 2y + 10 =
4x + 2 + 2y + 4 =
6

.
3
2 ( 2x + 1) + 2x + 1= ( 2y 3) y 2
Li giai
1
ie u kien : x ,y 2 .
2
3
2 ( 2x + 1) + 2x +
=
1 2
y2
+ y2
(1)
Xe t ha m so f(t)
= 2t 3 + t tre n , ta co f '(t)= 6t 2 + 1 > 0, t > 0 ne n f(t) la
ha m ong bie n tren .
V vay (1) f(2x + 1)= f
y 2 2x + 1=
y 2 y= 4x 2 + 4x + 3 .
Thay y = 4x2 + 4x + 3 va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:
419
4x + 2 + 2 4x2 + 4x + 3 + 4 =
6.
Ve trai la ham ong bien nen phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat x =
1
2
y + y 2 + 1 =
2
1
x + x + 1

.
y
35
y +
=
x 2 1 12
Li giai
T phng trnh a u cu a he suy ra x = y .
Thay x = y va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c :
y+
y
y2 1
35
y>0
12
Bnh phng hai ve cua phng trnh ta c :

y2
2y2
35
35
y4
2y2
y +
+
=
+
= 0
2
2
y 1
y 1
y2 1 12
y2 1 12
2
5
5
5
,y =
y = x =
y
25 y > 0
3
3
3.
=
5
5
5
y 2 1 12
x=
,y =
y =
4
4
4
2
5 5 5 5
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x;y ) =
; ; ; .
3 3 4 4
x3 3x2 + 2 + y2 + 2 1 y2 =
0

.
2x x2 = 2 1 y2 + 2x 1
Li giai
ie u kien : 0 x 2, 1 y 1 .
3
3
( x 1) 3 ( x 1)= 1 y2 3 1 y2 .
420
1
y = 6.
2
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 3t tre n 1;1 , ta co :
f '(t)
= 3t 2 3 0, t 1;1 ne n f(t) la ha m nghch bie n tre n 1;1 .
V vay: f(x 1) = f 1 y 2 x 1=
1 y2 .
x 1= 1 y 2
x 1= 1 y 2
=
= 1
x 1,y
2x x2 = 2 1 y2 + 2x 1 2x x2 = 4x 3 x = 1,y = 1

( x;y )
(1;1) ; (1; 1) .
x3 y3 + 3y2 3x =
2
2
x 2 + 1 x 2 3 2y y 2 =
Li giai
ie u kien : 1 x 1,0 y 2 .
3
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he tng ng v i : ( x + 1) 3 ( x + 1) = y3 3y 2 .

Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 3t 2 tre n 0;2 , ta co :
f '(t)
= 3t 2 6t 0, t 0;2 ne n f(t) la ha m nghch bie n tre n 0;2 .
V vay f(x + 1)
= f(y) x +=
1 y.
Thay y= x + 1 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c :

2
x2 + 1 x 2 3 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) =
2 .
x2 + 1 x2 3 1 x2 + 2 = 0 2 1 x2 = x2 + 2 x = 0 y = 1 .

x3 + x 2 = y3 + 3y2 + 4y
.
5
3
0
x + y + 1 =
Li giai
x3 + x 2 = y + 1 3 + y + 1 2
x= y + 1
x = 0
( )
.
5
3
y
1
=
x
y
1
0
+
+
=
x5 + y3 + 1 =

)
( 0; 1) .
421
3x 1 + 4 ( 2x + 1)= y 1 + 3y

.
0
( x + y )( 2x y ) + 6x + 3y + 4 =
Li giai
1
3
( x + y + 1)( 2x y + 4=)
1
x ,y 1
3
0
y=
2x + 4 .
Thay =
y 2x + 4 va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c :
3x 1 + 2x =
8
2x + 3 .
2 ( 3x 1) + 3x =
1 2 ( 2x + 3) + 2x + 3
3x 1 = 2x + 3 x = 4 y = 12

( 8x 3) 2x 1= 4y3 + y
.
4x2 8x + 2y3 + y2 2y + 3 =
0
Li giai
1
.
2
ie u kien : x
2x 1
Thay=
y
+ 2x 1= 4y3 + y y=
2x 1 .
2x 1 va o phng trnh th hai cua he th c hie n xe t tnh n ie u
cu a ha m so tm c nghie m duy nha t cu a he la ( x;y ) = (1;1) .
( 2012 3x ) 4 x + ( 6y 2009 ) 3 2y =
0
.
2 7x 8y + 3 14x 18y = x 2 + 6x + 13
Li giai
3
4x
+ 2000 4 =
x 3
3 2y
+ 2000 3 2y .
4 x = 3 2y 4 x = 3 2y y =
422
x 1
.
2
x 1
va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c :
2
2 3x + 4 + 3 5x + 9 = x2 + 6x + 13 .
2 3x + 4 2 ( x + 2 ) + 3 5x + 9 3 ( x + 3) = x2 + x .
1
1
x ( x + 1) 1 +
+
0.
=
3x + 4 + x + 2
5x + 9 + x + 3
1
x = 0
x = 0,y =
x ( x + 1) = 0
2.
x = 1 x =
1,y =
1
Thay y =
1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y )= 0; ; ( 1; 1) .
2
y3 x x 4 =
28
.
2
2
3
18 2
xy + 2x y + x =
Li giai
x y3 x3 =
28

x,y > 0 .
x ( x + y )2 =
18 2
18 2
34 8
=
x
x thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:
x
x
Ru t =
y
3
4
3 8
3
x
28 .
x x =
x
3
4
3 8 2
x, ( t > 0 ) phng trnh tr thanh : t
28 .
t t6 =
t
a
t t
=
t 9 34 8 t 3
+ 28t =
0.
Ve tra i la ham o ng bie n ne n phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t:

t=
2 x=
2 y= 2 2 .
2;2 2 .
423
x2015 + xy 2014 =y 2030 + y 2016

.
=
13x + 8 2y 4 3 x 3x2 + 3y2 1
7y +
Li giai
ie u kien : x 3x + 3y 1 0 .
Xe t xy 0 vie t la i phng trnh a u cua he d i da ng :
x

y
2015
x
x
= y2015 + y = y x = y 2 > 0 .
y
y
Thay y2 = x va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c :
3 1
3 3+ 2
x x
3 1
+ 23 3 + 2 .
x x
7x 2 + 13x + 8= 2x 2 3 x 3x 2 + 3x 1
3
2
2
+ 1 + 2 + 1=
x
x
2
+ 1=
x
3+
3 1
x>0
x=
2
x x
8
x
13
7
3 1
.
+ = 23 3 +
x
x x2
x
2
6
89 5
( x;y ) 6 ; 6 ; 6 ;
89 5 89 5
89 5
y=
6
89 5
.
89 5
6
30x 2015 + 4xy 2014 = 30y 4030 + 4y 2016
.
3
2
3
162y + 27 3 = 8x 3
Li giai
Xe t xy 0 vie t la i phng trnh a u cua he d i da ng :
x
30
y
2015
x
x
+ 4. = 30y2015 + 4y = y x = y 2 > 0 .
y
y
Thay y2 = x va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
162x + 27 3 = 8x3 3 .
424
e gia i phng trnh na y ta a ve gia i he ba ng phe p a t a n phu
8x3 3 =
6u ta c:
8x3 3 = 6u
6u = 8x3 3
.
216u3
8u3 3
6x =
162x + 27 3 =
ay la he oi xng loai II de tm c nghiem x = y la nghiem cua phng trnh :
x>0
8x3 3= 6x 8x3 6x=
x= cos
3
y= cos
18
18
(xem the m chng 1).

=
( x;y ) cos 18 ; cos 18 ; cos 18 ; cos 18 .
x + x2 2x + 2= 3y 1 + 1

.
2
x
1
y + y 2y + 2= 3 + 1
Li giai
x + x2 2x + 2 + 3x 1 = y + y 2 2y + 2 + 3y 1 .
Xe t ha m so f(t) =t + t 2 2t + 2 + 3t 1 ta co :
2
t 1
t 1
f '(t) =
1+
+3
2
( t 1) + 1
> 3t 1 ln3 +
ln3 =
3 ln3 +
t 1 + t 1
( t 1)
t 1
( t 1) + 1 + t 1
2
( t 1) + 1 .
3t 1 ln3 > 0
+1
Ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n v va y f(x)= f(y) x= y .

Thay y = x va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c :
x 1+
( x 1)
+ 1 = 3x 1 3x 1
Xe t ha m so
f(x) 3x 1
=
( x 1)
( x 1)
+ 1 ( x 1) = 1 (1) .
+ 1 ( x 1) tre n , ta co :
425
x 1
x 1
=
1
f '(x) 3
( x 1) + 1 ( x 1) + 3
( x 1)2 + 1
2
1
= 3x 1 ( x 1) + 1 ( x 1) 1
0, x
2
( x 1) + 1
x 1
ln3
Ne n f(x) la ha m ong bie n tren .

V vay (1) f(x) =f(1) x =1 y =1 .
Chu e 11.
KY THUAT S DUNG IEU KIEN CO NGHIEM

CUA HE PHNG TRNH

f 2 (x,y) = 0
, trong o f 2 (x,y) = 0 la mot phng
1. Da ng he phng trnh
k
g (x,y) = 0
trnh ba c hai hai bie n va g k (x,y) = 0 la mo t phng trnh ba c cao hoa c co

ch a can oi vi hai bien. Suy ngh a u tie n la coi f 2 (x,y) = 0 la phng
trnh ba c hai o i vi mo t bie n va bie n con la i ta coi la tham so t o tm ra
mien gia tr cu a t ng bien. Ta d a va o mie n gia tr cua bie n e anh gia
phng trnh con lai.
V du 1. Phng trnh x2 + y2 + xy 7x 6y + 14 =
0 (1) .
Coi (1) la phng trnh ba c hai v i a n la x va y la tham so ta c
x2 + ( y 7 ) x + y2 6y + 14 =
0.
426
Phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi
y = ( y 7 ) 4 y 2 6y + 14 0 3y 2 + 10y 7 0 1 y
7
.
3
Coi (1) la phng trnh ba c hai v i a n la y va x la tham so ta c:

y2 + ( x 6 ) y + x2 7x + 14 =
0.
Phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi:

2
x = ( x 6 ) 4 x 2 7x + 14 0 3x 2 + 16x 20 0 2 x
10
.
3
10
7
Va y ta co x 2; ,y 1; .
3
3
A(x;y) = B(x;y)
2. He phng trnh co ch a ca n th c
.
C(x;y) = 0
A(x;y) 0
Xua t pha t t ie u kie n e he co nghiem la
ta tim c ra ng
B(x;y) 0
buo c gi a x,y .
B. BAI TAP MAU

x 1 2 =
) y3 3y2 3y
(
.
2
2
x + 2x ( y 1) + y 6y + 1 =
0
Li giai
Vie t la i phng trnh th hai cu a he d i dang
x2 + 2x ( y 1) + y2 6y + 1 =
0.
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai v i an la x va tham so la y ta c

2
'x = ( y 1) y2 6y + 1 = 4y 0 y 0 .
2
Khi o phng trnh au cu a he c vie t la i: ( x 1) =1 ( y + 1) .

2
Do y 0 ne n VT =( x 1) 0 VP =1 ( y + 1) .
Do va y he co nghie m khi va ch khi=
x 1;y
= 0 th la i va o phng trnh th
hai cua he tha y tho a man.
427
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = (1;0 ) .
Nhan xet. Ngoa i ca ch tnh 'x nh tre n e tm ie u kie n cua y ta co the
vie t la i phng trnh nh sau
( x + y 1)
= 4y 4y 0 y 0 .
10x 2 + 5y2 2xy 38x 6y + 41 =

0
.
2
x3 + xy + 6y y3 + x2 1 =
Li giai
10x 2 2 ( y + 19 ) x + 5y2 6y + 41 =
0.
2
Suy ra 'x =
1 x=
2.
( y + 19 ) 10 5y2 6y + 41 =49 ( y 1) 0 y =

x3 3x2 + y2 2y + 5 =
0
.
2
2
0
x + y + xy 7x 6y + 14 =
Li giai
x2 + y2 + xy 7x 6y + 14 =
0 (1) .
Coi (1) la phng trnh ba c hai v i a n la x va y la tham so ta c

x2 + ( y 7 ) x + y2 6y + 14 =
0.
y = ( y 7 ) 4 y 2 6y + 14 0 3y 2 + 10y 7 0 1 y
7
.
3
Coi (1) la phng trnh ba c hai v i a n la y va x la tham so ta c:

y2 + ( x 6 ) y + x2 7x + 14 =
0.

2
x = ( x 6 ) 4 x 2 7x + 14 0 3x 2 + 16x 20 0 2 x
428
10
.
3
10
7
Va y ta co x 2; ,y 1; .
3
3
f(x)
= x3 3x2
Phng trnh au cua he tr thanh f(x) + g(y) =
.
0 , trong o
2
g(y) = y 2y + 5
10
Ta co f '(x)
= 3x2 6x
= 3x ( x 2 ) 0, x 2; ne n f(x) la ha m ong
3
10
bie n tre n 2; . Suy ra f(x) f(2) =
4 .
3
g'(y) = y 2 2y + 5 =
Do o
( y 1)
7
+ 4 4, y 1; .
3
f(x) + g(y) 0 . V va y he
co
nghiem khi va
ch khi
f(x) =
x =
4
2
th la i tha y thoa ma n phng trnh th hai cua he .
=
g(y) 4=
y 1
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) .
)(
2
7
2
2x 1 2y 1 =xy
.
2
x 2 + y 2 + xy 7x 6y + 14 =
0
Li giai
10
7
Theo tre n ta co 2 x ;1 y .
3
3
Khi o vie t phng trnh cu a he d i da ng
1
1 7
2x 2y =(1) .
x
y 2
1
1
Xe t ha m so f(t)= 2t v i t 1 . Ta co f '(t) = 2 + > 0, t 1 v va y f(t)
t
t2
la ha m o ng bie n tre n 1; + ) va ro ra ng f(t) > 0, t 1 .
1
1 7
Do o VT(1) =f(x).f(y) f(2).f(1) = 2.2 2.1 = =VP(1) .
2
1 2
V va y he co nghiem khi va ch khi=

x 2;y
= 1 th la i phng trnh th hai
cu a tha y khong tho a man.

429
)(
2x2 3x + 4 2y2 3y + 4 =
18

.
x 2 + y 2 + xy 7x 6y + 14 =
0
Li giai
Tng t ba i tre n ta co f(t) = 2t 3t + 4 la ha m ong bie n tren 1; + ) .

2
)(
Suy ra 2x2 3x + 4 2y2 3y + 4 = f(x).f(y) f(2).f(1) = 6.3 = 18 .

V vay he co nghiem khi va ch khi=
x 2;y
= 1 tho a ma n phng trnh th hai
cu a he .
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) .

x 4 + y 2 =
9
.
2
2
0
x + y + xy 3x 4y + 4 =
Li giai
x2 + ( y 3) x + y2 4y + 4 =
0.
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai v i an la x ta c
x =( y 3) 4 y2 4y + 4 =3y2 + 10y 7 0 1 y
Tng t vie t la i: y2 + ( x 4 ) y + x2 3x + 4 =
0.
7
.
3
y =( x 4 ) 4 x 2 3x + 4 =3x2 + 4x 0 0 x
4
4
.
3
4 7
697
Khi o x 4 + y 2 + =
< 9 . V va y he a cho vo nghiem.
81
3 3
2
3
5
100
3
2 8
x y + ( x + y ) + 5x xy + 13x =
3
3
3 .
x2 + y2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 =
0
Li giai
Vie t la i phng trnh th hai cu a he tr tha nh
x2 + x ( y 3) + y2 4y + 4 =
0.
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai v i an la x va tham so la y ta c

430
2
x =( y 3) 4 y2 4y + 4 =3y2 + 10y 7 0 1 y
Tng t vie t la i: y2 + y ( x 4 ) + x2 3x + 4 =
0.
7
.
3
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai v i an la y va tham so x ta c
4
.
3
Rut xy t phng trnh th hai cua he thay vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:
2
y =( x 4 ) 4 x 2 3x + 4 =3x2 + 4x 0 0 x
3x3 + 18x2 + 45x 3y3 + 3y2 + 8y 108 =

0 (1) .
4
Xe t ha m so f(x) =3x3 + 18x2 + 45x tre n 0; .
3
4
Ta co f '(x)
= 9x 2 + 36x + 45 > 0, x 0; ne n f(x) la ham ong bie n tre n
3
4
0; .
3
4 892
Suy ra f(x) f =
.
9
3
7
Xe t ha m so g(y) =
3y3 + 3y2 + 8y 108 tre n 1; .
3
4 7
Ta co g'(y) =
9y2 + 6y + 8;g'(y) =
0 y = 1; .
3 3
4
892 7
1000
Tnh c g(1) =
.
100;g =
;g =
9
9
3
3
4 80
.
Suy ra max =
g(y) g=

7
3 9
y1;
3
4
4
Do o VT(1) = f(x) + g(y) f + g = 0 .
3
3
V vay he phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi x= y=
4
.
3

4 4
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ; .
3 3
431
x y x2 + xy + y2 + 15 x + y 2 = x2 9y2 15y + 94
)
( )
(
4x2 + 4y2 + 6x + 6y 2xy 9 =
0
Li giai
x3 2x2 + 15x y3 + 9y2 94 2xy =
0 (1)
.
2
2
0
(2)
4x + 4y + 6x + 6y 2xy 9 =
4x2 + 2 ( 3 y ) x + 4y 2 + 6y 9 =
0.
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai an x va tham so la y ta c

'x=
(3 y )
4 4y2 + 6y 9 0 15y2 30y + 45 0 3 y 1 .
Tng t vie t la i phng trnh d i da ng
4y2 + 2 ( 3 x ) y + 4x 2 + 6x 9 =
0.

'y=
(3 x )
4 4x2 + 6x 9 0 3 x 1 .
Va y ta co x,y 3;1 .
Ru t xy t phng trinh (1) thay va o phng trnh (2) ta co phng trnh:
x3 6x2 + 9x y3 + 4y2 6y 85 =
0 (3) .
Xe t ha m so f(x) =x3 6x2 + 9x tre n 3;1 .

Ta co f '(x)
= 3x 2 12x + =
9 3 ( x 1)( x 3) 0, x 3;1 ne n f(x) la ham
o ng bien tre n 3;1 . Suy ra f(x) f(1) =
4.
Xe t ha m so g(y) =
y3 + 4y2 6y 85 tre n 3;1 .
Ta co g'(y) =3y2 + 8y 6 < 0, y 3;1 ne n g(y) la ham nghch bien
tre n 3;1 . Suy ra g(y) g(3) =
4 .
V vay VT(3)= f(x) + g(y) f(1) + g(3)= 0 .
Do o he co nghiem khi va ch khi x = 1;y = 3 th la i phng trnh th hai
cu a he tha y tho a ma n.
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y=

)
432
(1; 3) .
2 x y 3 4xy 3 =
0
)
(
.
4
( x y ) 2x2 + 4xy + 2y2 + x + 3y + 1 =
0
Li giai
4
( x y ) + 2 ( x y ) 2x2 + 2y2 + x + 3y 2 =0 .
4
3
( x y ) + 2 ( x y ) 3 + 2y2 2x2 + x + 3y + 1 =
0.
3
2
( x y 1) ( x y ) + 3 ( x y ) + 3 ( x y ) + 3 + ( y + 1 x )( 2x + 2y + 1) =
0.
3
2
( x y 1) ( x y ) + 3 ( x y ) + x + y + 2 =
0
y= x 1
.
3
2
( x y ) + 3 ( x y ) + x + y + 2 =
0
TH1: Ne u y= x 1 thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:

2 4x ( x 1) 3 = 0 4x2 4x + 1 = 0 x =
3
1
1
y= .
2
2
0.
TH2: Ne u ( x y ) + 3 ( x y ) + x + y + 2 =
Ke t h p v i phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:

xy 3 +3 xy 2 +x+y+2=
0
) ( )
2
(
0
4xy + 3 + 6 ( x y ) + 2x + 2y + 4 =
3
2 ( x y ) 4xy 3 =
0
6x2 + 2x (1 4y ) + 6y2 10y + 7 =

0.
2
'x = (1 4y ) 6 6y2 10y + 7 = 20y2 + 52y 41 < 0 (phng trnh vo nghiem).

1 1
2 2
y3 + 3xy 17x + 18 = x3 3x 2 + 13y 9

.
2
2
0
x + y + xy 5x 6y + 10 =
Li giai
Viet lai phng trnh th hai cua he di dang: x2 + ( y 5) x + y2 6y + 10 =
0.
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai an x ta c

433
x =( y 5) 4 y2 6y + 10 =3y 2 + 14y 15 0
Tng t vie t la i d i da ng: y2 + ( x 6 ) y + x2 5x + 10 =

0.
5
y 3.
3
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai v i an y ta c
2
x2.
3
Rut xy t phng tnh th hai cua he the vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:
2
y =( x 6 ) 4 x 2 5x + 10 =3x 2 + 8x 4 0
3
x3 + 2x = ( y 1) + 2 ( y 1) (1) .
2
2
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 + 2t tre n ;2 . Ta co f '(t)
= 3t 2 + 2 > 0, t ;2 .
3
3
2
Do o f(t) la ham o ng bien tre n ;2 .
3
V vay (1) f(x) = f(y 1) x = y 1 .

y = 2 x = 1
.
3y2 14y + 16 =0
y = 8 x = 5
3
3
5 8
Va y he co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;2 ) ; ; .
3 3
5y 4 x 4 6 x2 y2 2xy =
0
.
2
2
2
5y2 + x2 =
36 2 xy 6 5y x
Li giai
4
ie u kien: xy 0,5y x 0 .
( 5y
+ x2
+ 2 xy 5y 2 + x 2 12 xy 36 =
0.
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai v i an la 5y2 + x2 , ta c:

'x = xy + 12 xy + 36 =
xy + 6 .
Suy ra 5y2 + x2 =
2 xy 6 (loa i do ve tra i kho ng am ve
6 hoa c 5y2 + x2 =
pha i a m).
434
5y 4 x 4 6 x2 y2 2xy =
0
5y2 + x2 =
6
5y 4 x 4 5y2 + x2 x2 y2 2xy =
0
5y2 + x2 =
6
)(
5y 4 x 4 + 5y 4 x=
4
4
x =
1,y =
1
4x2 y2 + 2xy 5y 4 x=
2xy
= 1
x 1,y
=
5y2 + x2 6
5y2 + x2 6
=
Tong ket: Va n e a t ra khi sa ng ta c he phng trnh dang na y la ta o ra mo t

phng trnh ba c hai hai a n x,y sao cho x a,b ,y c;d ta xua t pha t t
mo t ha ng a ng th c sau:
y= mx + n + p ( x a )( x b ) .
2
Chuyen ve bnh phng ta c: ( y mx n ) =

p2 ( x a )( x b ) a y la
mo t phng trnh ba c hai cho ta tm c mien gia tr cu a hai an x,y .
x2 + xy =y y 2
3
2
2
x + y =
Li giai
T phng trnh hai suy ra:
x2 + xy + y2 y = 0 x = y ( 4 3y ) 0 0 y
4
.
3
Ke t h p v i phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
2
4
2 x > 0
.
x = 2y 2 =
9 3x + 1 3 6 + 1 < 0
3
3
Ma t kha c y2 + y ( x 1) + x2 = 0 y =
( x + 1)( 3x + 1) < 0 .
T o suy ra he vo nghiem.
x
121
x2 + 2x =
27 2
.
9
2
2
0
x + y + xy 3x 4y + 4 =
Li giai
435
Coi phng trnh th hai la phng trnh ba c hai an y, khi o phng trnh
na y tng ng v i: y2 + ( x 4 ) y + x2 3x + 4 =
0 , phng trnh na y co
nghiem ne u : y =
Khi o x
( x 4)
x
+ 2x + 27 2
4 x 2 3x + 4 0 0 x
2
4
.
3
4 8
121
+ + 27 3 = .
9
3 3
Va y da u ba ng xa y ra, suy ra x =
4
4
y= .
3
3
4 4
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x,y ) = , .
3 3
x3 + 2y2 = x 2 y + 2xy
.
2 x2 2y + 1 + 3 y3 14 = x 2
Li giai
2
ie u kien : x 2y 1 0 .
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he bie n o i thanh:
(x
2y ( x y ) =
0 , so sa nh v i ie u tren suy ra x = y , lu c na y ta thay vao
phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

3
2 x2 2x 1 + x3 14 = x 2 , phng trnh na y co nghie m ne u:

3
x3 14 x 2 x 2 2x 1 0 .
Ke t hp v i ieu kien suy ra x2 2x 1 = 0 x = 1 2 , th la i ta thay

nghiem tho a ma n.
)(
12y + ( 7y
Va y he co hai nghie m la ( x,y ) =+

1
2,1 + 2 ; 1 2,1 2 .
y2 ( x + 15) + 4=

7y
8
y2 +
x +1 =
2x + 1
2y
x +1
, ( x,y )
Li giai
1
ie u kien 1 x .
2
Nha n tha y y = 0 kho ng la nghie m cu a he ne n vie t la i he d i da ng
436
4 12
2
+ 7 x +1
x + 15 + 2 =
y
y
y
8
2x + 1 + 7 x=
+1
( 2x + 1)
y
y2
u= x + 1 0
at
2
v =
y
u2 + v2 + 14 = 7u + 6v

7 .
2
2
2u 1 2v 1 =uv
2
)(
Tm ie u kie n e phng trnh co nghie m o i v i phng trnh a u ta c:

10
7
u 2; va v 1; .
3
3
Ke t h p vi phng trnh co n la i suy ra nghiem=
u 2,v
= 1 th la i tha y kho ng
tho a man.
x + x + 2y = y2 + y + 2
.
2
0
y + 3xy + x + y 10 =
Li giai
ie u kien: x + 2y 0 .
2
1
3
x + 2y + x + 2y y 3y 2 =0 x + 2y + y + =0 .
2
2
1
3
x + 2y =y + 1
x + 2y + 2 = y + 2
.
x + 2y = y 2
x + 2y + 1 = y 3
2
2
Xe t tr ng h p va thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he tm c nghie m
( x;y ) = ( 2;1) .
Chu e 12.
KY THUAT ANH GIA

437
No i dung chu e na y to i e cap e n anh gia he phng trnh tho ng qua ie u
kie n nghiem cu a he phng trnh va ca c bat a ng th c C ban nh Co si,
Bunhiacopski, ba t a ng th c Ve c t.
BAT ANG THC CO SI (AM-GM)
a+b
ab .
2
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi a = b .
Cho hai so th c kho ng am a,b ta co :
Tong quat. Cho n so th c kho ng am a1 ,a2 ,...,an ta co

a1 + a2 + ... + an
n
n a1a2 ...an .
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi a1= a2= ...= an .

Mo t so da ng tng ng cu a ba t a ng th c Co si hay c s du ng:
2
x + y 2xy,
(x + y + z)
438
x+y
xy
,
2
3 ( xy + yz + zx ) ,
(x + y)
2 x2 + y2 .
( xy + yz + zx )
3xyz ( x + y + z ) .
BAT ANG THC HOLDER
nh ly(Bat ang thc Holder)
)(
V i m da y so dng a1,1 ,a1,2 ,...,a1,n , a2,1 ,a2,2 ,...,a2,n ,..., am,1 ,am,2 ,...,am,n
m
n
n
ta co : ai,j m ai,j .
j 1=
j 1 i 1
=
=
i 1=
Mo t he qua th ng s du ng khi va n du ng bat a ng th c Holder

He qua 1. V i da y so dng a1 ,a2 ,..,an ta co
(1 + a1 )(1 + a2 ) ...(1 + an ) (1 + n a1a2 ...an )
Chng minh. S du ng ba t a ng th c Co si cho n so dng ta co :

1
1
1
+
+ ... +
1 + a1 1 + a2
1 + an
a1
1 + a1
a2
1 + a2
+ ... +
an
1 + an
n
n
(1 + a1 )(1 + a2 ) ...(1 + an )
n n a1a2 ...an
(1 + a1 )(1 + a2 ) ...(1 + an )
Co ng theo ve hai ba t a ng th c tren ta co ie u pha i ch ng minh.

BAT ANG THC BUNHIACOPSKI (C-S)
Cho bon so th c a,b,x,y .
)(
Ta co : x2 + y2 a2 + b2 ( ax + by ) .
a = kx
a b
ne u xy 0 th = .
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi
x y
b = ky
Tong quat. Cho 2 b s th c ai ,bi , ( i = 1,2,...,n ) ta co
(a
2
1
+ a22 + ... + a2n
)( b
2
1
+ b22 + ... + b2n ( a1b1 + a2 b2 + ... + an bn ) .
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi=

ai kb
=
i ,i 1,2,...,n .
Bat ang thc vec t
.
439
Bat ang thc Mincopski
Cho a,b,c,d la ca c so th c ta luo n co :
a2 + b2 + c2 + d 2
( a + c) + ( b + d )
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi ad = bc .

Ba t a ng th c Mincopski hay con c go i la ba t a ng th c Ve c t. Mo t so
ba i toan va n du ng ba t ang th c Ve c t ba n o c xem chu e ky thua t s
du ng tnh cha t hnh gia i tch trong cung cuo n sa ch.
B. BAI TAP MAU
x2 4 3x 2 2y =10
.
2
y 6 4y 3 x =11
Li giai
2
3
ie u kien: x ,y .
3
4

x2 + y2 4 3x 2 6 4y 3 x 2y =21 .
2
( x 2 ) + ( y 3) +
3x 2 2
) +(
2
4y 3 3
=
0.
x = 2
x = 2
y = 3
.
2
y = 3
3x 2 =
4y 3 =
3

2
y2 + 4x 1=
3 4x ( 8x + 1)
(
)

, ( x,y ) .
40x2 =
+ x y 14x 1
ie u kien: x
1
y0.
14
Nhan xet. Ro rang ra t kho e tm c mo t mo i lie n he n gia n na o gia

hai a n t mo t trong hai phng trnh cu a he.Phe p the t phng trnh th hai
va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he kho ng kha thi khi mo t phng trnh cua he
co cha ca n ba c 3.
440
Ba i toan a nh gia tho ng qua ba t ang th c nhng cai kho nhat o chnh la d
oa n dau bang a t ta i a u?
Va y chu y en y2 xua t hie n phng trnh a u cua he. Phng trnh th hai
cu a he co y va y ta th du ng AM-GM a nh gia cho xua t hie n y2 xem sao?
S du ng bat ang th c AM-GM ta co
40x2 =
+ x y 14x 1
2
y2 + 14x 1
2
y 2 40x + x 14x + 1 = 80x 12x + 1
Do vay ke t h p v i phng trnh a u cua he ta c:

=
y2
4x ( 8x + 1) ( 4x 1) 80x 2 12x + 1 .
3 4x ( 8x + 1) 96x2 20x + 2 .
1
Lu c na y dung ma y tnh bo tu i ta tm c 1 nghiem x = .
8
3
=
2
Thay ng c la i he ta co=
y
14x 1 t c h ng i cu a chung ta a
u ng.
Tie p tu c l i gia i nh sau:
2 + 16x + 8x + 1
3
2 + 16x + 8x + 1
.
2 96x2 20x + 2
3
2
1
3
( 8x 1) 0 x = y =
8
2
2 3 4x (=
8x + 1)
2.16x ( 8x + 1)
1 3
.
8 2
2
12
x 12 y + y 12 x =
, ( x,y )
Bai 3. (A/A1 2014) Gia i he phng trnh:
x3 8x =
1
2
y
Li giai
ie u kien: 2 y 12, 2 3 x 2 3 .
441
Phng trnh th nha t cu a ta co :
12 x 12 =
y
y 12 x2 .
y 12 x2 = 144 24x 12 y + x 2 (12 y ) .
x 12 y
x 0
= 0 x = 12 y
.
y 12 x2
=
Thay =
y 12 x 2 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
x3 8x =
1 2 10 x 2 x3 8x 3 + 2 1 10 x2 =
0.
x+3
( x 3) x2 + 3x + 1 + 2.
1 + 10 x2
V x2 + 3x + 1 + 2.
x+3
1 + 10 x2
= 0 x = 3 y = 3.
> 0, x 0 .

Cach 2: ieu kie n 2 3 x 2 3 va 2 y 12 .
x 12 y
x2 + 12 y
va
2
y 12 x2
y + 12 x 2
.
2
x 0
.
y 12 x 2
=
Do o x 12 y + y 12 x 2
x2 + 12 y y + 12 x 2
+
=
12 .
2
2
x 0
Do o phng trnh th nha t cua he tng ng v i:
.
y 12 x 2
=
Thay =
y 12 x 2 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
x3 8x =
1 2 10 x 2 x3 8x 3 + 2 1 10 x2 =
0.
x+3
( x 3) x2 + 3x + 1 + 2.
1 + 10 x2
442
= 0 x = 3 y = 3.
V x2 + 3x + 1 + 2.
x+3
1 + 10 x2
> 0, x 0 .

Nhan xet. D a vao bat ang th c c ba n ta tm c mo i lien he gi a y va
x t phng trnh a u cua he. Ngoa i ra ta co mo t so ca ch kha c nh sau:
Cach 1: S dung ba t a ng th c C-S ta co :

2
) (
2
2
2
2
=
12
y ) 122 .
x 12 y + y 12 x x + 12 x (12 y +=
12 x 2
x 0
x 0
=
2
.
2
(12 y ) 12 x
y 12 x 2
12 y
y
x y =
=
Cach 3: Xe t hai ve c t u = x; 12 x 2 ,v = 12 y; y ta co :

u.v
= x 12 y + y 12 x2= u . v cos u,v
.

v
x 2 + 12 x 2 (12 y + y=
u .=
) 12
x
)
)
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi=

u kv, ( k 0 )
=
12 y
12 x 2
y
x 0
x 0
2
.
(12 y ) 12 x2 =y 12 x2
x y =
x 0
.
Do o phng trnh au cua he tng ng v i:
y 12 x 2
=
x3 + 3x2 y 2 y 4 + y2 2y 1 =
0
, ( x,y ) .
2x 2 + 2y 2 + 4x y 2 x 2 3x + 6 =
0
Li giai
1
.
2
ie u kien: 2 x 2,y
443
3
x
x
2 ( y + 1) 2y 1 .
+ 3 =
y
y
x
x
+ 3 =
y
y
2y 1
+ 3 2y 1 (1) .
Co da ng ham a c trng tuy nhie n e ch x ly c khi:

2
x
x x
3 + 6= 3 . + 2 0 .
y
y y
y
V vay ta ca n s du ng phng trnh th hai cua he e tm ieu kie n cua
x
.
y
T phng trnh th hai cua he ta co

2x2 + 2y2 + 4x y =
1( 2 x ) +
2 x + 2 3x + 6 =
2
9 ( 3x + 6 ) .
3

1+ 2 x 3 x
=
2
2
.
9 + 3x + 6 3x + 15
9 ( 3x + 6 )
=
2
2
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi x = 1 .
1( 2 x )
Suy ra 2x2 + 2y2 + 4x y
3 x 3x + 15 x + 13
.
+
=
2
3
2
4x2 + 4y 2 + 7x 2y 13 0 .
4y2 2y 2 4x 2 7x + 11 .
2 ( y 1)( 2y + 1) ( x 1)( 4x + 11) (2) .
+ Neu y > 1 (2) x < 1 .

3
x
x
Ma t kha c t (1) ta co : + 3 =
y
y
2y 1
+ 3 2y 1 >13 + 3 1= 4 .
x x
x
1 + 2 > 0 > 1 x > y (vo ly).
y
y
y
x x
Va y y 1 1 + 2 0 x y 1 .
y y
Khi o ta co 2x2 + 2y2 + 4x y 2 x 2 3x + 6 =

0.
444
) (
) (
2 x2 + 2x 3x + 6 + 2y2 y 1 + 1 2 x =
0.
2 ( x 1)( x + 2 ) x2 + 3x + 3
2
x + 2x + 3x + 6
) + ( y 1)( 2y + 1) +
x 1
1+ 2 x
=
0.
=
x 1
x 1 0 =
y 1 0 =
=
y 1

Nhan xet. a y la mo t bai toan hay va kho mo t phng trnh cua he co dang
ha m a c trng a nh l a c ra t nhie u ho c sinh khi ta p trung khai tha c
phng trnh na y. ie m nha n cu a ba i toan d a tre n anh gia tho ng qua ca c
ba t a ng th c c ba n.
x y 2 + 16= y x 2 16 + 16

, ( x,y ) .
3
( x y ) + x + 4 = 4y + ( y + 2 ) y 2
Li giai
ie u kien: y 2,x 4 hoa c x 4 .
Bnh phng hai ve phng trnh a u cua he ta c
x2 y2 + 16= y2 x2 16 + 32y x 2 16 + 256 .

2
x2 16 2y x 2 16 + y 2 =0 x 2 16 y =0 .
y 0
x2 16 =y 2
.
2
x= y + 16
Phng trnh th hai cua he ta co:

3
(x y)
+ x y = 3y 4 + ( y + 2 ) y 2 .
( x y ) + ( x y )=
) (
3
y 2 +1 +
y 2 + 1 (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 + t v i t , ta co : f '(t)
= 3t 2 + 1 > 0, t .
V vay f(t) o ng bie n do o
(1) f(x y) = f
y 2 +1 x y=
y 2 +1.
V vay he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i

445
y 0
y 0
y 0
2
2
.
x 2 = y 2 + 16
x = y 2 + 16
x = y + 16
x y = y 2 + 1 x = y + y 2 + 1 x = y + y 2 + 1
y 0
y 0
2
x = y + 16
x = y2 + 16
2
2
y + 16 = y + y 2 + 1 y + 16 5 = ( y 3) +
y 2 1
y 0
x = y2 + 16
2
y3
y 9
= y 3+
2
y 2 +1
y + 16 + 5
.
y 0
x = 5
x = y 2 + 16
y = 3
+
y
3
1
=0
1
( y 3) 2
y 2 + 1
y + 16 + 5

Chu y:
y+3
y2 + 16 + 5
y+3
1
1
1
< 11
<0
y 2 +1 y + 5
y 2 +1
y 2 +1
<
2
x=
y2 + 16
nh sau:
Nhan xet. Ta co the gia i he phng trnh
x y = y 2 + 1
a t a =
y 2, ( a 0 ) y = a2 + 2 he phng trnh trnh tr tha nh:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a 1=
x 5
x = a + 2 + 16
a + 2 + 16 = a + a + 3 =
.
=
x 5=
y 3
x = a2 + 3 + a
x = a2 + a + 3
+ Ta co mo t ba t a ng th c gia C-S nh sau:

ab xy
446
(a
x2
)( b
y2 , ab xy, a2 x 2
)( b
y2 0 .
Tha t va y ba t a ng th c tng ng v i:
a2 b2 2abxy + x 2 y 2 a2 x 2
)( b
y2 .
b2 x2 2abxy + a2 y2 0 ( bx ay ) 0 bx =
ay .
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi bx = ay .

Ap dung vao bai toan ta c
16= x y 2 + 16 y x 2 16
(x (x
2
16
)) ( y
+ 16 y 2 = 16 .
xy 0
xy 0
x2 16. y 2 + 16 = xy 2
.
2
2 2 2
2
x y
x 16 y + 16 =
x= y + 16
)(
2
1
1 2y x + x=
1 + 2x y2 y=
1
(
2(y
) , x,y .
(
)
+ 2)
2 x2 y2 + 2
2
x2
Li giai
2
ie u kien: 1 2y x 0,1 + 2x y 2 0, 2 x 2 y 2 2 .
Co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c
1 2y x 2 y + 1 + 1 + 2x y 2 + x 1
( )
( )
2 x y +2 + 2 y x +2
(1)
S du ng bat ang th c C-S ta co
2
2
2 y2 x2 + 2
1 2y x ( y + 1) 2 1 2y x + ( y + 1) =
2
2
1 + 2x y 2 + x 1 2 1 + 2x y 2 + x + 1 2=
( )
(
) 2 x y + 2
Co ng theo ve hai ba t a ng th c tren ta c:

VT
=
(1) VP(1) a ng th c xay ra.
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi:

x 1,y 1
2
1 2y x = y 1
1 2y x 2 = y 2 + 2y + 1 .
1 + 2x y 2 =x 1
2
2
1 + 2x y = x 2x + 1
447
x 1,y 1
x 1,y 1
2
2
.
x + y + 4y =
x
0 y =
2
2
2
2
4x 0
=
4y 0
x + y +
x + y =
x 1,y 1
x 1,y 1 x = 2
.
y =
x
y =
x
y = 2
2
x = 0
0
2x 4x =
x = 2

)
( 2; 2 ) .
x 8y 5 + y 8x=
5 4 24(x2 + y2 + 4)
, ( x,y )
2
2
11x 6xy + 3y = 12x 4y
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y
5
.
8

Nha n tha y s ph c ta p e n t phng trnh a u he va phng trnh th hai
cu a he la phng trnh ba c hai tong qua t kho ng phan tch c nghie m ne n ta
ch khai tha c c ie u kie n cu a x,y e phng trnh o co nghie m. Va y ie u
ca n la m la x ly phng trnh au cu a he v i hnh th c nh tre n ky thua t
a nh gia tho ng qua ba t ang th c c ba n c ngh e n a u tie n. Va y tr c
tie n d oa n nghiem cu a he de tha y ( x;y ) = (1;1) la nghiem.
S du ng bat ang th c AM- GM ta c
x 8y
=
5
3x.
8y 5
3x 8y 5
.1
=
+ 1
3
2 3
3
x ( 4y 1)
3
y 8x
=
5
8x 5
3y 8x 5
3y.
.1
=
+ 1
3
2 3
3
y ( 4x 1)
3
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi x= y= 1 .

Co ng theo ve hai ba t a ng th c tren va s du ng AM-GM ta c
x 8y 5 + y 8x 5
448
2
3
3
8xy x y )
(
2(x + y) x y .
3
3
Ma t kha c s du ng ba t a ng th c C-S ta co
4
2
2
1
24(x2 + y2 + 4) 4 24 ( x + y ) + 4 = 4 12 ( x + y ) + 96 .
2
Ta ch ng minh 4 12 ( x + y ) + 96
2
3
2(x + y) x y .
3
5
3 2
4
Tha t va y a t t =
x + y, t a ve ch ng minh 12t 2 + 96
2t t .
3
4
3t 5 5t 4 81t 3 81t 2 27t

( t 2) t7 +
+
+
+
+
+ 27 0 t 2 .
2
2
16
8
2
e ch ng minh bat ang th c tre n u ng ta ca n co t = x + y 2 .
Ta tm ie u kien na y t phng trnh th hai cu a he

11x2 6xy + 3y2 = 12x 4y
2
11x 2 6x ( t x ) + 3 ( t x ) = 12x 4 ( t x )
0
20x 2 (16 + 12t ) x + 3t 2 + 4t =
'x=
( 8 + 6t )
20 3t 2 + 4t 0
4
4
( t 2) t + 0 t 2
3
3
Do o ba t ang th c u ng.
V vay phng trnh a u cu a he tng ng v i dau ba ng xa y ra ta i mo i bat
a ng th c x = y = 1
Th lai va o phng trnh th hai cu a he thay thoa ma n.
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = (1;1)
Nhan xet. Ba ng s khe o le o a nh gia x + y 2 ta co l i gia i hoa n thie n cua

ba i toa n. Nhie u em co ky na ng ca n thie t x ly 1 phng trnh ba c hai da ng
to ng qua t tm ca ch cha n mie n gia tr cua x va y sau o suy ra mie n gia tr cu a
x+y.
Tuy nhie n khi a p dung cho ba i toa n nay ta co:
' = 9 y + 2 2 11 3y2 + 4y 0
( )
x
.
2
'y = ( 3x 2 ) 3 11x 2 12x 0
)
)
449
1 + 65
1 + 65
y
1 + 65 3 + 15 2 + 65 + 15
6
6
.
x+y
+
=
6
6
6
3 + 15
3 15
x
6
6
Nh va y a nh gia theo ca ch na y cha n tre n mong i cu a x + y khong nho

hn hoa c ba ng 2.
1 + x 2 3 + x + 2 ( y + 1)( y + 2 )= 2x2 + y2 + 3y + 3
3
84
26x + 4y + 17 x + 3 + 6 y + 1 =
1+ y

Ro ra ng moi lie n he gi a 2 bien cu a phng trnh th 2 kho ng cho phe p ta
a nh gia c ie u g. Nhn la i phng trnh a u cu a he ta hoan toa n ta ch
rie ng x va y ve mot ve va hy vong a ve mo t da ng ha m so a c trng.
(1 + x ) 3 + x + 2 ( y + 3y + 2) = 2x + ( y + 3y + 3) 1 + y
.
( x + 1) ( x + 3 2 )= ( y + 3y + 3) ( y + 1 2 ) (1)
( y + 3y + 3) ( y 3)
( x + 1) ( x 1) =
x+3 +2
Do
y +1 + 2
x 1
x +1
y + 3y + 3
y 3
.
> 0;
> 0 ne n ( x 1)( y 3) 0
x 1
x+3 +2
y +1 + 2
y 3
2
x 1
+ Neu
26x3 + 4y + 17 x + 3 + 6 y + 1 84 .
y
x = 1
.
y = 3
x 1
+ Ne u
26x3 + 4y + 17 x + 3 + 6 y + 1 84 .
y
450
x = 1
.
y = 3

Chu y. Trong (1) ta kho ng s dung ha m so c v kho ng a c ve ham
a c trng. Nhng ma u chot cu a ba i toa n la a nh gia phng trnh a u cu a he
ne n ngh ngay e n vie c nha n lie n h p e cha n mie n gia tr cua x va y. ie u
na y h p ly v phng trnh th 2 cu a he la mo t ham o ng bien cu a x hoa c
cu a y.
D i a y ta cu ng xe t mo t ba i toa n cu ng dang nhng x ly theo 1 h ng kha c.
x3 + y3 + x + y + 3 x + y =
11
, ( x,y ) .
xy x 2 + 3 + y + 2 + 2y =
0
Li giai
ie u kien: y 0,x + y 0 .
Nha n thay y = 0 kho ng la nghiem cu a he phng trnh.
V i y > 0 vie t la i phng trnh th hai cu a he di da ng:
2
2 1
+
+ .
y
y2 y
x x 2 + 3=
Ta co p=
2
2 1
+
+ 2, y ( 0;2 ; p 2, y ( 2; + ) .
y
y2 y
x < 0
Suy ra x < 0 va x x + 3 =p 2 2
x=
p2
x x + 3 =
2
4p2 + 9 3
.
2
Suy ra x 1, y ( 0;2 va x > 1, y ( 2; + ) .

+ TH1: Ne u y ( 0;2 ta co
x3 + y3 + x + y + 3 x + y 13 + 23 1 + 2 + 3 1 + 2 =
11 .
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi x =

1,y =
2.
+ TH2: Ne u y ( 2; + ) ta co
x3 + y3 + x + y + 3 x + y > 13 + 23 1 + 2 + 3 1 + 2 =
11
(he phng trnh vo nghiem).
( 1;2 ) .
451
Nhan xet. Nh d oa n tr c c nghie m ( x;y ) =
( 1;2 ) ta co the anh gia
t phng trnh th hai cua he . Ca ch hay du ng o la d a va o ham so e tm

gia tr bien no theo bien kia hoac rut bien no theo gia tr bien kia nh li giai tren.
2
y
1
8x + 2 1 2x = +

x 4xy , ( x,y ) .
4x= 4y + 3 2y
ie u kien: y > 0 t phng trnh a u cu a he ta co 0 < x
1
.
2

Ba i toa n na y cu ng tng t ba i toa n tren o la ta ch c rieng x va y.
Ta th c hie n anh gia phng trnh a u cu a he nh sau
2x 1 4x2 + 2 x 2 (1 2x ) =+
y
S du ng bat ang th c AM-GM ta co y +

a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi y =
Suy ra
1
1
2 y.
=
1.
4y
4y
1
.
2
2x 1 4x 2 + 2 x 2 (1 2x ) 1 .
2x (1 2x )
1 + 2x + 2x 1
2x (1 2x ) 1 + 2x 2x
2x (1 2x ) 1 + 4x 2 2x (1 + 2x )
4x2 + 2x 2 2x (1 + 2x ) + 1 0 .
2x (1 + 2x ) 1
0 2x (1 + 2x ) =
1.
1 5
x =
4
.
2x (1 + 2x ) = 1 4x 2 + 2x 1 = 0
1 + 5
x =
4
452
1
.
4y
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ta co x =
1 + 5
.
4
1 + 5 1
Th lai vi ( x;y ) =
; vao phng trnh th hai cua he thay thoa man.
4
2
1 + 5 1
; .
4
2
4x=
2
( x2 + 1 + 1)(x2 y3 + 3y 2)
, ( x,y ) .
2
2 2
2
(x + y ) + 1= x + 2y
Li giai
2 2
x 2 x 2 y3 + 3y 2
4x x + 1 1=
(x2 + y2 )2 + 1= x2 + 2y
+ TH1: Ne u x = 0 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c
y 4 2y + 1 =0 ( y 1) y3 + y 2 + y 1 =0 .
y = 1
1 + 3 17 + 3 33 + 3 17 3 33 .
y
=
+ TH2:
2
2
3
4 x + 1 1 = x y + 3y 2
2
2
3
Ne u 4 x + 1 1 = x y + 3y 2
.
(x2 + y2 )2 + 1= x2 + 2y
2
3
4 x + 1 1 = x y + 3y 2
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
(x + y )(x + y 1) = 2y y 1 = y 1
( )
1 x 1
.
T phng trnh th hai suy ra x2 + y2 1 0
1 y 1
Khi o bie n o i phng trnh au cua he tha nh

4 x2 + 1 1 x2 =
y3 + 3y 2 .
453
2
4
x2
1 =
( y 1) ( y + 2 ) .
2
x +1 +1
3 x2 + 1
2
=
x2
( y 1) ( y + 2 ) (1) .
x2 + 1 + 1
V i mo i x,y 1;1 VT(1) 0,VP(1) 0 .

x = 0
Do o (1) VT =
th la i va o phng trnh th hai cu a he
VP =
0
y = 1
tha y thoa ma n.
( x;y ) = ( 0;1); 0; 1 +
17 + 3 33 + 3 17 3 33
Nhan xet. Kha de da ng ta co tr ng h p x = 0 tuy nhie n e x ly tr ng hp

co n la i ba n o c ca n khe o le o bie n o i phng trnh th hai cua he e co ieu
kie n rang buo c x2 + y2 1 .
41
1
2
2 + 40x
9
x +
=
Bai 12. Tm nghiem dng cu a he phng trnh
.
2
2x + y
2
2
x + 5xy + 6y = 4y + 9x + 9
Li giai
S du ng bat ang th c C-S ta co :
9
41 2
1 9
x +
=
2
2x + y 2
(9
1 9
1
+ 12 x2 +
9x +
2x + y 2
2x + y
9
3
6
9 9x +
= 9x +
2
2x + y + 9
9 ( 2x + y ) 2
9
6
2
3 + 40x 9x +
3x 2x xy + 6y 0 (1)
2
2x + y + 9
Co ng theo ve ba t phng trnh (1) co phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
3x 2x2 xy + 6y + x 2 + 5xy + 6y 4y 2 + 9x + 9 .
2
( x 2y + 3) 0 x = 2y 3 .
454
x 2y 3
=
x = 3
V vay tat ca ca c da u ba ng xa y ra 2x + y= 9
.
y=3
x
1
=
9
2x + y
xy + 1
x+y4
0
+
=
Bai 13. Gia i he phng trnh x + y 1 x + y xy

.
4 x + y xy + 4 x + y 1= x + y
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0,y 0,x + y > 1,x + y > xy .
T phng trnh th nhat cu a he suy ra he phng trnh co nghiem khi
x+y4<0.
2
x2 y2 xy ( x + y ) + xy ( x + y ) + 4 ( x + y ) 4
( x + y 1)( x + y xy )
=0.
x2 y2 xy ( x + y ) + xy ( x + y ) + 4 ( x + y ) 4 =
0.
2
xy ( xy x y + 1) ( x + y 2 ) =
0.
2
TH1: Ne u xy x y + 1 < 0 suy ra xy ( xy x y + 1) ( x + y 2 ) 0 .

x = 0
xy = 0
y = 2
Dau bang xay ra khi va ch khi

2
x = 2
x + y =
y = 0
TH2: Ne u xy x y + 1 0 khi o ta co:

x+y 2
(
)
2
xy ( xy x y + 1) ( x + y 2 ) xy
x y + 1 ( x + y 2 )
2
1
=
xy 4 )( x + y 2 )
(
4
2
455
x + y =
2
2
Suy ra ( xy 4 )( x + y 2 ) 0
.
xy 4
(x + y)
Ma t kha c: xy
<
42
2
=
4 ne n x + y =
4
(x + y)
Khi o : xy 2 + 1 0 xy 1 xy
x =y x =y =1 .

x2 + 2x 2 = y 2 4y 2
.
y 6x + 11= 10 4x 2x 2
Li giai
ie u kien : 10 4x 2x2 0, y 2 4y 2 0 .
S dng bt
ng thc AM-GM ta co:
2
x + 2x 2 = y 4y 2
2x2 + y2 + 4x + 4y 3 0
y 6x + 11=
10 4 2x =
1 + y 2 4y 2
2
(1)
4 10 4x 2x2
2
) 4 + 10 4x 2x
4
2
x 10x + 2y + 15 0 (2)
Co ng theo ve hai ba t a ng th c (1) va (2) ta c :

x = 1
2
2
.
3x2 + y2 6x + 6y + 12 0 3 ( x 1) + ( y + 3) 0
y = 3

)
(1; 3) .
Nhan xet. T hai ba i toa n tre n ta ca n tinh y ke t h p hai phng trnh cu a he

trong qua trnh a nh gia , tho ng th ng la ca c phe p co ng va tr theo ve hai
phng trnh cua he .
( x + 6y + 3) xy + 3y= y ( 3x + 8y + 9 )

x2 + 8x 24y + 417 = ( y + 3) y 1 + 3y + 17
456
Li giai
ie u kien: y 1,x 3, x2 + 8x 24y + 417 0 .
( x + 3 + 6y ) y ( x + 3)= 3 ( x + 3) y + 8y2
x+3
x+3
x+3
+ 6
= 3.
+8
y
y
y
x+3
= 2 x + 3 = 4y x = 4y 3 .
y
Thay =
4
( y + 4 )( 6 y ) = ( y + 3)
y 1 + 3y + 17 (1) .
4 ( y + 4 )( 6 y ) 2 ( y + 4 + 6 y ) =
20
Ta co :
.
20
( y + 3) y 1 + 3y + 17 3y + 17 3.1 + 17 =
4 + y = 6 y
Do o (1)
y =1 x =1 .
y = 1

Cach 2: e y mo t chu t nha n thay phng trnh (1) co ve tra i la ham nghch
bie n va ve pha i la ha m ong bie n tren 1; + ) t o suy ra (1) co nghie m duy

nha t y = 1 .
y 2 + 1 y =
2
1
2x + 4x + 1

, ( x,y 0 ) .
1
1
1
3
+
+
=
1 + 3x 1 + 2y 1 + 5x 1 + 4x
Li giai
2x + 4x 2 + 1 = y + y 2 + 1 y = 2x .

1
1 + 3x
1
1 + 4x
3
=.
1 + 5x 1 + 4x
457
Ma t kha c theo ba t a ng th c Holder ta co :
1
1 + 3x
1
1 + 4x
1
1 + 5x
3
3
1 + 3x.4x.5x
3
=.
x
3
1 + 64x 1 + 4
x
x
3=
4=
5x
x =0y =0.
x
x
60 = 64

4x2 + y2
4x2 + 2xy + y2
+
=
2x + y (1)
2
3
x xy + 5x + 3= 2xy 5x 3 (2)
Phan tch li giai: Ta kho ng x ly c g t phng trnh (2) quay lai

phng trnh (1) th ro ra ng a y la phng trnh o ng ba c ta co the at
y = tx hoa c a nh gia bat a ng th c nh sau
Li giai
ie u kien xy + 5x + 3 0 . Khi o ieu kie n e phng trnh co nghiem la
2x + y 0 .
S du ng bat ang th c Bunhiacopski va bat ang th c Co si ta c:

4x2 + y2
( 2x + y )
2.2
2x + y
(3)
=
2
2
2 2x + y
2x + y )
(
2
2
( 2x + y ) 2xy
4x + 2xy + y
2x + y
2 =
=
3
3
3
2
2
Co ng theo ve cu a (3) va (4) ta c:

4x2 + y2
4x2 + 2xy + y2
+
2x + y .
2
3
Do o (1) ca c da u ba ng ba t a ng th c (3),(4) xay ra y =

2x .
Thay vao (2) ta c:
x 2x 2 + 5x + 3= 4x 2 5x 3 (5) .
Nham c nghiem x 0 = 3 e n a y co ca c h ng x ly sau:
458
(4)
Hng 1: Bie n o i tng ng
e y la y + 2x = 4x 0 nhng do x = 0 khong thoa man he nen x > 0 . Do o:
x > 0
(5) 4x2 5x 3 0
.
2
x 2 2x 2 + 5x + 3= 4x 2 ( 5x + 3)
5 + 73
x
.
4
3
2
0
14x 45x 2x + 30x + 9 =
5 + 73
x
8
x=
3.
( x 3) 14x3 3x2 11x + 3 =
0
Do vi mo i x
5 + 73
th f(x)
= 14x3 3x2 11x + 3 > 0 .
8
Suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 3;6 ) .

Hng 2: Nha n lien hp
(5) x 2x 2 + 5x + 3 6 = 4x2 5x 21 .
x ( x 3)( 2x + 11)
2x2 + 5x + 3 + 6
x = 3
x ( 2x + 11)=
V i mo i x
( 4x + 7)
=
( x 3)( 4x + 7) .
( 4x + 7)
.
2x 2 + 5x + 3 + 6 (6)
5 + 73
th:
8
2
2x2 + 5x + 3 + 6 > ( 4x + 7 ) 2 ( x + 1) + x + 1 + 6
> ( 4x + 7 )( x + 1 + 6 ) = ( 4x + 7 )( x + 7 ) > x ( 2x + 11)
Ne n phng trnh (6) vo nghie m va ta co ke t qua tng t tre n.

459
Bai 18. (VMO 2013) Gia i he phng trnh:
1
1
20x
2
2
sin x + 2 + sin y + 2 =
x+y
sin x
sin y
1
1
20y
2
+ cos2 y +
=
cos x +
2
2
x+y
cos x
cos y
Li giai
ie u kien: x
k
l
x
y
,y , ( k,l ) ;
0;
0;x + y 0 .
2
2
x+y
x+y

sin2 x +
1
2
sin x
+ cos2 x +
1
2
cos x
+ sin 2 y +
1
sin2 y
+ cos2 y +
1
cos2 y
20x
20y
+
x+y
x+y
S du ng bat ang th c Mincopski ta co :

sin 2 x +
1
sin 2 x
+ cos2 x +
1
cos2 x
sin2 y +
( sin x + cos x ) + sin1 x + cos1 x
( sin 2x 1) ( sin2 2x 8sin 2x + 4 )
(1 + sin 2x ) 1 + 42 =
sin 2x
Tng t ta co :
sin 2 2x
1
2
sin y
+ cos2 y +
1
cos2 y
x=
sin 2x = 1
=
sin 2y 1 y =
Ma t kha c:
+ k
4
.
+ l
4
20x
20x
20y
20y
+
2
+
2 10 .
=
x+y
x+y
x+y x+y
x
y
=
=
x y.
x+y x+y
Va y nghie m cu a he phng trnh la x = y =
460
10 .
+ k,k .
4
+ 10 10 .
3 + 2x2 y x 4 y2 + x2 1 2x2 =
y4
1 + x2 + y2 2xy + 1 + x2 x 4 2x2 2xy2 + 1 =

0
Li giai
ie u kien: 3 + 2x2 y x 4 y2 0 .
2
0
(1)
4 x 2 y 1 + x2 2x 4 y 4 =
6
4
3 2
2
0
( x y ) + 1 + x 2x 2x y + x + 1 =
.
(2)
4 x2 y 1
2
4 x 2 y 1
Ta co :
+ 3 2 2
1
1 x y
(x y)
(x y)
2
+ 1 = 1 + x3 y 2
).
2
+1 4 1 =
1
.
x3 = y 2
Do o dau ba ng xa y ra x = y x = y = 1 (th lai tha y tho a man).

2
x y = 1

2
1
1 3 3x
x 2 ( x 3) + xy + y x =
2 .
2
2
1
x2 xy + y2
x + x + 1 y y +=
Li giai
ie u kien: x 3 .
y2 y + 1 + x2 xy + y2=
x2 + x + 1 .
461
2
Ta co : VT =
2
2
1
3
1 3
y
x
y
x
+
+
+
2 2
2
2
3
1 1
3
x =
y + x y +
+
2 2
2
3
1
x y=

2
2
x2 + x + 1
= VP .
31
x+y 0.
x y xy =
2 2
Thay vao phng trnh au cu a he ta c: x2 2 ( x 3) =

1
3x
1
.
2
Nhan xet: Phng trnh vo ty na y ra t ep ma t ca hnh th c va ca i e p

1
tuy nhien e x ly no kho ng n gia n.
nghiem duy nha t x =+
1 32+
3
2
Ta co : x2 2 ( x 3) 1=
2x 2 ( x 3) 2 =
3x
1
2
2x 2 ( x 3) =
2
x
2
24 4
+3
2
x
x 2 x3
4 ( 2x
)=
4 2x3 6x2 1
2x 2 ( x 3) + 2
24
x
4
x3
6x2 1
2
24 4
2 24 4
2
3 2 3 + 2 3 2 3 + 2
x
x x
x
x
x
1
4 2x3 6x2 1
+
2x 2 ( x 3) + 2
24 4
3 2 3
x x
2x3 6x2 1 = 0 ( x 1) 3 ( x 1)
1
=
0
2
2 24 4 2 2
+ 2 3 2 3 + 2
x x x x
5
= 0.
2
1
1
.
( x 1) 3 ( x 1)= 3 2 +
3 3 2 +
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
f ( x 1) = f 3 2 +
x 1 = 3 2 +
x =1+ 3 2 +
3
3
3
2
2
2
462
(v i f(t)= t 3 3t o ng bie n tren 1; + ) .
1
1+ 3 2 +
3
1
2
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t: ( x;y ) = 1 + 3 2 +
;
3
1
2 2+ 3 2 +
3
2
Cach 2:
u
=
a t
v
=
2 ( x 3)
3
3x
1
2
u2 + 6
x =
3 u2 + 6= 2v3 + 1 2v3 3u2 17= 0

3
2v + 1
x = 6
u +6
Phng trnh a cho tr tha nh:
2v3 3u2 17 =
0
2
u 1 = v u2 + 6
v
u 1 =
2
2
u +6
Ta co phng trnh: 2
0.
u 1 3u2 17 =
2
)(
u3 + 6u 2 u12 + 30u10 + 2u9 + 360u8 + 36u7 + 2164u6
+ 216u5 + 6528u4 + 440u3 + 7968u2 + 48u + 304 =

0
u3 + 6u 2 =
0.
=
u
2 1 2(x =
3)
x =1 + 3 2 +
1
3
1+ 3 2 +
y=
2+ 3 2 +
2 1
1
3
2 .
1
e re n luye n cho ky na ng giai phng trnh vo ty ba ng ky thua t nhan lien

h p m i ban o c x ly phng trnh sau x 2 3 ( x 3) 5x + 4 = 5x 2 4 .
3
463
x2 2x + 2 + 4 y 2 2y + 2 =
2
.
4 x + y + 3 =
3
Li gii
x = 1
2
2
( x 1) + 1 + 4 ( y 1) + 1 =2 y = 1 (thay vao phng trnh th hai cua
he tha y tho a ma n).

7 16 y 2 = x 1 x + 6
( )( ) .

2
2
( x + 2 ) + 2 ( y 4 ) =
9
Li giai
x 1
.
T phng trnh a u cu a he suy ra ( x 1)( x + 6 ) 0
x 6
2
Tu phng trnh th hai cua he suy ra ( x + 2 ) 9 5 x 1 .

16 y2 =
0
V vay x =1
y =4 .
2
0
( y 4 ) =

x2 y2 36xy + 324 =
12 x2

.
1
xy= 9 + y 2
3
Li giai
2
Ta co 12 x 0 x 2 3 .
T phng trnh th hai cua he ta co:
y2
xy =
9+
2 3 y xy xy 2 3 y x 2 3 .
3
x =
2 3 x =
2 3,y =
3 3
Va y x =
.
2 3
x 2 3 =
x 2=
=
3,y 3 3
464
)(

2 3; 3 3 ; 2 3;3 3 .
x + 4 32 x = y2 3
.
4
6y + 24
x + 32 x =
Li giai
Co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c :
x + 32 x + 4 x + 4 32 x =y2 6y + 21 .
2
x + 32 x + 4 x + 4 32 x =
( y 3) + 12 .
x + 32 x
Ta co :
4 x + 4 32 x
8
(1 + 1)( x + 32 x ) =
.
(1 + 1) ( x + 32 x ) 4
Suy ra: x + 32 x + 4 x + 4 32 x 12 .
2
Ma t kha c ( y 3) + 12 12 .
x =
x =
32 x
16
Da u ba ng xay ra
.
=
y 3=
y 3

x3 y = 1
.
4
3x + y =
Li giai
xy > 0
x > 0
He phng trnh co nghiem khi
.
3x + y > 0
y > 0
Ta co : 3x + y = x + x + x + y 2x + 2 xy 4 4 x3 y = 4 .
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi x= y= 1 .
x2 + y2 =
1
.
2
2
2
16
x 9 2x + y + 1 x =
Li giai
T he phng trnh suy ra 0 x 1, 1 y 1 .
465
Thay y2 = 1 x 2 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
x 9 1 + x 2 + 13 1 x 2 =
16 .
Ta co :
3
13
x 9 1 + x2 + 13 1 =
x 2
.3x.2 1 + x 2 + .x.2 1 x 2
2
2
3
13 2
9x2 + 4 1 + x2 +
x + 4 1 x2
4
4
))
16
)) =
=
2
2
1
3x 2 1 + x
.
Da u ba ng xay ra
x= y=
5
5
x 2 1 x2
=

=
) 2 ; 1 ; 2 ; 1 .
5 5 5
5
3 1 + 2x 2 + 2 40 + 9y2 =
5 11

13
x + 6y =
3
Li giai
1
2
( 2x + 3) , x
1 + 2x
11
Ta co :
40 + 9y2 1 (18y + 10 ) , y
11
3 1 + 2x 2 + 2 40 + 9y2
Da u ba ng xay ra x=
1
11
5 11 .
( 6x + 36y + 29 ) =
1
2
.
,y=
3
3
x + y + 2 x2 + y2 = 2xy + 4

.
2
2
x 3x + 6xy + y 3y + 6xy =
6
Li giai
T phng trnh a u cu a he ta co :
2xy + 4=
466
x + y + 2 x2 + y2 2 4 xy + 4xy 2 4 xy + xy xy 1 .
Ma t kha c t phng trnh th hai cu a he ta co:
6 = x 3x2 + 6xy + y 3y2 + 6xy
9x2 + 3x2 + 6xy 9y2 + 3y2 + 6xy

+
= 2 x2 + y2 + 2xy
6
6
La i co : 2 x2 + y2 + 2xy= 4xy + 4
x + y 4.1 + 4 2= 6 .
xy 1=
x 1
=
.
Do o dau ba ng xa y ra
=
x y=
y 1

2013
2xy
+
=
x 2 + y2013
x
2014 2
x 2x + 22014 + 1
.
2xy
y 2013 +
=
y 2 + x 2013
2014 2
y 2y + 22014 + 1
Li giai
2xy
2xy
+
=
x2 + y2 .
2014 2
2014
2014
2014 2
x 2x + 2
+1
y 2y + 2
+1
Ma t kha c:
2 xy
2 xy
2xy
2xy
2 xy
+
+
=
2014 2
2014 2014
2014 2014
x 2x + 22014 + 1 2014 y2 2y + 22014 + 1
2
2
2
2
x + y 2 xy

1
2
2
5 x + 5 2 =3 + y
x
.
1
x + x = 2 ( 3 2y )
Li giai
Nha n them 2 va o hai ve cu a phng trnh th nha t sau o cong theo ve vi
phng trnh th hai, ta c:
2 5 x2 + x +
1
1
+ 2 5 = 2y2 4y + 12 .
x
x2
467
S du ng bat ang th c cauchy-shar ta co
(
(
)( x + 5 x ) =5
VT 10 .
1
1
) x + 5 x =5
2
2
2
x + 2 5 x 1 + 2
1 + 2 5 1 12 + 22
x
x2
Ma t kha c la i co VP = 2y2 4y + 12 = 2 ( y 1) + 10 10 .
y = 1
Va y VT= VP= 0
.
x = 1

x
2 xy
y
+
=
y +1 x +1
xy + 1
.
5 + 3 =
4
x 1
y 1
Li giai
ie u kien : x > 1,y > 1 .
Ta co :
x
y
x + y +1 x + y +1
+
=
+
2=
y +1 x +1
y +1
x +1
( x + y + 1) x 1+ 1 + y 1+ 1 2 .
) 1 + 2 xy 2 =2xyxy+ 1
2 xy + 1 .
Da u ba ng xa y ra khi va ch khi x = y . Thay y = x va o phng trnh th hai

cu a he tm c nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 5;5) .
x2 + y2 =
1
2013
=
x 2013
y
2015 y
2015 x ( x + y + xy + 2014 )
Li giai
T phng trnh a u cu a he suy ra 1 x 1 .
Ta co : x + y + xy + 2014 = ( x + 1)( y + 1) + 2013 2013 > 0 .

Do o phng trnh th hai suy ra x = y .
468
1
1
Thay vao phng trnh au cu a he ta c : x =
y=
,x =
y =.
2
2
1
1 1 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x;y ) =
;
;
;
.
2
2 2 2
4x3 + 3xy2 =
7y
.
3
2
7
y + 6x y =
Li giai
T phng trnh th hai cua he , ta co :
y3 + 6x2 y = 7 y y2 + 6x2 = 7 y > 0 .
Khi o t phng trnh th nha t ta suy ra x > 0 . Va y x,y > 0 .

( x y ) ( 4x2 2xy + y2 ) = 7 ( y 1) (*)
Xe t phng trnh (*).

TH1 : V i 0 < y < 1 th VP < 0 VT < 0 x < y 0 < x < y < 1 , t o ta
suy ra y3 + 6x2 y < 7 , he vo nghie m.
TH2 : V i y > 1 7 ( y 1) > 0 VP > 0 VT > 0 x > y > 1 , t o suy ra
y3 + 6x2 y > 7 , he vo nghie m.
Va y v i y = 1 , ta co nghiem x = 1 .
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x,y ) = (1,1) .
y3 + x2 = 64 x2 y
.
3
y + 6= x2 + 3
Li giai
y3 + x2 = 64 x2 y
y3 + x2 8 x = 0
Ta co :
(thoa ma n).
3
y = 2
y + 6= x2 + 2 8 y 2
469
x+2 y =
1

1
1.
=
x
2
6
4x + y
Li giai
ie u kien: 2 x 0,y 0,4x + y2 > 0 .
V y = 0 kho ng tho a ma n he phng trnh ne n y > 0 suy ra
x + 2= y + 1 > 1
3 7 33
x >
.
1
1
1
1 = 1 +
2
<
+
x 6
4x
4x + y2 6
y > 0
TH1: Ne u y < x 1
3 7 33
x >
1
1
1
1
1
Suy ra:
x>2
<
<
2
x
4x + y2 x x + 1 6
x + 2= y + 1 < x 1 + 1
(he vo nghie m).

TH2: Ne u y > x 1 th c hie n tng t ta co he vo nghiem.
TH3: Ne u y= x 1 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he suy ra
x = 2 y =1 .

2 x 4 y 1 =
2
.
x + 12x + y 2 =
19
Li giai
2 x 4 4=
y 1 2
2 ( x 8)
2 x4 +4
y5
y 1 + 2
( x 8)( y 5) 0 .
Ne u x > 8,y > 5 x + 12x + y 2 > 19 he phng trnh vo nghiem.

Ne u x < 8,y < 5 x + 12x + y2 < 19 he phng trnh vo nghiem.
Ne u=
x 8,y
= 5 he phng trnh tho a ma n.
470
=
u
Nhan xet:He tren hoa n toa n gia i c ba ng phe p at a n phu
v
=
x4
y 1
x2 y + y =
2x
.
2
y x = 2 (1 x )
Li giai
2x
y =
1 + x2
y 4 = x 1 2 + 1
( )
T phng trnh th nha t cu a he suy ra 1 y 1 y 4 ( x 1) + 1 .

Da u ba ng xay ra x = 1,y = 1 .
) (
4 4
2 2
( 5 x ) 1 + x y =1 + x y
x2 y2 + x2 + x + y2 =
4
Li giai
5 x=
( x + 1)( y + 1) thay vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:

( x + 1)( y + 1)( x y + 1) = (1 + x y ) .
2
4 4
2 2
Ma t kha c theo ba t a ng th c Holder ta co :
( x + 1)( y + 1)( x y + 1) 1 +
2
4 4
x2 y2 x 4 y 4 = 1 + x2 y2
).
3
Da u ba ng xa y ra x2 = y2 = 1 th la i va o phng trnh th hai cua he suy ra
( x;y=) (1; 1) ; (1;1) .

x 1 y 2 + y 1 x 2 =
1
.
3x2 xy2 + 4x =
1
471
Li giai
(x
Ta co x 1 y 2 + y 1 x 2
)(
+ 1 x2 1 y2 + y2 =
1.
2
Da u ba ng xay ra x2 + y=
1, ( x,y 0 ) .
Khi o thay vao phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

3
( 2 1) .
2 1;1 ( 2 1) .
x3 + 3x2 + 3x 1 = 0 ( x + 1) = 2 x = 3 2 1 y = 1
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y )= 3
x 1 2 y + x y 1 =
)
( ) 0
(
.
y
1
4y
x + xy + =
x
x
Li giai
ie u kien: x > 0,y 0 .
y
1
y
1
Ta co : x + xy + 2 x. .2 xy. =
4y .
x
x
x
x
y
x=
x x = 1 .
Da u ba ng xay ra
y = 1
xy = 1
Th lai va o phng trnh a u cua he tha y tho a ma n.
2
2
+ 1 2y ( 2x + 1)
x 1 =
.
x2 y2 =
3
Li giai
2
2
2
2
1 4xy + 2y
1 4xy + 2y
x 1 +=
y + 2 +=
.
2
2
2
x2 =
y +3
y +3
x =
472
Ta co : 4xy + 2y x 2 + 4y 2 + 2y = 5y 2 + 2y + 3
y2 + 2
+ 1 5y2 + 2y + 3 y 4 y 2 2y + 2 0
( y 1) y + 2y + 2 0 y =1 x =2
2

2 y2 + x + y + 3= 3 y + x + 2
.
y3 + y2 3y 5 = 3x 3 x + 2
Li giai
Ta co :
x+2 +3 y
(1 + 3)( x + 2 + 3y=)
2 x + 3y + 2 2 y2 + x + y + 3 .
x+2
3y
=
x = 1
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi 1
.
3
y =1
2
x + 3y + 2 = y + x + y + 3
Th lai tha y tho a ma n phng trnh th hai.
( 1;1) .
2
x2 + y
2
+ 2y + x =
8
.
x + y =
2
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 0 .
1
x+ y =
2
x + y
2
Ta co :
x2 + y2 + x + y 4 .
2
1
x2 + y2 ( x + y ) 2
Suy ra: 2x
2 +y
+ 2y
2 +x
2 2x
2 + y2 + x + y
2 24 =
8.

473
x9 18y 27x 29
3
x y 1 = 2x + x2 + x 2
3
3
+ 7 6 3 4 ( x y + 1)
x x + 2xy 2x + 2 + ( y 2 ) =
Li giai
x 1
ie u kien: x y 1 0,
.
x 2

x 4 + 2x 2 y 2x2 + 2x + y 2 4y + 11
= 6 3 4 ( x y + 1) .
(
(x
+ 9 6 4 ( x y + 1) .
) 2 ( x + y ) + 2 ( x y + 1)=
+ y 1) + 2 ( x y + 1)=
+ 8 6 4 ( x y + 1) .
x2 + y
2
Ma t kha c:
x2 + y 1 + 2 ( x y + 1) + 8 2 ( x y + 1) + 8
= 2 ( x y + 1) + 2 + 2
2.3 3
2.2. ( x y + 1=
)
63
4 ( x y + 1)
=
x 1,y
= 0
x2 + y 1 =
0
Da u ba ng xay ra
.
2,y =
3
2
x =
x y + 1 =
Th lai ch co nghiem ( x;y ) =( 2; 3) thoa ma n.

Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) =( 2; 3) .
1 1
x + y + + = 2 1 2x + 1 + 2y
x y
.
2
2
0
x + y 7xy + 1 =
Li giai
1 1
ie u kien: 0 x , y 0 .
2 2
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he suy ra x +
474
1
1
2 1 2x + y + 2 1 + 2y =
0.
x
y
x2 2x 1 2x + 1 2x y2 2y 1 + 2y + 1 + 2y
+
=
0.
x
y
1
x 1 2x
x
1
y
1 + 2y y
=
0 (1) .
Ma t kha c t phng trnh th hai cu a he ta co:

7xy = x 2 + y 2 + 1 > 0 xy > 0 .
x
=
Do o (1)
y
=
x =1 + 2
.
1 + 2y
y = 1 + 2
1 2x
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = 1 + 2;1 + 2 .
9 + 8x2 y x 4 y=
2
y3 16y3 3x2 + y

.
2
2
3
2
16 + ( x 2y
=
) x 5y x + y 1
Li giai
2
25 x 2 y 4 = 16y 6 3x 2 y3 + y
4
2 3
16 + ( x 2y ) = x + 5x y + y 1
(1)
(2)
25 x 2 y 4
16 + ( x 2y ) =
4y3 x
+1.
2
2
1
25 x 2 y 4 16 + ( x 2y ) 25 16 =
Ta co :
.
3 2+
1 1
4y x
x2 y = 4
Do o dau ba ng xa y ra x =
2y he na y vo nghie m.
3
4y = x
475
y6 + y3 + 2x2 = xy x2 y2
3
1
8xy + 2y3 + = 4x 4 + 3x2 + x + 2 4x2 4xy + y2 + 1
2
Li giai
ie u kien: 0 xy 1 .
Ta co :
xy x 2 y2 =
1
1
1
xy 2y 6 + 2y3 + 4x2 1 .
4
2
2
1
8xy3 + 2y3 + = 4x 4 + 3x2 + x + 2 4x 2 4xy + y 2 + 1 4x 4 + 3x 2 + x + 2
2
6
3
2y + 2y + 4x2 1
1
4
2
3
3
4x + 3x + x + 2 8xy + 2y +
2
Co ng theo ve hai ba t a ng th c tren suy ra:
y3 = 2x
2
2
2
1
1
1
x =
2 y3 2x + 2x2 + x + 0 2x2 =
2 (thoa ma n)
2
2
2
y = 1
x = 2
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ; 1 .

2
5
2 2
4 2
2 4
4 + x y + 4x y + 4x y = xy (1 xy ) + 2
.
5 xy 2 2xy ( x + y ) = x + y 2 x2 + y2
2
Li giai
xy + 1 xy
5
+2=
xy (1 xy ) + 2
2
2
Ta co :
.
2
2
x + y 2 x + y 0
5
5
2 2
4 2
2 4
4 + x y + 4x y + 4x y 2
.
Suy ra:
5 xy 2 2xy ( x + y ) 0
2
476
1
xy =
2
2
x =
1 2
1 2
1
1
2
+ 2y x
0 2x y =
xy + 2x y
2
2
2
2
y =
1
2
2xy =
1
2
1
2
1 1
;
.
2 2

2
8y x + 1 x + ( y 1) =
12x + 1 + 7
2 x + y xy =
4y y x x
x 1 + y 2
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x 1,y 2,1 x + ( y 1) 0 .

)(
x y x + 3 xy + 4y = 0 x = y .

8x2 + 8x
( x 1)( x 2 )=
12x + 1 + 7
x 1 + x 2 .
e gia i phng trnh na y ta co hai ca ch x ly nh sau:

8x ( x 1)( x 2 ) 7 x 2
8x2 + 8x ( x 1)( x 2 ) 12x + 1 + 7
8x2 12x 1 7 x 1 0
x 1 + x 2
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi x = 2 .

Cach 2: a t u=
x 1 + x 2 2 1 + 2 2= 1
( x 1)( x 2 ) .
( x 1)( x 2 ) 12x 1 7 (
u2 = 2x 3 + 2
Suy ra: 8x2 + 8x
x 1 + x 2
= 8x2 + 4x u2 2x + 3 12x 1 7u = 4xu2 7u 1 8u2 7u 1 = ( u 1)( 8u + 1) 0

477
x = 2
x=
2.
u = 1
2x + 1 2y + 1 = y x

.
2
16x 2 y=
+ 5 6 3 4x2 y + x
Li giai
1
khi o he tng ng vi:
2
ie u kien x,y
2(x y)
2
( x y )
+ 1
= yx
2x + 1 + 2y + 1
2x + 1 + 2y + 1 .
2 2
2
+ 5 6 3 4x2 y + x
+ 5 6 3 4x2 y + x
16x y=
16x2 y=
x = y
3
4
+ 5 6 4x3 + x
16x =
T ay suy ra x,y > 0

Ta co
4x3=
+x
) (
3
+ 5 ( 4x + 4x + 3) 2 ( 2x + 2x + 1) ( 2x 1)
2
13
3
3
4x 4x2 + 1 .2 4x + 4x 2 + 1 +
=
2
4x 2 + 4x + 3
2
2
2
T o suy ra : 16x5
Th lai tha y x =
0 x =
1
tho a ma n phng trnh tre n
2
1 1
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ; .
2 2
x2 8y2= 2xy (1 2y )
.
4y2 + 4y + 1
x3 + 4x =+
1
3
Li giai
T phng trnh th hai cua he suy ra x3 + 4x > 0 x > 0 .
( x 2y ) ( x + 4y2=)
Thay y =
478
x>0
0
=
x 2y .
x
va o phng trnh th hai ta c: 3 x3 + 4x = x2 + 2x + 4 .
2
1
2
Ta co : 3 =
x3 + 4x 3 2x.
x2 + 4 3
x2 + 4
2x +
x2 + 2x + 4 .
2
2
2
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi x = 2 y = 1 .

( x + y 1) x + y 1 + 6x + 2y =
20
.
18
( 3x + y 2 ) 3x + y 2 + 2x + 2y =
Li giai
x + y 1 0
ie u kien
.
3x + 2y 1 0
Khi o he phng trnh tng ng v i

( x + y 1) x + y 1 + 2 ( 3x + y 2 ) =
16
(1)
16
( 3x + y 2 ) 3x + y 2 + 2 ( x + y 1) =
Tr theo ve hai phng trnh tre n ta c
( x + y 1) x + y 1 2 ( x + y 1) ( 3x + y 2 )
( x + y 1) ( x + y 1 2 ) + ( 3x + y 2 ) ( 2
3x + y 2 + 2 ( 3x + y 2 ) =
0
3x + y 2 =
0 (*)
T (*) ta co nha n xe t sau :

Ne u x + y 1 4 th t (*) suy ra 3x + 2y 2 4
Ne u x + y 1 4 th t (*) suy ra 3x + 2y 2 4
x + y 1 4
3x + y 2 4
Nh va y he co nghiem khi
x + y 1 4
3x + y 2 4
T ay ket h p v i he (1) ta suy ra he tng ng v i:
1
x =
x + y 1 =
4
2.
=
3x
y
2
4
y = 9
2
1 9
2 2
479
xy + 1
x+y4
0
x + y 1 + x + y xy =
.
x + y 1 + x + y xy= 2x 2 + 3y 2 3
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0,y 0,x + y > 1,x + y > xy .
T phng trnh th nhat cu a he suy ra he phng trnh co nghiem khi
x+y4<0.
2
x2 y2 xy ( x + y ) + xy ( x + y ) + 4 ( x + y ) 4
( x + y 1)( x + y xy )
=0.
x2 y2 xy ( x + y ) + xy ( x + y ) + 4 ( x + y ) 4 =
0.
2
xy ( xy x y + 1) ( x + y 2 ) =
0.
2
TH1: Ne u xy x y + 1 < 0 suy ra xy ( xy x y + 1) ( x + y 2 ) 0 .

x = 0
xy = 0
y = 2
Dau bang xay ra khi va ch khi

2
x = 2
x + y =
y = 0
TH2: Ne u xy x y + 1 0 khi o ta co:

x+y 2
(
)
2
xy ( xy x y + 1) ( x + y 2 ) xy
x y + 1 ( x + y 2 )
2
1
=
xy 4 )( x + y 2 )
(
4
2
x + y =
2
2
.
Suy ra ( xy 4 )( x + y 2 ) 0
xy 4
(x + y)
Ma t kha c xy
4
<
42
2
=
4 ne n x + y =
4
(x + y)
Khi o : xy 2 + 1 0 xy 1 xy
4
480
x =y x =y =1 .

27y3 3x2 + 9y =
1

x2
.
4
+
=
+ y2
x
3y
72
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 0 .
x + 3y
x2
2
4 ( x + 3y ) 4 (1 + 1) x2 + 9y2= 72
+ y2
9
x2
x + 3y 4 72
+ y2 .
9
3y x= 3y .
x=
Thay x = 3y va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:

3
1
27y3 27y2 + 9y =1 ( 3y 1) = 0 y = x =1 .
3
1
3

x2 + y2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 =
0
4
4
4
2
8 ( xy + 7 ) x 2 + 2xy + 4y 2 14
17 x + y 14y + 49 ( x + 2y ) =
Li giai
x2 + y2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 =
0
2
4
2
2
2
17 x + y 7 = x + 4y 28
) (
) (
Ta co : 17 x 4 + y 2 7 1.x 2 + 4 y 2 7
)) (
2
= x 2 + 4y 2 28 .
481
x2 y2 7
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi =
4x2 y2 =
+7 0.
1
4
4x2 y 2 + 7 =
0
.
2
2
0
x + y + xy 3x 4y + 4 =
4
7
T phng trnh th hai cua he suy ra x 0; ,y 1;
3
3
(Xem the m ky thuat s dung ie u kie n co nghiem cua he phng trnh).

2
7
Do o: 4x y + 7 + 7 > 0 ne n he phng trnh a cho vo nghiem.
3
2
3
x + 2x y + 3x 2y =
2
.
125
2
2
( x + 1) 6x + 2y 7xy + 5x 3y + 1 =
64
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0,3x 2y 0 .
e y mo t chu t ta nha n ra:
1)
( x + 1) ( 6x2 + 2y2 7xy + 5x 3y +=
)(
((
x)2 + 1
)(
)(
Ta co ba t a ng th c: a2 + 1 b2 + 1 c2 + 1
2x y
+ 1
3x 2y
+ 1
125
3
, a,b,c 0,a + b + c = .
4
2
Ch ng minh ba t a ng th c na y ta xe t ha m so :
3
4
f(t)
= ln t 2 + 1 t,t 0;
5
2
Suy ra:
)
( ) (
125
.
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c )
64
) (
5 2
5 6
125
ln t 2 + 1 ln ln 1 + a2 + ln 1 + b2 + ln 1 + c2 3ln =
ln
4 5
4 5
64
2
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi a= b= c=
482
1
.
2
A p dung va o ba i toan ta co :
x = 2x y = 3x 2y =
1
1
x=y= .
2
4
1 1
4 4
1 + x2
2
1+ y
8
) 1 + y1 =
.
1
8
1 + 4 =
x
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
Nha n theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
64 .
(1 + x ) (1 + y ) 1 + x1 1 + y1 =
2
Ta co : 1 + x
1
1
2 2 2 2 1 1
1 + y 1 +
1
+
1 + 6 x .x .y .y . 4 . 4
4
4
x y
x y
)(
2
2
2
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi x=
y=
=
64 .
x = 1
1
1
.
=
4
4
x
y
y = 1
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; (1;1) ; ( 1;1) ; (1; 1) .

2
Nhan xet: Ta co the a=
t u x=
,v y2 e giam ba c cua he va a ve he o i
x ng loai II a bie t ca ch gia i.

x + 6 xy y =
6

6 x3 + y3
x +
=
x2 + xy + y2
2 x2 + y2 + 3
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0,x2 + y2 > 0 .
6 = x + 6 xy y x + 3 ( x + y ) y = 4x + 2y 2x + y 3 .
483
6 x3 + y3
6 x3 + y3
4 x3 + y3
=
2 2 x2 + y2
x2 + xy + y2
2
2
2
2
x +y
x +y
x2 + y2 +
2
3
3
6 x +y
=
+
2 x2 + y2 x + 2 x2 + y2 x + x + y = 2x + y
3
x
2
2
x + xy + y
2x + y 3 .
x y=
x 1
=
V vay tat ca ca c da u ba ng xa y ra
.
+y 3 =
2x=
y 1

( x 1) y + ( y 1) x =2xy
.
x 2y 2 + y 2x 2 =2xy
Li giai
y 1
x 1
+
=
1.
x
y
x 1 1+ x 1 1
y 1
x 1
2x
2
x
Ta co :
+
1.
x
y
1
y 1 1+ y 1 =
y
2y
2
Da u ba ng xa y ra khi va ch khi x= y= 2 thay va o phng trnh a u cu a he

tha y thoa ma n.
x + x2 + y + 3 =
2
.
13
2 x + 4 + 3 y + 8 =
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x 0,y 8,x + y + 3 0 .

T phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta co :
484
x + x2 + y + 3 = 2 x + x2 + y + 3 + 2 x x2 + y + 3 = 4 .
x + y =1 x 2 2 x x 2 + y + 3 x + y 1 .

13= 2 x + 4 + 3 y + 8
(2
+ 32 ( x + 4 + y + 8) x + y 1 .
2
2
0
x + 2 x x + y + 3 =
x = 0
V vay tat ca ca c da u ba ng xa y ra
.
1
y =
x+4 = y+8
2
3
2
2
1 + 1 x = x 1 + 2 1 y
.
1
2
+
=
1+ x
1+ y
1 + xy
Li giai
Ta co :
1
1+ x
1
1
2
2
+
, xy 1 .
1+ y
1+ x 1+ y
1 + xy

1 + 1 x 2 = x 1 + 2 1 x 2 (Xem chu e ky thua t lng gia c hoa).
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x;y ) = ; ; (1;1) .
2 2

x + y 4 + 3= 4 x + y
)
( )
(
.
4
4
9 x2 y2
7(x y)
x 3
x y +
+
+ 3ln
0
=
64
32
8
y 3
485
Li giai
ie u kien:
x3
> 0,y 3 .
y3
4
Ta co : ( x + y ) + 3 =
(x + y)
+ 1 + 1 + 1 44 ( x + y) = 4 x + y 4 ( x + y) .
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi x + y =

1.
Do
x3
> 0 2 < x,y < 3 .
y3

x 4 9x 2 7x
y 4 9y 2 7y
+
+
+ 3ln ( 3 x ) =
+
+
+ 3ln ( 3 y )
64 32
8
64 32
8
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t 4 9t 2 7t
+
+ + 3ln ( 3 t ) tre n ( 2;3) .
64 32 8
( t 1)
Ta co : f '(t)
=
(1) .
(t
t+6
16 ( t 3)
) 0,t ( 2;3) nen f(t) la ham nghch bien
tre n ( 2;3) .
Do o (1) f(x) = f(y) x = y x = y =
1
.
2
1 1
2 2

x2 + 2x xy =
y2 y
3
3
2
+ y 3 x y y + x y + 4x x
4x + y + 3x x 15 x=
)(
Li giai
a
t u
=
=
x,v
y, ( u,v 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u4 + 2u3 v =
v5
6
6
5
2
3
2
3
4u + v + 3u 15u + v= 3u 4u + u v + v
)(
Ne u u = 0 v = 0 ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) .
486
Xe t u > 0 a=
t v tu, ( t > 0 ) phng trnh th nha t cu a he tr tha nh:
u4 + 2u4=
t t 5 u5 u=
Thay u =
1 + 2t
t5
1 + 2t
t5
3t 5
1 + 2t
4 + t6 +
5 +
=
1 + 2t
3t 3
(t
+t+4 .
3t 5
1 + 2t
3t 5 1 + 2t
6
Ta co : 4 + t 6 +
+
+
5
4
t
.
5 +
3
+
+
1
2t
1
2t
3t
3t 3
)(
) (
= t + 22 + 12 4 + t 6 t + t 3 + 4
Da u ba ng xay ra t =1 u =v u =v =3 x =y =9 .

x y 2 + 4x + 12y =
28 8 y ( x 2 ) + 8 ( y 2 )( x 4 )
)
(
2
y 2 + x 4 = (x y)
Li giai
Xe t phng trnh a u cu a he ta co :
8 y ( x 2 ) 4 ( x 2 + y )
VP 8 ( x + y ) 32 .
8 ( y 2 )( x 4 ) 4 ( x 4 + y 2 )
) ( x y )2 4x + 4y + 4 = ( x y 2 )2 0 .
Ma t kha c: VT 8 ( x + y ) 32 =
V vay da u ba ng xa y ra y = x + 2 .
y 2 + y 2 =4 y =6 x =8.
487
2x2 + 4y2
2 3
= 4 (x + y) 1
xy
y x
2
( x + 1) + xy + 3x + 2y + 5 2x x ( y + 3) =
x + y+3
Li giai
(x
x ( y + 3)
+ 2 ( x + y + 3) =
x + y+3 .
(1 + 1) ( x + ( y + 3) )
Ta co : VT 2 ( x + y + 3)=
x + y + 3= VP .
Da u ba ng xay ra x = y + 3 thay vao phng trnh a u cu a he tm c

nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 4;1) .
(
(
)
)
x 1 + y2 =
2y
.
2x
y 1 + x2 =
Li giai
2y
x =
1 + y2
Cach 1. He phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
.
y = 2x
1 + x2
Suy ra x,y 1;1 . Nha n theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:

xy
=
xy = 0
.
2
2
4
1+ x 1+ y =
4xy
(1 + x )(1 + y ) (
2
)(
TH1: Ne u xy = 0 x = y = 0 .
)(
TH2: Ne u 1 + x2 1 + y2 =
4.
1 + x 2 2
Ta co
1 + x2 1 + y2 4 .
2
1 + y 2
)(

1,y =
1 th la i nhan hai nghiem
( x;y ) =( 1; 1); (1;1) .

488
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; ( 0;0 ) ; (1;1) .
Cach 2: Tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
x y + xy 2 yx 2 = 2y 2x 3 ( x y ) + xy ( y x ) = 0 .
y = x
.
( x y )( 3 xy ) =0
xy = 3
Xe t tr ng h p thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta co ke t qua tng t .

x +1 + x + y =
3
.
2
x + ( y 4) + 9 =
3
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0,x + y 0 .
Ta co :
x+
( y 4)
+ 9 =3 x + 9 3 .
x = 0
.
y = 4
Th lai va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he tha y thoa ma n.

4y2 + 3x +=
8 5y ( x + 1)

, x,y + .
4
2
x+3
5 x +
=
x+y

Li giai
S du ng bat ang th c C-S cho phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
4
5 x2 +
=
x+y
(2
4
2
.
+ 12 x2 +
2x +
x+y
x+y
x
2
.
=
2
x+y

x=
+y
1
x+y+4
.
4(x + y)
2
2
489
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi x + y =
4.
4
8
.
5 x2 +
2x +
x+y
x+y+4
Suy ra x=
+3
x2 + xy 3y + x 4 0 .
Co ng theo ve v i phng trnh a u cu a he ta c

x2 + 4y 2 4xy 8y + 4x + 4 0 .
2
( x + 2 2y ) 0 x + 2 2y =
0.

x + 2 2y =
0
x = 2
2
x
.
=
2
y
=
2
x
+
y
x + y =
4
2xy
=
x2 + y
x + 3 2
x 2x + 9

2xy
y +
=
y2 + x
3 2
y 2y + 9
Li giai
2xy
3
x 2x + 9
2xy
3
y 2y + 9
=
x2 + y2 .
Phng trnh na y co nghiem neu xy 0 .

Nha n thay x= y= 0 la mo t nghiem cu a he .
Xe t xy > 0
Phng trnh na y co :
2xy
VP =
2xy;VT
3
( x 1)
2xy
+
+8
( y 1)
=
xy + xy 2xy
+8

Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x,y ) = ( 0,0 ) ; (1,1) .
490
Chu e 13.
HE PHNG TRNH CO CHA CAN THC

Trong cac nam gan ay khong rieng g ky thi TSH ma cac ky thi HSG cac
tnh, Thanh pho bai toan he phng trnh c e cap luon xoay quay cac he
cha can thc. Bi le he cha can thc co rat nhieu cach tiep can va cuoi
cung a ve mot phng trnh vo ty t c ban en hay va kho. Do vay vi xu
hng ra e ket hp 2 trong 1 va x ly he phng trnh va x ly phng
trnh vo ty oi hoi ban oc can trang b nhng kien thc c ban nhat en
dang toan nay. Di ay toi e cap cac phng phap c ban ng trc mot
he phng trnh co cha can thc.
1. Phng phap Bien oi tng ng
Phan xa t nhie n khi ng tr c mo t phng trnh cu a he co ch a ca n thc
o la kh ca n. e th c hie n a ve hai ve khong am ro i bnh phng(hoa c
bnh phng luon a ve phng trnh he qua ) e tm ra mo i lie n he gia
hai an x,y .
2. Phng phap at an phu
Mu c ch cua vie c a t a n phu o i vi he co ch a can th c la chuye n he ban
a u ve he phng trnh co hai phng trnh da ng a th c. Ca c phe p bien
o i o i v i he a th c c x ly de dang hn v i he co cha can.
Ti cp thm mt php kh cn sau y:
ta hoa n toa n ru t c x theo t.
Ne u a t
Tha t va y: t ax
=
2
a2 x 2 + b t 2 2atx + a2 x=
a2 x 2 + b
t2 b
x =
t b
2at
x
=
2at
t2 b t2 + b
2 2
a
x
b
t
a.
+
=
2at
2t
2
(Xem bai tap ma u).

Chu y. Xem them ky thuat a t a n phu da ng a i so .
3. Phng phap xet ham so
Khi phng trnh cu a he co ca c tch cu a a th c va ca n th c tho ng th ng ta
s du ng phng phap ha m so .
Ap dung nh ly. Ne u ham so f(x) n ie u tren ( a; b )
Khi o : u,v ( a; b ) ;f(u)= f(v) u= v .
491
T ay suy ra mo i lie n he gi a hai bie n x,y .
Vie c con la i la the vao phng trnh con la i cu a he e tm ra nghiem cu a he
phng trnh.
Chu y. Xem them chu e ky thua t s du ng tnh n ie u cu a ham so .
4. Phng phap nhan lien hp
Ca c bai toa n va n du ng ky thua t nay toi e ca p chi tie t trong chu e 19.
5. Phng phap anh gia bat ang thc
o i v i he phng trnh co ch a ca n th c th ng a nh gia tho ng qua cac
ba t a ng th c c ba n sau(ro hn ve phng phap nay xem chu e ky thua t
a nh gia):
+ Ba t a ng th c Co si(AM-GM) cho hai so khong a m:
a+b
ab
2
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi a = b .

+ Ba t a ng th c Bunhiacopski(C-S):
2 a2 + b 2 a + b .
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi a = b .

+ Ba t a ng th c Mincopski:
x 2 + y 2 + a2 + b 2
( x + a) + ( y + b)
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi bx = ay .

Chu y.
- Phng trnh ch a ca n th c trong he ne n ta pha i a t ieu kie n. ieu
kie n co the a t ie u kie n tho (he phng trnh co ngha) hoa c a t ie u kien
cha t(he phng trnh co nghiem).
- Phng phap chung la x ly o i v i phng trnh n gia n hn cu a he.
Ne u ca hai phng trnh cu a he kho ng co kho ng bie n o i n gia n c
ngh e n co ng tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he.
6. ang thc c ban
f(x) + f 2 (x) + a g(x) + g2 (x) + a = a f(x) + g(x) = 0, a > 0 .
Chng minh: Nhan vao hai ve cua ang thc tren vi

f(x) + f 2 (x)=
+a
492
g2 (x) + a g(x) .
g2 (x) + a g(x) ta c:
f(x) + g(x) + f 2 (x) + a g2 (x) + a =
0.
f(x) + g(x) +
f 2 (x) g2 (x)
f 2 (x) + a + g2 (x) + a
=
0.
f(x) g(x)
=
( f(x) + g(x) ) 1 +
0.
2
2
f
(x)
a
g
(x)
a
+
+
+
f(x) + g(x) =
0
V: 1 +
f 2 (x) + a + g2 (x) + a + f(x) g(x)

.
=
2
2
2
2
f (x) + a + g (x) + a
f (x) + a + g (x) + a
f(x) g(x)
>
f(x) + f(x) + g(x) g(x)

f 2 (x) + a + g2 (x) + a
T a y ta co mo t phng trnh e p ma t thng xua t hie n trong ca c he

phng trnh:
x + 1 + x 2 y + 1 + y 2 =
2
2
1.
1 hoa c x + 1 + y y + 1 + x =
Ta co mot nha n xe t la hai ang th c tre n tng ng(xem ba i ta p ma u).

Ca c bai toa n xoay quanh hai ang th c tre n ra t ep va co nhie u h ng x
ly ba ng ky thuat at an phu cu ng nh ham so.
e chi tie t hn ve ca c phng pha p na y xem the m ca c chu e tng ng

trong cu ng cuon sa ch.
B. BAI TAP MAU
2
2
2x + 6xy + 5y + 5 =
2
x y + 44
x 9y2 =
2
2x 2 + 6xy + 5y 2 + 14x + 20y + 25
Li giai
2
Cach 1: ieu kie n: 2x + 6xy + 5y 0,2x2 + 6xy + 5y 2 + 14x + 20y + 25 0 .

Nhan xet: Phng trnh cu a he co s la p la i 2x2 + 6xy + 5y 2 hai ve ne n
phe p bnh phng hai ve e loa i i nhan t chung nay la ie u t nhie n.
Bnh phng hai ve phng trnh a u cua he ta c:
493
7x + 10y 0
10 2x + 6xy + 5y = 14x + 20y

2
2
2
25 2x + 6xy + 5y = ( 7x + 10y )
2
7x + 10y 0
7x + 10y 0
7x + 10y 0
.
2
2
2
0
0
x = 5y
( x + 5y ) =
x + 10xy + 25y =
The va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

y =
x =
1
1
5,y =
6y + 44
16y 2 =
16y 2 + 6y 22 =0
11
55
11 .
y =
2
x=
,y =
8
8
8
o i chie u la i ieu kie n ch nha n nghiem ( x;y

=
) 558 ; 118 .

=
) 558 ; 118 .
Cach 2: Vie t la i phng trnh th nha t d i dang:

2
( x + y ) + ( x + 2y ) + 42 + 32 = ( x + y + 4 ) + ( x + 2y + 3)

a t u =( x + y;x + 2y ) ,v =( 4;3) ta luo n co u + v u + v .
x + y x + 2y
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi u =
kv
=
x=
5y
4
3
(xem the m ky thuat s dung tnh cha t hnh giai tch gia i he phng trnh).
x3 + 2y2 = x 2 y + 2xy
, ( x,y ) .
2 x2 2y 1 + 3 y3 14 = x 2
Li giai
ie u kien: x2 2y 1 0 .
x = y
x x2 2y y x2 2y =
0 ( x y ) x2 2y =
0
.
2
x = 2y
) (
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem x = y .

The va o phng trnh th hai cua he, ta c:
3
2 x2 2x 1 + x3 14 =x 2 2 x 2 2x 1 =x 2 x3 14 .
Phng trnh cuo i na y co hai ca ch x ly nh sau:

494
Cach 1: Xuat pha t t
x2 2x 1 0 ta pha i co :
3
x 2 x3 14 0 ( x 2 ) x3 14 x 2 2x 1 0 .
3
x2 2x 1 0
Do o:
x2 2x 1 = 0 x = 1 2 ( x;y ) = 1 2;1 2
2
x 2x 1 0

1
2;1
Cach 2: Ta a t u = 2 x,v =
(
2).
x2 2x 1 u3 6v2 = 14 x3 .
Khi o phng trnh tr tha nh:

3
3
2
u3 6v2 =u + 2v u3 6v2 =( u + 2v ) v v2 + 3 ( u + v ) + 3v =0
v = 0
(do v 0 ).
u= v= 0
x2 2x 1 =
0
2
2
.
0 x 2x 1 = 0 x = 1 2
x 2x 1 =
2 x =
0

1
2;1 2 .
2 2x + 3y + 5 x y =
7
.
1
3 5 x y 2x + y 3 =
Li giai
2x + 3y 0
ie u kien: 5 x y 0 .
2x + y 3 0
Phan tch. Nha n tha y he co ch a ba ca n thc kha c nhau trong o

5 x y la p la i nen ta co the a t a n phu u =
5 x y va mo t a n phu
kha c la mo t trong hai ca n th c con lai.

Li giai
u =
a t
=
v
2
2
2
5 x y =u
x =3u v + 15
.
, ( u,v 0 )
2
2
2
2x + 3y
y = 2u + v 10
2x + 3y = v
5xy

495
u + 2v =
7
2
2
2
2
1
3u 2 3u v + 15 + 2u + v 10 3 =
7u
v = 2
u + 2v =
7
2
2
2
4u v + 17 = 3u 1 4u2 7 u + 17 = 3u 1
v = 7 u
3u 1 0
2
4u2 7 u + 17 =
( 3u 1)
7u
v =
2
u
3
53u2 38u 15 =
0
5 x y =
1 =
u 1
x + y 4 =
x 3
=
(thoa ma n ieu kie n).
=
3y 9 =
3
v 3 2x + 3y =
2x +=
y 1

Nhan xet: He phng trnh co ch a can va kho ng ch a ca c nhan t ba c cao
ne n ta co the x ly ba ng ca ch bnh phng hai ve kho ng am a ve gia i he
phng trnh a th c. Hoac a t a n phu nh sau:
a t a=
2x + 3y,b=
Khi o a2 + b2 + 4c2=
2x + y 3,c=
5 x y, ( a,b,c 0 ) .
( 2x + 3y ) + ( 2x + y 3) + 4 ( 5 x y )=
17 .
Ta co he phng trnh:
a = 7 c
a2 + b2 + 4c2 17 =
a 3
c 0
+c 7
=
=
2a =
b 3c 1
b 2 .
3c b 1 =
c 1
2
7 c + 3c 1 2 + 4c2 =
17
)
2 (
Ta co ke t qua tng t . Ta cu ng xem xe t mo t he phng trnh co cha

nhie u ca n kha c.
5x y 2y x =
1
.
2
2
2 2y x + 3xy= 2x + y + 3x 1
496
Li giai
Nhan xet. He phng trnh nay ta hoa n toa n th c hie n tng t ba i toan
u
=
5x y
sau o ru t x,y theo u,v . Tuy nhien
tre n ba ng ca ch a t a n phu
=
v
2y
ne u th c hie n phe p bnh phng hai ve phng trnh au cua he ta co l i

gia i go n nh sau:

5x y =1 + 2y x
2
2
2 2y x + 3xy= 2x + y + 3x 1
5x y =1 + 2y x + 2 2y x
2 2y x = 6x 2y 1
2
2
2
2
2 2y x + 3xy= 2x + y + 3x 1 2 2y x + 3xy= 2x + y + 3x 1

x = y
( x y )( 2x y 3) = 0 =y
2x 3
22 35
Xet trng hp thay vao phng trnh au cua he tm c: ( x;y ) = (1;1) ; ; .
3 3
3x + 8y 1 +=
2 16y 2 + 9x
.
x y + 7x y + 3x y = x + 7y + 2 x
Li giai
Kho ng x ly c phng trnh a u g ngoa i ieu kie n ne n chuyen h ng
xuo ng phng trnh th hai tuy nhie n no nhie u ca n . e y mo t chu t la no ch
co x,y ne n a t y = tx nh phng trnh a ng cap la hp ly nhat.
Va y ta a ve giai phng trnh vo ty .
1 t + 7 t + 3 t =
1 + 7t + 2 .
Gia i phng trnh na y e y hai ve la hai ham n ieu ng c chieu ne n

3
4
phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat t = hay x = y .
4
3
4
Thay x = y va phng trnh au ta c:
3
2 y + 8y 1 +=
2 16y 2 + 12y
497
1
2 y +
2
8y 1 =
1 16y 2 + 12y 4
1
4 + 8y 2 = 4 4y 1 y + 1 .
2
(
)( )
1
8y
1
1
+
y+
2
y
2
1
=
( 4y 1) 4y + 4
0.
8y 1 + 1 2 y + 1
1
2
1
2 1
1
y = (do 4y + 4
> 4 =1 > 0 ) x = .
4
3
1 1
8y 1 + 1 2 y + 1
1 1
3 4
2x y + 2 x + y =
2
.
31
3
2x + y + 2 x + y =
8
Li giai
ie u kien: 2x y 0,2x + y 0,x + y 0,x +
31
y0.
8
Nhan xet. He na y tng t he phng trnh tren khi xua t hie n e n bon can
th c kha c nhau. Tuy nhien tinh y mot chu t ta nha n ra tnh a ng ca p cu a he
phng trnh:
Nha n che o theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
31
2 2x + y + 2 x + y = 3
2x y + 2 x + y .
2x y 0
e n a y chu y ta co
3x 0 x 0 .
x + y 0
Nha n thay x = 0 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh:

Xe t x > 0 ta at y = tx va phng trnh tren tr tha nh:
31
2 2 + t + 2 1+ t = 3
Gia i phng trnh na y ta c t =

498
2 t + 2 1+ t .
10
10
y=
x.
13
13
2x
10
10
4
40
x +2 x+ x =2 x =
y=
2
13
13
4
23
4 + 2 23
+2
13
13
4
40
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t: ( x;y ) =
;
2
4 + 2 23 4 + 2 23
13
13
x + 3y + 2 + 3x 2y 5= 3 y + 1
.
2x 3 y + 2 = x + y 4
Li giai
3
ie u kien: y 1,x ,3x 2y 5 0 .
2
Nhan xet. He phng trnh nay co nhie u ca n nh hai he a trnh ba y tren

tuy nhien xuat hie n ca c so 2 va 5, 1 ne n ta kho ng c phng trnh au
cu a he ve da ng thuan nha t. Tuy nhie n e y mo t chu t ta co :
x + 3y + 2 = x 1 + 3 ( y + 1)
.
3x 2y 5= 3 ( x 1) 2 ( y + 1)
V va y a t u =x 1,v =y + 1 phng trnh th nhat cu a he phng trnh tr

tha nh:
u + 3v + 3u 2v= 3 v 4u + v + 2
( u + 3v )( 3u 2v=)
9v .
4v 2u 0
( u + 3v )( 3u 2v ) = 4v 2u
2.
( u + 3v )( 3u 2v ) = ( 4v 2u )
u = v
4v 2u 0
.
0
u= v= 0
( u v )( u 22v ) =
=
x 1
x 1 0 =
TH1: Neu u =
khong thoa man he phng trnh.
v=
0
y + 1 =0
y =1
TH2: Ne u u = v x 1 = y + 1 y = x 2 thay va o phng trnh th hai

cu a he ta c:
499
2x 3 x = 2x 6
x3
2x 3 + x
= 2 ( x 3) .
x = 3
x = 3 y =1 .
1
2 x + 2x 3 =

y2 8x + 9 3 xy + 12 6x =
1
2x2 + 2y2 + 2 ( 2 y )( 3 + x ) + 6x y =
x+2
Li giai
ie u kien: x 2,y 0,2x2 + 2y2 + 2 ( 2 y )( 3 + x ) + 6x 0,y2 8x + 9 0 .
Nhan xet. Phng trnh th nha t cu a he co ch a hai ca n ba c kha c nhau nen
kho ng hy vo ng x ly c ne n tap trung va o phng trnh th hai cu a he.
Loa i phng trnh na y toi a e ca p en trong chu e ky thua t nha n lie n
h p khi gia i he phng trnh co ch a ca n th c.
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 2 x + 2 =
y x+2.
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 6x 6y + 4
yx2
.
=
2
2
y
+
x
+
2
2x + 2y 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 + 2 x + 2
2 ( x + 1 y )( x + 2 y )
x+2y
.
=
y
+
x
+
2
2x + 2y 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 + 2 x + 2
2
2x + 2 2y
1
=
(x + 2 y)
+
0
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 + 2 x + 2
y + x+2
Do va y v i ca ch na y ne u nha n lie n h p tr c tie p rat kho x ly nhan t lu c

sau phng trnh tch tren.
Ta bie n o i tng ng phng trnh th hai cu a he nh sau:
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 =
y + x+2 .
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 = x + y + 2 + 2 y ( x + 2 ) .

2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 9x 7y + 10 2 y ( x + 2 ) =
0.
500
(
(
)
x + 2)
y x+2
y
+ 2x 2 + 2y 2 4xy + 8x 8y + 8 =
0.
x y + 2 =
0
2
+ 2 ( x y + 2) = 0
y= x+2.
0
y x + 2 =
( x + 2)
8x + 9 3 x ( x + 2 ) + 12 6x =1 x2 4x + 13 x2 4x + 12 =1
3
u 1 =
V vay
( x 2)
x2 4x + 13=
a t u=
3
+ 9 3 phng trnh tr thanh:
u2 1 ( u 1) = u2 1 ( u 1) u2 3u = 0
u = 3.
u 3
x2 4x + 13 = 3 x = 2 y = 4 .

x y 2 2 + 2y = 3y2 x2 + 2xy + 2x + 10y + 8
2x + 3y + 1 x + 3y + 5 =x 4
Li giai
ie u kien: y 1,x y 2 0 x y + 2 1 .
x y=
x 1
2 0 =
Ne u
kho ng tho a man he phng trnh.
2y + 2 =0
y =1
2
Xe t ( x y 2 ) + ( 2y + 2 ) > 0 khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he vie t la i

d i da ng:
x 3y 4
x y 2 + 2y + 2
( 3y x + 4 )( y + x + 2 ) .
1
=
( 3y x + 4 ) x + y + 2 +
0.
2
+
2y
+
2
1
3y x + 4 =
0 (do x + y + 2 +
> x + y + 2 x + 1 > 0 ).
x y 2 + 2y + 2
Thay 3y= x 4 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

3x 3 2x + 1 = x 4
x4
3x 3 + 2x + 1
= x 4 x = 4 y = 0.
501
2
y + 1 + y 2 =
1
x + 1 + x
.
x 3x 2xy + 1= 4xy + 3x + 1
Li giai
ie u kien: 3x 2xy + 1 0 .
x + 1 + x 2 =1 + y 2 y =
y + 1 + (y)2 (1) .
Tha y da u hie u cu a ha m a c trng ne n e n a y xe t ha m so hoa c nha n lie n

h p e tm ra x = y .
Cach 1: x + 1 + x 2 =
y + 1 + (y)2 x + y + 1 + x 2 1 + y 2 =
0.
xy
( x + y ) 1 +
1 + x2 + 1 + y2
V 1 +
xy
=
1 + x2 + 1 + y2
= 0 x + y = 0 x = y .
1 + x2 + 1 + y2 + x y
1 + x2 + 1 + y2
>
x + y +xy
1 + x2 + 1 + y2
0.
Cach 2: Xe t ham so f(t) =+

t
1 + t 2 tren , ta co :
t +t
t
1 + t2 + t
f '(t) =
1+
=
>
0 nen f(t) la ham ong bien tren .
1 + t2
1 + t2
1 + t2
Do o (1) f(x) =
f(y) x =
y .
Nhan xet. o i v i ho c sinh l p 10 cha c trang b kien th c ve ao ha m
co the chng minh tnh ong bie n cua ha m so f(t) nh sau :
t1 ,t 2 ,t1 t 2 ta co :
2
2
f(t1 ) f(t 2 ) t1 t 2 + 1 + t1 1 + t 2
t1 + t 2
k=
=
=
1+
>0.
t1 t 2
t1 t 2
1 + t12 + 1 + t 22
Do o f(t) la ham o ng bie n tre n .

Cach 3: x + 1 + x 2 = 1 + y 2 y x + y = 1 + y 2 1 + x 2 .
2
)(
Suy ra ( x + y ) =+
1 x2 + 1 + y2 2 1 + x2 1 + y2 .
502
1 xy 0
1 xy
(1 + x )(1 + y ) =
1 + x
2
+ y 2 + x 2 y2 =
1 2xy + x 2 y 2
1 xy 0
xy 1
.
2
0
0
x + y =
( x + y ) =
Nh va y v i ca ch 3 ta co the tm ra mo i lien he gia ( x;y ) trong tr ng h p

kho ng a p dung c phng phap ham so hoa c nha n lie n h p. Ngoa i ra
da ng ba i toan na y co the x ly bang phng pha p a t a n phu .
Tr lai bai toan.
V i y = x thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c :
) (
x 3x + 2x2 + 1 =
4x 2 + 3x + 1 x 2 2x 2 + 3x + 1 =
4x 2 + 3x + 1 .
)(
14x 4 27x3 9x 2 + 6x + 1 =0 2x 2 3x 1 7x 2 3x 1 =0 .
3 7
3 7
3 7
,y =
x =
x =
4
4
4
.
3 37
3 37
3 37
,y =
x =
x =
14
14
14
3 + 37 3 + 37
o i chie u la i ieu kie n ch nha n nghie=
m ( x;y )
;
.
14
14
3 + 37 3 + 37
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha
t ( x;y )
=
;
.
14
14
2
2
1
x + 1 + x y + 4 + y =

100x 2 + 56xy + 10y 2 39x 3y =
18
Li giai
Nhn va o phng trnh au cu a he t ng chng nh ta lien h p c va ru t
c x theo y tuy nhie n bieu th c trong ca n cu a hai bie u th c sai kha c
nhau ha ng so 1 va 4. Nen ca ch na y kho ng th c hie n c.
Ta th a t a n phu cho hai bie u th c o xem sao.
503
u =x + 1 + x 2
1 + x 2 =u x
x =
a t
2
v =y + 4 + y2
4 + y =v y
y =
u2 1
2u , u x,v y .
(
)
2
v 4
2v
Ta co : u = x + x2 + 1 > x + x2 = x + x 0;v = y + 4 + y2 > y + y2 = y + y 0

Do o u > 0,v > 0 .
1
2
Ma t kha c uv =1 y = u
4
2
u
1 4u2
.
=
2u

2
u2 1
1 4u2
u2 1 1 4u2
u2 1
1 4u2
100
.
+ 10
3.
=
18
+ 56.
39.
2u
2u
2u
2u
2u
2u
)(
) (
) 78u ( u 1) 6u (1 4u ) =72u
+ 72u + 54 = 0 ( u + 1)( 2u 3) ( 2u 1 5 )( 2u 1 + 5 ) = 0
100 u2 1 + 56 u2 1 1 4u2 + 10 1 4u2
36u4 54u3 72u2
o i chie u v i ieu kie n nha n nghie m:
=
u
3 =
v
u = 2
1+ 5
u
u = =
2
=
v
+ x2 + 1
x=
4 + y2
y +=
1+ 5
+ x2 + 1
x=
2
5 1
4 + y2
y +=
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
5
x =
12
y = 3
1+ 5
x = 2
2
5+3 5
5 1
y = 4
(thoa ma n ieu kie n x u,y v ).

5 8 1 5+3 5
.
; , ;
4
12 3 2
Cach 2: Bie n o i phng trnh th nha t cu a he thanh:

x + x2 + 1 y + y 2 + 4 =
2
2
1 y + y + 4 =x + 1 x .
504
x+ y=
x2 + 1 y2 + 4 ( x + y ) = x2 + y2 + 5 2
( x + 1)( y
2
+4 .
5 2xy 0
2 4x2 + y2 + 4 + x2 y2 = 5 2xy
2
2
2 2
4 4x + y + 4 = 25 20xy + 4x y
16x 2 + 4y 2 + 20xy 9 =
0.
Va y a ba i toa n ve gia i he phng trnh:

2
2
0
16x + 4y + 20xy 9 =
.
2
2
18
100x + 56xy + 10y 39x 3y =
He nay a bie t ca ch giai ba ng phng pha p a ve he ang ca p hoa c

phng pha p he so ba t nh(gia i xong ca n th la i v phe p bnh phng a u
tie n la kho ng tng ng). Hng i nay ra t t nhie n n gia n v ch bnh
phng hai ve . Tuy nhie n la i a ve mot he tng o i ph c ta p vi ca c em
kho ng c re n luyen gia i da ng he phng trnh cuoi cu ng nh ne u ve phai
cu a phng trnh a u khac 1 sau khi bnh phng a ve phng trnh cuo i
ph c ta p hn ca ch 1 ra t nhie u(Chi tit xem ch d 1).
Li giai
Cach 1: ieu kie n: x 3 .
u x,v y
u =
2
x+ x 3
u2 + 3
.
a t
x =
2
2u
v =
y+ y +3
v2 3
=
y
2v
T phng trnh a u suy ra u = v y =
u2 3
3
xy= .
2u
u
Phng trnh th hai cua he c bie n o i tha nh:
( x y ) ( x2 + y2 + xy ) = 3 ( x y ) + 4 .
2
3 9
u2 + 3 u2 3
( x y ) ( x y ) + 3xy 3 =4
+ 3.
.
3 =4 .
u u2
2u
2u
505
9u4 16u3 36u2 + 27 =0 ( u 3) 9u3 + 11u2 3u 9 =0 (1) .
Ne u x 0 x + x 2 3 < x + x = x x = 0 .
Ma t kha c y + y2 + 3 > y + y 0 do o vo ly .
Va y x > 0 o i chie u v i x 3 x 3 u 3 > 1 .
Khi o 9u3 + 11u2 3u 9 > 9.13 + 3u ( u 1) + 8u2 9 > 0 .
2
u 3=
3 x 2
=
x + x 3 =
Do o (1) u = 3
.
=
v 3=
y + y2 + 3 =
3 y 1
o i chie u v i ieu kie n u x,v y tha y tho a man.
Va y nghie m cu a he phng trnh la ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) .

Cach 2:
Bie n o i phng trnh a u cu a he tha nh:
y2 + 3 x2 3 x2 2xy + y2 = x2 + y2 2
xy=
( x 3)( y + 3)
2
xy 0
xy 0
.
x2 3 y2 + 3 = xy 2
2
2 2 2
2
x y
3
x 3 y + 3 =
x y =
)(
)(
Xe t he phng trnh:
( x y )( x + y ) =
3
x y =
3
3 x + y 2 + x y 2
3
) ( ) = 3 xy +4 .
3
(
( )
( x y )
x y = 3 ( x y ) + 4
a t u =+
x y,v =
uv = 3
uv = 3
2
2
.
4
3u + v
2
=
+
v
3v
4
+
=
v
12v
16v
27
0

uv = 3
3
2
0
( v 1) v + v 11v 27 =
Th c hie n a nh gia nh ca ch 1 va th lai nghiem tm c ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) la

nghiem duy nha t cu a phng trnh.
506
Cach 3: V x + x2 3 =
y + y2 + 3 > 0 x 3 .
2
x2 3 + x2 3 + 3 = y + y2 + 3 (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t + t 2 + 3 , ta co :
t +t
t
t2 + 3 + t
f '(t) =
1+
=
>
0 ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren .
t2 + 3
t2 + 3
t2 + 3
V vay (1) f(y)= f x 2 3 y=
x2 3 .
x2 y2 =
3
Khi o a ve giai he phng trnh : 3
.
3
x y = 3 ( x y ) + 4
x2 + x 4 + 1 =
1 y2 + y 4 2y2 + 2

4 x2 + 1 = x 2 y3 + 3y + 2
Li giai
x2 + y2 1 + x 4 + 1
( y 1)
2
+ 1 = 0 x2 + y2 = 1 .
T x2 + y2 = 1 1 x,y 1 .
Khi o phng trnh th hai cu a he vie t la i d i dang:
4 x2 + 1 x2 + y3 3y 2 =
0.
4 + x2 4 x2
4x 2 + 4 x 4
Ta co : 4 =
=
4, x 1;1 .
x +1 x
4 x2 + 1 + x2 4 x2 + 1 + x2
2
Ma t kha c: y3 3y 2 + 4 = y3 3y + 2 = ( y 1) ( y + 2 ) 0, y 1;1 .
Suy ra 4 x2 + 1 x2 + y3 3y 2 0 .
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi=
x 0,y
= 1.
507
2
y2 + 1 + x =
1
x + 1 + y
3
2
3
2
3x + 2y + 2 + 3y + x + 2x =
1 2 y2 + x + 1
Li giai
3x3 + 2y2 + 2 0
.
ie u kien :
3
2
3y + x + 2x 1 0
Nhan xet. Nhn vao hai phng trnh vie c tm ra mo i rang buo c gi a hai an
t phng trnh a u n gia n hn. Va y ta tap trung va o no .
u2 1
x =
2u
2
u2 1 u2 + 1
x
1
u
+
=
u =x + 1 + x 2
2u
2u .
a t
, ( u,v > 0 )
2
2
v 1
v =y + 1 + y
y = 2v
v2 + 1
2
y
1
+
=
2v
Khi o phng trnh au tie n vie t la i tha nh :

uv = 1
u2 + 1 v2 1 v2 + 1 u2 1
.
+
+
1
=
2
2
2u
2v
2v
2u
+
+
=
uv
u
v
u
v
0
(
)
(
)
Nhng do uv ( u + v ) + ( u v ) > 0, u,v > 0 ne n uv = 1 .

2
Va y ta co : x + 1 + x 2
1 x + 1 + x2 =
y + 1 + y2 .
y + 1 + y =
La mo t phng trnh quen thuo c ta nha n lie n h p hoa c s du ng ham so suy

ra x = y .
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c :
3x3 + 2x2 + 2 + 3x3 + x2 + 2x =

1 2 x2 + x + 1 .
S du ng bat ang th c Co si ta co :
3x3 + 2x2 + 2 + 1 3x3 + x2 + 2x 1 + 1
+
2
2
2
2
3x + 2x + 3
1
=
= 2 x2 + x + 1 ( x + 1) 2 x2 + x + 1
2
2
3x3 + 2x2 + 2 + 3x3 + x2 + 2x 1
508
3x3 + 2x2 + 2 =
1
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi 3x3 + x2 + 2x 1 =1 x =1 y =1 .

x + 1 =
0
Th lai tha y tho a ma n ieu kien.
( 1;1) .
Nhn xt. Nh vy mu cht ca bi ton l ng thc sau :
e ke t thu c ba i toa n xoay quanh a ng th c tre n ta xet ba i toan sau:

x 1 + y2 + y 1 + x2 =
2

x 1 + x 2 + y 1 + y 2 =
3
Li giai
Nhan xet. Ba i toa n tren to i a len mot die n a n toa n va nha n c nhie u
pha n ho i va ca c h ng x ly ep ma t cho he phng trnh d i a y to i trnh
ba y ca c ca ch tie p ca n kha c nhau he phng trnh tre n va co the to ng quat
c he la p nhieu a n.
u2 1
x =
2u
2
u2 1 u2 + 1
=
x +1 = u
u =x + 1 + x 2
2u
2u .
a t
, ( u,v > 0 )
2
2
v 1
v =y + 1 + y
y = 2v
v2 + 1
2
y
1
+
=
2v
u2 1 v2 + 1 v2 1 u2 + 1
.
+
.
=
2
2v
2v
2u
.
He phng trnh tr tha nh : 2u
2
2
2
2
u 1 u +1 v 1 v +1
3
2u . 2u + 2v . 2v =
509
)(
) ( )(
) ( )
u2 1 v2 + 1 + v2 1 u2 + 1 =
8uv
2
4
2
4
2 2
12u v
v u 1 + u v 1 =
2u2 v2 2 =
uv= 2 + 5
8uv
u,v > 0
.

2
2 2
2 2
12u v
v
5 2+ 5
( u + v ) 2uv u v 1 =
u +=
a y la he o i x ng loai I de tm c:
5 1
5 +1
=
. 2 + 5=
,v
. 2+ 5
u
2
2
5 +1
5 1
=
. 2 + 5=
,v
. 2+ 5
u
2
2
Thay ng c la i ta tm c nghie m cu a he phng trnh la
5 5 2 4 5
5 2 4+ 5
.
=
x;y
;
.
5
2
;
;
.
5
5
2
( ) 2
2
2
22
=
x;y
( ) 52 2 ; 4 +2 5 .
5 5 2 4 5
5 2 ;
;
. 5 5 2.
2
22
x 1 + y2 + y 1 + x2 =
2
Nhan xet:. Ne u he co da ng o i x ng t c
.
x 1 + x 2 + y 1 + y 2 =
2
x = y
( x y ) 1 + y2 1 + x2 x = y .
Xe t tr ng h p thay ngc la i he phng trnh ta co ke t qua ba i toan. Tuy

nhie n v i he ma co da ng kho ng o i x ng nh ba i toa n tre n ta co th c hie n
c ca ch tre n hay kho ng. Ta quay tr la i bai toan bang ca c ca ch x ly
kha c sau a y.
Cach 2 :
510
x
=
a t
y
=
x2 +=
1
, ( a,b > 0 )
1
1
2
b
1
y +=
2
b
1 1
a
2
a
1 2
1
1
1
1
a 2 + 2 +=
a +
4
4
a
a
1 2
1
1
1
1
b 2 + 2 +=
b+
4
4
b
b

1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
2
a . b + + b . a + =
a 2
b 2
b 2
a
2
.
1 a 1 . 1 a + 1 + 1 b 1 . 1 b + 1 =

3
2
a 2
a 2
b 2
b
)(
) ( )(
) ( )
a2 1 b 2 + 1 + b 2 1 a2 + 1 =
8ab
2
4
2
4
2 2
12a b
b a 1 + a b 1 =
a y la mo t he phng trnh tng t ca ch 1 trnh ba y tre n.

Cach 3 : a t a1 = 1 + x2 + 1 + y2 ,a2 = 1 + x2 1 + y2 ,b1 =x + y,b2 =x y
2
Suy ra a12 + a22 b12 b=
4;a1a=
b1b2 .
2
2
Co ng tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
2
2
a1b1 = 5
5
( x + y ) 1 + x + 1 + y =
1.
a2 b 2 =
2
2
( x y ) 1 + y 1 x =
1 b > 0
1
a2 + a2 b 2 b 2 =
4
2
1
2
1
a a = b1b2
.
Va y ta co he phng trnh : 1 2
a1b1 = 5
a b = 1
2 2
2
2
2
Ta co : a12 a=
b12 b=
2
2 a1a2 b1b=
2 5 b=
2
5
b12
25
2
,a=
1
b12
2
,a=
2
2
1 b1
.
=
5
b22
Thay vao phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c :
25
b12
b12
5
b12
5
b12
5
=
4 b14 + 5b12 25 b1 =
) b
5 1
2
2
5 1
511
Mo i th tr ne n n gian ro i.
2
2
5
( x + y ) 1 + x + 1 + y =
Cach 4 : Theo tre n ta co
.
( x y ) 1 + y 2 1 x2 =
1
(x
)(
y 2 y2 x2 =5 x 2 y 2
=5 .
u + v =
2
u x 1 + y2
=
a t
2
2
2
2
u
v
= x2 1 + y2 y2 1 + x2
=
v y 1 + x
u + v =
2
2
2
( u + v ) ( u v )
) ( (
) (
)) = ( x
2
y2
=5
u + v =
2
5

u v = 2 .
=
5
u v =5

2
4 5
4+ 5
y
,v
=
u =
4
4
4+ 5
4 5
x
,v
=
u =
4
4
4 5
1 + y2 =
4
4+ 5
1 + x2 =
4
4+ 5
1 + y2 =
4
4 5
1 + x2 =
4
He phng trnh cuo i la he o i xng loa i II a bie t cach gia i.

x 1 + x2 + x 1 + x2 =
a1
2
2
3
1
x 1 + x32 + x3 1 + x24 =
a2
Tong quat: 2
, ( ak > 0,k =
1,2,...,n ) (xem chng 3).
...
x n 1 + x12 + x1 1 + x12 =
an
Nhan xet. V i phe p a t an phu nh tre n ta x ly toa n bo nhng he phng

trnh co da ng:
512
a x + b a2 x 2 + b + c y + d c2 y 2 + d =
e
1
1
1
1
.
a2 x + b2 a2 x 2 + b + c2 y + d 2 c2 y 2 + d =
f
u =
ax + a2 x2 + b
Ba ng phep at an phu
.
v =
cy + c2 y2 + d
x+y xy =
2
.
x2 + y2 + 1 x 2 y 2 =
3
Li giai
Nhan xet. T phng trnh th nhat cu a he ta tha y he co nghie m khi
x+y xy >0 y>0xy>0.
Khi o bnh phng hai ve phng trnh th nha t ta c:

x 2
x 2
2
2x 2 x2 y2 =4 x 2 = x2 y2
2
2
2
( x 2 ) =x y
y= 4x 4

x2 + 4x 4 + 1 ( x 2 ) =3 x 2 + 4x 3 =x + 1 x =2 y =2 .

Cach 2: Ta co the a t:
=
u
v
=
2
2
uv
x y =
.
, ( u 0,v 0 )
2
2
4
4
2
2
xy
u + v = ( x + y ) + ( x y ) = 2 x + y
x+y

u v =
2
u v =
2
.
u v 2 + 2uv 2u2 v2
u4 + v4
(
)
3
+ 1 uv =
+ 1 = uv + 3
2
u v =
2
2
u v =
.
2
2 2
2 ( 2 + uv ) 2u v + 1 = uv + 3 8uv + 9 = uv + 3
u v =
2
u=
u 2 =
x 2
v 2 u 0,v 0 =
uv 0
2 2

.
=
=
0
u v + uv =
uv 0
v 0=
y 2
513
x2 + 2 + y2 y 1 x2 + 2 = y3 y (1)
.
2x + xy + 2 + ( x + 2 ) y 2 + 4x + 4 =
0 (2)
Li giai
2
ie u kien : y + 4x + 4 0 .
Nha n tha y nha n t x2 + 2 la p lai phng trnh (1) lam ta suy ngh e n
phng trnh ba c hai phu thuo c tham so .
x 2 + 2 2 khi o (1) tr thanh:
a t =
t
t 2 + y 2 y 1 t y3 + y =
0.
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai an t phu thuo c tham so y, ta co :

=
t
(y
) (
2
) (y
y 1 4 y3 + y=
+ y 1 .
y2 y 1 + y2 + y 1
t = y
2
.
Suy ra
2
2
y y 1 y + y 1
t =
=
y2 + 1
2
) (
Do t 2 ne n t = y y = x 2 + 2 khi o a ve gia i he phng trnh :

y
=
x2 + 2
2x + xy + 2 + ( x + 2 ) y 2 + 4x + 4 =
0
y
=
x2 + 2
2x + x x 2 + 2 + 2 + ( x + 2 ) x2 + 4x + 6 =
0
y
=
x2 + 2
2
x 1 + (x)2 + 2 (3)
( x + 2 ) 1 + ( x + 2 ) + 2 =
Phng trnh (3) co da ng ha m a c trng nen la cho n phng pha p ha m so :
Xe t ha m so f(t) =t 1 + t 2 + 2 tre n , ta co :
514
f '(t) = 1 + t 2 + 2 +
t2
t2 + 2
> 0, t ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren .
V vay (3) f(x + 2) =f( x) x + 2 =x x =1 y = 3 .

o i chie u v i ieu kie n tha y tho a man.
( 1; 3 ) .
y2 5 x + 5 =
0

1 2
2
x + 2= y + 2y + 3 y + y
5
Li giai
ie u kien : x 0 .
y2 5 x + 5 =
0
(1)
0
5 y2 + 2y + 3 y2 + 5y 5 x + 2 =
(2)
La y (1) + (2) theo ve ta c :

5 y2 + 2y + 3 + 5y + 5 5 x 5 x + 2 =
0
( y + 1)
+ 2 + y + 1=
x+
( x)
+2
(3)
Phng trnh (3) co da ng ha m a c trng nen la cho n phng pha p ha m so .

Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t + t 2 + 2 tre n , ta co :
t +t
t
t2 + 2 + t
f '(t) =
1+
=
>
0 nen f(t) la ham ong bien tren .
2
2
2
t +2
t +2
t +2
V vay (3) f( x ) =f ( y + 1) x =y + 1 .
Thay vao phng trnh au cu a he ta c :
=
y 0 =
x 1,y
= 0
(thoa ma n ieu kie n).
y 2 5 ( y + 1) + 5 = 0
=
= 5
y 5 =
x 36,y

Nhan xet. Co the du ng phng pha p the e giai.
515
2 2x + 1 3 + 2x + 1= 2y 3 y 2
)
(
)
(
.
4x + 2 + 2y + 4 =
6
Li giai
1
2
Khi o vie t la i phng trnh a u cu a he d i dang:

3
2 ( 2x + 1) + 2x +
=
1 2
y2
+ y 2 (1) .
Phng trnh (1) co da ng ha m a c trng nen s du ng ha m so .

Xe t ha m so f(t)
= 2t 3 + t tre n , ta co :
f '(t)
= 6t 2 + 1 > 0, t ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren .
V vay (1) f(2x + 1)= f
y 2 2x + 1=
y2 .
Thay vao phng trnh th hai ta c :

2 y 2 + 2y + 4 = 6 4 4y 8 + 2y + 4 = 6 .
Ha m so g(y)=
4y 8 + 2y + 4 o ng bien tre n 2; + ) ma t kha c g(6) = 6 .
1
Do o phng trnh tren co nghiem duy nhat y = 6 x = (thoa man ieu kien).
2
1
2
2 x + y2 + y + 3 3 y = x + 2
.
y3 + y2 3y 5 = 3x 3 3 x + 2
Li giai
x 2
ie u kien:
.
y 0

2 x + y2 + y + 3 =
x+2 +3 y .
Ta co :
2
2 x + y 2 + y + 3= 2 x + 2 + ( y 1) + 3y 2 x + 2 + 3y x + 2 + 3 y .
516
y = 1
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi x + 2

1=
x = 1 .
3
y = 1
3y

( 1;1) .
( x 2 )( 2y 1) = x3 + 20y 28
.
2
2 x + 2y + y = x + x
Li giai
ie u kien: x + 2y 0 .
Phng trnh th hai cua he c vie t la i:
x + 2y + 2 x + 2y + 1 = x 2 + 2x + 1
x + 2y + 1
( x + 1)
x + 2y + 1 = x + 1
x + 2y = x
.
x + 2y + 1 =x 1 x + 2y =2 x
TH1: Ne u
x 0
x 0
.
x + 2y =x
2
2
2y = x x
x + 2y = x
The va o phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
( x 2 ) ( x2 x 1) =
x3 + 10 x 2 x 28 .
x = 2
.
13x2 11x 30 =0
x = 15
13
Ke t h p v i ieu kie n ch nha n nghie m x =2 y =1 ( x;y ) =( 2;1) .

TH2: Ne u
x 2
x 2
x + 2y =2 x
2
2
x + 2y = x + 4x + 4
2y = x + 3x + 4
( x 2 ) ( x2 + 3x + 4 1) = x3 + 10 ( x2 + 3x + 4 ) 28 .
x = 3
.
9x + 33x + 18 =0
x = 2
3
2
517
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem:
2 11
2
11
x=
y = ( x;y ) =
; .
3
9
3 9

( x;y )
( 2;1); 23 ; 119 .
x2 + y2 + x2 y2 =
4

, ( x,y ) .
x + y x y =
2
Li giai
e phng trnh co nghiem ta pha i co:
x+y xy >0 x+y>xy y>0.
Khi o ie u kie n cu a he phng trnh la: x y > 0 .

Cach 1: Bie n o i tng ng
2x2 + 2 x 4 y 4 =
x 4 y 4 =8 x 2
16
2x 2 x 2 y 2 =4
x2 y 2 =x 2
x 2 0,8 x2 0
2 x 2 2
x 4 y 4 = 8 x2 y 4 =16x2 64 .
2
x 2 y 2 = ( x 2 )2
y= 4x 4
2 x 2 2
2 x 2 2
2
5
x =
2
16x 64 = ( 4x 4 ) x =
2 .
2
2
y = 6
y= 4x 4
y = 6
5
o i chie u v i ieu kie n suy ra ( x;y ) = ; 6 .

2
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ; 6 .

2
518
Cach 2: Bnh phng hai ve cua phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
x2 + y2 + x2 y=
x + x2 + y=
2
2
4
6
2
2
2
2
x
=
x y
2
=
x y
2
x
6 x 0,x 2 0
2
2
=
6 =
2
x + x + y
2
x
2
x + y =( 6 x )
2 .
x x 2 y 2 =
2
2
y = 6
x2 y2 = ( x 2 )
o i chie u la i ieu kie n suy ra ( x;y ) = ; 6 .

2
Cach 3: a t a n phu
Nha n thay co s lap lai cu a hai ca n th c
x + y, x y nen ta a t a n phu
nh sau:
=
u
a t
v
=
=
x2 y2
uv
.
, ( u > 0,v 0 ) 4
v4
xy
u +=
x2 + y2
2
x+y

4
4
u4 + v4
u + ( u 2)
4
+ uv =
4.
+ u ( u 2) =
2
2
2
u v =
v= u 2
4 + 2u u2 0
u 4 + ( u 2 )4
= 4 + 2u u2
2
v= u 2
3
u= 1 +
2
.
=
1
v
2
3
5+2 6
5
x + y =1 +
x + y =
x =
2
2
2 .
3
52 6
y = 6
1 x y=
x y=
2
2
519
Cach 4:
Nha n tha y ve tra i phng trnh th nha t co ba c 1, ve tra i phng trnh th
1
hai cua he dang ba c ne n ta a ve phng trnh a ng ca p nh sau:
2
x2 + y2 + x2 y2=
x+y xy
x2 + y2 + x2 y2 = 2x 2 x2 y2
x2 + y2 + 3 x 2 y 2 = 2x x 2 + y 2 + 9 x2 y2 + 6 x 4 y 4 = 4x2 .
4y2 3x2 0
.
3 x y = 4y 3x
4
4
4
2 2
4
9 x y = 9x 24x y + 16y
4
4y2 3x2 0
.
2
2
2
0
y 25y 24x =
o i chie u v i ie u kie n suy ra y =
2 6
x thay vao phng trnh th hai cua
5
he ta c:
x+
2 6
2 6
5
x x
x =2 x= y = 6 .
5
5
2
Hoa c n gia n ta a=
t x ty,t 1 .
Cach 5: L ng gia c hoa:

a t=
x R sin =
,y R cos , 0; =
,R
2
x2 + y2 .
R sin + cos sin cos =2

R 1 + cos2 sin 2 =4
sin + cos sin cos
R 1 + cos2 sin2 =4
520
= 1 + cos2 sin 2
2sin 1 0
3 2sin2
1
2sin
1
=
9 2sin2 =
1 ( 2sin 1) .
2
2
R 1 + sin cos =4

R 1 + sin 2 cos2 =4
5
2 6
5
2 6
5
=
,cos
=
,cos
sin
sin
x =
7
7
7
7
2 .
R 1 + sin 2 cos2 =4
R = 7
y = 6

2
5
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x;y ) = ; 6 .

2
.
Li giai
3
ie u kien: x .
2
Phng trnh a u cu a he c vie t la i d i da ng:
2
x 6 + x2 = y3 + 9y 2 + 28y + 30 x 2 x 4 + 1 = ( y + 3) ( y + 3) + 1 (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t)
= t(t 2 + 1) tre n , ta co : f '(t)
= 3t 2 + 1 > 0, t .
V vay (1) f(x2 ) = f(y + 3) x2 = y + 3 y = x2 3 .
2x + 3 + x = x 2 3 2x + 3 = x2 x 3 .
x2 x 3 0
2
2x + 3= x x 3
2
x x 3 0
4
3
2
0
x 2x 5x + 4x + 6 =
2
x =
x =
3
3,y =
6
x x 3 0
.
2
0
( x 3)( x + 1) x 2 =
x = 2 x = 2,y = 1

( 3;6 ) , 2; 1 .
521
Nhan xet. Phng trnh vo ty cuo i co da ng c ba n ne n phe p bnh phng
hai ve la t nhien ngoai ra co the at an phu
=
t
2x + 3 hoac viet lai di dang:
1
1
2
2
2x + 3 + 2 = x + 2
x = 3
1
1
.
2x + 3 + = x +
2
2
2x + 3 + 1 = x 1
x = 2
2
2

2
3
2
y x y 1 x + y = ( x + 1) 1 x y
x3 + 1 x 2 y =2xy
Li giai
ie u kien 1 x 1 .
Khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he c vie t la i d i da ng:
2
0
y 1 x2 x + 1 + y2 = 0 y + x + 1 =
.
=
y
1
x
y = 0
TH1: Ne u y 2 + x + 1 = 0
th la i tha y khong tho a ma n.
x = 1
1 x 2 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he , ta c:
TH2: Ne u =
y
x3 + 1 x 2
2
1 x=
x 2 1 x2 .
e giai phng trnh nay ta co the quy ve giai he phng trnh hoac at an phu:
Cach 1: Nhan tha y x = 1 kho ng tho a man phng trnh.
Xe t x 1 khi o vie t la i phng trnh di da ng:
x
2
1 x
a t t =
x2
x
2
+ 1 .
+1=
0.
2
1 x
1 x2
x
1 x2
phng trnh tr thanh:
t3 t 2 t2 + 1 + 1 = 0 t3 + 1 = t 2 t2 + 1 .
522
t 0
t t 3 + 1 0
t 1
+ 1 2t 2 t 2 + 1
t 6 + 2t 3=
6
4
3
2
0
t 2t + 2t 2t + 1 =
t 0

t 1
2 4
3
2
0
( t 1) t + 2t + t + 2t + 1 =
t 0

t 1
t 1 2 t2 + 1 + 2 t + 1 t2 + 1 2 t + 1 =
0
)
(
( (
) )( (
) )
t = 1
1+ 2 + 2 2 1
t =
2
2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 + 2 2 1
a p so: ( x;y ) =
;
;
;
2 2
2
2
u = x
Cach 2: a t
, u 1;1 ,v 0;1 .
v
1 x2
=
2
2
( u + v )(1 uv ) =
2uv
u3 + v3 =2uv ( u + v ) u + v uv =2uv
2
2
1
( u + v ) 2uv =
u + v =
( u + v )2 2uv =
1
1
a y la he o i x ng loai I a bie t ca ch gia i:
S= u + v 2
a t
, S 4P .
P = uv

S2 1
S2 1
S (1 P ) =2P
S 1
2.
=
2
2

2
2
1
S 2P =
1
S 2P =
523
S = 2
S 2 S2 + 2 2S + 1 =
0 S2 4P P =
S2 2P =
1
S= 1 2
P = 1 2
)(
2
u =
u + v =2
2
v =
1
=
uv
2
u 1[1 ,v 0;1
u = 1 2 2 2 1
u + v =1 2
uv
1
2
1 2 + 2 2 1
v =
2
2
x =
2

2
y =
2
x = 1 2 2 2 1
1 2 + 2 2 1
y =
2

2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 + 2 2 1
.
;
;
;
2
2
2
2
( x;y ) =

( 23 3x ) 7 x + ( 3y 20 ) 6 y =
0
(1)
0
2x + y + 2 3x + 2y + 8 + 3x2 14x 8 =
Li giai
7 x 0
6 y 0
ie u kien:
2x + y + 2 0
3x + 2y + 8 0
524
(2)
e y phng trnh au cu a he ta viet lai d i da ng:
3 ( 7 x ) + 2 7 x= 3 ( 6 y ) + 2 6 y
Xe t ha m so f(t)
=
(3t
(3)
+ 2 t , ta co : f '(t)
= 3t 4 + 2 + 12t 4 > 0, t .

Suy ra (3) f
) (
7 x =f
6 y 7 x = 6 y y = x 1.
Thay vao phng trnh (2) ta c:

3x + 1 x + 6 + 3x 2 14x 8 =
0.
1
Suy ra x 6 .
3
Phng trnh cuo i la phng trnh vo ty nham c nghie m x 0 = 5 ta s

du ng phng pha p nhan lie n h p:
3 ( x 5)
3x + 1 + 4
x5
11
+ 3 ( x 5) x + =
0.
15
x + 6 + 1
3
1
11
( x 5)
+
+ 3 x + =
0.
15
x + 6 + 1
3x + 1 + 4
x = 5
3
1
11
+
+ 3 x + =
0
15
x + 6 + 1
3x + 1 + 4
1
3
1
11
Do x 6
+
+ 3 x + > 0 .
3
15
x + 6 + 1
3x + 1 + 4
Do o phng trnh tre n ch co nghiem x = 5 y = 4 . o i chieu lai ie u

kie n thay tho a ma n.

y3 + y2 2x 4 x + 2 =
0
(1)
4y2 7 x + 2 ( 4x 1) y2 4 =
21
(2)
Li giai
ie u kien x 2, y 2 .
525
Khi o phng trnh (1) y3 + y2 x + 2 2
x+2
=
0.
)(
)(
y x + 2 y2 + 2y x + 2 + 2x + 4 =
0.
y x+2 y+ x+2
=
y
x+2
+ x + 2 =
0
y+ x+2
.
0
+x+2=
0
x = 2
x + 2 =
o i chie u
+x+2= 0
0
y + x + 2 =
y = 0
v i ie u kien tha y kho ng tho a man.
TH1: Ne u y + x + 2
TH2: Ne u =
y
( 4x + 1)
x + 2 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
x + 2 ( 4x 1) x 2 =
21
(3) .
e gia i phng trnh (3) ta s du ng phng pha p a ve he ta m nh sau:

( 4x + 1) x + 2 ( 4x 1) x 2 =
21
2
2
2 ) 4 20x2 + 1
( 4x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ( 4x 1) ( x =
( 4x + 1) x + 2 ( 4x 1) x 2 =
21
4
2
4x
+
1
x
+
2
+
4x
1
=
x
2
20x
+
1
(
)
(
)
21
Suy ra: 42 ( 4x + 1) x + =
2 80x 2 + 445 .
e gia i phng trnh cuoi bnh phng hai ve hoac a t =
t
17
5
.
c nghie m x =
y=
4
2
x + 2 ta tm
17 5
4 2
x + y + 1 + 1= 4 x + y 2 + 3 x + y
( )
( ).

5x3 1 3 2y + x =
4
Li giai
ie u kien x
526
1
3
,x + y 0 .
Phng trnh th hai kho ng ru t ra c g ta i x ly phng trnh a u cua
he co nha n t chung x + y .
2
1 4 ( x + y=
)
3( x + y ) x + y + 1 .
.
2x + 2y 1 =
0 (do x + y 0 ).
Suy ra 2y = 1 2x thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

5x3 1 3 1 2x + x =
4.
Ve trai la mo t ha m o ng bie n nen phng trnh tren neu co nghie m th o

la duy nha t.
Nha n thay x = 1 tho a man phng trnh.
Suy ra ( x;y=
) 1; 21 la nghiem duy nhat cua he phng trnh.
3
x+y + xy =
4
x+y xy =
x+y
xy
xy
x+y
Li giai
ie u kien: x + y > 0,x y > 0 .
x+y
) (
2
xy
= 3
x+y
xy
.4
2y = 12 y = 6 .
xy
x+y
3
x+6 + x6 =
4
x + 6 x 6 =
x+6
x6
(1)
x6
x+6
(2)
527
Xe t ha m so f(x) =
x+6 + x6 3
x+6
.
x6
a y la mot ha m o ng bien tre n ( 6;+ ) ne n phng trnh ne u co nghiem o

la nghiem duy nha t.
Nha n thay f(10) = 0 va y (1) co nghie m duy nhat x = 6 th lai va o (2) thay
tho a man.
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t la ( x;y ) = (10;6 ) .
2x2 + 1
1 x y +1 y 1
=
.
4
x ( x 2 ) + ( y 1=
) 2xy ( y 2 )
Li giai
ie u kien: y 1 .
Khi o phng trnh au cu a he tng ng v i:
2x2
=
2x2 + 1 + 1
x = 0
x y + 1 + y =
1
y +1 + y 1
2x
1 ( x;y ) =
TH1: Ne u x = 0 thay va o he ta c y =
( 0;1) .
2x2 + 1 +
=
1 x
TH2: Ne u
y +1 + y 1 .
Co ng theo ve v i phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:

2x2 + =
1 x y +1 =
y
x2 + 1
x2

4
x2 + 1
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
x ( x 2) + =
2 1 2x. 2 2 2 .
x
x x
x5 1 =0 x =1 y =2 .
528
2x2 + 1 + 1
x3 3x2 + 2= y3 + 3y2

3 x 2= y2 + 8y
Li giai
3
2
3
x 3x + 2= y y + 3
( x 1) 3 ( x 1)=
2
3 x 2= y 2 + 8y
3 x 2= y + 8y
y+3
3 y+3
Phng trnh (1) co da ng phng trnh a c trng ne n xe t ha m so .

Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 3t tre n 1; + ) , ta co :
f '(t)= 3 t 2 1 0 ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren 1; + ) .
Do o (1) f(x 1)= f
y + 3 x 1=
y+3 .
x 1= y + 3
Xe t he phng trnh:
3 x 2= y2 + 8y
x 1 2 =y + 3
x = 3
)
(
x 2,y 0
.

y = 1
9 ( x 2 ) = y2 + 8y

2
3
2
( y + 1) + y y + 1 = x + 2
x + x 2 2x + 5 =1 + 2 2x 4y + 2
Li giai
ie u kien : x 2y + 1 0 .
2
2
y + 1 + y = 2 ( x 2y + 1)
x
1
x
1
4
+
( ) = 8 ( x 2y + 1)
529
2
2
y + 1 + y = 2 ( x 2y + 1)
2
2
y2 + 1 + y
+
=
x
1
x
1
4
4
(
)
2
2
y + 1 + y = 2 ( x 2y + 1)
x 1 + ( x 1) + 4 = 2y + 2 y 2 + 1
2
x 1 + ( x 1) + 4 =2y 2 y 2 + 1
Do x 1 +
( x 1)
+ 4 > x 1 + x 1 0 va 2 y + y 2 + 1 < 0 ne n:
x 1+
( x 1)
+ 4 > 2y 2 y 2 + 1 .
V vay he phng trnh tng ng v i:

2
2
y + 1 + y = 2 ( x 2y + 1)
2
x 1 + ( x 1) + 4 = 2y + 2 y + 1
2
2
= 2 x 2y + 1
y
+
1
+
y
(
)
2
x 1 2y + ( x 1) + 4 2 y + 1 =0
2
2
= 2 x 2y + 1
y
1
y
+
+
(
)
( x 1 2y )( x 1 + 2y ) =0
x 1 2y +
2
( x 1) + 4 + 2 y2 + 1
2
2
= 2 x 2y + 1
y
+
1
+
y
(
)
x
2y
1
x 1 2y 1 +
)
=0
(
2
2
( x 1) + 4 + 2 y + 1
530
2
2
2
2
y + 1 + y = 2 ( x 2y + 1)
y + 1 + y = 4

=
=
x 1 2y 0
x 1 2y 0
1
y 2 + 1 + y =
x = 2
2
.
y = 3
x 1 2y =0
4
1 3
2 4
5x y x y= 2x 4y
.
2
0
x (10y x ) + x + y 11 =
Li giai
ie u kien: 5x y 0,x y 0,2x 4y 0 .
5x y =
x + 2y=
x y + 2x 4y 5x y = 3x 5y + 2
( x y )( 2x 4y )
x + 2y 0
( x y )( 2x 4y ) x2 + 4xy + 4y2 =x y 2x 4y
( )(
)
x + 2y 0
.
x = 0
x = 10y
TH1: Ne u x = 0 y = 0 th la i tha y khong tho a ma n.

TH2: Neu x = 10y suy ra x y 0 thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
10y + y 2 11
= 0 ( y 1)( y + 11=
) 0 =y 1 =x 10 .
y0

x + 3y + 3x + y= 2 x + 2x + 2y
.
2
0
2x 1 + y 3x + 1 =
Li giai
1
ie u kien: x ,x + 3y 0,3x + y 0,x + y 0 .
2
531
x + 3y 2 x =
2x + 2y 3x + y
5x + 3y 4 x ( x + 3y ) = 5x + 3y 2 2 ( x + y )( 3x + y )
2 x ( x + 3y ) =
2 ( x + y )( 3x + y )
.
2
2x ( x + 3y ) = ( x + y )( 3x + y ) ( x y ) = 0 x = y
3x x2 1 0
2x 1 + x 3x + 1 = 0 2x 1 = 3x x 1
2
2x 1= 3x x 1
3x x2 1 0
=
=
= 1
x 1
x 1,y
2
2
0
2 2 x =
2 2,y =
2 2
( x 1) x 4x + 2 =
x =

Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y )=
(1;1) ; ( 2
2;2 2 .
x + y + x2 + y2 4xy =
3 xy
.
2
2
1
2x ( x 6y ) + x + y =
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x + y 4y 0, xy 0 .
x + x2 =
1
0
Ne u y =
, he phng trnh co nghiem:
0
x=
3
3x2 = 1
1
;0 .
V i y 0 , ta xe t hai tr ng hp:
( x;y )=
TH1: Ne u y > 0 x 0 khi o phng trnh th nha t cua he tng ng

v i:
x
x2
x
x
.
+1+
4 +1 =
3
2
y
y
y
y
a t =
t
x
0 phng trnh tr thanh:
y
t + 1 + t 2 4t + 1
= 3 t t+
532
1
+ t + 4= 3 .
t
t
1
u= t + 2
1
1
5
2
t
.
t +
+ t +
6 = 3 u 6 = 3 u u =
2
t
t
t =2
t = 4
x = 4y
5
Va y t +
.
=
1
1
t =
y = 4x
t
=
t 2
4
2
- V i x = 4y thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
1
2
2
8y ( 4y 6y ) + 16y2 + y=
1 y=
1
y
= 1 x
= 4.
y>0
- V i y = 4x thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

2x ( x 24x ) + x2 + 16x 2 =
1 phng trnh vo nghiem.
TH2: Ne u y < 0 x 0 khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he tng ng

v i:
x
x2
x
x
.
+1+
4 + 1 = 3
y
y
y
y2
a t =
t
x
0 phng trnh tr thanh:
y
t + 1 t 2 4t + 1 =3 t t +
1
t + 4 =3 .
t
t
1
u= t + 2
1
1
2
t
t +
t +
6 = 3 u 6 = u + 3 : phng
t
t
trnh vo nghie m.
1
;0 ; ( 4;1) .
3
x2 + 4y 2 2x + 4y =

x2 y2 = 2x y + 4
Li giai
(3x
+ 6xy 4y 2
x2 2x + 4 =
0
he phng trnh vo nghiem.
Ne u y= 0
2
x= 2x 4
Xe t y > 0 khi o phng trnh th nha t cua he tng ng v i:
x2
2x
x2 6x
+ 4= 3 +
4.
2 + 4
2
y
y
y
y
533
a t t =
(t
x
phng trnh tr thanh:
y
+4
3t 2 + 6t 4 0
2t + 4 = 3t 2 + 6t 4
2
2
t + 4 ( 2t + 4 )=
(3t
+ 6t 4
3t 2 + 6t 4 0
t =1+ 5 x = 1+ 5 y .
2
2
2t
+
3
t
2t
4
=
0
(
)
) (
) (
y2 5 + 2 5 = 2 1 + 5 y y + 4 5 + 2 5 y2 2 5 + 1 y 4= 0 .
y = 1

y =1 x =1 + 5 .
4
y=
5+2 5
)
2 ( x xy + y )
.
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y =

)
(1 +
5;1 .
2
x xy =y
x2 + 3y2 = 3x + 5y 3
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 t phng trnh th hai cua he ta co :
2
3
3
5y = x2 3x + 3 + 3y2 = x + + 3y2 > 0 y > 0 x > 0 .
2
4

x2 x
x
x
=1 2
+ 1 .
y2 y
y
y
x
> 0 khi o phng trnh tr tha nh:
y
a t =
t
t t = 1 2 t2 t + 1 2 t2 t + 1 = 1 + t t
1 + t t 0
2
2 t t + 1 = 1 + t t
534
) (
1 + t t 0
2
( t 1) + t + 2 t ( t 1) =0
1 + t t 0
3 5
3 5
t 1+ t = 0 t =
x=
y.
2
2
2
t 1 + t =0
Thay x =
3 5
y va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
2
2
3 5 2
3 5
13 3 5 2 19 3 5
+ 3y2 3.
y + 5y 3
y
=
y+3 0
y=
2
2
2
2
3 5
=
,y 1
x =
y = 1
2
6
y=
3 3 5
6
x =
13 =
3 5
,y
13 3 5
13 3 5
3 5 3 3 5
6
;
( x;y ) = 2 ;1 ;
.
13 3 5 13 3 5
x + 2y + 3 4x +=
y 10 y + 3y x
.
4x + y + y + 3= 5y + 10x
Li giai
ie u kien: y 0,x + 2y 0,4x + y 9,3y x 0,2x + y 0 .

Xe t y > 0 khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he tng ng v i:
x
x
x
+ 2 + 3 4 + 1 = 10 + 3 .
y
y
y
Ve tra i la mot ham ong bie n va ve pha i la mo t ham nghch bie n vi

co nghiem duy nha t
x
nen
y
x
= 2 x = 2y .
y

3 y + y + 3 =5 y y + 3 =2 y y =1 x =2 .
535
x + x2 y2
9x
=
2
2
5
Bai 7. Gia i he phng trnh x x y
.
x
5 + 3x
y =
6(5 y)
Li giai
ie u kien x y ,y {0;5} ,x x2 y2 0 .
Khi o vie t la i phng trnh th hai cu a he tha nh:
6x ( 5 y ) =y ( 5 + 3x ) 9xy + 5y 30x =0
9x
x
=6 1
5
y
(1) .
x + x2 y2
x
= 6 1 .
y
x x2 y2
a y la phng trnh o ng ba c ne n ngh e n a t x = ty .

TH1: Ne u y > 0 khi o phng trnh tr thanh:
2
x
x
+ 1
y
x
y
x = ty
= 6 1 t + t 2 =
1
2
y
x
x
1
y
y
( 6t 1) t
6t 2 6t t 2 1 2t = 0 t 3t 1 3 t 2 1 = 0 .
t = 0
t = 0
t = 0
t 1

5.
3
2
t =
3 t 1 = 3t 1
3
2
2
9 t 1 = 9t 6t + 1
- V i t = 0 x = 0 y = 0 (kho ng tho a ma n).

- V i t =
5
5
x = y khi o thay va o (1) ta c:
3
3
9x
5
= 6. 1 x = 5 y = 3 (thoa ma n).
5
3
TH2: Ne u y < 0 khi o viet lai phng trnh d i da ng:
536
t 2 1 .
2
x
x
1
y
x
y
x = ty
= 6 1 t t 2 =
1
2
y
x
x
+ 1
y
y
( 6t 1) t +
t 2 1
t = 0
.
6t 2 2t + 6t t 2 1 = 0 t 3t 1 + 3 t 2 1 = 0
3 t 2 1 = 1 3t
t = 0
1
t
t = 0 x = 0 y = 0 (loai).
3
2
2
9 t 1 = 9t 6t + 1

x + x2 1 =
y + y2 1
.
x 2 + y2 xy =
1
Li giai
ie u kien: x , y 1 .
Khi o phng trnh au cu a he c vie t la i:
x y=
y2 1 x2 1 ( x y ) = y2 + x2 2 2
2
xy 1
( x 1)( y 1) =1 + xy ( x 1)( y 1=)
( x 1)( y 1) .
x 2 y 2 2xy + 1
xy 1
x=
y.
2
0
( x y ) =
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he, suy ra:
x2 + x2 x2 =1 x =1 ( x;y ) = ( ; 1) .

7x + y 2x + y =
4
.
2
2 2x + y 5x + 8 =
537
Li giai
8
Cach 1: ieu kie n: x ,7x + y 0,2x + y 0 .
5
7x + y= 2x + y + 4
7x + y = 16 + 2x + y + 8 2x + y
.
2 2x + y 2= 5x + 8 4 ( 2x + y ) + 4 8 2x + y = 5x + 8
0
0
8 2x + y 5x + 16 =
8 2x + y 5x + 16 =
.
0
0
8 2x + y + 3x + 4y 4 =
2x + 4y + 12 =
8 2 ( 2y + 6 ) + y 5 ( 2y + 6 ) + 16 =
4 5y + 12 = 5y + 7
0
.
x 2y + 6
=
x 2y + 6
=
56
4 5y + 12 = 5y + 7 x = 5
.
x 2y + 6
y = 13
=

56 13
5 5
u=
Cach 2: a t
v=
7x + y 0
2x + y 0
5x .
u2 v2 =
Ta co he phng trnh:
u v =
4
u = 9
u= v + 4
.
2
2
2
v = 5
8v + 24 = 2v 2
2v u v + 8 =
56
x=
7x + y =
9
7x + y =
81
5 .
2x
+
y
=
25
13
5
2x + y =
y =
5
7x + y 2x + y =
4
.
7
5x + 10y =
2
2 2x + y
10
Li giai
538
7
7x + y 2x=
+ y 2 2 2x + y
5x + 10y .
10
7x + y +
y = 2x
7
.
5x + 10y
= 5 2x + y
y = 2587x
5
369
o i chie u v i ieu kie n co ngha cu a he suy ra y = 2x .

Thay y = 2x va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c:
7x + 2x 2x + 2x = 4 x = 16 y = 32 .

x + 2y + 3 + 9x + 10y + 11 =
10
.
20
12x + 13y + 14 + 28x + 29y + 30 =
Li giai
ie u kien: x + 2y + 3 0,9x + 10y + 11 0,12x + 13y + 14 0,28x + 29y + 30 0
x + y + 1 + y + 2 + 9 ( x + y + 1) + y + 2 =
10
20
12 ( x + y + 1) + y + 2 + 28 ( x + y + 1) + y + 2 =
a t u = x + y + 1,v = y + 2 he phng trnh tr tha nh:

u + v + 9u + v =
10
.
20
12u + v + 28u + v =
Suy ra 12u + v + 28u +=

v 2
u + v + 9u + v =
u
5
v.
4
5
u 5
x + =
x 2
=
y +1 5 =
u = v
V vay
.
4
=
+2 4
=
v 4
y=
y 2
u + v + 9u + v =
10

7x + y + 2x + y =
5
Bai 12. (VMO 2001) Gia i he phng trnh
.
2
2x + y + x y =
Li giai
ie u kien: 2x + y 0,7x + y 0 .
539
u
=
a t
=
v
u2 v2
=
x
7x + y =
7x + y
u
5
.
, ( u,v 0 )
2
2
=
7v 2u2
2x + y
2x + y v
y =
5
2

u + v =
5
5
u + v =
2
.
u v2 7v2 2u2
2
2
10
=
2
5v + 3u 8v =
v +
5
5
15 77
u =
u= 5 v
u= 5 v
u,v 0
2
2

2
2
+
=
5v
25v
65
0
+
=
5v
3
5
v
8v
10
5 + 77
( )
v =
2
2
15 77
7x + y =
15 77
=
x 10 77
7x + y =
11 77 .
2
5 + 77
=
y
5 + 77
2
2x + y = 2
2x + y =

=
) 10 77; 11 2 77 .
11x y y x =
1
.
3
7 y x + 6y 26x =
Li giai
ie u kien: 11x y 0,y x .
u
=
a t
v
=
u2 + v2
=
x
11x y
u
11x y =
10
.
, ( u,v 0 )
2
2
=
u + 11v2
yx
y x v
y =
10
2

u v =
1
u v =
1
.
2
u2 + 11v2
u2 + v2
0
3 4v 2u2 + 7v 3 =
26.
=
7v + 6.
10
10
540
u= v + 1
u= v + 1
u = 2
u,v 0
.
2
2

2
0
0
2v + 3v 5 =
v = 1
4v 2 ( v + 1) + 7v 3 =
1
x=
11x y =
2
11x y =
4
2.
1
1
y x =
y = 3
y x =
2
1 3
2 2
x + 2y + 2x + 2y + 3 =
5
.
2
5
2x + 2y + 3 + x 2y =
Li giai
ie u kien: x + 2y 0,2x + 2y + 3 0 .
x = v2 u2 3
x + 2y =
u2
, ( u,v 0 )
2u2 v2 + 3 .
v2
2x + 2y + 3
2x + 2y + 3 =
y =
2

u + v 5
u + v 5
=
2
2u2 v2 + 3
2u2 v2 + 3
2
2
= 5 v + 5 ( v u ) 3 2.
= 5
v + v u 3 2.
2
2
=
u
a t
v =
x + 2y
v= 5 u
5 u + 5 ( 5 2u ) 3
2.
2u2 ( 5 u ) + 3
u
=
=
v
v= 5 u
u =
2
0
99u 451u + 506 =
=
v

=
5
x + 2y =
x
2
2=
3=
2x + 2y + 3 =
3
y
23
23
x =
x + 2y =
9
22
22
=
y
2x + 2y + 3 =9
9

Va y he phng trnh co hai nghiem la =

( x;y )
2
1
32
9
817
162
817
( 2;1); 329 ; 162
.
541
3x + y + x + y =
2
.
1
x + y + x y =
Li giai
u2 v2
x
=
2
u
3x + y =
=
3x + y
u
2
a t
.
, ( u,v 0 )
2
2
=
3v u2
v
x+y
x + y v
=
y =
2
u + v =
2
2
u + v =
u2 v2 3v2 u2
2
1
=
1 v + u 2v2 =
v +
2
2
7 21
u =
=
x
9 21
u,v 0
2
.

21 3
y = 2
v =
2

=
) 9 21; 2 .
14x 2 15xy + 4y 2 24x + 12y =
0
.
6
7x 2 + 12x + 4xy + 36 + x 2 + 8x + 32 =
Li giai
y = 2x
( 2x y )( 7x 4y 12 ) =0 y = 7x 12 .
4
Xe t tr ng hp va thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he tm c ca c
nghiem ( x;y ) =( 7; 14 ) ; ( 4; 8) .
4
x y x y + 4 + ( x y ) x ( y + 2 ) +=
x2 2x 3y + 4y2 =
0
y ( x + 1) + 2 x
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0,y 0,x y x y + 4 + ( x y ) x ( y + 2 ) + 4 0 .

542
y ( x + 1) + 2 x 0
x y x y + 4 + ( x y ) x ( y + 2 ) =
+4
y ( x + 1) + 2 x
y ( x + 1) + 2 x 0
y.
x=
0
y x 4 + 2x y + y x + x y + 2 =
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he tm c ca c nghiem:
)(
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ); (1;1) .
3
2
( x + 1) + y y + 1 = x + 2
.
x 1 + x 2 2x +=
5 2 2x 4y + 2
Li giai
ie u kien: x 2y + 1 0 .
Vie t la i he phng trnh a cho d i dang:
2
2x 4y =
4 ( 2x 4y 2 ) =
y 2 + 1 + y
x 1+
Suy ra 4 y2 + 1 + y = x 1 +
2y + 4y 2 + 4 = x 1 +
( x 1) + 4
( x 1) + 4 .
( x 1) + 4 x 1 =2y x =2y + 1 .
5 3
Thay vao phng trnh th nha t cu a he tm c nghie m ( x;y ) = ; .
2 4
4x y + 3 y + 1 =
0

.
0
4 ( x + 1)( y + 1) 6 x + 1 + 1 =
Li giai
=
u
a t
v
=
x +1
y +1
543
) (
4 u2 1 v2 1 + 3v =
4u2 v2 + 3v 3 =
0
4uv
6u
1
0
+
=
0
4uv 6u + 1 =
Nha n thay u = 0 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.

Xe t u > 0 he phng trnh tng ng v i:
2
64u4 12u2 1 =
4u2 6u 1 + 3. 6u 1 3 =
0
0
4u
4u
6u 1
v =
6u 1
4u
v =
4u
1
u =
2
1
3
u =
x +1 =
x =
1
u,v 0
u=

2
2
4.
2
=
v 1=
y +1 =
y 0
1
6u 1
=
v
4u
3
4

2x2 xy 2 2xy + y3 y 2 + 2x =
0
.
2x2 2xy + y2 4x + 4
2
2
+ x xy + y 2x 2y + 4 =2 y
2
Li giai
x= y 1
y 2x ( x y + 1) = 0
y2 .
=
x
2
Xe t tr ng h p va thay vao phng trnh th hai cu a he tm c nghiem.
x + y x y = 4x y

.
x2 16 = y 3x + 2
Li giai
Bnh phng hai ve phng trnh a u cua he tm ra =
y 4x 4 .
x2 16 = 2 + x 4 x 2 16 3 = x 4 1 .
544
x2 5
=
x 2 16 + 3
x+5
1
0
( x 5)
=
2
+
x 4 +1
x
4
1
+
x
16
3
x5
x = 5 y = 16 .

x + y + 5 3x + 2y + 1 =
0
.
0
x + 1 + x y + 3 =
Li giai
a t t = x + 1, ( t 0 ) t phng trnh th hai cu a he ru t ra y = t 2 + t + 2 thay
2t 2 + t + 1 +=
1
5t 2 + 2t + 1 .
Suy ra 5t 2 + 2t + 1 2t 2 + t + 1 =
1
3t 2 + t
2
2
5t
+
2t
+
1
+
2t
+
t
+
1
=
= 3t 2 + t
2
2
5t + 2t + 1 2t + t + 1
) (3t
2 5t 2 + 2t + 1= 3t 2 + t + 1 4 5t 2 + 2t + 1 =
+ t +1
t= 2

x3 + 3 = xy + 1
.
2
+ y2
x 2 y 2 + y + 1 + y y3 + y 2 + 1
x =
) (
Li giai
(x
)(
+ y2 + 1 y x2 = 0 y = x2 .
Thay y = x2 va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c:

x3 + 2 = x3 + 1 x = 1 y = 1 .

x2 + y2 x2 y2 + x2 + y2 + 1 =
3

.
x 2 + y2 + 2 =
4
545
Li giai
x2 + y2 x2 y2 + x2 + y2 + 1 =
3

.
2
2
2
2
16
x + y + 2 + 2 x y + 2 =
2
a=
t u x=
,v y2 , ( u,v 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u + v uv + u + v + 1 =
3
.
14
u + v + 2 uv + 2u =
x2 + 3y2 3 + 2 2x2 2y + 1 =
3y
.
3x2 + y2 = 2y + 2
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x + 3y 3 0,2x 2y + 1 0 .
T phng trnh th nha t cu a he suy ra y 0 .
x2 + 3y2 3 + 2 2x2 2y + 1 =
3y
2
2
2
2x 2y + 1 = x y + 3
x2 + 3y2 3 + 2 x2 y2 + 3 =
3y
(1)
.
2
2
2
2x 2y + 1 = x y + 3
Ta x ly phng trnh (1) nh sau:
Xe t y > 0 khi o (1)

a t t =
x2 3
y2
x2 3
y2
+ 3 + 2 1
x2 3
y2
=3 .
ta co phng trnh: t + 3 + 2 t 1 =3 .
t + 3 + 4 ( t 1) + 4
( t + 3)( t 1) =9 4
t 2 4t 3 = 10 + 3t
3t + 10 0
x2 3
t
2
=2 .
2
2
y2
16 t 4t 3 = 9t + 60t + 100
546
x = 1
x2 3
2
2
x =
2y + 3
2 = 2
y = 1
.

y
2
2
3 2y + 3 + y = 2y + 2
x = 1
2
3x + y = 2y + 2
y = 1
( 1;1) ; (1;1) .
x
1 y
1
3
2
2x x
xy .
Bai 26. Gia i he phng trnh 3y 4xy
2
1
2
x + 4y 2x 2y =
9
Li giai
ie u kien: xy > 0,
x
3
3y 4xy
0,3y3 4xy2 0 .

1
2 ( x + y ) = x2 + 4y2 + > 0 x + y > 0 x,y > 0 .
9
x3
3
3y 4xy
a=
t t
1 y
x
+
2 x
y
)(
x
=
y
34
x
y
=
2
x
y
x
.
y
x
t6
1
t6
1
=t+
= t2 + 1 +
> 0 phng trnh tr thanh:
2
2
y
2t
3 4t
3 4t
4t 2
2t 4 1 2t 4 + 5t 2 + 3 = 0 t =
x

y
1
4
y=
1
4
2x .
Thay y = 2x va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
1
x2 + 8x2 2 x + 2x =
9x2 2
9
2 +1 x +
1
0
=
9
547
x = 1 +
x = 1 +
1+ 2 2 + 2 2
2+ 2 2 2 +4
2 2+2 2
x =
,y
=
9
9
9
+ 2 + 2+2 2
2+ 2 + 2 2 +4
2 + 2+2 2
x 1=
=
,y
9
9
9
( x;y ) = 1 +
2 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 + 4
;
;
9
9
1+ 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 4
9
9
x
y
+
= x2 + y2 + 3xy
2
y2 + 1 y
.
Bai 27. Gia i he phng trnh x + 1 x
25
2
x + 1 + y 2 = xy
y + 1 + x
Li giai

2
2
2
2
x x + x + 1 + y y + y + 1 =x + y + 3xy
2 25
y + 1 + x 2
x + 1 + y = xy
4
x x2 + 1 + y y2 + 1 =
3xy
2
2 25
y + 1 + x x + 1 + y = xy

Xe t xy 0 he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
2
2
2
2
x +1 + y +1 =
3
x +1 + y +1 =
3
y
x
y
x
y2 + 1 25
x2 + 1
x2 + 1 y2 + 1 9
=
1+
=
.
1 +
y
x 4
x
4
y
548
x,y > 0
x +1 = 3
x =
2
y
4 x 2 + 1 = 9y 2
y2 + 1 3
y =
=
4 y2 + 1 =
9x2
2
x
(
(
)
)
2
5
.
2
5
2 2
;
.
5 5
12 2x2 =+
y 4

.
1 2y y 2 =5 2x
Li giai
ie u kien: 6 x 6, 1 2 y 1 + 2 .
12 2x2 = y2 + 8y + 16
2x2 + y2 + 8y + 4 = 0 (1)
.
2
2
2
2
4x + y 20x + 2y + 24 = 0 (2)
1 2y y = 25 20x + 4x
ay la he bac hai hai an tong quat a biet cach giai hoac x ly nhanh nh sau:
La y (1) + 2.(2) theo ve ta c:
x = 2
2
2
10 ( x 2 ) + 3 ( y + 2 ) =
0
y = 2

)
( 2; 2 ) .
x2 + 2xy2 + 2y =x + 2xy + 4y3

.
7
2 3x 5 + 3 8y3 3x + 9 =
Li giai
5
.
3
ie u kien: x
( 2y x ) ( 2y
+ x 1=
5
3
0
=
x
x
2y .
Thay 2y = x va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

3
2 3x 5 + x3 3x + 9 =
7.
Ve tra i la ham o ng bie n, ve phai la ham ha ng ne n phng trnh co nghiem

3
duy nha t x = 3 y = .
2
549
3
2

3x2 + 6xy + 4y2 + 2y + 1 = 3x + 2y 1
2
2
4 x + y + 2 + 4y 2 ( y + 1)= 5y + 6x + 3 + 2 x + y
Li giai
ie u kien: 3x2 + 6xy + 4y2 + 2y + 1 0,y 1,x + y 2 0,x + y + 2 0 .

2
3 ( x + y ) + ( y + 1) = 3 ( x + y ) ( y + 1) .
3x + 2y 1 0
2
2
2
2 .
3 ( x + y ) + ( y + 1) = 9 ( x + y ) 6 ( x + y )( y + 1) + ( y + 1)
3x + 2y 1 0
3x + 2y 1 0
.
x + y =0
y = x
x + y = y +1
x =1
TH1: Ne u x = 1 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
4 y + 3 + 4y 2 ( y + 1)= 5y2 + 9 + 2 y2 + 1 .
e giai phng trnh nay ta anh gia thong qua bat ang thc Co si nh sau:
4 y + 3 4 + y + 3 = y + 7
VT 2y2 + 7y + 7
2
4y 2 ( y + 1) 2y ( 2 + y + 1)= 2y + 6y
5y 2 + 9 + 2 y2 + 1 5y2 + 9 + y + 1= 5y2 + y + 10 VP 5y2 + y + 10

2
Ma t kha c: 5y2 + y + 10 2y 2 7y 7 = 3y 2 6y + 3 = 3 ( y 1) 0 .
V vay da u ba ng xa y ra y =
1.
Va y tr ng h p na y he phng trnh co nghiem ( x;y ) = (1;1) .
TH2: Ne u y = x thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
4 2 4x 2 (1 x )= 5x 2 6x + 3 + 2 x 2 + x .
a y coi nh mo t ba i ta p da nh cho ba n o c.
550
x +=
3 2 ( y + 1)( 3y x )

.
x+5
3y 2
= xy 2y 2
Li giai
2
ie u kien: y ,3y x 0,x 5 .
3

3 ( y + 1) ( 3y x=
) 2
( y + 1)( 3y x ) .
x + 3 0
x + 3 0
x + 3 0
2
2
0 y + 1 = 3y x x = 2y 1
9 ( y + 1) 10 ( y + 1)( 3y x ) + ( 3y x ) =
Thay =
3y 2 y + 2= 2y2 3y 2
3( y 2)
3y 2 + 2
2y
2+ y+2
) (
3y 2 2 + 2 y + 2 = 2y2 3y 2
=
( y 2 )( 2y + 1) .
1
3
= 0 y= 2x= 3.
( y 2 ) 2y + 1 +
y+2 +2
3y 2 + 2
2
2
44
y + ( y + 1) x + x y =
.
x2 + x x2 y2 =
40
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x y 0 .
2
2
44
y + ( y + 1) x + x y =
2
x + x2 y 2 + y 2 =
80
x + x2 y 2 he phng trnh tr tha nh:

a t u =
v = y
551

2
2
u = 4
4
x + x y =
2
2
2
2
u + v =
y = 8
u + v =
80
x = 5
80
v = 8
y=4
44 u + v + uv =
u = 8
44
x + x2 y2 =
v + u ( v + 1) =
8
v = 4
y = 4

2
2
6x5 y
x 1 + 3 =2
x +2
.
4x 3x2 y 9xy2
3y x =
x + 3y
Li giai
ie u kien:
4x 3x y 9xy
0,x + 3y 0 .
x + 3y
e he co nghie m ta pha i co 3y x 0 .
)(
) (
2
4
2
2
5
6x5=
y x6 + 8
6x y = x + 2 x 2x + 1 + 3 x + 2
.
3
3
4x
x + 27y =
( x + 3y )( 3y x )2 =4x 3x2 y 9xy2

2 3
3y
+ 1 =
2.
x
x2
.
3
3y
2
2.
1 + =
x2
x
2
u = 2
x , ( u > 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
a t
3y
v =
( u v ) u2 + uv + v2 + 2 =
u3 v3 =
u3 + 1 =
0
2 ( u v )
2v
3
2u
v3 + 1 =
v3 + 1 =
2u
v + 1 =
2u
552
=
u v=
u v
u = v
3
3
( u 1) u2 + u 1 =0
=
2u + 1 0
v + 1 2u
u =
=
u 1,v
= 1
1 + 5
1 + 5
.
=
u
=
,v
2
2
1+ 5
1+ 5
,v =
u =
2
2
o i chie u v i ieu kie n suy ra u= v= 1,u= v=
1 + 5
.
2
2
= 1 x = 2
u = 1 x2
TH1: Ne u
2.
v = 1 3y = 1 y =
3
o i chie u v i ieu kie n suy ra=

( x;y ) 2; 32 ; 2; 32 .
2 1 + 5
1 + 5
x =
=
u =
1+ 5
x2
2
2
TH2: Ne u
1
1 + 5
5 1
3y 1 + 5
y =
v
=
=
6
2
2
x
1+ 5
o i chie u v i ieu kie n suy ra ( x;y ) = 1 + 5; 5 1 1 + 5 .
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la
=
( x;y ) 2; 32 ; 2; 32 ; 1 + 5; 5 1 1 + 5 .
x + x2 + 1 =
y + y2 1
.
x2 + y2 xy =
1
Li giai
ie u kien: y 1 .
Cach 1: Vie t la i phng trnh a u cua he d i da ng:
x y=
y2 1 x2 + 1 ( x y ) = x2 + y2 2
( x + 1)( y 1) .
2
553
xy 0
( x + 1)( y 1) = xy x y
2
2 2
xy 0
.
2
2
x=
+ y 1 x y
=
y x 1
2
2 2
Xe t he phng trnh:
x = 0,y = 1
2
2
2
x + y =
xy 1 2x =
xy 0
1
2
.
x =
,y =
2
2
2
2
3
3
=
=
y x 1
y x 1
1
2
x =
=
,y
3
3
1 2
Th lai nghiem ch co ( x;y ) = ( 0;1) ,
;
thoa ma n.
3 3
1 2
;
.
3 3
Cach 2: Vie t la i phng trnh a u cua he d i da ng:
2
y x2 + 1 .
x y2 1 =
y x2 + 1 x y2 1 =
2x y 2 1 1 =
2y x 2 + 1 + 1 y x 2 + 1 =
1 + x y2 1 .
y2 x2 + 1 = 1 + 2x y 2 1 + x 2 y 2 1 .
2
x y2 1 =0 x = y 2 1 y 2 x 2 =1 .
2
2
1
y x =
.
Va y a ve gia i he phng trnh:
2
2
1
x + y xy =
Th c hie n tng t ca ch 1.
Cach 3:
y < 0
V x + x + 1 > 0 y + y 1 > 0 y 1 > y

y>0.
y0
y2 1 > y2

Ke t h p v i ieu kie n suy ra y 1 .
2
Khi o vie t la i phng trnh a u cu a he d i dang:

x + x2 + =
1
554
y2 1 + y 2 1 + 1
(1) .
Phng trnh (1) co da ng ha m a c trng nen s du ng ha m so .
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t + t 2 + 1 , ta co :
t
t2 + 1 + t
f '(t) =
1+
=
> 0 ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren .
t2 + 1
t2 + 1
x 0
.
y2 1 2
2
1
y x =
V vay (1) f(x)

= f y 2 1 x
=
a ve gia i he tng t cach 1.
u x 2 =x2 + 1 x =
u =
2
)
x + x + 1 (
Cach 4 : a t
2
v =
y + y2 1 ( v y ) =y2 1 y =
Khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh :
u2 1
2u .
2
v +1
2v
u =
u = v
u = v
2
2
u=
u2 1 v2 + 1 u2 1 v2 + 1 4
u =
0
.
=
1 u 4u2 + 3 =
+

2u 2v
2u
2v
u=
v = 1
v= 1
v= 3
v=
y x + 1 2x + y 1 3 =
8x3
)(
)
(
x + y + 3 y x + 1 =
3
Li giai
3
3
y x + 1 2x =
y 1) 8x3
)( + y 1) 8x3 ( 3 x y )( 2x +=
(
.
3
y x + 1 = ( 3 x y )
y x + 1 = ( 3 x y )3
y2 + ( 3x 4 ) y + 2x2 5x + 3 =
( 3 x y )( 2x + y 1) =
2x
0 (1)
3
3
+
=
y
x
1
3
x
y
y x + 1 = ( 3 x y )
(
)
Coi phng trnh (1) la phng trnh ba c 2 vi an la y va tham so la x .
Ta co y =
( 3x 4 )
4 2x2 5x + 3 =
( x 2)
y= 3 2x
. Suy ra
.
y= 1 x
y3 xy = x + 1
.
1
x 2 + y 2 =
555
Li giai
ie u kien x,y 2 .
y3 xy = x + 1
y3 xy = x + 1
.
x 2 + y 2 =1 y 2 =1 x 2
y3 xy = x + 1
y3 xy = x + 1
.
1 x 2 0
x 3
x 1 2 x 2
x +1 2 x 2
y 2 =
y =
) (
Ma t kha c y3 xy
= y y 2 x 2 22 3 2 x + 1 .
Da u ba ng xay ra khi=
x 2,y
= 3.
2x ( y + 1) 2y ( y 1) =
186

.
4+y
x +y x= 2
2 x +y
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x + y > 0 .
2
2
0
0
2xy 2y + 2x + 2y + 186 =
2xy 2y + 2x + 2y + 186 =
2
2
4
2 x + y 2x x + y = 4 + y
x 2 + y 2x x 2 + y + x2 =
2xy 2y 2 + 2x + 2y + 186 =
0
2xy 2y2 + 2x + 2y + 186 =
0
2
2
x +y x=
.
2
2
4
x + y x =
x2 + y x =2
2xy 2y 2 + 2x + 2y + 186 =
0

2xy 2y + 2x + 2y + 186 =
0
x 2

y= 4 + 4x
x2 + y = x + 2

2
2xy 2y2 + 2x + 2y + 186 =
0
0
2xy 2y + 2x + 2y + 186 =

x2
x2 + y = x 2
y= 4 4x
556
23 + 4417
1 + 4417
=
x =
,y
.

24
6
x = 3,y = 8
o i chie u la i ieu kie n tha y ca hai nghie m e u tho a man.

( x;y=) ( 3; 8); 23 +244417 ; 1 +
4417
.
2x + y 2 + y x + 1 =
3

19
1 .
x + 2 y x 1 = 5 + 2
y +1
Li giai
x 1
ie u kien: 2x + y 2 0 .
y x + 1 0
Bnh phng hai ve phng trnh a u cua he ta c:
( 2x + y 2 )( y x + 1) =9
( 2x + y 2 )( y x + 1) = 10 x 2y
x + 2y 1 + 2
2
10 x 2y 0
4 ( 2x + y 2 )( y x + 1)=
(10 x 2y )
10 x 2y 0
y2
2
2
4y = x 4x + 12 = ( x 2 ) + 8
Phng trnh th hai cua he c vie t la i d i da ng:

x 2 x 1 + 2y =
x 1 1 +
19
1
+
2
5 y +1
( y 2 ) (10y2 + y + 12 )
5 y2 + 1
x 1 1 + 2y
19
= 0.
y +1 5
2
x 1 1 =
x = 2
0
.
= 0
0
y 2 =
y = 2
557
( x + 7y ) x + ( y + 7x=
) y 8 2xy ( x + y )

.
2 (1 y ) x 2 + 2x 1 = y 2 2x 1
Li giai
T phng trnh cu a he suy ra x = y (xem chu e he phng trnh o i x ng
Loa i I).
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he va a t t = x 2 + 2x 1 a ve phng
trnh ba c hai khong hoa n toa n(xem cuo n phng trnh, ba t phng trnh vo
ty cung ta c gia ).
He phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t la ( x;y ) = 1 + 6; 1 + 6 .

x y 4 = 13x 4
)
(
.
x + y + 3x y =2
Li giai
x + y 0
ie u kien:
.
3x y 0

x + y + 3x y =
2 4x + 2
( x + y )( 3x y ) =
1
1
x
x
.
( x + y )( 3x y ) =
1 2x 2
2
( x + y )( 3x y ) =1 4x + 4x2 x y 2 =4x 1
)

x = 1
( 4x 1) = 13x 4 x = 5 .
16
2
3
y=
5
5
16 .
o i chie u v i ieu kie n suy ra: x = y =
1 4.
16 16
16
13
y = 16
2
13
=
) 165 ; 163 ; 165 ; 16
.
558
x2 + 1 = y + 2 2

.
2
1 x3 y3
9y ( x + 3y ) =
Li giai
Nha n tha y y = 0 kho ng la nghiem cu a he phng trnh. Phng trnh th hai
cu a he vie t la i d i da ng:
9
( x + 3y ) = 13 x3 9xy + 27 = 13 x3 .
y
y
y
3
1
3x 3x2
1
3x 1
9x
x +
=27 +
x + x 3 =27 .
2
y
y
y y
y
y
y
2
1
1
3x
1
x 3 x + 3 x + 9 + = 0 = x + 3 .
y
y
y
y
a p so:=
( x;y )
(2
2;3 2 2 .
3y + 9y2 + 3 =
2
9
2x + 4x + 3

.
19
xy + x 2 + y 2 =
36
Li giai
2
2x
2x + 2x + 1 y + y 2 + 1 =
.
1 y=

3
3
3
Thay y =
2x
3
1 19
1 19
1 19
,y =
x =
x =
2
4
19
7x
19
2 7
2 7
3 7
x2 + x2 + x2 =
3
9
36
9
36
1 19
1 19
1 19
x =
x =
,y =
2
7
2
7
3 7
1 19 1 19
1 19 1
;
;
;
( x;y ) =
2 7 3 7 2 7 3
19
.
7
559
y + y2 + 1 =
2
2
x + x + 4
.
6y2 + 5y + 1= x3 + 1
Li giai
2
2
x + x + 1 y + y2 + 1 =1 x + x + 1 =y + y2 + 1 x =y .

2

2
2
2
2
x
Thay y = va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
2
2
x
x 1
6 + 5 + =
2
2 2
x3 + 1 6x2 10x + 2=
6 x2 x + 1 4 ( x + 1=
)
x +1
6 4. =
x2 x + 1
x3 + 1 .
( x + 1) ( x2 x + 1) .
x +1
x2 x + 1
x +1
=
x2 x + 1
97 1
.
8
x = 121 + 97 8114 + 530 97 , y = 121 + 97 8114 + 530 97

144
288
.
121
+
97
+
8114
+
530
97
121
+
97
+
8114
+
530
97
x =
,y=
144
288
x3 + y3 6x2 6y2 + 13x + 13y =
20
.
8 8 2x + y 4 + 2
x + 2 x2 y +=
Li giai
ie u kien: x2 y + 8 0,2x + y 4 0 .
3
( x 2)
+ x 2 = (2 y) + 2 y x 2 = 2 y y = 4 x .
Thay y= 4 x va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

x + 2 x2 + x + 4= 8 x + 2 x 2 + 2 x 2 + x + 4= 8 x .
Nha n thay x = 0 kho ng la nghiem cu a phng trnh.

Xe t x > 0 chia hai ve phng trnh cho
560
x ta c:
2
4
2
2
+ 2 x + 1 + =
+2 x
x
8
x
8.
+5 =
x
x
x
x
a t=
t
2
x
phng trnh tr thanh:
t 8
t + 2 t2 + 5 = 8 2 t2 + 5 = 8 t 2
2
4 t + 5 = 64 16t + t
t = 2
x
t = 22
x
3
2
x
2
x
2
=
x= 4 + 2 3
260 22 139
22
x =
=
x =
4 + 2 3,y =
2 3
260 22 139
22 139 224 .
=
x
=
,y
9
9
( x;y ) =( 4 + 2
260 22 139 22 139 224

3; 2 3 ;
;
.
9
9
x3 y3 xy x y + 1 = 1 x 1 y

.
2x3 y3 + x2 2y 2 2x 2y + 4 =
0
Li giai
ie u kien: x 1,y 1,xy x y + 1 0 .
Ne u x =1 y =1 .
Xe t x,y < 1 khi o phng trnh a u cua he vie t la i d i dang:
(x
y3
yx
.
xy x y + 1 =
1 x + 1 y
( x y ) x2 + xy + y2
xy x y + 1 +
= 0x= y.
1 x + 1 y
1
Thay y = x va o phng trnh th hai cu a he tm c ca c nghiem
( x;y ) =( 2; 2 ) .
=
)
(1;1) ; ( 2; 2 ) .
561
2x2 + 4y 2
2 3
= 4 (x + y) 1
xy
y x
.
2
x + 5x + 2y + xy + 6 2x x ( y + 3) = x + y + 3
Li giai
(x
x ( y + 3)
+ 2 ( x + y + 3) =
) +(
x x ( y + 3)
x x ( y + 3)
x + y+3 .
+ 2 ( x + y + 3) = x + y + 3 + 2 x ( y + 3) .
x y+3
x
=
x ( y + 3)
=0
x =y+3.
=
x
y+3
Thay x= y + 3 va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:

2
2 ( y + 3) + 4y2
= 4
y ( y + 3)
( 2y + 3)( 6 y ) 1 .
y ( y + 3)
7y2 + 15y + 18
2y 2 + 9y + 18
4
=
y ( y + 3)
y ( y + 3)
(
16y ( y + 3) ( 2y
)
+ 9y + 18)= ( 7y
4 y ( y + 3) 2y 2 + 9y + 18 = 7y 2 + 15y + 18
81( y 1) ( y + 2 )
+ 15y + 18 .
x = 1
y = 2 y = 2
.
=
0
x = 4
y = 1
y = 1

)
(1; 2 ); ( 4;1) .
2 2x 3y 5 x + y =
7
.
1
3 5 x + y 2x y 3 =
562
Phan tch li giai. Nha n tha y he co en bon ca n th c trong o la p lai
5 x + y ne n ta a t mo t an phu u =
5 x + y a t tiep mo t trong hai ca n
co n lai la a n tie p theo v khi o ca n th c co n so t la i cuo i cung e u bieu

die n c theo hai ca n thc a a t a n phu tre n.
Li giai
ie u kien 5 x + y 0,2x y 3 0,2x 3y 0 .
u = 5 x + y
a t
2x 3y = 17 4u2 v2 .
v= 2x y 3
Khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh
=
v 3u 1
3u v =
1
2
2
2
2
2
17
4u
3u
1
7
u
=
2
17
4u
v
u
7
+
=
(
)
0 u 7
u 7
.
v = 3u 1
v = 3u 1
2
2
2
0
53u 38u 15 =
4 13u + 6u + 16 = u 14u + 49
5 x + y =
1
u =1
x + y =4
x =3
.
2
2
v =
2x y =7
y =1
2x y 3 =

)
( 3; 1) .
x+y= xy +2

.
x2 + y2 + 1
= x2 y2 + 3
Li giai
ie u kien x + y 0,x y 0 .
=
u
a t
v
=
x2 y2 =
uv
2
2
4
4
xy
2 x + y =u + v
x+y
u= v + 2
u= v + 2
.
u v 2 + 2uv 2u2 v2
u4 + v4
( )
+ 1 = uv + 3
+ 1 = uv + 3
2
563
u= v + 2
u= v + 2
.
2 2
2 2
9 u2 v2 + 6uv + 9
u v + 8uv + 9 = uv + 3 u v + 8uv +=
u =
u =
v+2
2 u =
0
. Nhng do u,v 0 ne n ch nhan nghiem
uv = 0
v = 0 v = 2
=
u 2,v
= 0 .
2
x = 2
x + y =
.
y
=
2
x
y
=
0
3x
+ 3x + 2y = 6y 2 (1)
y
.
2 3x + 3x + 2y = 3x 3y + 2 (2)
Li giai
ie u kien y 0,3x + 2y 0,3x + 3x + 2y 0 .
a t u = 3x + 2y 3x = u2 2y khi o (1) tr tha nh
u2 2y
+ u = 6y 2 u2 + u.y 6y2 = 0 .
y
u = 3y
.
( u + 3y )( u 2y ) =0
u = 2y
- V i u = 3y khi o (2) tr tha nh:
2 3x 3y = 3x 3y + 2
3x 3y 1 + 1 = 0 (vo nghiem).
- V i u = 2y khi o ta co he phng trnh:

y 0
1
1
3x + 2y =
2y
,y =
x=
3x = 4y 2y
12
4
4y = 3x 3y + 2 =
2 3x + 2y = 3x 3y + 2
= 2
x 4,y
.
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ; ; ( 4;2 ) .
12 4
x +1 2 + 3 x 1 y +1 + y +1 =
0
) ( )
(
.
7x + ( 2 + x ) y + 1 =
5
564
Li giai
ie u kien y 1 .
u= x + 1
a t
, ( v 0 ) khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh
v
y +1
=
u2 + 3 ( u 2 ) v =
u2 + 3 ( u 2 ) v =
+ v2 0
+ v2 0 (1)
u ( 7 + v ) = 12 v (2)
7 ( u 1) + ( u + 1) v = 5
Ru t u =
12 v
t (2) thay va o (1) ta c
7+v
2
12 v
12 v
2 v + v2 =
0
+ 3
7+v
7+v
(12 v ) 3v ( 7 + v )( 3v + 2 ) + v2 ( 7 + v ) =
0.
v4 + 5v3 19v2 66v + 144 =

0 .
2v2 + 5v 25
= ( v + 7) .
v =1 17
v2 + 2v 16 =
0
3
v
=
5
v2 + 3v 9 =
0
v =1 + 17
y =17 2 17
Nhng do v 0 ne n
.

3
9
v
=
5
y
=
6
2
5
2
4
9
Suy ra ( x;y ) =
17 2 17;y = 6 2 5 1 .
( )y =
4
x 1 + x 3 x y + x x = 3y + y 1

.
3xy2 + 4= 4x2 + x + 2y
Li giai
Ne u x = 1 thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c y = 1 .
Xe t x > 1 khi o phng trnh th nha t cua he tng ng v i:
x 1 y 1 + 3( x y ) + x ( x y ) =
0.
565
1
(x y)
+3+ x = 0 x = y.
x 1 + y 1
3x3 4x2 3x +=
4 0 ( 3x 4 ) x2 =
1 0
=
x
x >1
4
4
.
=
y
3
3
4 4
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x;y ) = (1;1) ; ; .
3 3
x y + x2 + 4xy + 4y 2 =
9

.
41
x ( x + 4y 2 ) + y ( 4y + 2 ) =
Li giai
ie u kien: x y 0 .
at u = x y,v = x2 + 4xy + 4y2 , ( u,v 0 ) khi o he phng trnh tr thanh:
2
u + v =
9
u = 2
xy =
u,v 0
.
2
2
41
v 2u =
v = 7
x2 + 4xy + 4y 2 =
7
x = 5
y = 1
x y =
4
x + 2y =
7 x = 1 .
3
x + 2y =
11
y =

=
( x;y )
( 5;1); 13 ; 113 .
2 2
2
2
x + = y +
y
x
.
3 4 x3 + y3 =
2xy
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
566
x = y
( x y ) x + y + xy = 0 x + y + 2 =0 .
xy
TH1: Ne u y = x thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

x0
2x= 2x2
x= 1 y= 1 .
TH2: Ne u x + y +
2
=
0 khi o ta co he phng trnh:
xy
2
0
0
=
x + y + xy =
x + y +
xy
.
3 4 x3 + y3 =
3 4 x + y ) ( x + y ) 3xy =
2xy
2xy
(
2
0
x + y + xy =
2
0
=
x + y +
xy
.
3 8 4 3xy =
6 6
3 3
2xy
0
x y + 3x y 4 =
xy x2 y2
2
0
x + y + xy =
x
+
y
+
=
0
xy
.
xy = 1
3
3
x y 1 x3 y3 + 4 =
0
xy = 3 4
)(
x = 1
y = 1
x + y =
2
3 2
=
x
xy = 1
2

3
x + y =2
y = 2 +
xy = 3 4
3 2 +
=
x
3 2
y =
2
53 4
53 4
53 4
53 4
567
3x + 3y =
6
.
10
3x + 16 + 3y + 16 =
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 0 .
Ta co :
3x + 16 + 3y + 16
3x + 3y
+ ( 4 + 4) =
62 + 82 = 10 .
3x
3y
=
x =y x =y =3.
4
4

)(
2
2
2
2
1
xy + x y + 1 + y x + 1 + x + 1 y + 1 =
.
(1 y ) x 2 + 2x + 3 = x 2 + 1
Li giai

1 x + x2 + 1 y + y 2 + 1=
1
2
2
2
x y + y + 1 + x + 1 y + y + 1=
2
2
2
2
1 y x + 2x + 3 = x + 1
1 y x + 2x + 3 = x + 1
)
)
(
(
x + x 2 + 1 = y + ( y)2 + 1
x = y
2
2
(1 y ) x 2 + 2x + 3 = x 2 + 1
(1 y ) x + 2x + 3 = x + 1
y = x
y = x
x 1
2
2
( x + 1) x + 2x + 3 = x + 1
2
( x + 1) x2 + 2x + 3 =
568
) ( x + 1)
2
3 9 + 2 114
1
5
9
x =
+
2
2
y = x
2 3 3 9 + 2 114
.
x 1
2
3 9 + 2 114
0
2x + 3x + 4x + 1 =
1
5
9
y =
+
2
2
2 3 3 9 + 2 114
x2 + 2 + y2 + 3 + x + y =
5

.
x2 + 2 + y 2 + 3 x y =
2
Li giai
3
2
7
2
x= 2 y
x
2
y
3
+
+
+
=
2
3
7
x + y =
3 y + 2 + y2 + 3 =
2
2
1
x =
2
y = 1
y
x=
2
.

x = 17
2 y2 + 3 + 2y 3 2 + 8 =

7
20
(
)
13
y =

20
1 17 13
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ;1 ; ; .
2 20 20
x + 2xy = x 2xy + 2

.
x2 + 4x 2 y2 + 1 x 1 4y2 =
3
Li giai
x + 2xy 0
ie u kien: x 2xy 0 2x 0 x 0 .
2
1 4y 0

569
Xe t x > 0 khi o phng trnh th nha t cua he tng ng v i:
x + 2xy x 2xy =2 2x 2 x2 4x2 y2 =4 .
x 2=
x 2
x 2
2 x 1 .
x 4x y 2
2
2 2
y = 2
x 4x + 4 = x 4x y
x
2 2

x2 + 4x 3 x 2 4x + 4 =
3.
x2 + 4x 3 x 2 4x + 4 =
3
Suy ra: 2
8x 7
8x 7
+ 4x 3 + x2 4x + 4
=
x=
3
x 2 + 4x 3 x 2 4x + 4
8x + 2
1
2 y =
2 x2 + 4x 3 =
3 x2 + 4x 3 =4x + 1 x =
3
2
1
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem ( x;y ) = 2; .
2
1
2
x 4 y + 2 x y =
4 xy
.
2y + x = x y
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 0,x y 0 .
Nha n thay x = 0 y = 0 .
Xe t x > 0,y > 0 khi o he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
x 4 y + 2 x y =
4 xy
x 4 y + 2 x y =
4 xy
=
+
y
2
0
+
=
2y
x
x
y
0

x + x y

x = 0
4 xy
x 4 y + 2 x y =
x + 2 x =
0
.
y = 0
y = 0
y = 0
Va y he phng trnh a cho co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) .
570
x 1
x +1 1 y =
x .
4xy + x 2 y 2 =x + y
x + y
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0,x + y 0,x 1,
x 1
0,x2 y2 0 .
x

2
4xy
x+y
=
x+y
x y
(x y) =
x+y
x y
(x y) =
2
(x + y)
x2 y2
x y=
x y
=
3
3
.
( x y ) ( x y ) ( x + y ) =0
x y = x + y
y = 0
TH1: Ne u y = 0 thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:

x + 1 =
1
x 1
x +=
1
x
x 1
x 1
x 1
.
+ 1 x +=
1
+1+ 2
x
x
x
1
x 1
x2 x + 1
x 1
x +=
1 2
= 2
x
x
x
x
x > 0
1+ 5
2
x2 x + 1
x 1 x = 2 .
= 4.
x
x

x +1 1 x =
4 1 x=
x 1
x 1
1
.
2 2 1 x2 =
2 1 x 2 =+
1
x
x
x
( x + 1)
x2
x = 1
2
0
4x (1 x ) x 1 =
x = 1
3
28 3 87
1
1
x=
3 6 3 28 3 87
Th lai tha y kho ng tho a ma n.
571
1+ 5
;0 .
2
y2
2
x + y =
x + x2 + 1
.
2
y + x2 =x + y
y + 1 y2
Li giai
ie u kien: 1 y 1,y + 1 y 2 0 .
1
x2 + 1 + x 1
= 0 x + y2 .
x + y2 1
= 0.
2
x + x2 + 1
x + x +1
x + y2 .
2x
=
0.
x + x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 x + 1
2y2
x 1 +
= 0 x = 0 (do
2
x + x2 + 1
x + 1 x + 1
x2 + 1 + x > 0, x2 + 1 x + 1 > 0 .

y=
y 1 y2
y
y
1 =0
=0 .
y + 1 y2
2
y + 1 y2
y
+
1
y2
y = 0
y = 0
.
2
1 y =
0
y = 1
Suy ra
=
( x;y )
( 0;0 ); ( 0; 1); ( 0;1) th lai thay thoa man.

=
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m
( x;y ) ( 0;0 ); ( 0; 1); ( 0;1) .
x + y 2= ( x + 1)( y 1)
.
2
81
( x y + 2 ) + x2 + 4x + 3 y 2 1 =
572
)(
Li giai
x + y 2 = ( x + 1)( y 1) x + y 2 + 2 x ( y 2 ) =
( x + 1)( y 1)
xy 2x + 1 2 x ( y 2 ) =0
x ( y 2) 1
=0 x ( y 2 ) =1 .
x ( y 2) =
1 . Nhan tha y x = 0 khong tho a ma n he phng trnh ne n vi
x0y=
1
+2.
x
1
+ 2 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
x
Thay y=
2
1
2
x + x + 4x + 3
x
2
1
+ 2 1 = 81 4 ( x + 1)4 = 81x 2 .
x
1
2 x + 1 2 =
1 =
x =
,y 4
9x
(
)
x=
x>0
2
2
x
1
9x
+
=
(
)
=
x = 2 =
x 2,y
2
1 5
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ;4 ; 2; .
2 2
1 + 2x 2x 2 1 + =
y 4x3 y + 7x 2

.
2
x2 ( xy + 1) + ( x + 1) = x2 y + 5x
Li giai
ie u kien: y 1 .
x = 1
.
x 2 y ( x 1) + 2x 2 3x + 1 = 0 ( x 1) x 2 y + 2x 1 = 0 2
0
x y + 2x 1 =
TH1: Ne u x = 1 thay va o he ta c y = 1 .
TH2: Ne u x2 y + 2x 1 = 0 y =
1 2x
x2
(do x = 0 khong tho a ma n he
phng trnh).
573
Thay y =
1 2x
x2
1 + 2x 2x2 1 +
1 2x
x
=4x3 .
1 2x
x
+ 7x2 2x2
( x 1) =(1 2x )
x2
1 2x 0
1 2x 0
x0
4
2
2
2 2
2
2 .
4x ( x 1) =(1 2x ) x
4x ( x 1) =(1 2x )
1
1
,y =
2+2 2
x =
x =
2
2
.
1
1
1
1
,y =
2+2 2
x =
x =
2
2
Va y
he
phng
trnh
co
1
1
;2 + 2 2 ; 1
;2 + 2 2 .
( x;y ) =
2
2
hai
nghiem

2
2
2
( x y ) ( x + 3) + ( y + 3) + xy 2 = 3y + 15y + 13
x 2 + 2x + y + 2 =
3
Li giai
ie u kien: 2x + y + 2 0 .
3
( x + 2)
+ 4 ( x + 2) =
y 3 y =
x 1.
( y + 3) + 4 ( y + 3) x + 2 =+
) (
x2 + 3x + 1 = 3 x2 1 +
( x 1)( x + 1) +
3 ( x 1)
3x + 1 + 2
3x + 1 2 = 0 .
=
0.
3
( x 1) x + 1 +
= 0 x = 1 y = 0 .
3x + 1 + 2
574
la
x 1 + y +1 =
4

.
2
x 4 + ( y + 1) = x3 ( y + 2 ) + xy + 1
Li giai
( x y ) ( x y 2) = 0 yy== xx 2 .
3
TH1: Ne u y= x 2 thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:

x 1 + x 1 = 4 x = 5 y = 3 .
3

x 1 + x3 + 1 = 4 x = 2 y = 8 .
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x;y ) = ( 5;3) ; ( 2;8) .

x ( y 1) + 2y= x ( x + 1)
.
2
3 4y y + 3 + 2 2x 1
4x + 3x +=
Li giai
1
ie u kien: x ,y 3 .
2
( x y )( x + 2 ) =
0
2
3 4y y + 3 + 2 2x 1
4x + 3x +=
x = y
2
3 4x x + 3 + 2 2x 1
4x + 3x +=
x = y
2x x + 3
) (
2
2x 1 1
x = y
x = 1
2x = x + 3
y = 1
1
2x 1 =
0
=

575
Chu e 14.
KY THUAT LNG GIAC HOA
No i dung chu e nay e ca p e n phe p the l ng gia c khi gia i he . Ky thua t

na y to i a nha c e n trong cuon phng trnh, ba t phng trnh vo ty . Mu c
ch cung ca p cho ca c em a y u ca c co ng cu khi tie p xu c vi he phng
trnh giup pha n xa khi he co ca c da u hie u nhan bie t phe p the lng gia c. Ky
thuat nay c nhac lai mot lan na trong chng 3 khi x ly he lap nhieu an.
cos x = cos x = + 2k
sin x= sin x = + 2k
Phng trnh l ng gia c c ba n:

x = + 2k ,k .
tan x = tan x = + k
cot x = cot x = + k
Dau hien nhan biet

2
( px a ) + ( qy b )
- Mo t phng trnh cu a he co da ng:
=
c2 at
px =
a + csin
, 0;2 .
b + ccos
qy =
- Ne u t he phng trnh suy ra x a;a ,y b; b

x asin
=
a t
, , 0;2 .
=
y bsin
Da ng nay th ng i cung ca c ca n th c
a2 x2 va
b2 y 2 .
Cac gia tr lng giac cua cac goc ac biet:

-
cos
2
=
5
5 1
4
5 +1
.
;cos
=
2
5
4
cos
=
12
6+ 2
5
,cos
=
4
12
6 2
7
2 3
.
;cos
=
4
12
2
Mot so cong thc lng giac hay s dung:

Co ng th c co ng, tr ba c nha t:
- sin x cos
=
x
576
1
1
2 sin x
cosx =
2
2
2 sin x =
2cos x .
4
1
3
- sin x 3 cos=
x 2 sin x
cos x=
2sin x =
2cos x .
2
2
3
6
1
3 sin x cos=
x 2
sin x cos x=
2 cos x .
2sin x =
2
6
3
Go c nha n o i:
- sin 2x = 2sin x cos x;cos2x = 2 cos2 x 1 = 1 2sin 2 x .
- tan 2x
=
2 tan x
2 tan x
1 tan 2 x
.
;sin 2x
;cos2 x
=
=
1 tan 2 x
1 + tan 2 x
1 + tan 2 x
Go c nha n ba:
- sin3x =
3sin x 4sin3 x;cos3x =
4 cos3 x 3cos x .
-
tan3x
tan x 3 tan 2 x
cot x cot 2 x 3
.
;cot 3x
=
1 3tan2 x
3cot 2 x 1
Go c nha n bo n:
- sin 4x = 4 cos x sin x 2sin3 x ;cos 4x = 8cos4 x 8cos2 x + 1 .

Go c nha n 5:
- sin 5x = 16sin 5 x 20sin3 x + 5sin x;cos5x = 16 cos5 x 20 cos3 x + 5cos x .
Tong quat: cos nx la a th c bac n v i cos x va sin nx la a th c ba c n vi
sin x (v i n le ).
B. BAI TAP MAU
1
2
x 1 y =
4.
1
y 1 x2 =
Li giai
Cach 1: ie u kie n: x 1, y 1 e he phng trnh co nghie m ta pha i co
x > 0,y > 0 va y 0 < x 1,0 < y 1 .
=
x sin

a t
, , 0; .
y cos
2
=

577
cos2
sin 1=
cos =
1 sin 2
1
2sin
=
sin
4
1
2 cos
=
cos
5
x =
=
12
=
= =
3 12
+ =
x =
2
12
5
=
y =

12

2 2 cos ( ) =1 .
1
2 cos ( + ) = 0
2
6 2
4
6+ 2
4
6+ 2
4
6 2
4

6 2 6+ 2 6+ 2 6 2
;
;
;
.
4
4
4
4
( x;y ) =
Cach 2: Nha n xe t a y la he o i x ng loa i II tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua
x,y 0
he , ta c: y 1 x 2 = x 1 y2
x2 1 y2 = y2 1 x2 x = y .
6 2
x =
1
x
0
4
.
x 1 x 2=
16x 2 1 x 2= 1
4
6+ 2
x =
4
Ta co ke t qua tng t .
x2 + y2 =
1

1.
3
3
3x 4x 3y 4y =
2
)(
Li giai
=
x sin
a t
, 0;2 phng trnh th hai cu a he tr tha nh:
y cos
=
(3sin 4sin )(3cos 4 cos ) = 21 sin3 cos3 = 21 .

3
578
sin 6 = 1 =
+k .
12
3
7 11 5 19
Do 0;2 ; ;
; ;
.
4 12 12 4 12

7 11 15 19
;
;
;
( x;y=) ( sin ;cos ) , 4 ; 12
.
12 12 12
2 ( x y )(1 + 4xy ) =
3
.
2
2
1
x + y =
Li giai
Cach 1: V x2 + y2 =
1 ne n to n ta i 0;2 sao cho x = sin ,y = cos .
Khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he tr tha nh:
2 ( sin cos )(1 + 4sin cos ) = 3 .
a t =
t sin cos sin cos
=
1 t2
,t 2; 2 .
Phng trnh tr thanh:
1 t2
2t 1 + 4.
= 3 3 2t 2 2t 3 3 = 0 .
Phng trnh na y co nghiem le nen ta x ly theo hng kha c.

2 ( sin cos )(1 + 4sin cos =
)
3 4sin sin 2 + sin =
4
6
8sin sin + cos = 3 .

4
12
12

4 cos cos cos 2 = 3 .
12
3
6
2 cos 4 cos cos 2 = 3 .

12
12
6
579
2 cos 3 =
5
13
2
+ k2
=
+k
3 =
4
6
36
3 ,k .
5
7
2
3 4 = 6 + k2
= 36 + k 3
13 37 61 17 41 65
V 0;2 =
,
,
,
,
,
.
36 36 36 36 36 36
Va y he phng trnh co sau nghie m
( x;y=) ( sin ;cos ) ,=
13 37 61 17 41 65
,
,
,
,
,
.
36 36 36 36 36 36
Nhan xet. e gia i phng trnh
2 ( sin cos )(1 + 4sin cos ) = 3 ta co
the th c hie n ca ch kha c nh sau:

sin cos + 2sin sin 2 2 cos sin 2 =
6
.
2
sin cos + cos cos3 sin3 sin =
cos3 + sin3 =
6
.
2
3
.
cos 3 =
2
4
2
(
(
)
)
x 1 y2 =
2y

.
2x
y 1 x2 =
Li giai
Cach 1: Nhan tha y x =
1,y =
1 kho ng tho a man he phng trnh:
2y
x =
1 y2
.
Xe t x,y 1 khi o he phng trnh tng ng v i:
y = 2x
1 x2

a t =
x tan ,y
= tan , , ; \ he phng trnh tr tha nh:
2 2 4
2 tan
k + 2l
=
tan =
2
tan
tan
2
2
k
1 tan
3
.
tan = tan 2
= 2 + l
tan = 2 tan
= l + 2k
3
1 tan 2
580

V , ; \ =
( k;l )
2 2 4
)(
Suy ra ( x;y ) =
( 0;0 ) ; 3; 3 ;
( 0;0 ) ; ( 1;1) ; (1; 1) .
3; 3 .
)(

( 0;0 ) ; 3; 3 ;
3; 3 .
Cach 2: a y la mo t he oi x ng loa i II nen tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he

ta c:
x y xy 2 + yx 2 = 2y 2x 3 ( x y ) + xy ( x y ) = 0 .
x = y
.
( x y )( xy + 3) =0
xy = 3
Xe t t ng tr ng h p thay ng c la i he ta co ket qua tng t tre n. Chu y vi

trng hp xy = 3 ta can co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cua he a ve he
m i da ng o i x ng loa i I de x ly hn(hoa c co the th c hie n phe p the).
(
(
x 1 y2 =
2y
.
3x x3
y 1 3x2 =
Li giai
Nha n thay y =
1,x =
1
3
2y
x =
1 y2
1
Xe t y 1,x
khi o he phng trnh tng ng v i:
.
3
3x x3
y =
1 3x2

a t =
x tan , ; \ he phng trnh tr tha nh:
2 2 6
2y
tan =
2y
2 tan3
1 y2
tan =
tan =
2
1 y
1 tan2 3 .
2
tan
3
tan
y tan3
y tan3
=
=
y =
1 3tan2
581

k
; \
tan=
tan 6
2 2
=
2 2 6
; ;0; ; .
5
5 5 5
=
5
y tan3
y tan3
=
( x;y=) ( tan ;tan3 ) , 25 ; 5 ;0; 5 ; 25 .
x2 y2 =
1
.
3
3
2
4x + 4y = 3x y + 2 3xy + 2x
Li giai
T phng trnh th nha t cu a he suy ra x2 = y2 + 1 1 x 1 .
1
, 0; \ =
y tan .
cos
2
a t =
x
Phng trnh th hai cua he tr tha nh:

4
3
cos
+=
4 tan3
3
2
cos
tan +
2 3
2
.
tan +
cos
cos
sin3 + 3 sin 2 + cos2 = 3 sin3 + 2sin 2 + = 3 .

6
sin3 =1
0;
2
1
.

= x =
y=

sin 2 + =1
6
3
3

6
2 1
;
.
3 3
x = 2 + 2 2 + y
.
y = 2 + 2 2 + x
Li giai
ie u kien e he phng trnh co nghie m la :
0 x 2
x,y 0
.
0 y 2
x + 2 2, y + 2 2
Ne u x > y x y = 2 + 2 2 + y 2 + 2 2 + x < 0 vo ly .
582
Ne u x < y x y = 2 + 2 2 + y 2 + 2 2 + x > 0 vo ly .
Va y x = y x = 2 + 2 2 + x .

a=
t x 2 cos , ; .
2 2

2 cos t = 2 + 2 2 + 2 cos t 2 cos t = 2 + 2 2 cos
2 cos t =2 + 2sin
t
.
2
t
t
2 cos t =2 1 + cos .
4
2 4
t
2
16
+k
t = + k2
t =
t
9
9 .
t 2 cos 4 8
2 cos
=
4
8
t
2
16
+ + k2
+k
t=
t =
4 8
7
7

2 2
V t ; =
t
,
( x;y=
)
9
7
2 2
( 2 cos t;2 cos t ) ,t=

=
)
2 2
, .
7
9
t ) ,t
( 2 cos t;2 cos=
2 2
, .
7
9
Nhan xet. Ta co the to ng qua t cho n da u ca n:
x = 2 + 2 + ... + 2 2 + y
(n da u can).
y = 2 + 2 + ... + 2 2 + x
(
(
)( )
(1 x )(1 y ) ) (1 + 3 ) =
x (1 y ) y (1 x ) 3 + 3 =
2x + 2y
xy +
2x + 2y
Li giai
ie u kien: 0 x 1,0 y 1 .
Nha n thay x= y= 0 la mo t nghiem cu a he phng trnh.

Xe t x > 0,y > 0 khi o =
a t x cosa,
y cos b, a,b 0; .
=
2

583
3)
2 ( cosa + cos b )
) (3 + =
.
3)
2 ( cosa + cos b )
) (1 + =
3 + 3 sin ( b=
) a) 2 ( cosa + cos b)
(
(
)(
)
(
2
2
2
2
cos a 1 cos b cos b 1 cos a
cos2 a cos2 b + 1 cos2 a 1 cos2 b
(
(
)
)
3 + 3 sin ( b=
a)
a)
1 + 3 cos ( b=
3 + 3 sin ( b=
a)
b a =
6
2 ( cosa + cos b )
2 ( cosa + cos b )
1
tan ( b a ) =
2 ( cosa + cos b )
a+b
3+ 3
=
=
cos
2
1 + cos
2.2 2.
2
b a =
6
3
2
3 + 3
a+b
cos
= 2 2 cos
2
12 .
2
b a =
a + b =
3.
b a =
1 + cos
6
a =
x cos
=
=
=
12
12
2
b =
2
y cos
4 =
4
2
2+ 3
.
2
2+ 3 2
.
;
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ;
2
2
x + 3y2 2y =
0

3
2
36 x x + 3y 27 4y y + 2 3 9
) (
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0 .
584
) (
.
x=
1
( )
2
1
3x + ( 3y 1) =
.
36x x + 2 3 9 x + 4 ( 3y 1)3 3 ( 3y 1) =
0
3x
= sin
a t
, 0; khi o phng trnh th hai cu a he tr thanh:
3y 1= cos
36sin3
3 3
+ 2 3 9
) sin3 + 4 cos 3cos =0 .

3
4 3 sin3 3 3 sin + cos3 = 2sin .
3 sin3 cos3= 2sin sin 3 =

sin .
6
=
+ k
3 = + k2
7 19
0;
6
12
, ,
.
12 24 24
7 k
3 6 = + k2
= 24 + 2
sin 2 1 + cos
7 19
Suy ra ( x;y )
=
;
, , ,
.
3
3
12 24 24

sin 2 1 + cos
=
x;y
( ) 3 ; 3 , 12 , 724 , 1924 .

x2 + y2 =
1
2
Bai 1. Gia i he phng trnh 2x + 3y + 3 ( 2xy 3x )
.
=1
4 3xy 3
Li giai
Cach 1: ieu kie n: xy
3
.
4
=
x sin
a t
, 0;2 khi o phng trnh th hai cu a he tr thanh:
y cos
=
2sin2 + 3cos + 3 ( sin 2 3sin
=
) 2 3 sin 2 3 .
585
cos 2 +
+ 3cos + + 2 =0 .
3
3
cos + = 1
3
.
2 cos2 + + 3cos + + 1= 0

3
3
1
cos + =
3
2

+ 3 = + k2
=
2
+ 3 = 3 + k2
=
2
+ k2
3
+ k2 .
3
+ k2
2
Do 0;2 ; ; .
3 3
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m ( x;y

=
)
( sin ;cos ) , 23 ; 3 ; .
Cach 2: Vie t phng trnh th hai cua he d i da ng:
)(
3 2x x 3y 3 =
0.
Xe t tr ng h p thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta co ke t qua tng t .

x2 + y2 =
1

1.
3
3
3x 4x 3y 4y =
2
)(
Li giai
=
x sin
a t
y cos
=
(3sin 4sin )(3cos 4 cos ) = 21 sin3 cos3 = 21 .

3
sin 6 = 1 =
+k .
12
3
5 3 13 17 7
Do 0;2 ; ; ;
;
; .
12 12 4 12 12 4

586
5 3 13 17 7
; ;
;
; .
( x;y=) ( sin ;cos ) , 12 ; 12
4 12 12 4
x2 + y2 =
1

.
3
3
3 ( x + y ) 4 x + y =x y
Li giai
=
x sin
a t
y cos
=
3 ( sin + cos ) 4sin3 4 cos3 = sin cos .
sin3 cos3= sin cos sin 3 =

sin .
4
4
= k
3 = + k2
4
4
.
3
5
=
+k
3 =
+ k2
8
2
4 4
3 7 11 15
Do 0;2 0; ;2; ; ;
;
.
8 8 8
8
Va y he phng trnh co bay nghie m la
( x;y=) ( sin ;cos ) , 0; ;2; 38 ; 78 ; 118 ; 158 .
x2 + y2 =
1

.
3
3
2
3 3x 4x + 3y 4y =
Li giai
=
x sin
a t
y cos
=
3 3sin 4sin3 + 3cos 4 cos3 = 2 3 sin3 cos3 = 2 .

2
2
.
sin 3 = 1 3 =
+ k2 =
+k
6
6
2
9
3
2 8 14
Do 0;2 ; ;
.
9 9 9

587
( x;y=) ( sin ;cos ) , 29 ; 89 ; 149 .
x2 + y2 =
1

1.
3
4
2
+
=
y
x
2x
8y
8y
1
)(
Li giai
=
x sin
a t
y cos
=
)(
4 cos sin 2sin3 8cos4 8cos2 + 1 =1 .
=
+k
1
48
4.
sin 4 cos 4 = 1 sin8 =
2
5
=
+k
48
4
x2 + y2 =
1
.
3
4
2
4xy 8x y + 8y 8y + 1 = x + y
Li giai
=
x sin
a t
y cos
=
4 cos sin 2sin3 + 8cos4 8cos2 +=

1 sin + cos .
sin 4 + cos 4= sin + cos sin 4 + =

sin + .
4
4
=k
4 + = + + k2
3
4
4
4 + = 3 + k2
=
+k
4 4
10
5
x2 + y2 =
1
.
3
4
2
0
4xy 8x y + 8y 8y =
Li giai
=
x sin
a t
y cos
=
588
4 cos sin 2sin3 + 8cos4 8cos2 =0 .
sin 4 + cos 4 1= 0 sin 4 + =

4
=k
1
2
.
= + k
2
8
2
2
2
1
x + y =
.
3
4
2
1
4 3y 8 3x y + 8y 8y =
Li giai
=
x sin
a t
y cos
=
4 3 cos sin 2sin3 + 8cos4 8cos2 =1 .
3 sin 4 + cos 4 = 2 sin 4 + = 1 =

+k .
6
12
2
x2 + y2 =
1

1 .
4
2
4
2
16x 20x + 5 16y 20y + 5 =
xy
)(
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
=
x sin
3
at
, 0;2 \ 0; ;2; ; phng trnh th hai cua he tr thanh:
2 2
y cos
(16sin
)(
20sin 2 + 5 16 cos4 20 cos2 + 5 =
1
.
sin cos
=
+k
1
60
5.
sin 5 cos5 = 1 sin10 =
= 12 + k 5
x2 + y2 =
1

1 1.
4
2
4
2
16x 20x + 16y 20y + 10 =+
x y
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
589
=
x sin
3
at
, 0;2 \ 0; ;2; ; phng trnh th hai cua he tr thanh:
2 2
y cos
(16sin
) (
20sin 2 + 5 + 16 cos4 20 cos2 +=

5
1
1
.
+
sin cos
sin 5 + cos5= sin + cos
=k
.

2
sin 5 + =
sin +
4
4
= 12 + k 3
x + 1 y2 =
1

.
y + 1 x 2 =
3
Li giai
x = cosa
a t
, a,b 0; he phng trnh a cho tr tha nh:
y = cos b
2
1
1
cosa + 1 cos b =
cosa + sin b =
.
3
cos b + sin a =
cos b + 1 cos2 a =
3

3 ( cosa + sin b ) = sin a + cos b 3 cosa sin a = cos b 3 sin b .
a + = b + + k2
6
3
cos a + =
.
cos b +
6
3
a + 6 = b 3 + k2
Do a,b 0; a b = thay vao phng trnh th nha t cu a he, suy ra:

6
a=
1
3
.
,b = x = ,y =
3
6
2
2
1 3
.
2 2
590
1 y2
x =
1 + y2
.
2
1 x
y =
1 + x2
Li giai

a t =
x tan , ; he phng trnh tr tha nh:
2 2
1 y2
tan =
1 y2
sin 2 2
2
=
tan
=
tan
1+ y
1 + y2
1 + cos2 2 .
2
1 tan
=
=
y cos2
y cos2
y =
1 + tan 2
2
2
1 + 1 tan tan = 2 tan
1 + tan 2
1 + tan 2 .
y cos2
=
tan =0
tan =1

3
1
2
17 + 3 33
tan
3
3 3 17 + 3 33
3
=
y cos2
x 0,y
=
= 1
.
x = 1,y = 0
3
2
17 + 3 33
x =y = 1
+
3 3 3 17 + 3 33
3

591
3
3
1
2
17 + 3 33 1
2
17 + 3 33
=
+
+
;
( x;y ) ( 0;1); (1;0 ); 3 3
3
3 33 17 + 3 33
3
3 17 + 3 33
x2 = 1 y2
.
y2 = 1 x2
Li giai
Nha n tha y ne u ( x 0 ;y 0 ) la nghiem cu a he phng trnh th ( x 0 ; y 0 ) cung la
nghiem cu a he va y ta ch ca n xe t ca c nghiem kho ng a m sau o lay ta se
c a y u nghie m cu a he .
x = sin a
a t
, a,b 0; khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
y = sin b
sin 2 a =
sin a =
1 sin 2 b
cos2 b
sin b =
1 sin 2 a =
1 cos4 b .
2
2
2
sin b = 1 sin a sin b = cos a
sin b = 0
2
0sin b1
.
sin b = 1 1 sin 2 b sin b = 1
sin b = 5 1
Va y he phng trnh co bay nghie m:

5 1 5 1 5 1 1 5
;
;
;
;
2
2
2
2
5 +1 5 1 5 +1 5 +1
;
;
2
2 2
2
( x;y ) =( 0;1); ( 0; 1); (1;0 ); ( 1;0 );
x 1 y2 + y 1 x2 =
1
.
2
(1 x )(1 + y ) =
Li giai
Cach 1: ieu kie n: 1 x,y 1 .
x = sin a

a t
, a,b ; he phng trnh tr tha nh:
2 2
y = sin b
592
1
sin a cos b + sin b cosa =
1 sin ( a + b ) =
.
2
2
(1 sin a )(1 + sin b ) =
(1 sin a )(1 + sin b ) =
a+b=
2
a + b =
2
a + b =

.
(1 sin a )(1 + cosa ) =
sin a = 1 a = 2
2
cosa = 1
a = 0

a,b ;
2 2
a = 0
x = 0
y = 1
b =
2

Cach 2: Nhan tha y x = 1 kho ng tho a man he phng trnh.
2
x +1
Xe t x 1 t phng trnh th hai cu a he ru t ra =
.
y
=
1
1 x
1 x
2
x +1
x +1
x 1
1 x2 =
1 x
+
x
1
1
4x
( x 1)
x +1
1 x =
1 x 0 .
1 x
Ma t kha c:
x
4x
( x 1)
x +1
=
1 x x
1 x
4x
( x 1)
x +1
1 x
x +1
1 x
x + 1 1, x 0 .
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi x = 0 y = 1 .

(
(
)
)
y 1 3x2 =
3x x3

.
3y y3
x 1 3y2 =
Li giai
1
1
Nha n thay x =
,y =
3
3
3x x3
y =
1
1
1 3x2
Xe t x
khi o he phng trnh tng ng v i:
.
,y
3
3
3
x = 3y y
1 3y2
593

a t =
x tan , ; \ khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
2 2 6
3tan tan3
y =
k
y tan3
=
=
1 3tan2
,k .
8
3
tan 9
tan=
tan = 3y y
=
y tan3
1
3y

3 3
V ; \ ; ; ;0; ; ; .
4 8 8 4 8
2 2 6
8
Va y he phng trnh co bay nghie m la
( x;y=) ( tan ;tan3 ) , 38 ; 4 ; 8 ;0; 8 ; 4 ; 38 .
y + 2x + 2x3 =
3x2 y
.
2
2
x
y
1
Li giai
Nha n thay x = 0,x =
Xe t x 0,x
x=
y
3x x3
1 3x2
1
3
1
3
khi o t phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta co :
xy0.

a t =
x tan , ; \ ;0 suy ra x y= tan3 .
2 2 6

x2 y2 =1 ( x y )( x + y ) =1 x + y =
1
xy
x+y+xy xy
1
tan 2 3 2
x=
=
=
=
cot 6
2
2
xy
2 tan3
Suy ra tan = cot 6 =
594
3 3
+ k ; ; ; .
10
5
10 10 10 10
3 3
; ; ; .
( x;y=) ( tan ;tan tan3 ) , 10
10 10 10
x2 + 4y2 =
1
5
3
5
3
0
16x 20x + 5x + 512y 160y + 10y + 2 =
Li giai
=
x sin
a t
= cos
2y
(16sin 20sin + 5sin ) + (16 cos 20 cos + 5cos ) +

5
2 =0
3
2
sin 5 + cos5 = 2 sin 5 + = 1 = + k ,k .
4
20
5
13 21 29 37
Do 0;2 ;
;
;
;
.
4 20 20 20 20
( x;y=)
13 21 29 37
cos
;
;
;
.
sin ;
, ;
2
4 20 20 20 20
y 2 + 1 y =
2
1
x + x + 1
.
4y3 3y = 1 x2
Li giai
ie u kien: 1 x 1 .
T phng trnh th nha t cu a he suy ra x = y (xem chu e ky thua t s du ng
tnh n ie u cu a ha m so ).
Thay y = x va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c: 4x3 3x = 1 x2 .
a t =
x cos , 0; phng trnh tr thanh:
4 cos3 3cos =
k
+
=
8 2 .
1 cos2 cos3= sin
= 4 + k
595
3 5
Do 0; ; ; .
8 4 8
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m ( x;y

=
)
( cos ;cos ) , 8 ; 34 ; 58 .
2
2
1 + 1 x = y 1 + 2 1 y
.
x ln ( y + 1) = y ln ( x + 1)
Li giai
x + ln ( x + 1) = y + ln ( y + 1)
(1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) = t + ln ( t + 1) tre n 0; + ) , ta co :
f '(t)
=
1
2 t
1
> 0, t > 0 ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren 0; + ) .
t +1
Do o (1) f(x)= f(y) x= y .

1 + 1 x 2 = x 1 + 2 1 x 2 .

a t =
x sin , 0; khi o phng trnh tr tha nh:
2
1 + 1 sin 2 =sin 1 + 2 1 sin 2 1 + cos =sin (1 + 2 cos ) .

cos = 0
0;
2
2
2sin
cos
=
2 cos
; .
3
1
2
2
2
sin
6 2
=
2
2
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x;y ) = ; ; (1;1) .
2 2
)(
5
3
2
2
2
2 3y 10y + 3y x + 1= x + 1 y + 1
3x 2y + 2x y = y x
596
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 0,3x 2y 0,2x y 0 .
Nha n thay x= y= 0 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh.
Xe t x2 + y2 > 0 phng trnh th hai cu a he tng ng v i:
) (
3x 2y 2x y +
xy
3x 2y + 2x y
x y =
0.
xy
x+ y
=
0.
1
1
=0 x=y.
(x y)
+
3x 2y + 2x y
x + y
2 3x 10x + 3x
x + 1=
( x + 1)
2
6x
2x
=
4
.
2
1 + x2
x2 + 1 1 + x

a t =
x tan , 0; phng trnh tr thanh:
2
cos
=
3sin 2 4sin3 2 cos
=
cos 6
2
2

+k
0;
=
3 5
14
7
2
, , .
2
14 14 14
= 10 k 5
Va y he phng trnh a cho co ba nghiem la:

3 5
, .
( x;y=) ( tan ;tan ) , 14 , 14
14
2
1 2y 1 x = 1 2y 2
.
2
3
3
2
2
0
4x y 6x y + 3xy + 3x 3y =
Li giai
ie u kien: 1 x 1,1 2y 1 x 2 0 .
597
3
( 2x y )
+ 3 ( 2 y ) = y3 + 3y 2x y = y x = y .

1 2x 1 x 2
= 1 2x 2 .
2

a t =
1 2 cos 1 cos2
1 sin 2
= 1 2 cos2
= cos2 .
2
2
3
cos2 0
4 4
.
1 sin 2
2
= cos2 2
2
1 sin
= cos 2
2
1
1
=

x =
,y
4
4
2
2
4
1 sin 2
=
0
.
2 1 + sin 2 =1 = 7
2 3
2 3
)
x=
,y =
12
2
2

1 1
2 3
2 3
.
=
x;y
;
;
;
( )
2
2
2 2
1 x= 2y2 1 + 2x 1 y 2
.
1
2
2
x + 1 + y x + 1 y =
Li giai
ie u kien: x 1, 1 y 1 .
T phng trnh th hai cu a he suy ra y = x (xem chu e he phng trnh
ch a ca n th c).
Thay y = x va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c: 1 x= 2x2 1 + 2x 1 x 2 .
598
a t =
1 cos
=
2 cos2 1 + 2 cos 1 cos2 .
sin 2 + cos2 0
0;
3
.
1 cos=
sin 2 + cos2
=
10
1 cos = 1 + sin 4
3
3
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = cos ;cos .
10
10
2y3 + 2x 1 x= 3 1 x y
.
2
y= 2x 1 + 2xy 1 + x
Li giai
ie u kien: 1 x 1 .
3
3
y = 1 x
2y + y = 2 1 x + 1 x
.
2
y= 2x 2 1 + 2xy 1 + x
y= 2x 1 + 2xy 1 + x
=
y
1 x
.
1 x= 2x 2 1 + 2x 1 x 2 (1)
e giai phng trnh (1) th c hien tng t ba i toan tre n tm c nghiem

cu a he phng trnh.
3
3
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = cos ; 2 cos .
10
20
599
Chu e 15.
KY THUAT HE SO BAT NH

DANG 1: HE SO BAT NH LA HANG SO
A F(x,y)
=
= 0 (1)
Phng trnh co da ng
.
=
= 0 (2)
B G(x,y)
Khi o la y a.(1) + b.(2) , (trong o a,b la ca c ha ng so c xa c nh sau) ta

c mo t phng trnh va mu c ch cu a ta la a phng trnh o ve da ng
tch(hay pha n tch c tha nh nhan t). Tho ng thng la y a = 1 hoa c b = 1 .
Ne u F(x,y) ba c cao hn G(x,y) khi o la y (1) + k.(2) .
Tho ng thng vie c dung he so ba t nh mu c ch chu ng ta h ng t i la a
ve ca c ang th c co dang sau:
2
Dang 1: ( mx + ny ) + ( mx + ny ) + = 0 .
3
hoa c ( ax + b ) = ( cx + d ) .
Dang 2: ( x + a ) =( y + b )
Dang 3: ( x + a ) =( y + b ) hoa c ( ax + b ) = ( cy + d ) .
Chu y:
- He phng trnh ba c hai gia i c ba ng phng pha p he so ba t nh.
- Ne u trong he phng trnh co a th c ba c cao nha t la ba c 2 ta ngh en
da ng 1, ne u a th c cao nha t la ba c 3 ta ngh e n da ng 2 va ne u a th c ba c
cao nha t la 4 ta ngh en da ng 3.
- Ne u ca hai phng trnh cu a he e u vie t lai c tha nh phng trnh bac
hai cu a x hoa c y ta th cho ca c he so cu a hai phng trnh ty le vi nhau
(xem dang 2).
- Ha n che cua phng phap na y la vie c o ng nhat he so e tm ca c he so
ba t nh tre n la i a ve gia i mo t he phng trnh nhieu an, ca c bc tnh
toa n pha i he t s c ca n than va nh va y vie c gia i bai toa n bang phng phap
na y la m ng c la i t duy gia i he .
DANG 2: HE SO BAT NH LA BIEU THC CHA BIEN
A A(x,y)
=
= 0
He phng trnh co dang
.
=
= 0
B B(x,y)
Trong o A(x,y) co ba c cao hn ba c cua B(x,y) . Tr ng hp he so ba t nh

la bie u th c cha bie n t c ta lay A + p(x,y).B , (v i p(x,y) = ax + by + c hoac
600
0
p(x,y) = a x 2 + by 2 + cxy + d ) muc ch la a phng trnh A + p(x,y).B =
phan tch c thanh nhan t.

B c 1: Tm tap nghiem cu a phng trnh t nha t la hai ca p nghie m phan bie t
cha ng ha n la ( x;y ) = ( m;n ) ; ( p;q ) .
Vie c tm nghie m na y ba ng ca ch th ca c gia tr a c biet cu a an nh
1
0; ; 1; 2; 3;...
2
B c 2: Xa c nh moi lie n he gi a hai nghiem o bang ca ch xa c nh
phng trnh ng tha ng i qua hai iem tre n la:
: ( n q ) x ( m p ) y + mq np =
0 .
Mu c ch cu a chung ta la pha n tch phng trnh A + p(x,y).B sao cho co
nha n t chung ( n q ) x ( m p ) y + mq np .
B c 3: Thay
=
x
mp
mq np
y
nq
nq
hoa
c y
=
nq
mq np
x+
mp
mp
va o hai
A = A1 (x,y)
.
phng trnh cua he ta c
B = B1 (x,y)
Khi o bie u th c ch a bien(he so ba t nh a y) la p(x,y) =
A1 (x,y)
B1 (x,y)
u ie m: Ba i toa n co the gia i theo ra t nhieu ca ch v i mo i he so p(x,y) xa c

nh ta co mo t ca ch.
Ha n che : Phng pha p nay ye u ca u chung ta pha i oa n tr c c t nha t hai
nghiem cu a he va de ma c sai lam trong khi tnh toa n.
Trong chu e nay e cap la i 1 so he phng trnh ba c hai hai an da ng to ng
qua t a bie t ca ch giai trong chu chng 1 hoa c chu e 1 trong chng 2. V i
hy vong cung ca p cho ba n o c nhie u hng tie p ca n kha c nhau v i mo t ba i
toa n he phng trnh.
B. BAI TAP MAU
2
1
2
x + y =
5
.
57
4x2 + 3x + 3xy + y =
25
Nhan xet. a y la he phng trnh ba c hai hai a n da ng tong qua t ta de dang

x ly c ba ng ky thua t a ve he ba c nha t hai an e ca p trong chu e 1.
D i a y trnh ba y la i l i gia i ba i toan bang ky thuat he so ba t nh.
601
Li giai
2
2 1
0
(1)
x + y =
5
4x2 + 3x + 3xy + y 57 =
0
25
(2)
La y a.(1) + b.(2) (trong o a,b la ca c ha ng so xa c nh sau) theo ve ta c
1
57
a x2 + y2 + b 4x 2 + 3xy + 3x + y =
0 .
5
25
4b 2 3b
a 57
2
0.
a 1 +
x + xy + y + b ( 3x + y ) b =
a
a
5 25
2
4b
3b
Ta tm ca c hang so a,b thch h p sao cho 1 + x2 + xy + y2= k ( 3x + y ) ,
a
a
k = 1
k = 1
4b
ie u na y tng ng v i 1 +
. Cho n ( a; b ) = (1;2 ) va ta
9
=
a
b = 2a
3b
a = 6
c phng trnh ( 3x + y )
7
3x + y =
119
5
.
+ 2 ( 3x + y )
=0
25
17
3x + y = 5
7
- V i 3x + y = ta co he phng trnh:
5
3x + y =
x2 + y2=
- V i 3x + y =
7
7
y = 3x
x =
5
5
10x2 42 x + 44= 0
x=
5
5
25
2
1
;y =
5
5 .
11
2
;y=
25
25
17
ta co he phng trnh:
5
17
17
3x + y =
y = 3x
5
5
(vo nghiem).
1
284
2
2
2 102
=
x +y
10x +
=
x+
0
5
5
25
602
2 1 11 2
5 5 25 25
2x y 2 + x + 2y 2 =
) (
) 1
(
.
47
( 2x y )( x + 2y ) + ( 2x y ) + ( x + 2y ) =
25
e n a y a t a n phu u =
2x y,v =+
x 2y va gia i ba ng phep the .
A= a x2 + b y2 + c xy + d x + e y + f= 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
Tong quat: Gia i he phng trnh
2
2
B= a2 x + b2 y + c2 xy + d 2 x + e2 y + f2= 0
Ta ca n tm ha ng so k sao cho A + k.B pha n tch c thanh nha n t .

Cach 1: Ta tm t nha t hai ca p nghiem cua phng trnh(tho ng th ng la th
thay ca c gia tr 2, 1,0 va o hai phng trnh cua he ) gia s hai ca p nghie m
o la ( x;y ) = ( m;n ) ; ( p;q ) .
Khi o ng thang i qua hai ie m nay la:
: ( n q ) x ( m p ) y + mq np =
0 .
Go i ( a; b ) la mo t iem na m tre n kha c hai iem tre n.

Khi o tai ( x;y ) = ( a; b ) th
=
A A=
1 ,B B1 va he so k ca n tm la k =
A1
B1
2 1 11 2
A p du ng va o ba i toa n tre n ta bie t hai nghiem la ; ; ; ne n ng
5 5 25 25
tha ng i qua hai ie m na y la : 3x + y
7
.
5
7
44
22
La y ie m A 0; khi o A1 = ,B1 =
k=
2.
25
25
5
Nh va y v i mo i ca ch lay iem A ta la i co mo t gia tr cu a k va a ba i

toa n e n ra t nhie u ca ch gia i.
a1 ka2 ,b =+
b1 kb2 ,c =+
c1 kc2 ,d =+
d1 kd 2 va e =
e1 + ke2 ,f =
f1 + kf2
Cach 2: a t a =+
Khi o k ( k 0 ) la nghiem cu a phng trnh sau:
( cd 2ae )
)(
=c2 4ab d 2 4af
Hoa c c ru t gon tha nh: cde + 4abf = ae2 + bd 2 + fc2 .

603
a y la phng trnh ba c ba o i v i k ne n luon co nghiem do o he phng
trnh tren luo n gia i c ba ng phng pha p he so ba t nh(mot tr ng h p
a c bie t cu a he na y a c ban he a ng cap).
xy 2 +y=
3
(
)
.
x 2 + 2xy 5y 2 5x + 13y =
6
Li giai
x2 + y2 2xy + y 3 =
0 (1)
.
2
2
+
=
x
2xy
5y
5x
13y
6
0
(2)
Th ca c gia tr a c bie t ta tm c hai nghiem cua he la ( x;y ) = (1;2 ) ; ( 3;3) .

ng tha ng i qua hai ie m na y la x 2y + 3 =
0.
La y ie m A ( 3;0 ) thuo c ng thang tre n.
A
1
Khi o =
1=
.
A1 6,B
=
1 18 he so ba t nh can tm la k =
B1
3
1
Va y la y (1) .(2) theo ve ta c:
3
1
x2 + y2 2xy + y 3 x2 + 2xy 5y2 5x + 13y 6 =
0.
3
x 2y + 3 =
0
1
.
2x 4y 1)( x 2y + 3) =0
(
3
0
2x 4y 1 =
TH1: Ne u x 2y + 3 =
=
= 2
x 1,y
x 2y + 3 = 0
x = 2y 3
.
2
2
= 3
+ y 3 ( y 3)=
+y 3 =
x 3,y
( x y )=
TH2: Ne u 2x 4y 1 =
3
=
x 2y +
x = 15,y =1
2x 4y 1 =
0
2
2
2
1
3
( x y ) + y =
y+ +y=
3 x = 3 + 15,y =1 +

604
15
2 .
15
2
=
( x;y )
(1;2 ); ( 3;3); 23
15; 1
15 3
15
; + 15; 1 +
.
2 2
2
Cach 2: a ve he a ng ca p
u =
x 1 x =
u +1
.
a t
y 2 y =
v+2
v =

u v 1 2 + v + 2 =
3
)
(
.
2
2
( u + 1) + 2 ( u + 1)( v + 2 ) 5 ( v + 2 ) 5 ( u + 1) + 13 ( v + 2 ) =
6
u2 + v2 2uv = 2u 3v
.
2
2
u 5v + 2uv =5v u
0 ( u;v ) =
TH1: Ne u v = 0 khi o u =
( 0;0 ) .
TH2: Ne u v 0 a t u = tv he tr tha nh:
(
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
v2 t 2 + 1 2t = v ( 2t 3)
v t 2 + 1 2t = 2t 3
2 2
v t + 2t 5 =v ( 5 t )
v t 2 + 2t 5 =5 t
Suy ra t 2 + 1 2t ( 5 t )=
( 2t 3) ( t 2 + 2t 5) 3t3 6t 2 5t + 10=
0.
t = 2
( t 2 ) 3t 5 = 0
5.
t
=
x2 + 8y2 6xy + x 3y 624 =

0
(1)
2
2
0
(2)
21x 24y 30xy 83x + 49y + 585 =
Li giai
La y (1) + k.(2) ta theo ve ta c:
x2 + 8y2 6xy + x 3y 624 + k 21x 2 24y 2 30xy 83x + 49y + 585 =

0 .
V i k la nghiem cu a phng trnh cde + 4abf = ae2 + bd 2 + fc2 .

V i a =1 + 21k, b =8 24k, c =6 30k,d =1 83k, e =3 + 49 k va f =
624 + 585k .
605
k = 11 / 9
V vay ( 9k 11)( 31k 1)( 5265k 227 ) =0 k =1 / 31

.
k = 227 / 5265
Va y theo ca ch na y co ba ca ch la y gia tr cu a k va se co 3 ca ch x ly ba i
toa n theo hng tre n. Ba i toa n na y ta la y k = 1 / 31 khi o ta c
52x 2 + 224y 2 186xy 52x 44y 18.759 =
0 .
2x 4y + 37 =
0
.
( 2x 4y + 37 )( 26x 56y 507 ) =0
0
26x 56y 507 =
2x y + 2 + x + 2y 3 =
3
.
2
2
25
x y xy + 9 ( x + y ) =
Li giai
Nhan xet. Phng trnh a u cu a he cha ca n nen ta bnh phng hai ve cu a
phng trnh a ve mo t phng trnh a th c ba c hai cu ng da ng v i phng
trnh th hai cu a he .
2x y + 2 0
Cach 1: ieu kie n
.
x + 2y 3 0
Khi o bnh phng hai ve phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c

3x + y 1 + 2 2x y + 2. x + 2y 3 =
9 .
( 2x y + 2 )( x + 2y 3) =
10 3x y .
10 3x y 0
4 ( 2x y + 2 )( x + 2y 3)=
(10 3x y )
10 3x y 0
.
2
2
0
x + 9y 6xy 44x 48y + 124 =
x2 y2 xy + 9 ( x + y ) 25 =
0 (1)
Va y ta co he phng trnh
.
x2 + 9y2 6xy 44x 48y + 124 =
0 (2)
La y a.(1) + (2) theo ve ta c:

0 (3) .
( a + 1) x2 ( a 6 ) y + 9a 44 x + 9y2 + ( 9a 48) y + 124 25a =
Ta se tm hang so a sao cho phng trnh (3) co Deltal la so chnh phng.
606
Tnh c x= ( a 6 ) y + 9a 44 4 ( a + 1) 9y2 + ( 9a 48) y + 124 25a
= a2 24a y 2 + 2 9a2 + 70a + 362 y + 181a2 792a + 1440 .
e x la so chnh phng ta ca n co:
'y = 0 9a2 + 70a + 362
) (a
2
)(
24a 181a2 792a + 1440 = 0 .
Nha p phng trnh na y vao ma y tnh bo tnh va tm c nghie m a =
1
.
5
3x 4y 1 =
0
.
Suy ra
0
2x y + 1 =
3x 4y 1 =
0
- V i 3x 4y 1 =
.
0 khi o ta co he 2
2
25
x y xy + 9 ( x + y ) =
131 14.976
388 3 14.976
3x 1 =
;y
x =
y =
5
20
.
+
+
131
14.976
388
3
14.976
5x2 + 262x 437 =
0
=
;y
x =
5
20
2x y + 1 =
0
- V i 2x y + 1 =
.
0 khi o ta co he 2
2
25
x y xy + 9 ( x + y ) =
=
x 1;y
= 3
=
y 2x + 1
39 .
2
x 17
=
;y
0 =
5x + 22x 17 =
5
5
o i chie u la i ieu kien ta co ba nghie m thoa ma n la
( x;y ) = (1;3); 175 ; 395 ; 131 +
14.976 388 + 3 14.976

;
.
5
20
Cach 2: Ngoa i phng pha p he so ba t nh nh tren khi nhn va o phng trnh

co ch a hai ca n th c ma bie u th c trong ca n co dang ba c nha t o i v i hai
bie n x va y nen ta co the at a n phu mi a he ve dang :
607
u=
a t
v =
2u2 + v2 1
=
x
2x y + 2
5
thay ng c la i he
, ( u,v 0 ) khi o
2
2v u2 + 8
x + 2y 3
y =
5
3
u + v =
va bie n o i ru t gon ta c 4
.
4
2 2
2
2
0
u v + u v + 8u + 19v 73 =
v= 3 u
v= 3 u
.
2
2
3
2
0
0
u 1 u + 6u 17 =
u + 6u 18u 7u + 17 =
)(
e n a y a n gian ca c em tm ra u ro i suy ra v t o tm c nghie m cu a

he phng trnh.
Nhan xet. o i v i he phng trnh ma phng trnh cu a he co ch a ca n th c
ta co the bnh phng hai ve hoa c a t a n phu e a ve he n gia n hn.
Qua bn bi ton trn bn c t c rt kinh nghim cho mnh nn s dng k
thut h h phng trnh bc nht hai n hay l h s bt nh i vi h
phng trnh bc hai hai n dng tng qut.
2x + 2 x + y x2 y2 =
1
.
3
2x
=
2y3 + 1
Li giai
ie u kien : 2 x + y x2 y2 0 .
Chuyen ve bnh phng hai ve phng trnh a u cu a he ta c :
2 x + y x2 y2 =1 2x
1
1
x
x
.
2
2
2
2
2
2 x + y x2 y2 =
1 4x + 4x
0
5x + y 3x y 1 =
Ke t h p v i phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c :
.
608
TH1 : Ne u y= x 1 thay va o phng trnh (1) ta c :

2
5x2 + ( x 1) 3x ( x 1) 1 = 0 6x2 6x + 1 = 0
x
2 x=
3 3
3+ 3
.
y=
6
6
TH2 : Ne u 2x2 + 2y2 + 2xy 3x y =

0 ke t h p vi phng trnh (1) ta c
he phng trnh:
2x2 + 2y2 + 2xy 3x y =
0
(ay la he ba c hai tong qua t a biet ca ch gia i
2
2
0
5x + y 3x y 1 =
xem chng 1).

He phng trnh nay co hai nghiem khong thoa man ieu kien x
1
nen loai.
2
3 3 3+ 3
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha=
t ( x;y )
;
.
6
2 ( x + y )( 25 xy ) = 4x 2 + 17y 2 + 105
.
x2 + y2 + 2x 2y =
7
Li giai
Vie t la i he phng trnh d i da ng :
Ca hai phng trnh cu a he c vie t la i d i da ng phng trnh ba c hai cu a

y. Ta co mo t kinh nghie m nho la tho ng th ng cho he so hai phng trnh ty
le v i nhau e tm nghiem.
Cho he so ca c phng trnh ty le v i nhau ta c:
2
2x + 17 2 x 25 4x2 50x + 105
=
=
=
x 2.
1
2
x 2 + 2x 7
Thay x = 2 va o hai phng trnh cu a he tre n ta c :
609
.
La y (1)
1
.(2) ta c :
21
.
TH1 : Ne u x = 2 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
4 + y2 + 4 2y 7 = 0 y = 1 .
TH2 : Ne u 2y2 + 2xy + 4y 17x 126 =

0 ta co he phng trnh :
.
La y 3.(4) (3) theo ve ta c :
(phng trnh vo nghie m).

Bai 7. Gii h phng trnh:
2
1
2
x + y x + y =
2
, ( x,y ) .
( x + y )(17 4xy ) = 6x2 + 8y + 21
2
Li gii
Vit la i h phng trnh di dng:
1
2
2
A = x + y x + y =0 (1)
2
.
2
2
B 4x ( 2y + 3) + 8y 34 x + 21 18y
=
= 0 (2)
Ly 2.(1) (2) theo v ta c:
1
2 x 2 + y 2 x + y 4x 2 ( 2y + 3) + 8y2 34 x + 21 18y =
0.
610
y= 1 x
.
2 ( x + y 1)( 4xy + 5x y 11) = 0
0
4xy + 5x y 11 =
TH1: Ne u y = 1 x thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:

2
1
x2 + (1 x ) x + (1 x ) =.
2
1
x =
2
1
y=
x=
3
2
2
.
2x2 4x + = 0
2
3
x = 3
x=
2
2
y = 1

2
TH2: Ne u 4xy + 5x y 11 =
0 v i x =
V i x
1
kho ng thoa ma n he phng trnh.
4
11 5x
1
ru t c y =
thay vao phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
4
4x 1
2
11 5x
11 5x 1
=.
x2 +
x+
4x
1
4x 1 2
2x2 ( 4x 1) + 2 (11 5x ) 2x ( 4x 1) + 2 (11 5x )( 4x 1) = ( 4x 1) .
32x 4 48x3 + 12x 2 116x + 219 =

0 (vo nghim).
1 1 3 1
Vy h phng trnh co hai nghim=
la : ( x;y ) ; ; ; .
2 2 2 2
Nhan xet. Ca u ho i a t ra la tai sao ta tm c hai nghiem nh tre n. Ca i na y

d a va o kinh nghie m v bai toa n nay kho ng cho phe p ta the e a ve
phng trnh a th c ro i dung Casio tm nghie m.
Co cach tm nghiem nh sau:
Tr c quan ta viet lai phng trnh a u cu a he tr thanh:
611
1
1
3
x 1 x
2
1
1
2
2.
1
x + y + =
2
2
3
1
y + 1 y 1
2
2
2
1
1
3
va o he ta de tm
Th thay ca c gia tr a c bie t x =
,x ==
0,x
,x ==
1,x
2
2
2
c hai nghiem tre n.
He so bat nh c tm nh sau
1
2
2
(1)
A = x + y x + y =0
2
B 4x2 ( 2y + 3) + 8y2 34 x + 21 18y

=
= 0
.
(2)
1 1 3 1
Tm c hai nghie m=
la ( x;y ) ; ; ; suy ra ng thang i qua
2 2 2 2
hai ie m na y la y = 1 x .
Khi o thay y = 1 x va o A va B th ta co :
2
1
3
2
2
A = x + (1 x ) x + (1 x ) = 2x 4x +
2
2
.
B= 4x2 2 (1 x ) + 3 + 8 (1 x )2 34 x + 21 18 (1 x )= 4x 2 8x + 3
3
2x2 4x +
A
1
2=
Suy ra he so bat nh la k =
=
t c ta th c hien phe p
B
2
4x2 8x + 3
1
toa n la y (1) .(2) theo ve hay 2.(1) (2) theo ve ta c:
2
Bai 8. Gii h phng trnh:
105
+ 4x 2 + 17y 2
( x + y )( 25 4xy ) =
, ( x,y ) .
4
4x2 + 4y2 + 4x 4y =
7
Li gii
t x
=
3a 1
3b + 1
h phng trnh tr tha nh:
=
,y
2
2
6b3 + 9b2 = 6a3 + 14a 20
2
2
1
a + b =
612
(1)
(2)
Ta co : (1) 3b2 ( 3 2b ) = ( a 1) 6a2 + 6a + 20 .
)
( a 1) ( 6a + 6a + 20 + 9 6b + 9a 6ab ) =
0.
3 1 a2 ( 3 2b ) = ( a 1) 6a2 + 6a + 20 .
2
a = 1
.
2
0
6a + 15a 6b 6ab + 29 =
x = 1
a = 1
+ TH1: Nu a =
1
1.
b = 0
y =
2
+ TH2: Nu 6a2 + 15a 6b 6ab + 29 =

0 (vo nghim) v:
6a2 + 15a 6b 6ab + 29 15a 6b 6ab + 29 29 15 6 6 =2 > 0 .
1
2
Cach 2: T phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c

2
( 2x + 1) + ( 2y 1)
2x + 1 2 9
) 2 x 1 .
(
=9
1 y 2
( 2x 1) 9
Vie t la i phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c:

=
0.
( 4x + 17) y2 + ( 4x2 25) y + 4x2 25x + 105
4
Ve tra i la mot tam th c bac hai cua y v i he so a = 4x + 17 > 0 ne n a t gia tr

nho nha t ta i y =
25 4x2
.
2 ( 4x + 17 )
Gia tr nho nha t bang
( 4x
4a
=
25
105
4 ( 4x + 17 ) 4x 2 25x +
4 ( 4x + 17 )
.
2x 4 8x3 9x 2 + 160x 145

2 ( 4x + 17 )
613
Vy ta phi c
2x 4 8x3 9x2 + 160x 145

0.
2 ( 4x + 17 )
( x 1) 2x3 6x2 15x + 145 0, x 2;1 .

1
x =1 y = v
2
x 1 0
, x 2;1 .
3
2
2x 6x 15x + 145 > 0
1
2
Cach 3: Tng t tre n ta tm c 2 x 1, 1 y 2 .

( x + y ) ( 25 4 ( xy + x y ) ) =
17
+ 21y 2 .
4
Thay 4 ( x y ) =7 4x2 4y2 t phng trnh th hai cu a he va o ta c:
( x + y ) (18 + 4 ( x2 + y2 xy ) ) = 174 + 21y2 .

4x3 + 18x
17
+ 4y3 21y 2 + 18y =
0 (1) .
4
Xe t ham so f(x) = 4x3 + 18x
17
tre n oan 2;1 va g(y) =4y3 21y 2 + 18y
4
tre n oa n 1;2 ta co f(x) + g(y) 0 .

a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi =
x 1,y
=
1
.
2
x = 1
V vay (1)
1.
y =
2
1
2

x2 + y2 + 2xy 2x + y 9 =
0
, ( x,y ) .
2
2x + 8 + 2x + 1 = 4y 3y + 2y 1
614
Li giai
1
1
ie u kien: x ,y .
2
2

x2 + y2 + 2xy 2x + y 9 =
0
.
2
0
2x + 1 2y 1 + 2x + 8 4y + 3y =

2x + 1 2y 1 + x 2 3y2 + 2xy + 4y 1 =
0.
1
1
Nha n thay x =
,y =
2
2
1
1
Xe t x ,y th c hie n nhan lie n h p a phng trnh ve da ng tng
2
2
ng:
2 ( x y + 1)
2x + 1 + 2y 1
+ ( x y + 1)( x + 3y 1) =
0.
2
( x y + 1)
+ x + 3y 1 =
0 (1) .
2x + 1 + 2y 1
1
1
Do x ,y ne n:
2
2
2
2x + 1 + 2y 1
> 0;x + 3y 1 0
2
2x + 1 + 2y 1
+ x + 3y 1 > 0 .
Do o (1) x y + 1 = 0 y = x + 1 .
2
x2 + ( x + 1) + 2x ( x + 1) 2x + ( x + 1) 9 =
0.
=
=
x 1
x 1,y
= 2
4x + 3x 7 = 0
7
7
3 (ch nghie m
x =
x=
,y =
4
4
4
(1;2 )
tho a
ma n ieu kie n).

615
Nhan xet: C s cua li giai bai toan da vao ky thuat he so bat nh nh sau:
A = x2 + y2 + 2xy 2x + y 9 = 0 (1)
.
= 2x + 1 2y 1 + 2x + 8 4y 2 + 3y
= 0 (2)
B
Nhan xet: D oan
2x + 1 = 2y 1 y = x + 1 khi o
A = x2 + x + 1 2 + 2x x + 1 2x + x + 1 9 = 4x2 + 3x 7
( )
( )
( )
2
2
B =2x + 8 4 ( x + 1) + 3 ( x + 1) =4x 3x + 7
A
He so ba t nh k =
=
1 t c la ta th c hie n phe p toan lay (1) + (2) theo ve
B
nh l i gia i tre n.
x3 y3 =
35
.
2
2
2x + 3y =4x 9y
Li giai
x y3 35 =
0 (1)
.
2
2
0 (2)
2x + 3y 4x + 9y =
3
x3 y3 35 + k 2x2 + 3y2 4x + 9y =
0.
x3 + 2kx2 4kx y3 + 3ky 2 + 9ky 35 =
0 (3) .
3
Ta se tm ca c ha ng so k,a,b sao cho (3) ( x + a ) = ( y + b ) .

a3 b3 =
35 k =
3
Khai trien o ng nha t he so ta c 3a =

a =
2 .
2k
2
b = 3
3a = 4k
3
Suy ra ( x 2 ) = ( y + 3) x 2 = y + 3 x = y + 5 .
2
2 ( y + 5) + 3y2 4 ( y + 5) + 9y =
0 .
y =
3;x =
2
.
5y2 + 25y + 30 =0
2;x =
3
y =

( 2; 3); ( 3; 2 ) .
616
Cach 2: a t u =+
x y,v =
x y a c nhac e n trong chu e a t a n phu da ng
to ng hieu.
x 4 y 4 =
240
.
3
3
2
2
x 2y = 3 x 4y 4 ( x 8y )
Li giai
x y 240 =
0
(1)
Vie t la i he d i dang
.
3
3
2
2
+
+
=
x
2y
3x
12y
4x
32y
0
(2)
La y (1) + k.(2) ta c:
x 4 y 4 240 + k x3 2y3 3x 2 + 12y 2 + 4x 32y =

0 (3)
4
Ta se tm ca c ha ng so a,b,k sao cho (3) ( x + a ) = ( y + b ) .

o ng nha t he so ta c k =
8;a =
2; b =
4 .
x= y 2
4
4
.
Suy ra ( x 2 ) =( y 4 )
x= 6 y
- V i x= y 2 thay va o (1) ta c 8y3 24y2 + 32y + 224 =

0 .
( y + 2 ) 8y2 40y + 112 =0 y =2 x =4 .
- V i x= 6 y thay va o (1) ta c y3 9y2 + 36y 44 =

0 .
( y 2 ) y 2 7y + 22 = 0 y = 2 x = 4 .
=
)
( 4;2 ); ( 4; 2 ) .
x2 + 2y2 =xy + 2y
.
3
2
2
2
2x + 3xy =2y + 3x y
Li giai
x2 + 2y2 xy 2y =
0
(1)
.
3
2
2
2
0
(2)
2x + 3xy 2y 3x y =
Tm he so bat nh: Th ca c nghiem x =2, 1,0 vao he ta tha y he co hai

nghiem la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; (1;1) ne n ng thang i qua hai ie m na y la y = x .
617
a t A = x2 + 2y2 xy 2y;B = 2x3 + 3xy2 2y2 3x2 y .
Thay x = y va o hai bie u th c tre n ta c A1 (x,y) = 2y 2 2y = 2y ( y 1) va
B1 (x,y) = 2y3 2y2 = 2y2 ( y 1) .
A (x,y)
1
Do o he so ba t nh la p(x,y) =
1
=
.
B1 (x,y)
y
Va y e co nha n t chung ta th c hien phe p tnh (2) y.(1) .

- V i y = 0 x = 0 la mo t nghie m cu a he.
- Xe t y 0 , La y (2) y.(1) theo ve ta c:
2x3 + 3xy2 2y2 3x2 y y x2 + 2y2 xy 2y =

0.
2x3 2y3 4x 2 y + 4xy 2 =0 ( x y ) x2 xy + y2 =0
x = y
2
.
2
0
x xy + y =
2
y 3y 2
Nhng do y 0 ne n x2 xy + y2 = x +
> 0 v va y x = y .
2
4
Thay vao phng trnh (1) ta c: 2y2 = 2y y = 1,(y 0) x = 1 .

Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) , (1;1) .
x3 3x + 2 = y3 + 3y2
2
2
2
x + 3y + x y =
Tm he so bat nh:
Tm c ca c nghie m cu a he phng trnh =

( x;y )
(1;0 ); ( 2;0 ) .
Khi o ng thang i qua hai ie m nay la y = 0 .

Thay ng c la i hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
A (x,y) = x3 3x + 2 = x 1 2 x + 2
( ) ( ).
1
B1 (x,y) = x 2 + x 2 = ( x 1)( x + 2 )
A (x,y)
Suy ra p(x,y) =
1
=
( x 1) .
B1 (x,y)
618
Li giai
x3 3x + 2 y3 3y2 =
0 (1)
.
2
2
0 (2)
x + 3y + x y 2 =
Nha n thay x =1 y =0 tho a man he phng trnh.

Xe t v i x 1 khi o la y (1) ( x 1) .(2) theo ve ta c
x3 3x + 2 y3 3y2 ( x 1) x2 + 3y2 + x y 2 =
0 .
y = 0
3xy2 + xy y3 y = 0 y y 2 + 3xy x + 1 = 0 2
.
0
y + 3xy x + 1 =
x = 1
- V i y = 0 thay va o (2) ta c x2 + x 2 = 0
.
x = 2
y2 + 3xy x + 1 =
0
- V i y + 3xy x + 1 =0 khi o ta co he phng trnh
2
2
0
x + 3y + x y 2 =
2
He na y th c hie n ca ch tng t da ng 1 ta co ke t qua:

13 4
1 1
( x;y ) =
; ; ( 1;1) ; ; ; (1;0 ) .
7 7
2 2
Va y he phng trnh co 5 nghiem:
( x;y ) =
( 2;0 ) ; 137 ; 47 ; ( 1;1) ; 21 ; 21 ; (1;0 ) .

7x3 y3 24x2 + 25x 3xy ( x + y ) y 10 =
0
.
7x 2 + 4xy 10x + y 2 2y + 3 =
0
Li giai
Nha n va o hai ve cu a phng trnh th hai v i ( x y 2 ) ro i co ng theo ve

v i phng trnh th nha t cu a he , ta c:
7x3 y3 24x2 + 25x 3xy ( x + y ) y 10
( x y 2 ) 7x 2 + 4xy 10x + y 2 2y + 3 =
0
2x 2y 4 = 0 x = y + 2 , the va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
619
3
3
.
x =1
6
6
Th lai tha y ca c nghiem tre n e u tho a ma n
12y 2 + 24y + 11 =0 y =1
3
3
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = 1
;1
.
6
6
x 4 + 2 ( 3y + 1) x2 + 5y2 + 4y + 11 x y2 + 10y + 2 =
0
y3 + ( x 2 ) y + x 2 + x + 2 =
0
Tm he so bat nh: Nhan tha y he co hai nghiem ( x;y ) =

( 1;1) ; ( 2; 2 ) nen
ng tha ng i qua hai iem na y la y = x . Thay ng c la i hai phng trnh
cu a he ta c:
A (x,y) =x + 1 2 x 1 x 2
( ) ( )( ) p(x,y) =
A (x,y)
1
x 1 .
1
=
2
B1 (x,y)
B1 (x,y) =
x
1
x
2
(
)
(
)
Ta co the nha n va o hai ve cu a phng trnh th hai v i x 1 hoa c

(y) 1 = ( y + 1) a y ta l a cho n y + 1 e xua t hie n mo t a th c cu ng
ba c v i a th c phng trnh th nha t.

Li giai
x 4 + 2 ( 3y + 1) x 2 + 5y 2 + 4y + 11 x y 2 + 10y + 2 =
0
y3 + ( x 2 ) y + x 2 + x + 2 =
0
(2)
(1)

Xe t v i y 1 khi o la y (1) ( y + 1) .(2) theo ve ta c:
0.
( x + y )( x y + 2 ) ( x2 2x + y2 + 3y + 5) =
y =2 x =2
2
- V i x = y thay va o (2) ta c ( y + 2 )( y 1) =0
.
1 x=
1
y =
y =
1 x=
1
2
- V i x= y 2 thay va o (2) ta c ( y 1) ( y + 4 ) =0
y =4 x =6
620
2
2
3
7
- V i x2 2x + y2 + 3y + 5 =0 ( x 1) + y + + =0 (vo ly).
2
4
Va y he phng trnh a cho co ba nghiem la ( x;y ) =( 1;1) ; ( 2; 2 ) ; ( 6; 4 ) .

3
xy x + y =
.
2
y3 + 6y + 5
4x + 12x + 9x =
Li giai
9
(1)
3xy 3x + 3y =
3
2
y3 + 6y + 5
4x + 12x + 9x =
(2)

4x3 + 12x 2 + 12x + 4 =y3 + 3xy + 9y .
3
4 ( x + 1) + 4y3 = 3y3 + 3xy + 9y .
2
2
2
4 ( x + 1 + y ) ( x + 1) y ( x + 1) + y=
3y y + x + 3 .
Thay x = xy + y 3 va o ve pha i cu a phng trnh tren ta c:
2
2
2
4 ( x + 1 + y ) ( x + 1) y ( x + 1) + y=
3y y + xy + y .
2
2
2
( x + y + 1) 4 ( x + 1) 4y ( x + 1) + 4y=
3y ( x + y + 1) .
y =1 x
2
.
( x + y + 1)( 2x + 2 y ) = 0
y 2x + 2
=
TH1: Ne u y =1 x thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:

x ( 1 x ) x 1 x = 3 x 2 + 3x + 4 = 0 (vo nghie m).
TH2: Ne u =
y 2x + 2 thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:
x ( 2x + 2 ) x + 2x + 3 = 3 2x 2 + 3x 1 = 0 .
3 + 17
3 + 17
1 17
,y =
x =
x =
4
4
2 .
3 + 17
3 + 17
1 + 17
=
=
,y
x
x =
4
4
2

621
( x;y )=
3 + 17 1 17 3 + 17 1 + 17
;
;
;
.
4
2
4
2
Cach 2: Nhan tha y x = 1 kho ng tho a man phng trnh.

Xe t x 1 ru t y =
x+3
x +1
3
x +3
x+3
4x + 12x + 9x =
+5.
+ 6.
x +1
x +1
3
)(
x2 + 3x + 4 2x 2 + 3x 1
3 + 17
x =
4
.
=0 2x 2 + 3x 1 =0
3 + 17
x =
4

y ( x + 1) = x + 1 + 2
3
y3 + 6y + 6
4 ( x + 1) 3 ( x + 1) =
a t t= x + 1 he phng trnh tr tha nh:

yt = t + 2
yt = t + 2
.
3
3
3
0
y3 + 6y + 6
4t + y 3 ( t + 2 ) 6y =
4t 3t =
yt = t + 2
yt = t + 2
.
3
3
3
3
0
0
4t + y 3yt 6y =
4t + y 3y ( t + 2 ) =
y = t
yt = t + 2
yt = t + 2
3
y = 2t .
2
3
2
0
0
( t + y )( 2t y ) =
4t + y 3y t =
y = t + 2
Nhan xet. Cach 3 t nhien hn cach 1 nhng cung mot y tng o la phep the.
( x + 1)( y 1) =
2
3
3
2
0
4 ( x + 1) 3 ( x + 1) + ( y 1) + 3 ( y 1) 3 ( y 1) 11 =
a t a n phu u =x + 1,v =y 1 sau o du ng phe p the .

622
x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 + 3x =
0 (1)
.
2
+
+
+
=
xy
y
3y
1
0
(2)
Li giai
La y (1) + 2.(2) theo ve ta c
( x + 2y )
x + 2y =
1
.
+ 3 ( x + 2y ) + 2 = 0
2
x + 2y =
1 5
a p so. ( x;y ) = 3 2;1 2 ; 3 5;
.
Ca ch kha c: Xem phng pha p gia i he a ng cap.

x2 + xy + y 2 =
3
2
0
x + 2xy 7x 5y + 9 =
(1)
(2)
Li giai
0.
La y (1) + (2) theo ve ta c ( x + y 2 )( 2x + y 3) =
a p so=
. ( x;y )
(1;1) ; ( 2; 1) .
x2 y + xy 2 + x 5y =
0
2
0
2xy + y 5y + 1 =
(1)
(2)
Li giai
La y (1) 2.(2) theo ve ta c ( x + y 2 )( xy 2y + 1) =
0.
x2 3x + 2y2 + 2xy =
0
(1)
2
2
0 (2)
xy ( x + y ) + x + 3y 2x 3y + 1 =
Li giai
La y (2) (1) theo ve ta c ( x + 1) xy + y 2 3y + 1 =

0.
x2 + x + y2 3 =
0
2
2
0
x 2y xy + y + 1 =
(1)
(2)
Li giai
0 .
La y 2.(1) + (2) theo ve ta c ( x 1)( 3x y + 5) =
Hoa c la y 5.(1) + 13.(2) theo ve ta c ( 2x 3y + 1)( 9x + 7y 2 ) =

0 .
623
0 .
Hoa c la y (1) (2) theo ve ta c ( y + 1)( x + 3y 4 ) =
x3 + 5xy2 + 42 =
0
2
2
0
2x 5xy 5y + x + 10y 35 =
(1)
(2)
Li giai
2
2
La y (1) + 2.(2) theo ve ta c ( x 2 ) ( x + 3) + 5 ( y 1) =
0.
6x2 y + 2y3 + 35 =
0

2
2
0
5 x + y + 2xy + 5x + 13y =
Li giai
5
1
2
2
y=
;x =

( 2y + 5) 3 x + 21 + y + 25 =0 21 2 5 .

;y =
x =
2
2
1 5 1 5
a p so. ( x;y ) = ; ; ; .
2 2 2 2
x2 + y2 + xy + 2x =
5y
.
3
2
2
0
x + x y x + 2xy 6x + 3y =
Li giai
y= 2 x
( x + y 2 ) ( x2 + 2x + y ) = 0
x2 2x
y =
TH1: Ne u y= 2 x thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:

2
x 2 + ( 2 x ) + x ( 2 x ) + 2x = 5 ( 2 x ) .
=
=
x 1
x 1,y
= 1
.
x2 + 5x 6 = 0
6 x =
6,y =
8
x =
TH2: Ne u y =
x2 2x thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:
624
(1)
(2)
x2 + x 2 2x
+ x x 2 2x + 2x = 5 x2 2x .
x 0
x 0,y
=
=
= 0
x ( x + 2 )( x + 4 ) =0 x =2 x =2,y =0 .
x =
4 x =
4,y =
8

=
( x;y )
( 0;0 ); (1;1); ( 2;0 ); ( 6;8); ( 4; 8) .
x3 + y3 =
5x
.
3
2
2x 2 y
2x + 10x 17x + 8 =
Li giai
3x3 + y3 10x2 + 17x 8 = 5x 2x 2 y .
( x + y 2 ) 3x2 xy 4x + y 2 + 2y + 4 =
0
y= 2 x
2
.
2
0
3x xy 4x + y + 2y + 4 =

3
x3 + ( 2 x ) = 5x 6x2 17x + 8 = 0
17 97
17 97
7 + 97
=
=
,y
x
x =
12
12
12 .
17 + 97
17 + 97
7 97
=
=
,y
x
x =
12
12
12
TH2: Ne u 3x2 xy 4x + y2 + 2y + 4 =0 3x2 x ( y + 4 ) + y2 + 2y + 4 =0 .

Suy ra
x =( y + 4 ) 12 y2 + 2y + 4 =11y2 16y 32 < 0, y
ne n
phng trnh vo nghiem suy ra he vo nghiem.

( x;y ) = 17 12 97 ; 7 +1297 ; 17 +12 97 ; 7 1297 .
625
x3 + y3 =
91
(1)
2
2
4x + 3y = 16x + 9y
(2)
Li giai
3
La y (1) 3.(2) theo ve ta c ( x 4 ) = ( 3 y ) x = 7 y .

The va o phng trnh th (2) tm c hai nghiem cu a he la :
( x;y ) = ( 3;4 ); ( 4;3) .

x3 + 3xy2 =
25
(1)
2
2
x + 6xy + y = 10x + 6y 1
(2)
Li giai
2
2
La y (1) 3.(2) theo ve ta c ( x 1) ( x 1) + 3 ( y 3) =
0 .
x = 1
x = 1
x = 1 .
2
2
( x 1) + 3 ( y 3) =
0
y = 3
V i x = 1 thay va o phng trnh th nha t cu a he ta c: y2 =

8 y=
2 2 .
Ca p nghiem ( x;y ) = (1;3) kho ng tho a ma n.
)
(1; 2 2 )
x3 + y3 =
9
(1)
2
2
x 4y
x + 2y =+
(2)
Li giai
x3 3x2 + y3 6y2 =9 3x 12y .
x3 3x2 + 3x 1 = y3 + 6y2 12y + 8 .
3
( x 1) = ( 2 y ) x 1 = 2 y y = 3 x .
Thay y= 3 x va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c:

=
= 2
x 1 =
x 1,y
3
.
x3 + ( 3 x ) = 9 x2 3x + 2 = 0
=
= 1
x 2 =
x 2,y

626
Bai 13. (VMO 2004, bang B) Gia i he phng trnh:
x3 + 3xy2 =
49
(1)
2
2
x 8xy + y = 8y 17x
(2)
Li giai
( x + 1) ( x + 1)
x =
1;y =
4
2
.
+ 3 ( y 4 ) =0
4
1;y =
x =
Ca ch kha c: Xem phng pha p gia i he a ng cap.

x 4 y 4 =
1215
(1)
3
3
2
2
2x 4y = 9 x 4y 18 ( x 8y )
(2)
Li giai
(x
) (
12x3 + 54x 2 108x + 81 y 4 24y3 + 216y 2 864y + 1296 =

0.
x 3 = y 6
y = x + 3
4
4
.
( x 3) = ( y 6 )
x 3 = 6 y
y = 9 x
TH1: Ne u y= x + 3 thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:
x 4 ( x + 3) =1215 ( x + 6 ) 2x 2 3x + 36 =0 x =6 y =3 .
x 4 ( 9 x ) = 1215 ( x 6 ) 2x 2 15x + 72 = 0 x = 6 y = 3 .
=
)
( 6;3); ( 6; 3) .
x3 + y3 =
91
(1)
2
2
4x + 3y = 16x + 19y
(2)
Li giai
3
( 4 x ) = ( y 3)
4x = y 3 y = 7x.
Thay y= 7 x va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c:

627
x 3 =
x 3,y
=
= 4
3
.
x3 + ( 7 x ) =91 x2 7x + 12 =0
=
= 3
x 4 =
x 4,y
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 3;4 ) ; ( 4;3) .

x3 y3 =
35
(1)
2
2
2x + 3y =4x 9y
(2)
Li giai
3
( x 2 ) = ( y + 3)
x 2 = y +3 y = x 5.

x = 2 x = 2,y = 3
3
.
x3 ( x 5) = 35 x2 5x + 6 = 0
x = 3 x = 3,y = 2

( 2; 3); ( 3; 2 ) .
4x2 + y 4 4xy3 =
1
.
2
2
+
=
4x
2y
4xy
2
Li giai
2
)(
La y (1) (2) theo ve ta c: y 1 y2 4xy 1 =

0.
x 0,y
=
= 1
=
x 1,y
= 1
TH1: Ne u y 2 =1 y =1
.
x = 0,y = 1
1,y =
1
x =
TH2: Ne u y2= 4xy + 1 x=
y2 1
, ( y 0 ) thay vao phng trnh th hai
4y
cu a he ta c:
2
y2 1
y2 1
4
.y =
2.
+ 2y2 4.
4y
4y
628
y =
x =
1
1
0,y =
=
=
= 1
y 1
x 0,y
1
1
1
,y =
.
5y 4 6y2 + 1 = 0 y =
x =
5
5
5
1
1
1
,y =
y = x =
5
5
5
Va y he phng trnh co sau nghie m:

=
( x;y )
( 0;1); ( 0; 1); (1;1); ( 1; 1);
1 1
1
;
;
.
5 5 5
5
7x y3 =
8
.
2
2
7
2x + 6 ( x y ) =
Li giai
2
2
3
8
x 2x + 6 ( x y ) y =
.
2x 2 + 6 x y 2 =
( ) 7
6 2
2x y 3 =
x =
8
(
)
4 .
2
2
7 y= 1 1
2x + 6 ( x y ) =
6+
( x;y ) =
4
;1 +
1 6 2
1
;1
;
.
2 4
2
xy x y =
1
.
2
y3 + 6y + 7
4x 12x + 9x =
Li giai
3
3xy 3x 3y =
.
3
2
y3 + 6y + 7
4x 12x + 9x =

3
4 ( x 1) =
y3 + 3xy + 3y 4 ( x 1) + 4y3 =
3y3 + 3xy + 3y .
629
2
2
2
4 ( x + y 1) ( x 1) y ( x 1) + y=
3y y + x + 1 .
Thay x = xy y 1 va o ve pha i cu a phng trnh ta c:

2
2
2
4 ( x + y 1) ( x 1) y ( x 1) + y=
3y ( x + y 1) .
y= 1 x
2
.
( x + y 1)( 2x 2 y ) = 0
y 2x 2
=
Xe t tr ng h p thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:
( x;y ) = 5 4 17 ; 1 2 17 ; 5 + 4 17 ; 1 + 2 17 .
Cach 2: Ru t y =
x +1
t phng trnh a u thay vao phng trnh th hai cu a he
x 1
ta c:
3
x +1
x +1
4x 12x + 9x +
7=
0.
6.
x 1
x 1
3
)(
x 2 x + 2 2x 2 5x + 1
5 17
x =
4
.
=0 2x 2 5x + 1 =0
5 + 17
x =
4

xy x + 2y =
4
.
3
2
y3 + 6y 20
4x + 24x + 45x =
Li giai
3xy 3x + 6y =
12
.
3
2
y3 + 6y 20
4x + 24x + 45x =

3
4 ( x + 2) =
y3 + 3xy + 12y 4 ( x + 2 ) + 4y3 =
3y3 + 3xy + 12y .
2
2
2
4 ( x + y + 2 ) ( x + 2 ) y ( x + 2 ) + y=
3y y + x + 4 .
Thay x = xy + 2y 4 va o ve pha i cu a phng trnh tren ta c:

630
2
2
2
4 ( x + y + 2 ) ( x + 2 ) y ( x + 2 ) + y=
3y y + xy + 2y .
y =2 x
2
.
( x + y + 2 )( 2x + 4 y ) = 0
y 2x + 4
=
Xe t tr ng h p thay va o phng trnh a u cua he tm c:
=
( x;y ) 7 +4 17 ; 1 + 2 17 ; 7 + 4 17 ; 1 2 17 .
x+4
Cach 2: Ru t y =
thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
x+2
x+4
x+4
4x3 + 24x 2 + 45x +
+ 20 =
0.
6.
x
+
2
x+2
)(
x2 + 5x + 8 2x2 + 7x + 4
7 + 17
x =
4
.
=0 2x2 + 7x + 4 =0
7 + 17
x =
4

4x + 4 + 2x + 1 = 4y 2 4y + 2y 1
, ( x,y ) .
2
2
x + y = x + y + 2
Li giai
1
x
2.
ie u kien:
1
y

A = 4y2 4y 4x 4 + 2y 1 2x + 1 = 0
2
2
(2)
B = x + y x y 2 = 0
Nhan xet. D oa n
(1)
2y 1 = 2x + 1 y = x + 1 thay va o hai phng trnh
cu a he ta c:
A= 4 x + 1 2 4 x + 1 4x 4= 4x 2 4
( ) ( )
2
B = x2 + ( x + 1) x ( x + 1) 2 = 2x2 2
A
He so bat nh la k =
=
2 tc ta thc hien phep toan lay (1) 2.(2) theo ve:
B
631
1
1
Nha n thay x = hoa c y = kho ng thoa ma n he phng trnh.
2
2
1
1
Xe t x > ,y > khi o lay (1) 2.(2) theo ve ta c:
2
2
) ( 2y 1
2x + 1 ) =
0.
4y2 4y 4x 4 2 x2 + y2 x y 2 +
2y2 2y 2x 2 2x +
2 ( y x 1)( y + x ) +
2y 1
2 ( y x 1)
2y 1 + 2x + 1
2x + 1 =
0.
=
0.
1
=
2 ( y x 1) y + x +
0.
2y
1
+
2x
+
1
y = x + 1 (v y + x +
1
2y 1 + 2x + 1
>
1 1
=
0 ).
2 2

2
1
x2 + ( x + 1) x ( x + 1) 2 = 0 2x 2 2 = 0 x = 1 y = 2 (do x > ).
2

2x2 + x + x + 2= 2y 2 + y + 2y + 1
, ( x,y ) .
2
2
x
2y
2x
y
2
0
+
Li giai
1
ie u kien: x 2, y .
2
Phng trnh th hai cua he tng ng v i x2 =2y2 + 2x y + 2.

The va o phng trnh th nha t, ta c
x2 + (2y 2 + 2x y + 2) + x + x + 2= 2y 2 + y + 2y + 1
x2 + 3x + 2 + x + 2= 4y2 + 2y + 2y + 1
(x + 1)2 + (x + 1) + (x + 1) +=
1 (2y)2 + 2y + 2y + 1.
Xe t ha m so f(t) = t 2 + t + t + 1 v i t 1.
632
(1)
Ta co f '(t) =2t + 1 +
1
2 t +1
; f "(t) =2
3
; f "(t) =0 t = .
4
4 (t + 1)3
3 1
Suy ra f '(t) f ' = > 0 v i mo i t (1; + ).
4 2
Do o ham f(t) o ng bien tren [ 1; +).

Suy ra phng trnh (1) f(x + 1) = f(2y) x + 1= 2y x = 2y 1.
The va o phng trnh th hai cua he, ta c
y = 1
(2y 1) + 2y 2(2y 1) + y 2 =
0 6y 7y + 1 = 0
y = 1 .
6
2
2 1
Suy ra nghiem (x; y) cua he la (1; 1), ; .
3 6
Nhan xet. e a en li gia i tre n ta co suy ngh n gian la hai ca n triet

tie u nhau t c
x + 2=
2y + 1 hay =
x 2y 1 the vao phng trnh th hai
cu a he tm c nghie m tha y tho a ma n. Va y la hng i a u ng. a y la c

s e tm ca ch co ng go p hai phng trnh cu a he mot ca ch hp ly va a ve
xe t ha m so nh tre n. Mo t so ba i toa n cung da ng tren nhng a ve phan tch
nha n t a c trnh tren ca c em chu y .
V i da ng he a th c to i a trnh bay trong chu e ky thua t he so ba t nh.
A p dung va o ba i toan nay ta th c hien nh sau:
Ta vie t la i he d i dang sau:
A= 2x2 2y 2 + x y + x + 2 2y + 1= 0
2
2
(2)
B = x + 2y 2x + y 2 = 0
(1)
A= 2 2y 1 2 2y2 + 2y 1 y= 6y 2 + 7y + 1
(
)
(
)
.
V i x = 2y 1
2
B= ( 2y 1) + 2y2 2 ( 2y 1) + y 2= 6y2 7y + 1
A
He so ba t nh ca n tm la k =
=
1 t c ta la y (1) (2) theo ve ta co li
B
gia i cu a ba i toa n tre n.

633
2x2 + 2 x + y 1 34= 2xy + x
, ( x,y ) .
2
2y + 2 x + y 1 34 =xy + 2y
Li giai
x = 2y
.
2x 2 2y 2 = 3xy + x 2y ( x 2y )( 2x + y 1) = 0
1
2x + y =
+ Ne u x = 2y 2 x = 2y 2 x = 2,y = 1 th la i tha y tho a ma n.

+ Ne u y = 1 2x thay va o phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
6x2 3x 34 + 2 x + 2x =
0.
3 ( x + 2 )( 2x 5)
x+2
2x +2
2 ( x + 2)
2x + 2
=
0
1
2
( x + 2 ) 3 ( 2x 5)
0
=
.
2x + 2
2x +2
x2
x + 2= 0 x= 2 y= 5

( x;y )
( 2;1); ( 2;5) .

x2 + y2 + xy + 2x =
5y
.
3
2
2
0
x + x y x + 2xy 6x + 3y =
Li giai
x2 + y2 + xy + 2x 5y =
0
(1)
3
2
2
0
x + x y x + 2xy 6x + 3y =
Tm he so bat nh:
(2)
De tha y he phng trnh co hai nghie m ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; (1;1) .

ng tha ng i qua hai ie m na y la y = x .
Thay y = x va o hai phng trnh cu a he ta c:
A1 3x ( x 1)
=
A
3
.
k=
1=
B1
2x + 3
B1 =x ( x 1)( 2x + 3)
634
Li giai
La y (2x + 3).(1) + 3.(2) theo ve ta c:
0.
( x y ) ( x2 + 2xy 10x + 3y 24 ) =
x;y ) ( 0;0 ) ; (1;1) ; ( 2;0 ) ; ( 6;8) .
a p so: (=
Cach 2: Rut y =
x3 + x2 + 6x
x2 + 2x + 3
t phng trnh th hai thay va o phng trnh
a u ta c:
(
( x + 2x + 3)
x ( x 1)( x + 2 )( x + 6 ) x 2 + x + 6
2
x 0
x 0,y
=
=
= 0
x 1
x 1,y
=
=
= 1
.
0
=
x =
0
2 x =
2,y =
8
6 x =
6,y =
x =

x2 + 2x + y ( x + y 3) =
2y
.
2
x + 2x ( x + y 3) =3y
V i y = 0 x = 0 .
x2 + 2x
2
+ x+ y3=
y
V i y 0 vie t la i he phng trnh di dang:
2
x + 2x
y ( x + y 3) =3
x2 + 2x
u
=
e n a y a t
y
v = x + y 3
u + v =
2
.
a ve he phng trnh oi x ng loa i I
uv = 3
3x2 + xy 9x y 2 9y =
0
.
3
2
0
2x 20x x y 20y =
Tm he so bat nh: Nham c hai nghiem cua he la

=
( x;y )
( 0;0 ); ( 2; 1)
khi o ng tha ng i qua hai ie m na y la x = 2y thay ng c la i hai

phng trnh cua he ta c
635
A1 (x,y)
= 9y ( y + 1)
A (x,y)
9
.
p(x,y) =
1
=
B
(x,y)
20 ( y 1)
20y ( y + 1)( y 1)
B1 (x,y) =
1
Li giai
3x2 + xy 9x y 2 9y =
0 (1)
.
3
2
0 (2)
2x 20x x y 20y =

Xe t v i y 1 khi o la y 20 ( y 1) .(1) + 9.(2) theo ve ta c:
0 .
( x + 2y ) (18x2 + 15xy 60x 10y2 80y ) =
Khi o a ve giai hai he phng trnh:

3x2 + xy 9x y 2 9y =
0
hoa c
x = 2y
3x2 + xy 9x y 2 9y =
0
.
2
2
0
18x + 15xy 60x 10y 80y =
Gia i hai he tre n tm c hai nghie

m ( x;y )
=
9
; .
( 0;0 ) ; 18
13 13

x2 y2 + 3x + 3y 3 =
0
.
2
2
0
x y 4xy 3y + 2y x + 1 =
Tm he so bat nh: Nhan tha y he co hai nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 0;1) ; (1;0 ) khi o
ng tha ng i qua hai ie m na y la x = 1 y thay ng c la i hai phng trnh
cu a he ta c:
2
A (x,y)
2
A (x,y)
1 = y ( y 1)
p(x,y) =
1
=
1 y .
B1 (x,y)
B1 (x,y)
= y 2 ( y 1)
Li giai
x2 y2 + 3x + 3y 3 =
0 (1)
.
2
2
0 (2)
x y 4xy 3y + 2y x + 1 =
Nha n thay y =1 x =0 la nghiem cua he phng trnh.

Xe t v i y 1 khi o la y (1) + (1 y ) .(2) ta c
636
x + y 1 =
0
( x + y 1) ( 3y2 + xy 2y + 2 ) = 0
2
0
3y + xy 2y + 2 =
0
x + y 1 =
- V i x + y 1 =
.
0 khi o ta co he phng trnh 2 2
0
x y + 3x + 3y 3 =
1
x 0;y
=
= 1
x + y =
.
2 2
= 0
x 1;y
=
x y = 0
- V i 3y2 + xy 2y + 2 =
3y2 + xy 2y + 2 =
0
.
2
2
0
x y 4xy 3y + 2y x + 1 =
x = 3
Co ng theo ve hai phng trnh ta c ( x 3)( xy 1) = 0
0
xy 1 =
Thay ng c la i he tha y vo nghie m.

x y 2 + x + y y2 =
0 (1)
(
)
.
x 4 4x 2 y + 3x2 + y2 =
0 (2)
Tm he so bat nh: Nha n tha y he co hai nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ( 2;2 ) khi o
ng tha ng i qua hai iem na y la y = x .
Thay ng c la i hai phng trnh cu a he ta c
A1 (x,y) =
x ( x 2 )
B (x,y)
p(x,y) =
1
=
x ( x 2) .
2
A1 (x,y)
= x2 ( x 2 )
B1 (x,y)
Li giai
Nha n thay x = 0 va x = 2 th he co nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ( 2;2 ) .
Xe t v i x {0;2} khi o la y x ( x 2 ) .(1) + (2) theo ve ta c
) (
x ( x 2 ) x 2 2xy + x + y + x 4 4x 2 y + 3x 2 + y 2 =
0.
x = y
( x y ) 2x3 x 2 + x y = 0 3
.
2
0
2x x + x y =
637
x = 0
- V i x = y thay ng c la i (1) ta c 2x x2 =0
(loa i do x {0;2} ).
x = 2
2x3 x2 + x y =
0
- V i 2x3 x2 + x y =
0 khi o ta co he phng trnh
2
0
x 2xy + x + y =
Co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he na y ta c:
2x x2 + 1 y = 0 y = x 2 + 1 (do x 0 ).
Thay vao (1) ta c:
2x3 + x2 + 1 = 0 ( x 1) 2x 2 x 1 = 0 x = 1 y = 2 .
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ( 2;2 ) ; (1;2 ) .

Phan tch li giai: Neu a t t = x 2 ta a ve da ng 1 va cach gia i a c

xa c nh, a y ta x ly ba i toa n theo mo t h ng kha c o la la y (1) + k.(2)
va a p du ng phng pha p gia i phng trnh ba c bo n to ng qua t v i mu c ch
a phng trnh na y ve da ng tch:
x 4 + ( k 4 + ky ) x 2 + y 2 6y + 22ky + 9 22k =
0
(3) .
Ta se tm k sao cho (3) phan tch c nghiem. Muon vay
x2
( k 4 + ky )
=
=
(k
x2
la so chnh phng.
4 y2 6y + 22ky + 9 22k .
4 y2 + 2k 2 16k + 24 y + k 2 + 80k 20 co da ng chnh phng.
Muo n va y ta cho n k tho a ma n
y = 0 2k 2 16k + 24
) 4(k
2
)(
4 k 2 + 80k 20 = 0 .
Nha p phng trnh va o may tnh bo tu i ta tm c k = 2 .

Li giai
Cach 1: La y (1) + 2.(2) theo ve ta c:
638
)
( x + y ) 2 ( x + y ) 35 = 0 ( x + y + 5)( x
x 4 4x 2 + y 2 6y + 9 + 2 x2 y + x2 + 2y 22 =
0.
2
+y7 = 0 .
- V i y =5 x2 thay va o (1) ta c x 4 + 6x 2 + 32 =
0 (vo nghie m).
- V i y= 7 x2 thay va o (1) ta c:
)(
x 4 6x 2 + 8 =0 x 2 2 x 2 4 =0 x = 2 x =2 .
Suy ra ( x;y ) =
2;5 ; ( 2;3) .
)(
2;5 ; 2;5 ; ( 2;3) ; ( 2;3) .

Cach 2: e y t phng trnh th hai cu a he ru t c y =
Thay y =
22 x2
x2 + 2
22 x2
x2 + 2
va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c:
2
22 x2
22 x2
6.
+9=
x 4x +
0.
x2 + 2
x +2
4
639
Chu e 16.
KY THUAT PHC HOA
So ph c co mo t ng du ng ra t ro ng trong giai toan S cap t a i so , hnh ho c

va gia i tch cho e n Toan cao ca p. No i dung chu e na y to i trnh ba y mo t
ng dung cu a so ph c trong gia i he phng trnh. Trong ba i viet na y to i tam
go i la phng pha p ph c ho a gia i he phng trnh.
1. Phng phap chung
Phng pha p chung la a t z= x + iy .
Khi o chuyen ba i toa n tm nghie m ( x;y ) ve tm ph c z thoa ma n he phng
trnh a cho.
Du ng phng pha p giai phng trnh nghie m ph c tm c:
x = a
.
z =a + bi
y = b
Ca n ba c n cu a so ph c:
=
z n r ( cos + i.sin )
=
z
+ k2
+ k2
r cos
+ i.sin
=
,k 0,1,...,n 1 .
n
n
Mo t so a ng th c th ng s dung.
- z= x iy .
- z2 = x2 y2 + 2xyi .
- z3 =
x3 3xy2 + 3x2 y y3 i .
- z 4 = x 4 6x 2 y2 + y 4 + 4 x3 y xy3 i .
- z5 =
x5 + 5xy 4 10y2 x3 + i y5 + 5x 4 y 10x2 y3 .
- z6 = x6 15y2 x 4 + 15y 4 x2 y6 + i 6yx5 20y3 x3 + 6y5 x .
- z 7 = x 7 21y2 x5 + 35y 4 x3 7y6 x + i y 7 + 21x2 y5 35x 4 y3 + 7x6 y .
x8 28y2 x6 + 70y 4 x 4 28y6 x2 + y8 + i 8yx 7 56y3 x5 + 56y5 x3 8y 7 x

- z8 =
1
1
x yi
.
=
=
z x + yi x2 + y2
640
i i ( x yi )
xi + y
.
=
=
2
2
z x +y
x2 + y2
1
=
z2
x2 y2
(x + y ) (x
2
2xyi
2
+ y2
Nha n them va o mo t phng trnh cu a he v i a i l ng i sau o co ng(tr-co

he so ne u co) theo ve h p ly a ve phng trnh co ch a ca c nha n t
1 i
z,z2 ,z3 , , ,... .
z z
2. Dau hieu nhan biet
Hai phng trnh cu a he co da ng:
1
Dang 1: F x;y;
= 0 z = x + yi .
x2 + y2
1
Dang 2: F x; y;
z=
x+y
x +i y .
1
Tong quat: F x k ;y k ;
2k
ax + by 2k
z
, ( a,b > 0,k ) =
ax k + i by k .
Chu y. o i khi e ba i lam trie t tie u da u hie n nha t bie t ta ca n bie n o i he

tr c tien.
(
(
)
)
6 x ) x2 + y2 =6x + 8y
(
.
V du. Gia i he phng trnh
( 3 y ) x 2 + y 2 =8x 6y
=
6 x

3 y
=
6x + 8y
6x + 8y
+
6
x=
x +y
x2 + y2
8x 6y
8x 6y
y=
+
3
x2 + y2
x2 + y2
3. Mot so he x ly bang phng phap phc hoa ong thi cung x ly c

bang phng phap khac.
(
(
)
)
x x2 3y2 =
1
.
V du 1. Gia i he phng trnh
1
y 3x2 y2 =
641
Li giai phc hoa:
2
3
1
x3 3xy2 =
1
x 3xy =
x3 3xy2 + 3x2 y y3 i =+
1 i.
3
3
2
2
i
1 i y + 3yx =
y + 3yx =
a t z= x + yi phng trnh tr thanh:
z3 = 1 + i z3 = 2 cos + i.sin .
4
4
=
z
k2
k2
2 cos +
+ i.sin + =
,k 0,1,2 .
3
3
12
12
Li giai
Nha n thay ve tra i cu a hai phng trnh cu a he cu ng ba c ba ne n ta ngh en
phng pha p o ng ba c
) (
Ta co : x x2 3y2= y 3x2 y2 x3 + y3 3xy ( x + y=

) 0.
x + y =
0
.
( x + y ) x2 + y2 4xy =0 2
2
0
x + y 4xy =
TH1: Ne u x + y =0 y = x khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
1
x = 3
y = x
2
.
2
2
1
1
x x 3x =
y=
3
TH2: Ne u x2 + y2 4xy =
0 e n a y ta hoa n toan co the ru t x theo y hoa c
y theo x the vao he tuy nhie n lu c sau c phng trnh ba c ba ma ca c he so
co cha ca n, ie u a ng nga i n a la he kho ng co nghie m e p.

Va y ta suy ngh tm h ng x ly kha c:
)(
e y hai phng trnh cua he ta nha n thay xy x2 3y2 y2 3x2 0 ne n

nha n theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
)(
)
(
xy 3 ( x + y ) 16x y =
1.
xy x2 3y2 y2 3x2 =
1 xy 3x 4 + 3y 4 10x2 y2 =
1.
2
642
2 2
Ke t h p v i x2 + y2 4xy =
0 ta a ve gia i he phng trnh:
xy 3 x 2 + y 2 16x 2 y 2 =
1 xy 3.16x2 y2 16x2 y2 =
1

2
2
x2 + y2 4xy =
4xy
0
x + y =
1
xy =
xy =
3
xy
=
2 4
23 4
.
23 4
3
2
2
x + y =
2
4xy
6xy
x + y =
( x + y ) =
3
2
He phng trnh cuo i la he o i xng la i I a bie t ca ch gia i.

a p so:
3 3 3 5 2 3
3 3 3 5 2+ 3 3
3
3
3
5
;
;
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
( x;y ) =
3 ; 3
Nhan xet. L i gia i ph c ho a cho ta nghiem nhanh go n tuy nhie n khong bieu
die n tr c tiep c nghiem nh l i giai a i so thuan tu y nh tre n.
B. BAI TAP MAU
2x + 5y = xy + 2
.
2
x + 4y + 21 = y + 10x
Li giai
2i ( xy + 2 2x 5y ) =
0
.
2
0
x + 4y + 21 y 2 10x =

x2 + 4y + 21 y 2 10x + 2i ( xy + 2 2x 5y ) =
0.
2
( x + iy ) 10 ( x + iy ) 4i ( x + iy ) + 4i + 21 =
0 (1) .
a t z= x + iy khi o (1) tr thanh:

z2 10z 4iz + 4i + 21 =0 z 2 2z ( 2i + 5 ) + 4i + 21 =0 .
z =
Suy ra
z =
( 2i + 5) 4i 21=
2i + 5 + 2 2 ( i + 1)
.
2i + 5 2 2 ( i + 1)
Phng trnh co ='
16i= 8 (1 + i ) .
643
(
(
)
)
x + iy =5 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 i
x =
5 + 2 2,y =
2+2 2
.

x
5
2
2,y
2
2
2
=
x + iy =5 2 2 + 2 2 2 i
( x;y ) =
(5 + 2
)(
2;2 + 2 2 ; 5 2 2;2 2 2 .
Cach 2: Nha n thay phng trnh a u rut c x theo y hoa c y theo x ne n ta s

du ng phng pha p the.
Xe t y 2 khi o vie t la i he d i da ng:
2 5y
2 5y
x =
2y
x =
2y
.
2
2 5y
2 5y
2
2
2
0
0
y 4y x + 10x 21 =
y 4y 2 y + 10. 2 y 21 =
2 5y
2 5y
x=
=
x
2y
2y
.
2
4
2
3
2
2
0
0
y 8y + 24y 32y 48 =
y 4y + 8 y 4y 48 =
) (
2 5y
2 5y
x =
x =
2
y
2y
y 2 4y 4 y 2 4y + 12 =
2
0
0
y 4y 4 =
)(
x =
5 + 2 2,y =
2+2 2
.
x =
5 2 2,y =
22 2
x3 3xy2 x + 1= x 2 2xy y 2
.
3
2
2
2
y 3x y + y 1= y 2xy x
Li giai
z2 = x2 y2 + 2xyi
Cach 1: a t z =x + iy 3
.
x3 3xy2 + 3x2 y y3 i
z =
644
x3 3xy2 x + 1 x 2 + 2xy + y 2 =
0
3
2
2
2
0
i y + 3x y y + 1 x 2xy + y =
x3 3xy2 x + 1 x 2 + 2xy + y 2 + i y3 + 3x 2 y y + 1 x 2 2xy + y 2 =

0.
) (
)
(
)
x 3xy + ( 3x y y ) i (1 + i ) ( x y + 2xyi ) ( x + yi ) + 1 + i .
z (1 + i ) z z + 1 + i = 0 ( z 1) ( z iz 1 i ) = 0 .
x3 3xy2 + 3x2 y y3 i x2 y2 + 2xyi + 2xy + i x2 + y2 x + 1 + i ( y + 1) =

0
3
z = 1
x + yi = 1
x = 1,y = 0
( z 1)( z + 1)( z 1 i ) =
0
1 x + yi =
1 x =
1,y =
0.
z =
z =1 + i
x + yi =1 + i
x =1,y =1
Va y he phng trnh a cho co ba nghiem la =

( x;y )
(1;0 ) , ( 1;0 ) , (1;1) .
(
(
)
)
( x 1) x2 1 =
y 2 2xy ( y 1)
x 2 2xy ( x 1)
( y 1) y2 + 1 =
x = 0
TH1: Ne u 2xy ( x 1) = 0 y = 0 .
x = 1
y2 + 1 =
0
- Ne u x = 0 he tr thanh
he vo nghiem.
2
0
( y 1) y + 1 =
( )
( x 1) x 1 =
( ) 0 x =1 ( x;y ) =( 1;0);(1;0)
Ne u y = 0 he tr thanh
0
(1 x ) =
y = 0
0 = 0
- Ne u x = 1 he tr thanh
( x;y ) =
(1;0 ); (1;1) .
2
0
y = 1
( y 1) y =
TH2: Ne u 2xy ( x 1) 1 khi o chia theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
645
( x 1) ( x2 1 y2 ) 2xy ( y 1)
=
( y 1) ( y2 + 1 x2 ) 2xy ( x 1)
2
( x 1) =
( y 1) x =
y=
1 kho ng tho a ma n ie u kien 2xy ( x 1) 0 .
( 1;0 ); (1;0 ); (1;1) .
3x y
3
=
x + 2
x + y2
.
y x + 3y =
0
x2 + y2
Li giai
3x y
3x y xi 3yi
3
=
3 0
x + =
x + yi +
2
2
x +y
x2 + y2
iy x + 3y .i =0
yi x + 3y .i =0
x2 + y2
x2 + y2
3 ( x yi ) ( y + xi )
0
x + yi +
3=
x2 + y2
yi x + 3y .i =
0
x2 + y2
a t z = x + yi
(1)
1 x yi i
y + xi
.
=
, =
z x2 + y2 z x2 + y2
Khi o phng trnh (1) tr thanh:

z+
z= 2 + i
3i
.
3 = 0 z2 3z + 3 i = 0
z
z= 1 i
x + yi =2 + i
x =2,y =1
.
1 i
1,y =
1
x + yi =
x =

)
(1; 1) ; ( 2;1) .
Cach 2: Nhan tha y xy = 0 kho ng tho a man he phng trnh.

Xe t v i xy 0 khi o vie t la i he phng trnh d i da ng:
646
3xy y2
=
3x
xy + 2
x + y2
x 2 + 3xy
=
0
xy 2
x + y2
Co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he tre n ta c:

3 1
.
2xy 1 = 3x x = +
2 2y
Thay vao phng trnh au tie n cu a he ta c:
3 1
3 +
y
y =1 x =1
2 2y
3 1
.
+
+
=3 ( y + 1)( y 1) =0
2
2 2y 3 1
y =1 x =2
2
+
+y
2
2y

)
(
(
(1; 1) ; ( 2;1) .
)
)
6 x ) x2 + y2 =6x + 8y
(
.
( 3 y ) x 2 + y 2 =8x 6y
Li giai
Cach 1: Nhan tha y x= y= 0 la mo t nghie m cu a he phng trnh.
Xe t x2 + y2 > 0 khi o vie t la i he phng trnh d i dang:
6x + 8y
6x + 8y
6
=
+
6 x
x=
2
2
x +y
x2 + y2
8x
6y
8x
6y
3 y
y=
=
+
3
2
2
2
2
+
+
x
y
x
y
Ro ra ng e n ay he phng trnh co da ng nh ca c bai toa n tre n.

6x + 8y
6x + 8y + 8xi 6yi
=6
=6 + 3i
x + 2
x + yi +
2
x +y
x2 + y2
iy + 8x 6y .i = 3i
x + 6x + 8y = 6
x2 + y2
x2 + y2
647
6 ( x yi ) + 8 ( y + xi )
x + yi +
= 6 + 3i (1)
x2 + y2
.
x + 6x + 8y =
6
x2 + y2
a t z = x + yi
1 x yi i
y + xi
.
=
, =
2
2
z x + y z x2 + y2

6 + 8i
z+
=6 + 3i z2 ( 6 + 3i ) z + 6 + 8i =0 .
z
z =2 + i
x + yi =2 + i
x =2,y =1
.
z =4 + 2i
x + yi =4 + 2i
x =4,y =2
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ( 2;1) ; ( 4;2 ) .
6x + 8y
6
=
x + 2
x + y2
Cach 2: Xe t he phng trnh:

.
y + 8x 6y =
3
x2 + y2
Nha n thay neu nha n va o phng trnh au vi y va phng trnh th hai v i
x sau o co ng theo ve se trie t tie u ha ng t ch a x2 + y2 .
Nha n thay xy = 0 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh:
6xy + 8y2
=
6y
xy + 2
x + y2
.
Xe t v i xy 0 vie t la i he phng trnh di da ng:
8x 2 6xy
=
3x
xy + 2
x + y2
Co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he tre n ta c:

6y 8
3
, y .
2y 3
2
Thay vao phng trnh au tie n cu a he ban a u ta c:
6y 8
+ 8y
6.
6y 8
2y 3
+
=6 ( y 1)( y 2 )( 3y 4 ) 4y2 12y + 13 =0 .
2y 3 6y 8 2
2
+y
2y
3
2xy + 8 = 3x + 6y x =
648
y =1 x =2
y = 2 x = 4 .
4
y = x = 0
3
o i chie u v i ieu kie n suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ( 2;1) ; ( 4;2 ) .

Nhan xet. Ro ra ng ne u nghiem cu a he la le khi o vie c rut x theo y ro i the
va o phng trnh cu a he a ve mo t phng trnh bac cao cu a y to ra kho ng
hie u qua trong khi s du ng so ph c ta hoa n toa n tm c nghiem cu a z va
ta t nhie n tm c ( x;y ) .
x3 3xy2 =
4
.
3
2
4 3
y 3x y =
Li giai
x3 3xy2 =
x3 3xy2 =
4
4
.
3
3
2
2
3
2
i y 3x y =4 3i
x 3xy y 3x y i =4 + 4 3i (1)
a t z= x + yi khi o (1) tr thanh:
2
2
z3 =4 + 4 3i =8 cos
+ i.sin .
3
3
2 k2
2 k2
=
z 2 cos
+
+ =
+ i.sin
,k 0,1,2 .
3
3
9
9
2
2
8
8
14
14
Suy ra ( x;y ) = 2 cos ;2sin ; 2 cos ;2sin ; 2 cos
;2sin
.
9
9
9
9
9
9
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la
( x;y ) = 2 cos 29 ;2sin 29 ; 2 cos 89 ;2sin 89 ; 2 cos 149 ;2sin 149 .
x 4 6x 2 y 2 + y 4 =
8 3
.
3
3
2
x y xy =
Li giai
649
2 2
4
4
8 3
x 4 6x 2 y 2 + y 4 =
8 3
x 6x y + y =
.
3
3
3
3
8i
8
i 4x y 4xy =
4x y 4xy =
x 4 6x 2 y 2 + y 4 + i 4x3 y 4xy3 = 8 3 + 8i (1)
8i
i 4x3 y 4xy3 =
a t z =x + yi z 4 =x 4 6x 2 y 2 + y 4 + i 4x3 y 4xy3 .
+ k2
+ k2
z 4= 3 + i= 16 cos + i.sin z= 2 cos 6

+ i.sin 6
,k= 0,1,2,3
6
6
4
4
( x;y ) = 2 cos 24 ;2sin 24 ; 2 cos 1324 ;2sin 1324 ; 2 cos 2524 ;2sin 2524 .
Nhan xet. Qua hai ba i toa n tre n hoa n toan x ly c vi he cho ba c 5,6,7
va ie u lu y la he da ng na y la he a ng ca p tuy nhie n ba c cao va nghie m le
ne n kinh nghie m la ca c em s du ng so ph c nh tren.
1
2
3x 1 +
=
x+y
.
Bai 7. (VMO 1996) Gia i he phng trnh
7y 1 1 =
4 2
x+y
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0,y 0,x + y > 0 .
V vay ie u kie n cu a a n e he phng trnh co nghie m la x > 0,y > 0 .
x
2
1
=
=
2
x+
3x 1 +
x+y
3
x+y
.
y
4
2
7y 1 1
4 2
y x+y =
x+y
Ta a
t u
=
650
=
x,v
y he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u
2
= (1)
u + 2
u + v2
3
v
2
v
=
4
(2)
7
u2 + v2
He a a ve dang quen thuo c cu a so ph c.

La y (1) + i.(2) theo ve ta c: u + vi +
u vi
2
u +v
+4
2
i.
7
a t z= u + vi khi o ta co phng trnh:

1
z+ =
z
2
3
+4
2
2
2
+ 4 i z + 1= 0 .
i z2
3
7
7
2
2
+ 4 i + 2 21 + 21 2i
7
3
z
x + yi
=
2
2
+ 4 i 2 21 21 2i
7
3
=
z
x + yi
2

1
2 21 1
+ 21;2
+
;
( x;y ) =
3
3
7
2
2
i + 2 21 + 21 2i
7
3
2
.
2
2
+ 4 i 2 21 21 2i
7
3
2
+4
21;2
2 21
.
7
2

x2 y2 2x 3y 2 =
0
0
3x + 2xy 2y 4 =
(1)
.
(2)
Li giai
La y (1) + i.(2) theo ve ta c:
x2 y2 2x 3y 2 + i ( 3x + 2xy 2y 4 ) =
0.
2
( x + yi ) ( 2 3i )( x + yi ) 2 4i =
0.

x + yi =
x =
z = 2i
2i
0,y =
2
.
z2 ( 2 3i ) z 2 4i
2 i
2,y =
1
x + yi =
x =
z= 2 i

( 0; 2 ); ( 2; 1) .
651
(
(
)
)
( 2x 1) x2 + y2 + 2y =
0

.
0
( 2y 3) x2 + y2 + 2x =
Li giai
Ne u x = 0 y = 0 ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) la nghiem cu a he phng trnh.

Xe t xy 0 vie t la i he phng trnh di dang:
2 ( xi + y )
2x
2xi
+ 2y 3 0
=
+ 2yi 3i 0
+ 2 ( x + yi ) 3i 1 =0
2 =
2
2
2
x + y
x + y
x2 + y2
.
2y
2y
2y=
+ 2x 1 0
=
+ 2x 1 0
x2 + y2
x2 + y2
x2 + y2 + 2x 1 =0
a t z= x + yi ta co phng trnh:
2i
+ 2z 3i 1 = 0 2z 2 ( 3i + 1) z + 2i = 0 .
z
2
2
41 4 i
Phng trnh na y co =
8 10i =
( 3i + 1) 16i =
1+
=
z
Suy ra:
1
z =
41 4 + 3
41 4 + 3 +
41 + 4 .
41 + 4 i
3
+ 41 4
x 1=
,y
=
4
3+
41 + 4 i 1 41 4
x =
,y
=
41 + 4
2
41 + 4
4
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ); 1 +
41 + 4 1
;
41 4 3
;
4
41 4 3 +
;
4
41 + 4
.

x3 3xy2 2x2 + 2y2 2xy + 3x + 5y 2 =
0
3
2
2
2
0
y + 3x y 4xy + x y + 3y 3x =
(1)
(2)
Li giai
x3 3xy2 + 3x2 y y3 i ( 2 i ) x2 y2 + 2xyi + ( 3 3i )( x + yi ) 2 + 2i =

0.
3
( x + yi ) ( 2 i )( x + yi ) + ( 3 3i )( x + yi ) 2 + 2i =
0.
652
a t z= x + yi khi o ta co phng trnh:
z3 ( 2 i ) z2 + ( 3 3i ) z 2 + 2i = 0 ( z 1)( z + 2i )( z i 1) = 0 .
z = 1
( z 1)( z + 2i )( z i 1) =0 z =2i .
z = i + 1
x + yi = 1
x = 1,y = 0
x + yi =
2i x =
0,y =
2 .
x + yi =i + 1 x =1,y =1
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la=

( x;y )
(1;0 ); ( 0; 2 ); (1;1) .

x 4 x3 6x2 y2 + 6x2 y 4x2 + 3xy2 + 2xy x + y 4 2y3 + 4y2 4y =
0 (1)
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
0 (2)
4x y 2x 3x y x 4xy + 6xy 8xy + 4x + y + y y + 13 =
Li giai
4
0.
( x + yi ) (1 + 2i )( x + yi ) ( 4 + i )( x + yi ) (1 4i )( x + yi ) + 1 + 3i =

z 4 (1 + 2i ) z3 ( 4 + i ) z2 (1 4i ) z + 1 + 3i =
0.
z = 1
( z + 1) ( z 2 i )( z 1 i ) z = 2 + i .
z= 1 + i
z =
x + yi =
x =
1
1
1,y =
0
z = 2 + i x + yi = 2 + i x = 2,y = 1 .
z =1 + i
x + yi =1 + i
x =1,y =1
( 1;0 ); ( 2;1); (1;1) .
2 2
xy2
0
=
2x 2 2 + 1 2x 1 2 2
y
x y +1
.
2
y
2+ 2
=
4x + 2 2
x y +1
)(
Li giai
ie u kien: y 0 .
653
2
2x
2x 2 2 + 1 2x
=
2 +1
y
2
2
2x +
y2
2.
y
2. 2x. 2 + 2 + 1 . 2 +
=0
2
y
y
2x 2 +
y2
( )
a
t u
=
=
2x,v
2
, ( v 0 ) khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
y
2
2u
2
=
2 +1
u v 2 + 1 u 2
u + v2
2v
0
(2)
=
2uv 2 + 1 v + 2
u + v2
(1)
La y (1) + i.(2) ta c: ( u + vi )
2 + 1 ( u + vi )
2 ( u vi )
u2 + v2
=
2 +1 .
a t z= u + vi ta co phng trnh:
) (
2
=
2 + 1 z3 2 + 1 z 2 + 2 + 1 z 2 =
0.
z
z
u + vi
2
2
=
=
1 i 3
z 1 i 3 u=
.
z 2 z2 z + 1
=
+ vi
2
2
1+ i 3
1+ i 3
=
=
z
u + vi
2
2
z2
2 +1 z
)(
u =
2,v 0
=
1
2 6
,y =
x =
3
1
3
2 2
.
u =,v =

2
2
1
2
6
x =
,y
=
1
3
3
2
2
,v
=
u 2=
2

( x;y ) 1 ; 2 36 ; 1 ; 2 36 .
2 2
2 2
654
Nhan xet. Nh vay ba ng vie c thay

=
x:
=
2x,y :
2
ta a ve mot phng
y
trnh he t s c co ng ke nh. Mu c ch cu a ba i tap nay la re n luye n cho ca c em

kha na ng nha n bie t da u hie n s du ng so ph c.
x3 3xy2 =
1
.
3
2
3
y 3x y =
Li giai
x3 3xy2 =1
x3 3xy2 + 1 =0
3
3
2
2
3
2
i y 3x y = 3i
x 3xy y 3x y i =1 + 3i
a t z= x + yi khi o (1) tr thanh:
(1)
2
2
z3 =1 + 3i =2 cos
+ i.sin .
3
3
=
z
2 k2
2 k2
+
+=
2 cos
+ i.sin
,k 0,1,2 .
3
3
9
9
2
2
8
8
Suy ra: ( x;y ) = 3 2 cos ; 3 2 sin ; 3 2 cos ; 3 2 sin ;
9
9
9
9
3
14 3
14
; 2 sin
2 cos
.
9
9
( x;y ) = 3 2 cos 29 ; 3 2 sin 29 ; 3 2 cos 89 ; 3 2 sin 89 ; 3 2 cos 149 ; 3 2 sin 149 .
x 4 6x 2 y 2 + y 4 =
3

1
3
3
x y xy =
4
(1)
(2)
Li giai
La y (1) + 4i.(2) theo ve ta c:
x 4 6x 2 y 2 + y 4 + 4 x3 y xy3 i =
3 +i.
3
4
1
( x + yi )= 2
+ i. =
2 cos + i.sin .
2
2
6
6
655
=
x + yi
+ k2
+ k2
6
6
2 cos
+ i.sin=
, ( k 0,1,...,3) .
4
4
He phng trnh co bon nghiem la:
( x;y )
+ k2
+ k2
4
2 cos 6
; 4 2 sin 6
=
, ( k 0,1,...,3) .
4
4
)
)
(
(
x x 4 10x2 y2 + 5y 4 =
3

1
y y 4 10x2 y2 + 5x 4 =
(1)
(2)
Li giai
La y (1) + i.(2) ta c:
x5 + 5xy 4 10y 2 x3 + i y5 + 5x 4 y 10x 2 y3 = 3 i .
3
5

1
( x + yi )= 2
i. =
+ i.sin
2 cos
.
2
2
6
6
+ k2
+ k2
6
=
x + yi 5 2 cos 6
+ i.sin=
, ( k 0,1,...,4 ) .
5
5
He phng trnh co nam nghiem la :
( x;y )
+ k2
+ k2
5
2 cos 6
; 5 2 sin 6
=
, ( k 0,1,...,4 )
5
5
6
1
2 4
4 2
6
(1)
x 15y x + 15y x y =
2
3
6yx5 20y3 x3 + 6y5 x =
(2)
656
Li giai
1
3
.
x 6 15y 2 x 4 + 15y 4 x2 y 6 + i 6yx 5 20y3 x3 + 6y 5 x = + i
2
2
6
1
3
( x + yi ) = + i
=cos + isin
2
2
3
3
+ k2
+ k2
=
x + yi cos 3
+ isin 3 =
,k 0,1,...,5 .
6
6
He phng trnh co sa u nghiem la:
+ k2
+ k2
3
3
cos
;sin
=
, ( k 0,1,2,3,4,5) .
6
6
( x;y )

7
1
2 5
4 3
6
x 21y x + 35y x 7y x =
1
y 7 21x 2 y 5 + 35x 4 y3 7x 6 y =
(1)
.
(2)
Li giai
La y (1) i.(2) theo ve ta c:
x 7 21y2 x5 + 35y 4 x3 7y6 x + i y 7 + 21x2 y5 35x 4 y3 + 7x6 y =

7
( x + yi ) =
1
2
+ i.
1
2
+ i.
1
2
= cos + i.sin
4
4
2
+ k2
+ k2
4
4
=
x + yi cos
+ i.sin =
, ( k 0,1,...,6 )
7
7
He phng trnh co bay nghiem la:
+ k2
+ k2
=
cos 4
;sin 4
, ( k 0,1,...,6 ) .
( x;y ) =
7
7
657
8
3
2 6
4 4
6 2
8
x 28y x + 70y x 28y x + y =(1)
2
1
8yx 7 56y3 x5 + 56y 5 x3 8y 7 x =(2)
Li giai
La y (1) + i.(2) ta c:
x8 28y2 x6 + 70y 4 x 4 28y 6 x2 + y8
3
1
+ i 8yx 7 56y3 x5 + 56y 5 x3 8y 7 x = + i. .
2
2
8
( x + yi ) =
3
1
+ i. = cos + i.sin
2
2
6
6
+ k2
+ k2
=
x + yi cos 6
+ i.sin 6 =
, ( k 0,1,...,7 )
8
8
He phng trnh co tam nghiem la:
+ k2
+ k2
=
cos 6
;sin 6
, ( k 0,1,...,7 ) .
( x;y ) =
8
8
(
(
)
)
2 x ) x2 + y2 =
5x + 5y
(
.
( 5 y ) x2 + y2 =5x + 5y
Li giai
Nha n thay x= y= 0 la mo t nghiem cu a he phng trnh.
Xe t x2 + y2 > 0 khi o vie t la i he phng trnh d i dang:
5x + 5y
5x + 5y
=2
=2
x + 2
x + 2
2
x +y
x + y2
y + 5x + 5y = 5
yi + 5x + 5y .i = 5i
x2 + y2
x2 + y2
658
5 ( x yi ) + 5 ( xi + y )
x + yi +
= 2 + 5i
x2 + y2
yi + 5x + 5y .i =
5i
x2 + y2
(1)
a t z= x + yi khi o phng trnh (1) tr tha nh:

z+
5i 5
= 2 + 5i z2 ( 5i + 2 ) z + 5i 5 = 0 .
z
z = 2i + 1 x + yi = 2i + 1 x = 2,y = 1
.
z = 3i + 1 x + yi = 3i + 1 x = 3,y = 1
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ( 2;1) ; ( 3;1) .
2x
=
2
(1)
3x 2
x + y2
.
3y + 2y =
4
(2)
x2 + y2
Li giai
2 ( x yi )
La y (1) + i.(2) ta c: 3 ( x + yi )
=2 + 4i .
x2 + y2
2
= 2 + 4i 3z2 ( 2 + 4i ) z 2 = 0 .
z
z =1 + i
x + yi =1 + i
x =1,y =1
z = 1 + 1 i
x + yi = 1 + 1 i
x = 1 ,y =1
3 3
3 3
3
3
3z

x;y )
(1;1) ; 13 ; 13 .
5x + 7 5y
7 (1)
=
x + 2
x + y2
.
7
5x
5y
=
0 (2)
y + 2
x + y2
Li giai
La y (1) + i.(2) theo ve ta c: x + yi +
5 ( x yi ) + 7 5 ( xi + y )
x2 + y2
=
7.
659
5 + 7 5i
= 7 z2 7z + 5 + 7 5i = 0 .
z
z =7 5i
x + yi =7 5i
x =7,y = 5
.
z = 5i
x + yi = 5i
x = 0,y = 5
z+

)
( 7; 5 ); ( 0; 5 ) .
5x y
=
3
(1)
x + 2
x + y2

.
y x + 5y =
0
(2)
2
2
+
x
y
Li giai
5 ( x + yi ) ( xi + y )
x2 + y2
=
3.

z+
5i
= 3 z2 3z + 5 i = 0 .
z
3+
z =
z =
137 11 1
+ 11 + 137
2
4
2
137 11 1
11 + 137
2
4
2
)
)
137 11
i
2
137 11
i
2
3+
=
( x;y )
3
x;y
=
( )
660
137 11
1
2
; 11 + 137
2
8
137 11
1
2
; 11 + 137
2
8
137 11
;
2
137 11
.
2
16x 11y
=
11
(1)
x + 2
x + y2

.
y 11x + 16y =
17
(2)
x2 + y2
Li giai
16 ( x yi ) 11( xi + y )
x2 + y2
= 11 17i .
a t z= x + yi ta co phng trnh:
z+
16 11i
= 11 17i z 2 (11 17i ) z + 16 11i = 0 .
z
z =
x + yi =
x =
i
i
0,y =
1
.
z = 11 16i
x + yi = 11 16i
x = 11,y = 16

( 0; 1) ; (11; 16 ) .

6
3 2 (1)
x 1 + 2
=
x + y2
.
6

1
(2)
=
y 1 2
2
+
x
y
Li giai
La y (1) + i.(2) theo ve ta c : x + yi +
6 ( x yi )
= 3 2 +i.
x2 + y2
a t z= x + yi khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
6
z + = 3 2 + i z2 3 2 + i z + =
6 0.
z
Ta co =
(3
2+i
=
24 6 2i =
7
2 + 3i .
3 2 + i + 2 + 3i
z =
2
Suy ra
3 2 + i 2 3i
z =
2
661
3 2 + i + 2 + 3i
x + yi =
x 2=
2,y 2
=
2
x = 2,y =1
3 2 + i 2 3i
x + yi =
2

m la ( x;y )
=
(2
)(
2;2 ;
2; 1 .

12
2
x 1
=
y + 3x
.
y 1 + 12 =
6
y + 3x
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0,y 0,y + 3x > 0 .
a t u = 3x 0,v = y 0 .
u
12
12u
2
=
2 3
(1)
=
1 2
u 2
2
2
3 u +v
u
v
+
.
12v
v 1 + 12 =
=
v+
6
(2)
6

u2 + v2
u2 + v2
La y (1) + i.(2) theo ve ta c: u + vi
12 ( u vi )
= 2 3 + 6i .
u2 + v2
a t z= u + vi khi o ta co phng trnh:

z
12
= 2 3 + 6i z2 2
z
3 + 3i z 12= 0 .
(
(
)
)
z = 3 + 3i + 3 + 3i = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 i
.

z= 3 + 3i 3 3i= 3 3 + 3 3 i
Ta co u,v 0 ne n ch nhan nghiem

u =
3+ 3
4+2 3
3x= 3 + 3
x =
.
3+ 3
12 + 6 3
y= 3 + 3
y =
v =

4 + 2 3;12 + 6 3 .
662
2 x
=
1+ y
x +
+y
x

.
1 + 1 =
x
x + y 2 y
Li giai
ie u kien : x 0,y > 0 .
2 x
=
1
x y +
2
x+y
x y + 2 xyi +
2 y
1
2 xy x + y =
a t=
z
x yi
x+y
) =1 + i .
x + yi ta co phng trnh:
2
= 1 + i z3 (1 + i ) z + 2 = 0 ( z 1 i ) z2 + (1 + i ) z 1 + i = 0 .
z
z= 1 + i
z= 1 + i
1+
5 2
1 + 2 + 5
.
2
=
z
i
2
2
z + (1 + i ) z 1 + i =0
1 2 + 5
5 2
1 +
+i
2
2
z2 +
x, y 0 nen pha n th c va pha n a o cua z e u kho ng am do o ch nhan
nghiem z = 1 + i .
x = 1 x = 1
.
x + yi = 1 + i
y = 1 y = 1

x3 3xy2 + x + 1= y 2 + 2xy x 2
.
3
2
2
2
y 3x y y 1= x + 2xy y
Li giai
663
(
(
)
)
( x + 1) x2 + 1 =
y 2 2xy ( y + 1)
x 2 2xy ( x + 1)
( y + 1) y2 1 =
a p so: ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; ( 0; 1) ; ( 0;1) .

x 4 x 2 y 2 + 2x3 4xy 2 + 2x + 1= y 2 + 2xy 2x 2

.
4
2 2
3
2
2
y x y + 2y 4x y 2y 1= x + 2xy
Li giai
Vie t la i he phng trnh:
(
(
)
)
x + 1 2 x2 + 1 =
y 2 2xy ( y + 1)
)
(
.
2
( y + 1) y 2 1 =
x 2 2xy ( x + 1)
3 1
1 5
a p so: ( x;y ) = ; ; ( 1; 1) ; ; ; ( 0; 1) ; ( 0;1) .
2 2
3 3
664
Chu e 17.
KY THUAT S DUNG TNH CHAT

HNH HOC GIAI TCH

No i dung chu e nay e ca p ky thua t s du ng ca c tnh cha t c ba n cua hnh
gia i tch pha ng Oxy va gia i tch kho ng gian nh tnh cha t ve c t, mo i lien he
gi a ng tha ng va ng tro n, gi a ma t phang va ma t ca u trong qua trnh
gia i he phng trnh hai an va nhieu an. Ta cu ng xet ca c ba i toa n c ban.

Bai toan 1. Cho hai ve c t u,v ta co : u.v = u . v cos u;v .

a) Ne u u.v = u . v khi va ch khi to n ta i k 0 sao cho u = kv .

b) Ne u u.v = u . v khi va ch khi to n ta i k 0 sao cho u = kv .

c) Vi hai vec t ta co u + v u + v dau bang xay ra khi va ch khi u,v cung hng.

d) M ro ng cho ba ve c t ta co u + v + w u + v + w .
( )
Bai toan 2. Cho ng tha ng d : Ax + By +=

C 0, A 2 + B2 > 0 va ng tro n
2
( C) : ( x a) + ( y b)
=
R 2 co tam I ( a; b ) , ba n knh R .
a) ng tha ng d tie p xu c v i ng tro n ( C ) d ( I;d ) =

R khi o ng tha ng
c go i la tie p tuye n v i ng tro n ( C ) va tie p xu c tai duy nha t mo t iem
M ( x 0 ;y 0 ) la hnh chie u vuo ng go c cu a I tre n ng tha ng d .
b) ng tha ng d ca t ng tro n
( C ) d ( I;d ) < R khi
o ng tha ng ca t
ng tro n ( C ) ta i hai ie m pha n bie t A,B .

c) ng tha ng d khong co iem chung vi ng tro n ( C ) d ( I;d ) > R .
2
Bai toan 3. Cho hai ng tron ( C1 ) : ( x a1 ) + ( y b1 ) =

R12 co tam I1 ( a1; b1 ) ,
2
ba n knh R1 ; ng tron ( C2 ) : ( x a2 ) + ( y b2 ) =
R 22 co ta m I2 ( a2 ; b2 ) ,
ba n knh R 2 .
I1I=
R1 + R 2
2
Hai ng tron tiep xuc nhau khi va ch khi
I2 R1 R 2
I1=
khi o
( C1 ) , ( C2 ) co duy nhat mot iem chung.
665
Bai toan 4. Cho ma t pha ng ( P ) : Ax + By + Cz +=

D 0, A 2 + B2 + C2 > 0 va ma t
2
ca u ( S) : ( x a ) + ( y b ) + ( z c ) =
R 2 co tam I ( a; b;c ) , ba n knh R .
Ma t phang ( P ) tie p xu c vi ma t ca u ( S) d I; ( P ) =
R khi o ( P ) tie p xu c
v i ( S) ta i duy nha t mo t iem M ( x 0 ;y 0 ;z 0 ) la hnh chie u vuong go c cu a
I tre n ma t pha ng ( P ) .
Bai toan 5. Cho tam gia c nho n ABC va M la mo t iem tuy y na m trong ma t
pha ng khi o go i T la mo t iem nhn ca c ca nh BC,CA,AB d i cu ng mot
go c 1200 th T nam trong tam gia c ABC va MA + MB + MC TA + TB + TC .
B. BAI TAP MAU
Bai 1. Cho he phng trnh :
) (
m 2 + 2m x + 1 m 2 y + m 2 2m 2 =
0
x2 + y2 + 2x 9 =
0
Ch ng minh ra ng he phng trnh a cho luo n co hai nghiem phan bie t

2
( x1;y1 ) va ( x2 ;y2 ) . Tm m e P = ( x1 x2 ) + ( y1 y2 )
a t gia tr nho nha t.
Li giai
m 2 + 2m x + 1 m 2 y + m 2 2m 2 =
0

( x + 1)2 + y2 =
10
) (
Nghiem cua he a cho la toa o giao iem cua ng tron ( T ) co tam I ( 1;0 ) ,
) (
0.
ban knh R = 10 va ng thang d : m 2 + 2m x + 1 m 2 y + m 2 2m 2 =
ng tha ng d luo n i qua ie m co nh N (1;2 ) .
V =
IN 2 2 < R ne n N nam trong ng tro n do o ng tha ng d luo n ca t
ng tro n ta i hai iem pha n bie t A,B hay he phng trnh a cho luo n co
hai nghiem pha n bie t.
2
) (
Khi o P = ( x1 x 2 ) + ( y1 y 2 ) = AB2 = 2 R 2 d 2 ( I;d ) 2 R 2 IN 2 .

Da u ba ng xay ra: IN d IN.ud =
0
) (
2 m 2 1 + m 2 + 2m .2 = 0 m =
666
1 3
.
2
x + y + z =
3
2
2
Bai 2. Gia i he phng trnh x + y + z2 =
.
3
2014
2014
2014
+y
+z
=
3
x
Li giai
x;y;z ) ,v (1;1;1) ta co :
Xe t hai =
ve c t u (=

u.v = x + y + z = 3 = x2 + y2 + z2 . 12 + 12 + 12 = u . v .
Da u ba ng xay ra x : y : z =
1:1:1 va x + y + z =
3 suy ra x= y= z= 1 .
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y;z ) = (1;1;1) .
2
Nhan xet. Xua t phat t bat a ng th c c ba n x + y + z
(x + y + z)
ta co
ngay x= y= z= 1 .
x2 2y 2 7xy =
6
2
x + 2x + 5 + y 2 2y + 2 =
x2 + 2xy + y 2 + 9
Li giai
( x + 1)
( x + 1)
+ 22 + ( y 1) + 12 = ( x + y ) + 32 .

Xe t hai ve c t u =
( x + 1;2 ) ,v =
( y 1;1) ta co : u + v u + v suy ra
+ 22 +
( y 1)
+ 12
(x + y)
+ 32 .
x +1 y 1
=
x = 2y 3 .
2
1
Thay =
x 2y 3 va o phng trnh au cu a he tm c ca c nghie m:
Da u ba ng xay ra
( x;y ) =
( 1;1) ; 25 ; 14 .

( 1;1) ; 25 ; 14 .

667
x2 + y2 + y ( x + z ) =
0
2
.
0
x + x + y + 2yz =
2
2
3x + 8y + 8xy + 8yz = 2x + 4z + 2
Li giai
x x + y + y y + z =
) ( ) 0
(
.
0
x ( x + 1) + y ( 2z + 1) =
2
2
2
2
4 ( x + y ) + 4 ( y + z ) =( x + 1) + ( 2z + 1)
Xe t ba ve c t a =( x;y ) ,b =( x + y;y + z ) ,c =( x + 1;2z + 1)
2 2
Khi o :=
a.b 0,a.c
= 0,4b
= c .

x = 0
1
TH1 : Ne u a =0
z = .
2
y = 0
a.b = 0

b / /c

c = 2b
TH2 : Ne u a 0 a.c= 0 2 2
.
c = 2b
2 2
4b = c
4b = c
x = 0
x + 1= 2 ( x + y )
+ Ne u c =
2b
1 thay va o phng trnh a u cua

2z + 1= 2 ( y + z )
y =
2
1
he ta c z = .
2
x + 1 =2 ( x + y )
y =
+ Ne u c =
2b
z =
2z + 1 =2 ( y + z )
a u cu a he ta c:
2
1 + 3x
2 thay va o phng trnh
3
x
4
1 + 3x 1 + 3x
3x
2
x2 + =
5x + 2 0 (vo nghie m).
x + 5x + =
2
2
4
1 1 1
Va y he phng rnh co hai nghie m ( x;y;z ) =
0;0; ; 0; ; .
2 2 2

668
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 6
x + y + (3 z ) + y + z + (3 x ) =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 6.
y + z + (3 x ) + z + x + (3 y ) =
z 2 + x 2 + ( 3 y )2 + x 2 + y 2 + ( 3 z )2 =
2 6
Li giai
Co ng theo ve ba phng trnh cua he ta c:
2
x2 + y2 + ( 3 z ) + y2 + z2 + ( 3 x ) + z2 + x2 + ( 3 y ) =
3 6.
Xe t ba ve c t u = ( x;y;3 z ) ,v = ( y;z;3 x ) ;w ( z;x;3 y ) .

Ta co : u + v + w u + v + w , ta co :

u + v + w=
x2 + y2 + ( 3 z ) + y2 + z2 + ( 3 x ) + z2 + x2 + ( 3 y )
2
(x + y + z) + (x + y + z) + (9 x y z)
3 ( x + y + z 3) + 54 3 6
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi:

x + y + z =
3
x = y = z =1 .
y : z : x =
(3 z ) : (3 x ) : (3 y )
x : y : z =
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y;z ) = (1;1;1) .
Bai 6. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nha t

x + y + z m 6 =
0
.
m
x 1 + y 2 + z 3 =
Li giai
ie u kien : x 1,y 2,z 3
a t X = x 1,Y = y 2,Z = z 3, ( X,Y,Z 0 ) .
X+Y+Z=
m (1)
.
He phng trnh a cho tr thanh : 2
2
2
m (2)
X + Y + Z =
Ne u m < 0 he phng trnh vo nghiem.
669
Xe t v i m 0 : khi o phng trnh (1) la ma t pha ng ( P ) : X + Y + Z m =
0
nam trong goc phan tam th nhat cua he truc toa o OXYZ . Phng trnh (2)
la mat cau ( S) co tam la goc toa o O ( 0;0;0 ) , ban knh

=
R
m ,( m 0) .
He phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( P ) co mo t ie m chung duy nha t vi
( S) tai iem thuoc goc phan tam th nhat.
m 0
m = 0
.
m
= m
m = 3
3
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t khi=
m 0,m
= 3.
Bai 7. Cho x,y,z la ca c so th c dng thoa ma n he phng trnh
y2 + z2 =
50
y2
2
x
xy
169 tnh gia tr cua bie u th c P = xy + yz + zx .
+
+
=
2
z2
144
=
x + xz +
2
Li giai
y2 z2
=
52
+
2
2
2
y2
He phng trnh a cho tng ng v i: x + xy +
132 .
=
2
2
z2
122
=
x + xz +
2
Xe t tam gia c ABC co ca c ca nh tng ng=

AB 13,AC
= 5,BC
= 12 .
Suy ra ABC la tam gia c vuo ng ta i C .
90
0
Xe t O la iem na m trong tam gia c ABC tho a ma=
n AOC
=
,BOC 1350 .
OA 2 + OC2 = AC2 = 52
Khi o : OB2 2OA.OBcos1350 + OA 2 = AB2 = 132 .

2
0
2
2
2
OB 2OB.OC cos135 + OC = BC = 12
y z
Suy ra
,
,x tng ng la o da i ca c oa n tha ng OA,OC,OB .
2 2
Khi o P = xy + yz + zx = 4sOBC + 4SOAC + 4SOAB = 4SABC = 2AC.BC = 120 .
670
Bai 8. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem th c dng :
x + y +
y + z +
z + x +
xy +
xy =
16xy
yz =
25yz
zx =
36zx
yz + zx =
m xyz
Li giai
Gia s ( x;y;z ) , ( x,y,z > 0 ) la nghie m cu a he phng trnh.

1 1
1
=
16
+ +
x
y
xy
1 1
1
+ +
25
=
y z
yz
Khi o :
.
1 + 1 + 1 =
36
z x
zx
1
1
1
+
+
=
m
y
z
x
a
ta
=
1
1
=
,b =
,c
x
y
a2 + ab + b2 =
42
1
b2 + bc + c2 =
52
.
, ( a,b,c > 0 ) he phng trnh tr thanh:
z
c2 + ac + a2 =
62
m
a + b + c =
Tre n ma t phang to a o Oxy ve ba oa n tha ng =

MA a,MB
= b,MC
= c o i
mo t h p nhau go c 1200 khi o theo nh ly ham so Co sin va he tre n suy ra
=
AB 4,BC
= 5,CA
= 6.
Va y tam gia c ABC nhon va M na m trong tam gia c ABC .
Khi o theo die n tch tam gia c ta co :
SABC = SMAB + SMBC + SMAC
p ( p a )( p =
b )( p c )
1
absin1200 + bcsin1200 +casin120 0
.
2
ab + bc + ca =
5 21
Ma t kha c co ng theo ve ba phng trnh a u cu a he ta c :
2 a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca = 77 2 ( a + b + c ) 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) = 77
671
=
a+b+c
77 + 15 21
=
m
2
77 + 15 21
.
2
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem dng khi va ch khi m =

2
77 + 15 21
.
2
Bai 9. Gia i he phng trnh x2 + y2 =( a x ) + b2 =( b y ) + a2 .

Li giai
Trong ma t pha ng to a o Oxy xe t ba ie m A ( a; b ) ,B ( x;0 ) ,C ( 0;y ) t he

phng trnh. Suy ra: AB
= BC
= CA t c tam gia c ABC e u. Va y ba i toan
quy ve tm toa o iem B tre n tru c hoa nh va ie m C tre n tru c tung sao cho
tam gia c ABC e u. ay la ba i toa n kha quen thuo c (xem the m cuo n Hnh
ho c pha ng Oxy cu ng ta c gia trong cu ng bo sa ch).
To a o tro ng tam G cu a tam gia c ABC la :
x A + x B + xC x + a
=
xG =
3
3 G x + a; y + b .
3
y A + y B + yC y + b
3
=
=
y
3
3
G
Do tam gia c ABC e u ne n G o ng th i la tr c tam tam gia c ABC suy ra:

x+a
y+b

0
x a
+ y b
=
3
3
GA.BC = 0

a x x + a y + b y b =
GB.AC = 0
( ) 0

3
3
2
2
0
0
x ( 2a x ) + y ( 2b y ) =
x y 2ax + 2by =
.
2
2
2
0
0
2ax + y a b =
a ( 2x a ) + ( y + b )( y b ) =
TH1 : Ne u a =
0y=
b x =
3b .
TH2 : Ne u a 0 t phng trnh th hai cu a he suy ra x =
Thay x =
a2 + b 2 y 2
va o phng trnh th nha t cua he ta c :
2a
2
a2 + b 2 y 2
0.
y2 + y2 a2 b2 + 2by =
2a
672
a2 + b 2 y 2
.
2a
x= y= a= b= 0
2
0 x =
( y b ) + a2
3b a;y =
3a b .
( y + b ) 3a =
x = 3b a;y = 3a b
Ket luan : Ne u a= b= 0 he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) .
2
Ne u a2 + b2 > 0 he phng trnh co hai nghie m la
( x;y ) =(
)(
3b a; 3a b .
3b a; 3a b ;
Nhan xet. Nh a trnh bay trong cuo n hnh gia i tch pha ng Oxy vie c tm cac
iem B,C c th c hie n ba ng phe p quay ta co ket qua tng t .
3x + 4y =
26
.
2
2
2
2
10
x + y 4x + 2y + 5 + x + y 20x 10y + 125 =
Li giai
2
( x 2 ) + ( y + 1) + (10 x ) + ( 5 y ) = 82 + 62 .
Xe t hai ve c t u =( x 2;y + 1) ,v =(10 x;5 y ) , ta co:

u + v u+v
Da u ba ng xay ra
( x 2 ) + ( y + 1)
(10 x ) + ( 5 y )
10 .
x 2 10 x
=
3x 4y
= 10 .
y +1 5 y
Ke t h p v i phng trnh a u cu a he suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 6;2 ) .

2x2 + 6xy + 5y 2 + 5 =
x 4 + 25y 2 2 =
0
2x 2 + 6xy + 5y 2 + 14x + 20y + 25
Li giai
2
( x + y ) + ( x + 2y ) + 42 + 32 = ( x + y + 4 ) + ( x + 2y + 3) .

Xe t hai ve c t u =( x + y;x + 2y ) ,v =( 4;3) , ta co : u + v u + v
673
2
( x + y ) + ( x + 2y )
Suy ra:
+ 42 + 32
( x + y + 4 ) + ( x + 2y + 3)
x + y x + 2y
=
x=
5y .
4
3
Da u ba ng xay ra
1
1
y=
x=
1,y =
1
5
5.
625y 4 + 25y2 2 = 0 y2 =
25
1
1
x=
1,y =
y =
5
5
1
1
1; ; 1; .
5
5
x2 + y2 + z2 =
1
.
0
2x y + 2z + 3 =
Li giai
Xe t ma t ca u ( S) co ta m la go c to a o O ( 0;0;0 ) , ba n knh R = 1 .
Ma t pha ng ( P ) : 2x y + 2z + 3 =
0.
Ta co d O; ( P ) =
3
22 + (1)2 + 22
= 1= R ne n ( S) tie p xu c v i ma t pha ng
( P ) do o he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat la toa o hnh chieu cua

O le n ma t pha ng ( P ) .
2 1 2
De tm c ( x;y;z ) =
; ; .
3 3 3
2x + y + 4z 5 =
0
.
2
2
0
x + y + z + 2x + 4y + 6z 7 =
Li giai
2x + y + 4z 5 =
0
(1)
2
2
2
21
( x + 1) + ( y + 2 ) + ( z + 3) =
Phng trnh (1) la ma t pha ng
( P ) : 2x : + y + 4z 5 =0 va
( S) co tam I ( 1; 2; 3) , ban knh R =

674
(2)
21 .
(2) la ma t ca u
Ta co d I; ( =
P)
1.2 + 2.1 + 3.4 5

=
22 + 12 + 42
=
21 R ne n ( S) tiep xu c v i ma t
phang ( P ) , suy ra nghiem cua he la toa o hnh chieu cua I tren mat phang ( P ) .
x =1 + 2t
ng tha ng d i qua I va vuo ng go c ( P ) co phng trnh la d : y =2 + t .

z =3 + 4t
To a o hnh chie u cua I tren ( P ) la nghie m cu a he phng trnh

x =1 + 2t
x =1
y =2 + t
y =1
( x;y;z ) =
(1; 1;1) .
z
=
3
+
4t
z
=
1
2x + y + 4z=
t 1
5 0 =
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y;z=

)
(1; 1;1) .
Bai 5. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem th c:

x + y + 2z + m 2 =
0
.
2
2
2
2
0
x + y + z 2mx + m + m 1 =
Li giai
x + y + 2z + m 2 =
0
(1)
2
2
2
(2)
( x m ) + y + z =1 m
0 va (2) la phng
Phng trnh (1) la ma t pha ng ( P ) : x + y + 2z + m 2 =
trnh ma t cau ( S) co tam I ( m;0;0 ) ,R =

1 m , ( m 1) .
1
1
He phng trnh co nghiem d I; ( P ) R m m 1 .
2
2
Bai 6. Tm m e he ba t phng trnh sau co nghie m th c duy nha t:

x2 + y2 + z2 2x 4y + 1 0
.
2
2
2
x + y + z 2y + 2z m 0
Li giai
He ba t phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
x 1 2 + y 2 2 + z2 4
(1)
) ( )
(
2
2
x2 + ( y 1) + ( z + 1) m + 2
(2)
675
TH1 : Ne u m + 2 < 0 m < 2 he phng trnh vo nghie m.
TH2 : Ne u m = 2 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x = 0
x 1 2 + y 2 2 + z2 4
) ( )
(
1 .
y =
2
2
x2 + ( y 1) + ( z + 1) 0
z = 1
TH3 : Ne u m > 2 ta p nghiem cu a ba t phng trnh (1) la ca c ie m nam

trong ma t ca u ( S1 ) co ta m I1 (1;2;0 ) , ban knh R1 = 2 ; ta p nghie m cu a ba t
phng trnh (2) la ca c iem na m trong ma t ca u ( S2 ) co ta m I2 ( 0;1; 1) , ba n

knh R
=
2
m+2 .
He ba t phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( S1 ) tie p xu c ngoa i v i ( S2 ) .

I1I2 =R1 + R 2 3 =
2 + m + 2 (vo nghie m).
Va y m = 2 la gia tr can tm.

Bai 7. Cho x,y,z la ca c so th c tho a man he phng trnh:
2
y2
x
+
xy
+
=
25
y2
2
9
+z =
3
z2 + zx + x2 =
16
Tnh gia tr bieu th c P =xy + 2yz + 3zx .

Li giai
Xet tam giac vuong ABC co=
AB 5,BC
= 3,CA
= 4 khi o ABC vuong tai C .
La y O la mo t iem trong tam gia c ABC tho a ma n:
120
0
0
=
AOC
=
,BOC 90
=
,AOB 1500 .
Khi o : AB2 =
OA 2 2OA.OBcos1500 + OB2 ;BC2 =+
OB2 OC2 ; .
AC2 =
OA 2 2OA.OC cos1200 + OC2
Suy ra=
OA x;OB
=
y
3
=
;OC z .
V vay P =xy + 2yz + 3zx =4 3SABC =24 3 .
676
Chu e 18.
KY THUAT NHAN LIEN HP OI VI
HE PHNG TRNH CO CHA CAN THC

Va n du ng ky thua t nhan lie n h p c ban khi gia i phng vo ty va o ba i toan
gia i he cho ta ke t qua nhanh go n. Mu c tie u cu a phng pha p nay o la tm ra
mo i lie n he gia hai a n x va y t mo t trong hai phng trnh cu a he(th ng
la ca c phng trnh co cha ca n).
Ta ca n tm a ng th c px + qy + r =
0.
Nha n lien h p mo t ca ch h p ly sao cho xua t hie n nha n t px + qy + r va a
phng trnh cua he ve dang:
0.
( px + qy + r ) .A(x,y) =
Tho ng th ng ch ng minh c A(x,y) > 0 hoa c A(x,y) < 0, x,y K (K la

ta p ie u kien cu a he phng trnh).
Chu y: Khi va n du ng ky thua t o i ho i khe o le o mo t chu t khi x ly phng
trnh tch sau cu ng. Trong tr ng h p kho chng minh c phng trnh
A(x,y) = 0 vo nghie m ta quay ng c la i phng trnh o va tm ca ch bie n o i
tng ng bang ca ch bnh phng hai ve cua phng trnh.
iu cn lu tip theo l nu gii c bng nhn lin hp ta cng c th x
l c bng n ph.
Ngoi ra cn kt hp 1 s phng php kh cn(xem thm ch k thut x l h
phng trnh cha cn thc).
B. BAI TAP MAU
2x + y 1 x + 2y 2 = y x 1 (1)
, ( x,y )
2
2
0 (2)
x + y 2xy + 4x 3y =
Li giai
ie u kien 2x + y 1 0,x + 2y 2 0 .
2x +=
x 0
y 1 0 =
th la i tha y kho ng tho a ma n.
Ne u
2 0 =
x + 2y=
y 1
Va y 2x + y 1 va x + 2y 2 co t nha t mo t so dng.
Khi o vie t la i (1) d i da ng:
x y +1
2x + y 1 + x + 2y 2
+ ( x y + 1) =
0 .
1
( x y + 1)
+ 1 = 0 x y + 1 = 0 .
2x + y 1 + x + 2y 2
677
V i y= x + 1 thay va o (2) ta c:
2
x2 + ( x + 1) 2x ( x + 1) + 4x 3 ( x + 1) = 0 x 2 = 0 x = 2 .
Suy ra y = 3 .
2
y
(1)
x x y =
3 xy
, ( x,y )
2 x2 + y2 3 2x 1 =
11
(2)
Li giai
1
ie u kien x y 0,x ,x2 x y 0 .
2
x = 0
thay va o (2)
Ne u x2 x y =
0 t (1) suy ra y = 0 va x2 x = 0
x = 1
tha y khong tho a man.
V i x2 x y > 0 khi o vie t la i (1) d i da ng:

y
3 xy
=
x2 x y
3=
x y 1
x2 x y
( x + y )( x y 1)
=
x2 x y
+ 3 x y +1
x y 1
xy
( x y 1)
+
0
=
2
2
3 xy
3
x
x
y
+ x y +1
x+y
(3)
e y t phng trnh (1) ne u y < 0 th ve pha i a m do o vo nghiem.

Va y ta pha i co y 0 . V va y
xy
+ 3 x y +1
x+y
x2 x y
V vay (3) x y 1 = 0 y = x 1 .
2
Thay vao (2) ta c: ( 2x 1) 3 2x 1 10 =

0 .
678
2x 1 2
) (( 2x 1)
2x 1 + 3 ( 2x 1) + 4 2x 1 + 5 =
0.
>0 .
2x 1 = 2 x =
5 3
5
. Suy ra ( x;y ) = ; .
2
2 2
5 3
2 2

(1 y ) x + y + x + 3y = 6 + ( x + y 4 ) y
, ( x,y ) .
5
x 2y x + 1 =
xy7
Li giai
ie u kien: x 2y 0,x y 7 0 .
(1 y ) ( x + y 2 ) + ( x + y 4 ) (1 y ) =0 .
(1 y )( x + y 4 ) + ( x + y 4 )(1 y ) =
0.
x+y +2
1+ y
y = 1
1
1
=0
.
(1 y )( x + y 4 )
+
0
x + y 4 =
x + y + 2 1+ y
+ TH1: Ne u y = 1 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

x 2 x +=
1
(
5(
x8
5
.
=
x 2 + x +1 x 8
x 2 + x + 1 =3 ( x 8) 5
) (
x 2 1 + 5
x 2 + x + 1 + 3x 24 =
0.
x + 1 2 + 3 ( x 3) =
0.
5
5
( x 3)
+
+ 3 = 0 x = 3 ( x;y ) = ( 3;1) (thoa ma n).
x +1 + 2
x 2 +1
+ TH2: Ne u x + y 4 = 0 y = 4 x thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he

ta c:
5
x 2(4 x) x + 1 =
x (4 x) 7
3x 8 x + 1
5
=
0
2x 11
(1) .
679
8
11
ie u kien: x ; + \ .
3
2
Xe t ha m so f(x)
=
3x 8 x + 1
8
11
5
v i x =
D ; + \ ta co
2x 11
3
2
3
1
10
3 x + 1 3x 8
10
f '(x) =
+
=
+
> 0, x D
2
2
2 3x 8 2 x + 1 ( 2x 11)
2 ( 3x 8)( x + 1) ( 2x 11)
V 3 x + 1 3x 8=
6x + 17
9x + 9 3x 8=
9x + 9 + 3x 8
>0.
8 11
11
V vay f(x) la ha m ong bie n tre n mo i khoa ng ; va ; + .

3 2
2
x = 3
x = 3 y = 1
.
Ta co f(3)
0
= f(8)
= 0 . Do o (1) f(x) =
x = 8 x = 8
y = 4
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 3;1) .

2
2
2
=
a
x+y
x + y = a
x = a b
Cach 2: a t
.
, ( a,b 0 )
2
2
=
y
b
=
y
b
b
=
y
Phng trnh a u cu a he tr tha nh: 1 b2 a + a2 + 2b2 =6 + a2 4 b .
a 1 b2 + a2 (1 b ) + 2b2 + 4b 6 =
0.
a (1 b )(1 + b ) + a2 (1 b ) + ( b 1)( 2b + 6 ) =
0.
(
(1 b ) ( b ( a 2 ) + a
(1 b ) a (1 + b ) + a2 2b 6 =
0.
2
+ a 6 = 0 (1 b )( a 2 )( b + a + 3) = 0 .
=
x+y =
2
a 2
x + y 4
.
y = 1
b 1=
y 1
Ta co ke t qua tng t l i gia i tren.
680
Chu y. Nhie u ho c sinh sai la m khi cho ra ng (1) co nghie m duy nha t v la
8 11
ha m o ng bie n. ieu ca n lu y la f(x) ong bie n tren mo i khoang ; va
3 2
11
; + . Do o neu co nghiem tre n mo i khoa ng th nghiem o la duy nhat

2
tre n khoa ng o .
Ngoai ra ne u cha n ie u kie n y = 4 x 0 x 4
8
x 4 lu c o ta ch
3
8
ca n xe t ha m so f(x) tre n oa n ;4 va co nghiem duy nhat x = 3 .
3

(1 y ) x y + x = 2 + ( x y 1) y
, ( x,y ) .
2
1 2 x 2y 4x 5y 3
2y 3x + 6y +=
Li giai
ie u kien: x 2y 0,4x 5y 3 0 .
(1 y ) (
(1 y ) .
x y 1 + x y + 1 = 2 + ( x y 1) y .
x y 1
x y +1
+ x y 1 ( x y 1) y =
0.
1 y
( x y 1)
+1 y =
0.
x y + 1
1
1
=
( x y 1)(1 y )
+
0.
x y +1 1+ y
x =
y 1
y 1 0 =
.
1 y = 0
y = x 1
+ TH1: Ne u y = 1 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta

c: 9 3x = 0 x = 3 .
+ TH2: Ne u y= x 1 khi o ie u kie n tr tha nh: 1 x 2 thay va o phng
2x2 x 3=
2x
(1) .
681
) (
2 x2 x 1 + x 1 2 x =0 .
1
x2 x 1 2 +
0.
=
x 1+ 2 x
1 + 5
1+ 5
.
=
y
2
2
1 x 2
x 2 x =
=
1 0
x
1 + 5 1 + 5
;
.
2
Chu y. Ta co the gia i phng trnh (1) bang nhie u ca ch kha c:

2x2 x 3 0
Cach 2: (1)
.
2
2
2x x 3 = 2 x
2x2 x 3 0
1+ 5
1 x 2
.
2
x=
2
2
0
4x 7 x x 1 =
)(
Hoa n toan tng t ba i toan tre n ta co the a t a = x y,b = y va pha n

tch a theo a t phng trnh a u cu a he(ta co mo t cong cu he t s c ma nh o
la ma y tnh bo tu i).
xy + x2 =
2
, ( x,y ) .
2
2
y ) 2 2 ( x y 1)
x + y xy ( x y ) + y ( x =
Li giai
ie u kien: x 2,x y,x + y xy ( x y ) 0 .
2
+ Neu x = y ve tra i phng trnh th hai cua he am ne n vo nghiem.

+ Neu x > y vie t la i he phng trnh d i dang:
3
2
( x y ) + ( x 2 )( x y ) = 2 ( x y )
.
2x2 + 2y2 2xy ( x y ) + 2y ( x y )= 4 ( x y 1)
682
(x y)
2x2 + 2y2 2xy ( x y )
2
+ ( x 2 )( x y ) 2y ( x y ) = 2 ( 2 x + y )
x2 + y2
x y 3 + 2x2 + 2y2 2xy x y

( )
( )
0.
( x y 2 )
=
x (x y)
+
+2
( x 2 )( x y ) + 2y ( x y )
x y 2 = 0 y = x 2.

2 + x 2 =2 x 2 =2 2 x =8 4 2 y =6 4 2 .

8 4 2;6 4 2 .
y + y 2 + 1 =
2
2
x + x + 1
, ( x,y ) .
3
3 x2 + 1 4y ( x=
+ 3) 5 13x + 5x 2
Li giai
3
ie u kien: 13x + 5x 2 0 .
Nhan xet. Phng trnh a u cu a he co da ng tch e nha n lien h p quen
thuo c. Tuy nhien ba i toa n sai le ch hang so 1 ba ng ha ng so 2. Do va y khong
n thua n x = y . e y phng trnh th hai cua he pha n t 4y xua t hie n
trong 1 phng trnh ch co ch a x. V va y suy ngh c ba n la ru t y theo x.
Va y ta ca n nha n lie n h p cho ca hai nha n t cu a phng trnh a u cu a he .
2
+ 1 2 x 2 + 1 x
2
2
y + y =
2 x + 1 2x = y + y + 1
.
2
2
2
x + x2=
x 2 y + 1 2y
+ 1 2 y + 1 y x + 1 +=
Ba ng ca ch loa i bo
y2 + 1 t hai phng trnh cu a he tre n ta c:
683
2 y + y 2 + 1 2 y 2 + 1 2y
2 2 x 2 + 1 2x x 2 + 1 + x =
3 x2 + 1 5x = 4y 3 x2 + 1 4y = 5x .

5x ( x + 3=
=
) 5 13x3 + 5x 2 x2 + 3x
13x3 + 5x 2 .
x2 + 3x 0
3
2
0
( x 1) x 6x + 3x 2 =
x2 + 3x 0
x = 1
3
3
3
3
0
x =2 + 3 + 9
( x 1) 3 ( x 1) ( x + 1) =
3 2 5
x 1,y
=
=
4
x =2 + 3 3 + 3 9,y =
2+ 33+ 3 9
+1 5 2 + 3 3 + 3 9
=
( x;y ) 1,; 3 24 5 ; 2 + 3 3 + 3 9;
2+ 33+ 3 9
+1 5 2 + 3 3 + 3 9
.
Nhan xet. Ngoa i ra ta co the th c hie n nhan lie n hp roi bie n o i tng
ng nh sau:
= 2 y2 + 1 x2 + 1 .
x + x2=
+ 1 2 y 2 + 1 y x + 2y
2
x2 + 4xy + 4y=
4 y2 + 1 4
( x + 1)( y + 1) + x
2
5 4xy 0
( x + 1)( y + 1) =5 4xy 16 ( x + 1)( y + 1) = 25 40xy + 16x y
5 4xy 0
5 4xy 0
2
2
2
0
( 5x + 4y ) 9 x + 1 =
3 x + 1 = 5x + 4y
Ta co ke t qua tng t tren.

684
+1
2 2
Li giai
2
ie u kien: 2 ( x y ) + 10x 6y + 12 0,x + 4 y2 0,y 0,x 2 .

Vie t la i phng trnh th nha t cu a he d i da ng:
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 2 x + 2 =
y x+2.
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 6x 6y + 4
yx2
.
=
y + x+2
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 + 2 x + 2
2 ( x + 1 y )( x + 2 y )
x+2y
.
=
y + x+2
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 + 2 x + 2
2x + 2 2y
1
=
(x + 2 y)
+
0
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 + 2 x + 2
y + x+2
Do va y v i ca ch nay neu nha n lie n h p tr c tie p ra t kho x ly nha n t lu c

sau phng trnh tch tren.
Ta bie n o i tng ng phng trnh (1) nh sau:
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 =
y + x+2 .
2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 10x 6y + 12 = x + y + 2 + 2 y ( x + 2 ) .

2x2 + 2y2 4xy + 9x 7y + 10 2 y ( x + 2 ) =
0.
(
(
)
x + 2)
y x+2
+ 2x 2 + 2y 2 4xy + 8x 8y + 8 =
0.
x y + 2 =
0
2
+ 2 ( x y + 2) = 0
y= x+2.
0
y x + 2 =
y
x = 0
2
.
x + 4 ( x + 2) = 0
x = 3
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem x = 0 y = 2 .

685
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x 1,y 2,x + x y 0,x + xy + 1 > 0 .

3
x3 + x2 + y2 +=
xy y
(x
y2
x + xy + 1
y.
+ y2 + xy ( x y + 1)
2
3 x3 + x2 + y2 + xy + y 3 x3 + x2 + y2 + xy + y2
y =x +1
y ( y + 1)( y x 1)
=
x + xy + 1
Thay y= x + 1 va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c:
( x 1)
x + 1 x2 1 + x 1 + x 3 =
0.
x2 1
x 2 1.
x 1 1 + x 1 1+ x 2 =
0.
x2
x 1 +1
x2
x 1 +1
0.
+x2=
x2 1
1
( x 2)
+
+ 1 = 0 x = 2 y = 3 .
x 1 +1
x 1 + 1

2y2 + 18x 2 + 2
(1)
25y + 9 9xy 4 =
2
x
y
+
1
x2 + y2 + 8x2 12xy + 8y2 = x + y + 2xy
(2)
Li giai
2
Vie t la i (2) di dang ( x y ) + 8x2 12xy + 8y2 ( x + y ) =

0 .
686
=
(x y) 1 +
0 (3) .
2
2
8x 12xy + 8y + x + y
(x + y)
Ma t kha c: 8x2 12xy + 8y2 + x + y=
+ 7(x y) + x + y x + y + x + y 0
Do o (3) ( x y ) = 0 x = y .
Thay vao (1) ta c:
20x 2 + 2
2
25x + 9 9x
=
4
x x2 + 1
2
9x 9x
=
4
2 25x 4 5x2
x2 + 1
Bnh phng hai ve phng trnh ta c
)(
) = 0 2x
4 2x2 1 13x6 + 117x 4 + 78x 2 + 1
( x + 1)
2
1 = 0 x =
1
.
2
1
1
1
. Suy ra ( x;y ) =
;
.
2
2
2
1
1
;
.
2
2
Th lai ch nha n nghiem x =
Vie t la i (1) d i dang
Li giai
2 x2 + y2 + 2 ( 5x 3y ) 4 ( xy 3) =
y + x+2
2 x2 + y2 + 2 ( 5x 3y ) 4 ( xy 3) = x + y + 2 + 2 y ( x + 2 )
2x2 + 2y2 + 9x 7y 4xy + =

10 2 y ( x + 2 )
2x2 + 2y2 4y ( x + 2 ) + y + 9x +=
10 2 y ( x + 2 )
2
2 ( x + 2 ) 4y ( x + 2 ) + 2y 2 + x + 2=
+ y 2 y ( x + 2)
2
2(x + 2 y) +
x+2 y
0
x + 2 y =
=0
y= x+2 .
0
x + 2 y =
687
Thay vao (2) ta c:
( x + 2)
4 ( 2x + 2 ) + 17 3 x ( x + 2 ) 3 ( 2x + 2 ) + 18 =
1.
( x 2)
x2 4x + 13 x 2 4x + 12 =
1
a t u =
( x 2)
+ 9 =3 ( x 2 ) + 8 + 1 (3) .
+ 8, ( u 2 ) . Khi o (3) tr thanh:
u3 + 1 = u + 1 u3 u2 2u = 0 .
2
u ( u 2 )( u + 1) = 0 u = 2 ( x 2 ) = 0 x = 2 . Suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 2;4 ) .

x2 + y2 + x2 y2 =
2y
.
x + y 5 =
3
Cach 1. ie u kien: x 0,x2 y2 0 .

T phng trnh a u cu a he suy ra y 0 .
Nha n thay y = 0 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh xe t y > 0 .
2
3y 2
y
2
2
0
x +y + x y =
2
2
x2
5y2
4
x2
5y2
4
+
=
0
3y
y
2
2
x +y +
x y +
2
2
2 5y2
1
1
0
x
+
3y
y
4 2
2
2
2
x y +
x +y +
2
2
5y2
y 5
.
x=
4
2
2x
Thay y =
va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
5
x2=
x + 2x =3 x =1 y =
688
2
5
2
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = 1;
.
5
Cach 2:Ta bien bnh phng hai ve phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:

x2 + y2 = 2y x2 y2 x2 + y2 = x2 + 3y2 4y x 2 y 2 .
y = 0
=
y
0
.
0
2y y 2 x2 y2 =
y 0
2
2
2
=
2
2
y 2 x y
4 x y
y
=
Xe t tr ng h p thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta co ke t qua tng t .

x 3 x + 3= 3 y 5 y
.
2
2 xy
x + 16 ( y x ) + y =
Li gii
Khi o phng trnh th hai cu a he tng ng vi:
y 2
x2 + 16 ( y x )=
xy y
x2 + 16 ( y x ) y2 2y ( x y )
=
2
xy + y
x + 16 ( y x ) + y
x 16
2y
(x y)
=
0
xy + y
x 2 + 16 ( y x ) + y
(1) .
Ta ch ng minh x < 16 .
Tha t va y t phng trnh a u cua he ta co :
2
3
11
x 3 x + 3= 3 y 5 y y 5 + x 3 x + 3 + = 0 .
2
4
11
11
7 + 6 10
x 3 x + 3 + 0 x + 9 ( x + 3) 3 x
< 16 .
4
4
4
Do o (1) x =
y.
2x
= 3
2
x + 3 + x 5 4x=
9 2x 2 + 2 x 2 2x 15 .
689
2x2 9x + 9 0
9 x 2x 15 = 2x 9x + 9
2
81 x 2x 15 =
) ( 2x
9x + 9
x=
6.

2x + 1 + 2y + 1 = y x
.
2
16x 2 y=
+ 5 6 3 4x2 y + x
Li gii
1
ie u kien: x,y .
2
1
1
Nha n tha y x = hoa c y = kho ng la nghiem cu a he khi o phng trnh
2
2
th nha t cu a he tng ng vi:
2(x y)
2
= 0 x= y.
+ x y = 0 ( x y ) 1 +
2x + 1 + 2y + 1
2x
1
2y
1
+
+
+

3
16x 4 =
+ 5 6 4x3 + x .
e gia i phng trnh na y ta a nh gia nh sau:
16x 4 =
+ 5 6 4x3 =
+ x 3.3 2.4x. 4x 2 + 1 2 + 4x + 4x 2 + 1 .
2
( 2x 1) 2x 2 + 2x + 1 0 x =
1
1
y= .
2
2
1 1
2 2

x + 2y + 3 =
y + 2x + 1 + 1
3
y+2
3
+ 4 2x x3 + x2 + 2x2 1 +
2x + x ( y + 1) + 3y=
x
690
Li gii
1
3
x 0,y
2
1
2
3
x=
x > 0
x ( y + 1) 0
2.
ie u kien:
3
2
y
1
x + x 0
y = 3
1 + y + 2 0
1
x = 2
TH1: Ne u
th la i he tha y kho ng tho a ma n.
y = 3
TH2: Neu x > 0,y 1 khi o bien oi phng trnh th nhat cua he di dang:
x y 1 + 2y + 3 2x + 1 = 0 x y 1 +
2(y + 1 x)
2y + 3 + 2x + 1
= 0.
2
=
( x y 1) 1
0.
2x
+
1
+
2y
+
3
x y 1 =
0 (do 1
2x + 1 + 2y + 3 2
=
2x + 1 + 2y + 3
2x + 1 + 2y + 3
> 0 ).

2x3 + x 2 + 3x=
+ 1 2x x3 + x 2 + 2x2 1 +
x +1
.
x
1
2x3 + x2 + 3x
=
+ 1 2x 2 x + 1 +
+2.
e gia i phng trnh vo ty na y ta co hai ca ch x ly nh sau:

Cach 1: S dung ba t a ng th c Co si ta co :
1
2x2 x + 1 + =
+ 2 2x x 2 ( x + 1) + 2x x 2 + 2
x
x
1
x x 2 + x + 1 + x x 2 + + 2 = 2x3 + x 2 + 3x + 1
x
691
2
x=
x +=
1 2+
1
1+ 5
x>0
.
x 2 x =
1 0
=
x
x
2
1+ 5 5 1
Suy ra he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) =
;
.
2
2
Cach 2: Phng trnh tng ng vi:
1
1
2x 2 2x x + 1 +
+2+x+ +3=
0.
x
x
1
1
1
Ta co : 'x = x + 1 +
+ 2 2 x + + 3 = x + 1
+2 0.
x
x
x
1
1+ 5
x>0
1 0
x
+ 2 x2 x =
=
x
2
Phng trnh co nghiem x +=

1
Ta co ke t qua tng t tren.
x + 1 y2 + y + 2 + y 1 x2 + x + 1 = x + y
)
( )
(
.
x2 + x x y + 3= 2x2 + x + y + 1
Li gii
ie u kien: x y + 3 0 .
(x + x)
(x + x)(
x y +=
3 2 x2 + x ( x y 1) .
x y + 3 2 + x y 1 = 0 x2 + 1 .
x y 1
xy+3 +2
+ x y 1 = 0
x2 + x + 2 + x y + 3
x2 + x
( x y 1)
+ 1 = 0 ( x y 1) .
=0
xy+3 +2
xy+3 +2
x y 1 = 0 y = x 1.
( x + 1)
x 2 x + 2 + ( x 2 ) x2 + x + 1 = 2x 1 .
u=
e gia i phng trnh vo ty na y ta a t

v=
692
x2 x + 2
x2 + x + 1
v2 u2 + 1
v2 u2 + 1
+ 1 u +
2 v =v2 u2 .
2
2
u = v
.
( v u )( u + v + 1)( u + v 3) = 0
3
u + v =
1 1
7 1
1
7
T o tm ra nghie m: x = ,x =1,x = ( x;y ) = ; ; ( 1; 2 ) ; ; .
2
8
2 2
8 8
1 1
7 1
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghie m la ( x;y )= ; ; ( 1; 2 ) ; ; .
2 2
8 8
xy + ( x y ) xy 2 + x =y + y
.
4
( x + 1) y + xy + x (1 x ) =
Li gii
ie u kien: x 0,y 0,xy + ( x y )
xy 2 0 .

Xet vi x > 0 va y > 0 . Khi o phng trnh th nhat cua he tng ng vi:
xy + ( x y )
xy + ( x y )
xy + ( x y )
xy 2 y + x y =
0.
xy 2 y 2
xy 2 + y
xy
x+ y
=
0.
y + xy 2
1
(x y)
+
0
=
x+ y
xy + ( x y ) xy 2 + y
(1) .
Ta chng minh y + xy 2 0 . That vay t phng trnh th hai cua he ta co:

4
y + xy
=
x (1 x=
)
x +1
( x 1) ( x + 2 ) + 2 2 y +
x +1
xy 2 0 .
Do o (1) x =
y.
693
x = 1
( x + 1) 3x x = 4 ( x 1) x x 4= 0 1 + 17 .
x =
2
x0
1 + 17 1 + 17
;
.
2
2
x3 + x 2 + 2y + 1= x 2 y + y + 1

.
10
( x + y 1) y + 1 =
Li gii
ie u kien: x2 + 2y + 1 0,y > 1 .
x2 ( x y ) + x2 + 2y + 1 ( y + 1) =
0.
x2 ( x y ) +
x2 y2
x 2 + 2y + 1 + y + 1
=
0.
x+y
2
=
(x y) x +
0 (1) .
2
x
+
2y
+
1
+
y
+
1
e he co nghie m ta pha i co x + y > 1 ne n (1) x =

y.
( 2x 1)
x +1 =
10 .
Ve tra i la mot ham o ng bie n suy ra co nghiem duy nha t x = 3 y = 3 .

x ( x + y ) + x + y= 2y2 2y
x2 y 5x2 + 7x + 7y 4= 6 3 xy x + 1
Li gii
Nha n thay y = 0 kho ng la nghiem cu a he phng trnh ne n v i y > 0 .
x2 + xy 2y2 + x + y 2y =
0.
694
( x y )( x + 2y ) +
xy
x + y + 2y
=
0.
1
=0 x=y.
( x y ) x + 2y +
x + y + 2y

3
x3 5x2 + 14x =
4 6 x2 x + 1 .
3
( x + 1) + 3 ( x + 1) = 8x 2 8x + 8 + 3 8x2 8x + 8
x+
=
1
8x 2 8x + 8 =
x 1

x2 + y2 + 2 2x 2 3xy + 2y 2 = x + y + 2xy
.
x + y + x y = 3x 4y + 4
Li gii
Nha n thay x + y =
0 kho ng thoa man he phng trnh. Xe t v i x + y > 0 .
(x y)
+ 2 2x2 3xy + 2y2 ( x + y ) =

0
2
(x y) +
7x 2 14xy + 7y 2
2 2x 2 3xy + 2y 2 + x + y
=
0
2
7
=0 x=y.
( x y ) 1 +
2 2x2 3xy + 2y2 + x + y

x 4
2x = 4 x 2
x =2.
2x
x 8x + 16 =
1
2
2
x + x + 1 y + y + 4 =
.
100x2 + 56xy + 10y 2 39x 3y =
18
695
Li giai
Th c hie n tng t ba i ta p mau so 6 t phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
16x 2 + 4y 2 + 20xy 9 =
0.
Va y ba i toan quy ve gia i he phng trnh

16x 2 + 4y 2 + 20xy 9 =
0
2
2
18
100x + 56xy + 10y 39x 3y =
4y2 + 20xy =
16x 2 + 9
.
2
100x 2 + 39x + 18
10y + ( 56x 3) y =
S du ng ky thua t he phng trnh ba c nha t hai an ta tm c
1
5+3 5
V i x = y =
.
2
4
1
184x 2 30x + 9
3 20x
V
i x ta co y2 =
.
=
,y
2
4
2
x= 0 VN
2
184x2 30x + 9 3 20x
Ta co phng trnh
=
5
8.

4
x=
,y =
2
12
3
5 8 1 5+3 5
.
; ; ;
4
12 3 2
2
2
2
1 1
x + x + 1 y + y + 1 =
,x ; .
2 3
18x3 + 16y 2 + 40xy + 34x 2 =9 1 + 2x.3 1 3x
Li giai
Tng t bai tap mau so 06 va bai tap ren luyen 10 t phng trnh au ta co:
40xy =
9 16 x 2 + y 2 .

1 + 1 + 2x 1 + 1 + 1 3x
= 1 x2 .
2x3 + 3x2 + 1 = 1 + 2x.3 1 3x
.
2
3
3
2x2 ( x + 2 ) 0 x = 0 y = .
4
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t thoa man ye u cau e ba i la:
( x;y ) = 0; 34 .
696
x2 + y2 y= ( 2x + 1)( y 1)

, ( x,y ) .
5
3x 8 y =
x + y 12
Li giai
2
T phng trnh a u cu a he ta co ( x y + 1) = 0 y = x + 1 .
5
.
3x 8 x + 1 =
2x 11
Th c hie n tng t ba i ta p mau so 03 ta c ( x;y ) = ( 3;4 ) ; ( 8;9 ) .

( x y 1) x + 2 = 2x y + (1 x ) x y
, ( x,y ) .
x + 2y + 1
3 2 1 x +
x + y +=
2x + y
Li giai
ie u kien: 0 x 1,x y 0,x + y + 3 0,2x + y 0,
x + 2y + 1
0.
2x + y
T phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
( x y 1) (
( x y 1)
x 1 + x y 1 + 2 = 2x y + (1 x ) x y .
x 1
x +1
( x 1) (1
xy .
x = 1
1
=0
.
( x 1)( x y 1)
+
x +1
x y +1
y= x 1
+ TH1: Ne u x = 1 thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

=
y+4 2
y = 0
2y + 2
=
( x;y )
y+2
y = 2
+ TH2: Ne u y = x 1 2x + 2 = 2
(1;0 ) .
x 1 +1 x = 1 y = 0 .

2xy x 2 + 2 xy2 =
2y
.
2
2y ( x y ) + 2= x x + y
Li giai
697
2
2
ie u kien: 2xy x 0,2 xy 0 .
He phng trnh co nghiem khi y > 0 .
Nhan xet: The 2 xy2 =x2 2y ( x y ) t phng trnh hai va o phng trnh
a u ta c mo t phng trnh a ng ca p.
Khi o :
2xy x2 + x2 2y ( x y ) = 2y 2xy x2 y + 2y2 + x2 2xy y = 0
2xy x 2 y 2
2xy x 2 + y
y2 + x2 2xy
2y 2 + x 2 2xy + y
=
0
2
1
1
=
(x y)
0
2y2 + x2 2xy + y
2
2xy x + y
x = y
2y2 + x2 2xy=
x = y
x=
y.
2
2 ( x y ) =
0
2xy x2
2 = x x + x2 x3 + x2 2 = 0 ( x 1) x2 + 2x + 2 = 0 x = 1 y = 1 .

y + 3y2 2y + 3x2 + 6 = 3x + 7x2 + 7 + 2
.
3y2 4x2 3y + 3x + 1 =
0
Li giai
2
ie u kien: 3y 2y + 3x + 6 0 .
y 3x 2 + 3y2 2y + 3x2 + 6 7x2 + 7 =
0
2
2
0
3y 4x 3y + 3x + 1 =
3y2 4x2 2y 1
=
0
y 3x 2 +
3y2 2y + 3x2 + 6 + 7x2 + 7

2
2
0
3y 4x 3y + 3x + 1 =
698
3y2 4x2 3y + 3x + 1 + y 3x 2
y 3x 2 +
=
0
3y2 2y + 3x2 + 6 + 7x 2 + 7
2
2
0
3y 4x 3y + 3x + 1 =
y 3x 2
=
0
y 3x 2 +
3y2 2y + 3x2 + 6 + 7x2 + 7

2
2
0
3y 4x 3y + 3x + 1 =
1
( y 3x 2 ) 1 +
=
0
2
2
2
3y 2y + 3x + 6 + 7x + 7
3y 2 4x 2 3y + 3x + 1 =
0
x =
1,y =
1
y =
y =
3x + 2
3x + 2
7
25 .
2
2
x =
,y =
=
+1 0
=
+7 0
3y 4x 3y + 3x
23x + 30x
23
23
7 25
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; ; .
23 23
Nhan xet: Ba ng ky thua t nha n lien h p va s dung phe p the tre n ta co the
sa ng ta c ra t nhie u ba i toa n hay co da ng tng t . Van dung ke t h p ca c phe p
toa n nay co nha c e n mo t la n na trong ky thua t s du ng tnh n ie u cu a
ha m so .

5x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 + 2x 2 + 2xy + 5y 2 = 3 x + y
( )
2x + y + 1 + 2 3 7x + 12y + 8= 2xy + y + 5
Li giai
e y pha n tch phng trnh a u cu a he d i dang:
5x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 + 2x 2 + 2xy + 5y 2
=
4x + y + ( x + y ) +
2
(x + y)
+ x + 4y
2
2
1
2
2
2
4x + y + ( x + y ) y + ( 3x + y )
2
Ta co :
.
2
2
1
2
2
2
( x + y ) + x + 4y x + 2 ( x + 3y )
Ma t kha c:
699
2
2
1
1
y + ( 3x + y ) + x 2 + ( x + 3y )
2
2
2
(x + y)
3x + y + x + 3y
+
9 ( x + y ) = 3 x + y 3( x + y )
Da u ba ng xay ra x = y 0 .
3x + 1 + 2 3 19x + 8= 2x 2 + x + 5 .
0.
x + 1 3x + 1 + 2 x + 2 3 19x + 8 + 2x2 2x =
1
x+7
x x
+ 2.
2
x + 1 + 3x + 1
( x + 2 ) + ( x + 2 ) 3 19x + 8 +
19x + 8
+ 2 =
0
x= 0 x= y= 0
.
x2 x = 0
x= 1
x= y= 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; (1;1) .
xy + ( x y ) xy 2 + x =y + y (1)
x 1 + y 1 =
4
(2)
Li giai
ie u kien x 1,y 1 .
Vie t phng trnh th nha t cu a he d i da ng:

xy + ( x y )
xy 2 y=
xy y 2 + ( x y )
xy + ( x y )
xy 2
y x
)=
yx
.
xy 2 + y
y+ x
x + xy 2
1
(x y)
+
=0 x=y
x+ y
xy + ( x y ) xy 2 + y
700
(Do x + xy 2 0 ).
2 x 1 = 4 x = 5 y = 5.

x2 + 2 y 1 x y + xy =
2y
( )( )

0
x ( 2x + 2y 5) + y ( y 3) + 3 =
(1)
(2)
Li giai
2
ie u kien x + 2 ( y 1)( x y ) ,xy 0
e he phng trnh ta phai co y 0 x 0 .

V i x > 0,y > 0 khi o vie t la i (1) d i da ng:
x2 + 2 ( y 1)( x y ) y = y xy .
x2 y2 + 2 ( x y )( y 1)
y 2 xy
.
=
2
+
y
xy
x + 2 ( y 1)( x y ) + y
x + 3y 2
y
=
(x y)
+
0.
2
x + 2 ( y 1)( x y ) + y y + xy
Do va y vie c x ly phng trnh tch sau cu ng tng o i kho khan ta bien o i

tng ng phng trnh a u cu a he nh sau:
x 2 + 2 ( y 1)( x y ) = 2y xy
2y xy 0
2
2
x + 2 ( y 1)( x y ) = 4y 4y xy + xy
2y xy 0
2
2
0
6y 4y xy xy + 2x 2y x =
2y xy 0
0
4y y xy + ( y x )( 2y + x ) =
701
2y xy 0
2 yx
+ ( y x )( x + 2y ) =
0
4y .
+
y
xy
2y xy 0
4y2
x=
y.
+ x + 2y =
0
( y x )
y + xy

=
=
x 1
x 1,y
= 1
x ( 4x 5) + x ( x 3) + 3 = 0 5x 8x + 3 = 0
3.
x 3 =
x 3=
=
,y
5
5
5
2
3 3
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = (1;1) ; ; .
5 5
4x2 + 4x 9 x y + xy =
3y
(
)( )

4 ( x + 2 )( y + 2x ) = 3 ( x + 3)
(1)
(2)
Li giai
e phng trnh co nghiem ta pha i co y 0 do o x 0 .
Vie t la i (1) di dang
4x 2 + ( 4x 9 )( x y ) 2y =y xy .
y (y x)
.
=
4x 2 + ( 4x 9 )( x y ) + 2y y + xy
4x2 4y2 + ( 4x 9 )( x y )
8x + 4y 9
y
=
(x y)
+
0 (3) .
2
4x + ( 4x 9 )( x y ) + 2y y + xy
Ma t kha c t (2) ta co 16 ( x + 2 )( y + 2x ) = 9 ( x + 3) 8x + 4y =
2
9 ( x + 3)
9x2 + 36x + 45
Do o 8x +=
4y 9
=
9
>0 .
2 ( x + 2)
2 ( x + 2)
V vay (3) x =
y.
Thay y = x va o (2) ta c:
702
9 ( x + 3)
2 ( x + 2)
x = 1
.
4 3x ( x + 2 ) =3 ( x + 3) 39x + 42x 81 =0
x = 27
13
2

Nhan xet: T phng trnh au cua he ta co the tm ra x = y ba ng phe p bien
o i tng ng nh sau:
4x2 + ( 4x 9 )( x y ) = 3y xy .
3y xy 0
.
2
2
4x + ( 4x 9 )( x y ) = 9y + xy 6y xy
3y xy 0
.
2
2
0
8x 9x 5xy + 9y 9y + 6y xy =
3y xy 0
2
2
0
8 x y + y 6 xy 5x y 9 ( x y ) =
) (
3y xy 0
y 25x
+
+
=
x
y
8x
8y
9
0
(
)
6 xy + 5x + y
Do 8x + 8y +
y 25x
6 xy + 5x + y
9 = 8x + 4y 9 + 4y +
y 25x
6 xy + 5x + y
24y xy + 20xy + 4y 2 + y 25x

y 25x
=
4y +
>0
6 xy + 5x + y
6 xy + 5x + y
V vay x = y ta co ke t qua tng t .
703
Chu e 19.
MOT SO BAI TOAN CHON LOC

VA REN LUYEN NANG CAO
+ No i dung chu e na y cung ca p mo t so ba i toa n to ng h p e ca c em re n

luye n ca c ky thua t a c ho c t ca c chu e tr c o .
+ Bao gom 60 ba i toa n cho n lo c e ca p e n pha n ln ca c ky thua t x ly he
phng trnh.
+ Ca c bai toa n e xua t chon lo c hay va kho o ng th i ch a ng nhie u t
tng mi do o se kem theo 1 so bai tap ren luyen danh cho ban oc ren luyen.
Nguon: c su ta m t e thi th cua Newstudy.vn, bao toan ho c tuo i tre
va mo t so e thi kha c.
1
5 x2 + y2 3
x + 2 + 3 y=
, ( x,y ) .
( 2x 1)2 + ( 2y 1)2 =
18
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x 2,y 1;x + y 3 0 .

Nhn nha n he phng trnh ta co 2 nha n nh:
+ Phng trnh th hai cu a he dang ba c hai th xem co pha n tch c nha n
t hay kho hng.
+ Phng trnh a u cu a he ch a 3 ca n th c thong th ng suy ngh bnh
phng kh ca n au tie n ne u kho ng c th ap dung ba t a ng th c.
+ Ne u ca c h ng tre n kho ng c va y th xem ca 2 phng trnh cu a he co
mo i lie n he na o gia 3 ca n th c
x + 2, y 1, 5 x 2 + y 2 3 va tho ng
th ng e tm mo i lien he na y ta ca n ta ch phng trnh th hai theo

x + 2;y 1;x2 + y2 3 .
Nh a pha n tch 2 hng a u tie n kho ng x ly c va y vie t la i phng

trnh th hai cu a he d i da ng:
4x2 4x + 4y2 4y 16 =
0.
x2 + y2 3 =x + y + 1 ( x + 2 ) + ( y 1) =x 2 + y 2 3 .
1
5 x2 + y2 3
x + 2 + 3 y=
.
2
2
( x + 2 ) + ( y 1) = x + y 3
704
Ro ra ng khi viet la i he d i dang tre n ta ch ca n s du ng phe p the e tm
mo i lien he gia 2 ca n thc a u tie n.
Tha t va y ta co
5 ( x + 2 ) + ( y 1) .
x + 2 + 3 y=
1
( x + 2 )( y 1) + 9 ( y 1=) 5 ( x + 2 ) + ( y 1) .
x + 2 6 ( x + 2 )( y 1) 4 ( y 1) =
0.
x+2+6
)(
x + 2 2 y 1 4 x + 2 + 2 y 1 =
0.
=
x 4y 6
x + 2= 2 y 1
x = 2 .
4 x + 2 + 2 y 1
y = 1
+ TH1: Th la i ( x;y ) =
( 2;1) thay khong thoa man.
+ TH2: V i =
x 4y 6 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
2
( 8y 13) + ( 2y 1)
=
18 .
y 2
x 2,y
=
=
= 2
0
68y 212y + 152 =
19
26
19 .
y =
x=
,y =
17
17
17

( x;y )
26 19
; .
( 2;2 ); 17
17
4
2
3 ( 2 x ) 2 y = 2 y +
x +1
, ( x,y ) .
2
x + xy x + y 2 2 y2 + 2 = x + y
Li giai
ie u kien: 2 y 2 .
V i hnh th c phng trnh a u cu a he tha t kho e khai tha c c g.
Phng trnh th hai cua he co nhan t i cung v i
2 y2 da ng ba c 2 ne n
tm ca ch pha n tch tha nh nha n t .
Ta co : x2 + xy x + y 2 = x 2 + x ( y 1) + y 2 .
705
Coi ay la tam th c ba c 2 cu a x ta co : x =
( y 1)
4 ( y 2) =
( y 3)
1 y y + 3
1 y + y 3
= y + 2 .
= 1 hoa c x =
2
2
Do o phng trnh th hai cu a he tng ng v i:
Suy ra x =
( x + 1)( x + y 2 )
2 y2 = x + y 2 .
4
2
4
3 ( 2 x ) 2 y = 2 y +
2
x +1
3 ( 2 x ) 2 y = 2 y + x + 1
x + y 2 =
x + 1 x + y 2 2 y2 = x + y 2
(
)(
)
( x + 1) 2 y 2 =
1
x + y 2 =
0
3 ( 2 x ) 2 y2 = 2 y + 4

x +1
( x + 1) 2 y2 =
1
2
3 ( 2 x ) 2 y = 2 y + x + 1
(1)
(2)
y= 2 x
Ta co : (1)
2
4 .
3 ( 2 x ) 2 ( 2 x ) =x +
x +1
Chu y he phng trnh nay co nghiem khi ( 2 x )( x + 1) 0 1 x 2 .
Khi o s du ng ba t ang th c AM-GM ta c:

2
2
3 ( 2 x ) 2 ( 2 x )2 3. ( 2 x ) + 2 ( 2 x ) =
3
2
.
4
4
4
= x +1+
1 2 ( x + 1) .
1 = 3
x +
x +1
x +1
x +1
He phng trnh co nghiem khi a ng th c xa y ra khi va ch khi x =1 y =1 .

x + 1 2 y2 =
1
)
(
Ta co : (2)
3 ( 2 x )( x + 1) 2 y 2 =
( 2 y )( x + 1) + 4
706
x > 1
x > 1
x + 1 2 y2 =
5x
5x
)
(
=
y
=
y
x +1
x +1
3 ( 2 x ) = ( 2 y )( x + 1) + 4
1
x + 1 2 y2 =
2
1
)
(
2 y = 2
( x + 1)
23 3
x =
23
x > 1
5 15 3
y =
5x
26
=
y
+
x
1
+
2
3
3
x =
25x 2
1
23
=
2
2
2
( x + 1)
( x + 1) y = 5 + 15 3
26

( x;y ) = (1;1); 2 233
3 5 15 3 2 + 3 3 5 + 15 3
;
;
;
.
26 23
26
Nhan xet. a y la mot bai toa n hay va kho mau cho t cu a ba i toa n la pha n
tch tha nh nha n t t phng trnh th hai cu a he. oa n x ly phng trnh
lu c sau ca n khe o le o.
x x 3 2 =+
) 2 y3 + 3y2 , x,y .
(
(
)
3 x 3= y2 + 8y
Li giai
a t t =
y + 3, t 3 y = t 2 3 phng trnh th nha t cu a he tr tha nh:

2
x ( x 3) = 2 + t 2 3 t x ( x 3) 2 = t 3 3t .
3
( x 2 ) 3 ( x 2 ) = t 3 3t (1) .
V i x 3 x 2 1,t 3 > 1 . Xe t ham so f(u)

= u3 3u v i u 1 ta co
f '(u)= 3u2 3 0, u 1 .
V vay f(u) la ham o ng bie n v i u 1 .

707
Do o (1) f ( x 2 ) = f(t) x 2 = t x = t + 2 .
)(
)( )
+ 6t + 3) =
0t=
2
3 t 1 = t 2 3 t 2 + 5 9 ( t 1) =t 2 3 t 2 + 5 .
t 4 + 2t 2 9t 6 =
0 ( t 2 ) t 3 + 2t 2
(v t 3 + 2t 2 + 6t + 3 > 0, t 3 ).
V i t = 2 y + 3 = 2 y = 1 x = 4 .
Nhan xet. Sau khi at nh tre n suy ngh e n vie c a phng trnh ve da ng
ha m a c trng va va n e cu a ta lam tm mo i lie n he gi a x va t. Muo n va y ta
co mo t cong cu ra t ma nh la May tnh cam tay va ta th c hie n nh sau:
Bc 1. Nha p va o may tnh so 1000 va ga n va o bie n nh A.
Bc 2. Nha p va o phng trnh tre n au co t ta thay ba ng A.
2
Cu the nh sau: X ( X 3) 2 = A3 3A .
Bc 3. Nha n SHIFT +SOLVE ma y hien ke t qua 1002 t c la x = t + 2 hay
3
t= x 2 do o ta vie t la i phng trnh d i da ng: ( x 2 ) 3 ( x 2 ) = t 3 3t .
Ngoai ra sau khi bien o i phng trnh ve da ng nh tre n ta co the pha n tch
nha n t nh sau:
( x t 2 ) x 2 + ( t 4 ) x + t 2 2t + 1 =
0 (1) .
Do x 3,t 3 ne n
2
x2 + ( t 4 ) x + t 2 2t + 1 = ( x 1)( x 3) + ( t 1) + tx 3 > 0 .
V vay (1) x t 2 = 0 x = t + 2 .
6x y 6x 2y =
5
, ( x,y ) .
2
2
9x y + 4y 6x 2y = 6xy 4y + 12x + 2
Li giai
ie u kien: 3x y 0 .
2(3x y) + y 6x 2y =
5
.
2
2
2
(3x y) 2(y 6x 2y ) =
a t: u =
3x y, v =
y
6x 2y, ( u 0 ) khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
708
2u + v =
5
u = 2
hoa c
2
2
2
v = 1
u 2v =
26
u =
7 .
v = 17
5
2
u= 2
3x= y + 2
3x y =
x =
TH1: Ne u
3
=
1 y 2 1
6x 2y =
y=
v 1
y = 3
(thoa man ieu kie n).
26
26
=
=
u
3x y
7
7
TH2: Ne u
.
17
17
v =
y 6x 2y =
7
7
26
9 + 2 91
x =
3x y =
7
21
17
17
2
91
+
y 52 =
y =
7
7
7
5 9 + 2 91 17 + 2 91
Va y he co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ;3 ;
;
.
21
7
3
x + x2 3 =
y + y2 + 3
, ( x,y ) .
x3 y3 = 3x 3y + 4
Li giai
Phan tch tm l i gia i:
Ba i toa n co nhie u hng tie p can:
+ Phng trnh th nhat cua he cha 2 can thc vay n gian chuyen ve ve dang:
x y=
y2 + 3 x2 3 .
Tie p e n kh ca n hai ve ba ng phep bnh phng. Vi ca ch na y ta chuye n ve

nh va y v sau khi bnh phng ta l c bo i c x2 + y2 chung hai ve .
+ Ne u x,y cung dng ta pha t hie n c tnh cha t ham a c trng t phng
trnh a u cu a he :
x2 3 + x2 3 + 3 = y + y2 + 3 .
709
+ Ngoai ra to i trnh bay vi ban o c 1 phng pha p kh ca n kha c o la
u =
x + x2 3
phe p a t:
.
v =
y + y2 + 3
V i ca ch na y co the x ly ra t to t ca c ba i toan ma he ch ch a hai ca n th c

da ng
x2 + a; y2 + b .
ie u kien: x 3 .
u x,v y
u =
x + x2 3
u2 + 3
a t
.
x =
2u
v =
y + y2 + 3
v2 3
y =
2v
T phng trnh a u suy ra u = v y =
u2 3
3
xy= .
2u
u
( x y ) ( x2 + y2 + xy ) = 3 ( x y ) + 4 .
2
3 9
u2 + 3 u2 3
( x y ) ( x y ) + 3xy 3 =4
+ 3.
.
3 =4 .
u u2
2u
2u
9u4 16u3 36u2 + 27 =0 ( u 3) 9u3 + 11u2 3u 9 =0 (1) .
Ne u x 0 x + x 2 3 < x + x = x x = 0 .
Ma t kha c y + y2 + 3 > y + y 0 do o vo ly .
Va y x > 0 o i chie u v i x 3 x 3 u 3 > 1 .
Khi o 9u3 + 11u2 3u 9 > 9.13 + 3u ( u 1) + 8u2 9 > 0 .
2
u 3=
3 x 2
=
x + x 3 =
.
Do o (1) u = 3
y
1
=
v 3=
y + y2 + 3 =
3
o i chie u v i ieu kie n u x,v y tha y tho a man.

Va y nghie m cu a he phng trnh la ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) .
710
Cach 2:
Bie n o i phng trnh a u cu a he tha nh:
xy=
y2 + 3 x2 3 x2 2xy + y2 = x2 + y2 2
( x 3)( y + 3) .
2
xy 0
xy 0
x2 3 y2 + 3 = xy 2
.
2
2 2 2
2
x y
3
x 3 y + 3 =
x y =
)(
)(
Xe t he phng trnh:
( x y )( x + y ) =
3
x2 y2 =
3
3 x + y 2 + x y 2
3
) ( ) = 3 xy +4 .
3
(
( )
x y = 3 ( x y ) + 4
( x y )
a t u =+
x y,v =
uv = 3
uv = 3
2
2
4
3u + v
2
=
3v + 4
0
v
v 12v 16v + 27 =
uv = 3
3
2
0
( v 1) v + v 11v 27 =
Th c hie n a nh gia nh cach 1 va th la i nghiem tm c ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) la

nghiem duy nha t cu a phng trnh:
Chu y. Theo tre n ta co x;y 0 do o ta co the vie t phng trnh a u cua he
d i da ng:
2
x2 3 + x2 3 + 3 = y + y2 + 3 .
Vie c co n la i ta ch can xet ham so f(t) =+

t
t 2 + 3,t 0 .
Ta co f(t) o ng bie n va de co f(y)= x2 3 y=
x2 3 x 2 y 2= 3 .
La p lai ca c b c tng t ca ch 2 ta co ke t qua tng t .

2y2 7y + 10 x y + 3 + y + 1 = x + 1
( )
, ( x,y ) .
3
y +1 +
= x + 2y
x +1
711
Li giai
Ba i toa n co pha n tng t ba i toa n 2 v i 2 a c iem phng trnh a u ch a
ca n th c; phng trnh th hai co da ng pha n th c.
+ Va y a u tie n quy o ng phng trnh au cu a he ta co ngay nha n t
( x + 1)
y +1.
+ Khi tha y nha n t tren ta ngh ngay e n vie c chuye n
y + 1 sang pha i ro i
bnh phng e co nha n t ( x + 1) y + 1 t phng trnh a u cua he .

+ Do vay ca 2 phng trnh cu a he e u lie n he v i ( x + 1) y + 1 do o ngh
ngay e n s dung phe p the .
ie u kien: y 1,x 1,2y2 7y + 10 x ( y + 3) 0 .

2y2 7y + 10 x y + 3 = x + 1 y + 1
( )
( x + 1) y + 1 = ( x + 2y )( x + 1) 3
x + 1 y + 1 0
2y2 7y + 10 x ( y + 3) = ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) y + 1 + y + 1 .
( x + 1) y + 1 = ( x + 2y )( x + 1) 3
Thay ( x + 1) y + 1 =
( x + 2y )( x + 1) 3 t phng trnh di len phng trnh
tre n ta c:
2y 2 7y + 10 x ( y + 3) =
( x + 1)
2 ( x + 2y )( x + 1) 3 + y + 1 .
x= 1 y
2
.
x2 + 3x ( y 1) + 2 ( y 1) = 0
x= 2 2y
TH1: Ne u x = 1 y thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

y 2
2
y
2
y
1
y
y
1
+
=
( )
2
( y 2 ) ( y + 1)=
(y
y +1
y 2
y 2
4
2 3y 2 15
6
2
3
2
0
0
y 3y + 6y 2y 3 =
y + y y + =
2
4
5
3
712
(vo nghie m).
TH2: Ne u x= 2 2y thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
( 3 2y )( 3 4y ) 0
+
=
3
2y
y
1
3
4y
(
)
2
2
+
=
3
2y
y
1
3
4y
(
)( ) (
)
x = 2
y = 0
( 3 2y )( 3 4y ) 0
( 3 2y )( 3 4y ) 0
x =4 15 .
2
3
2
y
4y
24y
21
0
+
=
0
4y 24y + 21y =
6 + 15
y =
2

o i chie u v i ieu kie n ta ch nha n nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 2;0 ) .

108
6
4xy + 33 2y 3
12x + y =
, ( x,y ) .
2
8 xy 2y 8y + 4 = ( x y )
Li giai
ie u kien: x 2,y
3
.
2
Xe t phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c: 8 xy 2y 8y + 4 = x2 2xy + y2 .

2
4 ( xy 2y ) + 8 xy 2y + 4 = ( x + y ) .
2 xy 2y + 2
2
=( x + y ) 2 xy 2y + 2 =x + y .
( x 2) y + 2 = x + y ( x 2) 2 ( x 2) y + y = 0 .
x2 y
=0 x2 = y y =x2.

12xy 6y + 108
= 4xy + 33 2y 3 .
y
12xy 6y + 108
4xy 2y + 36
.
=
y
4xy + 33 + 2y 33
713
2 ( 2xy y + 18)
4xy + 9 + 2y 3 3y =
0.
2xy y + 18 =
0
.
3y
4xy + 33 + 2y 3 =
TH1: Ne u 2xy y + 18 =
2x ( x 2 ) ( x 2 ) + 18 =
2x2 5x + 20 =
0
2xy y + 18 =
0
0
y
x
2
=
y= x 2
y= x 2
(vo nghie m).

TH2: Ne u
4xy + 33 + 2x 3 =
3y khi o ta co he phng trnh:
4x ( x 2 ) + 33 + 2 ( x 2 ) 3 = 3 ( x 2 )
3y
4xy + 33 + 2y 3 =
.
y= x 2
y= x 2
4x2 8x + 33 + 2x 7= 3 x 2
( ) x = 8 .
y = 6
y= x 2
Nhan xet. e gia i phng trnh
4x2 8x + 33 + 2x 7= 3 ( x 2 ) ta th c
hie n nh sau:
4x2 8x + 33 15 + 2x 7 3 = 3x 24 .
4x2 8x 192
4x2 8x + 33 + 15
4 ( x 8)( x + 6 )
2
4x 8x + 33 + 15
2x 16
2x 7 + 3
2 ( x 8)
2x 7 + 3
=
3 ( x 8) .
3 ( x 8) .
=
4 ( x + 6)
2
( x 8)
+
3 =0 (1) .
4x2 8x + 33 + 15
2x 7 + 3
V i mo i x
7
2
2
ta ch ng minh
2
2x 7 + 3 3
4 ( x + 6)
4x2 8x + 33 + 15
<
7
7 4x2 8x + 33 > 12x 33 .
3
7 4x2 8x + 33 > 12x 33 49 4x2 8x + 33 > 144x2 792x + 1089 .
52x2 + 400x + 528 > 0 (luon u ng).

Do o (1) x 8 = 0 x = 8 y = 6 .
714
Nhan xet. Mo t so he phng trnh co mo t phng trnh c ta o tha nh t 1
hang ang thc c ban. Ta can kheo leo phan tch e nhan ra hang ang thc o.
+ Ro ra ng ta co the x ly phng trnh au cua he ro i the vao phng trnh
con lai. Tuy nhien viec the nh vay a ve 1 phng trnh vo ty het sc phc tap.
(
(
)
)
( 6 x ) x2 + y2 =6x + 8y

( 3 y ) x 2 + y 2 =8x + 6y
(1)
(2)
Li giai
2
Ne u x + y = 0 x = y = 0 tho a ma n he phng trnh.

Ne u x2 + y2 > 0 khi o nha n che o theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c
( 6 x )( 8x + 6y ) =( 3 y )( 6x + 8y ) 4x2 4y2 6xy 15x + 30y =0 .

Coi ay la phng trnh bac vi an la x ta c: 4x2 ( 6y + 15) x 4y2 + 30y =
0
2
2
Ta co x= ( 6y + 15) 16 ( 4y 2 + 30y )= (10y 15) .
Suy ra x = 2y hoa c =
x
15 y
.
4 2
y = 0
- V i x = 2y thay va o (1) ta c ( 6 2y ) 5y = 20y y = 2

y = 4
Suy ra ( x;y ) = (1;2 ) ; ( 2;4 ) .
15
2x thay va o (2) ta c:
2
( 4x 9 ) 4x2 24x + 37 = 0 x = 94 suy ra ( x;y ) = 94 ; 21

.
4
- V i =
y
9 21
Va y he phng trnh co bon nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; (1;2 ) ; ( 2;4 ) ; ; .
4 4
.
Li giai
715
la p la i 2 phng trnh cu a he va ca c nhan t kha c ch la
Ta tha y
ba c nha t cua x va y do o hoa n toa n x du ng c ky thuat he phng trnh

ba c nha t hai a n a e cap trong chu e 1. Ngoai ra ne u chia moi phng
trnh cu a he cho
ta la i co da u hie u cu a ky thua t so ph c. D i ay to i
ch trnh ba y l i gia i theo 1 hng kha c o la suy ngh nha n che o 2 phng
trnh cu a he tm nha n t chung. Hai ca ch kia xin da nh cho ba n o c.
ie u kien 2 x 2,y 0 .
Khi o vie t la i phng trnh th hai cu a he d i da ng:
)(
3x x3 2 y + 2 y 2 y x3 =
0 x3 2 y 3x 2 y =
0 .
- V i 2 y = 3x khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he tr thanh:

x3 =
4 x 2 + 3x x3 3x =
4 x2
(1)
x3 3x 0
x3 3x 0
6
4
2
6
4
2
4 x2
0
x 6x + 10x 4 =
x 6x + 9x =
x3 3x 0
.
2
4
2
0
x 2 2 x + 4 2 x + 4 + 2 2 =
x=
2+
)( ( )
9
2 y=
(2 + 2 ) .
4
Cach khac: a t=
x 2 cost,t 0; va:

(1) 2 cos3t =2sint cos3t =cos t .
2
- V i 2 y = x3 khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he tr tha nh

4 x2 =
0x=
2 . Suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 2;16 ) .

)
716
( 2;16 );
2 + 2;
9
2+ 2 .
4
1 y 2 x
+=
+2
x
y
x
y x 2 + 1 =
1
3x2 + 3

(1)
, ( x,y ) .
(2)
Li giai
De nha n thay t phng trnh a u cua he co c nha n t chung y 2x .
ie u kien x > 0 khi o y > 0 .
Vie t la i (1) di dang:
y x + y2 = 2x x + 2xy ( y 2x )
x + y = 0 y = 2x .
Thay vao (2) ta c:

2x x2 + 1 =
1
2x .
3x2 + 3 x2 + 1 2x 3 =
3
khi o vie t la i phng
2
2x
2x
2
trnh di dang x=
+1
x2 + 1 = 0
(3)
2x 3
2x 3
3
2x
Xe t ha m so f(x)
tre n
= x2 + 1
; + .
2
2x 3
e phng trnh nay co nghiem ta phai co x >
Ta co :=
f '(x)
x
x2 + 1
2 3
( 2x 3 )
> 0, x
; + ne n f(x) la ham
2
o ng bien tre n
; + .
2
V vay (3) f(x)

= f( 3) =
x
3 . Suy ra ( x;y ) =

3;2 3 .
3;2 3 .
.
Li giai
y 1 + 5
.
ie u kien: y2 + 2y 4 0
y 1 5
717
x2 + 9 x2 + 4 + y y 2 + 2y 4 =
1.
x2 + 9 x2 + 4 + ( y + 1)
5
x2 + 9 + x2 + 4
( y + 1)
5 =
2.
+
y +1+
( y + 1)
=
2.
5

x2 + 4 + x2 + 9 + y + 1 +
a t u =
x2 + 4 + x2 + 9,v = y + 1 +
( y + 1)
( y + 1)
5 =
10 .
5 ta co he phng trnh:
2
2
u + v =
10
5
u 5=
x 0
x +4 + x +9 =
.
5 5
2
v
5
y
2
=
2
+
=
y + 1 + ( y + 1) 5 =
5
u v

Nhan xet. a y la mo t ba i toa n hay tr c khi a t a n phu ca n nha n lie n hp.
Xem them ky thua t a t a n phu ai so to i co trnh ba y mo t ba i toa n da ng
tng t nhng kho hn bai toa n tre n.
ie u kien: xy ( x + y ) 0 .
Li giai
x + y 2 2xy
)
2
1
(
+
=
xy
x + y xy
.
2
2
1
( x + y ) 2xy x + y =2 ( x 1)
718
x + y 2 1
x + y +1
2
) + 2 =
(
=
0
( x + y 1)
2
xy
x + y
xy
x
y
+
.
2
2
x + y 2 2xy 1 =2 x 1 2
1
)
( )
( x + y ) 2xy x + y =2 ( x 1)
(
x+y
TH1: Ne u x + y =1 y =1 x thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

2
2x (1 x ) = 2 ( x 1) 3x 2 4x 1 = 0
2 7
2 7
1+ 7
,y
=
=
x
x =
3
3
3 .
2+ 7
2+ 7
1 7
,y
=
=
x
x =
3
3
3
TH2: Ne u
2
x + y +1
2
= 0 2xy = ( x + y ) + x + y thay vao phng trnh

xy
x+y
th hai cua he ta c:
2
( x + y + 1) = x 1 2 .
2
1
x y
= 2 ( x 1)
( )
x+y
x+y
x 1 0 =
x 1
=
x + y + 1 =0
y =2
Suy ra x 1
.
x 1
x + y + 1 0
x + y + 1 0
x + y > 0
x + y > 0
Th lai ( x;y=
)
(1; 2 ) thay khong thoa man.

2
V i x + y > 0 khi o 2xy = ( x + y ) + x + y x 2 + y2 + x + y =
0 (vo nghie m).
( x;y ) = 2 3 7 ; 1 +3 7 ; 2 +3 7 ; 1 3 7 .

.
Li giai
719
ie u kien 4 x 1 . Khi o vie t lai (1) d i dang
2y3 + y =
1 x ( 3 2x ) =
1 x 2 (1 x ) + 1 = 2
1 x
Xe t ha m so f(t)
= 2t 3 + t ta co
o ng bien tre n ( ; + ) .
V vay (3) f(y) = f
+ 1 x
(3) .
nen f(t) la ham
1 x .
1 x y =
Thay vao (2) ta c:

3 2x + 1 x =4 + x + 4 x + 4 1 x 3 2x + 4 =0 .
e n a y xe t ham so hoa c nha n lien h p ta co nghiem duy nha t:
x =3 y =2 .
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) =
( 3;2 ) .
Li giai
2
9 + 8x2 y x 4 y2 16 + ( x 2y ) =1 + y 16y5 3x2 y2 + 1 x2 5y3 x2 + y
( x 4y ) + 1 1,x,y
25 ( x y 4 ) 5 1 + 16 + ( x 2y ) , x,y
=
Ma t kha c:
9 + 8x2 y x 4 y2=
V va y he phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi ca c da u a ng th c xa y ra

x2 y = 4
x = 2
o ng thi, ie u na y tng ng v i x 2y = 0
.
y = 1
2
3
0
x 4y =
2 x2 y 4 + 2xy 2 y 4 + 1= 2 3 2 x y 2
x y2 + x =
3
720
(1)
(2)
, ( x,y )
Li giai
ie u kien x y2 0,x2 y 4 + 2xy2 y 4 + 1 0 .
) ( xy + 1) y = ( 6 4 2 ) y
Vie t la i (1) di dang: 2 xy2 + 1
(3) .

Xe t y 0 khi o chia hai ve cua (3) cho y2 ta c
2.
a t u =
xy 2 + 1
y
xy 2 + 1
y2
xy 2 + 1

1 = 6 4 2 .
y2
khi o ta co phng trnh 2t t 2 1 = 6 4 2 .
2t + 4 2 6 0
t 1 = 2t + 4 2 6
2
2
t 1= 4t + 4 4 2 6 t + 4 2 6
) (
t= 3 .
3y2 1
xy 2 + 1
x =
=3
y2
2
.
V vay ta co he phng trnh y
2
4
3y
1
y
1
2
=
3
x y + x =
y2
y2
3y2 1
3y2 1
=
x
=
x
y2
.
y2
4
2
4
2
2
6
0
0
3y y y 1 =
y 1 y + 2y + 1 =
8+6 2
x = 2 x =
2
3+2 2
y = 1 2
y = 1 + 2
)(
o i chie u v i ie u kien x y2 0 ta ch nhan
x=
2,y2 =
1 ( x;y ) =
( 2; 1) .

)
( 2; 1); ( 2;1) .
x3 2y = x2 x ( 2y + 1)

x 2 2y 2 2y + 3= 3x + 4 + 4y + 1
(1)
(2)
Li giai
721
T (1) ( x 2y ) x 2 x + 1 = 0 x = 2y .
Thay vao (2) ta c 2y2 2y + =
3
2y2 4y =
4y + 1 + 6y + 4 .
4y + 1 ( y + 1) + 6y + 4 ( y + 2 ) .
1
1
y2 2y 2 +
+
0 .
=
4y + 1 + y + 1
6y + 4 + y + 2
y = 0
. Suy ra ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) ; ( 4;2 ) .
y2 2y =0
y = 2

Nhan xet. Bai toan tre n co dang quen thuo c t 1 phng trnh cu a he bang
phng pha p ham so hoa c phan tch nha n t tm c moi lie n he tuye n tnh
gi a 2 nghiem cua he . Quan tro ng nha t cua loa i toan na y o la x ly phng
trnh vo ty lu c sau. V i loa i co 2 ca n th c tr len nh tre n ky thua t c s
du ng o la nha n lien h p.
xy x y =
1
.
2
y3 + 6y + 7
4x 12x + 9x =
Li giai
Cach 1: He so bat nh ch a bie u th c cu a bie n
xy x y 1 =
0
Vie t la i he d i dang 3
2
3
0
4 x 12x + 9x + y 6y 7 =
Xe t y 1 khi o la y (2) 3 ( y + 1) .(1) ta c
4 x3 12x2 + 9x + y3 6y 7 3 ( y + 1)( xy x y 1) =
0 .
x + y 1 =
0
2
.
( x + y 1)( 2x y 2 ) = 0
0
2x y 2 =
- V i y = 1 x thay va o (1) ta c:
x (1 x ) x (1 x ) 1 =0 x 2 + x 2 =0 (vo nghiem).
- V i =
y 2x 2 thay va o (1) ta c:
722
(1)
(2)
5 17
1 17
;y
=
x =
4
2
.
x ( 2x 2 ) x ( 2x 2 ) 1 =0 2x 2 5x + 1 =0
5 + 17
1 + 17
=
;y
x =
4
2
( x;y ) = 5 4 17 ; 1 2 17 ; 5 + 4 17 ; 1 + 2 17 .
Cach 2: Phng pha p the

Xe t y 1 khi o ru t x =
y +1
t phng trnh (1) the vao (2) ta c
y 1
y6 3y5 3y 4 + 11y3 6y2 + 32

3
( y 1)
)(
= 0 y2 y + 2 y2 y 4
=0 .
Cach 3: a t a n phu a ve phng trnh ang ca p

y ( x 1) = x + 1
3
y3 + 6y + 6
4 ( x 1) 3 ( x 1) =
y ( x 1) =x + 1
3
3
4 ( x 1) + y = 3 ( x + 2y + 1)= 3 2y + y ( x 1)
y ( x 1) = x + 1
3
3
3y ( x + 1=
4 ( x 1) + y=
) 3y2 ( x 1)
3
V vay 4 ( x 1) + y3 3y2 ( x 1) =
0.
Ba i ta p tng t xem them chu e he so ba t nh.
y + 3y2 2y + 3x2 + 6 = 3x + 7x2 + 7 + 2
2
2
0
3y 4x 3y + 3x + 1 =
(1)
(2)
Li giai
2
ie u kien 3y 2y + 3x + 6 0 .
723
y 3x 2 + 3y2 2y + 3x2 + 6 7x2 + 7 =
0
.
2
2
3y 4x 3y + 3x + 1 =
0
3y2 4x2 3y + 3x + 1 + ( y 3x 2 )
y 3x 2 +
=
0
2
2
2
.
3y 2y + 3x + 6 + 7x + 7
3y 2 4x 2 3y + 3x + 1 =
0
1
( y 3x 2 ) 1 +
=
0
2
2
2
.
3y
2y
+
3x
+
6
+
7x
+
7
3y 2 4x 2 3y + 3x + 1 =
0
y 3x + 2
y 3x + 2
=
=
.
2
2
2
2
0
0
3 ( 3x + 2 ) 4x 3 ( 3x + 2 ) + 3x + 1 =
3y 4x 3y + 3x + 1 =
x =
1;y =
1
y 3x + 2
=
7
25 .
2
x =
;y =
0
23x + 30x + 7 =
23
23
7 25
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; ; .
23 23

3x2 2x 5 + 2x x2 + 1= 2 y + 1 y2 + 2y + 2
( )
x2 + 2y2 = 2x 4y + 3
(1)
(2)
Li giai
La y (1) (2) theo ve ro i ru t go n ta c
2
x2 + x x 2 + 1 =( y + 1) + ( y + 1)
( y + 1)
+ 1 (3) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t 2 + t t 2 + 1 tren ( ; + ) ta co :
f '(t)= 2t + t 2 + 1 +
t2
t2 + 1
2t + 2
t 2 + 1.
= 2 t + 2t 0, t ( ; + )
t2 + 1
Do o f(t) la ham o ng bien tre n ( ; + ) .

V vay (3) f(x) = f ( y + 1) x = y + 1 .
724
t2
2
Thay vao (2) ta c ( y + 1) + 2y2 = 2 ( y + 1) 4y + 3 .

y = 2
.
3y2 + 4y 4 = 0
y = 2
Suy ra =
( x;y ) 43 ; 23 ; ( 1; 2 ) .

( x;y ) 43 ; 23 ; ( 1; 2 ) .
x 3x2 + 6xy + y 3y2 + 6xy =

6

x + y + x2 + y2 =2 + 2xy
(1)
(2)
Phan tch li giai. D oa n ( x;y ) = (1;1) ne n ta s du ng a nh gia ba t a ng

th c qua ba t a ng th c c ba n Co si.
Li giai
ie u kien x 0,y 0 .
Khi o s du ng ba t ang th c co si cho ve tra i cu a (1) ta c
x 3x2 + 6xy + y 3y2 + 6xy 2 xy 3x2 + 6xy. 3y2 + 6xy .
= 2 3xy xy 5xy + 2 x2 + y2 2 3xy xy 5xy =

+ 2.2xy 6xy
Do o xy 1 .
Ma t kha c cu ng theo Co si ta co :
x 3x2 + 6xy + y 3y2 + 6xy
9x2 + 3x2 + 6xy 9y2 + 3y2 + 6xy

+
= 2 x2 + y2 + xy .
6
6
Do o x2 + y2 + xy 3 . Ma t kha c xy 1 x2 + y2 2 . Ne n t (2) suy ra

2 + 2xy x + y + 2 2 4 xy + 2 xy 4 xy xy 1 .
V vay xy = 1 ie u na y ke o theo ta t ca ca c da u a ng th c xa y ra x = y = 1
x 9y 5 + y 9x 5= 2x 2 + 2y 2
.
2
2
x 9x 5 + y 9y 5= 2x + 2y
Li giai
725
Nhan xet. a y la he o i x ng loai II phng pha p gia i dang he na y la tr
theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he .
5
5
ie u kien x ,y .
9
9
Khi o tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he ta c
x
) (
9x 5 9y 5 =
0 .
9y 5 9x 5 + y
(x y)
9y 5 9x 5 = 0
9(x y)
9y 5 + 9x 5
= 0 x= y .
Khi o thay vao phng trnh th nha t cua he ta c

2x 9x 5 = 4x 2 2x
9x 5 2x = 0 9x 5 = 2x (do x
9 5x = 4x2 ( x 1)( 4x + 9 ) = 0 x =1 y =1 .
5
).
9
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t x= y= 1 .
2 x + y 1= x 4 1 4 2x 1 + y 4 + 1

3x2 y2 2xy + 3x 3y =
0
(1)
(2)
Phan tch li giai. Nhan thay ne u x = y th (2) tho a ma n v va y (2) a

c ve da ng tch. Ta x ly (2) tr c.
Li giai
1
ie u kien x ,x + y 1 0 .
2
Vie t (2) di dang ( x y )( 3x + y + 3) =

0.
1
1
Do x ,x + y 1 3x + y + 3 = x + y + 2x + 3 1 + 2. + 3 > 0 do o y = x .
2
2
- Ne u y = x thay va o (1) ta c 2 2x 1=
2 2x 1 + 4 2x =
1 1 x4
)(
726
2x 1 + 1 .
2x 1 + 1 2 4 2x 1=
1 x4
2x 1 + 1 .
2 4 2x 1 1= x 4 x 4 + 1= 2 4 2x 1 .
a t
( x 1)
2x 1 =
y a ve he phng trnh:
2x 1 + x 4 + 1 .
4
2y
x 4 + 1 =
2y
x + 1 =
.
4
2
2
0
2x
( x y ) ( x + y ) x + y + 2 =
y + 1 =
x = y
x = y
.
3
2
0
0
( x 1) x + x + x 1 =
x 2x + 1 =
x= y= 1
1
2
3
x
y
1
17
3
33
=
=
3
3 17 + 3 33
1 2 k 1 2 k
i k
y ) (1;1) ;
+ ;
+ v=
( x;=
3 9k 3 3 9k 3
17 + 3 33 .
Li giai
ie u kien x
17
19
.
,y
4
9
x 17 4x 2 + y 19 9y 2 =
3
.
2x + 17 4x 2 + 3y + 19 9y 2 =
10
u2 17
2
u =2x + 17 4x 2
= x 17 4x
4
.
a t
2
v =3y + 19 9y 2
v 19
2
y 19 9y
=
6
Khi o he phng trnh a cho tr tha nh
2
u2 17 v2 19
36
2
+
=
3 3 u 17 + 2 (10 u ) 19 =
.
4
6
u + v =
v 10 u
10
=
5u2 40u + 75 =
u 5=
u 3
0=
.
=
v 10 u
=
v 5=
v 7
727
u = 5 2x + 17 4x 2 =
5 17 4x2 =
5 2x
- V i
.
v = 5 3y + 19 9y 2 =
19 9y 2 =
5
5 3y
1
x 5 / 2;y 5 / 3
x =2 x =
2
.
17 4x 2 =25 20x + 4x 2
y = 15 117
2
2
19 9y =25 30y + 9y
18
Suy ra ( x;y=
) =x 2; 15 18117 ; 21 ; 15 18117 .
2x + 17 4x 2 =
u = 3
3 17 4x 2 =
3 2x
.
- V i
2
v = 7 3y + 19 9y 2 =
7 19 9y =
7 3y
x 3 / 2;y 7 / 3
17 4x 2 =
9 12x + 4x 2 he na y vo nghie m.
2
2
19 9y =49 42y + 9y
( x;y=) =x 2; 15 18117 ; 21 ; 15 18117 .
2
x
( y + 2 ) ( x + 1)( y + 1)
x + x + 1 =
.
4x y + 1 + 8x
= 4x2 4x 3 x + 1
Li giai
ieu kien x > 1;y 1 khi o bien oi phng trnh th nhat cua he tr thanh:
x3 + x 2 + x
= ( y + 2)
x +1
3
x
x
=
+
x +1
x +1
( x + 1)( y + 1)
( y + 1)
x3 + x ( x + 1)
( x + 1)
x +1
= ( y + 2) y + 1 .
y + 1 + y + 1 (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 + t tre n ( ; + ) .
Ta co f '(t)
= 3t 2 + 1 > 0, t ( ; + ) do o f(t) la ham ong bien tren ( ; + ) .
728
x
V vay (1) f
= f
x +1
Thay
y +1 =
4x2
+ 8x =
x +1
x
x +1
y +1
4x2 4x 3
x +1
2x
2x
+ 2 = ( 2x 1)
x +1
y=
+1
trnh:
a t u =
2x
x +1
x
x +1
x +1
y +1 .
va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c

4x2
8x
+
= 4x2 4x 3 .
x +1
x +1
x +1
2x
+ 2 =2x + 1
x +1
+ 2 = 2x 1
2x
x +1
2x
x +1
2x + 3 = 0
+ 2x + 1 =0
(2)
x 0 do o (2) vo nghie m ne n ta ch can gia i phng
2x + 3 = 0 2x = ( 2x 3) x + 1
(3) .
x + 1 1 x = u2 1 va phng trnh (3) tr tha nh
) ( 2u 5) u 2u 2u 5u +=2
( u 2 ) ( 2u + 2u 1) = 0 u = 2 (do u 1 ).
2 u2 1=
0.
V vay
x +1 = 2 x = 3 y +1 =
3
5
y= .
2
4
5
4

x +3y + 2y2
( y +1)2
+ 4.2x + 2y =22x +3y + 4
2
, ( x,y ) .
2y 2 + 2y x + xy
2 2x 2y 3 =
2y 2 + 2y 3x + 2
Li giai
2x 2y 3 0
.
ie u kien 2
2y + 2y 3x + 2 0
Khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he c vie t la i d i da ng:
729
2x +3y = 24y + 2
x= y + 2
2
2x +3y 24y + 2 2x 22y =

0
.
2
2x = 22y2
x
2y
=
- V i x= y + 2 thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c

y = 1
. Suy ra ( x;y=
y2 5y 6 = 0
)
y = 6
(1; 1) ; ( 8;6 ) .
- V i x = 2y2 thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c
( 4y
+ 2y + 2
4y2 2y 3 = y + y3 .
3
3
4y 2 2y 3 + 4y2 2y 3 =
( y) + ( y ) (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 + t tre n ( ; + ) . Ta co ;
f '(t)
= 3t 2 + 1 > 0, t ( ; + ) ne n f(t) la ham ong bie n tren ( ; + ) .
Do o (1) f 4y2 2y 3 =
f( y) 4y 2 2y 3 =
y .
y 0
1 10
22 4 10
.
y
2
=
=
x
2
3
9
y
4y 2y 3 =
( x;y=) (1; 1); ( 8;6 ); 22 94 10 ; 1 3 10 .
x3 12x =y3 6y2 + 16

.
2
2
0
x + xy + y 4x 6y + 9 =
Li giai
3
( x + 2)
6 ( x + 2 ) =y3 6y2
(1) .
Vie t phng trnh th hai cu a he d i da ng x2 + x ( y 4 ) + y2 6y + 9 =

0 .
Coi ay la phng trnh bac hai v i an la x ta c
2
x = ( y 4 ) 4 y 2 6y + 9 0 3y 2 + 16y 20 0 2 y
Tng t vie t la i d i da ng y2 + ( x 6 ) y + x2 4x + 9 =
0 ta c
730
10
.
3
2
y = ( x 6 ) 4 x 2 4x + 9 0 3x2 + 4x 0 0 x
Suy ra 2 x + 2
4
3
10
.
3
10
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 6t 2 tre n 2; ta co :
3
10
f '(t)
= 3t 2 12t= 3t ( t 4 ) 0, t 2; .
3
10
Do o f(t) la ham nghch bie n tren 2; .
3
V vay (1) f(x + 2) = f(y) y = x + 2 .

2
x2 + x ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 2 ) 4x 6 ( x + 2 ) + 9 =
0 .
x = 1
.
3x2 4x + 1 = 0
x = 1
3
1 7
Suy ra ( x;y ) = (1;3) ; ; .
3 3
1 7
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;3) ; ; .
3 3
2 y3 x3 = 6x2 + 7x y + 3 (1)
.
9 2
2 3 y + 2 ( y +=
1)
x + 4 (2)
Li giai
3
Vie t la i (1) di dang 2y3 + y= 2 ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)
(3) .
Xe t ha m so f(t)
= 2 t 3 + t ta co f '(t)
= 6t 2 + 1 > 0, t nen la ha m o ng
bie n tre n ( ; + ) do o (3) f(y) = f(x + 1) y = x + 1 .

9x2 + 16
.
Thay vao (2) ta c: 2 2 x + 2 ( x + 2 ) =
2
9x2 +=
16 2 2 2 x + 2 ( x + 2 ) .
731
Bnh phng hai ve cua phng trnh ta c:
9x2 + 16
= 4 2x + 4 + 4 ( 2 x ) + 4 2 4 x2 .
9x2 + 8x 16 2 4 x2 32 =
0
0 (1)
2 2 4 x2 x 2 2 4 x2 + x + 8 =
Do x 2;2 nen 2 2 4 x2 + x + 8 > 0 do o phng trnh tng ng vi:

x 0
4 2
4 2
2 2 4 x2 x = 0
y=
+1.
2
2 x=
x
3
3
8 4 x =
4 2 4 2
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy =

nha t ( x;y )
+ 1 .
;
3
Nhan xet. e phan tch c (1) ta a

t t
=
2 4 x2 a phng trnh ve :
at 2 16t + 8x 32 + 9x2 2a 4 x 2 =
0.
at 2 16t + ( 9 + 2a ) x2 + 8x 8a 32 =
0
(2) trong o a la so thc tm sau.
Ta cho n a sao cho (2) co nghiem e p ba ng ca ch lay 't la so chnh phng.
Ta co : 't = 64 a ( 9 + 2a ) x 2 + 8x 8a 32 la so chnh phng tm c

a = 4 .
Khi o vie t la i phng trnh di dang:
2t = x
2
2
4t 2 16t + x 2 + 8x =
0 ( 2t + 4 ) =
( x + 4 ) 2t =x 8 .
o chnh la ca ch pha n tch tha nh nha n t trong phng trnh (1).

+ Ngoai ra ta co the bnh phng hai ve a ve phng trnh:
9x2 + 8x 32 0
16 8 2x = 9x + 8x 32
2
2
256 8 2x = 9x + 8x 32
) (
9x2 + 8x 32 0
4 2
4 2
x
y
2
=
=
+ 1.
2
3
3
0
9x 32 9x + 16x + 32 =
)(

732
2
2
x+2
2 x + y + 2 ( 5x 3y ) 4 ( xy 3) 3 y =
y 2 4 ( x + y ) + 17 x + 3 y =
2
(1)
(2)
Li giai
Nha n tha y phng trnh (2) co hai ca n th c ba c kha c nhau ne n ta kho ng the
x ly t phng trnh nay c va ta tap trung x ly (1) . ieu na y chu ng ta
ngh e n (1) phan tch c nha n t .
Vie t la i (1) di dang:
2 x2 + y2 + 2 ( 5x 3y ) 4 ( xy 3) 2 y =
2 x2 + ( 5 2y ) x + y2 5y + 6
2 x2 + y2
y x+2 .
yx2
.
=
x+2 + y
+ 2 ( 5x 3y ) 4 ( xy 3) + 2 y
2 ( x + 2 y )( x + 3 y )
2 x2 + y2
yx2
.
=
x+2 + y
+ 2 ( 5x 3y ) 4 ( xy 3) + 2 y
2(x + 3 y)
1
(x + 2 y)
+
0 .
=
x+2 + y
2 x2 + y2 + 2 ( 5x 3y ) 4 ( xy 3) + 2 y
2(x + 3 y)
1
x+2y=
0 , do
+
>0
x+2 + y
2 x2 + y2 + 2 ( 5x 3y ) 4 ( xy 3) + 2 y
( x + 2)
4 ( x + x + 2 ) + 17 = 3 x 2 4x + 13 = 3 .
x2 4x + 4 = 0 x = 2 y = 4 .

x y x2 y2
=2
1 x2 + y2

y x x2 y2 7
=
4
1 x2 + y2
(1)
.
(2)
Li giai
733
ie u kien 0 x2 y2 < 1 .
x + y x + y x2 y2
( )
15
4
1 x2 + y2
.
La y (1) + (2) va (1) (2) theo ve ta c:
x y + ( x y ) x2 y2 1
=
2
2
4
+
1
x
y
Tie p e n nha n theo ve hai phng trnh cua he tre n ta c:
(x
)(
y2 1 x2 + y2
1 x2 + y2
) = 15 x
6
y2 =
15
.
6
Thay ng c la i he phng trnh ban a u ta c:
15
x y
16 = 2
4x y 15 =
32 + 7 15
x =
16
.
7
4y
x
15
=
15
y= 7 + 2 15
y x 16 7
=
4
1
16
32 + 7 15
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy

nha t ( x;y )
=
;7 + 2 15 .
x + y2 y x + 3y2 =
0

2
2
2y2 3y x + 1 + x + y + 1 =
0
21
Li giai
ie u kien x + 3y2 0 .
Vie t la i (1) di dang x + 3y2 y x + 3y2 2y 2 =
0 .
x + 3y2 =
y
2
2
.
x + 3y + y x + 3y 2y =
0
+
=
x
3y
2y
734
(1)
(2)
- Ne u
y 0
x + 3y2 = y
thay va o (2) ta c
2
x = 2y
4y 4 + y 2 + 1
=
0 (vo nghiem do 4y2 3y + 1 > 0 ).
21
4y2 3y + 1 +
- Ne u
y 0
x + 3y2 =2y
thay va o (2) ta c:
2
x = y
y 4 + y2 + 1
=
0 .
21
y 2 3y + 1 +
) (
(y
2 y y +1 y + y +1 +
2.
y2 y + 1
y2 + y + 1
a t u
=
y2 y + 1
21 y 2 + y + 1
)(
0 (3) .
1 =
> 0 khi o (3) tr tha nh
42u2 + u 1 = 0 ( 7u 1)( 6u + 1) = 0 u =
V vay
) =0 .
+ y + 1 y2 y + 1
21
21 y2 + y + 1
y2 y + 1
1
(do u > 0 ).
7
1
y=
1
2
= 28y 70y + 28 =0
2 .
7
21 y 2 + y + 1
y = 2
y2 y + 1
1 1
Suy ra ( x;y ) = ; ; ( 4;2 ) .
4 2
1 1
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ; ; ( 4;2 ) .
4 2
x3 + y3 + 3 ( y 1)( x y ) =
2
2
(x y) .
x +1 + y +1 =
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 1 .
735
x3 + y3 + 3xy 3y2 3x + 3y 2 =
0
( x + y 2 ) x 2 xy + y 2 + 2x y + 1 =
0.
y= 2 x
2
2
0
x xy + y + 2x y + 1 =
(1)
e y phng trnh (1) vie t la i:

2
y2 y ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) =
0 y =+
3 ( x + 1) 0 .
( x 1) 4 ( x + 1) =
Suy ra x + 1 =0 x =1 y =0 .
Th lai tha y kho ng tho a ma n.
Xe t y= 2 x thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
( x 1)
x +1 + =
3x
( x 1)
4 + 2 x + 2x
=
+3
4 + 2 4 ( x 1)
x 1 2
)
(
. a t t=
=
4
4 ( x 1) , ( 0 t 2 )
Phng trnh tr thanh:
(4 t )
2
4=
+ 2t
t t 3 8t=
8 0
)(
t ( t + 2 ) t 1 + 5 t 1 5 = 0
t = 0 .
0 t 2
x = 3
x = 3,y = 1
2
.
4 ( x 1) =0
1 x =
1,y =
3
x =
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) =( 3; 1) ; ( 1;3) .
x2 2y
x2 2y 2y x2 + 2
=
5 + 16
.7
5 + 16.4
Bai 31. Gii h phng trnh

.
x3 + 17x + 10y + 17= 2 x 2 + 4 4y + 11
Li giai
iu kin: 4y + 11 0 .
Phng trnh th nht ca h tng
ng vi:
736
5 + 4.4x
7
2 2y +1
x2 2y +1
t
5 + 4.4
2 x2 2y 1
2 x2 2y 1
(1) .
1
4
Xt hm s
f(t) 5. + 4. l hm nghch bin trn .
=
7

7
) (
Do
o : (1) f x2 2y +=
1 f 2x 2 4y 1
x2 2y + 1= 2x 2 4y 1 2y = x 2 2 .
Thay 2y
= x 2 2 va o phng trnh th hai ca h ta c:
x3 + 5x2 + 17x +=
7 2 x2 + 4
2x2 + 7 .
3
3
2
( x + 2 ) + ( x + 2 ) + x=
+ 2 2x 2 + 7 + 2x 2 + 7 + 2x 2 + 7 .
2
x +=
1
x = 1,y =
x = 1
2
2
.
2x + 7
7
x 3,y
x = 3 =
=
Vy h phng trnh c hai nghim l ( x;y=

) 1; 21 ; 3; 27 .
Nhn xt. Nu thy kh phn tch c hm s nh trn thng thng t
2x2 + 7 =
t a v h phng trnh:
2x2 + 7 =
t
3
2
x + 5x + 17x + 7 =
2x2 + 7 =
t2
.
3
2
3
t2 + 1 t
x
5x
17x
7
t
t
+
+
+
=
+
Cng theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta

c:
3
x3 + 7x2 + 17x + 14 = t 3 + t 2 + t ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 2 ) + x + 2 = t 3 + t 2 + t .
Ta c kt qu nh li gii trn.
3
2
=
1
x +1 x + y
.
1
1
+
=
2
y 1 x + y
737
Li giai
ie u kien: x > 1,y > 1,x + y 0 .
a t u = x + 1,v = y 1, ( u,v > 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
3
2
3 2
1
=
5
u 2
u + v =
2
u +v
.
1
1
1
1 +
+
=
2
=
2
v u2 + v2
v u2 + v2
2u
v = 5u 3
2u
v =
1
1 +
5u 3
=
2
2
2
2u
0
5u 12u + 3 =
5u 3 u2 + 2u
5u 3
6 + 21
u =
u,v > 0
5

1 + 21
v = 10
6 + 21
32 + 12 21
=
=
x +1
x
5
25
.
1 + 21
61 + 21
=
=
y 1
y
10
50
32 + 12 21 61 + 21
;
.
25
50
( x y + 2 ) x + 1 = y

.
x + 1 4 1 x = 3y 2 + 2 1 x
Li giai
ie u kien: 1 x 1,y 0 .
Xe t x 1 khi o png trnh th nha t cu a he tng ng v i:
( x y + 2)
x +1 x +1 =
( x y + 1) x + 1 =
y x +1 .
y x 1
y + x +1
1
= 0 y = x +1.
(x + 1 y) x + 1 +
y
+
x
+
1
738
x + 1 4 1 x = 3x + 1 + 2 1 x .
Mo t phng trnh vo ty co ch a hai ca n th c ta thng l a cho n phe p a t hai

a n phu a ve tch.
u = x + 1
u2 + v2 = 2
a t
.
, ( u,v 0 )
2
2
2x
v
1 x
u v =
=
Ta co he phng trnh:
u2 + v2 2
u2 + v2 2
=
=
3 2
3
2
v)
u v + 1 + 2v
v)
2u2 2 + 1 + 2v
u ( 4 =
u ( 4 =
2
2
3u2 + 4u + 2
2
2
2
u +v =
2
u +
2
=
u2 + v2 =
2
u+2
3u2 + 4u + 2 v = 3u + 4u + 2
v ( u + 2 ) =
3u2 + 4u + 2
u+2
v =
u+2

=
= 1
u 1,v
u,v 0

2
2
=
,v 2
u =

5
5
x +1 =
1
1 x =
1
x = 0 y = 1
2
3
2.
x +1 =
x =
,y =
5
5
5
2
1 x =
2
5

( x;y )
Nhan xet. Phng trnh
( 0;1); 35 ; 25 .
x + 1 4 1 x = 3x + 1 + 2 1 x ta co the bie n
o i a ve tch nh sau: 2 x + 1 1 x
)(
x +1 + 1 x 2 =
0.
2
8
2
=
10
3x 4xy + 12y +
2
Bai 34. Gii h phng trnh
.
x
2y
(
)
2
2
2x 16y + 4xy =x + 2y 2
Li giai
iu kin: x 2y 0 .
739
H phng trnh tng ng vi:
2
2
8
=
10
2 ( x 2y ) + ( x + 2y ) +
2
( x 2y )
.
2
( x 2y ) 2
3 ( x 2y )( x + 2y ) ( x 2y ) =
2

2
2 x 2y 2 + ( x + 2y ) + 2
x 2y
.

1
3 ( x + 2y ) x 2y x 2y =
a t u =x 2y
2
,v =x + 2y he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x 2y
17
12
,v =
u=
2u2 + v2 =
2
.
19
19
3v u =1
= 0
u 1,v
=
2
17
x = 1,y = 2
=
x 2y
x 2y
19

1
1
x =
,y =
12
2
4
x + 2y =
.

19
41 + 3 353
3 353 7
,y =
2
x =
=
1
76
152
x 2y
x 2y
41 + 3 353
3 353 + 7
x + 2y =
,y =
0
x =
76
152
3 353 3
;
( x;y ) =1; 21 ; 21 ; 14 ; 41 + 76
41 + 3 353 3 353 + 7
;
;
76
152
353 7
152
2
x2 + y=
+ 4 2 x xy + y y + x

.
x + y =
3
xy
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 0 .
740
u4 + v4 +=
4 2 u3 v + v3 + u
u + v + uv =
3
3 u
v = u + 1
4
3 u 3 u 3
.
u
3
u4 + 3 =
+
+4 2 u .
+ u
u +1 u +1
u +1
3 u
v =
u +1
.
( u 1)2 u6 + 8u5 + 21u4 + 24u3 + 11u2 32u + 31 =

0
x = 1 x 1
u 1=
=
u,v 0
.

=
v 1=
y = 1 y 1

2x2 + 5y2 4xy 6x 6y + 9 =
0
3
.
x 1)
(
xy + 2x = ( y + 3)
y+2
Li giai
3
( x 1)
ie u kien:
y+2
0,y 2 .
Khi nhn va o phng trnh th hai cu a he mang dang da p ham so neu ta vie t
3
c d i da ng:
( y + 2)
y+3
( x 1)
x
. Tuy nhie n v i ie u kien cu a he tre n
cha cho phe p ta co bie n o i o . Do va y ca n tm ie u kie n cua hai a n x,y t

phng trnh a u cu a he .
2x2 2x ( 2y + 3) + 5y2 6y + 9 =
0 'x =
2
2
0 ' =
5y 2y ( 2x + 3) + 2x 6x + 9 =
y
( 2y + 3)
( 2x + 3)
(
5 ( 2x
)
6x + 9 ) 0
2 5y2 6y + 9 0
2
741
4 10
4 + 10
6y 2 24y + 9 0
y
.
2
2
2
6x 42x + 36 0
1 x 6
Do o phng trnh th hai cu a he tng ng v i:

x ( y + 2 ) = ( y + 3)
( x 1)
y+2
( y + 2)
y+3
( x 1)
x
y+3= x y = x3.

2
2x2 + 5 ( x 3) 4x ( x 3) 6x 6 ( x 3) + 9 =
0.
x 4 =
x 4,y
=
= 1
.
3x2 30x + 72 =0
=
= 3
x 6 =
x 6,y
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = ( 4;1) ; ( 6;3) .

2 2
1 3 y2 + 9 + 3y
xy x + 1 +=
.
3x 1 x 2 y + xy 5 4x3 + 3x3 y 7x =
0
)
(
Li giai
3 9
3
3
+ 1 + 1 x = y = .
x x2 + 1 + 1 =
2
y
y
x
Thay y =
3
x
( 3x 1) 3x 2 4x3 + 9x2 7x =0 .
( 3x 1) ( 3x 2 x )= 4x3 12x 2 + 8x .
3x 1
x 2 3x2 + 2 x +
0
=
3x 2 + x
=
x 1,y
= 3
x = 1
x 2 3x + 2 = 0
3.
x 2,y
=
x = 2 =
2
3
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la ( x;y ) = (1;3) ; 2; .
2
742
x2 + y2 y= ( 2x + 1)( y 1)

.
5
3x 8 y =
x + y 12
Li giai
x y +1 2 =
y= x + 1
(
) 0
x 3,y
=
= 4
5
5
=
= 9
x 8,y
3x 8 y =
3x 8 x + 1 =
2x 11
x + y 12
Nhan xet. e giai phng trnh
5
ta thc hien nh sau:
3x 8 x + 1 =
2x 11
2x 9
5
=
3x 8 + x=
+1
3x 8 + x + 1 2x 11
3x 8
3x 4
x+7
+=
x +1
5
5
( 2x 9 )( 2x 11) .
5
( 2x 9 )( 2x 11) 4x + 3 .
5
9x2 24x + 16
x2 + 14x + 49
x +1
4x2 11x + 96
25
25
.
+
=
3x 4
x+7
5
3x 8 +
x +1 +
5
5
3x 8
4 9
1
1
1
x2 11x + 24 + .
+ .
0.
=
5 25 3x 8 + 3x 4 25 x + 1 + x + 7
5
5
x = 3
.
x2 11x + 24 =0
x = 8
x3 + xy 2 12x y= 4x 2 + 6y 2 + 7
.
3
2
y + x y x + 2y =1 2xy
Li giai
Nham c nghie m e p x =
1,y =
0 ne n ta a t an phu x =u 1,v =y he
(
(
u u2 + v2 =+
( u 7 ) u2 + v2 =+
u v + 7 u2 + v2
u v
v u2 + v2 + 1 = u
v u2 + v2 = u v
743
u = 0
x = 1
Tr ng hp u2 + v2 =0
.
=
v 0=
y 0
Ta xe t u2 + v2 > 0 .
u+v
(1)
u 7 =2
u + v2
.
u
v
v=
(2)
u2 + v2
u vi + v + ui
La y (1) + i.(2) theo ve ta c: u + vi 7 =
.
u2 + v2
u + vi 7
=
u vi + v + ui
=
u2 + v2
1 i
+ z2 7z i 1 = 0 .
z z
Phng trnh so ph c cuo i th c hie n n gia n.
a t z= u + vi phng trnh tr thanh: z 7 =
He phng trnh co hai nghiem ba nghie m la
( x;y ) = ( 1;0 ); 10
106 + 10 113 53 5 113 53 + 5 113

;
.
4
8
2
10 + 106 + 10 113 53 + 5 113 53 + 5 113
.
;
.
4
8
2
Nhan xet. Nh va y he phng trnh ca n thong qua phe p a t a n phu ta mi

a c ve he co da u hie u s dung so ph c. Xua t pha t t ca c he phng
trnh quen thuoc ta oi an i co nhng he phng trnh hay va kho hn rat nhieu.
(
(
)
)
( 6 x ) x2 + y2 =6x + 8y
.
V i he phng trnh gia i ba ng so ph c ban au
( 3 y ) x 2 + y2 =8x 6y
Thay x b i x + 1 va thay y b i y 1 a ve he kho hn nh sau:
(
(
)
)
x3 + y2 2y 2 x + 18y = 3x2 + 5y2 + 12

.
3
2
2
2
y + x + 2x + 4 y = 4x + 6y 6
a p s: ( x;y ) =
744
( 1;1) ; (1;2 ); ( 3;3) .
9
1
32 y 4 x 4
2 =
2
y
, ( x,y ) .
4
4
3x =
y 2 x y
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
2 x4
2 x4
2
4
4
+ 32x 4 y 4 x 4
9x =
9x
=
+
32x
y
2
2
y
y
.
2
y + 2 x4 y4
y2 + 4 x 4 y 4 + 4 x 4 y 4 y
3x =
9x =
x4
4
4
4
y2 + 4 x 4 y 4
2 + 32x y x =
y
y 2 x4 y4
3x =
(
(
)
)
+ 4 x4 y4 y
4
4
4 2
4
4
2
4
4
x y + 32x y y x 4y x y
3x =
y 2 x4 y4
4y3 x 4 y 4 =
0
.
)(
(
) )
(
)
0
( x y ) ( 2y 1) 36x y =
3x =
y 2(x y )
x y 2y 1 6x y 2y 1 + 6x y =0
)(
)(
) .
(
y 2(x y )
3x =
x 4 y 4 1 32x 4 y 2 4y 2 x 4 y 4 4y3 =
0
3x =
y 2 x4 y4
4 2
x 4 y 4 =
x = 0
0
TH1: Ne u x 4 y 4 =0
(loa i).
0
3x y =
y = 0
2y3 1 + 6x 2 y =0
TH2: Ne u 2y 1 + 6x y = 0
y 2 x4 y4
3x =
3
)
745
2y3 1 6x 2 y =0
2y3 1 + 6x 2 y =0
2 2
3x y 2y3 + 6x2 y =2 x 4 y 4
2x 4
3x 6x y =
) (
2y3 1 + 6x 2 y =0
3
2
1
2y + 6x y =
x0
.
2
3
3
2
=
x
3
6xy
2x
0
+
=
2x
6xy
3
2 +1
2 x + y 3 =
=
x
3
4
)
(
x + y =
2
2 .
3
3
=
x
y
1
2 1
2
2 ( x y ) =
y = 2
2y3 1 6x 2 y =0
TH3: Ne u 2y3 1 6x2 y = 0

3x =
y 2 x4 y4
2y3 1 6x 2 y =0
2y3 1 6x 2 y =0
3
2
4
4
2 2
2x 4
3x + 6x y =
3x y 2y 6x y =2 x y
) (
2y3 1 6x 2 y =0
3
2
1
2y 6x y =
x0
.
2
3
3
2
0
3
x 3 + 6xy 2x =
2x 6xy =
e gia i he phng trnh na y ta s du ng ky thua t phc ho a.
3 1
Ta co : x3 3xy2 + 3x2 y y3 i = i .
2 2
a t z =x + yi z3 =
3
1
10
=
i
10
10
Ta co
: 3i
=
v i cos =
Suy=
ra z3
Do o x
=
746
3i
.
2
3
10
,sin =

, ;0 .
10
2
5
( cos + isin =
)z
2
5
2
+ k2
3
10 ( cos + isin ) .
6=
cos
,y
5
2
5
+ k2
+ k2
+ isin
=
cos
,k 0,1,2
2
3
3
+ k2
3
6=
sin
,k
0,1,2 .
( x;y )
3 2 +1 3 2 1 5
+ k2
+ k2 6 5
;
;sin
,k 0,1,2 .
=
; 6 cos
2
2 2
3
3
2
v i cos =
3
10
,sin =

, ;0 .
10
2
Nhan xet. a y la mot bai toa n hay va kho o i ho i ho c sinh ky na ng bie n o i

to t. Ne u e ba i ch ye u cau tm nghie m dng cua he phng trnh th ke t
qua se ep ma t hn. Tuy nhie n e ba i to i a ra muon nhan ma nh ca c em
e n ng du ng cu a so ph c trong gia i he phng trnh.
x + 2y + 2 4x + y =
1
, ( x,y ) .
46 16y ( x + y ) 6y + 4 4x + y =8 4y
Li giai
4x + y 0
.
ie u kien:
46 16y ( x + y ) 6y 0
T phng trnh a u cua he ta c: 2 4x + y =1 x 2y . Thay va o phng

46 16y ( x + y ) 6y + 2 (1 x 2y ) = 8 4y .
46 16y ( x + y ) 6y =6 + 2x .
2x + 6 0
.
2
46 16y ( x + y ) 6y = 4x + 24x + 36
x 3
2
.
2
0
4x + 16xy + 16y + 24x + 6y 10 =
Ke t h p v i phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:
x + 2y + 2 4x + y =
1
2
2
0
4x + 16xy + 16y + 24x + 6y 10 =
x + 2y + 2 4x + y =
1
2
0
4 ( x + 2y ) + 6 ( 4x + y ) 10 =
747
u= x + 2y
a t
, ( v 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
=
4x + y
v
u= 1 2v
1
u + 2v =
.
2
2
2
0
0
4 (1 2v ) + 6v 10 =
4u + 6v 10 =
u = 1
v = 1
u= 1 2v
u = 1
2
u = 17
(v n v 0 ).
=
v
1
0
11
11v 8v 3 =
3
v =
11
3
x=
x + 2y =
1
x + 2y =
1
7 (tho a ma n ie u kien).
V vay
4x
+
y
=
1
4x
+
y
=
1
y = 5

=
) 37 ; 57 .
1
2
3
2x + y + = 3 x + x + 3 ( y + 1)
, ( x,y ) .
3
2
x y + 2 + 1 = 9(x y) + 7x 7y
Li giai
ie u kien: x y 0 .
Nhan xet. T phng trnh th hai cu a he la phng trnh vo ty o i v i x y
ne n th c hie n tm x y t phng trnh th hai cu a he
x y, ( t 0 ) phng trnh th hai cu a he tr tha nh:
a t t =
t + 2 + 1= 9t 2 + 7t t + 2 7t + 1 9t 2 =
0
2
+ 1 + 3t =
0.
+ (1 3t)(1 + 3t) =
0 (1 3t)
t + 2 + 7t
t + 2 + 7t
2(1 3t)
1
3t =1 x y = (do
3
2
t + 2 + 7t
+ 1 + 3t > 0,t 0 ).
1
Thay y= x va o phng trnh trnh th nhat cu a he ta c:
3
748
3x2 =
x3 + 4x + 2 ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) = x3 + 4x + 2 + x3 + 4x + 2 (1) .
3
Xe t ha m so f(a)
= a3 + a ta co f '(a)
= 3a2 + 1 > 0, a .
V vay f(a) la ham o ng bie n. Do o
3
(1) f(x + 1) =
f ( x3 + 4x + 2) x +=
1
x3 + 4 x + 2 .
1 + 13
1 13
1 + 13
,y =
x =
x =
6
6
6 .
3x2 x 1 = 0
1 13
1 + 13
1 + 13
,y
=
=
x
x =
6
6
6
=
( x;y ) 1 6 13 ; 1 + 6 13 ; 1 + 6 13 ; 1 +6 13 .
26
3
2 161 2
y xy
( x + y ) 7xy + 2 = x +
6
3
2 , ( x,y ) .
x 7xy + 2 = x 2 + 25y 2 10xy 1
Li giai
ie u kien: 7xy + 2 0 .
6 ( x + y ) 7xy + 2= 6x 2 + 161y 2 52xy 9
2 6 x 2 + 25y 2 10xy 1
6x 7xy + =
x 7xy + 2 = x 2 + 25y 2 10xy 1

.
2
6y 7xy + 2= 11y + 8xy 3
( x + 6y )
7xy + 2 = x 2 + 36y 2 2xy 4 .

2
( x + 6y ) ( x + 6y ) 7xy + 2 2 ( 7xy + 2 ) .
x + 6y
= 2 7xy + 2
.
x + 6y 2 7xy + 2 x + 6y + 7xy + 2 =0
x + 6y =
7xy + 2
)(
749
TH1: Ne u
7xy =
+2
x + 6y
x + 6y 0 he phng trnh tr thanh:
2
x + 6y
x2 + 25y2 10xy 1
x. 2 =
x2 + 6xy = 2x 2 + 50y 2 20xy 2
2
2
3xy + 18y = 11y + 8xy 3
6y. x + 6y = 11y 2 + 8xy 3
) (
3 x 2 + 50y 2 26xy = 2 7y 2 5xy

x2 + 50y2 26xy =
2
2
3
7y 5xy =
7y2 5xy =
3
2
2
0
0
3x + 164y 88xy =
( x 2y )( 3x 82y ) =
.
2
3
3
7y 5xy =
7y2 5xy =
x =
2,y =
1
=
= 1
x 2,y
x = 2y
82
3
,y =
.
3x = 82y
x =
389
389
2
3
7y 5xy =
82
3
,y
=
x =
389
389
82
3
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 2;1) ;
;
.
389 389
TH2: Ne u
7xy + 2 = ( x + 6y ) x + 6y 0 he phng trnh tr thanh:
x ( x + 6y ) =x2 + 25y2 10xy 1
2
6y ( x + 6y ) = 11y + 8xy 3
2
2
2
2x 2 + 25y 2 4xy =
1 3 2x + 25y 4xy = 47y + 14xy
.
2
3
47y 2 + 14xy =
47y + 14xy =
3
( x 2y )( 6x 14y ) =
6x2 + 28y2 26xy =
0
0
.
2
3
3
47y + 14xy =
47y2 + 14xy =
750
2
1
,y =
x =
5
5
2
1
x = 2y
x =
,y
=
5
5
.
3x = 7y
7
3
x =
,y =
2
3
47y + 14xy =
239
239
7
3
x =
,y
=
239
239
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem
( x;y ) = 25 ; 15 ; 7 ; 3 .
239
239
( x;y=) ( 2;1); 25 ; 15 ;
239
Cach 2: Vie t la i he phng trnh d i da ng
82
3
;
;
.
239 389 389
3
6 ( x + y ) 7xy + 2= 6x 2 + 161y 2 52xy 9 (1)
6x 7xy + =
2 6 x 2 + 25y 2 10xy 1 (2)
La y 2.(1) 3.(2) theo ve ta c:
x = 2y
.
3 ( x 2y ) 7xy + 2 = ( x 2y )( 3x 32y )
3 7xy + 2 = 3x 32y
Xe t tr ng h p va ta co ke t qua nh l i gia i 1.
Sau ay la mot so bai toan tng t danh cho ban oc ren luyen
( 6 6x y ) xy =
5 18x 2 21xy + 24x 11y + 5y 2 2 (1)
, ( x,y )
2y2 + 2y + 6xy + 2 (2)

( 3x + y ) xy 5 =
Hng dan giai bai toan 1:
2x + y + 2 =
0
.
3 ( 2x + y + 2 ) xy =
5 3 ( 2x + y + 2 )( 3x y + 1)
xy 5 = 3x y + 1
TH1: Ne u 2x + y + 2 =0 y =2x 2
xy 5 =x ( 2x 2 ) 5 =2x 2 2x 5 < 0 he phng trnh vo nghiem.
751
TH2: Ne u
xy 5 = 3x y + 1 thay va o (2) ta c:
( 3x + y )( 3x y + 1) =2y2 + 2y + 6xy + 2 .
=
y 3x 1
.
( 3x y 1)( 3x y + 2 ) = 0
y 3x + 2
=
+ V i =
y 3x 1 thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c
( 6x 1) x ( 3x 1) 5 =2 ( 3x 1)
+ 2 ( 3x 1) + 6x ( 3x 1) + 2 .
( 6x 1) 3x2 x =
5 2 ( 6x 1) .
( 6x 1) 3x 2 x 5 2 =
0.
1
x =
6
1
=
x
x =
3x2 x 5 =
2
1+
=
x
1
1
x = ,y =
6
2
109
1 109
1 + 109
.
x =
,y =
6
6
2
1 + 109
109
1 + 109
=
,y
x =
6
6
2
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem
=
( x;y ) 1 6109 ; 1 + 2109 ; 1 + 6109 ; 1 + 2 109 .
+ V i =
y 3x + 2 thay va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c
2 ( 3x + 2 )
( 6x + 2 ) x ( 3x + 2 ) 5 =
+ 2 ( 3x + 2 ) + 6x ( 3x + 2 ) + 2 .
( 3x + 1) 3x2 + 2x 5 =2 ( 3x + 1) .
1
( 3x + 1) 3x 2 + 2x 5 + 2 =0 x = ,y =
1.
3
o i chie u v i ieu kie n kho ng thoa ma n.
=
( x;y ) 1 6109 ; 1 + 2109 ; 1 + 6109 ; 1 + 2 109 .
3x2 y2 + ln 1 x 2 3ln 1 y 2 =
0

, ( x,y ) .
y + 1 + x 2 =
1
x + 1 + y 2
752
Li giai
1 x 2 > 0
1 < x < 1
.
ie u kien :
2
1 < y < 1
1 y > 0
Nhan xet. Nhn va o hai phng trnh vie c tm ra moi ra ng buo c gi a hai bie n
t phng trnh th hai cua he kha thi.
u2 1
x =
2u
2
u2 1 u2 + 1
=
x +1 = u
u =x + 1 + x 2
2u
2u .
a t
, ( u,v > 0 )
2
2
v 1
v =y + 1 + y
y = 2v
v2 + 1
2
y
1
+
=
2v
Khi o phng trnh th hai cu a he tr thanh :

uv = 1
u2 + 1 v2 1 v2 + 1 u2 1
.
+
+
1
=
2
2
2v
2v
2u
0
2u
uv ( u + v ) + ( u v ) =
2
Nhng do uv ( u + v ) + ( u v ) > 0, u,v > 0 nea n uv = 1 .

2
Va y ta co x + 1 + x 2
1 x + 1 + x2 =
y + 1 + y 2 (1) .
y + 1 + y =
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t + t 2 + 1 ta co
t +t
t
t2 + 1 + t
t2 + t
f '(t) =
1+
=
>
= 0.
t2 + 1
t2 + 1
t2 + 1
t2 + 1
Do o f(t) o ng bie n tre n (1) f(x) =

f(y) x =
y .
3x2 x2 + ln 1 x 2 3ln 1 x 2 =
0
x 2 ln 1 x 2 =
0 (2) .
Nhan thay x la nghiem cua phng trnh th x cung la nghiem cua phng trnh.
Va y ta ch ca n xe t v i x 0 .
Xe t ha m so g(x) =x 2 ln 1 x 2 v i x 0;1) ta co .
g'(x)= 2x +
2x
1 x2
0, x 0;1) .
753
Do o g(x) o ng bien va g(0) = 0 ne n phng trnh (2) co nghie m duy nha t:
x = 0 tre n 0;1) .
Do o tre n ca khoa ng ( 1;1) phng trnh ch co nghie m duy nhat:

x=0y =0.

x2 4x =
5 4y y 1 2 x y
, ( x,y ) .
2
4y
2
x 4x ( y + 1) + 4y + 4y 5 =
3
y xy
Li giai
x y
.
ie u kien:
y x y 0
x2 4x =
5 4y y 1 2 x y
.
2
4y
2
x 4x 5 + 4y + 4y 4xy =
3
y xy
2
2
5
x 4 y x y =
4y
2
4y y 1 2 x y + 4y + 4y 4xy =
3
y xy
) (
2
2
5
x 4 y x y =
4y
4y y 1 2 x y + y + 1 x =
3
y xy
2
2
5
x 4 y x y =
.
4y = 0
3 y x y x 2y + 2 x y =
1
754
2
x 4 y x y
+ TH1: Ne u y= 0
y = 0
5
=
x = 1
x2 4x 5 =
0
y = 0
ch nha n nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 5;0 ) .

x = 5
y = 0
y = 0
+ TH2: Ne u
y x y x 2y + 2 x y =
1
2
2
5
x 4 y x y =
y x y x 2y + 2 x y
)(
=
1
u2 v2 =
5
a t u =x,v =2y 2 x y he phng trnh tr tha nh:

(1) .
3
2
v ( u v ) =
3
Suy ra v ( u v=
)
2 2
u v2
25
2
2
( u v ) 25v ( u v ) 2 ( u + v )=
0 .
u = 9v
2
.
25v ( u v ) 2 ( u + v ) =
0 (do u v ).
2u = 3v
1
9
+ Ne u u = 9v thay va o (1) ta c: 80v2 =
5 v=
u=
.
4
4
+ Ne u 2u = 3v thay va o (1) ta c: u2 =9 u =3 v =2 .
=
u 3=
x 3
x 3=
x 3
V i
.
v 2=
y 2
2y 2 x y = 2
y 1= 3 y
x =
3
3
u = 3 x =
(vo nghiem).
V i
2y 2 x y =2
y + 1 = 3 y
v = 2
=
u
V i
v
=
9
9
9
9
=
x =
x =
x
4
4
4
4
.
1
1
1
9
2 83 3
2y 2 =
xy
y
2y = 2
y=
4
4
4
4
8
755
9
9
x =
u =
x =
4
4
4
V i
(vo nghiem).
1
1
1
9
v =
2y 2 x y =
2y + = 2 y
4
4
4
4
Va y he phng trnh a cho co 3 nghie m la :
( x;y ) = ( 5;0 ); ( 3;2 ); 94 ; 2
83 3
.
x2 + y2 + 2xy 2x + y 9 =
0
, ( x,y ) .
2
2x + 8 + 2x + 1 = 4y 3y + 2y 1
Li giai
1
1
ie u kien: x ,y .
2
2
x2 + y2 + 2xy 2x + y 9 =
0
.
2
0
2x + 1 2y 1 + 2x + 8 4y + 3y =

2x + 1 2y 1 + x 2 3y2 + 2xy + 4y 1 =
0.
1
1
Nha n thay x =
,y =
2
2
1
1
Xet x ,y thc hien nhan lien hp a phng trnh ve dang tng ng
2
2
2 ( x y + 1)
2x + 1 + 2y 1
+ ( x y + 1)( x + 3y 1) =
0.
2
( x y + 1)
+ x + 3y 1 =
0 (1) .
2x + 1 + 2y 1
1
1
Do x ,y ne n:
2
2
2
2
> 0;x + 3y 1 0
+ x + 3y 1 > 0 .
2x + 1 + 2y 1
2x + 1 + 2y 1
Do o (1) x y + 1 = 0 y = x + 1 .
756
2
x2 + ( x + 1) + 2x ( x + 1) 2x + ( x + 1) 9 =
0.
=
=
x 1
x 1,y
= 2
4x + 3x 7 = 0
7
7
3 (ch nghiem (1;2 ) tho a
x =
x=
,y =
4
4
4
ma n ieu kie n).

2
Nhan xet. C s cua l i gia i ba i toa n d a va o ky thua t he so ba t nh nh

sau(Xem the m Cuon Nh ng ie u ca n bie t LTH Ky thua t gia i nhanh He
phng trnh cu a cung tac gia ).
=
B
A = x2 + y2 + 2xy 2x + y 9 = 0 (1)
= 0 (2)
2x + 1 2y 1 + 2x + 8 4y2 + 3y
Nhan xet. D oa n
2x + 1 = 2y 1 y = x + 1 khi o
A = x2 + x + 1 2 + 2x x + 1 2x + x + 1 9 = 4x2 + 3x 7
( )
( )
( )
2
B =2x + 8 4 ( x + 1) + 3 ( x + 1) =4x2 3x + 7
A
He so ba t nh k =
=
1 t c la ta th c hie n phe p toan lay (1) + (2) theo ve
B
nh l i gia i tre n.
x3 + 3x2 y 2 y 4 + y2 2y 1 =
0
, ( x,y ) .
2x 2 + 2y 2 + 4x y 2 x 2 3x + 6 =
0
Li giai
1
.
2
ie u kien: 2 x 2,y
x
x
2 ( y + 1) 2y 1 .
+ 3 =
y
y
x
x
+ 3 =
y
y
2y 1
+ 3 2y 1 (1) .
Co da ng ham a c trng tuy nhie n e ch x ly c khi:

757
2
x
x x
3 + 6= 3 . + 2 0 .
y
y y
y
V vay ta ca n s du ng phng trnh th hai cua he e tm ieu kie n cua

T phng trnh th hai cua he ta co
2x2 + 2y2 + 4x y =
2 x + 2 3x + 6 =
1( 2 x ) +
2
9 ( 3x + 6 ) .
3

1+ 2 x 3 x
=
2
2
.
9 + 3x + 6 3x + 15
=
9 ( 3x + 6 )
2
2
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi x = 1 .
1( 2 x )
3 x 3x + 15 x + 13
.
+
=
2
3
2
Suy ra 2x2 + 2y2 + 4x y
4x2 + 4y 2 + 7x 2y 13 0 .
4y2 2y 2 4x 2 7x + 11 .
2 ( y 1)( 2y + 1) ( x 1)( 4x + 11) (2) .
+ Ne u y > 1 (2) x < 1 . Ma t kha c t (1) ta co

3
x
x
+ 3 =
y
y
2y 1
+ 3 2y 1 >13 + 3 1= 4 .
x x
x
1 + 2 > 0 > 1 x > y (vo ly).
y
y y
x x
Va y y 1 1 + 2 0 x y 1 .
y y
Khi o ta co 2x2 + 2y2 + 4x y 2 x 2 3x + 6 =

0.
) (
) (
2 x2 + 2x 3x + 6 + 2y2 y 1 + 1 2 x =
0.
758
2 ( x 1)( x + 2 ) x2 + 3x + 3
2
x + 2x + 3x + 6
) + ( y 1)( 2y + 1) +
x 1
1+ 2 x
=
0.
x
.
y
=
x 1
x 1 0 =
y 1 0 =
=
y 1

Nhan xet. a y la mo t ba i toa n hay va kho mo t phng trnh cu a he co da ng
ha m a c trng anh la c ra t nhieu ho c sinh khi tap trung khai thac
phng trnh nay. ie m nha n cua bai toa n da tre n a nh gia tho ng qua ca c
ba t a ng th c c ba n.
(1 y ) x + y + x + 3y = 6 + ( x + y 4 ) y
, ( x,y ) .
5
x 2y x + 1 =
xy7
Li giai
ie u kien: x 2y 0,x y 7 0 .
(1 y ) ( x + y 2 ) + ( x + y 4 ) (1 y ) =0 .
(1 y )( x + y 4 ) + ( x + y 4 )(1 y ) =
0.
x+y +2
1+ y
y = 1
1
1
=0
.
(1 y )( x + y 4 )
+
x + y + 2 1+ y
x
+
y
4
=
0
+ TH1: Ne u y = 1 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

x 2 x +=
1
(
5(
5
x8
5
.
=
x 2 + x +1 x 8
x 2 + x + 1 =3 ( x 8) 5
) (
x 2 1 + 5
x 2 + x + 1 + 3x 24 =
0.
x + 1 2 + 3 ( x 3) =
0.
5
5
( x 3)
+
+ 3 = 0 x = 3 ( x;y ) = ( 3;1) (thoa ma n).
x +1 + 2
x 2 +1
+ TH2: Ne u x + y 4 = 0 y = 4 x thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he

ta c:
5
.
x 2(4 x) x + 1 =
x (4 x) 7
759
3x 8 x + 1
5
=
0 (1) .
2x 11
8
11
ie u kien: x ; + \ .
3
2
Xe t ha m so f(x)
=
3x 8 x + 1
8
11
5
v i x =
D ; + \ ta co
2x 11
3
2
3
1
10
3 x + 1 3x 8
10
f '(x) =
+
=
+
> 0, x D
2
2
2 3x 8 2 x + 1 ( 2x 11)
2 ( 3x 8)( x + 1) ( 2x 11)
V 3 x + 1 3x 8=
6x + 17
9x + 9 3x 8=
9x + 9 + 3x 8
>0.
8 11
11
V vay f(x) la ha m ong bie n tre n mo i khoa ng ; va ; + .

3 2
2
x = 3
x = 3 y = 1
.
Ta co f(3)
0
= f(8)
= 0 . Do o (1) f(x) =
x = 8 x = 8
y = 4
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 3;1) .

2
2
2
=
a
x+y
x + y = a
x = a b
Cach 2: a t
.
, ( a,b 0 )
2
2
=
y b=
y b
b = y
Phng trnh a u cu a he tr tha nh: 1 b2 a + a2 + 2b2 =6 + a2 4 b .
a 1 b2 + a2 (1 b ) + 2b2 + 4b 6 =
0.
a (1 b )(1 + b ) + a2 (1 b ) + ( b 1)( 2b + 6 ) =
0.
(
(1 b ) ( b ( a 2 ) + a
(1 b ) a (1 + b ) + a2 2b 6 =
0.
2
+ a 6 = 0 (1 b )( a 2 )( b + a + 3) = 0 .
=
x+y =
2
a 2
x + y 4
.
y = 1
b 1=
y 1
Ta co ke t qua tng t l i gia i tren.

760
Chu y. Nhieu ho c sinh sai la m khi cho ra ng (1) co nghiem duy nha t v la
8 11
ha m ong bie n. ieu ca n lu y la f(x) o ng bie n tre n mo i khoa ng ; va
3 2
11
; + . Do o ne u co nghiem tren moi khoa ng th nghie m o la duy nha t

2
tre n khoa ng o .
Ngoai ra ne u chan ie u kie n y = 4 x 0 x 4
8
x 4 lu c o ta ch
3
8
ca n xe t ha m so f(x) tre n oa n ;4 va co nghiem duy nhat x = 3 .
3
Bai 49 .Gia i he phng trnh

3x y +1 1 =x y + x 2 + y 2 + 2x 2y 2xy + 2
, ( x,y )
4
x x y+7 =
x +1 x 1 4
) (
Li giai
( x y + 1)
3x y +1 = x y + 1 +
3x y +1
( x y + 1)
+1 .
1 (1) .
+ 1 1 =
Xe t ha m so =
f(t) 3t t 2 + 1 t v i t ta co
=
=
1 3t t 2 + 1 t ( ln3 1) > 0, t
f '(t) 3t ln3 t 2 + 1 t + 3t
2
t +1
V vay f(t) la ham ong bie n tre n .

Do o (1) f(x y + 1)= f(0) x y + 1= 0 .
x
) (
x x+8 =
x +1 x 1
4.
x x2 + 8x
= 8 x2 1 x x 2 1 .
761
x + 8 x2 + 8x = 8x x x2 1 .
x+8
x + 8 x= 8x x x2 1 .
8 x+8
8x
=.
x + 8 + x x + x2 1
)
x ( x + 8) ( x 1) =x .
8 x + 8 x + x2 =
1 8x
( x + 8) ( x2 1) =x
x + x+8 .
2
x 1
8x2 x =
=
8 0
x
1 + 257
17 + 257
.
=
y
16
16
1 + 257 17 + 257
;
.
16
16
x3 + y3 + x + y + 3 x + y =
11

, ( x,y ) .
xy x 2 + 3 + y + 2 + 2y =
0
Li giai
V i y > 0 vie t la i phng trnh th hai cu a he di da ng:
x x 2 + 3=
Ta co p=
2
2 1
+
+ .
y
y2 y
2
2 1
+
+ 2, y ( 0;2 ; p 2, y ( 2; + ) .
y
y2 y
x < 0
Suy ra x < 0 va x x2 + 3 =p 2 2
x=
p2
x x + 3 =
Suy ra x 1, y ( 0;2 va x > 1, y ( 2; + ) .

+ TH1: Ne u y ( 0;2 ta co
x3 + y3 + x + y + 3 x + y 13 + 23 1 + 2 + 3 1 + 2 =
11 .

1,y =
2.
762
4p2 + 9 3
.
2
+ TH2: Ne u y ( 2; + ) ta co :
x3 + y3 + x + y + 3 x + y > 13 + 23 1 + 2 + 3 1 + 2 =
11 (he phng trnh
vo nghiem).
( 1;2 ) .

xy x + y 1 x 2 + 2x + 2 =y
)
(
3
3
3 , ( x,y ) .
+ 4= 11 + 6x
x
y 1
y 1
Li giai
ie u kien: y > 1,11 + 6x
3
>0.
y 1
( x + 1)( y 1) ( x + 1)
( x + 1)
( x + 1)
+=
1
+ 1 =y .
y
=
y 1
1
+1
y 1
y 1
(1) .
Xe t ha m so =
f(t) t t 2 + 1 ta co :
f '(t)
=
t2 + 1 +
t2
t2 + 1
> 0, t .
V vay f(t) la ham ong bie n.

1
=
Do o (1) =
x +1
f(x + 1) f
y 1
1
y 1
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c

x3 3 ( x + 1) + 4 = 11 + 6x 3 ( x + 1)
x3 3x + 1=
8 3x 2 x3 3x + 1 ( 2 x ) =
8 3x2 ( 2 x ) .
8 8
Chu y 2 x + 8 3x2 > 0, x ; ne n ta th c hien nha n lien h p
3 3
nh sau:
763
( x + 1) x x 1 +
2
4 x2 x 1
2 x + 8 3x2
4
x2 x 1 x + 1 +
2 x + 8 3x2
=
0.
0 (2) .
=
8 8
Xe t ha m so f(x) = 2 x + 8 3x 2 tre n oa n ; ta co
3 3
3x
f '(x) =1
8 3x2
;f '(x) =0 8 3x 2 =3x .
2
x 0
.
x=
2
2
3
9x
8 3x =
8
8 2 6+4 6 8
8
Ta co f =
.
2+
;f
;f
2
=
=
3
3
3 3
3
3
Suy ra 2
8 8
8
6+4 6
, x ;
f(x)
.
3
3
3 3
Do o x + 1 +
4
2 x + 8 3x2
x +1+
6
3+2 6
>
8 8
7
+ x > 0, x ;
.
4
3 3
1 5
9+3 5
=
,y
x =
1 5
2
2
2
.
Do o (2) x x 1 = 0 x =
2
1+ 5
93 5
=
,y
x =
2
2
( x;y ) = 1 2 5 ; 9 + 23
5 1+ 5 9 3 5
;
;
.
2
Nhan xet. Nhie u ho c sinh tha c ma c la ta i sao the m b t ai l ng 2 x va o

phng trnh e th c hien nha n lie n h p. e lam c nh vay ta can tm
nghiem cua phng trnh(ke ca nghie m ngoai lai) ba ng ca ch bnh phng hai
ve cua phng trnh.
x3 3x + 1 = 8 3x 2 x3 3x + 1
764
=8 3x2 .
Th c hie n tm nghie m cua phng trnh na y ba ng ma y tnh cam tay nh sau
(a p du ng v i FX 570ES PLUS va Vinacal 570ES PLUS).
Bc 1. Nha p va o phng trnh tre n nh sau: X3 3X + 1
=
8 3X2 .
Bc 2. Nhan SHIFT + SOLVE ma y hie n nghie m a u tie n

X1 1,6180339 v a y la nghiem le nen ta dung phm nh lu nghiem o
va o bie n nh A nh sau: SHIFT + STO +A.
Bc 3. Ta ca n tm mo t nghiem le th hai ba ng ca ch thoa t ra nha p vao
phng trnh va thao ta c nh b c 1 va 2 ta tm c mo t nghiem th hai
X2 0,6180339 ta lu va o bien nh B nh sau: SHIFT + STO + B.
X + X2 = A + B = 1
.
Bc 4. Tm hai nghiem na y ba ng ca ch la y to ng 1
X1 .X2 = A.B = 1
Theo nh ly vi-e t X1 ,X2 la hai nghiem cua phng trnh: x2 x 1 =

0.
Va de da ng tm c hai nghiem la x =
1 5
.
2
Bc 5. e tm c nha n t 2 x ta th c hien nh sau:

a t =
y
8 3x2 .
V=
i x
1 5 3 + 5
1 5
3+ 5
. Ta co iem th nha t A
;
=
y
.
2
2
2
2
V=
i x
1+ 5 3 5
1+ 5
3 5
. Ta co iem th hai B
;
=
y
.
2
2
2
2
ng tha ng i qua hai ie m A va B la y= 2 x .

e tm hie u chi tie t ve phng pha p nay ba n o c tham kha o cuo n Nhng
ieu can biet LTH Ky thuat giai nhanh Phng trnh, bat phng trnh vo
ty cu ng ta c gia.
Ngoai ra sau khi tm c hai nghie m nh tre n ta co the a ve gia i phng
trnh ba c cao v i x.
(x
3x + 1
=8 3x2 x3 3x + 1 + 3x2 8 =0 .
x6 6x 4 + 2x3 + 12x2 6x 7 =
0.
765
x2 x 1 =
0
.
x 2 x 1 x 4 + x3 4x 2 x + 7 = 0
4
3
2
0
x + x 4x x + 7 =
)(
V i chu y
4
1
1
1 1789
x + x 4x x + 7= 8 x + 35 x + + 9 x + +
4
4
4 32
2
2
1
5
1
1 189
= 8 x +
+ 5 x + + 9 x + +
> 0, x .
4 2
4
4 32

x(x + 3y + 1) =2 3y
, ( x,y ) .
2
( 3y + 1 + 1)(x 5x + 4) = 15y 6xy
Li giai
1
ie u kien: y .
3
x2 + 3y 2 + x 3y + 1 =
0
2
2
x 5x + 4 3y + 1 + x + 6xy 5x 15y + 4 =
0
a t t = 3y + 1, ( t 0 ) 3y = t 2 1 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x2 + t 2 3 + xt =
2
2
0
0
x + xt + t 3 =
2
2
2
2
0
0
x + 2tx 7x 5t + 9 =
x 5x + 4 t + x 5x + 4 + t 1 ( 2x 5) =
t 2 + ( 3x 5) t + 2x 2 7x + 6 =
0 (1) .
t= 2 x
.
( t + x 2 )( t + 2x 3) = 0
t= 3 2x
+ TH1: Ne u
t= 2 x
t= 2 x
.
t =2x 2
2
2
2
0
+
=
x
x
2
x
2
x
3
0
x + xt + t 3 =
(
)
(
)
766
1
x 1=
x 1
=
t= 2 x
x =
.
2
=
1 y 0
0
t 1=
x 2x + 1 =
3y + 1 =
+ TH2: Ne u
t= 3 2x
t= 3 2x
t =3 2x 2
2
2
2
0
0
x + xt + t 3 =
x + x ( 3 2x ) + ( 3 2x ) 3 =
x = 1
t= 3 2x
t = 1
2

( x;t ) =(1;1) ( x;y ) =(1;0 ) v t 0 .
x = 2
0
3x 9x + 6 =
t = 1

Nhan xet. e co pha n tch nh phng trnh (1) ta co the coi (1) la phng
trnh ba c hai cua t va co t =
( 3x 5)
4 2x2 7x + 6 =
( x 1)
. T o tm
c t theo x.
+ Neu mo t phng trnh cu a he ch co
3y + 1 ta co the a t a n phu ro i du ng
phe p the(xem ba i toa n tng t).

x +1 2 + 3 x 1 y +1 + y +1 =
0
) ( )
(
, ( x,y ) .
7x + ( 2 + x ) y + 1 =
5
Hng dan giai bai toan 1

x2 + y 5x + 7 + ( 2x 5) y + 1 =
0.
x + y +1
) 5( x +
2
x + y + 1 =
2
.
y + 1 + 6 =0
x + y + 1 =
3
Xe t trng hp thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he tm c ca c nghiem

thoa man la :
=
( x;y ) 7 23 5 ; 16 23 5 ; 4 17;17 2 17 .
Nhan xet.
767
T phng trnh th hai cu a he ru t c
=
y +1
5 7x
2 < x
x+2
ba ng phep the ta hoan toan gia i c he phng trnh tre n.

Tha t va y ta ca n giai phng trnh:
2
0.
( x + 1) + 3 ( x 1) . 5x+7x2 + 5x+7x2 =
x 4 15x3 + 56x2 x 1 =
0.
)(
x2 8x 1 x2 7x + 1 =
0.
5
73 5
x2 8x 1 =
0 2< x 7 x =
.

2
x2 7x + 1 =
0
x= 4 17
3y2 + 1 + 2 x +=
1) y 4y x 2 + 2y + 1
(
, ( x,y ) .
y ( y x ) =3 3y
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x + 2y + 1 0 .
Ta co the pha n tch phng trnh a u cua he nh sau
4y2 4y x 2 + 2y + 1 + x 2 + 2y + 1 x 2 2xy + y 2 =
0.
2
2
2y x 2 + 2y + 1 = ( x y ) .
2y x2 + 2y + 1 = x y
x 2 + 2y + 1 = 3y x
2
2
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
2y
x
2y
1
y
x
x
2y
1
y
x
+ TH1: Ne u
768
x2 + 2y + 1 = 3y x
.
x2 + 2y + 1 = 3y x
y ( y x ) =3 3y
5
do o
7
3y x 0
3y x 0
9y2 2y 1
2
2
2
x + 2y + 1= 9y 6xy + x x=
6y
y y x =3 3y
)

(
2
y y 9y 2y 1 =
3 3y

6y
(Do y = 0 khong thoa man he phng trnh).

x = 1
3y x 0
y = 1
9y 2y 1
=
x
x = 415 .
6y
51
2
3y 20y + 17 =
17
0
y =
3

+ TH2: Ne u
x2 + 2y + 1 = y + x
.
x 2 + 2y + 1 = y + x
y ( y x ) =3 3y
y + x 0
y + x 0
2
2y y2 + 1
2
2
x + 2y + 1= y + 2xy + x x =
2y
y y x =3 3y
)

(
2
y y 2y y + 1 =
3 3y

2y
(do y = 0 kho ng thoa ma n he phng trnh).

y + x 0
x = 1
2y y2 + 1
.
=
x
2y
y
=
1
3y2 + 4y 7 =
0
415 17
; .
51 3
Cach 2: a t t =
x 2 + 2y + 1 suy ra 2y = t 2 x 2 1 .
Phng trnh a u c viet la i d i dang: 3y2 + 2xy + t 2 x 2 =

4yt .
769
t 2 4yt + 3y 2 + 2xy x 2 =
0.
Ta co y ' = 4y 2 3y 2 + 2xy x 2 = ( x y ) .
Suy ra t = 2y ( x y ) = 3y x hoa c t =2y + ( x y ) =x + y .
Th c hie n tng t ca ch 1 ta co ke t qua tng t .
Nhan xet. V i he phng trnh co 1 phng trnh cua he ch ch a 1 ca n th c
ho n h p cu a ca hai bie n x va y tho ng th ng x ly nhom thanh nha n t
chung. Trong l i gia i tre n ta nho m ve ha ng a ng thc da ng A 2 = B2 hoa c co
the a t a n phu kho ng hoan toan luo n th c hie n c v phng trnh o ba n
cha t a pha n tch c thanh nha n t .
4x=
2
( x2 + 1 + 1)(x2 y3 + 3y 2)
, ( x,y ) .
(x2 + y2 )2 + 1= x2 + 2y
Li giai
2 2
x 2 x 2 y3 + 3y 2
4x x + 1 1=
2
2
2
(x + y ) + 1= x2 + 2y
+ TH1: Ne u x = 0 thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:

y = 1
.
y 2y + 1 =0 ( y 1) y + y + y 1 =0
y = 1 +
3
4
+ TH2: Ne u:
2
2
3
4 x + 1 1 = x y + 3y 2
2
2
3
4 x + 1 1 = x y + 3y 2
(x2 + y2 )2 + 1= x2 + 2y
2
3
4 x + 1 1 = x y + 3y 2
.
(x2 + y2 )(x2 + y2 1) = 2y y 2 1 = y 1 2
( )
1 x 1
T phng trnh th hai suy ra x2 + y2 1 0
.
1 y 1
770
Khi o bie n o i phng trnh au cua he tha nh
4 x2 + 1 1 x2 =
y3 + 3y 2 .
2
4
x2
1 =
( y 1) ( y + 2 ) .
2
x +1 +1
3 x2 + 1
2
=
x2
( y 1) ( y + 2 ) (1) .
2
x +1 +1
V i mo i x,y 1;1 VT(1) 0,VP(1) 0 .

x = 0
Do o (1) VT =
th la i va o phng trnh th hai cu a he
VP =
0
y = 1
tha y thoa ma n.

( x;y )
( 0;1); 0; 13 +

2
1
1 3 3x
x 2 ( x 3) + xy + y x =
2 , ( x,y ) .
2
2
1
x2 xy + y2
x + x + 1 y y +=
Li giai
ie u kien: x 3 .
y2 y + 1 + x2 xy + y2=
x2 + x + 1 .
2
Ta co VT =
2
2
1
3
1 3
x
+ x y +
y +
2 2
2
2
3
1 1
3
x =
y + x y +
+
2 2
2
3
1
x y=

2
2
x2 + x + 1
= VP
31
x+y 0.
x y xy =
2 2
Thay vao phng trnh au cu a he ta c: x2 2 ( x 3) =

1
3x
1
.
2
771
Vie t la i phng trnh d i da ng:
x2 2 ( x 3) 1=
2x 2 ( x 3) 2 =
3x
1
2
2x 2 ( x 3) =
2
x
2
24 4
+3
2
x
x 2 x3
4 ( 2x
)=
4 2x3 6x2 1
2x 2 ( x 3) + 2
24
x
4
x3
6x2 1
2
24 4
2 3 24 4
2
3
2 3 + 2 2 3 + 2
x
x x
x
x
x
1
4 2x3 6x2 1
+
2x 2 ( x 3) + 2
24 4
3 2 3
x x
2x3 6x2 1 = 0 ( x 1) 3 ( x 1)
1
=
0
2
2
2 24 4 2
+ 2 3 2 3 + 2
x x x x
5
= 0.
2
3
1
1
.
( x 1) 3 ( x 1)= 3 2 +
3 3 2 +
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
f ( x 1) = f 3 2 +
x 1 = 3 2 +
x =1+ 3 2 +
3
3
3
2
2
2
(v f(t)= t 3 3t o ng bien tre n khoa ng 1; + ) .

Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t:
1
1+ 3 2 +
3
2
( x;y ) =1 + 3 2 + 31 ;
2 2+ 3 2 + 1
3
2
Cach 2:
u
=
v
=
772
2 ( x 3)
3
3x
1
2
u2 + 6
x =
3 u2 + 6= 2v3 + 1 2v3 3u2 17= 0

3
2v + 1
x = 6
u +6
Phng trnh tr thanh:
2v3 3u2 17 =
0
u 1 = v u2 + 6 2
v
u 1 =
2
2
u +6
Ta co phng trnh: 2
0.
u 1 3u2 17 =
2
)(
u3 + 6u 2 u12 + 30u10 + 2u9 + 360u8 + 36u7 + 2164u6
+ 216u5 + 6528u4 + 440u3 + 7968u2 + 48u + 304 =

0
u3 + 6u 2 =
0.
=
u
2 1 2(x =
3)
x =1 + 3 2 +
1
3
1+ 3 2 +
y=
2+ 3 2 +
2 1
1
3
2 .
1
2
Nhan xet. Ba i toa n a ve gia i phng trnh vo ty vi ky thua t nha n lie n
h p he t s c khe o le o. Ba n o c re n luye n ba i toa n tng t sau:
x 2 3 ( x 3) 5x + 4 = 5x 2 4 .
3

x3 + y + 3 x3=
+ 3 16 4x2 3
2x3 + y 3 y 3 + 2xy 6x 5x 4
(
(
, ( x,y ) .
x=
0
Li giai
=
=
a
y3
y a2 + 3
a t
, ( a,b 0 )
3
2
b = x3
x = b
Khi o phng trnh th hai cu a he tr thanh:
( 2b
) (
+ a2 a + 2a2 5b2 b =
0 ( a b ) a2 + 3ab + 5b2 =
0.
a = b
a = b
2
.
2
0
a + 3ab + 5b =
a= b= 0
773
x = 0
+ TH1: Ne u a= b= 0
thay va o phng trnh au cu a he tha y
y = 3
kho ng thoa ma n.
+ TH2: Ne u a = b y 3 = x3 y = x3 + 3 .
Thay =
y x3 + 3 va o phng trnh au cu a he ta c
( x + 3)
3
x 3 +=
3 32x2 24 .

V vay ta ch ca n xe t v i x > 0 khi o phng trnh tng ng v i:
x3 + 3
x2
x3 + 3
x2
(x
4 3
x3 + 3 32 24
=
= 8 .
x
x x3
x x3
4 3
x3 + 3
=
8 8
1 .
3
x
x x
4x2 + 3 x3 + 3 2x x3 + 3 + 4x 2
8 x3 4x 2 + 3
=
.
3
3
x
x x + 3 + 2x
x3 + 3 2x x3 + 3 + 4x 2 8
x 4x + 3
+ =
0 (1) .
x3
x3 x3 + 3 + 2x
V i mo i x dng ta co
x3 + 3 2x x3 + 3 + 4x 2 8
+
>0.
x3
x3 x3 + 3 + 2x
x = 1
3 21
3
2
2
.
V vay (1) x 4x + 3 = 0 ( x 1) x 3x 3 = 0 x =
2
3 + 21
x =
2
=
=
x 1
x 1,y
= 4
o i chie u v i ieu kie n ta co

.
3 + 21
3 + 21
x
x
,y
30
6
21
=
=
=
+
2
2
774
Va y he phng trnh co hai=
nghie m la ( x;y )
21 .
(1;4 ); 3 + 2 21 ;30 + 6
Nhan xet. Ta co the gia i phng trnh tre n nh sau:

a t y
=
=
x3 4y 2 3
x3 + 3
.
,( y > 0)
2
y3 4x 2 3
=
x3 y3= 4 y2 x2 ( x y ) x2 + xy + y2 + 4x + 4y = 0 .
x = y
2
.
2
0 (1)
x + xy + y + 4x + 4y =
x = 1
x 0
+ TH1: Ne u x = y x + 3 = 2x 3

3 + 21 .
2
0
x
=
x 4x + 3 =
2
3
+ TH2: Vo nghiem v x 0,y > 0 .

x 8y 5 + y 8x=
5 4 24(x2 + y2 + 4)
, ( x,y ) .
11x2 6xy + 3y2 = 12x 4y

Li giai
ie u kien: x,y
5
.
8
Nhan xet. Nhan tha y s ph c ta p e n t phng trnh a u he va phng

trnh th hai cu a he la phng trnh ba c hai to ng qua t khong phan tch c
nghiem nen ta ch khai tha c c ie u kie n cu a x,y e phng trnh o co
nghiem. Vay ie u ca n lam la x ly phng trnh a u cu a he v i hnh thc
nh tre n ky thuat a nh gia tho ng qua ba t ang th c c ba n c ngh en au
tien. Vay trc tien d oan nghiem cua he de thay ( x;y ) = (1;1) la nghiem.
S du ng bat ang th c AM- GM ta c
8y 5
3x 8y 5
.1
=
+ 1
3
2 3
3
x ( 4y 1)
3
8x 5
3y 8x 5
y 8x
3y.
.1
=
5
=
+ 1
3
2 3
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi x= y= 1 .
3
y ( 4x 1)
3
x 8y
=
5
3x.
775
Co ng theo ve hai ba t a ng th c tren va s du ng AM-GM ta c
2
3
3
8xy x y )
(
2(x + y) x y .
3
3
Ma t kha c s du ng ba t a ng th c C-S ta co
x 8y 5 + y 8x 5
2
2
1
24(x2 + y2 + 4) 4 24 ( x + y ) + 4 = 4 12 ( x + y ) + 96 .
2
Ta ch ng minh 4 12 ( x + y ) + 96
2
3
2(x + y) x y .
3
5
3 2
4
Tha t va y a t t =
x + y, t a ve ch ng minh 12t 2 + 96
2t t .
3
4
3t 5 5t 4 81t 3 81t 2 27t

( t 2) t7 +
+
+
+
+
+ 27 0 t 2 .
2
2
16
8
2
e ch ng minh bat ang th c tre n u ng ta ca n co t = x + y 2 .
Ta tm ie u kien na y t phng trnh th hai cu a he

11x2 6xy + 3y2 = 12x 4y
2
11x 2 6x ( t x ) + 3 ( t x ) = 12x 4 ( t x )
20x 2 (16 + 12t ) x + 3t 2 + 4t =
0
'x=
( 8 + 6t )
20 3t 2 + 4t 0
4
4
( t 2) t + 0 t 2
3
3
Do o ba t ang th c u ng.
V va y phng trnh a u cu a he tng ng v i dau bang xa y ra ta i mo i ba t
a ng th c x = y = 1
Th lai va o phng trnh th hai cu a he thay thoa ma n.
7
2 y 2 x + 2 +1 = y x
2
2 , ( x,y ) .
2
0
x 5x + 16x + 4y + 8 + ( 4x + y + 4 ) =
776
Li giai
ie u kien: x 2,y 2,5x2 + 16x + 4y + 8 0 .
Nhan xet. Phng trnh a u cu a he ch a 2 ca n thc tinh y nhan ra ne u at
hai an phu tng ng la a va b th a ve phng trnh ba c hai to ng qua t suy
ngh e n vie c pha n tch tha nh nhan t .
=
a
a t
b
=
y= 2 a2
.
, ( a,b 0 )
x b2 2
x+2
=
2y
Phng trnh th nha t cu a he tr tha nh:
7
2
2
a ( 2b + 1) =2 a b 2 .
2
2
a = b
.
a2 + b2 2ab + b a =
0 ( a b )( a b 1) = 0
a= b + 1
2y =
2 y =
y = x
.
x + 2 + 1 y = x 1 2 x + 2
x+2
+ TH1: Ne u y = x thay va o phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c

2
( 3x + 4 ) .
x 5x2 + 12x + 8 + ( 3x + 4 ) =
0 x 5x2 + 12x + 8 =
x 0
x =
2 x =
2,y =
2
.
2
4
2
+
+
=
+
=
=
x
5x
12x
8
3x
4
x
1
x
1,y
1
(
)
+ TH2: Ne u y = x 1 2 x + 2 ta phai co
5x2 + 16x + 4 x 1 2 x + 2 + 8 0
x 0
5x2 + 12x + 4 8 x + 2
x =2 y =1 th la i tha y khong thoa ma n.

x 0

( 2;2 ) ; ( 1;1) .
( x + y ) x y + 2 = x + 3y + 2

, ( x,y ) .
( x y ) x y + 2 = ( x + y + 1) x + y 2
777
ie u kien: x y + 2 0,x + y 2 0 .
(x + y)(
xy+2 2 = yx+2
( x + y )( x y 2 ) = y x + 2
xy+2 +2
x+y
x+y
=
>0.
( y x + 2) 1 +
0 y = x 2 do 1 +
xy+2 +2
xy+2 +2
Thay y= x 2 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c

4=
x 2
.
2x
1
2
x
2
(
) ( )
2
16
2 ( x 2 )( 2x 1) =
x 2
x 2
2
2
0
0
8x 24x + 18x 20 =
( 2x 5) 4x 2x + 4 =
x=
5
1
y= .
2
2
5 1
2 2
Nhan xet. e tm mo i lien he gi a x va y ta co the a t a n phu

a = x y + 2
, ( a 0,b > 0 ) ab = 2b a + 2 .
b= x + y
( a 2 )( b + 1) = 0 a = 2 x y + 2 = 2 y = x 2 .
x= 3 y + 1 + y x3 1
, ( x,y ) .
2x3 3x y 2 = x 2 2x + 1 + 1
Li giai
Xe t v i x > 1,y > 0 phng trnh th nha t cu a he tng ng v i:
778
x 3 y + 1 + x3 1 y =
0.
x3 y 1
+ x3
y +1 +
y +1
1
x3 y 1
x 2 + x 3 y + 1 +
x3 1 y
x3 1 + y
0.
=
+
0.
=
x3 1 + y
y +1
x3 y 1 = 0 y = x3 1 .
Thay =
y x3 1 va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
x3 =
3x 1 x 2 2x + 1 + 1 .
( x + 1) x2 =
2x 1 x 2 2x + 1 + 1 x .
( x + 1) x 2x 1 +
( x + 1) x 2x 1 +
( x + 1) x 2x 1 +
x x2 1 2 2x + 1
2 2x + 1 + 1 + x
) =0 .
x x 4 2x 2 + 1 4 ( 2x + 1)
2 2x + 1 + 1 + x x2 1 + 2 2x + 1
x x 4 2x 2 + 1 4 ( 2x + 1)
2 2x + 1 + 1 + x x2 1 + 2 2x + 1
x x2 + 2x + 3
2
x 2x 1 x + 1 +
2 2x + 1 + 1 + x x2 1 + 2 2x + 1
x2 2x 1 = 0 x = 1 + 2 y = 6 + 5 2 v x > 1 .
)
)
=
0.
=
0.
0.
=

1 + 2;6 + 5 2 .
Nhan xet. Phng trnh au cu a he ta co the nhan tha y s tng ng cu a
ha m so nh sau:
x + x3 1=
y +1 +
y +1
1 (1) .
779
3
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
t + t 3 1 v i t 1 , ta co :
t2
f '(t) = 1 +
3
( t 1)
3
> 0, t > 1 .
V vay f(t) o ng bie n tre n 1; + ) .

Do o (1) f(x) = f
y +1 x =
y + 1 y = x3 1 .
+ Sau khi the =

y x3 1 ta c 1 phng trnh vo ty co 2 lp ca n ne u chu y
ta thay s tng ng cu a chu ng cho phe p a t a n phu a ve he nhie u a n.
a
=
b
=
2
a=
2x + 1
2x + 1
2
b =2a + 1
2 2x + 1 + 1 3
xb
x 3x 1 =
2
2
a=
2x + 1
a=
2x + 1 (2)
b2 =2a + 1
b2 =
2a + 1 (3) .
2
2
2
x = bx + 3x + a 2x = a + bx + x
x2 = a + b + 1 (4)
+ Ne u a > b (2),(3) x > a;(4) x2 < a + b + 1 < 2a + 1 =

b2 .
a < x < b < a vo ly .
+ Ne u a < b;(2),(3) x < a;(4) x2 > a + b + 1 > 2a + 1 =

b2 .
a < b < x < a vo ly .
+ Ne u =
a b =
x a =
x
x >1
x >1
2x + 1
x 2 2x =
1 0
=
x 1+ 2 .
2
1
1 2y x + x=
1 + 2x y2 y=
1
(
2(y
) , x,y .
(
)
+ 2)
2 x2 y2 + 2
2
x2
Li giai
ie u kien: 1 2y x 2 0,1 + 2x y 2 0, 2 x 2 y 2 2 .
780
1 2y x 2 y + 1 + 1 + 2x y 2 + x 1
( )
( )
2 x2 y2 + 2 + 2 y2 x2 + 2
(1)
S du ng bat ang th c C-S ta co
2
2
2 y2 x2 + 2
1 2y x ( y + 1) 2 1 2y x + ( y + 1) =
2
2
1 + 2x y 2 + x 1 2 1 + 2x y 2 + x + 1 2=
( )
(
) 2 x y + 2

VT
=
(1) VP(1) a ng th c xay ra.

x 1,y 1
1 2y x2 = y 1
1 2y x 2 = y 2 + 2y + 1 .
2
2
1 + 2x y =x 1
1 + 2x y = x 2x + 1
x 1,y 1
x 1,y 1
2
2
.
x + y + 4y =
x
0 y =
2
2
2
2
4x 0
=
4y 0
x + y +
x + y =
x 1,y 1
x 1,y 1 x = 2
.
y =
x
y =
x
y = 2
2
x = 0
0
2x 4x =
x = 2

)
( 2; 2 ) .
4y2 + 3x +=
8 5y ( x + 1)
, x,y + .
2
4
x+3
5 x +
=
x+y

781
S du ng bat ang th c C-S cho phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c:
4
5 x2 +
=
x+y
(2
4
2
.
+ 12 x2 +
2x +
x+y
x+y
x
2
.
=
2
x+y

x=
+y
1
x+y+4
.
4(x + y)
2
2
a ng th c xay ra khi va ch khi x + y =

4.
4
8
.
5 x2 +
2x +
x+y
x+y+4
Suy ra x=
+3
x2 + xy 3y + x 4 0 .
Co ng theo ve v i phng trnh a u cu a he ta c

x2 + 4y 2 4xy 8y + 4x + 4 0 .
2
( x + 2 2y ) 0 x + 2 2y =
0.

x + 2 2y =
0
x = 2
2
x
.
=
x+y
y = 2
2
x + y =
4
782
CHNG 3.
BAI TOAN CO CHA THAM SO
Cu ng giong nh phng trnh, ba t phng trnh ai so va phng trnh, ba t

phng trnh vo ty ba i toan tm ie u kie n cu a tham so e he phng trnh co
nghiem tre n mien K khi gia tr cua tham so thoa ma n ie u kie n xa c nh
cu a phng trnh va ie u kie n ra ng buo c gi a ca c nghiem. Vi mo i loa i he ta
co ca ch x ly rie ng nhng phng phap chung o la quy ve ba i toa n xe t ham
so khi tham so thuo c mie n gia tr cua ham so o . e giu p ca c em co ca i nhn
chi tie t ay u ve dang toa n na y to i trnh ba y chng 4 theo ca c chu e .
- He o i x ng loai I.
- He o i x ng loai II.
- He ang ca p.
- Phng phap ham so trong bai toan tham so e he phng trnh co nghiem.
Chu e 1:
HE OI XNG LOAI I

DANG 1. TM IEU KIEN CUA THAM SO E HE CO NGHIEM DUY NHAT
Ap dung cho ca he oi xng loai I va he oi xng loai II
ieu kien can: Ne u ( x 0 ;y 0 ) la nghiem cu a he th ( y 0 ;x 0 ) cung la nghie m
cu a he .
Do vay he co nghie m duy nha t khi va ch khi x 0 = y 0 .
Thay vao he ta tm c ca c gia tr cu a tham so .
ieu kien u: Th la i v i ca c gia tr cu a tham so xem he co nghie m duy
nha t khong?
DANG 2. TM IEU KIEN E HE OI XNG LOAI I CO NGHIEM
o i v i he o i x ng loa i I e he co nghie m khi va ch khi S2 4P .
S 0
.
Ne u ca c nghiem la kho ng a m ta pha i co the m ieu kie n
P 0
1
1
Ba i toa n th ng ga p ca c to ng oi x ng x2 + x,y2 + y ; x + ,y + ,... lu c
x
y
o a t u =x2 + x,v =y2 + y .

Mo t so a ng th c hay s du ng:
783
2
x2 +
1
1
= x + 2 = x + 2.
x
x
x2
x3 +
1
1
= x + 3 x + .
x
x
x3
x4 +
4
2
1
1
= x + 4 x + 2 6 .
x
x
x4
5
3
1
1
1
1
x +
= x + 5 x + 3 x + 10 x + .
5
x
x
x
x
B. BAI TAP MAU

Bai 1. Tm cac gia tr cua tham so m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nhat:
xy + x + y = m + 1
.
2
2
m
x y + y x =
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
S + P = m + 1
SP = m
Khi o S,P la nghiem cu a phng trnh: X2 ( m + 1) X + m =

0
Ma t kha c x,y la nghiem cu a phng trnh: X2 S.X + P =
0
(1)
(2)
e he co nghiem duy nhat th (2) pha i co nghiem duy nha t, ieu na y tng
ng v i (2) = 0 S2 4P = 0 x = y .
m
x 2 + 2x m 1 =
0
x = 3
Khi o he tr tha nh:
2
3
2
2x = m
0
x + 2x m 1 =
e he co nghie m duy nhat th (3) pha i co nghiem duy nha t
x =3
m
m
3
=1 m =2 .
2
2
Th lai he ta c:
xy + x + y =1 xy + x + y =1 xy + x + y =1
.
2
2
2
x y + y x =
xy ( x + y ) =2
xy ( 1 xy ) =2
784
(3)
xy + x + y =1
x + y =2 x + y =
1 x + y =2
y=
x=
1 .
1 xy =
2
1
1
1
xy =
xy =
xy =
xy =
Va y he co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) do o m = 2 la gia tr ca n tm.

Nhan xet. Ta co la p lua n n gia n nh sau, Neu ( x 0 ;y 0 ) la nghiem cu a he
th ( y 0 ;x 0 ) cu ng la nghiem cua he . Do va y he co nghie m duy nha t khi va
ch khi x 0 = y 0 . Thay va o he ta c
x2 + 2x m 1 =
0
0
0
.
3
2x 0 = m
e n a y x ly ba i toa n hoa n toa n tng t ca ch tren.

Bai 2. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
3 x 2 + y 2 2 ( x + y + xy ) =
15
x3 + y3 =
m
Li giai
2

15
3 ( x + y ) 2xy 2 ( x + y + xy ) =
x + y 3 3xy x + y =
)
( ) m
(
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
3S2 2S 15
=
P
3 S2 2P 2 ( S + P ) =
15
3
3S2 2S 15
3
m
S 3SP =
S
3S.
m
3S2 2S 15
P =
3
S + 6S2 + 45S
m
=
(1)
3S2 2S 15
5S2 + 2S + 15 0, S .
8
Nh va y e he phng trnh co nghie m th phng trnh (1) co nghiem S tre n
ta p so th c.
Ta co : S2 4P S2
785
Mo t phng trnh ba c ba luo n co nghiem ne n gia tr cu a m la ta p so th c.
x + y= 2m 1
Bai 3. Gia s ( x;y ) la nghie m cu a he 2
.
2
2
x + y = m + 2m 3
Xa c nh tham so m e bieu th c P = xy a t gia tr nho nhat,l n nha t.

Li giai
x + y= 2m 1
x + y= 2m 1
2
2m 1) m 2 2m + 3 3m 2 6m + 4
(
2
x
+
y
2xy
=
m
+
2m
3
(
)
xy =
=
2
2
He phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi:
(x + y)
4xy ( 2m 1) 4.
3m 2 6m + 4
.
2
4m 2 4m + 1 6m 2 12m + 8 2m 2 8m + 7 0
Khi o xet ha m so f(m) =
3m 2 6m + 4
tre n
2
4 2
4+ 2
m
2
2
4 2 4 + 2
;
.
2
2
Ta co : f '(m) = 3m 3;f '(m) = 0 3m 3 = 0 m = 1 .

4 2 11 6 2
1 4 + 2 11 + 6 2
Ta co=
.
f
;f(1) =
;f
=
2
2
4
2
4
Va y gia tr nho nha t cu a P bang
1
khi m = 1 ,gia tr l n nha t cu a P ba ng
2
11 + 6 2
4+ 2
khi m =
.
4
2
Bai 4. Tm ca c gia tr cua m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem

x + y =
m
m
x + y xy =
Li giai
ie u kien x 0,y 0 khi o he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
=
S
x+ y 2
a t
P = xy
786
S = m
S = m
2
m2 m .
m
P =
S 2P P =
3
m 0
S 0
m =
0
2
He co nghiem tr c tie n ta phai co
m m
(1)
0
P 0
m 1
4 2
m m m 2 4m 0 0 m 4 .
3
Ke t h p v i ieu kie n (1) ta pha i co m = 0 1 m 4 .
Ma t kha c S2 4P m 2
Va y e he phng trnh co nghie m khi m = 0 hoa c 1 m 4 .

Bai 5. Tm ca c gia tr cua tham so m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
x + 1 + y + 1 =
m
.
x + y= 2m + 1
Li giai
Nhan xet. Da ng toa n nay a e ca p e n trong phan ng du ng cu a to ng tch
o i x ng trong ba i toa n tm c c tr,d i a y xet di go c o tm ie u kie n e
he phng trnh co nghiem.
ie u kien x 1,y 1 .
=
u
Khi o at
v
=
x +1
y +1
, ( u,v 0 ) khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u + v =
m
u + v =
m
u + v =
m
2
2
m 2 2m 3 .
2
u + v 2= 2m + 1 ( u + v ) 2uv = 2m + 3 uv =
2
S = m
S= u + v 2
a t
m 2 2m 3 .
P = uv
P =
2
He phng trnh co nghiem tr c tie n ta pha i co:

m 0
S 0
2
m 2m 3
m3
(1)
0
P 0
m 2 2m 3
2
2
m 4m 6 0 2 10 m 2 + 10 .
Ma t kha c: S2 4P m 2 4.
787
Ke t h p v i ieu kie n (1) suy ra 3 m 2 + 10 .
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la 3;2 + 10 .
Bai 6. Tm ca c gia tr cu a tham so m e he sau co t nha t mo t nghie m ( x;y )

x + xy + y = m + 1
v i x > 0 va y > 0 : 2
2
m
x y + y x =
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
S + P = m + 1
.
SP = m
Suy ra S,P la hai nghiem cu a phng trnh X2 ( m + 1) X + m =

0 (1) .
e he co nghiem x > 0,y > 0 tr c he t (1) pha i co hai nghiem dng, ie u

= m + 1 2 4m = m 1 2 0
( )
( )
na y tng ng v i: S = m + 1 > 0
m>0.
P= m > 0
Khi o (1) co hai nghie m

=
X1 m,X
=
2 1.
Ma t kha c S2 4P ne n ieu kie n nay tng ng v i:
m 2
m 2
X2 4X
m2 4
1
2
m 2
2
m 1
X22 4X1
1
4m
1
4
m
4
1
o i chie u v i ieu kie n m > 0 khi o 0 < m m 2 .
4
1
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la 0; 2; + ) .
4
Bai 7. (TSH Khoi B 2007) Xa c nh ta t ca ca c gia tr th c cua tham so m e
1
1
5
x + x + y + y =
he sau a y co nghiem thc:

x3 + 1 + y3 + 1 = 15m 10
x3
y3
Li giai
788
Nhan xet. He na y co da ng o i x ng gi a x va y va xua t hie n hai bie u th c
1
1
tng ng la x + va y + , ne n ta se tm ca ch bien o i phng trnh th
x
y
hai cua he theo hai bie u th c nay.
1
1
5
x + x + y + y =
(x + 1 )3 + (y + 1 )3 3(x + 1 ) 3(y + 1 ) = 15m 10
x
y
x
y
1
1
5
x + x + y + y =
1
1
3
3
(x + ) + (y + ) = 15m + 5
x
y
1
1
5
x + x + y + y =
(x + 1 + y + 1 )3 3(x + 1 )(y + 1 )(x + 1 + y + 1=

) 15m + 5
x
y
x
y
x
y
1
1
5
x + x + y + y =
(x + 1 )(y + 1 ) =8 m
x
y
1
u= x +
x
a t
( u ; v 2) khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
v= y + 1
u + v =
5
u,v la nghiem cu a phng trnh: t 2 5t + (8 m) =
0 (1).
uv= 8 m
He phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem thoa
ma n t 2 .
5
T (1) ta co : m =
f(t) =
t 2 5t + 8,( t 2) f '(t) =
2t 5 f '(t) =
0 t =.
2
5 7
Ta co : f(2) = 22;f(2) = 2;f( ) = ; lim f(x) = + .
2 4 t
789
e (1) co 2 nghie m pha n bie t ( t 2 ) th ng tha ng y = m ca t o th ham
so y = f(t) .
7
m2
la
La p ba ng bie n thien ham so f(t) , d a va o ba ng bie n thie n 4
22 m
gia tr can tm.

log2 ( x + y ) + log3 ( xy + 2 ) =
2
3
m
x + y3 xy =
Li giai
a t a= log2 ( x + y ) ; b= log3 ( xy + 2 ) khi o ta co a + b =

2.
La i co :
(x + y)
( )
4xy 2a
) (
4 3b =
2 4 32a 2 12a + 8.3a 36 0 (1) .
Ha m so g(a) =12a + 8.3a 36 o ng bien; la i co g(1) = 0 va y (1) a 1 .

Bie n o i phng trnh th hai cua he:
( ) 3(3
Xe t ha m so f(a) = ( 2 ) 3 ( 3 2 ) .2 ( 3
3
m = ( x + y ) 3xy ( x + y ) xy = 2a
a
2a
2a
2 .2a 32a 2
2 a
(2)
2 tre n 1, + ) .
2
1
2
1
Ta co f '(a) =
8 ln8 + 6.2 ln 2 27. .ln 9. .ln > 0 v i mo i a.
3
3
3
3
a
Suy ra f(a) f(1) =

1.
e he phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi phng trnh (2) co nghiem
a 1 m 1.
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la m 1 .

Bai 9. Tm gia tr ln nhat cua tham so m e he phng trnh sau ay co nghiem thc:
x2 + y2 =
1
3
3
m3
x y + x y =
Li giai
+ ie u kien ca n:
790
Ta co : x y + x3 y3 = x y 1 + x 2 + xy + y 2 = x y ( 2 + xy ) .
2
Suy ra m 6 =
( x y ) ( 2 + xy ) =
(1 2xy )( 2 + xy )( 2 + xy )
Nhng do xy
1 2
1
x + y 2 =ne n:
2
2
3
1 2xy + 2 + xy + 2 + xy 5
5
m = (1 2xy )( 2 + xy )( 2 + xy )
= m
3
3
3
6
Suy ra gia tr l n nha t cu a m la

+ ie u kien u: V i m =
5
.
3
5
khi o a ng th c xay ra:
3
1
x2 + y2 =
1 x + y =
3 (thoa ma n ie u kie n x + y 2 4xy ne n he
( )
1
xy =
xy = 1
3
na y luo n co nghie m).

Va y gia tr ca n tm cua m la
5
.
3
Bai 10. Tm tat ca cac gia tr thc cua tham so m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
2 ( x + y 1) + 2xy x y + 2= x 2 y + xy 2 + x + y
3 x + 3 y + 2 xy =
m
Li giai
Nhan xet. Nhn va o hai phng trnh cua he, tha y phng trnh th hai co
ch a tham so m va khong tm c moi lie n he gi a x va y, do o ta ngh
e n vie c bien o i phng trnh th nha t cu a he xem co ru t c x theo y hay
kho ng, hay la mo t bie u th c gon nhe hn phng trnh th nha t.
xy 0
.
ie u kien:
x + y 1
Khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he c bie n o i tha nh:

2 ( x + y 1) + 2xy x y + 2= x 2 y + xy 2 + x + y .
2 ( x + y 1) + 2 ( xy + 1)=
( xy + 1)( x + y ) +
x+y .
791
2 ( x + y 1) x + y=
x+y2
2 ( x + y 1) + x + y
( xy + 1)( x + y 2 ) .
( xy + 1)( x + y 2 ) .
x + y =
2
= xy + 1 .
2 ( x + y 1) + x + y
Trng hp 1: Ne u y= 2 x , the xuo ng phng trnh th hai cu a he ta c

phng trnh:
3
m=
x + 3 2 x + 2 x (2 x) .
xe t ha m so f(x) =
x + 3 2 x + 2 x ( 2 x ) ,x 0;2 .
1
1
2 2x
.
Ta co f '(x) =
+
3
x (2 x)
3 x 2 3 3 ( 2 x )2
f '(x) =
0
1
3
3 x2
2
33
( 2 x ) 3 x2
+
2
2
3
3 x (2 x)
(2 x)
2 2x
x (2 x)
2 2x
x (2 x)
0
=
= 0 x =1 .
min f(x)
= f(0)
= f(2)
=
x 0,2
3
Ta co f(0)= f(2)= 2;f(1)= 4
= f(1)
= 4
m ax f(x)
x 0,2
Suy ra e he co nghie m trong trng h p na y th

Trng hp 2: Xe t phng trnh
2m4
= xy + 1 .
2 ( x + y 1) + x + y
Ne u x + y > 1 th VT < 1,VP > 1 phng trnh vo nghiem.

Ne u x + y =
1 khi o xy = 0 tm c m = 1 va ( x;y ) = (1;0 ) , ( 0;1) la nghiem
cu a he . Va y m = 1 tho a ma n.
Ket luan: Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m {1} 3 2;4 .

792
Bai 1. (TSH Khoi D 2004) Tm ca c gia tr cu a m e he sau co nghiem:
x + y =
1
1 3m
x x + y y =
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 0 .
u = x
a t
v = y
u + v =
1
1
u + v =
1
u + v =
.
3
3
1 3m
u + v =
uv = m
( u + v ) 3uv ( u + v ) =1 3m
Suy ra u,v la hai nghie m cu a phng trnh: t 2 t + m =0 (1) .

He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co hai nghiem kho ng am.
= 1 4m 0
1
S =1 0
0m .
4
P= m 0
1
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 0; .
4
x + y + xy =
1
Bai 2. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem 3
.
3
m
x y + xy =
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
S + P =
1
P = 1 S
P = 1 S
3
2
3
2
=
S
S
2P
m
=
S
2S
1
S
m
=
+
m
S
2S
2S
(1)
(
)
S 2 + 2 2
.
Ta co : S2 4P S2 4 (1 S) S2 + 4S 4 0
S 2 2 2
S 2 + 2 2
.
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m
S 2 2 2
Xe t ha m so f(S) =S3 + 2S2 2S tre n ; 2 2 2 2 + 2 2; + , ta co :

793
2 10
S =
3
.
f '(S) =3S2 + 4S 2;f '(S) =0
2 + 10
S =
3
La p ba ng bie n thie n suy ra:
min
S ;2 2 2 2 + 2 2;+

f(S) = f 2 + 2 2 = 26 16 2 .
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem m 26 16 2 .
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la 26 16 2; + .
2 ( x + y ) + xy =
1
.
Bai 3. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem
m
x3 + y3 =
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
2S + P =
1
P = 1 2S
P = 1 2S
3
2
3
2
m
m
m =S + 6S 3S
S S 3P =
S 3S (1 2S) =
(1)
S 4 + 2 5
.
Ta co : S2 4P S2 4 (1 2S) S2 + 8S 4 0
S 4 2 5
S 4 + 2 5
.
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m
S 4 2 5
Xe t ha m so f(S) =S3 + 6S2 3S tre n ; 4 2 5 4 + 2 5; + , ta co :

f '(S)
= 3S2 + 12S 3 > 0, S ; 4 2 5 4 + 2 5; + .

(
(
)
)
m f 4 2 5 =76 34 5
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem
.
m
4
+
2
5
=
76
+
34
5
m 76 34 5
Va y
la nh ng gia tr ca n tm.
m 76 + 34 5
794
xy + x + y =
3
.
4
m
x + y =
Li giai
xy + x + y = 3
x + y = 3 xy
2
2
.

2
2
2x 2 y=
2x 2 y=
2
2
x
y
2xy
m
3
xy
2xy
m
+
)
(
)
(

x + y = 3 xy
.
2 2
2
2 2
m
x y 8xy + 9 2x y =
2
He phng trnh co nghiem ( x + y ) 4xy .

xy 9
2
.
( 3 xy ) 4xy x2 y2 10xy + 9 0
xy 1
a t t = xy khi o m =
(t
8t + 9
2t 2 (1) .
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m t 9 t 1 .

Xe t ha m so f(t) =
(t
8t + 9
2t 2 tre n ( ;1 9; + ) , ta co :
f '(t) = 4 t 3 12t 2 + 40t 36 ;f '(t) = 0 vo nghiem tre n ( ;1 9; + ) .
La p ba ng bie n thie n suy ra
min
t( ;1 9;+ )
f(t)
= f(1)
= 2.
V vay he phng trnh co nghiem m 2 .

Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m 2 .
x + y + x2 + y2 =
8
.
m
xy ( x + 1)( y + 1) =
Li giai
x + y + x + y 2 2xy =
8
( )

.
m
xy ( xy + x + y + 1) =
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
795
S2 + S 8
P
=
S + S2 2P =
2
8
.
2
m
P ( P + S + 1) =
S + S 8 S + S 8 + S + 1 =
m
2
2
S2 + S 8
P =
4
S + 4S3 11S2 30S + 48
m
=
(1)
He phng trnh co nghiem S2 4P .

S2 4.
S2 + S 8
S2 + 2S 16 0 1 17 S 1 + 17 .
2
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m 1 17 S 1 + 17 .

S4 + 4S3 11S2 30S + 48
tren 1 17; 1 + 17 , ta co:
S = 1
4S3 + 12S2 22S 30

17
.
f '(S) =
;f '(S) =0 S =1
4
2
17
S =1 +
2
Xet ham so f(S) =
Ta co : f 1 17= 16;f(=
1) 16;f 1 + 17= 16;
17
33
17
33
f 1
= ;f 1 +
= .
2
16
2
16
33
Va y
;
min
f(t) =
max
f(t) =
16 .
16 t 1 17;1+ 17
t 1 17;1+ 17
33
m 16 .
16
33
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la ;16 .
16
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem
x2 + x + y2 + y =
8
Cach 2: He phng trnh a cho tng ng v i: 2

.
2
m
x + x y + y =
796
)(
2
u = x2 + x = x + 1 1
2
4
a t
, u,v .
2
4
1 1
2
v = y + y = y +
2
4

u + v =
8
u,v la hai nghiem cu a phng trnh: t 2 8t + m =
0
uv = m
(1)
1
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co hai nghiem t .
4
m 16
m 16
'= 16 m 0
1
1
1
.
t1
t1 + t 2
t1 + t 2
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
t 2 4
t1 + t 2 + 0
t1t 2 + 4 ( t1 + t 2 ) + 16 0
4
4
m 16
m 16
1
33
33 m 16 .
2
16
m
16
1
1
m + 4 .8 + 16 0
33
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la ;16 .
16
Nhan xet. Ta nhan tha y khi a t c an phu a ve tm ie u kie n tham so

v i a n m i ba i toan x ly nhanh go n.
x2 + y2 + 2xy =
8

.
x + y =
m
Li giai
ie u kien: x,y 0,m 0 .
u = x
a t
, ( u,v 0 )
v = y
797
xy = uv
2
2
.
u + v 2 2uv 2u2 v2
2
2
x
y
x
y
2
xy
2xy
+
=
+
(
)
2
2
( u + v ) 2uv 2u2 v2 + =
2uv 8 m 2 2uv 2u2 v2 + =
2uv 8
m
m
u + v =
u + v =
4
2
2 2
8 m 4 4m 2 uv + 2u2 v2 =
8 2uv
m 4m uv + 2u v + 2uv =
=
u + v m
u + v m
uv 2 2
uv 2 2
m 4 4m 2 uv + 2u2 v2 = 2u2 v2 16 2uv + 64 m 4 64 = 4uv m 2 4 2

u + v =
m
m
u + v =
Nha n thay m = 2 4 2 he phng trnh vo nghiem.

u + v 2 4uv
)
(
uv 2 2
Va y v i m 2 4 2 he phng trnh co nghiem
.
m 4 =
64 4uv m 2 4 2
u + v =
m
m 4 64
2 2
4 m2 4 2
m 4 64
m 2 4.
24 2 < m 24 8 .
2
4 m 4 2
m 0,m 2 4 2
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 2 4 2;2 4 8 .
Nhan xet. V i m = 3 ta co ba i toa n quen thuo c gia i he phng trnh:

x2 + y2 + 2xy =
8
3
x + y =
798
x + y xy =
3
.
m
x + 1 + y + 1 =
Li giai
ie u kien: x 1,y 1,xy 0,m 0 .
x + y 3
xy = x + y 3
2
.
xy = ( x + y 3)
2
m
x + y + 2 + 2 ( x + 1)( y + 1) =
m2
x + y + 2 + 2 xy + x + y + 1 =
Do x + y 3 x,y 0 he phng trnh co nghie m khi va ch khi:
(x + y)
4xy .
x + y 2 ( x + y 3)
x + y 6
2
2
.
( x + y ) 4 ( x + y 3)
x + y 2 ( x + y 3)
x + y 2
Va y t = x + y 3;6 .
( t 3)
Khi o m 2 = t + 2 + 2
+ t + 1 (1) .
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m t 3;6 .

Xe t ha m so f(t) = t + 2 + 2
f '(t) = 1 +
2t 5
t 2 5t + 10
( t 3)
+ t + 1 tre n 3;6 , ta co :
> 0, t 3;6 ne n f(t) la ha m ong bie n tren 3;6 .
Ta co=
f(3) 9,f(6)
= 16 . Suy ra 9 m 2 16 3 m 4 (v m 0 ).
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 3;4 .
x2 + y2 =
1 m
Bai 8. Tm m e he phng trnh sau

x + y = xy + 1
).
x + y 1
a) Co nghiem duy nha t.

b) Co nghiem.
Li giai
2
ie u kien: x + y 0,x + y 1 .
799
a) Nha n tha y neu ( x;y ) la nghiem cu a he th ( y;x ) cu ng la nghiem cu a he . Va y
he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat trc tien x = y khi o thay vao he ta c:
2
1 m
2x=
2x
= x2 + 1
Ng c la i v i =
m
x2 + y2 1=
x + y = xy + 1
) x = 1
2x 1
m
=
=
2 1
2 +1
2 + 1 khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh:
)(
2 +1
(x + y)
x + y 1
2xy 1=
2 +1
)(
x + y 1
x + y = xy + 1
2
x + y ) 2 ( x + y 1) 1=
(
x + y = xy + 1
)(
x + y 1=
2 +1
x + y = xy + 1
)(
2 +1
).
x + y 1
) x + y 1= (
x + y 1
2 +1 .
x + y +1 .
x + y = xy + 1
De tha y he na y co hai nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 0;1) ; (1;0 ) ne n =

m
2 + 1 khong thoa
ma n.
Va y khong to n ta i m e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t.
S= x + y 2
b) a t
, S 4P,S 0,S2 2P 1 .
P = xy

S2 2P=
S2 2 S 1 =
1 m S 1
( ) 1 m S 1
P +1
S 1
S =
P =
S=
(1)
1 m S 1
.
P= S 1
He phng trnh co nghiem:
S2 2 0
S2 4 ( S 1)
S2 4P
)
(
S 0
S 0
S 0
S 0.
2
2
2
S 2P 1 S 2 ( S 1) 1 ( S 1) 0
P= S 1
P= S 1
P= S 1
800
x + y 1
Va y he co nghie m khi va ch khi S 0 . De thay (1) luo n co nghiem S = 1 do
o he phng trnh luo n co nghiem v i mo i m.
Bai 9. Tm ta t ca ca c gia tr th c cua tham so m e he phng trnh sau co
nghiem th c:
2 1
1
2
4
x + 2 +m + y + 2 +m =
x
y
.
1
2
1
x + y + xy =
Li giai
xy x + y 0
)
(
1
ie u kien: x2 +
+m0.
x2
2 1
y + 2 + m 0
y
2
2
2 1
1
2
4 m + 2 +x 1 + m + 2 +y 1 =
x + 2 +m + y + 2 +m =
x
y
x
y
x+y
1
1
x+y
2
2 + xy =
x + y =
y
1
u= x
x
a t
v= y 1
2
2
4.
m+2+u + m+2+v =
2
u + v =
2m + 4 + u2 + v2 + 2
u + v =
2
( m + 2 ) + ( m + 2 ) ( u2 + v2 ) + u2 v2 =16 .
2
2m + 4 + ( u + v ) 2uv + 2
u + v =
2
( m + 2 ) + ( m + 2 ) ( u + v )
2
2uv + u2 v2 =
16
801
2
m + 2 ) + 4 ( m + 2 ) + u2 v2 2 ( m + 2 ) uv =4 m + uv
.
(
u + v =
2
4 m + uv 0
2
2
( m + 2 ) + 4 ( m + 2 ) + u2 v2 2 ( m + 2 ) uv= u2 v2 + 2 ( 4 m ) uv + ( 4 m )
2
u + v =
16m 4
4 m + 12 0
m 11
4 m + uv 0
16m 4
16m 4
.
16m 4 = 12uv uv =
uv =
12
12
u + v =
=
=
u + v 2
u + v 2
2
16m 4
Ma t kha c ( u + v ) 4uv 4 4uv uv 1
1 m 1.
12
Va y 11 m 1 .
2
2
m + 2 + u2 0
2m + 4 + u + v 0
.
Ma t kha c
2
2
2
m + 2 + v 0
m + 2 + u m + 2 + v 0
)(
2m + 4 + u + v 2 2uv 0
( )
2
2
( m + 2 ) + ( m + 2 ) ( u + v ) 2uv + u2 v2 0
16m 4
2m + 4 + 4 2. 12 0
2
m + 2 2 + m + 2 4 2. 16m 4 + 16m 4 0
) (
)

(
12 12
16m 4
0
2m + 4 + 4 2.
12
m 13 .
2
m + 2 2 + m + 2 4 2. 16m 4 + 16m 4 0
) (
)
(
12 12
Va y 11 m 1 . e y v i mo i 11 m 1 khi o luo n to n ta i ( u;v ) .
802
1
u= x
x
Ma t kha c v i moi u,v th he
luo n co nghiem ( x;y ) .
v= y 1
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la 11;1 .

Bai 10. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem thc:
x 4 + y 4 =m + 1
2
2
.
x + y2 m
1
+ x2 y2
=
2
x+y
x+y
Li giai
ie u kien: x + y 0 .
2
x 4 + y 4 =m + 1
m +1
( x + y ) 2xy 2x2 y2 =
1 + 2x2 y2
1
2 2
+ x2 y2
=
2
2 2 2x y
2
x+y
x+y
x y + x + y =
Suy ra x + y > 0,xy 0 va =

x+y
2x2 y2
2 2
2x y
> 0 2 x2 y2 > 0 2 < xy < 2
Ma t kha c:
(x + y)
2x2 y2
4xy
4xy 4x 4 y 4 16xy 16x 2 y 2 + 4x 5 y 5 .
2 x2 y2
xy 0
.
xy x 4 y 4 x3 y3 4xy + 4 0 xy ( xy 1) x3 y3 4 0
3
1 xy 4
Suy ra=
t xy,t 2;0 1; 2 .
2t 2
16t 8
m + 1=
2t 2t 2= 2t 2 +
2
2 t
2 t2
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
2t 2 +
16t 8
(2 t )
2
16
t5
(2 t )
2
16
t5
(2 t )
tre n ( 2;0 ) 1; 2 ) .
803
Ta co :
f '(t) =
4t t10 4t 9 10t 8 + 56t 7 24t 6 176t 5 80t 4 + 160t 3 + 80t 2 32
( t 2)
Ch ng minh c f '(t) > 0, t ( 2;0 ) va f '(t) > 0, t 1; 2 ) .
Suy ra gia tr can tm cu a tham so m la

lim f(t) > m + 1 > f(0)
x 2 +
0 < m + 1 m > 1
m > 1 .
m + 1 2
m 1
f(1) m + 1 < lim f(t)
t 2
Va y m > 1 la gia tr can tm.
x + m + y + m =
2
.
2
2
2m 2
x + y =
Li giai
ie u kien: x + m 0,y + m 0 .
x + y + 2m + 2 xy + m x + y + m 2 =
4
( )
2
2
( x + y ) 2xy =
2m
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
2
S + 2m + 2 S + mS =
4
S + 2m + 2 P + mS + m 2 =
4
2
.
S2 2P =
2m 2
S2
m2
P
=
2
4 2m S 0
S2
2
4 2m S 2
+ mS =
S
2
4 + mS =( 4 2m ) 2 ( 4 2m ) S + S2 .
2
S2
2
=
P
m
2
2
S
=
m2
P
804
4 2m S 0
S2 + 8S = ( 4 2m ) .
S2
=
P
m2

S2 4P
x + y + 2m 0
S + 2m 0
4 2m S 0 x + m y + m 0 S + 2m 0
2
)(
)
2
S
2
S
P + mS + m 0 + mS 0
P =
m2 2
S2
2
2
2
2
2
S 4 m
4m S
2
2
x + m 0
4 2m S
4m S
2
4 2m S
4 2m S
y + m 0
2
Ke t h p v i S2 + 8S = ( 4 2m ) suy ra
1
m2.
2
1
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la ;2 .
2
x + y + 4 =
2xy
Bai 12. Tm m e he phng trnh x + y

2
co
2
2= m x + y + x + y + 5 + x + y
nghiem ( x,y ) tho a ma n x,y 1 .
Li giai
xy 4
2
2
.
Ta co : ( x + y ) 4xy ( 2xy 4 ) 4xy x 2 y 2 5xy + 4 0
xy 1
Suy ra t = x + y 4 do x,y 1 .
Khi o phng trnh th hai cu a he tng ng vi:
x+y
2=
m
(x + y)
2xy + x + y + 5 + x + y
=
2t m t 2 + 1 + t
=
m 2t t 2 + 1 t
(1)
Xe t ha m so =
f(t) 2t t 2 + 1 t tre n 4; + ) , ta co :
805
t
1
> 0, t 4
=
=
1 2t t 2 + 1 t ln 2
f '(t) 2t ln 2 t 2 + 1 t + 2t
2
t
+
1
t
+
1
Va y f(t) la ham ong bie n tren 4; + )

Do o f(t) =
f(4) 16
17 4 , t 4 .
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m t 4 m 16

Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la 16
) )
17 4 .
17 4 ; + .
x + 1 + y + 1 =
3
Bai 13. Cho he phng trnh
m
y x + 1 + x y + 1 + x + 1 + y + 1 =
a) Gia i he phng trnh v i m = 6 .

b) Tm ca c gia tr cu a tham so m e he tre n co nghiem.
Li giai
a) V i m = 6 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x + 1 + y + 1 =
3
.
6
y x + 1 + x y + 1 + x + 1 + y + 1 =
x +1 + y +1 =
x + 1 + y + 1 =
3
3
6
6
x + 1 ( y + 1) + y + 1 ( x + 1) =
x + 1 y + 1 x + 1 + y + 1 =

x +1 + y +1 =
3

x +1 y +1 =
2
x +1 =
2
x = 3
y +1 =
1
y = 0
.

x = 0
x +1 =
1
y = 3
y +1 =
2
( ) ( )( )
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghie m la x; y = 0;3 ; 3; 0 .

b) ie u kien: x,y 1 .
=
u
a t
v
=
806
x +1
y +1
u + v =
3
u + v =
3
3
u + v =
2
2
=
u+u+v m
( u + v ) m uv = m3
u 1 v + v 1 =
uv
) (
Suy ra u,v la hai nghie m cu a phng trnh: t 2 3t +
m
=
0
3
(1)
4m
= 9 3 0
27
.
S = 3 0
0m
4
m
=
P
0
3
27
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 0; .
4
Bai 14. Tm ca c gia tr cu a tham so m e he phng trnh sau co nghie m
1
1
5
x + x + y + y =
x2 + 1 + y2 + 1 =
m
x2
y2
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
1
1
1
1
5
5
x + + y + =
x + + y + =
x
y
x
y
2
2
21 m
1
1
x + 1 y + 1 =
x + x + y + y = m + 4
x
y
2
1
u= x +
x
a t
, u 2, v 2 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
1
v= y +
807
u + v =
5
21 m u,v la hai nghiem cu a phng trnh:

uv =
2
t 2 5t +
21 m
=0 m =2t 2 10t + 21
2
(1)
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co hai nghiem t 2 .

Xe t ha m so f(t) = 2t 2 10t + 21 tre n ( ; 2 2; + ) , ta co :
f '(t) = 4t 10;f '(t) = 0 t =
5
.
2
m 49
La p ba ng bie n thie n suy ra e (1) co hai nghiem t 2 17
.
m9
2
m 49
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 17
.
m9
2
1
1
5
x + x + y + y =
1
1
3
3
x +
m
+y +
=
x3
y3
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
1
1
5
x + + y + =
x
y
3
3
1
1
1
1
m
x + x 3 x + x + y + y 3 y + y =
1
1
5
x + + y + =
x
y
1
1
1
1
1
1
x + x + y + y 3 x + x y + y x + x + y + y = m + 15
808
1
1
1
1
=
5
=
5
x + + y +
x + + y +
x
y
x
y
1
1
1
1
110
m
125 15 x +
y + =m + 15 x + y + =
x
y
x
y
15
1
u= x +
x
a t
v= y + 1
u + v =
5
110 m u,v la hai nghiem cu a he phng trnh:

uv =
15
t 2 5t +
110 m
=0 m =15t 2 75t + 110 (1) .
15
m 320
.
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co hai nghiem t 2 65
m 20
4
1
1
5
x + x + y + y =
x 4 + 1 + y 4 + 1 =
m
x4
y4
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
1
1
5
x + x + y + y =
.
4
2
4
2
x + 1 4 x + 1 2 6 + y + 1 4 y + 1 2 6 =
m
x
x
y
y
1
u= x +
x
a t
v= y + 1
809
u + v =
5
u + v =
5
.
4
4
2
2
2 2
+
+
+
=
u
v
4
u
v
4
m
=
+
m
2u
v
92uv
529
Ba i toa n na y kha c ca c ba i toa n tre n ta ta x ly a ve mo t a n.

u 7
u 7
Ta co v = 5 u v = 5 u 2
2 u 3 .
u 3 u 2
Thay v= 5 u va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:

2
=
m 2u2 ( 5 u ) 92u ( 5 u ) + 529 (1) .
u 7
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m thoa ma n 2 u 3 .

u 2
Xe t ha m so f(u)
= 2u ( 5 u )
2
u 7
92u ( 5 u ) + 529 v i 2 u 3 .
u 2
Tnh a o ha m va la p ba ng bie n thie n suy ra gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la:

m 2209
.
257 m 49
8
m 2209
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 257
.
m 49
8
Bai 17. Tm ca c gia tr cu a tham so m e he phng trnh sau co nghie m:
1
1
5
x + x + y + y =
x5 + 1 + y5 + 1 =
m
x5
y5
Li giai
1
u= x +
x
ie u kien: xy 0 . a t
, u 2, v 2 .
1
v= y +
810
5
3
1
1
1
1
= x + 5 x + 3 x + 10 x + = u5 5u3 + 5u ;
Ta co : x +
5
x
x
x
x
Va y 5 +
5
3
1
1
1
1
= y + 5 y + 3 y + 10 y + = v5 5v3 + 5v
y
y
y
y
y5
5
u + v =
He phng trnh a cho tr thanh: 5
3
5
3
m
u 5u + 5u + v 5v + 5v =
u + v =
5
5
3
( u + v ) 5uv ( u + v ) 3uv ( u + v ) 10u2 v2 ( u + v )
m
5 ( u + v ) 3uv ( u + v ) + 5 ( u + v ) =
u + v =
5
= 25 u2 v2 22uv + 101
m
m 15125
Th c hie n tng t ba i toan tre n ta tm c 1025
.
m 125
16
Bai 18. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem thc:
1
5
( x + y ) 1 + =
xy
x2 + y2 1 + 1 =
m
x2 y2
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
1 1
1 1
5
5
x + y + + =
x + y + x + y =
x y
2
2
1
1
x2 + y2 + 1 + 1 =
x + x + y + y = m + 4
x2 y2

811
1 1
1 1
5
5
x + y + + =
x + y + + =
x
y
x y
2
21 m
1
1
1
1
x + 1 y + 1 =
+
+
+
+
+
=
+
x
y
2
x
y
m
4
x
y
2
x
y
x
y
1
1
Suy ra x + ;y + la hai nghie m cu a phng trnh:
x
y
t 2 5t +
Ta co x +
21 m
=0 m =2t 2 10t + 21
2
(1)
1
1
2, y + 2 . Do o he phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi
x
y
(1) co nghiem t 2 .
Xe t ha m so f(t) = 2t 2 10t + 21 tre n ( ; 2 2; + ) .
Ta co : f '(t) = 4t 10;f '(t) = 0 t =
5
.
2
Ba ng bie n thie n:
t
f '(t)
f(t)
5
2
+
17
2
49
D a va o ba ng bie n thie n suy ra m
17
la gia tr ca n tm.
2
x2 + y2
3
3
x +y
812
1
8
1 +
=
xy
.
3
1
m
1 +
=
xy
Li giai
2
x + y2
3
3
x +y
) 1 + xy2 + x 1y
) 1 + x 3y
2 2
2 2
8
=
3
1
+
m
=
xy x3 y3
2
2
2
1
1 2x 2y

2
1
1
x
y
8
+
+
+
+
+
=
x + + y + =
8
x
x2 y2 y
y
x
2
2
3
3
x3 + y3 + 3x + 3y + 3x + 3y + 1 + 1 =
1
1
m
x
y
m
+
+
+

=
y
x
y2 x2
x3 y3
y
x
1
u= x +
y
a t
v= y + 1
1
u= x +
xy + 1 uy =
uy vx
y =
Tr c tie n xe t he phng trnh:
.
xy + 1 vx =
xy + 1 vx
v= y + 1 =
x
TH1: Ne u u = 0 v = 0 (do x 0 ).
Khi o he phng trnh co nghiem xy = 1 .
vx
TH2: Ne u u 0 y = thay va o phng trnh th hai ta c:
u
2
vx
+ 1= vx vx 2 uvx + u = 0
(1)
u
uv 4
He co nghiem khi phng trnh (1) co nghie m u2 v2 4uv 0
.
uv 0
uv 4
Va y ta ca n tm ieu kie n cu a tham so sao cho
.
uv 0
Thay u,v va o he ta c:
u + v 2 2uv =
u2 + v2 =
8
u2 + v2 =
8
8
)
(
.
3
2
2
3
16
m
m
u + v =
( u + v ) u + v uv =
( u + v )( 8 uv ) =
813
2
uv = ( u + v ) 8
u + v) 8
(
uv =
2
.
3
u
v
8
+
(
)
u
v
( ) + 12 u + v
m
=
( u + v ) 8
=
m
( )
2
S2 8
P=
S= u + v 2
2
a t
.
, S 4P khi o
P
=
uv
S3
+ 12S (2)
m =
2
Ta co :
2
S2 8
S 4.
2
4 S 4
2 2 S 2 2
S2 4P
S2 8
S 4
.
S =
4
=
P uv 4
4
S = 4
P uv 0
=
S2 8
2 2 S 2 2
0
2
Va y e he phng trnh co nghiem ta ca n tm m e phng trnh (2) co
2 2 S 2 2
nghiem tho a ma n S = 4
.
S = 4
2 2 S 2 2
S3
Xe t ha m so f ( S) =
+ 12S v i S = 4
2
S = 4
3S2
;f '(S) =
0S=
2 2 .
2
m = 16
m= f ( 4 )
m f 4
=
=
m 16
16 2 m 16 2 .
( )
16 2 m 16 2
f 2 2 m f 2 2
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la 16 2;16 2 .
Ta co : f '(S) =
12
814
( )
Bai 20. Tm cac gia tr cua tham so m e he phng trnh sau co ung hai nghiem:
x + xy + y =
m
2
2
1 2m
x + y + xy =
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
S + P = m
P = m S
2
2
S P =1 2m
S + S =1 m
He phng trnh co ung hai nghiem:
S2 > 4P S2 > 4 ( m S) S2 + 4S > 4m .
Ma t kha c:
2
S>
m=
1 S S (1) S + 4S > 4 1 S S 5S + 8S 4 > 0
5 .
S < 2
2
2
S>
Va y he phng trnh co ung hai nghie m (1) co nghie m
5 .
S < 2
2
11
Xe t ha m so f(S) =
.
1 S2 S tre n ( ;2 ) ; + m <
5
25
11
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la ; .
25
x2 + y2 = 2 (1 + m )

.
2
( x + y ) =
4
a) Ch ng minh ra ng ne u ( x 0 ;y 0 ) la nghie m cua he th ( x 0 ; y 0 ) cu ng la

nghiem cu a he . T o tm ie u kien ca n e he co nghiem duy nha t.
b) Tm ca c gia tr cu a tham so m e he co nghie m duy nha t.
Li giai
Ne u ( x;y ) la nghiem cu a he th ( y;x ) cu ng la nghiem cu a he . V va y he

phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat tr c tie n phai co x = y .
2
2x=
2 (1 + m )
m=
0
4x2 = 4
815
Ng c la i v i m = 0 he luon co hai nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 1; 1) ; (1;1) .
Va y khong to n ta i gia tr cu a tham so e he co nghiem duy nha t.
x2 + y2 =
m
.
1
x + y xy =
Li giai
x + y 2 2xy
1 + xy 2 2xy
= m
(
)
(
) = m x2 y2= m 1 (1) .
x + y =1 + xy
x + y xy =1
x + y =1 + xy
(x + y)
4xy (1 + xy ) 4xy ( xy 1) 0 luo n u ng.
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m m 1 0 m 1 .

5 ( x + y ) 4xy =
4
.
x + y xy =1 m
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
5S =
S 4m
4P 4 =
.
S P =1 m
P =5m 1

m 1
.
S 4P 16m 4 ( 5m 1)
m 1
4
2
1
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la ; 1; + ) .
4
Bai 24. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co ba nghie m pha n biet:

x + y =
1
3
3
x y = m ( x y )
Li giai
816
1
x =
2
x + y =
1
x + y =
1
1
x = y
y =
2
2
2
0 2
( x y ) x + xy + y m =
x
xy
y
m
0
+
+
x + y =
(1)
2
2
0
x + xy + y m =
He phng trnh co ba nghie m pha n bie t (1) co hai nghie m pha n bie t
1 1
kha c ; .
2 2
y = 1 x
Ta co (1) 2
0 (2)
x x + 1 m =
= 1 4 (1 m ) > 0
1
3
(1) co hai nghie m pha n bie t kha c 1 1

m> .
2
4
+1 m 0
4 2
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m >
3
.
4
x + xy + y = m + 2
.
xy ( x + y ) = m + 1
Li giai
x + y = m + 1
x + y + xy = m + 2
xy = 1

x + y =
1
xy ( x + y ) = m + 1
xy= m + 1
(x + y)
m + 1 2 4.1 m 1
( )
.
4xy
m 3
12 4. m + 1
( )
3
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la ; 1; + ) .
4
Bai 26. Ch ng minh rang v i mo i gia tr cua tham so m th he phng trnh

817
x + y + xy= 2m + 1
sau luon co nghie m:
2
xy ( x + y ) = m + m
Tm m e he phng trnh a cho co nghiem duy nhat.

Li giai
x + y = m + 1
x + y + xy= 2m + 1
xy = m
.

) m ( m + 1) x + y =m
xy ( x + y=
xy= m + 1
V i x + y = m + 1,xy = m ta co :
(x + y)
4xy = ( m + 1) 4m = ( m 1) 0, m .
Va y he phng trnh luo n co nghiem.

Tm m e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t.
+ ie u kie n ca n:
He co nghiem ( x;y ) th ( y;x ) cu ng la nghiem cu a he v va y he co nghiem

duy nha t ta pha i co x = y .
Khi o ( x + y )
m +1 2 =
( ) 4m m = 1
.
= 4xy
=
2
m= 2 2 2
m
4
m
+
1
(
)
+ ie u kien u:
- V i m = 1 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x + y =
2
xy = 1 x = 1 he co nghiem duy nhat x;y = 1;1 nen m = 1 thoa man.

( ) ( )
x + y =
y =1
1
xy = 2
- V i m= 2 2 2 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
x + y = 3 2 2
xy= 2 2 2
he na y co hai nghiem ( x;y ) =
1;2 2 2 ; 2 2 2;1 nen
x + y = 2 2 2
xy= 3 2 2
kho ng tho a ma n.
818
)(
- V i m= 2 + 2 2 he phng trnh co nhie u hn mo t nghiem ne n khong
tho a man.
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m = 1 .
x + y =
3
Bai 27. Tm m e he phng trnh co nghiem ( x;y ) ,x 4
m
x + 5 + y + 5 =
Li giai
a t u=
y, ( u 2,v 0 ) he phng trnh a cho tr tha nh:
x,v=
v= 3 u
u + v =
3
u2,v 0
2 u3.

2
2
u
5
v
5
m
+
+
+
=
2
u2 + 5 + ( 3 u ) + 5 =
m (1)
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m u 2;3 .
Xe t ha m so f(u)=
f '(u) =
u
2
u +5
u2 + 5 +
u3
( u 3)
(3 u)
+ 5 tre n 2;3 , ta co :
;f '(u) = 0 u
+5
( u 3)
+ 5 = ( 3 u ) u2 + 5 u =
3
2
Ta co f(2) =
3 + 6,f(3) =
5 + 14 .
Suy ra 3 + 6 m 5 + 14 .
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 3 + 6; 5 + 14 .
Bai 28. Chng minh ra ng he phng trnh sau luo n co nghie m v i mo i gia tr
x + y = m + 1
cu a tham so: 2
2
2
x y + xy = 2m m 3
Li giai
x + y = m + 1
.
xy ( x + y ) = ( m + 1)( 2m 3)
TH1: Ne u m = 1 he phng trnh co nghiem ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) .

TH2: Ne u m 1 he phng trnh a cho tng ng v i:
819
x + y = m + 1
2
( x + y ) 4xy =
= 2m 3
xy
( m + 1)
4 ( 2m 3) = m 2 6m + 13 > 0, m
Va y he phng trnh luo n co nghiem .

x + y =
m
Bai 29. Cho he phng trnh 2
.
2
2
x + y =6 m
Gia s he co nghiem ( x;y ) tm gia tr nho nha t cu a bie u th c:

P =xy + 2 ( x + y ) .
Li giai
x + y =
m
m
x + y =
.
2
2
2
= m 3
6 m
( x + y ) 2xy =
xy

2
( x + y ) 4xy m 2 4 m 2 3 2 m 2 .
Khi o P= xy + 2 ( x + y=
) m 2 3 + 2m=
( m + 1)
4 4 .
Da u ba ng xay ra khi va ch khi m = 1 .

x2 + y2 =
m
.
4
4
x + y = 3m 2
Li giai
x2 + y2 =
x2 + y2 =
m
m
2
2
m 2 3m + 2 .
2
2x2 y2 =3m 2
x +y
x2 y2 =
Suy ra x2 ,y2 la hai nghie m cu a phng trnh:

m 2 3m + 2
=
0 (1) .
2
t 2 mt +
820
m 2 3m + 2
m 2 4.
0
=
2
3 5 m 3 + 5
2 m 3 + 5
.
S =m 0
m 0
3 5 m 1
m 2
2
P m 3m + 2 0
2
m 1
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 2;3 + 5 3 5;1 .
x + y =
m
.
m
x + y xy =
Li giai
a
t u
=
=
x,v
y, ( u,v 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh:
u + v =
m
u + v =
m
u + v =
m
2
2
m m .
2
m
m
( u + v ) 3uv =
uv =
u + v uv =
3
Suy ra u,v la hai nghie m cu a phng trnh:

m2 m
=
0 (1) .
3
t 2 mt +
m2 m
m 2 4.
0
=
3
m = 0
.
S =m 0
1
m
4
2
P m m 0
=
3
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 1;4 {0} .
Bai 32. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co u ng hai nghiem:

x2 + y2 = 2 ( m + 1)
2
( x + y ) =
4
Li giai
821
x2 + y2 = 2 ( m + 1)
He phng trnh a cho tng ng v i: x + y 2 =

0
0
x + y + 2 =
(1)
(2)
(3)
Phng trnh (1) la phng trnh ng tro n ( C ) co tam la go c to a o O ( 0;0 ) ,

ba n knh
=
R
2 ( m + 1) , ( m > 1) .
Phng trnh (2) va (3) tng ng la hai ng tha ng d1 : x + y 2 =

0 va
d2 : x + y + 2 =
0.
Ta co d=
( O;d1 ) d=
( O;d 2 )
2 nen he co ung hai nghiem xay ra khi va ch khi:
Ca hai ng tha ng d1 ,d 2 tie p xu c vi ( C ) .
2
= 2 ( m + 1)
d ( O;d1 ) = R
12 + 12
0.
m=
2
( O;d 2 ) R =
d=
2 ( m + 1)
2 2
1
1
+
Nhan xet. Ne u d ( O;d1 ) d ( O;d 2 ) ta xe t hai trng h p n a o la
TH2: ng tha ng d1 ca t ng tro n ( C ) , ng tha ng d 2 kho ng co ie m
chung v i ( C ) .
TH3: ng tha ng d 2 ca t ng tro n ( C ) , ng tha ng d1 kho ng co ie m
chung v i ( C ) .
x3 y3= m ( x y )
co ba nghiem
1
x + y =
pha n bie t ( x1;y1 ) , ( x 2 ;y 2 ) , ( x3 ;y3 ) trong o x1 ,x2 ,x3 la p tha nh ca p so cong
va co hai so co tr tuye t oi l n hn 1.
Li giai
1
x = y =
( x y ) x2 + xy + y 2 m =
2
0
1
x + y =
x + y =
1
2
2
0
x + xy + y m =
822
1
x = y =
x = y =
2
2
y =1 x
.
y =1 x
2
2
0 (1)
x 2 + x ( 1 x ) + ( 1 x ) m =0
x + x + 1 m =
Yeu cau bai toan tng ng vi (1) co hai nghiem phan biet x1 ,x2 thoa man:
= 1 4 (1 m ) > 0
1
2. =
1 1 =1
x1 + x 2 =
1 4m 3 > 1
m > 3.
x1 > 1
2
x2 > 1
1 + 4m 3 > 1
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la ( 3;+ ) .
x + y + xy =
m
.
2
m
x + y =
Li giai
S= x + y 2
a t
P = xy
P= m S
S + P = m
P = m S
.
2
2
2
2 ( m S) =
m
S =
S 2P m
S + 2S 3m
Ta co : S2 4P S2 4 ( m S) S2 + 4S 4m .
Ma t kha c m =
Suy=
ra m
S2 + 2S
S2 + 2S
do o S2 + 4S 4.
S2 4S 0 0 S 4 .
3
3
S2 + 2S
0;8 .
3
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 0;8 .

x2 + xy + y 2 =m + 6
.
m
2x + xy + 2y =
a) Tm m e he phng trnh a cho co nghiem.

b) Tm m e he phng trnh a cho co nghiem duy nhat
Li giai
823
S= x + y 2
a) a t
P = xy
S2 2P + P = m + 6
S2 + 2S = 2m + 6 (1)
2S + P = m
P = m 2S
Ta co : S2 4P S2 4 ( m 2S) S2 + 8S 4m .
Ma t kha c: m =
S2 + 2S 6
suy ra:
2
S2 + 2S 6
2S2 8S 24 0 2 S 6 .
2
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m 2 S 6 .
S2 + 8S 4.
S2 + 2S 6
tre n 2;6 , ta co :
2
f '(S) =
S + 1;f '(S) =
0S=
1 .
Xe t ha m so f(S) =
7
Ta co : f(2) =
3;f(6) =
21;f(1) =
.
2
7
Suy ra gia tr can tm cu a tham so la ;21 .
2
b) Ne u he co nghiem ( x;y ) th ( y;x ) cu ng la nghiem cu a he a cho. V vay e

he co nghiem duy nha t tr c tie n pha i co x = y . Khi o he phng trnh tr
tha nh:
2
x =
1,m =
3
m+6
3x 2 6
3x 2 6
3x =
m =
m =
.
2
2
2
2
= 21
x 3,m
x + 4x = m
x + 4x = 3x 6
2x 4x 6 = 0 =
TH1: Ne u m = 3 khi o he tr tha nh:

x =
1,y =
1
x2 + xy + y 2 =
3
x =
3,y =3 ne n kho ng tho a man.
3
2x + xy + 2y =
x = 3,y = 3
x2 + xy + y2 =
27 x = 3
TH2: Ne u m = 21 : khi o he tr tha nh:
21 y = 3
2x + xy + 2y =
He co nghiem duy nha t nen thoa ma n.

824
x 3 x + 1= 3 y + 2 y
.
m
x + y =
Li giai
x +=
y 3 x +1 + y + 2
.
Vie t la i he d i dang :
x + y =
m
=
u
a t
v
=
x +1
y+2
, ( u,v 0 ) khi o he phng trnh tr tha nh :
u2 + v2 3= 3 ( u + v )
3 ( u + v ) =
m
2
2
u2 + v2 =m + 3
m
u + v 3 =
m
u + v =3
2
.
u + v ) u2 + v2
(
1 m2
=
m 3
uv
2
2 9
Khi o u,v la hai nghie m cu a phng trnh:

t2
m
1 m2
m 3 =
t+
0 (1) .
3
2 9
m2
m2
=
2
m 3 0
9
9 + 3 21
m
0
m 9 + 3 15 .
2
3
1 m2
m 3 0

2 9
9 + 3 21
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la

;9 + 3 15 .
2
825
Bai 37. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem thc x,y 0 :
xy ( x + y ) = x2 xy + y2
1
1
m
3+ 3=
y
x
Li giai
xy ( x + y )
x2 y2
a=
t u
x2 xy + y2
x2 y2
1 1 1
1
1
.
+ =
+
x y x2 xy y2
1
1
=
,v
, ( u,v 0 ) khi o u + v = u2 uv + v2 ;
x
y
Va m = u3 + v3 = ( u + v ) u2 uv + v2 = ( u + v ) .
u + v = u2 uv + v2

.
2
m
( u + v ) =
Tr c tie n ta pha i co m 0 va e y :
2
v 3v2
u + v = u uv + v = u +
> 0, u,v 0
2
4
Vie t la i he phng trnh d i da ng :

2
u + v = u + v 2 3uv
m m
u
+
v
( u + v)
(
)
uv =
( )
uv =
.
3
2
( u + v ) =
u + v =m
u + v =m
m m
=
0
(1)
3
He co nghiem tho a ma n ye u cau tre n (1) co nghiem u,v 0 .
Khi o u,v la hai nghie m cu a he phng trnh: t 2 mt +
m m
0
= m 4.
0 < m 16
3
.
m m
m 1
=
0
P
3
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la ( 0;1) (1;16 .
826
Chu e 2.
HE OI XNG LOAI II

Phng pha p gia i va bie n lua n gio ng nh gia i he phng trnh o i x ng loa i
II o la tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he .
B. BAI TAP MAU
Bai 1. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nha t:
2
3
2
3x =y 2y + my
.
2
3
2
=
+
3y
x
2x
mx
Li giai
+ ie u kien ca n:
Gia s he phng trnh co nghiem ( x 0 ,y 0 ) , khi o ( y 0 ,x 0 ) cu ng la nghiem
cu a he ne n e he co nghiem duy nha t th tr c he t x 0 = y 0 .
x0 = 0
Thay vao he ta c x 03 5x 02 + mx 0 =
0 2
0(*)
x 0 5x 0 + m =
He co nghie m duy nha t th (*) hoa c vo nghie m hoa c co nghiem ke p x = 0 ,
= 25 4m < 0
25
ie u na y tng ng v i: = 25 4m= 0 m >

.
4
m = 0
+ ie u kien u:
25
, khi o he phng trnh tng ng v i:
V i m >
4
2
2
2
3x = y y 2y + m= y ( y 1) + m 1 0
x,y 0 .
3y2= x x2 2x + m= x ( x 1)2 + m 1 0
(
(
)
)
) (
x x2 5x + m + y y2 5y + m =
0.
2
2
5
25
5
25
x x + m + y y + m =0 x =y =0 .
2
4
2
4
25
th he co nghie m duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) .
Va y v i m >
4
25
Ket luan: Va y m >
4
827
Bai 2. Ch ng minh ra ng he phng trnh:
x
y
=
e 2014 2
y 1
co u ng 2 nghie m tho a ma n x > 0;y > 0 .
x
y
=
e 2014
x2 1
Li giai
ie u kien: x > 1, y > 1 .
x
y
x
y
ex
=
ex ey =
ey
(1) .
2
2
2
2
x 1
y 1
x 1
y 1
Xe t ha m so f(t)
= et
f '(t) = et +
t
t2 1
( t 1)
2
t 1
tre n ( ; 1) (1; + ) , ta co :
> 0, t > 1 ne n f(t) la ham so o ng bien tre n mo i
khoang ( ; 1) va (1;+ ) .
V i x > 0,y > 0 ta co (1) f(x)= f(y) x= y .
x
ex 2014 +
=
0 (2) .
2
x 1
x
ex 2014 +
lie n tu c tre n (1;+ ) , ta co :
Xe t ha m so g(x) =
2
x 1
1
3x
g'(x) = ex
;g''(x) = ex +
> 0, x > 1 ne n
2
2
2
2
2
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1
phng trnh g'(x) = 0 co to i a mot nghie m suy ra phng trnh g(x) = 0 co

to i a hai nghie m tre n (1;+ ) .
Ma t kha c: lim g(x) = +;g(2) = e2 2014 +
< 0; lim g(x) = + . Do o

x +
3
to n ta i x1 (1;2 ) ,x2 ( 2; + ) sao cho g(x
=
=
1 ) g(x
2 ) 0 hay phng trnh (2)
x 1+
co ung hai nghie m tren (1;+ ) . T o suy ra he phng trnh co ung hai
nghiem x > 0,y > 0 (pcm).
828
x + 1 + y 2 =
m
.
y
+
1
+
x
2
=
m
Li giai
ie u kien: x 2,y 2,m 0 .
x + 1 + y 2 y + 1 x 2 =0
xy
x +1 + y +1
yx
y2 + x2
) (
x +1 y +1 +
y 2 x 2 =0
=
0.
1
1
=
(x y)
0
x +1 + y +1
2
+
y
x=
y (do
1
x +1 + y +1
1
x2 + y2
> 0 ).
Khi o thay vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:

x +1 + x 2 =
m
Xe t
ham
so
f(x)=
x + 1 + x 2 o ng
(1) .
bien
tren
2; + ) nen
f(x) f(2) =
3 v i mo i x 2 .
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m m 3 .

x2 y + m =
y2
.
2
x2
xy + m =
Li giai
+ ie u kien ca n:

Thay vao he ta c: m
= x 20 x30 (1) .
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t khi (1) co nghiem duy nhat.
Xe t ha m so f(x 0=
) x20 x30 la p ba ng bien thie n suy ra gia tr cu a m la m < 0 .
829
+ ie u kie n u :
V i m < 0 khi o tr theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
x = y
.
xy ( x y ) = y2 x2 ( x y )( xy + x + y ) = 0
0
xy + x + y =
xy ( x + y ) + 2m = x 2 + y 2 . Do m < 0,x2 + y2 0 suy ra xy ( x + y ) > 0 do o
xy + x + y 0 . V va y x = y .
V i x = y thay vao phng trnh a u cua he ta c: m

= x 2 x3 co nghiem
duy nha t v i moi m < 0 .
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m < 0 .
x + 1 2 =y + m
)
(
.
2
( y + 1) =x + m
Li giai
+ ie u kien ca n:

Thay vao phng trnh cu a he ta c: m = x 20 + x 0 + 1 (1) .
He phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t khi (1) co nghie m duy nha t
3
.
= 4m 3= 0 m =
4
3
+ ie u kie n u : V i m = he phng trnh tr tha nh:
4
2
3
1
( x y )( x + y + 3) =
0
y+
x=
( x + 1) =
4
2
(thoa ma n).
2
3
3
1
x
+
1
=
y
+
( y + 1)2 =
(
)
x+
y=
4
2
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m =
3
.
4
x3 = 2y + x + m
.
3
y = 2x + y + m
830
Li giai
x3 y3 = y x ( x y ) x2 + xy + y2 + 1 = 0 y = x .

x3 = 3x + m m = x3 3x (1) .
He phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t (1) co nghie m duy nha t.

Xe t ha m so f(x)
= x3 3x va la p ba ng bie n thie n suy ra (1) co nghie m duy
nha t m > 2 .
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m > 2 .
Nhan xet. He phng trnh co hai nghiem m =
2 hoa c m = 2 .
He phng trnh co ba nghie m phan bie t 2 < m < 2 .
y2 ( x + y ) =
2m

.
2
2m
x ( x + y ) =
Li giai
+ ie u kien ca n:

Thay vao phng trnh cu a he ta c: 2m
= x 20 2x 0 (1) .
1
' = 1 + 2m = 0 m = .
2
1
+ ie u kie n u : V i m = he phng trnh tr tha nh:
2
2
0
1 ( x y )( x + y ) =
x = 1
y ( x + y ) =
(thoa ma n).
2
2
y
=
1
x
x
y
1
+
=
x
x
y
1
+
=
(
)
( )
1
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m = .
2
Bai 5. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co hai nghie m th c pha n bie t:

x2 + ( m + 2 ) x =
my
.
2
mx
y + ( m + 2 ) y =
831
Li giai
x2 y2 + ( m + 2 )( x y )= m ( y x ) .
x = y
.
( x y )( x + y + 2m + 2 ) = 0
0
x + y + 2m + 2 =
TH1: V i x = y thay va o phng trnh a u cua he ta c:

x 0
x 0,y
=
=
= 0
.
x2 + ( m + 2 ) x = mx
2 x =
2,y =
2
x =
TH2: V i x + y + 2m + 2 =0 y =2m 2 x thay va o phng trnh a u cu a

he ta c:
x2 + ( m + 2 ) x = m ( 2m 2 x ) x2 + 2 ( m + 1) x + 2m 2 + 2m = 0 (1) .
He phng trnh co u ng hai nghie m th c pha n biet (1) vo nghie m hoa c

co nghiem kep x = 0 hoa c x = 2 hoa c co hai nghie m pha n biet
x1 = 0,x2 = 2 va y = 0,y = 2 tng ng.
Xe t tr ng h p ta co ke t qua cua tham so la m > 1 .
x3 =y2 + 7x2 mx
.
3
2
2
=
+
y
x
7y
my
Li giai
+ ie u kien can:

Thay vao phng trnh cu a he ta c:
x0 = 0
x30 =8x 20 mx 0 x 0 x 20 8x 0 + m =0 2
0
x 0 8x 0 + m =
(1)
He phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t khi (1) vo nghie m hoa c co nghiem kep
'= 16 m < 0
x 0 =0 '= 16 m= 0 m > 16 .
02 8.0 + m =
0

832
+ ie u kie n u : V i m > 16 :
(
(
)
)
x x2 + m =y 2 + 7x 2
He phng trnh vie t la i d i da ng:

x,y 0 .
y y2 + m =x 2 + 7y 2

x3 + y3 = 8x2 + 8y2 mx my x3 8x 2 + mx + y3 8y 2 + my = 0 .
) (
x x2 8x + m + y y2 8y + m =
0.
2
2
x ( x 4 ) + m 16 + y ( y 4 ) + m 16 =0 x =y =0 .
Va y v i m > 16 he phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) .

Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m > 16 .
2
3
2
y =x 4x + mx
.
2
3
2
x =y 4y + my
Li giai
V i mo i gia tr cu a tham so m he phng trnh tren luo n co nghiem
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) . Vay gia tr can tm cua tham so la tap so thc.
Bai 8. Tm ca c gia tr cua tham so m e he phng trnh sau co nghie m:
x + 1 + 3 y =
m
.
m
y + 1 + 3 x =
Li giai
ie u kien: 1 x 3, 1 y 3 .
x +1 y +1 + 3 y 3 x =
0.
x + 1 3 x=
y + 1 3 y x= y .

m=
x + 1 + 3 x (1) .
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m.
x + 1 + 3 x = 4 + 2 ( x + 1)( 3 x ) 4
Ta co :
x + 1 + 3 x 2(x + 1 + 3 x) =
2 2
833
2 x +1 + 3 x 2 2 .
Suy ra 2 m 2 2 la gia tr ca n tm cua tham so .

Bai 9. Chng minh rang vi moi m > 0 he phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nhat
3x2 y 2y2 m =
0
.
2
2
0
3y x 2x m =
Li giai
V i mo i m > 0 co ng theo ve hai phng trnh cua he ta c:
3x2 y + 3xy2 =2m + 2x2 + 2y2 3xy ( x + y ) =2m + 2x 2 + 2y 2 > 0 .
xy ( x + y ) > 0 hay xy,x + y cu ng da u .
3x2 y 3y2 x + 2x2 2y2 = 0 ( x y )( 3xy + x + y ) = 0 x = y (do

xy,x + y cu ng da u).
V i y = x thay va o phng trnh a u cu a he ta c:

3x3 2x2 =
m . Xe t ham so f(x)
= 3x3 2x2 va la p bang bie n suy ra v i
m > 0 phng trnh tre n co nghie m duy nha t do o he phng trnh co
nghiem duy nha t(pcm).
Bai 10. Tm cac gia tr cua tham so m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nhat
xy + x 2 = m ( y 1)
2
xy + y = m ( x 1)
Li giai
+ ie u kien ca n:

Thay vao phng trnh cu a he ta c:
2
2x=
m ( x 0 1) 2x20 mx 0 + =
m 0 (1) .
0
m = 0
.
= m 2 8m = 0
m = 8
834
+ ie u kie n u :
xy +=
x 0
x2 0 =
(tho a man).
V i m = 0 he phng trnh tr tha nh:
2
0
y = 0
xy + y =
xy + x 2 = 8 ( y 1)
x = 2
V i m = 8 he phng trnh tr tha nh:

(tho a ma n).
2
y = 2
xy + y = 8 ( x 1)
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m = 0 hoa c m = 8 .

Bai 11. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nhat:
7 + x + 11 y 4 = m 4 3 10 3m
7 + y + 11 x 4 = m 4 3 10 3m
L i gia i
7 + x 11 x =
7 + y 11 y x = y .

7 + x + 11 x = 4 + m 4 3 10 3m (1) .
He phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t (1) co nghie m duy nha t.

Xe t ha m so f(x) =
f '(x) =
1
2 7+x
7 + x + 11 x tre n 7;11 , ta co :
1
2 11 x
;f '(x) = 0 11 x = x + 7 x = 2 .
La p ba ng bie n thie n cua f(x) suy ra (1) co nghie m duy nha t khi va ch khi:
4 + m 4 3 10 3m =
6
m 2 =4 3 10 3m m =
3.
835
Chu e 3.
HE ANG CAP

No i dung chu e nay chu yeu e ca p en ca c ba i toa n cha tham so xoay
quanh da ng he a ng ca p ba c hai:
a x2 + b xy + c y 2 =
d1
1
1
1
.
2
2
d2
a2 x + b2 xy + c2 y =
Nh a e ca p trong phng pha p gia i he a ng ca p ta nha n cheo hai phng

trnh cu a he a ve phng trnh ong ba c:
) (
d 2 a1x2 + b1xy + c1y 2= d1 a2 x 2 + b2 xy + c2 y 2 .
Phng phap s du ng chu ye u o la ky na ng kha o sa t tm mie n gia tr cu a

ha m so ba c hai/ba c hai.
Da ng he ba t phng trnh a ng ca p o i hoi va n dung mo t so ky nang khac
nh co ng,tr theo ve hai phng trnh cu a he, xe t nghiem thoa ma n va ch ng
minh tu y thuo c vao t ng ba i toa n.
B. BAI TAP MAU
Bai 1. Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem thc:
2x2 + xy y2 =
1
2
2
m
x + xy + y =
(1)
Li giai
T hai phng trnh trong he ta co : m =
x2 + xy + y 2
2x2 + xy y2
1
TH1: Ne u y =0 m = va he co nghiem
2
1
;0 .
2
TH2: Neu y 0 chia ca t va mau cua (2) cho y va at t =

m=
t2 + t + 1
2
2t + t 1
1
(3) . T (1) ta co : 2t 2 + t =
(2) .
x
, khi o ta c:
y
1
> 0 t > ( t < 1) .
2
y
Va y he co nghiem khi va ch khi phng trnh (3) co nghie m:

1
t ( ; 1) ; + .
2
836
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
f '(t) =
t2 + t + 1
tre n khoa ng ( ; 1) ; + , ta co :
2t + t 1
2
t =3 7
.
;f '(t) = 0 t 2 + 6t + 2 = 0
2
2
t
3
7
=
2t + t 1
t 2 + 6t + 2
La p ba ng bie n thie n suy ra gia tr cu a m la m
14 + 5 7
28 + 11 7
Bai 2. Tm m e he ba t phng trnh sau co nghie m th c:

5x2 4xy + 2y 2 3
2
2m 1 .
2
7x + 4xy + 2y
2m + 5
Li giai
5x2 + 4xy 2y 2 3

18 .
2
2
21x + 12xy + 6y 3
2m + 5
Co ng theo ve hai phng trnh trong he tre n ta c:

2
( 4x + 2y=
)
16x2 + 16xy + 4y 2
Suy ra e he co nghie m th ca n
18
.
2m + 5
18
5
0 2m + 5 < 0 m < .
2m + 5
2
5
Ba y gi ta chng minh v i m < th he bat phng trnh co nghie m.
2
Tha t va y, xe t he phng trnh sau:
1
x =
5x2 4xy + 2y2 =
3
7 , suy ra he na y co nghiem.
(*)
2
2
3
21x + 12xy + 6y =
y = 2
Gia s ( x 0 ,y 0 ) la nghie m cu a he phng trnh (*), khi o ta co :

5x 2 4x y + 2y 2 =
3
0 0
0
5
0
18 v i m < 2 .
2
2
21x 0 + 4x 0 y 0 + 6y 0 = 3 < 3
2m + 5
Suy ra ( x 0 ,y 0 ) cu ng la nghiem cua he ba t phng trnh a cho.

837
5
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m < .
2
2
Nhan xet. Nut tha t cu a bai toan la tm ra ba t a ng th c: ( 4x + 2y )
18
.
2m + 5
e la m c ieu na y ta vie t la i he d i da ng:

5x2 + 4xy 2y 2 3
2m 1 , ( k > 0 ) .
2
2
7kx + 4kxy + 2ky k.
2m + 5

2m 1
.
( 7k 5) x2 + 4 ( k + 1) xy + 2 ( k 1) y2 3 + k. 2m
+5
Ta ca n ta o ra mo t ha ng ang th c ve trai cu a ba t a ng th c tren muo n vay
k > 0,7k 5 > 0,k 1 > 0 va
k = 3
2
.
7k
5
.
2
k
1
2
k
1
5k
16k
3
0
=
+
+
=
(
) ( ) ( )
k = 1
Va y k = 3 o chnh la gia i thch v sao nha n hai ve ba t phng trnh th hai

cu a he v i 3.
Bai 3. Tm m e he ba t phng trnh sau co nghie m th c:
x2 xy + 2y2 x m
.
2
x 2xy 2x m 2
Li giai
x2 xy + 2y2 x m
x2 xy + 2y2 x m
x2 2xy 2x + 2 m
x 2xy 2x + 2 m
2
2
2
2
2
2 x xy + 2y x + x 2xy 2x + 2 3m 2 ( x 2y ) + 2 ( x 1) 3m
) (
Suy ra e he co nghie m th tr c tie n 3m 0 m 0

1
Ng c la i v i m 0 ; th he luo n co nghiem 1; .
2
Va y m 0 la gia tr can tm.
Bai 4. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co 3 nghiem th c pha n bie t:

2x2 y + 9x =
my 2
.
2
x2
xy + 2y =
838
Li giai
Ne u x = 0 y = 0 ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) la mo t nghie m cu a he phng trnh v i

mo i m.
Xe t xy 0 khi o a t t = xy va vie t he phng trnh d i da ng:
3
3
xy =
=
( 2xy + 9 ) my
t ( 2t + 9 ) my
.
3
=
xy=
t ( t + 2 ) x
( xy + 2 ) x3
9
Ne u m =0 t = he phng trnh vo nghiem.
2
9
Va y m 0 t 0; ; 2 .
2

x 3 t ( t + 2 )
=
=
t
t 2t + 9 )
y = 3 (
t ( t + 2 ) .3
t ( 2t + 9 )
m
2t 2 + (13 m ) t + 18
= 0 (1) .
Va y he phng trnh co ba nghiem pha n bie t khi (1) co hai nghie m pha n biet
9
t 0; ; 2 .
2
2
=
(13 m ) 144 > 0
m < 1
18 0
8 2 13 m + 18 0 m > 25 .
(
)
m 0
81 9
13
m
18
0
(
)
2 2
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la m ( ;0 ) ( 0;1) ( 25; + ) .

x2 2xy 3y2 =
8
.
2
2
4
3
2
2x
+
4xy
+
5y
=
m
4m
+
4m
12
+
105
Li giai
e cho n gia n ta a t a = m 4 4m 3 + 4m 2 12 + 105 .
Nha n thay x = 0 kho ng la nghiem cu a he phng trnh:
839
Khi o at t =
y
x
5t 2 + 4t + 2
x2 1 2t 3t 2 =
5t 2 + 4t + 2
=
a
8.
8
a = 8.
3t 2 2t + 1
2
3t
2t
1
+
1
a
x2 2 + 4t + 5t 2 =
1 2t 3t > 0
1 < t < 3
(
(
)
)
Xe t ha m so f(t) = 8.
(1)
5t 2 + 4t + 2
1
tre n 1; , ta co :
3
3t 2t + 1
11 105
t =
2t + 22t + 8
2
2
.
f '(t) = 8.
;f '(t) = 0 2t + 22t + 8 = 0
2
+
11
105
3t 2t + 1
t =
2

11 + 105
min f(t) = f
=
1
2
t 1;
105 3; lim f(t) = lim f(t) = + .

t 1
1
3
1
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m t 1; a 105 3 .
3
m 4 4m 3 + 4m 2 12 + 105 105 3 m 4 4m 3 + 4m 2 9 0 .
m 3
.
( m 3)( m + 1) m 2 2m + 3 0
m 1
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la ( ; 1 3; + ) .

3x2 + 2xy + y 2 =
11
.
2
2
m
x + 2xy + 3y =
Li giai
T he phng trnh suy ra: m = 11.
TH1: Ne u y = 0 khi o m =
840
x2 + 2xy + 3y2
3x2 + 2xy + y2
11
he phng trnh co nghiem
3
11
;0 .
TH2: Ne u y 0 khi o m = 11.

f '(t) = 44.
t 2 + 2t + 3
2
3t + 2t + 1
t 2 + 2t + 3
3t 2 + 2t + 1
(1) v i t =
x
.
y
tre n ta co:
t =2 3
.
;f '(t) = 0 t 2 + 4t + 1 = 0
2
2
t
2
3
=
3t + 2t + 1
t 2 + 4t + 1
) (
) (
min f(t) = f 2 3 = 11 2 3 ;max f(t) = f 2 + 3 = 11 2 + 3 .

t
Ke t hp v i tr ng h p 1 suy ra e he phng trnh co nghiem (1) co

nghiem th c
11 2 3 m 11 2 + 3 .
) (
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 11 2 3 ;11 2 + 3 .

x2 xy + y2 =
3
.
2
2
m
x + xy 2y =
Li giai
T he phng trnh suy ra: m = 3.
x2 + xy 2y2
x2 xy + y2
TH1: Ne u y =
0m=
3 x =
3 he phng trnh co nghiem 3;0 .
TH2: Ne u y 0 khi o m = 3.
t +t 2
t2 t + 1
t2 + t 2
2
t t +1
(1) v i t =
x
.
y
tre n ta co:
3 7
t =
2t + 6t 1
2 .
f '(t) = 3.
;f '(t) = 0 2t 2 + 6t 1= 0
2
3+ 7
t2 t + 1
t =
2
841
3 7
3+ 7
Suy ra min f(t) =f
=1 2 7;max f(t) =f
=1 + 2 7 .
2
2
t
t
He phng trnh co nghiem khi (1) co nghie m th c:

1 2 7 m 1 + 2 7 .
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 1 2 7; 1 + 2 7 .
Bai 3. Tm m e he ba t phng trnh sau co nghie m duy nha t:

x2 2xy y 2 m
.
2
2
x + 2xy 2y 2m + 1
Li giai
V i x = 0 he ba t phng trnh tr tha nh:
y2 m
y2 m
2m + 1
y
max
m
,
la nghiem cu a
2m + 1
2
2
2y 2m + 1 y
he ba t phng trnh.
Do o he a cho kho ng the co nghiem duy nha t. Vay kho ng ton ta i m e he
co nghiem duy nha t.
Bai 4. Tm m e he ba t phng trnh sau co nghie m duy nha t:
x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 m
2
2
x 4xy y m
Li giai
2
Ta co x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 = ( x + y ) + y2 0 ne n v i m < 0 he ba t phng trnh vo

nghiem.
Ne u m > 0 he ba t phng trnh co nghiem
nghiem duy nha t.
Xe t m = 0 he ba t phng trnh tr tha nh:
x + y 2 + y2 0
x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 0
(
)
2
2
x2 4xy y2 0
x 4xy y 0
842
( 0;0 ); (
m;0
ne n kho ng co
x + y =
0
x = 0
.
=
y 0
y = 0
2
2
x 4xy y 0
He co nghiem duy nha t ( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) .

Va y m = 0 la gia tr can tm.
xy y 2 =
12
2
x xy = 26 + m
Li giai
Ne u y = 0 he phng trnh a cho vo nghie m.
Xe t y 0 khi o a t t =
x
ta co :
y
t > 1
y 2 ( t 1) =
12
2 2
t2 t
=
26 12. = 12t
y t t = 26 + m
m +
t 1
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi m + 26

= 12t > 12 m > 14 .
Va y m > 14 la gia tr can tm cua tham so.
Bai 6. Tm m e he ba t phng trnh sau co nghie m:
3x2 + 10xy 5y 2 < 2
2
2 1 m
x + 2xy 7y
1+ m
Li giai
3x2 + 10xy 5y 2 < 2
1 m .
2
2
2x
4xy
+
14y
2.
1+ m
Co ng theo ve hai ba t phng trnh cua he ta c:

x 2 + 6xy + 9y 2 < 2 2.
2
4
1 m
.
( x + 3y ) <
1+ m
m +1
Va y e he ba t phng trnh co nghiem tr c tien ta pha i co:

4
> 0 m < 1 .
m +1
843
Ta ch ng minh v i m < 1 th he ba t phng trnh co nghiem.
Tha t va y xe t he phng trnh:
3x2 + 10xy 5y 2 < 2
.
2
2
1
x 2xy + 7y =
He na y luo n co nghiem ( x 0 ;y 0 )
3x2 + 10x y 5y2 < 2
0 0
0
0
Khi o
.
1 m
2
2
, m < 1
x 0 + 2x 0 y 0 7y 0 = 1
1+ m
T c ( x 0 ;y 0 ) la nghie m cu a he ba t phng trnh a cho.

Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la m < 1 .
3x2 4xy + y 2 < m 2
.
2
2
+
+
x
xy
4y
m
4
Li giai
2
2
2
2
2
2
3x 4xy + y < m
3x 4xy + y < m
.
2
2
2
2
2x 2xy + 8y 2 ( m + 4 )
( x 3y ) < m 2m 8
He ba t phng trnh co nghiem tr c tie n ta pha i co :

m > 4
.
m 2 2m 8 > 0
m < 2
Ma t kha c v i mo i m > 4 m < 2 he ba t phng trnh luon co nghiem
( x;y ) = ( 0;0 ) .
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la ( ; 2 ) ( 4; + ) .

4x2 3xy + 4y2 6
2
2
m
x + xy 2y =
Li giai
4x2 3xy + 4y2 + k x 2 + xy 2y 2 6 + km .
844
(1)
(2)
( k + 4 ) x2 + ( k 3) xy + ( 4 2k ) y2 6 + km .
Ta cho n k sao cho 4 2k > 0,4 + k > 0 va
3 k
.
( k + 4 )( 4 2k ) =
2
2 130 5
k=
k 3
9
4
k
4
4
2k
9
6k
k
+
+
)(
)
2 130 + 5
(
k =
9
Khi o m.k + 6
Ne u k
=
k + 4x 4 2ky
0 m.k 6 .
2 130 5
54
.
m
9
2 130 5
2 130 + 5
54
Ne u k =
.
m
9
2 130 + 5
Va y
54
2 130 5
mm
54
2 130 + 5
845
Chu e 4.
KY THUAT S DUNG TNH N IEU
CUA HAM SO - X LY BAI TOAN HE PHNG TRNH
CO CHA THAM SO
Noi dung ch nay toi xin trnh bay vi cac ban bai toan Bien luan h
phng trnh da vao tnh n iu ca ham s. Cac bai toan cha tham s
gii bng phng phap tnh n iu ca ham s thng xut phat t Bai
toan tm ieu kien cua tham so e phng trnh, bat phng trnh co nghiem.
Phng phap chung e giai cac bai toan dang nay o la kh tham so a bien
ve mot ve (ve trai) va a tham so ve mot ve (ve phai) cua phng trnh. Xet
mien gia tr cua ham so cha bien t o suy ra cac gia tr cua tham so can
tm. Vi cac bai toan bien luan chung ta can lu y kien thc ve dau cua tam
thc bac hai
Xe t tam th c ba c hai f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, (a 0); = b2 4ac
b
x1 x 2 =
S =+
a
Phng trnh co hai nghiem th theo vie t ta co
c
P x=
=
1x 2
a
Da u cu a f(x):
a > 0
+ f(x) > 0, x
2
= b 4ac < 0
a < 0
+ f(x) < 0, x
2
= b 4ac < 0
a > 0
+ f(x) 0, x
2
= b 4ac 0
a < 0
+ f(x) 0, x
2
= b 4ac 0
Phng trnh f(x) = 0 co hai nghie m tra i da u khi va ch khi P < 0.
Phng trnh f(x) = 0 co hai nghie m phan bie t cu ng da u khi va ch khi:
( x x + 1)3
Phng trnh f(x) = 0 co hai nghie m phan bie t kho ng a m khi va ch khi:
846
= b2 4ac > 0
>0
S =
a
P= a 0
Phng trnh f(x) = 0 co hai nghie m phan bie t a m khi va ch khi:
= b2 4ac > 0
<0
S =
a
P= a > 0
So sa nh nghiem cu a phng trnh v i mot so 0 ta van du ng tnh chat

da u cu a tam th c ba c hai (nh ly ao ve da u cu a tam th c ba c hai ngoai
khoang hai nghie m th cung da u v i a va trong khoa ng hai nghiem th trai
da u v i a).
= b2 4ac > 0
x1 < < x2
af() < 0
= b2 4ac > 0
b
S
x1 < x 2 < = <
2a
2
af() > 0
= b2 4ac > 0
b
S
x 2 > x1 > = >
2a
2
af() > 0
Tuy nhie n t nam ho c 2009 bo gia o du c va a o tao chu trng ca t bo phan

na y ne n khi thi a i ho c ne n kho ng s dung c ca ch nay. Ma co the x ly
ba ng ba ca ch kha c nh sau
Cach 2. Kh tham so m t do va s du ng tnh n ieu cu a ha m so . Ca ch nay
co mo t ha n che la khi ta ng ba c cu a tham so len cha ng ha n xua t hien
m,m 2 ,m 3 ,... th ca ch nay kho ng hieu qua .
Cach 3. Du ng nguye n ly c c han, t c ta la y nghiem nho nha t hoa c nghie m l n

nha t cu a phng trnh so sa nh v i so .
847
Khng ma t tnh tng qua t gi s a > 0 va f(x) = 0 co hai nghim phan bit
b
b +
<
=
x2
2a
2a
xu ly nh sau:
=
x1
tu y thuo c ye u ca u ba i toa n ta co bo n h ng
= b2 4ac > 0
- Nu x1 < < x2 b
b + .
<<
2a
2a
= b2 4ac > 0
.
- Nu x 2 > x1 >
b
=
>
x1
2a
= b2 4ac > 0
.
- Nu x1 < x 2 <
b +
=
x
<
2
2a
Cach 4. Du ng nh ly vie t
= b2 4ac > 0
= b2 4ac > 0

x1 < < x2
2
(x1 )(x2 ) < 0
x1x2 (x1 + x2 ) + < 0
= b2 4ac > 0
= b2 4ac > 0
x1 < x 2 < x1 < 0

x1 + x2 < 0
x < 0
(x )(x ) > 0
2
1
2
= b2 4ac > 0
= b2 4ac > 0
x 2 > x1 > x1 > 0

x1 + x 2 > 0
x > 0
(x )(x ) > 0
2
1
2
Nhan xet. Noi dung cua cach dung nh ly ao ve dau cua tam thc bac hai
vi cach 4 co noi dung giong nhau ch khac nhau ve hnh thc ap dung. Ch
duy nhat cach hai dung tnh n ieu ham so oi khi giai quyet bai toan
nhanh gon nhng mot so trng hp khong kh c tham so dang t do th ta
khong lam c theo cach nay. Con ba cach con lai phu hp vi kien thc lp
10 hoan toan dung nhng kien thc c ban. Ca bon cach eu dung c trong
trng hp kh c tham so m ve trang thai t do (thong thng la bac 1 oi
vi m). e hieu ro hn cac em xem li giai chi tiet cac bai tap mau ben di.
848
Ba i toan tm ieu kien cua tham so thng quy ve s dung tnh n ieu cua
ham so, thng la tm gia tr ln nhat, gia tr nho nhat cua ham so tren mot mien
ieu kien e bai cho trc (hoac xuat phat t ieu kien cua phng trnh).
Mo t phng trnh co dang G(x, m) = 0 ta pha i bie n o i phng trnh ve dang
f(x) = g(m), trong o g(m) la mo t ha m o i v i tham so va mie n xa c nh
a y la D = [a; b] hoa c (a; b) hoa c (a; +) hoa c (; a),
Sau khi bie n o i ta c mo t so da ng phng trnh, ba t phng trnh sau:
g(m)
= f(t), t D min f(t) g(m) max f(t)
tD
tD
g(m) f(t), t D co nghiem t D g(m) min f(t)

tD
g(m) f(t), t D co nghiem t D g(m) max f(t)

tD
g(m) f(t), t D co nghiem vi moi t thuoc D khi va ch khi g(m) max f(t) .
tD
g(m) f(t), t D co nghiem vi moi t thuoc D khi va ch khi g(m) min f(t) .
tD
Tho ng th ng chu ng ta bie n o i tng ng va xet ham tr c tie p. Mo t so

kha c phng trnh co da ng th c a t a n phu nh a e ca p e n trong pha n
gia i phng trnh, ba t phng trnh vo ty th chung ta a t a n phu sau o xe t
ha m v i bie n m i (nhng pha i tm mie n gia tr cua bie n m i tr c).
Nha c la i mo t so da u hie u a t a n phu
ax + b cx + d
, th a t:
Ne u xua t hien bie u th c o i x ng
(ax + b)(cx + d)
t=
Ne u xua t hien
ax + b cx + d .
a + bx; c bx ( a + bx )2 + ( c bx )2 = a + c, th a t:
a + bx = a + c.sin
;
c bx = a + c.cos
1 tan 2
2 ; cos =
2
Va s du ng he th c sin
1 + tan 2
1 + tan 2
2
2
Tie p tu c at t = tan a ve xe t ha m v i bien m i t.

2
Nha n hai ve v i he th c lie n h p ne u co .
2 tan
Cac d ng toan hay g p:

849
Dang 1. Tm ca c gia tr cu a tham so e phng trnh G(x, m) = 0 co nghiem
tre n mie n D.
Bc 1.Vie t la i phng trnh d i da ng f(x) = g(m).
Bc 2. Kha o sa t tm gia tr l n nha t, gia tr nho nha t cua f(x) tren D (hoa c
la p ba ng bien thie n), gia =
s a min f(x) f(x)=
A max f(x) .
xD
xD
Bc 3. Gia tr ca n tm cu a tham so tho a man a g(m) A.

Lu y: Ba i toa n ye u cau tm ie u kie n cua tham so e phng trnh co k
nghiem lu c na y ta phai d a va o ba ng bie n thie n cu a ham so . ng thang
y = g(m) ca t ngang bang bie n thie n ta i bao nhie u iem th phng trnh co
ba y nhieu nghiem (hoa c ca t ngang o th ha m so).
Bc 4. a ra ke t lua n.
Dang 2. Tm ca c gia tr cu a tham so e bat phng trnh G(x, m) 0 hoac
G(x, m) 0 co nghie m tren mie n D.
Bc 1. Viet lai bat phng trnh d i da ng f(x) g(m) hoa c f(x) g(m).
Bc 2. Kha o sa t tm gia tr l n nha t, gia tr nho nha t cu a ha m so f(x) tre n
mien D. Gia =
s a min f(x) f(x)=
A max f(x) .
xD
xD
Bc 3. Tm ie u kien cu a tham so
+ Phng trnh f(x) g(m) g(m) A =
max f(x)
xD
+ Phng trnh f(x) g(m) g(m) a =

min f(x)
xD
Bc 4. a ra ke t lua n.
Dang 3. Tm cac gia tr cua tham so e bat phng trnh f(x) g(m) hoac f(x) g(m)
v i mo i x D.
+ Phng trnh f(x) g(m), x D g(m) a =min f(x)
xD
+ Phng trnh f(x) g(m), x D g(m) A =max f(x)

xD
Lu y. V i da ng a t t=
ax + b + c ax th ta co
t = b + c + 2 (ax b)(c ax) b + c t
Va s du ng Bunhiacopski ta c t
b+c;
(12 + 12 )(ax b + c ax)

=
Va y ta co mie n gia tr cua t la b + c; 2(b + c)
Ngoai ra s du ng Co si ta co ngay:
850
2(b + c) .
t 2 b + c + ax + b + c ax = 2(b + c) t 2(b + c)
10 3x + 3x 1 th t 3; 3 2
Cha ng han vi t =
V i cac bai toan tm ieu kien cua tham so e phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat
thong thng chung ta lap luan. Gia s x0 la nghiem cua phng trnh th x0 la
nghiem cua phng trnh va do o e phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat khi va ch khi
x0 = x0 x0 = 0 va thay vao phng trnh ta tm c gia tr cua tham so m. Tuy
nhien can co bc th lai xem phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat hay khong.
B. BAI TAP MAU
Bai 1. Tm ca c gia tr cua tham so m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem th c:
4x3 6x2 + 8y2 + 14y + 15 x = 12y3 + 8y 2 + 15y
4
2
x +1 y =
m
Li giai
ie u kien: y 0 .
2
1
1
5
x
y
x
1
x
1
y
3
y
+
+
+
+
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 = 0 x = y .
Thay y = x va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c: m

=
Xe t ha m so f(x)
=
24
x 2 + 1 x (1) .
x 2 + 1 x tre n 0; + ) , ta co :
=
f '(x)
1
=
3
2 x
x2 + 1
x x 4 x2 + 1
2 4 x2 + 1
< 0, x 0 ne n f(x) la ha m
nghch bie n tre n 0; + ) .

Ta co :
=
=
f(0) 1, lim
f(x)
x +
4
lim x 2 + =
1 x
x +
x2 + 1 x2
=
lim
4
x + 4 2
x + 1 + x2
4
4
lim x 2 + 1 x 2
x +
.
1
= 0
x + 4 2
4 2
2
2
x + 1 + x x + 1 + x
lim
Suy ra 0 < f(x) 1, x 0 .

851
Va y e he phng trnh co nghie m (1) co nghiem ta pha i co 0 < m 1.
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 0 < m 1 .
Bai 2. Tm ca c gia tr cua m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem th c
(3 x) 2 x 2y 2y 1 =
0
3 y 1 m 10 2x
= 2 4 y2 1
(1)
(2)
Li giai
ie u kien: x 2;y 1 .
Khi o phng trnh (1) tng ng v i:
(1 + 2 x) 2 x = (1 + 2y 1) 2y 1 f( 2 x ) = f( 2y 1) , trong o :
f(t) =
(1 + t) t ,(t 0) .
Ta co f '(t)=
t+
1+ t
2 t
> 0, t > 0 ha m so f(t) o ng bie n tre n 0; + ) .
f( 2 x ) = f( 2y 1) 2 x = 2y 1 x = 3 2y 1 < 2,(y 1) .
Thay x= 3 2y va o (2) ta c : 3 y 1 2m y +=
1 2 4 y2 1(1) .
Do vay ta ch ca n tm m e phng trnh (1) co nghie m y 1 .
Chia ca hai ve cu a (1) cho
3
a
t t
=
y + 1 ta c:
y 1
y 1
2m =
24
y +1
y +1
(i) .
3 2
y 1
m
t t.
0 t < 1 . Khi o phng trnh (i) tr thanh:=
2
y +1
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3t 2 lie n tu c tre n oa n 0;1) .

Ta co f '(t) = 3t 1 f '(t) = 0 t =
1
.
3
1
1 1
1
1
La i co : f(0) =0;f( ) = ;f(1) =
f(t) < .
3
6
2
6
2
Va y e phng trnh co nghiem th

phng trnh co nghiem.
852
1
1
m < chnh la gia tr cu a m e he
6
2
1 1
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la ; .
6 2
Bai 3. (TSH Khoi D 2011) Tm ca c gia tr cu a m e he phng trnh sau co

2x3 (y + 2)x2 + xy =
m
.
nghiem th c:
2
x + x y =1 2m
Li giai
(x2 x)(2x y) =
m
2
x x + 2x y =1 2m
1
2
u = x x
Ta a t
4 .
=
v 2x y
u2 + (2m 1)u + m =
uv = m
0 (1)
.
Khi o he tr tha nh:
u
v
1
2m
+
=
v=
1 2m u
Va y he co nghiem khi va ch khi (1) co nghiem tho a man u

V i u
1
4
1
u2 + u
, T (1) m(2u + 1) = u2 + u m =
.
4
2u + 1
Xe t ha m so f(u) =
Ta co : f '(u) =
La i co : f(
u2 + u
lie n tu c tre n oa n
2u + 1
2u2 + 2u 1
(2u + 1)2
4 ; + .
1 + 3
.
0u=
f '(u) =
2
1 5 1 + 3
2 3
)=
;f(
)=
; lim f(u) = .
u+
4
8
2
2
La p bang bie n thien cua ham so f(u) ta suy ra e he co nghie m khi

m
2 3
.
2
853
Bai 4. Tm ca c gia tr cua m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem th c duy nha t:
x3 + 6x = 3x2 + y3 + 3y + 4
, ( x,y ) .
m x2 + 9 = x y + y 3 x 3
Li giai
3
Ta co (1) ( x 1) + 3 ( x 1) = y3 + 3y (3) .
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 + 3t , ta co f '(t)
= 3t 2 + 3 > 0, t v vay f(t) la ham
o ng bien tre n . Do o (3) f ( x 1) = f(y) x 1 = y x = y + 1 .

Thay y= x 1 va o (2) ta c: m x2 + 9 =
x + x 4 x 1 x 3 .
x + x 4 x 1 x 3
m=
(3) .
2
x +9
Xe t ha m so f(x)
=
x + x 4 x 1 x 3 u(x)
tre n 4; + ) .
=
2
v(x)
x +9
Trong o:
1
u(x) = x + x 4 x 1 x 3 =
2
v(x)= x + 9 > 0
x + x 1
x3 + x4
<0
, x 4
Ta co :
u'(x)
=
v'(x)
2 x3 x4
x
x2 + 9
Suy ra f '(x)
=
x3 + x4
854
2 x x 1
x + x 1
> 0, x > 4
> 0, x 4 .
u'(x)v(x) v'(x)u(x)
v2 (x)
tre n 4; + ) .
Ta co f(4)
=
1 3
=
; lim f(x) 0 .
5 x+
> 0, x > 4 ne n f(x) la ham o ng bie n
Nha n tha y vi mo i nghiem x , ta c mot nghie m tng ng y . Do va y e
he co nghiem duy nha t (3) co nghiem duy nha t
Va y
1 3
m<0.
5
1 3
m < 0 la gia tr can tm.
5
Bai 5. Xa c nh tham so m e he phng trnh sau co nghie m:

m(x2 + 3 x 4 + 3 x2 + 1) =
xy
3
m( 3 x8 + x2 + 3 x2 + 1) + (m 1) 3 x 4 =
2y x 4
.
Li giai
x = 0
xy = 0
+ Ne u m =0 (*) 3
.
3 4
4
2y x
y
x =
+ Ne u m 0; at t = 3 x , khi o t = 0 kho ng la nghie m cu a hpt; va he

m(t 6 + t 4 + t 2 + 1) =
m(t 6 + t 4 + t 2 + 1) =
yt 3
yt 3
8 6 2
4
4
8
6
4
2
4
m(t + t + t + t + 1) = (2y + 1)t
m(t + t + t + 1) + (m 1)t = 2yt
(1)
(2)
+ Do t = 0 kho ng la nghiem cua hpt, ne n chia 2 ve cu a (1) cho t 3 va cu a (2)

cho t 4 , ta c:
1
1
3
m(t + 3 + t + ) =y
t
m(t 4 + 1 + t 2 + 1 + 1) = 2y + 1
t4
t2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ t 3 + =(t + )3 3(t + );t 4 + =(t 2 + )2 2;t 2 + =(t + )2 2 .
3
4
2
2
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
1
a t u =
t + ( u 2) , Khi o HPT tr tha nh:
t
3
m(u 3u + u) y=
m(u3 2u) y
.
2
2
2
4
2
m[(u 2) 2 + u 2 + 1] = 2y + 1 m( u 3u + 1) = 2y + 1
m(u3 2u) = y
.
4
3u2 + 1) 2m(u3 2 u) + 1 (3)
m( u =
855
+ He co nghiem khi va ch khi (3) co nghie m u 2 .
Ta co : (3) m(u4 3u2 + 1 2u3 + 4u) =
1
1
=
f(u) =
u4 2u3 3u2 + 4u + 1
m
Ta co : f '(u) = 4u3 6u2 6u + 4;f '(u) = 0 u = 2,( u 2) .

La p bang bie n thie n cu a f(u) ta suy ra (3) co nghiem thoa man ( u 2) khi va
ch khi:
m > 0
1
.
3

m 1
m
m 0
.
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua m la :
m 1
Bai 6. Tm m e he phng trnh sau:
72x + x +1 72 + x +1 + 2012x 2012

2
x (m + 2)x + 2m + 3 0
(1)
(2)
co nghiem
Li giai
ie u kien: x 1 .
Khi o ta co : (1) 72x +
72x +
x +1
x +1
72+
x +1
+ 1006(2x + x +=
1) 72+
+ 2012x 2012 .
x +1
+ 1006(2 + x + 1) .
f(2x + x + 1) f(2 + x + 1)(*) .
V i f(t)
= 7t + 1006t , ta co f '(t) = 7t ln 7 + 1006 > 0 , suy ra f(t) o ng bie n
tre n R, va t (*) 2x + x + 1 2 + x + 1 1 x 1 .
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi (2) co nghiem x [ 1;1]
x2 (m + 2)x + 2m + 3 0 co nghiem x [ 1;1]
=
m g(x)
Ta co : g'(x) =
x2 2x + 3
;x [ 1;1] . m min g(x) .
x2
x[1;1]
x2 4x + 1
(x 2)2
g'(x) = 0 x = 2 3 [ 1;1] .
Ta co : g(1) =
2;g(2 3) =
2 2 3;g(1) =
2 min g(x) =
g(1) =
2 .
x[1;1]
Va y m 2 la gia tr can tm.

856
Bai 7. Xa c nh gia tr tham so m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem th c
3
1
2
2
(x + ) x + 2x + 3 + (x + ) x + 1 + 2x + 2 0
2
2
3
log
(3 x 2 + 1) log 2 (m 2x)
m2 +1
m +1
(1)
(2)
Li giai
u =
a t
v=
u2 = x2 + 1
v2 u2 2
.
x=
2
2
2
x 2 + 2x + 3 > 0 v = x + 2x + 3
x2 + 1 > 0
Thay vao (1), ta c:

v
u
(v2 u2 + 1) + (v2 u2 1) + v2 u2 0
2
2
(v u)(u + v + 1)2 0 v u 0 x 1 .
ie u kien: m 2 + 1 > 1 m 0 . Khi o phng trnh (2) tng ng v i:

m 0
3
m =
f(x) 3 x 2 + 2x + 1;x 1(m 0) .
3 2
0 < 3 x + 1 m 2x
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi (2) co nghie m x 1 , ie u

na y tng ng v i m min f(x) .
x[1;+ ]
Ta co : f '(x) =
2+
2
3
f '(x) =
0x=
1 .
La p ba ng bie n thie n cua ha m so f(x) ta suy ra min f(x) =f(0) =1 m 1 .

x[1;+ ]
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua m la : (1; +) .

x2 3x 4 0
3
2
x 3 x x m 15m 0
(1)
(2)
Li giai
Ta co (1) (x + 1)(x 4) 0 1 x 4 .
Phng trinh: (2) m 2 + 15m f(x) =x3 3 x x .
Va y he phng trnh co nghem khi va ch khi, ba t phng trnh (2) co
nghiem thuo c [ 1;4] , khi va ch khi m 2 + 15m max f(x) .
x[1;4]
857
x3 + 3x2 (1 x < 0)
Xe t ha m so f(x) =
.
x3 3 x x =
3
2
x 3x (0 x 4)
3x2 + 6x(1 x < 0)
Ta co f '(x) =
f '(x) =
2 .
0x=
0;x =
2
3x 6x(0 x 4)
Ta co f(=
1) 2;f(0)
= 0;f(=
2) 4;f(2)
= 4;f(4)
= 16 .
T o suy ra: max f(x)
= f(4)
= 16 .
x[1;4]
Va y he ba t phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi :

m 2 + 15m 16 16 m 1 .
Va y m 16,1 la gia tr can tm.

Bai 9. Tm m e he phng trnh sau:
x3 y3 + 3y2 3x 2 =
0
2
0
x + 1 x 2 3 2y y 2 + m =
(1)
(2)
co nghiem th c.
Li giai
1 x 1
ie u kien
.
0 y 2
a t t = x + 1 t 0;2 , khi o phng trnh (1) tr tha nh:

t 3 3t 2 =y3 3y2
(*) .
Xe t ha m so f(u)
= u3 3u2 tre n oa n 0;2 , ta co :
f '(u)
= 3u2 6u 0, u 0;2 , suy ra f(u) nghch bien tre n oa n 0;2 .
Do o phng trnh (*) tng ng v i f(t) = f(y) t = y y = x + 1 .

Khi o x2 + 1 x 2 3 2y y2 + m =0 x2 2 1 x 2 + m =0 (i) .
a t v =
Xe t
1 x 2 v 0;1 (i) v2 + 2v 1= m .
ha m
so
g(v) = v2 + 2v 1 lie n
tuc
tre n
oa n
g'(v)= 2v + 2 > 0, v 0;1
Suy ra min g(v) =

g(0) =
1; max g(v) =
g(1) =
2.
v 0;1
v 0;1
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi 1 m 2 .

858
0;1 ,
ta
co
2 xy y + x + y =
5
co nghiem thc.
m
5 x + 1 y =
Li giai
y ( x 1) 0
.
ie u kien: x 5
y 1
Khi o phng trnh th nha t cu a he bie n o i tha nh:

y + 2 y ( x 1) + ( x 1) =
4
(1)
Ne u x < 1;y < 0 th ta co (1) tng ng v i:
1 x + y
=
4 vo nghiem, ne n he vo nghiem
Va y 1 x 5;0 y 1 va (1) tng ng v i:
x 1 + y
= 4 x 1 + y = 4 , a t t =
y 0;1 x = t 2 4t + 5 .
Thay vao phng trnh th hai cua he ta c

m=
4t t 2 + 1 t 2 (*) .
Xe t ha m so f(t) =
Ta co f '(t) =
4t t 2 + 1 t 2 lie n tu c tre n oa n 0;1
2t
4t t
3t 2 + 4t 4 = 0 t =
Ta co =
f(0) 1;f(1)
=
t
1 t
;f '(t) =0 ( 2 t ) 1 t 2 =t 4t t 2 .
2
0;1 .
3
2
3;f =

3
5
.
3
Va y e he co nghie m khi va ch khi phng trnh (*) co nghiem, tng ng

v i m thuo c tap gia tr cu a ham so f(t) tre n oa n 0;1 t o suy ra
5
m
, 3 la gia tr can tm.
3
859
Bai 11. Tm gia tr cu a m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
3
2
x
y
3x
mx
y
1
8x2 3xy + 4y2 + xy =

4y
Li giai
Nhan xet. Nha n tha y la phng trnh th nha t cu a ch a tham so va kha ph c
ta p, do va y vie c tm ra mo i lie n he gi a x va y la kho ng kha quan. Ta bien
o i t phng trinh hai, e y a y chnh la phng trnh a ng ca p do va y se
ru t c x theo y.
Nha n thay y = 0 kho ng la nghie m cu a he phng trnh, ta xe t y > 0 khi o
phng trnh th 2 cu a he tng ng vi:
2
x
x
x
8x2 3xy + 4y2 + xy = 4y 8 3 + 4 +
= 4 , en a y ta a t
y
y
y
t=
x
ta a ve phng trnh:
y
0 t 4
8t 4 3t 2 + 4 = 4 t 4
t = 1 x = y
2
2
8t 3t + 4 = 16 8t + t
Khi o thay vao phng trnh th nha t cua he ta c ba t phng trnh:

x3 3x 1 mx x
1 x 1 x3 3x 1 m
x (1 x ) x .
Nha n
tha y x = 0 khong la nghiem cua ba t phng trnh ne n, xe t 0 < x 1 .

Khi o m
1 + 3x x3
x x x2
1 + 3x x3
x x
=
f(x) (1) .
Ta tm c gia tr nho nha t cu a ham f(x) tren ( 0,1 ba ng 3. Ta i x = 1 th

da u ba ng (1) xay ra va ba ng 3. T o suy ra e he co nghiem th m 3 .
Bai 12. Chng minh rang vi moi a > 0 , he phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nhat
ex ey = ln(1 + x) ln(3x + y)
.
a
y x =
860
Li giai
ie u kien: x > 1, 3x + y > 0 .
Thay y= x + a t phng trnh th hai vao phng trnh au cua he ta c:
x +1
ex ex + a= ln ( x + 1) ln ( 2x + a ) ex 1 ea ln
= 0 (1) .
2x + a
Ta ch ng minh phng trnh (1) co nghiem duy nhat v i moi a > 0 khi o he
phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat vi mo i a > 0 .
x +1
a
Xe t ha m so f(x) = ex 1 ea ln
tre n 1; .
2
2x + a
Ta co : f '(x)
= e x 1 ea
a+2
a
< 0, x 1; ,a > 0 .
2
( 2x + a )( x + 1)
a
Ma t kha c lim f(x) = +; lim f(x) = x 0 1; sao cho f(x 0 ) = 0 .
+
x 1
a
x
a
Do o phng trnh (1) co nghiem duy nha t tre n 1; . Ta co ie u phai
2
ch ng minh.
Bai 13. Tm ca c gia tr cua tham so m e he phng trnh sau co hai nghiem
th c pha n biet
x3 y3 + 6y2 + 2 = 3x + 9y
.
2
2
2
0
x + ln 1 x 3ln 4y y 3 + m =
Li giai
ie u kien: x < 1,4y y 3 > 0 1 < x < 1,1 < y < 3 x,y 2 ( 1;1) .
2

3
x3 3x = ( y 2 ) 3 ( y 2 ) (1) .
Xe t ha m so f(t)= t 3 3t tre n ( 1;1) , ta co :

f '(t)
= 3t 2 3 < 0, t ( 1;1) ne n f(t) la ha m nghch bie n tre n ( 1;1) .
Do o (1) f(x) = f(y 2) x = y 2 y = x + 2 .

m= 2 ln 1 x 2 x 2 (2) .
861
e he phng trnh co hai nghie m pha n biet (2) co hai nghiem pha n biet
thuo c khoa ng ( 1;1) . Xe t ham so g(x)= 2 ln 1 x 2 x tre n ( 1;1) , ta co:

2
0x=
0.
2x =
2x
+ 1 ;g'(x) =
2
1 x
1 x
La p ba ng bie n thie n suy ra e (2) co hai nghiem pha n bie t m < 0 .

g'(x) =
4x
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la ( ;0 ) .

Bai 1. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co ba nghie m pha n bie t:
x2 y x2 + y =
2
2
2
m
x
y
x
y
4
+
Li giai
x2 + 2
x2 + 2
y = 2
y = 2
x +1
x +1
2
2
m x + y x y =
4
2
4
0
( m 1) x + 2 ( m 3) x + 2m 4 =
.
(1)
0 (2) .
a t t = x 2 khi o (1) tr tha nh: ( m 1) t 2 + 2 ( m 3) t + 2m 4 =
e he phng trnh co ba nghiem pha n bie t (2) co mo t nghiem dng va

mo t nghie m bang 0.
m 1 0
2
=' ( m 3) ( 2m 4 )( m 2 ) > 0
2.
2m 4 =
m=
0
2 ( m 3)
>0
S =
m 1

Bai 2. Tm ca c gia tr cu a m e he phng trnh sau a y co nghiem th c thoa
2
5
3
2
x + y + x y + xy + xy = 4 + m
.
ma n x2 + y > 0 :
x 4 + y 2 + xy(1 + 2x) = 5 + m
862
Li giai
2
5
2
x + y + xy x + y + 1 = m
4 .
2
5
x2 + y + xy =m
=
u x2 + y
a t
, ( u > 0 ) he phng trnh tr tha nh
v = xy
5
u + v ( u + 1) = m 4
.
u2 + v = m 5
5
5
2
2
v = m u
v = m u
4
4
5
5
1
2
2
u + ( u + 1) m u = m
u m u u = 0

4
4
4
5
2
v = m 4 u
(do u > 0 ).
m = u2 + u + 1
Ta co u2 + u +
V i m >
1 1
1
> , u > 0 m > .
4 4
4
1
he phng trnh luo n co nghiem tho a man ie u kie n x2 + y > 0 .
4
=
u x2 + y
v= x u x2 x3 ux + v= 0 .
Tha t va y
v = xy
Phng trnh ba c ba luon co nghiem ne n he luo n co nghiem.

Va y he phng trnh co nghiem tho a ma n x2 + y > 0 khi m >
1
.
4
2x y m =
0
.
1
x + xy =
Li giai
ie u kien: xy 0 .
x 1
.
xy =1 x
2
xy = x 2x + 1
863
Xet x 0 suy ra y =
x2 2x + 1
. Thay vao phng trnh th nhat cua he ta c:
x
x2 2x + 1
x 2 + 2x 1
=mm=
(1) .
x
x
2x
He phng trnh co nghie m duy nhat (1) co duy nhat mot nghiem tho a
ma n 0 x 1 .
Xe t ha m so f(x) =
Ta co : f '(x)= 1 +
x2 + 2x 1
tre n ( ;0 ) ( 0;1 .
x
1
x2
> 0, x ( ;0 ) ( 0;1 ne n f(x) o ng bie n tre n mo i
khoang xa c nh.
La p ba ng bie n thie n suy ra e phng trnh (1) co nghie m duy nha t thuo c
khoang ( ;0 ) ( 0;1 m > 2 .
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so m la ( 2;+ ) .
Bai 4. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co hai nghie m th c th c pha n bie t:

(4x2 + 1)x + (y 3) 5 2y =
0
.
8 5 2y + 4 5 2y + 2 4 6 x + 2 6 x =
m
Li giai
5
.
2
ie u kien: x 6,y
8x3 + 2x =
5 2y
+ 5 2y 5 2y = 2x .

4
2x + 2x + 2 4 6 x + 2 6 x =
m (1) .
Va y he phng trnh co hai nghiem th c pha n bie t (1) co hai nghie m th c

pha n biet.
Y tng. Ro ra ng bai toa n na y chu ng ta kho ng the a t ba t ky a n phu na o ma
ch co the xe t tr c tie p ha m so ben ve tra i va mong ra ng phng trnh a o
ha m giai c nghiem.
ie u kien 0 x 6.
864
Xe t ha m so f ( x) =
Ta co f ( x=
)
=
1 1

+
2 4 (2 x)2
2 x + 2 x + 2 4 6 x + 2 6 x tre n [0; 6].
1
2 (2 x)
4
2x
1 1
2 4 (2 x)3
1
4
2x
1
4
6 x
1
2 (6 x)
4
1
6 x
1
+
4
(6 x)3 2 x
1
=
6 x
+
4
(6 x)2
1
1
4
2x
4
2x
6 x
1
4
6 x
1
Suy ra f ( x) = 0 4 6 x = 4 2 x x = 2 va f(x) dng tren (0; 2) va am tren (2; 6).

Ba ng bie n thie n
x
f(x)
f(x)
3 2+6
2 3 + 4 12
2 6+2 6
4
Nhn va o ba ng bie n thien suy ra e phng trnh co hai nghie m pha n bie t khi
va ch khi 2 6 + 2 4 6 m < 3 2 + 6 .
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la 2 6 + 2 4 6 m < 3 2 + 6 .
Nhan xet. Nhn va o ba ng bie n thien suy ra:
+ Phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t khi va ch khi=
m 3 2 + 6 hoac:
2 3 + 4 12 < m < 2 6 + 2 4 6 .

x3 y3 + 3y2 3x 2 =
0
.
2
0
x 1 x 2 + 3 2y y 2 + m =
Li giai
1 x 1
ie u kien
.
0 y 2
a t t = x + 1 t 0;2 , khi o phng trnh (1) tr tha nh:

t 3 3t 2 =y3 3y2
(*) .
Xe t ha m so f(u)
= u3 3u2 tre n oa n 0;2 , ta co :
f '(u)
= 3u2 6u 0, u 0;2 , suy ra f(u) nghch bie n tre n oa n 0;2 .
865
Do o phng trnh (*) tng ng v i f(t) = f(y) t = y y = x + 1 .
Khi o x2 1 x 2 + 3 2y y 2 + m =0 x 2 + 2 1 x 2 + m =0 (i) .
a t v=
1 x 2 v 0;1 (i) v2 2v + 1= m .
Xe t ham so
g(v) =
v2 2v + 1 lie n tuc tren oa n
0;1 , ta co
g'(v) =2v 2 < 0, v 0;1
Suy ra min g(v) =

g(1) =
2; max g(v) =
g(0) =
1.
v 0;1
v 0;1
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi 2 m 1 .

Bai 6. Tm ca c gia tr cua tham so m e he sau co nghiem
2
y + 1 + y 2 =
1
x + 1 + x
x3 3y 3 m( x 1 y )3
Li giai
ie u kien: x 0,y 1,2x + y 0 .
x + 1 + x2 =
(y) + 1 + ( y)2 x =
y .

x3 + 3x 3 m( x x + 1)3 (1) .
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m.

Y tng. Ta pha i kh tham so ve t do lam c ie u na y ch vie c nhan va o
hai ve cua ba t phng trnh v i bie u th c lie n hp cu a ( x x + 1)3 la
1 va khi o ba t
( x + x + 1)3 va e y ( x x + 1)3 ( x + x + 1)3 =
phng trnh o i da u.
ie u kien: x 1.
Khi o nha n ca 2 ve cua ba t phng trnh v i ( x + x 1)3 > 0 , ba t phng
trnh tr tha nh: m ( x 3 3 x + 3 )( x + x 1 )3 .
Xe t ha m so f ( x ) = ( x 3 3 x + 3 )( x + x 1 )3 tre n [1; +).
Suy ra e ba t phng trnh co nghiem la m min f ( x) .
x[1; + )
866
u( x ) = x 3 3 x + 3 1
Vie t la i f ( x) = u( x).v( x) , trong o
3
v( x ) = ( x + x 1 ) > 0
Ta co u( x)= 3x2 3 > 0; v( x)=
3 1
+
2 x
, x 1 .
2
( x + x 1) > 0
x 1
1
Suy ra f ( x) = u( x)v( x) + v( x)u( x) > 0 . Ham so f(x) ong bie n tre n khoa ng [1;
+). Do o min f ( x ) = f (1) = 1, x 1 . e bat phng trnh co nghie m khi
x[ 1; + )
va ch khi m 1. Va y gia tr ca n tm cu a m la (1; +).

( x y ) x2 + xy + y2 + 4 =
3 x 2 2y 2 + 9y + 8
11 + 2 ( 2x y ) y2 = 2m + 5 + 2y x2
Li giai
x3 y3 + 4 ( x y ) =
3x2 + 6y2 + 9y + 8 .
3
( x + 1) + x + 1 = ( y + 2 ) + y + 2 x + 1 = y + 2 y = x 1 .
11 + 2 2x ( x 1) ( x 1) = 2m + 5 + 2 ( x 1) x 2 .
x2 + 4x + 12 = 2m + x 2 + 2x + 3 .
2m = x2 + 4x + 12 x 2 + 2x + 3 (1) .
ie u kien: 1 x 3 .
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m tre n 1;3 .
Xe t ha m so f(x) = x2 + 4x + 12 x 2 + 2x + 3 lie n tu c tre n 1;3 , ta co :
x + 2
x + 1
f '(x) =
;f '(x) =
0.
x 2 + 4x + 12
x 2 + 2x + 3
( x + 2 ) x 2 + 2x + 3 = ( x + 1) x 2 + 4x + 12 .
( x + 1)( x + 2 ) 0
0.
x=
2
2
2
2
( x + 2 ) x + 2x + 3 = ( x + 1) x + 4x + 12
867
Ta co : f(=
1)
7,f(0)
=
3,f(3)
=
15 .
min f(x) =
f(0) =
3; max f(x) =
f(3) =
15 .
x 1;3
x 1;3
Va y phng trnh co (1) co nghie m 3 2m 15
3
15
.
m
2
2
3
15
.
m
2
2
Va y he phng trnh co nghiem khi va ch khi
x3 + ( y + 2 ) x2 + 2xy =
2m 3
.
Bai 8. Tm m e he sau co nghie m th c
x 2 + 3x + y =
m
Li giai
x2 + 2x ( x + y ) =
2m 3
.
x 2 + 2x + x + y =
m
a t u = x2 + 2x =
( x + 1)
1 1,v = x + y he phng trnh tr tha nh:
v= m u
uv =
2m 3 v= m u
2
.
2m 3 m = u 3 (1)
m
u + v =
u ( m u ) =
u+2
He phng trnh co nghiem (1) co nghie m u 1; + ) .

Xe t ha m so f(u) =
f '(u)
=
u2 + 4u + 3
=
2
( u + 2)
u2 3
tre n 1; + ) , ta co :
u+2
( u + 1)( u + 3) 0, u 1 nen
2
( u + 2)
f(u) la ha m o ng bien
tre n 1; + ) .
Suy ra f(u) f(1) = 2, u 1 . Va y (1) co nghiem m 2 .
Va y gia tr ca n tm cua tham so la
2; + ) .
1
Bai 9. Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nha t va x ;1
2
x2 x =
y
3 1 x2 2 x3 + 2 x2 y
868
+1 =
m
Li giai
ie u kien: 1 x 1 .
T phng trnh th nha t cu a he suy ra x2 y =
x . Thay vao phng trnh
th hai cua he ta c:
3 1 x 2 2 x3 + 2x 2 + 1 =
m (1) .
1
He phng trnh co nghie m duy nha t va x ;1 (1) co nghie m duy
2
1
nha t tre n ;1 .
2
1
Xe t ha m so f ( x) = 3 1 x2 2 x3 + 2 x2 + 1 tre n oa n ;1
2
Ta co f ( x) =
3x
1 x
3
x
+
1 x2
x + 2x + 1
3 x2 + 4 x
3
1 x2
Do x ;1 3x + 4 > 0
2
x + 2 x + 1
3x + 4
x3 + 2 x2 + 1
3x + 4
> 0.
V vay f ( x) = 0 x = 0 .
Ba ng bie n thie n
1
2
f(x)
f(x)
1
3 3 22
2
D a vao ba ng bie n thien suy ra e phng trnh co nghie m duy nha t khi va
m = 1
ch khi
4 m <
22 + 3 3
2
Nhan xet. He phng trnh co hai nghiem phan biet khi va ch khi:
3 3 22
m < 1.
2
869
Bai 10. Ch ng minh he phng trnh sau luo n co hai nghiem th c v i mo i m:
2x3 3x2 + x x2 x + 3 + m 2 + 2y3 3y2 + y
x2 2my =
m+3
y2 y + 3 + m 2 =
0
Li giai
Phng trnh a u cu a he c vie t la i d i da ng:
( 2y 3y + y )
( 2y 3y + y )
y2 y + 3 + m 2 = 2x3 3x2 + x
y2 y + 3 + m 2
3
2
= 2 (1 x ) 3 (1 x ) + 1 x
x2 x + 3 + m 2 .
(1 x ) (1 x ) + 3 + m
Suy ra y = 1 x tho a man phng trnh a u cua he .

Thay y = 1 x va o phng trnh th hai cua he ta c:
x2 2m (1 x ) = m + 3 x2 + 2mx 3m 3 = 0 .
Phng trnh nay co 'x = m 2 + 3m + 3 > 0, m ne n luo n co hai nghiem th c

pha n biet. Ke o theo he luo n co hai nghiem th c (pcm).
870

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NHNG IU CN BIT LUYN THI QUC GIA

K THUT GII NHANH

Dnh cho hc sinh lp 10,11,12

NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI

KIEN THC BO SUNG

- No i dung chng na y e ca p e n ca c noi dung

Chu e 1: PHNG TRNH, BAT PHNG TRNH

2. Phng trnh va bat phng trnh bac hai

b) Ba t phng trnh ba c hai f(x) = ax 2

f(x) < 0 a(x x1 )(x x2 ) > 0 x1 < x < x 2

PHNG TRNH BAC BA

1. Phng trnh dang 4x3 + 3x = m .

3 +0, >x R ne n phng trnh

4x3 + 3x = m co kho ng qua mo t nghiem.

Ta ch ng minh phng trnh co nghie m duy nha t.

V du 1. Gia i phng trnh 4x3 + 3x = 2 .

2. Phng trnh dang 4x3 3x = m .

phng trnh co ba nghie m x1 = cos ,x2

Tha t va y ta co : 4x3 3x = 4x30

Va y phng trnh co nghiem duy nha t:

3. Phng trnh dang x3 + px = q .

4. Phng trnh bc ba dng tng quat ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, (a 0).

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = ( x x 0 ) ax2 +( b +ax 0 ) x +c +bx 0 +ax20 .

T o e gia i phng trnh ba c ba tre n ta i gia i phng trnh ba c hai:

Phng phap Cardano. Chia hai v phng trnh cho a

Ta ch can xet p, q 0 v neu p = 0 hoa c q = 0 phng trnh n gian, tie p tu c

Ta cho n u, v sao cho 3uv + p = 0 khi o u3 + v3 + q = 0.

phng trnh (1) co nghiem th c duy nha t x =

+ Ne u = 0 khi o (3) co nghiem ke p u = v = 3

Do o: (1) co hai nghie m th c, trong o co mo t nghie m ke p:

+ Ne u < 0 khi o (3) co nghiem ph c, gia s la u 0 , v 0 khi o (1) co ba

Ngoai hai ca ch tre n co the gia i phng trnh ba c ba ba ng phng phap l ng

PHNG TRNH BAC BON

1. Phng trnh dang trung phng ax 4 + bx2 + =

2. Phng trnh dang ( x a ) + ( x b ) =

phng trnh da ng tru ng phng.

V du 1. Gia i phng trnh ( x 2 ) + ( x 6 ) =

a t t= x 4 phng trnh tr thanh: ( t + 2 ) + ( t 2 ) =

Va y: phng trnh co hai nghiem la x =

Xe t tr ng h p x = 0 xem thoa ma n phng trnh hay khong.

V du 3. Gia i phng trnh ( x + 2 )( x + 3)( x + 4 )( x + 6 ) =

( x + 2 )( x + 6 ) . ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) = 30x2 x2 + 8x + 12 x 2 + 7x + 12 = 30x 2

Nha n thay x = 0 kho ng thoa man phng trnh.

( t + 8)( t + 7) =30 t 2 + 15t + 26 =0 t = 13 .

o i chie u v i ieu kie n ch nhan nghiem t =

Va y phng trnh co hai nghiem la x =

TH1: Ne u e = 0 a ve phng trnh:

phng trnh ba c ba da ng to ng qua t a biet ca ch giai.

V du 4. Gia i phng trnh x 4 + 3x3 6x2 + 6x + 4 =

Va y phng trnh co hai nghiem la x =

6. Phng trnh dang x 4 = ax 2 + bx + c .

TH2: Ne u = b2 4ac 0 ta cho n so th c m sao cho:

Ta cho n m sao cho: b2 4 ( a 2m ) c + m 2 =

Va y phng trnh co bo n nghie

7. Phng trnh bac bon tong quat ax 4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e =

Cach 2: Vie t la i phng trnh d i da ng:

4ac x2 4adx 4ae .

The m va o hai ve cu a phng trnh a i lng 2y 2ax2 + bx + y2 (v i y la

4ac + 4ay x 2 + 2 ( by 2ad ) x 4ae + y2 .

Ta cho n y sao cho: 'x =

b2 4ac + 4ay y2 4ae = 0 .

V du 6. Gia i phng trnh x 4 16x3 + 57x 2 52x 35 =

x 4 16x3 + 64x2 = 7x2 + 52x + 35 x 2 8x