(Lê Xuân Sơn) - ☣ ๖ۣۜPhương trình, bất phương trình hữu tỉ - vô tỉ - mũ logarit ☣

512.
9
PH561T
4 (CB) ThS. PHAN VIET BAC

MHAN - CN. LE PHUC LUf J f
HAT lHI]liSS nrnCo
^ D U N G CHO HS GIOI
THI TRirOfNG C H U Y E N
^ O N THI THPT QUOC GIA
(2trong1)
I^NrtA'XUAT BAN
C QUOC GIA HA NOI
5^1. g
TS. LE XUAN S d N (CB) ThS. PHAN V I E T BAC
ThS. TRAN NHAN - C N . LE PHUC L Q
HUUTI
VO Tl
MO
LOGARIT
^ D U N G CHO HS GIOI,
THI TRI/flfNG CHUYEN
y ^ O N THI THPT QUOC GIA
DTR:
N H A X U A T B A N D A I H Q C Q U O C G I A H A NQI
NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI

16 Hang Chuoi - Hai Ba Triing - Ha Npi
Dien thoai: Bien t$p - Che bkn: (04) 39714896;
Quan ly xuat ban: (04) 39728806; long bien tSp: (04) 39715011
Fax: (04) 39729436
*
* *
Chiu trdch
nhi^m xuat ban:
Gidm doc - Tong bien tdp: T S . P H A M T H I T R A M
NHA SACH HONG A N
Trinh bay bia:
NHA SACH HONG AN
ban:
Che
tdp:
Bi^n
VAN ANH - PHUONG ANH

^'
Doi tdc lien ket xuat ban:

NHA SACH HONG A N
SACH L I E N K E T
PHaONG TRINH - BAT PHUONG TRINH HLJfU TJ, VO TJ, MU, LOGARIT
Ma s5: 1L - 99OH2015
In 2.000 cudn, kh6 17 x 24cm tgi COng ti Cd phin VSn h6a VSn Lang.
Dia chl: S6' 6 Nguyn Trung Tri;c - P5 - Q. Binh Thanh - TP. Ho Chi Minh
So xua't bSn: 351 - 2015/CXB/4 - 74/DHQGHN, ngay 09/02/2015.
Quyg't djnh xuS't ban s6: 120LK-TN/QD - NXBOHQGHN.
In xong va nOp liAi chieu quy II n3m 2015.
Cac em hoc sinh than men!

Phuomg trinh, bat phuang trinh la nhOng noi dung can ban trong chuong
trinh toan ph6 thong. Co dugc ky nang t6t trong viec giai phuang trinh, bSt
phuang trinh se khong nhung gop phan quan trong dS hinh thanh va phat trign
nang lire giai quyet van de ciia hoc sinh ma con giup cac em dat k6t qua t6t
trong nhtjng ky thi quan trong nhu: thi vao truang Chuyen, thi dai hoc, thi hoc
sinhgioi cac d p .
Vai muc dich ay, chung toi bien soan cuon sach nay nham cung cap cho ban
doc mot he thdng bai tap phong phu, da dang vai nhiu bai mai la va cac
phuang phap giai hieu qua ve phuang trinh, bdt phuang trinh.
Noi dung ciia cu6n sach dugc trinh bay thanh ba chuong:
Chmmg 1 de cap den phuang trinh bat phuang trinh dang da thuc va huu ty;
ChiroTig 2 de cap den phuang trinh, bat phuang trinh v6 ty;
ChiroTig 3 va Chirong 4 theo thu tu de cap den phuang trinh, bat phuang trinh
mu va logarit.
Trong tung muc, tung phuang phap deu c6 cac vi du minh hoa tieu bieu; c6
phan bai tap de ban doc ren luyen; c6 phin huong din giai bai tap ngay sau do
de ban doc tham khao, so sanh vai lai giai cua minh. Sau moi chuong deu c6
phan bai tap tong hgp, phan Ian la bai tap hay va kho.
Chung toi hy vgng rang cuon sach "Phuang trinh, bat phiromg trinh va
phuang phdp gidi" se thuc su huu ich cho cac em hoc sinh cung nhu cac thay,
CO day Toan a truang pho thong.
Du da hit sue c6 ging trong qua trinh bien soan, nhung bg sach kho tranh
khoi nhung thieu sot nhat dinh. Cac tac gia chan thanh cam an y kien dong gop
cua cac thay giao, c6 giao va cac em hoc sinh gan xa de Ian tai ban bg sach se
dugc hoan thien hon.
Mgi y kien dong gop cho tac gia xin quy ban dgc gai ve:
nhasachhongan@hotmail.com
CAC TAC GIA
ChUctng 1.
PHLfdNG TRINH, BAT PHtTdNG TRINH HlTU TI
1. TAM THlTC, PHirONG TRINH, BAT PHlTOfNG TRINH BAG HAI

1) DIU cua tarn thipc bac hai
Tom tit ly thuyet
7.7. Dinh ly ve ddu cua tarn thuc
Cho tarn thuc bac hai f{x)âx^+bx + c,a^Q. Dat A = b^ - 4ac. Khi do:
NSu A<0 thi af (x)>0 vai moi xeR;
NSu A = 0 thi af (x)>0 voi moi x^2a
Ngu A>0 thi af{x)>0 vai moi x G ( - O O ; X , ) U ( X 2 ; + C O ) va af(x)<0 vai
moi xe{x^;x2), trongdo x, <X2 la hai nghiem ciia / ( x ) .
7.2. Dieu kien khong doi ddu cua tarn thuc
Cho tam thuc bac hai f{x) = ax^+bx-\-c,a* 0. Dat A = b^ -4ac. Khi do
2./(x)<0,VxeR \a<0
l./(x)>0,VxeM< a>0
A<0
\A<O
4./(x)<0,VxeM| a>0
3./(x)>0,VxeM<:> a>0
A<0
A<0
1.3. Gid tri Ian nhdt, gid tri nhd nhdt cua tam thuc
Cho tam thuc bac hai f(x) = ax'^+bx + c,a^ 0. Ta c6
2
b^^
fix) = a x + + c, nen
I 2aj V 4a
b_
Vai a > 0, f{x) c6 gia tri nhoJ nhat la c , dat dugc khi x = - la
4a
5
Vdfi a < 0 , / ( x ) CO gia t r i Ion nhdt la

V i d u 1 . Cho cac so thirc x,y,z
c-
4a
, dat dugc k h i X = -
2a
thoa man x + y + z^\. T i m gia t r i lom nhdt
c u a b i d u t h u c A = 9xy + I0yz + 1 I z x .
LcigiaL
Thay z = \-x-y
vao ^ t a c 6
A = 9xy + \(iyz + nzx^9xy
+ z(\Qy + \\x)^9xy
+ (\-x-y){\Qy
+ \\x).
K h a i trien va n i t gon ta c6
^ = - l l x ' - 1 0 / + l l x + 10>;-12xv
D o d o \ +{\2y-n)x
---^
=-llx'+(ll-12>;)x-I0/+10>;.
+ \0y^ -\0y + A = 0.
De CO gia t r i Ion nhat ciia A t h i phuong trinh c6 nghi?m. T a c6

A > 0 < - 2 9 6 / + 1 7 6 ; / + 121-44^>0.
l l V 495 495
74
2
22
121
74 '
D o do ^ <
y- y + V
+
<
27
11
11
37
296
148
148
27
25
11
Dku dang thuc xay ra k h i x = ; v = : z =
^
^
74
37
74
495
0V a y gia t r i I o n n h i t ciia A la
148
V I d u 2. Cho hai s6 thuc x,y thay d6i thoa man x^ +y^ = \. T i m gia t r i Ion
nhat va nho nhat cua bieu thuc P =
1 + 2xy + 2y
(Di thi dgi hoc khoi B 2008)

L&igidL
Voi
= 0 ta CO
= 1 nen P = 2 .
2fx^+6xv)
Vai>;^0,datr = - t a c 6
y
Dodo
P[t'+2t
2(x^+6xy)
P^-^
- ^ =- ^
^ =
x'+2xv + 3 /
l + 2xy + 2 /
+ 3) = 2t^+\2tc>{P-2y+2{P-6)t
2/^+12^
7
t^+2t + 3
+ 3P = 0.
, _
^.l.
V a i P = 2, phuong trinh c6 nghiem t = .

4
Voi P^2, phuomg trinh c6 nghiem khi vachi khi

A' = - 2 P ' - 6 P + 3 6 > 0 o - 6 )&h\ = F=,y
= ^ =
hoac x = = , j j ; = -
VTo
3
2
3
P = -6 khi x = v = p = hoac x = i = , y
VTI
713
Vl3
1 = .
Vn
Ket hop lai ta c6 gia tri nho nhdt cua P la - 6 , gia tri Ion nhdt cua P la 3.
Vi du 3. Cho a,bÔ. Tim gia tri nho nhdt cua biû thuc
1 b
P = a' +b' +^ + - .
- .
a
a
L&igidL Xem P nhu la mot tam thuc bac 2 doi voi bien b.
Taco P = b' +2b + -K +
+a = b+
2a
la 4a' 4a'
+ 4a'
4a'
D4U bang xay ra khi
+a
+ a'>2.
-.a'
\4a-
b= 2a
a' =
4a'
Vi du 4. Cho cac so duong a, b, c thoa man a + b + c = 3. Chung minh rang

9
a + ab + 2abc< .
2
.
Laigiau Tugiathiet 6 = 3 - a - c.Tac6
9
9
a + ab + labc < o a + a ( 3 - a - c ) + 2ac(3 - a - c) < .
Dat / ( a ) = (2c + l)a^ +(2c^ - 5 c - 4 ) a + ^ > 0 . Tachung minh / ( a ) > 0 .
Ta CO / ( a ) la mot tam thuc bac hai c6 he so ciia a' la 2c +1 > 0, va lai c6
A = ( 2 c ' - 5 c - 4 ) ' - 1 8 ( 2 c + l ) = ( 2 c - l ) ' ( c ' - 4 c - 2 ) < 0 do 0 < c < 3 .
3
1
Tir d o / ( a ) > 0. Dau bang xay ra khi a = ;6 = l:c = .
2
2
Vi du 5. Cho 4 s6 thuc a,6,c,/thoa man: + 6^ = 1; c - <i = 3.
Chung minh rSng F = ac + bd-cd< ^^^^
4
. (jjsG Nghe An 2005)
2^
L&igidL Tu c-d = 3 taco <i = c - 3 . Thay vaotaco
+
b
+
3)
{a
fa
+
b
+
3^
(
a
+
b
+
3\
-36
c + = ac + (b - c){c
F ^ ac + bd - cd = ac + {b - c)d
[ 2 J J + K- 3)2= -c^J + (a + b + 3)c - 3b
a + 6 + 3V fl + 6 + 3 Y ^ ^ ^ ( a + 6 + 3) 126
4
c-
Su dung 1 = + 6^ = (a - 6) + 2a6 nen 2(36 = 1 - (a - 6) , thay vao ta c6

(a + 6 + 3)'-126_(fl + 6)'+6(a + 6) + 9-126 - ( a - 6 ) ' + 6 ( a - 6 ) + ll
4
~
4
~
4
Vi a^+6^=l nen
-y[i<a-b<4l.
Xet ham / ( ^ ) = -f^ + 6? +11 tren [-72;V2] ta c6 / ( r ) < 9 + 6V2 .
Do do F <
.
4
Dau dang thuc xay ra khi d = , c-- , a = , 6 =
2
Vi dy 6. Cho 3 so thuc a,6,c thoa man diû kien
> 36;abc = 1,
Chung minh rang +6 +c >ab + bc + ca.

L&igidL Ta+ c6
b^+c^>ab
+ bc + ca<^(b + cY-a(b
>0
+ c) + -
<;=>(Z) + c) -2-{b
+ c) + +
>0
b+c
+ 12a > 0, luon dung vi > 36.

Vi du 7. Cho hai s6 x,y thoa man
-2xy-2x + 4y-7 = 0. Tim gia tri
cua x \ihi y dat gia tri Ion nhit.
(Di thi tuyin sinh THPT Chuyen Qudng Ngai 2013)
LcfigidL TsiCO x^+y^-2xy-2x
+Ay-1 = Q
ti.
<::>x^ - 2{y + \)x + y^ +Ay-1 = 0

De ton tai gia tri cua x thi phuomg trinh tren phai c6 nghiem, do do
A' = (>; + 1)^ - - 4;; + 7 > 0 O 2>; < 8 >; < 4 .
Khi y = A thay vao phuong trinh ta c6 x = 5.
Vay X = 5 thi dat gia tri Ion nhdt.
Bai tap phan 1.1
+z =\
loa man
1. Cho x,y,z thoa
man <
[2x'+3/+4z'=3
Tim gia tri Ion nhdt, gia tri nho nhat cua y.
2. Cho 3 so x,y,z thoa man 1'xxy++y_yz+ z+=zx5= 8 .Chungminhrang \<x,y,z<
.
3
x^ - xy + y
,.
X +xy + y
4. Cho cac so thuc a,b,c,d sao cho \ <2 \k a + b + c + d-6.
Tim gia tri lom nhat cua P = a^ + b^ +c^ +d^.
(Di thi tuyin sinh THPT Chuyen Long An 201 A)
5. Cho a,b la cac s6 thuc thoa man a + b = a^ -ab + b^.
Tim gia tri Ion nhat ciia +b^.
{De thi tuyin sinh THPT Chuyen Bdc Giang 2007)9
3. Tim gia tri Ion nhat, gia tri nho nhat cua P=
6. Tim gia tri nho nhat cua A =
7. Tim gia tri ion nh4t cua ^ = -4(x^ - x +1) + 3|2x - 1 | , voi - 1 < x < 1.
8. Chobaso x,y,z
thoaman ' ' ^ ' - ^ ' ^ ^ l - ^'^-1

x+y+z^3
Chung minhrSng x^ + y^ + z^
<ll.
H i r o n g d a n giai b a i tap p h a n 1.1

1. Ta
CO
z=1-
X-
+ 3y^ + 4z^ = 3
, do do
2x^ + 3>;^ + 4 (1 -
X-
=3
yf
< = > 6 x ^ + 7 / - 8 x - 8 > ; + 8xv + l = 0
,.
^ . ^ 4>
<=>6x^+8(>;-l)x + 7 / - 8 > ; + l = 0 .
i^-xviv
D I phuong trinh c6 nghiem ta c6

A ' = 1 6 ( : i ; - 1 ) ' - 6 ( 7 / - 8 3 ; +1) = - 2 6 / + 1 6 > ; +10 > 0
< >^ < 1.
Voi y = l khi do ta CO x = z = 0 . Vay gia tri lom nhdt cua 3^ la 1.
,,
Voi y = khi do x = , z = . Vay gia tri nho nhat cua >> la - ^

13
13
13
13
2.Tir he ta c6
Do do
[jj;z = x ^ - 5 x + 8 '
>'z = 8 - x ( > ; + z )
J>' + z = 5 - x
j +z =5- x
xjr-:
,f
c or
- (5 - x ) / + x^ - 5x + 8 = 0.
z la hai nghiem cua phuong trinh
Phuong trinh c6 nghiem
A' > 0 <=> (5 - x)^ - 4(x^ - 5x + 8) > 0
"
' ^
<::>-3x^+10x-7>0<l<X<-.
3
Tuong t u voi y,z ta c6 dieu phai chung minh.
3. V o i >; = 0 , t a c 6 x ; t O , P = l .
'T'
' '
^^r^^î
îl^
ml
10
r ^^
X
Vai
;;7tO,tac6
r-/ +l
= ^
X
,
+ - +1
-,vai
t= -.
^ +^ + 1
J'
Taco
y.rs
t f +1
^=^r^y^<^/'(r'+/ + i) = ^'-^
+ i < ( p - i ) ? ' + ( p + i ) r + ( p - i ) = o.
De ton tai gia t r i lom nhSt, gia t r i nho nho n h i t cua P, phuang t r i n h n o i tren
phai CO nghiem, k h i do
A'= (P + 1 ) ' - 4(P - 1 ) ' > 0
V a i P = ^ xay ra k h i r = 1 hay
-3P^ + lOP - 3 > 0 <=> ^ ^ 0 .

Vay, gia tri Ian nhSt cua P la 3, gia tri nho nhdt cua P la ^ .
4. T a c o \<a<l
Tuangtufvai
Tudotaco
suyra ( a - l ) ( a - 2 ) < 0 < : : > a ' < 3 a - 2 .

b,c,d.
P-a^
+6^+c^ +
<3(a + 6 + c + ^)-8
= 10.
V a i a = 2,6 = 2,c = 1,^/ = 1 hoac cac hoan v i t h i P = 10.

Vay gia tri Ian nhdt ciia P la 10.
,2
5. Tir a + b = a^-ab
Dodo
{a + bf-4(a
Taco
DSu
+b'
=(a
_ L
L2
+ b" =(a
+ b)^-3ab>(a
+ b)<0<^0<a
+ b)[a^-ab
+ b^)^{a
+ bf
-^{a
+ bf
=-^(a
bf.
b<4.
+ bf
<16.
bang xay ra k h i a = 6 = 2 . Vay gia tri Ian nh4t cua ct^ + 6 ' la 16.
6. Ta CO A =
x'-2oi6x+2
_riV
= 2
-2016.
rr
+ 1.
Dat ^ = - , ta CO ^ = 2 r - 2016r +1 - 2(r - 504) - 508031 > -508031.
11
Do do gia tri nho nhk cua A la -508031, dat dugc khi t = 504 hay x =
504
V.Taco ^ = - 4 ( x ' - ; c + l) + 3 | 2 x - l | = - ( 2 x - l ) ' + 3 | 2 x - l | - 3
= -2x-lp+3|2x-l|-3.
Dat/ = |2x-l| v i - l < x < l nen ê(l;3).Khid6
3
1
3^' 3 3 '
A = -t +3t-3 = - t - - < . Dau ' =' xay ra khi t = hay x- ,
4 4
^
2 ^ 4
vi -1 < X < 1. Vay gia tri Ion nh^t ciia A la .
4
8. Dat x = a + l,Z) = j + l,c = z + l. Taco a,b,ce[-2;2], a + b + c = 0.
Ta can chung minh + 6^ + < 8. Vi trong 2 s6 3 s6 a,b,c c6 hai s6 cung
d4u, giasu 6,c>0. Khi do +b^
<a^ +(b + cf = a' + {-of =2a^<%.
{b.c^Q ,
Dau " = " xay ra khi \a = -2;6 = 0,c = 2) va cac hoan vi hay
a = -2
x = -l;>' = - l ; z = 3 va cac hoan vi. TIT do ta CO dieu phai chung minh.
2) Bit phipcng trinh bac hai

Tom tat ly thuyet.
De xet nghiem cua mot bat phuong trinh bac hai ta dua vao dinh ly vS dSu cua
tarn thuc, no phu thuoc dau cua he so a va ddu cua A.
Gia su /(x) = ay?' + 6x + c, a 0, ls. = b^ - 4ac, ki hieu Xj, X2 (xj < X2 ) la hai
nghiem cua / ( x ) . Khi do
Tap nghiem S cua bat phuong trinh / ( x ) > 0 dugc xac dinh boi bang sau
a \
+
5 = (x,;x2)
S =R
S = R\l
* - 5 = ( - c o ; x , ) u ( x 2 ; + co)
2al
12
Tap nghiem S cua bat phuong trinh / ( x ) > 0 ducrc xac dinh boi bang sau
S =0
s = -'
S = x^;x2
2a
+
S =R
S - (-oo;xi]u[jC2; + co)
Tap ngliiem S cua bat phuong trinh f(x)<0
5 = (-oo;x,)u(x2; + oo)
S = R\\
dugc xac dinh boi bang sau
5= 0
S =0
5 = (x,;x2)
Tap nghiem S cua hk phuong trinh / ( x ) < 0 dugc xac dinh boi bang sau
S =R
5=M
5 = (-oo;xi]u[x2; + oo)
5= 0
s = -'
5 = [x,;x2]
2a
Vi du 1. Tim a dk hk phuong trinh sau c6 it nh4t mot nghiem nguyen
x^-x
+ a{l-a)<0.
(1)
L&igidL Xet A = 1 - 4a(l - a) =4a^ - 4a + 1 = (2a - 1)2 > 0 Va

Vay (1) CO hai nghiem Va. x = x,; x = ^2 thoa man x, + X j = 1.
X
Khi do (l) <=> X, < X < X2. Do ' ^ ^ =

chi khi
X,
1
nen (1) c6 nghiem nguyen khi va
< 0 < 1 < X2.
13
Lai do X, + ^2 = 1 nen dieu nay tuomg duong vai

<0<:>a(l-a)<0<=>
a<0
a>\'
Vay a < 0 hoac a>l.

Vi dy 2. Tim p de bat phuong trinh sau c6 dung mot nghiem nguyen
(2x + 1 4 p ' - 7 ) ( 4 x - 4 p ' - 1 5 ) < 0 .
L&igidL Taco 2x + \4p^-7
Vi -7/?^ +
<
+^
= 0^x
= -lp^
nen bat phuong trinh tuong duong voi
-lp'+-<x<p'+-.
'
'
Gia su a la mot nghiem nguyen cua bSt phuong trinh.

+ > 3, liic nay bit phuong trinh c6
Neu a < 2, ta CO -Ip^ + <2 va
2
4
them nghiem nguyen x = 3, trai voi yeu cm bai toan.
15
1
7
7, 7,
Neu a > 4, ta CO
+ > 4 nen p^ > do do -1 p^ + < ^++
ao
ao
-/p+
S
- < 2 nen
4
^ 4
2
4 2
bat phuong trinh c6 them nghiem la 2; 3, trai voi yeu cku bai toan.
Neu a = 3, de phuong trinh c6 dung mot nghiem nguyen tuong duong voi
2 < - 7 / 7 ' + - < 3 1, ta luon c6
<2
L&igidL Ta c6 3
<2
-
14
<=>3 X
x + - <2
x' +1 + -^
^x'-l^'
N2 ^
1 <2
1 -1
o3
V
^ y
x+
x+
Xy
1^ <2 Xy 1 \2
x^-1
- 1 (vi X > 1 nen
o3
>0)
X+
x+ Datr = x + - > 2 J x . - = 2 , d a u ' = 'xayrakhi x = l,do x > l nen t>2.
X V X
Bat dang thiic can chung minh tra thanh
3r<2(^'-l)<:>2r-3/-2>0<^(2? + l)(f-2)>0,diingvi t>2.
Vi dy 4. Giai bit phuong trinh (x - 6)''+ (x - S)"* < 16.
LoigidL Taco (x-6)V(x-8)^ <16
((x-7) + l ) V ( ( x - 7 ) - l ) ' < 1 6

2(x-7)'+12(x-7)'+2<16(x-7)'+7(x-7)'-7<0
o - 7 < ( x - 7 ) ^ < l < ^ ( x - 7 ) ^ <l<-l<x-7<l<:>6<x<8.
Vay nghiem ciia bat phuomg trinh la 6 < x < 8.
Vi du 5. Tim m sao cho bat phuomg trinh dung vai moi x e ^
.. ^
2x^ +/nx-4
>-6.
-^^' ^
x'-x +l
Lof gidi. Ta CO x^ - x +1 > 0, Vx e R nen bat phuomg trinh tucmg duomg voi
2 x ^ + m x - 4 > - 6 ( x ^ - x + l), V X G R
<::>8x^ + ( w - 6 ) x + 2>0, VxeR
o A = (m - 6)^ - 64 < 0 -2 < w < 14.
Vay-2</n<14.
r 1
Bai tap phan 1.2

1. Tim m de he bat phuong trinh sau c6 nghiem
-{m + 2)x + 2m<0
x^ +{m + 7)x + 7m<0
2. Tim tat ca cac gia tri cua a de bat phuong trinh sau dung voi moi x
x+\
z
<1.
ax -4x + a-3
3. Cho f[x) = x^+ax + l voi 3<a< . Giai hit phuong trinh
f{f{x))>x.
4. Tim m de bat phuong trinh sau dung voi Vx e R
(m-l)x^
+{m + \)x +
m-\>0.
5. Tim m de bat phuong trinh sau c6 tap nghiem la M

.^^'^
^ 3x^ -mx + 5 ^
1<
<6.
lx^-x + \
Huang dan giai bai tap phan 1.2

x ' - ( w + 2)x + 2m<0 (1)
1. Ki hieu
+ ( 7 w + 7)x + 7m<0 (2)
Taco A, = ( w - 2 ) ^ > 0 ; A 2 = ( m - 7 ) ^ > 0 .

Ta CO phuong trinh
Phuong trinh x^ +
- (m + 2) x + 2w = 0 luon c6 nghiem x = m hoac x = 2.

+ 7) x + 7m = 0 luon c6 nghiem x = -m hoac x = - 7 .
Voi m = 2 hoac voi m = 7 thi he v6 nghiem.

Voi m^2\m^l,
m>0 nghiem cua ( l ) la 5, =(w;2) hoac
S^-[2,m),
'nghiem cua (2) la ^2 = ( - m ; - 7 ) hoac ^3 = ( - 7 ; - w ) . Ro rang 5, f l ^ j = 0

nen he v6 nghiem.
Voi m<0 nghiem cua ( l ) la 5, = ( w ; 2 ) , nghiem cua (2) la
-{-l;-m).
16
Ta CO iS", n <S'2 ?t 0 nen he luon c6 nghiem. Vay w < 0.

2, Ta tim diSu kien dS ox^ - 4x + a - 3 9^ 0, Vx e R .
Taco ca^-4x +
a-3^0yxsR^
A' = 4 - a ( a - 3 ) < 0
<=>
a<-l
a>4
Neu a<-l thi ox^ - 4 x + a - 3 < 0 , V x e M . Tirdo

x+1
<l,Vx(
ax - 4 x + a - 3
<=>x + l>ax^ - 4x + a - 3 , V x e M
<=>ax^-5x + a - 4 < 0 , V x e M
<=>A = 2 5 - 4 a ( a - 4 ) < 0 (vi a<-l)
\a<-l
- V 4-V4T
<=>S ,
<=>a<
[4a'-16a-25>0
2
N6u a > 4 thi ox^ - 4x + a - 3 > 0, Vx e M.
Tirdo
:0
x+1
<l,VxeR
ox - 4 x + a - 3
o
X +1
< ax^ - 4x + a - 3, Vx e M
oox^ - 5x + a - 4 > 0 , V x e M
O A = 2 5 - 4 a ( a - 4 ) < 0 ( v i a>4)
<=>
4 + V4T
a>4
4a'-16fl-25>0
Ket hop lai a e
-Qo;
4-741
4+V4T
-; + oo
3. Taco / ( / ( x ) ) >x<=>/(/(x))-x>0
Taco
/(/W)-^ = /(/W)-/W+/W-^
i / ( x ) + 1 - (xL+.flx+-i-W-/fx)-x-~':":7:^7,'i
'/'{x)-x']
^(x^ +(a-\)x
+ a[f{x)-x]
=[f{x)-x][f{x)
+ x + a]
el
+ \)[x' +{a + \)x + a + 2).
Bat g{x) = x'+{a-l)x + lc6

A^=a'-2a-3
h(x) = x^+{a + \)x + a + 2 CO
A^=a^-2a-7.
Do 3 < a < | nen
tudo
^ ^ , d o d 6 h{x) = x^ +{a+ \)x + a +
2>0,\fxeR,
f(f{x))-x>0
<=>g(x)>0<=>x^ + ( a - l ) x + l > O o
l-a-Va'-2a-3
2
x> l-a + V a ' - 2 a - 3

fm-l>0
4.Tac6 ( w - l ) x ^ +(m + l)x +
m-l>0,\/xGR<^
A<0
m-l>0
/w-l>0
/
w
l
>
0
m<ow>3.
3
(m + 1)2 - 4 ( w - l ) <0
[-3m'+10/n-3<0
m>3
5. Ta CO 2x^ - X +1 > 0, Vx G M. Do do bat phirong trinh tuong duong voi
3x^ - mx + 5
-,Vxe:
1<
x^ + ( l - m ) x + 4>0,VxGlS
2x'-x + l
9x'+(m-6)x + l>0,Vxe
3x -tnx + 5 < 6 , V x e :
[ 2x'-x4-l
A,=(l-m)'-16<0
{-3<m<5
A,=(m-6)'-36<0
[0<m<12
Vay vdd 0 < m < 5 thi bdt phuong trinh c6 tap nghiem la R .
18
3) Mot s6 dang phu'O'ng trinh hCeu t i dipa v bîc hai
Dang t6ng quat: au^ (x) + bu{x) + c = 0.

3.1. Dang trung phuong ox^ + + c = 0.
Cdch gidi: Dat = ^ > 0 dk dua wh phuong trinh bac hai theo t.
3.2. Dang (x + a)"^ + (x + Z?)'* = c.
Cdch gidi: Dat x +
= t se thu dugc phuong trinh trung phuong theo /.
3.3. Dangnghich dao ox'* + bx^ + cx^ bx + a ^ 0, a ^0.

Cdch gidi: Chia ca hai ve cua phuong trinh cho
n x^ 9^ 0 thu dugc phuong trinh
+ b x
a
1 = / (hoac x- \ -t), bieu dien x^ + theo t, thay vao phuong
Dat X +
V
trinh tren se thu dugc phuong trinh bac hai theo t.
3.4. Dang h6i quy ax"^ + bx^ + cx'^ + dx + e = 0, voi =

Kb
a
Cdch gidi: Gia su = k^0. Chia ca hai vg cua phuong trinh cho x^ ^0 thu
b
dugc phuong trinh aa x ^ + ^ + 6 x + + c = 0.
I xj
k
~
-)
k~
Dat x + = bieu dien x + ^ theo t, thay vao phuong trinh tren se thu
X
x^
dugc phuong trinh bac hai theo t.
3.5. Dang (x + a)(x +fe)(x+ c)(x + c/) = e, voi a + ^x^ +{a + d)x + ad^{x^ +{b + c)x + bc^ = e
D?lt x^ +(a + d)x = r thu dugc phuong trinh bac hai theo /.
19
3.6. Dang (x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d)-ex
,\(n ad = be
Cdch giai: Viet phuong trinh duai dang

((x + aXx + cl)){(x + b){x + c)) = ex^
<=>(x^ + ( a + (i)x + fl<ij(x^ +(b + c)x + bc^êx^.
Cdch 1. Dat x^ +
a + b-\-c + d
x + ad-t
thu dugc phuong trinh bac hai theo t.
Cdch 2. Xet X = 0, thu true tiSp.

Xet X ?t 0, chia ca hai ve cho x^ ta c6
ad
x + {a + d) +
X+
be
(6 + c ) +
-e.
ad
Dat / = X + , dua ve phuong trinh bac 2 doi voi t.
\2
ax
= b,
aÔ,x^-a.
X
3J. Dang x^ +
yx + aj
Cdch giai: Viet phuong trinh duai dang
X-
ax
+ 2a
b^
x+a
x+a
- + 2a
(x + aY
x+a
Dat
x+a
= ?, thu dugc phuong trinh bac hai theo t.

ax
3.8. Dang
-^
+
X +inx + k
bx
^
= e,abc ^ 0.
X +nx + k
Cdch giai: Xet x = 0. Khong phai la nghiem ciia phuong trinh.

Xet X ^ 0. Vidt phuong trinh dudi dang
+
= c.
x+m + x+n+
X
Dat x + = t, phuong trinh tra thanh ^ + ^ = c, tu do dua

X
t+m t+n
phuong
trinh bac hai theo

3.9. Dang dang cap bac hai aw^(x) + ZJV^(x) + CM(X)V(X) = 0 .
Cdch gidi: Gia sii v(x) ^ 0. Chia ca hai vg cho v^(x) ^ 0, r6i dat
= f d6
v(x)
dugc phucmg trinh bac hai theo t.

3.10. Dang au^(x)v^(x) + b{u{x) + v{x)f +c = 0, vai u(x)-v(x) = k.
Cdch gidi: Viet phuong trinh da cho ve dang
au^ (x)v^ (x) + b {u{x) - v(x))^ + 4 6 M ( X ) V ( X ) + C = 0
aw^ (x)v^ (x) + 46w(x)v(x) + c + 6yt^ = 0.
Dat u{x)v(x) -1, thu dugc phuong trinh bac hai theo t.
3.11. Dang x'=ax^+bx + c.
Cdch gidi: Ggi a la s6 thuc thoa man 6^ = 4(a + 2a)(c + ^).
(Day la mot phucmg trinh bac ba d6i vai a nen luon ton tai a).
Khido: x'=ax'+Z>x + c ^x' +2ax'
={a + 2a)x^ +bx + (c + a')
<^(^x^ +af ={a + 2a)x^ +bx + (^c + a^y

NSu a + 2a ;t 0, khi do vl phai (a + 2a)x^ + 6x + (c +
) la mot tam thuc bac
hai CO A = b^-4{a + 2a)[c + a^) = Q.

N6u fl + 2a > 0, ta CO (JC^ + a)^ = |Va + 2a x + Vc + o^j
x^ +a = |Va + 2a x + Vc + o^ j
x^ + a
=-{^4a + 2a X +
4c'+a^
NIU <3 + 2a < 0 thi FP < 0, > 0, do do ding thuc khong xay ra.
NSu fl + 2a = 0=>6 = 0.Tac6: (x^ + a)^ =(c + a^), tu do tim dugc x.
12x
3x
Vi du 1. Giai phucmg trinh^
z
= 1.
^
^
x'+4x + 2 x'+2x + 2
{Dk thi tuyin sink THPT Chuyen DH Vinh 2010)
21
LoigidL
DiSukien:
Ro rang x = 0
+Ax + 2^Q,
+lx
+ 2^Q.
khong phai la nghiem cua phuang trinh. D o do p h u o n g trinh
tuomg duong v a i
12
X + -
3
X + -
-1.
2
2
D5t X + - = ? phuang trinh t r a thanh
X
12
t+A
=1
t+2
<:>9/ + 12 = (/ + 4)(r + 2)
o r - 3 / - 4 = 0<
t = -\
t =4
V a i f = - l t a c 6 x + = - l < = > x ^ + x + 2 = 0, v 6 n g h i e m .
X
Vai t = 4 t a c 6 x + - = 4<::>x^-4x + 2 = 0 < ^ x =
2V2.
Vay nghiem ciia phuang trinh l a x = 2 V2 .

V i d u 2. Giai phuang trinh x " - 3x^ - 2x^ + 6x + 4 = 0.
(De thi tuyin sink THPT
LM
Chuyen DH Vinh 2009)
gidL V i X = 0 khong la nghiem cua phuang trinh nen phuang trinh tuang
duong v a i
x'+4-3x + - - 2 = 0 ^
X
2^
-3
x)
2' + 2 = 0
Dat ? = X - - , k h i do phuang trinh c6 dang
- 3t + 2 = 0<^
Vai/ = 2<x
=2x^-2x-2 =0 x =
t =2
t = \'
lV3.
Wai t = l<^x--
= l<i:>x^ -x-2
x =- l
0^
x =2
Vay nghiem cua phuang t r i n h la x = 1 V3 , x = - l ; x = 2 .
- {
V i d u 3. Giai phuang trinh (x^ + x + l)(x^ + x + 2) = 12.

(Di
thi tuyin sink THPT
Chuyen DH Vinh 2008)
22
L&igidL Qat +x + l = t,(t >0) phuang trinh da cho tra thanh: /(r +1) = 12
r^+^-12 = 0r = 3 , d o r > 0 .
Vol/ = 3 taco +x + l = 3 <=> + x - 2 = 0 <=>''x = l
x^-2
Vay nghiem cua phuang trinh la x = -2; x = 1,
Vi du 4. Giai phuang trinh jc" + - 8JC -12 = 0.
(Di thi tuyin sinh THPT Chuyen DH Vinh 2006)
LoigiaL Ta c6
/ + 4x' - 8JC -12 = 0 <=> / + + 4x' - 4JC' - 8x -12 = 0
o (x' + 2x)' -4(x' + 2x)-12 = 0 -4r-12 = 0, vai f = x' + 2x > -1
t^-2 <^t = 6(t>-\)
t=6
<;:^x'+2x-6 = 0x = - l + V7.
Vay nghiem ciia phuang trinh la x = -1 V? .
Vi du 5. Giai phuang trinh x^ + 25x^ = 11.
(x + 5)^
(De tuyin sinh THPT Chuyen Lam Son Thanh Hoa 2013)
L&igidL *) Dieu kien x^-5.
Phuang trinh da cho tuomg duang vai
5x + -lOx'
X
x + 5 = 11<:> x + 5^ + 10-x + 5 -11 = 0
2
Dat t =
x+5
x+s;
,tac6 r + 1 0 / - l l = 0 o
N2
t^l
t^-n
x^ - X - 5 = 0
x^ +1 Ix + 55 = 0(v6 nghiem )
x+5
=1
= -11
x+5
I + V2T
ox =
1V2T
Vay phucmg trinh c6 hai nghiem x =
2
Vidu 6. Giai phucmg trinh (x^+3x +3)\ +(x^+3x + 5) =82.
(Di tuyin sink THPT Chuyen Lam San Thanh H6a 2013)
LM giaL Dat ? =
(^-1)'+
+ 3x + 4 . Ta c6
=82<r'-4f'+6/'-4/ + l + f ' + 4 / ' + 6 r ' + 4 ^ + 1 = 82.
t = -2
r = 4 <=>
+ - 40 = 0 o
t =2
r =-10
Vai t = -2 taco +3x + 4 = -2<x'+3x + 6 = 0 (v6nghi?m)
Vcfi / = 2 taco x^ +3x + 4 = 2<x^ +3x + 2 = 0 o x = - l
x = -2'
Vay phucmg trinh c6 hai nghiem x = - 1 ; x = - 2 .
Vi du 7. Bilt phucmg trinh x" + ox^ + 6x^ + ax +1 = 0 c6 nghiem. Chung minh
4
rang a 7 +b 7 >-.
L&igidL
(Di thi tuyin sinh THPT Chuyen Ha Tinh 2014)

Gia su x^ la nghiem ciia phucmg trinh da cho, ta c6
Ro rang Xg ^ 0. Ta c6
XQ + OXQ + 6X0 + OXQ
+ 1 = 0.
Xn + OXn + ZJXQ + OXQ + 1 = 0 <=> XQ + OXQ + 6 + + ^ = 0

^0 ^0
\2
Xo+-
+a
Xo+-
+ 6 - 2 = 0.
1
Dat r = Xn + ta CO t\>2.
Tu do phucmg trinh tucmg duong t^+at + b-2 = 0<:ât + b = 2-t^.
24
Do do ( 2 - f = (at + bf <{a'+b'){t'+!)<:>
Tachimg minh
a'+b'>
+4
4
> - <=> 5t^ - 24t^ + \6 > 0 <^ [St^ - 4 ) ( / ^ - 4 ) > 0 ,
luon dung v i \t\>2.

Vay ta c6 di6u phai chung minh.
V i du 8. Chung minh rang phuomg trinh sau khong c6 nghi?m nguyen
(x-y)(x-2y)(x-3y)(x-4y)
+ /+2
= z\
(De thi tuyin sink THPT Chuyen Phan Boi Chdu Nghe An 20\4)
L&igiaL Ta c6
(x-y)(x-2y){x-3y)(x-4y)
<=> ((X -y){x^[x^-5yx

Bat t = x^-5xy
4y)){{x
+ y' +2 = z^
- 2y){x - 3y)) + /+2
+ 4y^)[x^-5yx
+ 6y^) +
= z'
y*+2^z\
5y\Tac6
(t'-/)(t'+/)
+ /+2
= z'<^t'+2
= z'<=>(z-t')(z
Khong m4t tinh tong quat gia su z > 0, khi do ta c6 ^ ' ^ ^
+ t') = 2.
^,
z-e=\
suy ra z = . V6 ly.
Vay phuong trinh da cho Ichong c6 nghiem nguyen.
V i du 9. Giai phuong trinh
= ~x^ - 4x + 3 .
L&igidi. Taco
x' =-x'
-4x + 3 ^x'
'x'+l
+2x^ +l^x'
x-2
4-l = - ( x - 2 )
-4x + 4 c^[x^ +\f
- x + 3 = 0 (vonghiem)
={x-2)
-1V5
<=>x =
x'+x-l =0
Vay nghiem ciia phuomg trinh la x =
-1V5
25
Bai tap phan 1.3
1. Giai phuang trinh x'+4 -5x = 0.

x'-2
2. Giai phuong trinh x" = +1 OJC + 4.
3. Giai phuang trinh x" - 4>/3x - 5 = 0.
4. Giai phuang trinh x" = 2x^ + 2x .
4
5. Giai phuang trinh (x^ -2x)^ + 3 ( x - l ) = x ( 2 x - l ) . - "-^
(Di thi tuyin sinh2 THPT Chuyen Quang Trung Binh Phuac 2010)
^x^-P
+
3
6. Giai phuang trinh
- 4 X- - 4
U - 2 j = 0.
( D J thi tuyin sinh THPT Chuyen Lam Som Thanh H6a 2014)
rx-n
rx+n
7. Giai phuang trinh(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 8)(x +12) = 4x^

8. Giai phuang trinh (4x + l)(l2x - l)(3x + 2)(x +1) = 4.
9. Giai phuang trinh x" - 2x^ - 4x^ + 4x + 4 = 0.
10. Giai phuang trinh (x - 6)' + (x - 8)^ = 16.
Huong dan giai bai tap phan 1.3

1. Dilu kien: x ^ - 2 v t 0 x ^ V2.
Taco x ' + 4^ - 5 x = 0x'+4-5x(x'-2) = 0<=>x'-5x'+10x + 4 = 0.
Vai X = 0, khong phai la nghiem. ^
. ^
Voi X ^ 0, chia ca hai \k. cua phuang trinh cho x^ ta c6
2^ 2
+ 4 = 0.
x^-5x + +
4- = 0<:>
X X
Xv Xj - 5
r=l
X-
x)
Dat ? = x - - , t a c 6 /^-5? + 4 = 0 o t = A
X
26
x= -\
Vcri/ = l , t a c 6 x - - = l O A ; ^ - x - 2 = 0 < ^
x=2
Vai / = 4 , t a c 6 x - - = 4<:^x^ - 4 x - 2 = 0<::>2V6.

Vay nghiem ciia phuomg trinh l a x = - l ; x = 2;x = 2 V 6 .
2. Taco X* = 3x^ + \0x + 4
<:>x' + 2x^ +\ 5x' +10X + 5 <:^[x' + if =5{x + if
x ' + l - V 5 ( x + l)
x'-V5x + (l-V5) = 0
x'+l
x ' + V 5 x + (l + V5) = 0
= -yf5(x + l)
Taco x ' + V 5 x + (l + V5) = 0 v6 nghiem.
Vay nghiem ciia phuong trinh la x, ^ = ^

3. Taco x'-4yf3x-5^0^x'
<=>
=4yf3x + 5
+ 2 x ' + 1 = 2 x ' + 4>/3x + 6 o ( x ' + 1 ) ' = 2 (x + N/3 ) '
x ' + l = - V 2 ( x + V3)
4. Ta CO x ' = 2x' + 2x - - o x ' + 2x' + 1 = 4x' + 2x + 4
4
\
x'+l-2x + -
2x.i
2J
x^+l = -
2X.1
x'-2x + - - 0
x^+2x + - = 0
V2-
Vay nghiem ciia phuong trinh la x = 1 y .

5. Phuong trinh tuong duong voi (x^ - 2x)^ - 2(x^ - 2x) - 3 = 0.
Dat ? = x ' - 2 x . T a c 6 r ' - 2 r - 3 = 0 t = -l
t=3
Voi / = - 1 , ta CO x^ - 2x = -1 <:> X = 1.
Voi ? = 3,tac6 x^-2x = 3 o x ^ - 2 x - 3 = 0<:^ x = - l
x=3
Vay nghiem ciia phuong trinh la x = -1; x = 1; x = 3.
X 1
X +1
6. Dieukien x^2. Dat fl = ^ ^ ; 6 = ^ ^ .

x+2
x - 2= 0^ a^b
TaCO -4ab + 3b^ Ôo{a-b){a-3b)
a = 3b
x-1 x + 1
Voi a = b<^ x + 2 x - 2 <(x-l)(x-2) = (x + l)(x + 2)<x
x-1 ^x+1
Voi a = 36
= 3- <(x-l)(x-2) = 3(x + l)(x + 2)
x+2
x-2
2x'+12x + 4 = 0 o x = -3V7 .
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 0; x = -3
7. Taco (x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 8)(x + 12) = 4x'
(x + 2)(x + 12)J[(x + 3)(x + 8) -4x^
(x' + 14x + 24)(x^ +1 Ix + 24) = 4x.2 ,
25 x + 24,tac6
Dat t = x'.2 +
2
28
5
t = -x
f
(
3 ^
3 1 =\x^<ê=x^<^
2
t + -x t5
[
2 )V 2 )
t = x
2
x = -4
25
5
x^ + jc + 24 = - x < ^ x ^ +10x + 24 = 0<^ x = -6
2
5
Voi t = -x,tac6
2'
Vai
X , taco
2
x'+x
+ 24 = -^x<^x'+l5x
2
24^0<^x=~^^-'^
Vay phuong trinh c6 cac nghiem x = -4;x =
-6;x-
-15Vl29
Cach khdc:
Voi X = 0, khong phai la nghiem.
Voi X 0 , tir phuong trinh (x^ +\4x + 24)(x^ + l l x + 24) = 4x^ chia cahai v l
cho x^ ta
CO
^x'+14x + 2 4 Y x^+11x4-24^
24 1 ,
= 4 o x + + 14 x + + 11 = 4.
X
X
24
Dat ^ = X + , quy ve phuong trinh bac 2 doi voi t.
X
8. Taco (4x + l ) ( l 2 x - l ) ( 3 x + 2)(x + l) = 4
^- .1
<::> [(4x + l)(3x + 2)][(l2x - l)(x + 1 ) ] = 4

<t:> ( l 2 x ' + 1 Ix + 2 ) ( l 2 x ' + 1 Ix - 1 ) = 4.
Dat r = 12x^ +11X + - . Taco
5
( t + -A
2 jV
3^
t-
2.
25
r= -
2
__5
^~ 2
29
Vod ^ = - t a c 6 12x'+llx + - = -<=>12x'+llx-2 = 0 o x = - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

2
2 2
24
taco 12x^+llx + ^ = -|<::>12x^+llx + 3 = 0(v6nghi?m).
Voi ' =
- I I + V217
Vy nghiem cua phuong trinh la x =
24
9. Voi X = 0, khong phai la nghiem cua phuong trinh.
Voi X 5t 0, chia ca hai v6 cua phuong trinh cho x^ ta c6
x'-2x-4 +- + = 0ox'+4-2 X -4 =0
X
Dat /
= X
. Ta
X
Voi ^ = 0 , t a c o
CO
4r
X
2/ = 0 <=> t = 2'
= 0<x^-2 = 0x
= +V2.
Vdir = 2 , t a c 6 x = 2 o x ^ - 2 x - 2 = 0<::>x = l + V3.

X
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = +V2 ,x = \^.

10. Dat r = x - 7 . T a c 6
(f + l ) ' ' + ( / - 4 ) ' = 1 6 < ^ 2 / ' + 1 2 f ' + 2 = 16<f'+6r'-7 = 0<=>f'=l
t>0).
.
x=6
^^T^4
Taco / ' = l o f = l
x = 8'
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 6; x = 8.
(vi
.8
30
2. PHlTOfNG T R I N H , B A T PHlTONG T R I N H B A G C A O
V A PHlTOfNG T R I N H , B A T PHlTONG T R I N H
HCTU
TI
1) Mot s6 k i t qua v a nhan xet

1.1. Dinhli Viet.
Gia su P{x) = aQx" +a^x"''^ ...+a^_^x + a,{aQ^Q,n>2)
c6 cac nghiem la
n
Dat
^2 =
0-, =
1=1
^/^y
XiX2...X.
\<i<j<n
Khi do 0> = ( - 1 ) * ^ .
1.2. Dinh ly Bezout.
Cho P(x) = aQx"
^
^
j ^ y;^
+... + a_,x + a,('3o ^ 0 , > 1) va XQ
..^ =
. K h i do XQ
la nghiem ciia P(x) khi va chi khi P{x) = (x - Xo)S(x), trong do Q{x) la da
thucbac
n-l.
1.3. Lucre do Hooener.

Cho P(x) = a o ^ ' ' + a i x ' ' " ' + . . . + a_,x + a , ( a o ' ^ 0 , n > l ) va X g e M . K h i do
ton tai duy nhat bo so thuc bQ,bi,...b saocho
Pix) = (x-x,)(b,x"-'
+b,x"-^ +... + b_2X + b_,) +
b..-.Am
Bo so 6o,6j,...6 do dugc xac dinh bai 6o = ^c^* - ô^*-i +cii^,k = 1,2,...,.

Chu y rang Z? = P(XQ),
nen XQ la nghiem cua P(x) khi va chi khi Z> = 0.
1.4. Dinh ly ve nghi?m hihi ti.

Gia su s6 huu t i r = (p e Z , o eN*,(p,flr) = l ) la nghiem ciia da thuc he s6
nguyen P{x)âQx"-â^x"'^+...
+ a_^x->ra,{aQ^Q,n>\).
K h i do
p\a
He qua: a) M o i nghiem huu ti cua da thiic vai he s6 nguyen

P ( x ) = x" +
+... + <3_,x + a
deu la so nguyen.
b) Moi nghiem nguyen ciia da thuc he s6 nguyen
P(x) = ao^" +a,x""' +... + a_,x + a
deu lauac ciia a .
7.5. Dinh ly ton tai nghiem thuc.
a) Moi da thuc bac le deu c6 nghiem thuc.
b) Gia su a,b{a<b)
P{a).P{b)
la hai s6 thuc va P(x)
< 0. Khi do P ( x ) c6 nghiem thuoc khoang
la da thuc thoa man

(a;b).
1.6. Dinh ly phdn tich da thicc he so thtrc.

Moi da thuc P{x) = aQx" ^-a^x"'^+...
dang P{x) =
+ a^_^x + a^ dSu phan tich ducrc thanh
flo(^-)-(^-h)[^^
) - ( ^ ^ +PiX + qi),
a day pf -4^, <0,k + 2l = n. Noi each khac, moi da thuc dku phan tich dugc
thanh cac thua s6 bac nhkl, bac hai.
,r v
He qua:
a) Phuong trinh bac n c6 nhiSu nh4t n nghiem.
b) Phuong trinh a^x" + a , x " " ' +...+fl_,x+ a - 0,n e N c6 nhigu hon n
nghiem khi va chi khi aQ =^ a^ =...= a = 0.
1.7. Dinh ly ve ddu cua da thirc. Gia su a
0 va Xj < X j <...< x .
Khi do da thuc i ' ( x ) = a(x - XjXx - X2)....(x - x) khong doi dau trong m6i
khoang (x,;x,_^,),/ = 0 , l , . . . n , vai XQ =
= +o va trong hai khoang ke
nhau bat k i P ( x ) c6 dau nguac nhau.

.5
Vi du 1. Chung minh rang phuong trinh x + x - 1 = 0 c6 dung 1 nghiem.

L&i gi&L Dat P ( x ) = x ' + x - l .
Ta c6 c6 P ( l ) P ( - l ) = l . ( - 3 ) < 0
nen
phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x^ e ( - 1 ; l ) .
Matkhac v o i m o i x < X Q , P{x) =

P{x)
= x^ +x-\>xl+Xo-l
+ x-I
< xl +
-1 = 0 vayai moi
X > X Q ,
= 0, nen phuang trinh da cho Idiong c6 nghiem
tren moi khoang ( - 0 0 ; XQ ) va (XQ ; + 0 0 ) . T u do suy ra diSu phai chung minh.

Vi du 2. Cho da thuc P{x) = x' +x'-9x'
+ax^ +bx + c.
BigtrSng P(x) chiahStcho ( x - 2 ) ( x + 2)(x + 3). Hay tim
P(x).
L&igidL Taco P{x) chiahgt cho ( x - 2 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3) nen

P(2) = 0; P(-2) = 0; P ( - 3 ) = 0. T u do thay vao ta c6 a = - 1 ; 6 = 20; c = - 1 2 .
Da thuc can tim la P(x) = x^ + x^ - 9x^ - x^ + 20x - 1 2 .
1 ^ 7
Vi du 3. Tim m de phuang trinh ~x
2
- x + m + - = 0c6 3 nghiem phan
biet CO tong binh phuang cac nghiem Ian hom 15.
'-
1
2
L&igidL T a c o - x ^ - m x ^ - x + m + = 0 (1)
c ^ ( x - l ) x ^ + ( l - 3 m ) x - 2 - 3 m =0
x =l
g{x) - x^ + (1 - 3m)x - 2 - 3m = 0
,5
De phuang trinh (1) c6 3 nghiem phan biet thoa man Xj + X2 + X3 > 15 khi va
chi Idii g(x) = 0 CO 2 nghiem X j , X2 phan biet khac 1 va thoa man
x,^>14
<=>|An| > 1 .
Vi du 4. Tim m de phuang trinh x^ - 3mx^ + 9A: - 7 = 0 (1)

CO 3 nghiem phan biet lap thanh cdp s6 cong.
L&i gidL Gia su phuang trinh c6 3 nghiem Xj; X2; JC3. Ta c6 Xj + X j +
= 3m.
De X j ; x 2 ; JC3 lap thanh cap so cong thi X2 = m la nghiem cua phuang trinh (1)
Ta CO -2m^ + 9m - 7 = 0
m=l
m =
-1 + Vl5
-1-Vl5
_Thu, ,lai. ta CO, m = - l - > / l 5 thoa
. , man.
^ Vay m =
-l-4l5
Vi dii 5. Tim m dk phuong trinh - 3mx^ - (m + l)x - 2 = 0 c6 3 nghiem

phan biet lap thanh cip s6 nhan.
L&i gidL Gia su phuong trinh c6 3 nghiem phan biet x^;x2;x^ Ian luot lap
thanh cdp so nhan. Khi do ta c6: gix) = {x-x^){x - ){X
- X ^ )
jCj + ^2 + JC3 =
Suy ra:
Vi
X^X2
x^x.^ = ^2
+ X2XT.
3m
+ X^X-^=
=2^
^2
-m
-1
nen ta c6:
- m - 1 = 4 + \/2.3m <=> m =
3</2+l
Voi m = 3
^ + ,1 thay vao tinh nghiem thiy thoa man. Vay m = -
3 ^ + 1"
Bai tap phan 1

Bai 1. Tim m de phuong trinh x'^ - (3m + 2)x^ + 3m +1 = 0 c6 4 nghiem phan
biet deu nho hon 2.
Bai 2. Tim m de phuong trinh x^ - 2(m + \)x^ + 2m +1 = 0 c6 4 nghiem phan
biet lap thanh cap so cong.
> ,.
Bai 3. Cho 2a + 66 +19c = 0. Chung minh rang phuong trinh ox^ + 6x + c = 0
luon CO nghiem tren
34
Bai 4. Cho P{x) la da thiic xac dinh tren [a; b] va n dilm x^, ,...,x e [a;6].
Chiing minh r&ig t6n tai c e [a; b] sao cho P{c) = [ ) + P(x^) + ... +
n
Bai 5. Cho da thuc vai he so thirc
^
> P ( x ) = x"+a_ix""'+... + a,jc + ao, Q{x) = x^ +X + 2.
Bik ring da thiic P{x) c6 nghiem thuc phan biet va da thuc

khong CO nghiem thuc. Chung minh ring P(2)> .
Huang dan giai bai tap phan 1
l.Taco jc'*-(3m + 2)x^+3m + l = 0

<^[x^ - \\[x^ - Zm-\ = 0 x^^\
jc^=3m + l(2)
Tir do de phuong trinh da cho c6 4 nghiem phan biet deu nho hon 2 khi va chi
khi (2) CO hai nghiem phan biet khac 1 va nho hem 2
0<3m + l < 4 f 1
<=>
r3
3/n + l?il
2. Xet phuong trinh x^ - 2{m + l)x^ + 2m +1 = 0
(1)
Dat t^x^,t>0 thi (1) tro thanh: /(t) = - 2(m +1)? + 2m +1 = 0.
Dd (1) CO 4 nghiem phan biet phai c6 2 nghiem duong phan biet
2
A' = m^>0
1
<=> < 5 = 2(m + l)>0<!
m>
2
P = 2m +1 > 0
mÔ
Goi < ?2 la 2 nghiem cua /(O = 0, khi do cac nghiem cua (1) Idn lugt la:
De
x^,x2,x^,
lap thanh cap so cong

- x^ - x^ - X2 = x^ - x^ <=> t2
x^
<^ X2
it
3. Dat
Ta
CO
= 9(m + l - m j < : : > 5 m = 4(m + l ) <
m= 4
4 (thoa man). Vay m-4;m
m=
*
9
. . . . .
v3.
CO g(x,)
5m = 4m+
-5m
= 4m + 4
.
9
= ax^ + Z?x + c ta c6 P{x) la da thuc xac dinh tren R.

P(0) = c,18P
- PCX,) - -
Do
= 2a + 66 + 18c = - c .
phuomg trinh P(x) - 0 luon c6 nghiem tren

1r
4. Dat g(x) = P(x) [P{x,)
Ta
+ P(x,)
)+
do
P{0)P
, . r p <0
nen
+ ... + P(x)],
g{x)
cung la mot da thirc.
) + ... + P(x)
n
gix,)
= P{x,)--[Pix,)
g{x )^P{x)--
+ P(x,)
[P{x,)
+ ... +
+ P{x,)
+ ... +
P(x)
P{x)
Do do g(x,) + g ( x 2 ) + ... + g(x) = 0, do do ton tai Z,; e {l,2,...,} sao cho

g(x,)<0;
Ta c6
g{Xj)>0.
< 0 , do do t6n tai c nSm giua
x,\Xj
(khi do hien nhien c e [a; b\) sao cho g(c) = 0, ta c6

P{c)
5. Do P{x)
= -[P{x,)
+ P{x,)
+ ... +
P{x)\.
CO nghiem thirc phan biet nen
P{x)
= (x - X, ) ( x - ^2 )....(x - x ) .
Do ^ ( ^ ( x ) ) khong c6 nghiem thirc nen g ( x ) ^ x,,Vx e M , ( / = 1,2,...,).

<;:^x'+X + 2 - X , 9^0,Vxe]R
36
o A < 0 <=> < 2 - X,, (/ = 1 , 2 , n ) ,

Dod6P(2) = ( 2 - x , ) ( 2 - x , ) . . . . ( 2 - x ) > i , .
2) Phiro'ng phap giai
2.1 Phuang phdp phan tich

Vi du 1. Giai cac.phuang trinh sau
1) x^- 8x^+21x-18 = 0.
2) x^-
- V 2 = 0.
3) (x - i f + (2x + 3)^ = 27x^ + 3.

4) x^-3^^x^ + 7x-^/3=0.
5) (x + l)'(x + 2) + ( x - l ) ' ( x - 2 ) = 12.
Lei giai 1) Nhan thay phuang trinh c6 cac nghiem x = 2, x = 3. Tu do ta phan
tich thanh nhan tii.
,
x^- 8x^+21x-18 = 0<:^(x-2)(x^-6x + 9) = 0 o
2) Ta nhSm x-yjl
^x = 2
x=3
la nghiem. Khi do, phan tich dugc:
x ' - x - V 2 = ( x - V 2 ) ( x ' + V 2 x + l) = 0
"x-V2=0
x^ + V2x +1 = 0 (v6 nghifm )
<x = V2.
'
'
ii'y-
3) D I thdy nu su dung hang ding thuc
d6i vai ca hai vg ta thSy xu4t
hien ngay nhan tu chung la 3x + 2

( x - l ) ' + ( 2 x + 3)'=(3x)'+2'
o (3x + 2)[(x - 1 ) ' - (x - l)(2x + 3) + (2x + 3)'] = (3x + 2 ) ( 9 x ' - 6x + 4)
37
o (3x + 2)[9x^ - 21x-18) = 0 o
3x + 2 = 0
9x'-21x-18-0
X=
3
x = -3 .
x=
2
4) Ta CO X = V3 la nghiem cua phuomg trinh x^ - 3 V3x^ + 7x - N/3 = 0, do do

ta phan tich
A : ' - 3V3x'+ 7x - ^/3 = 0
- 3 V 3 x ' - 2V3x'+ 2.3x + X - V3 = 0

"x = V3
<=>(x-V3)(x'-2V3x + l ) = 0
x-S
=0
x = V3+V2.
x'-2V3x + l - 0
x = V3-V2
5) Khai trien ve trai roi nit gon ta thu dugc phuang trinh
2x^ + lOx = 12 <^
+ 5x - 6 = 0
< ( x - l ) ( x ^ + j c + 6) = 0<
- X
+ 6x - 6 = 0
"x-l =0
x^ + X + 6 = 0
o x = l.
Vi du 2. Tim m dk phuang trinh x^ - (3 + 2m)x^ + 5mx + 2m^ = 0 c6 3

nghiem phan biet.
Lai giai Ta c6 x^ - (3 + 2w)x^ + 5/nx + 2w^ = 0
X =
<=>(x-2m)(x^-3x-/n) = 0
2m
x ' - 3 x - m = 0(2).
De phuang trinh c6 3 nghiem phan biet khi va chi khi (2) c6 hai nghiem phan
bi?tkhac 2m <:>
{2mf
mÔ;m^
4
-3.2m-m=0
uiifi,^ -(Ism
-9
A = 9 + 4/7j>0
Vi du 3. Giai phuang trinh (x^ + 3x - 4)^ + 3(x^ + 3x - 4) = x + 4.

L&igidL Ta c6 (x^ + 3x-4)^ + 3(x^ + 3 x - 4 ) = x + 4
38
( x - l ) ( x + 4)] +3(x-\)(x
+ 4) = x + 4
o ( x + 4 ) ( ( x - l ) ' ( x + 4) + 3 ( x - l ) - l ) = 0
(x + 4)(;c' + 2x' - 4x) = 0 <=> X ( x + 4)(x' + 2x - 4) = 0
o x = 0;x = -4;x = - l V 5 .
, ^ , ..^^
., p
Vay nghiem ciia phuong trinh la
x-0;x--4;x--\^.
Vi du 4. Giai hk phuong trinh (x +1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 6) > 35x'.

L&igidL Taco (x + l)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 6)>35x'
(x + l)(x + 6)][(x + 2)(x + 3) >35x'
( x ' + 7x + 6)(x'+ 5x + 6) > 35x'
o ( x ' + 6 x + 6 + x)(x'+6x + 6-x)>35x^
o ( x ' + 6 x + 6 ) ' - x ' >35x' ( x ' + 6 x + 6)' >36x'
o ( x ^ +6x + 6-6x)(x^ +6x + 6 + 6x)>0
<::>X^+12x + 6>0<::>
(x^ +6)(x^ +12x + 6)>0
"x<-6-V30
x > - 6 + V30
Vay nghiem cua bdt phuong trinh ( - 0 0 ; - 6 - V30 j U (-6 + V30;
+ QO
j.
Vi dy 5. Giai bdt phuong trinh (4x + l)(l2x - l)(3x + 2)(x +1) < 4.
lo^gifli. Taco (4x + l ) ( l 2 x - l ) ( 3 x + 2)(x + l ) < 4
(4x + l)(3x + 2)JL(l2x - l)(x + 1)J < 4

o (l2x' +1 Ix + 2)(l2x' +1 Ix -1) < 4
12x^4-llx + - + 2 2
1 2 x ' + l l x + - - - <4
2 2
12x'+llx +
<4 <=> 12x^+llx + - - ^ < 0

4
4
2J
.y.
1 5
12x'+llx + - - 2 2 \2x'+\lx + 2- +2 <0
1 Ix - 2)(l2x'+ 1 Ix + 3) < 0 .
(12JC'+
Vi 12x^ +1 Ix + 3 > 0, Vx e M nen hk phuomg trinh tuomg duang vai

io 2
^ ^ - I I - V 2 T<7 x < -- I I + V2T7
12x +llx-2<0<=>
24
24
Vay nghiem cua bit phuang trinh la ^-11-721? -11 + V217^
24
24
Vi du 6. Giai phuang trinh (x - 1 ) ' (l + 2x + 3x' +... + 2015x'") = 1
L&igidi. Dat 5 = 1 + 2x + 3x' +... + 2015x'''"'.
(1)
Phuang trinh da cho tra thanh (x -1 )^ 5 = 1.
Taco x5 = x + 2x^ + 3x^ + ... + 2015x^'"\
Suy ra (x - 1 ) 5 = 2015x''"' - (l + x + x' +... + x'''), hay
Do do (x -\fs^{xl)(2015x^'' _ (1 + ;c + x^ +... + x''^)). (2)
Tir(l)va(2)tadugc
( X - 1) (2015X^'^ - (l + ;c + X ^ + . . . + x^""")) = 1
2015x'''''- x^'^-0 = 1
(x-l)
x-1
o(x-l)2015x^'"^-x^''+l = l
x=0
ox^'"'(2015x-2016) = 0<
2016X =
2015
Bai tap phan 2.1
Bai 1. Tim gia tri ciia tham s6 m dk phuang trinh x" -2mx^ -x + m^ -m = 0
CO b6n nghiem phan biet.
Bai 2. Tim diSu kien cua a dk hai phuang trinh
. ' ' ,
x^ + 2x + a = 0 va x^ - 4x - 6a = 0
CO nghiem xen ke nhau.
40
Bai 3. Giai bat phuang trinh
- - 1 Ox^ - 1 Ox + 4 > 0 ( l ) .
Bai 4, Giai phuang trinh vai m la tham so thuc

:
(x+ \) = 2(x + m){x + Im).
Hu-ong dan bai tap phan 2.1

1. Phuang trinh da cho tuomg duang voi
x^+x + l - / n = 0 (1)
(x^ + X + 1
- X -
m) = 0 <:
x'-x-/w = 0
(2)
Phuang trinh da cho c6 bon nghiem phan biet khi va chi khi hai phuang trinh
(1) va (2), moi phuang trinh c6 hai nghiem phan biet va hai phuang trinh
khong CO nghiem chung.
Dieu kien de hai phuang trinh c6 hai nghiem phan biet la

[A, = 4 / - 3 > 0
3
/n >
Aj = 4m + 1 > 0
Gia su hai phuang trinh (1) va (2) c6 nghiem chung la x^ thi

x + x +1 - / = 0
1
=>2Xn+l = 0 < = > X n =
=>/
<=>
0
" 2
XQ - X O - W = 0
- .
Tir do de phuang trinh da cho c6 bon nghiem phan biet thi m> .
4
2. Hai phuang trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem phan biet khi va chi khi
A' = l - a > 0
A' = 4 + 6a > 0
Goi x,,X2 (x, < Xj) la hai nghiem cua phuang trinh thu nhat va
X3,X4
(xj < X 4 )
la hai nghiem cua phuang trinh thu hai.

Dieu kien de mot trong hai nghiem
X3,X4
nkm trong (x^Xj) va nghiem kia
namngoai (xpXj) la ( x j - x , ) ( x 3 - X 2 ) ( x 4 - x , ) ( x 4 - X j ) < 0

Theo dinh ly Viet ta c6 x, + X2
= -2,XiX2
= a,X3
+ X4 = 45X3X4 =
-6a
41
Dodo
{x^-x^)(x^-X2)
= Xj-(x^+X2)x^+x^X2^xl+2x^
(x^-Xi){x^-X2)^xl-{x^+x^)x^+x^X2=xl+2x^
Do do {x, -X,)(x3
<=> (xj +
-x^){x,
+a
+a
^ ^ i v i Ufi
"'-^
-x,){x,-x^)<0
+ a) < 0
<=> (x3X4)^ + 2X3X4 (X3 + X4) + 4X3X4 +a(^xl + X4) + 2a(x3 + X4) +
<0
<^ 49a^ - 48a < O o O < a < ^ (thoa man diku kien).
Vay 0 < a <
48
49
3. Ta CO x ' - 5 x ' - l O x ' - 1 Ox + 4 > 0 o ( x ' - 7x + 2)(x^ + 2x + 2) > 0

<:>x-7x + 2 > 0 o x <
7-V4T
Vay nghiem cua b i t phuong trinh la x e
-vx >
-co;
7 + V4T
7-V4I u
7+V41
-;+oo
4. Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi

x'+x'-2x'-6mx-4m'=0
a.
< 4 w ^ + 6 x m - ( x ' ' + x ^ - 2 x ^ ) = 0.

Xem day la phuong trinh bac 2 doi voi an m va x la tham s6 ta c6
A ' = 9 x ' + 4 ( x ' + x ' - 2 x ' ) = x ' ( 2 x +1)' > 0 .
x'
x'
T u do m, =
x; m, =
.
'
2
'
2 2
Do do phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi
2
\r
m ++X
2
x'
x^
+ = 0.
2
Tirdo xM.2
, , = - l V l - 2 m ; X34
= - - V l + 8m voi m e
'3,4
2 2
8'2
42
V o i m<-.
phuang trinh c6 nghiem
2 = - 1 yjl-2m
'
,.5,,
/ j. A i
-'
-f
V o i m> phuang trinh c6 nghiem x^^ - V l + 8/n .
,2
2 2
2.2. Phuang phdp dat an phu dai so

3
V i du 1. Giai phuang trinh
(Di thi tuyin sinh THPT Chuyen Dai hoc Vinh 2014)
XTtO
Lm giau Dieu Icien j
^ ^
 <{
x * l
Dat / = x^ - 2x. K h i do phuang trinh da cho t r a thanh
r=l
t
t+i
__3-
^ :
V a i t = l, t a c o x ' - 2 x - l = 0 c ^ x = l +V2
Vai ^ =
taco 5 x ' - 1 0 x + 3 = 0 < ^ x =
V i du 2. Giai phucmg trinh 4 ( x +1)^

L&igidt*)
Bihukien:
x+-
(t/m).
(t/m).
^
^
= (x^ + ?) .
xÔ.
'
Chia ca hai ve cua phuang trinh da cho cho x^ ta c6
2+
^
Xy
2Vr
2+ -
Xj
7
x+
x+ -
3^
x+ =
Xy
Xy
X + - + -
Dat a = - ; 6 = x + - . T a c 6 (2 + af
X
b = (b + 2af
<â'b
'Xb^b'+Aa\
<â\b-l) = 4b{b-\)<^ 6 = 4
a'=b
Vaife = 4<=>x + - = 4<z>x^-4x + 3 = 0< x = \
x = 3'
Vai
=b \ai x + - = <:^x^ + 3 x - 4 = 0<(x-l)(x^ + x + 4) = 0<::>x = l
Vay x = l;x = 3.
Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh (x' - 4x + 5)^ - (x - l)(x - 3) = 4.
L&i giai Ta c6 (x' - 4x + s)^ - (x - l)(x - 3) = 4
<:^(x'-4x + 5 ) ' - ( x ' - 4 x + 3) = 4
c>(x^-4x + 5)^-(x^-4x + 5) = 2.
*'
\t = -\
Dat/ = x^-4x + 5,tac6 ^ ^ - f - 2 = 0<^
[r = 2
Vai t = -\a CO x^ - 4x + 5 = -1 <::> x^ - 4x + 6 = 0 (v6 nghiem).
Voi t = 2 taco x^-4x + 5 = 2 < ^ x ^ - 4 x + 3 = 0 x = l
x = 3'
Vi du 4. Giai phuong trinh (x - 2)^ + (x - 3)" = 1.
LM giai Dat / = x - 3 ta c6
r=0
; = -l
'
Vi du 5. Giai phuong trinh 2(2x^ - 2x - 5)^ - 4x' + 3x + 5 = 0.
v2
Lai giai Dat j = 2x' - 2x - 5, j = 2
X
V
2j
X, si
x=3
x = 2'
-il>_il
44
Taco -4x^ +3x + 5 = -2y-x-5.

Phuong trinh da cho trd thanh 2y^ -2y-5 = x.
^2x^-2x-5 = y
Tu do ta CO he phuong trinh
[2y'-2y-5^x
Suyra {x-y){2x + 2y-l) = 0<:> x = y
x = -l
5
X =
2
taco 4x^ - 2x-\\ 0c^x = 111^^
4
Voi = X ta CO 2x^ - 3x - 5 = 0 <=>

Yai y = --x
2
Vay nghiem ciia phuong trinh la x = -l;x = ;x = ^ - - ^ ^

2
4
Vi du 6. Giai phuong trinh 8(x^ + 2xf - x - 3 = 0.
LdigidL Ta c6 8(x^ + 2x)' - x - 3 = 0<r>(2x^+ 4x)' = x + 3
Dat ay + 6 = 2x^ + 4x.
Taco ^^{ay
+ bf c^2a^y^ +4aby-x + 2b^-3 = 0.
2x^ +4x-ay-fe = 0
Ta CO he 2 a V + 4 a 6 ; ; - x + 2 6 ' - 3 = 0
Chon a = 6 = 1, ta CO he
2x^+4x-y-l = 0
2;;^ + 4:i; - X -1 = 0"
Trir ve theo v8 ta c6 (x - y){2x + 2y + 5) = 0.

Voi y
= X
ta CO 2x^ + 3x -1 = 0
X =
45
^ CO. 2x^
^ 2 +4xA + 2x + 5 1, =^0
Vcfi y = 2x +5 ta
<=>4x^+10x + 3 = 0<x =
-5Vl3
u
. ^ U A da~ cho
u co' nghiem
u--^ x = -3Vl7 va, x = -5Vl3 .
Vay, phuong
trinh
4
4
Vi du 7. Giai phuong trinh - + 1 - 1 8 x + 5 = 0.
L&igidL Ta CO x' - 6A:' + 15A:' - 18x + 5 = 0 <:> [x' - 3xf + 6(x' - 3x) + 5 = 0
Dat / = x' - 3 J C , ta CO f' + 6? + 5 = 0 <:i> t = - l
/ = -5
Voi / = -1 <=> x' - 3A: + 1 = 0 <=> x =3V5
Voi / = - 5 o x ' - 3 x + 5 = 0 (VN)
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x =
3V5
Vi du 8. Giai phuong trinh (x' - x +1)^ - 6x' (x' - x +1)^ + 5x^ = 0.

Ldi giai Voi x = 0, khong phai la nghiem cua phuong trinh.
Voi x^Q, chia ca hai ve cua phuong trinh cho x'^ ta c6
_ ^ (x'-x + l)'-6x'(x'-x + l)'+5x'=0
.
^^-X+1
X
Dat / =
' X - X +1
. Ta CO
r ..2
- 6 x' - X + 1 + 5 = 0
6r + 5 = 0 <^
?=1
/=5
x ' - x +l = 1
x'-x +l_
^ x ' - x + l^'
Voi ? = 1
x'-2x + l = 0 o x =l
x ' + l = 0(VN)
46
Vai / - 5 <:>
' X - X
-x +1
+1
x'-x +l
= -4l
x'-(>/5+l)x + l = 0<:^X =
x'+(V5-l)x + l-0(VN)
Vay phuong trinh c6 nghiem jc = 1, x =
V5+lj2(V5+l)
Vi du 9. Giai phuong trinh x = 1 - 2014(l - 2014x^)\

x = 1-2014/
LM giai Dat jj; = 1 - 2014x^ Ta c6 he ;; = l-2014x''
Tru ve theo vk. ta c6
[x-y)^ 2014(x - >;)(x + <::> (x - >;)(l - 2014(x + y)) = 0
Voi jj^-x taco x = l-2014x^ <=>2014x^ + x - l = 0
-1 + V8057
/ft.,
<=>x =
^,
(thoaman).
4028
Voi
l-2014(x + >;) = =0<0 < zv>=x
x taco ,
x = l-2014x'
2014x'-x-
- 1A/8057
(thoa
man).
2014
4028
^ ^
2014
2014
, bat phuong
,
, , ,la, x,= -lV8057
Vay nghiem cua
trinh
, x = l>/8057
4028
4028
Vi du 10 {Tdng qudt Vi du 9). Giai phuong trinh x = 1 - a (l - ax^)2 , a la hSng s6.
Lofi giai Dat y = 1 -
Ta c6 he
X=1
- ay^
y = l-ax'
47
Day la he doi xung loai 2, each giai thuong tru ve theo ve ta luon c6 nhan tu
chung x-y.
Bai tap phan 2.2
Bai 1. Giai phuang trinh x +3^2-3x^1 = 2 .

'Bai 2. Giai phuang trinh (^4x^ - llx + sf ^2x + \.
Bai 3. Giai phuang trinh
+ 9)(x + 9) = 22(x - 1 ) \
x^ + x
^ = 2.
( x ' - x + l)
lx{lx^ + X + 3) +13x(2x' - 5x + 3) = 6(2x' - 5x + 3)(2x' + x + 3).
Bai 6. Giai phuang trinh x^(x-l)^ =(2x-l)^ + 2.
Bai 7. Giai phuang trinh 2(x - 3)^ (x + 2)^ = (2x -1)^ - 9.

Bai 8. Giai bat phuang trinh x^ + 3x^ + 2xV 3x +1 < 0 (l).
Bai 9. Giai phuang trinh (x-2)(x^ + 6 x - ll)^ = (Sx^ - lOx + 1 ) \
{m tuyin sink THPT Chuyen Lam San Thanh Hoa 2013)
Bai 10. Giai phuang trinh (x^ + l)(5x^ + X + 8) = 22 (x + 3)^
Bai 11. Giai phuang trinh x"* + 6x^ + 5x^ - 12x + 3 = 0 .
Bai 12. Giai phuang trinh x" - 4x^ - 2x^ + 12x + 8 = 0.
Hirang dan bai tap phan 2.2
il.Dat >; = 2 - 3 x \ T a c 6 h e jx ++ 33x'/ ==22 ( 2 ) '

Trir ve theo v6 ta eo (x-y)[\-3x-3y) = 0<:> y = xl-3x 1
y=
48
x=- l
Vdi y = x thay vao (2) taco jc + 3x^ = 2 > 3 J C ^ + x - 2 = 0 o
2 .
x=
3
= ^ - JC thay vao (2) ta c6
Voi
- - x +3x^=29x^-3x-5 =0 x = i ^ ^
3
6
Vay nghiem ciia phuomg trinh l a x = - l ; x = - ; x =
3
.
6
2.Dat 4x^-12x + 5 - q y + Z).Tac6
+
Lai
=2x + laV+2a6>'-2x + 6^-l = 0.

- 12x - ay + 5 - 6 = 0.
CO
Ta C O h?
aV+2a6>;-2x + 6 ' - l = 0
4x^-\2x-ay + 5-b = 0
Chpn a = 2; 6 = - 3 , ta CO he
4/-12>'-2JC + 8 = 0
[ 4 X ^ - 1 2 J C - 2 ; ; + 8 = 0'
Trir vg theo vktaco {x-y)[4{x
Vdi >; = x taco
+ y)-l0)
= 0l<=>
2y = 5-2x'
7y/l7
-14JC + 8 = 0<=>2x^-7x + 4 = 0<=>x =
Voi 2>' = 5 - 2 x taco 4x^-\2x-{5-2x)
+ ^ = 0^x
Vay nghiem ciia phuang trinh la x = '^-^

4
3. Ta C O x{x' +9)(x + 9) = 22{x - if
^(x'
y=x
+9)(x' +9x) =
mt a = x^ +9x,b^x^ +9.Tac6
22{x-lf.
a-b
x-l =
^x=
4
5Vl3
Do do phuong trinh da cho tro thanh

\
ab = 22 a-b 22fl^-125a6 + 22r = 0.
9 )
Ta CO 6 > 0, chia ca hai v l ciia phuong trinh cho b^ nen ta c6
a_2^
a
b~\\
22
-125 + 22 = 0< a l l
lb~ 2
Vai - = <:^lla = 2 6 o l l ( j c ' + 9 x ) = 2(x'+9)
b 11
<=>9x^+99x-18 = 0 O X ^ + 1 1 A : - 2 = 0<::>X =
Voi | = y < : > 2 ( x ' + 9 x ) = ll(x'+9)<9x'-18x + 99 = 0 (v6nghiem).
-\\yf\29

4. Voi X = 0, khong phai la nghiem ciia phuong trinh.
Voi X 7t 0, chia ca hai vS ciia phuong trinh cho x^ ta c6
1
x +- ^ ^ = 2<=>x + - = 2
1 \2
X-1 + X-1 + 1
Bat t = x + --l,tac6
t + \^2t^ ^2t^ -t-\ 0<^
;:i-:<^'itwr
^~~2.
^ SJ-îjiJ .F
Vai r = --<=>x + - - l = - - o x + - = -^ (vonghiem).
V6ir = l o x + - - l = l o x + i = 2<:>x^-2x + l = 0<=>x = l.

X
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 1.
ft i -
50
5. R6 rang x-\; x-; x = 0 khong phai la nghiem cua phuomg trinh.

Vai
xit\;x^-;x*0.
2
Chia ca hai ve cua phuong trinh cho {ix^ -5x + 3^(2x^ + x + 3),
2x
\3x = ,6<=>2
13
+
z
+
taco
= 6.
2x-5 + - 2x + \ ~
2x^-5x + 3 2x^+x + 3
X
t =\
D a t / - 2 x + - . T a c 6 ^ + ^ = 6 o 6 ? ' - 3 9 / + 33 = 0 11
X
t-5 t+l
t=
Vori t = l taco 2x + -^\<^2x^-x
X
Vai ^ = ta CO 2x + - = o
2
X
2
+ 3 = 0 (v6nghiem).
- 1 Ix + 6 = 0
'fi
x=2
3X=
4
i')
*'1
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 2; x = .

4 =(x + x - l ) % 2 .
6. Taco x ^ ( x - l f = ( 2 x - l ) V 2 <x^(x-l)^
Dat a = x;Z) = x - l . T a c 6 a - 6 = l.
Dodo taco (abf ={a + bf +2 = (a-bf +4ab + 2 = 4ab + 3.
'ab = 2-yll
Ta CO {ab)^ -A(ab)-3 = 0 <=>
ab^2 + yll
^^rS
'
Voi a6 = 2 - V 7 , t a c 6 x ( x - l ) = 2 - V 7 < : ^ x ' - x - ( 2 - V 7 ) = 0(v6nghi?m).
Vai a6 = 2 + 7?,taco
x ( x - l ) = 2 + V ^ o x ^ - x - ( 2 + V^) = 0<=^x = i^^/^^.
1V9 + 4V7
l.Bat a = x-3; b = x + 2.Tac6

\
2a^b^=(a + b) -9^{a-b)
^{abf
Voi
ab
= -2ta
-2ab-S
a + b = 2x-l,
, x2
+4ab-9
a-b =
-5.T\jdo
= 25 + 4ab-9 = 4ab + \6
= 0<:> ^^^^
.
\_ab - -2
\a=b-5
CO he
a^b-5
<
<^<t,
[ab = -2
b=
Tirdo b^-5b + 2 =
[{b-5)b
'a = b-5
<=> i
= -2
s-Vn
X =
5 + Vi7
b-5
+2 =0
b-5
a =
1(6-5)6 =4
ab^4
5-V41
Y*
A.
2
^
5 + 741
[b
1-V41
2
1 + ^41
1 + Vl7
X-
a =
\b'-5b
0o
b=
a^b-5
Voi afe = 4 ta c6 he -
b=
Tirdo 6 ' - 5 6 - 4 = 0 o
b=
i+VT?
Vay x =
1 + V41
, x=
8. Voi jc = 0, (l) <=> 1 < 0 khong la nghiem cua bdt phuong trinh,
Voi X ^ 0, ta CO
> 0, chia ca hai v6 cua (1) cho x^ ta c6
(1)<JC'+3JC + 2 + - +
^<0
Datr = x + - , r > 2 , t a c 6 / ^ + 3 / < 0 - 3 < r < 0 < - 3 < x + - < 0 .
X
x^+1
X
x+ -<0
<0
[x<0
x'+3x + l
x+ ->-3
X
|x'+3x + l < 0
>0
52
-3-V5^
-3-V5
Vay nghiem cua bit phuang trinh la <x < ^'^^.

9. Dat y = x-2, phuang trinh da cho tra thanh
y[(y
+ 2)' + 6( J + 2) -11J
^y(y^+\0y
^y'
=[5(y+
+ 5f =[5y^+\0y
~* ' '
2)'-I0{y+
2) + l
+ \f
is'J
-5y' +I0y^ -\0y^ +5y-\ 0
<=>{y-\f
=0 0 y = l<^x-2^\<:>x
= 3.
Vay nghiem cua phuang trinh la x = 3.

10. Taco ( X ' + 1 ) ( 5 J C ' + J C + 8)=:22(X + 3)'
<(x' +l)(5(x^ + l ) + (x + 3)) = 22(x + 3)'
o 5(x' +1)^ + (x^ + l)(x + 3) = 22(x + 3)^
Vai jc = -3 khong phai la nghiem.
Voi x^-3 chia ca hai ve cua phuang trinh cho (x + 3)^ ta dugc
+P
x+3 +
x^+r - 2 2 = 0
x^+1
Dat r =
. T a c o 5 r + r - 2 2 = 0<
x+3
x+3^
tt == 211
x^+1
Vai ? = 2 <^ x + 3 = 2 o x ^ - 2 x - 5 = 0<x = l%/6.
Vai / = 5 < ^ ^x^+- 3^ = -<=>5x^
+ l l x + 38 = 0 \(v6nghiem).
5
. )
Vay nghiem cua phuang trinh la x = 1
Il.Taco x'+6x^+5x'-12x + 3 = 0
^(x^+3xf-4[x^+3x)
+3=0
D$t/ = x^+3jc,tac6 ? ' - 4 f + 3 = 0< t = \
t = 3'
Vai t = \a CO
Voi ^ = 3 taco
A/'
'
+ 3x = 1 <=> + 3x - 1 = 0
X=
-3ylu
+3x = 3<=>x^ + 3 x - 3 = 0 < ^ x =

U
'
- 3 + 713
-3
-3
Vay nghiem cua phuong trmh la x =

Ta CO x' - 4x^ - 2x^ + 12x + 8 = 0
+ V2T
+ V2I
,x =
.
,
12.
<x'-4x^+4x'-6(x'-2x) + 8 = 0
<(x'-2x)'-6(x'-2x) + 8 - 0
[t = 2
Dat/ = x ^ - 2 x , t a c 6 - 6 / + 8 = 0<^
Lr = 4
Vai ^ = 2 taco x ^ - 2 x = 2<=>x^-2x-2 = 0<=>x = l + V3 .
Vai r = 4 taco x ^ - 2 x = 4<=>x^-2x-4 = 0<=>x = lV5.
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh l a x = : l V 3 , x = lV5.
. -i'
2.3. Phuong phdp luang gidc hoa
Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh 8x^ - 6x - 1 = 0.

L&i giai. Nhan xet: Day la phuong trinh bac 3 ma nghiem khong thl nhim
dugc bang may tinh mot each thong thuong. Ta biln d6i nhu sau
8 x ' - 6 x - l = 0<4x'-3x = - .
Ta CO ^ = cos y = 4 cos^ ^ - 3 cos ^ . Do do phuong trinh tuong duomg vai
4x^ - 3 x = 4cos^ -3cos
9
9
n 4cos^ - 3 = 0.
4x^ +4xcos+
9^
x-cos54
Xet phuong trinh 4x +4xcos+ 4cos
3 = 0 c6 A' = 12sin
nen
phuong trinh c6 hai nghiem x- 1 cos sin = cos(n +.In

.
2 9 2
9
3 )
Tu do phuong trinh c6 cac nghiem x = c o s ^ ^ s v a x = cos ^ .
Vi du 2. Giai phuong trinh 3 2 x ( x ' - l ) ( 2 x ' - l ) ' = 1 - - .
(l)
L&igidL Di6ukien xÔ.

i
Nhdn xet. Ta c6 cong thuc cos^x - 1 = - sin^ x; cos 2x = 2 cos^ x - 1 , trong bilu
thuc ve trai c6 su xuat hien ciia x^ - 1 va 2x^ - 1 nen ta c6 suy nghl c6 the don
gian bai toan hon bang each dat x = c o s a , muon vay truac het ta so sanh x
voicacgiatri -1 va 1.
Phuong trinh da cho tuomg duomg voi
3 2 x ^ ( x ^ - l ) ( 2 x ^ - l ) ' = x - l . (2) J
Voi X = 1 la nghiem ciia phuong trinh.
Voi X ^ 1 (2) tuong duong voi 32x' (x + l)(2x' - 1 ) ' = 1 (3)
Voi X > 1 thi 32x^ (x + l)(2x^ -1)^ > 1 nen (3) v6 nghiem.
Voi x < - l thi 32x'(x + l ) ( 2 x ' - l ) ' < 0 nen (3) v6 nghiem.
Voi -1 < X < 1. Ta quay lai phuong trinh (1)
Voi x e ( - l ; l ) , dat x^cosor, a e ( 0 ; n). Ta c6 phuong trinh da cho tuong
duomg voi 32cosa(cos^cir-l)(2cosâ-l)^ =1 COS or
<=> 32 cos^ a sin^ a cos^ 2a = 1 - cos a < 2 sin^ 4 a = 1 - cos or
kin
Sa - a + kin-
<:> cosSor = cosa <=> 8a = - a +
k2n
kin
,k^Z.
Vai a = ^
Voi = ^
v i G ( 0 ; TT) nen A: = 1,2,3. Do do a = ^ ; ^ ; ^ .

v i as(0;;r)
nen it = 1,2,3,4. Do do a = ^ ; ^ ' , ^ ; ^ .
Kdt hgrp lai cac nghiem ciia b i t phuong trinh la

f,
ITT
ATT
6n
In
An
dn
x e | l ; c o s ; co5 ;cos;cos;cos ;cos;cos
V i dy 3. Giai phuomg trinh
- 3=
3x^-1
V3x
L&i gi&L DiSu kien x^Ô. Nhan thiy x = - ^ khong phai la nghiem cua
V3
phuomg trinh. Ta c6 x^ - 3 =
Dat
3x^-1
V3x
x'-3x
3x'-l
1
V3'
= tan , a e
6
Tucongthuc tan 3a =
taco tsai3a = -j=^3a

>/3
Do a e
2'2
tan a r - 3 t a n a
3tanâ-l
= + kn:=>a = +
6
18
3
,ksZ.
n ^ n
kn ^7t
5 ^ , ^4
,
< + < <::> < A: < - => ^ =-1,0,1.
18
3
2
3
3
nen
= - ; ; . Do do phuomg trinh c6 cac nghiem

18 18 18
Sn
In
x = tan
;x = t a n ; x = t a n .
18
18
V i du 4. T i m tat ca cac so thuc 18
x,y thoa man
- 2 ( x V + / z + z^x) + 6(xv + j z + zx) = 0
56
L&igidL Phuong trinh da cho tircmg duong voi

-3x = y
_ 3;c - yf + (y' -3y-
z)' + (z' -3z-xf
=0<^ /-3y
z'-3z
NSu x>2 thitu y = x^-3x = x(x^-3)>2.Tuomgtir
= z.
=x
z>2.
Cpng ve theo ve ba phuong trinh cua he ta dugc

x'-4x
+ y'-4y
v6 ly vi
+ z'-4z
= x[x^-2)
+ y[y^-2)
+ z[z^-2)
= 0,
x,y,z>2.
N6u x<-2, tuomg tu ta c6 y,z< -2 va din dn v6 ly.

Voi - 2 < x < 2 , dat x = 2cosa,a s[0;n]. Khi do
y = 2 ( 4 cos^ a - 3 cos a ) = 2 cos 3a
z = 2(4cos^3a-3cos3a) = 2cos9cir .
X
= 2 ( 4 cos' 9Qr - 3 cos 9a) = 2 cos 27a

\21n = n + k2n
Do do cos 27a = cos a <=>
"
<=>
21a^-a
+ k2n:
13
a = 14
Voi a = , vi a G fO;;r nen

13
^
ae>^ ' 1 3 ' 1 3 ' 1 3 ' 1 3 ' 1 3 ' 1 3 ' 1 3 ' 1 3 ' 1 3 ' 13 ' 13 ' 13 ' 13 ' ^
kn
Vai a = , vi a e fO;;;rl nen
14
^ '
- n 2n 3n An 5n In Zn 9n \Qn Un
1
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
V
\2n
14
\3n
14
1
J
Do do CO 27 bo nghiem can tim la (2 cos a, 2 cos 3a, 2 cos 9a ) vai a nhan 27

gia tri trong hai trucmg hap tren.
57
Vi du 5. Giai phuong trinh Sx(2x^ - l)(8x' -8x' +1) = 1 .

Ldi giai Tir cac cong thuc cos 2A: = 2 cos^ x - 1 , cos 4x = 8 cos" x - 8 cos^ x +1
xult hien ta nghi toi viec luong giac hoa phuong trinh bang each dat
X = cos or, muon vay truac het ta so sanh x voi cac gia tri -1 va 1.
Voi X > 1 thi 8x(2x^ - l)(8x'' - 8x^ +1) > 1 nen phuong trinh v6 nghiem.
Voi X < -1 thi 8x(2x^ - l)(8x'' - 8x^ +1) < 0 nen phuong trinh v6 nghiem.
Voi -1 < X < 1. Dat X - cosa, a e (O; . Khi do ta c6 phuong trinh tro thanh
8 cos a. cos la. cos Aa -1
o 8 sin a cos a. cos la. cos Aa - sin a (vi sin or ^ 0).
kin
<=>sin8Qr = s i n a o
"
_ <=>
^ _ ,k&'L.
â-n-a + kin:
n + kln
a^2;r , / ' A \ I 1 '1 -5 _
In An 6n
7
^ V
1 1 1
\ , ,^
n 3n 5n In
n + kln ,
Vai a =
VI aeiO; n) nen A: = 0,1,2,3
= ;;;.
9
^^
9 9 9 9
Tu do phuong trinh da cho c6 7 nghiem la
In
An
6n
n \
In}
cos
1 ;cos 1 ;cos;cos;
1
9 ;cos;cos
1
9
9 J>.
Vi du 6. Giai phuong trinh 16x' - 20x' +5x = n, voi n nguyen duong.
Ldi giai Chung ta xet hai truong hop sau:
1. |A:|<1. Dat x = cosa, a [0;;7r], phuong trinh da cho tro thanh cos5a = n. (1)
+) Voi > 1, khong thoa man.
5 5
f In An
1( 1
,t
^Q,t
^+\. Khi do phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
2. +)
X > 1. Dat X = - t + Vai n = 1, (1)21CO nghiem
x - cosa,a ^ \t
1
0' 5 f 1^ ' + 5- ( 0
f
2 Kt + -t) 2 t + - 1 { t + -t) - n
\ T -
<=>t'-2nt'+1^0
<=>t'
^n^n^-I.
Suy ra x =
2
Tom lai, vai = 1 phuang trinh da cho c6 3 nghiem
X = cosa,a
s<0.
5 ' 5
; vai n > 1 phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy
, X
1
nhat X-
2
Bai tap phan 2.3

Bai 1. Giai phuang trinh 4x^ -3x-m
vai m la tham so va |w| < 1.
Bai 2. Chung minh rSng vai cac gia tri ciia x thoa man - l < x < l thi bit
phuang trinh sau luon dung vai cac so nguyen duang n
{i+x)"+(\-xy<r.
Bai 3. Tim t4t ca cac s6 thuc x,y,z thoa man
x
+ + + 4 - +- + - + 5
x'+y'+z'-4
yxy
yz
zx
= 6.
Bai 4. Giai phuang trinh 2(4x' - 3x)(4x' -1) = 1 ( l ) .

Huong dan bai tap phan 2.3
1. Giai phuang trinh 4x^ -3x = m vai w la tham s6 va |m| < 1.
Vi w <lnentadat/n = cosQr,khid6tac6 7w = cosa = 4cos3 ay - 3^ c o say .
Phuang trinh da cho tuomg ducmg vdi
4x - 3 x = 4cos
x-cos-
3cos
a 4cos^ -3 - 0
4x^ +4xcos+
Xet phuomg trinh
+4xcosy+ 4 c o s ^ ^ - 3 = 0 c6 A' = 12sin^^ nen
phucmg trinh co hai nghiem x- cos sin = cos

.
2 3 2 3
3
Vay phuong trinh c6 ba nghiem la x = cosy, x - cos ^
.
Chu y: Doi voi bai nay ta c6 the dat x = cos a r6i tir do ta c6 cos 3a = m. Tuy
nhien each giai nay bat buoc ta phai chung minh x| < 1 va phSn lay cong thuc
nghiem rac roi hon.
2. Chung minh rSng voi cac gia tri ciia x thoa man -1 < x < 1 thi bdt phuong
trinh sau luon dung vai cac s6 nguyen duong n
(l + x)"+(l-x)"<2".
Dat X - cosa, a E [O; TT]. Ta c6
2 s i n2' a(l + x)" + (l - x)" = (l + cosar)" + (l - cosa)" = 2 cos .a
2
2J
= 2" cos + Sin <2" ^ 2 a . 2 ^ = 2".
2)
COS + sin
Dau dang thuc xay ra khi x = -1 hoac x = 1. Ta c6 dieu
phai chung minh.
3. Tim tat ca cac s6 thuc x,y,z thoa man
1
p = 6.
x ^ + y + z ^ - 4 + + +4^ X y z + 5'I
2
M
\xy
yz1
Pzxj
- +- +-
Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi

X y z + 5 r 1 + 1 + 0 =
x ' + / + z ' - 4 f 1 + 1 + 2X ; + 4
yz
{y- + ^- + -xj
_J___2
X
r 1 2^ 2
1 2^2
1 2^
X - - +
+
+
+
+ = 0
V zI X yj V y- y
z X)
_J___2
2'
_j___2
z
60
Taco x = l,>' = l,z = l khong phai la nghiem nen he tuomg duomg voi
Ix
\-x'
z X-
Dat
_2:y_
2
\-y
\-z'
va tan or, tan2Qr,tan4a ?t 1.
= tan a vai or'

Ix
V a i x = tanQr thi y-
--tm2a.
Tirdo z = tan4a va x ^ t a n S o r . D o d o t a c o tanSa = tana<=>or = , A : e Z .

7
Vi
as
2,
nen - < < c:>-3,5<:<3,5

2
7
2
Are{-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3: .
^
[
Dodo as\
Zn
In
n ^ n In
;;0;;;
In
Tir do phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem {x,y,z)
= (tan or, tan 2cir, tan 4 a ) vai a
nhan cac gia tri tren.

4. Giai phuong trinh 2 ( 4 x ^ - 3 x ) ( 4 x ^ - l ) = = l ( l ) .
Vai
|x|>l, ta c6
2(4x^-3x)(4x'-l)
2x 4x^-3
^^^^
4x'-l
> 1 , nen (1)
v6 nghiem.
Vai - 1 < x < l . Dat x = c o s a , a e (0;;r). Tac6
2 (4cosâ - 3cosa) (4cosâ - 1 ) = 1
2 (4cos^Qr - 3cosa) ( 3 - 4 sin^ a ) = 1.
Vi s i n a ^ O nen taco 2 ( 4 c o s ' Q r - 3 c o s a ) ( 3 s i n a - 4 s i n ^ a ) = sincir
61
<:> sin6cir = sina
kin
'~J>
:fi
a5
7t
klTC
a = +
7
7
Voi a = ^ , d o a e ( 0 ; ; r ) nen 0 < < ; r = > 0 < A : < - n e n A: = l , 2 .
5
5
2
, - -
'
In
An
Suy ra X = c o s : x = cos .
^
5
5
,, - .
^ k2n
, ,
Vol a = y + , t u o n g t \ r , k = 0,\,2n
3n
5n
Suy ra X = cos; x - cos-;x = c o s .
^
1
1
1
Vay phuong trinh da cho CO nghiem
fi
ir-rxi
V .
2;r
4;r
n
x = c o s ; x = c o s ; x = cos ;
2.4 Phuomg phdp ddnh gid
3n
X = COS;x
5n
= cos.
..
nt
- ' - ^ J
Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh x^ + 3x + 1 = 0.

Ldi gidL Ta kho hy vong c6 thk tim thSy duoc nghiem cua phuong trinh voi
cac bucfc tinh toan thong thuomg. BiSn d6i ta c6:
X^+3x + l = 0<::>X^+l = -3x
Chpn a,b
la hai s6 sao cho: a^+b^ = 1; ab = - l . Ta c6 a^+b^ +x^ = 3abx.
Xet h3ng dang thuc

a' +b' +x' -3abx = -{a + b + x)((a-bf
Dodo
+b^ +x^
^3abx<^
+{b-xf
+(x-af).
a+b+x=0
a=b= x
Ta CO a^ b^ la nghiem cua phuong trinh
-X-\ 0â^,b^
62
Lay a = i j ^ ; b - n-(a^b).
Khi do phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem
duynhatia x = -{a + b) = -
Vi du 2. Giai phuong trinh {x + if + (x + yfs)' = 18 -8N/5 .

,
^ ,a'+b\fa
Lai giau Ta co
>
(x + i f +[x + VS)'
+b
^
- 1 + N/5^
voi a + 6 > 0 , e N , > 2 .

/
(-X
Dodo
Taco
-i+Vs
- i f + (x + >/5)' ^ f - i + V I
>(2-^/5)'=9-4^/5.
Do do (x + i f + (x + A / S ) ' > 18-8^5 . Ddu = ' xay ra khi va chi khi
- x - l = x + >/5>x =
V?iy nghi?m cua phuong trinh la x =
Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh (Sx - 4x' - l ) ( x ' + 2x +1) = 4(x' + x +1).

L&i giai Ta c6 voi x = - 1 khong la nghiem ciia phuong trinh.
Vori X 5t - 1 , ta CO phuong trinh tuong duong voi
8x-4x - 1
4
Dat>' =
x^+x + 1
x^+2x + r
1
.Khido < x ^ + x + l = v(x^+2x + l )
x'+2x + l
^
X^ + X +
< ^ ( l - 3 ; ) x ^ + ( l - 2 > ' ) x + l - y = 0.

Voi y ^ l phaico A > 0 o ( l - 2 > ' f - 4 ( l - > ' f
>0<:>4>;-3>0<=>>'>-.
^
x^+x + 1 ^ 3
Do do
>-.
x^+2x + l 4
63
^ . , 8x-4x - 1 2 ^ , 3 . ,v2 3 3
4
4 ^
4 4
+1 3
Tu do de phuorng trinh c6 nghiem x ' + 2 x + l 4 <::>X = 1 .
8x-4x'-l 3
Vi du 4. Giai phuomg trinh (^^ +1) x ' + 2 x - l + 6 x ( l - x ^ ) = ( x ^ + l ) ' ( l ) .
LcdgiaL Xet hai truong hop
a)x^+2x-l>0op--^~f.
_ x > - l + V2
Ta CO (1) tro thanh [x^ + l)(x' + 2x -1) + 6x(l - x') = (x' +1)'
<2x'+x'-4x + l = 0 c ^ ( x - l ) ( 2 x ' + 3 x - l ) = 0<:> x =
Thu lai X = 1 thoa man.
b ) x ' + 2 x - l < 0 < ^ - l + V2 < X < - 1 + N/2.
Ta CO (1) tro thanh - ( x ' + l)(x' + 2x -1) + 6x(l - x') = (x' +1)'
o 2 x * + 8 x ' + 2 x ' - 4 x = 0 <2x(x + l)(x' + 3 X - 2 ) = 0<
-3Vl7
X = 0 v x = -1
-3Vl7
X=
Thu lai X = 0;x = - 1 thoa man.

Vay nghiem ciia phuomg trinh la x = - 1 ; x = 0; x = 1
r p3
Vi diji 5. Giai phuomg trinh 16x(x^ + 3) = 3x + LM giai Dieu kien x 0. Ta c6
16x(x'+3) = 3x + -
16x^(x^+3) = ( 3 x ^ + l ) \
64
Ap dung b i t ding thurc vai a,b,c khong am abc <
\6x'{x'
+3) = {4x'){4x'){x'
+3)<
De dau bang xay ra phai c6 4x^ =
fa + b + c^'
Ux'+4x'+x'+3^'
+3
ta
CO
{3x^.l)\
jc^ = 1 > x = +1
Vay nghiem cua phuang trinh la x = 1 .

Bai tap phan 2.4
Bai 1. Giai phuang trinh 256x' ( l - 3x) = 1.
' x ' - 3 x ' - 8 x + 40^'

8
^2x^-llx + 2l''
= 4x + 4 .
= 4x-4.
Bai 4. Giai phuang trinh (x^ + x -1)^ - x^ + 3x^ - 3 = 0.

Huang dan bai tap phan 2.4
1. Ap dung b i t ding thurc abed <
a + b + c + d^'^
x ' ( l - 3 x ) = x.x.x(l-3x)<
ta
CO
x + x + x + l-3x
256
1
1
Dau bang xay ra khi va chi khi x = . Vay nghiem ciia phuang trinh la x = .
4
'
'
4
2. Tu gia thiet ta c6 x > - 1 . Ta c6
^ x ' - 3 x ' - 8 x + 40^'
8
Ta CO p\2\2\{4x
= 4x + 4 o x ^ - 3 x ' - 8 x + 40 = 8V4x + 4 .
+ 4) < -^(2V 2 V 2 V 4x + 4) = x +13, d i u " = " xay ra
o x = 3.
65
Lai CO x ' - 3 x ' - 8 x + 4 0 - ( x + 13) = ( j c - 3 ) ' ( x + 3 ) > 0 do x > - l , d o d 6

x^-3x^
- 8 x + 4 0 > x + 13,dau"="xayra < x = 3.
Tir do X = 3 la nghiem duy nhdt cua phuong trinh.

3. Ta
Dat
CO
^2x^-llx + 2 0 '
3
t = N/4X - 4 = > X =
= 4 x - 4 < : > 2 x ' - l l x + 21 = 3 V 4 x - 4 .
=> x
16
Dodo
^(t'
+ St' +16)-^(r'
+4) + 2t-3t
= 0^t'-I4t'
o ( r - 2 ) ' (/'+4/'+12r'+18/ + 24) = 0c:>
-24? + 96 = 0 (2)
J * + 4 ? ' + 1 2 / ' + 1 8 / + 24 = 0"
Xet / = 2 o x = 3.
Xet r ' + 4 r ' + 1 2 r ' + 1 8 / + 24 = 0(3).
Ta CO voi t <0
thi (2) v6 nghiem. V o i f > 0 thi (3) v6 nghiem.

4.Tac6 ( x ' + x - l ) ' - x ' + 3 x ' - 3
Dat a = x ^ + X - 1 , taco
V i x^ + xa +
= 0 o ( x ' + x - l ) ' + 3 ( x ' + x - l ) = x'+3x
+3a = x ^ + 3 x < = > ( x - a ) ( x ^ + x a + a ^ + 3 ) - 0
+3= x+
2
V
+
4
+ 3 > 0 nen ta c6
a = X < : : > X ^ + X - l = X<=>X =
l.
V i d u t o n g ho'p C h i f c n g 1
Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh
(2x' - 3x -18) (3x' + 2x - 27) = 4Ix^ +1 Ox' - 369x .
Ta CO x = 0 khong phai la nghiem cua phuong trinh
L&igidL
V o i xÔ,
chiacahai
cho x ' tac6
66
2x-32
18^
( X 9^
3x + 2- 27 = 41x + 1 0 - 369
f
-3 3
^X 9^
XJ
+ 2 = 41 V X -
2?
XJ
+ 10.
Dat t = x , ta CO phuang trinh tra thanh

/=8
(2/-3)(3/ + 2) = 4k + 10 <=>3r^-23^-8 = 0 __]_

3
x = -l
Vai r = 8 taco x = 8 x - 8 x - 9 = 0 x = 9
X
Vai t = - - taco x - - = - - < : > 3 x ^ + x - 2 7 = 0 < ^ x ^ 1V325

3 x 3
6
7x'-101x'+42x 2
Vi du 2. Giai phuang trinh
= x ' - l l x + 6.
2x^+x + 12
L&igidL Ta c6 phuang trinh tuang duang vai
(2x'+ X + 1 2 ) ( x ' - 1 Ix + 6) = 7 x ' - l O l x ' + 42x
Voi X = 0, khong phai la nghiem cua phuang trinh.
Vai xÔ, chia ca hai v6 ciia phuang trinh cho x^ ta c6
12^ x - l l + ^ ^ = 7x-101 + 42
2x + l + x^
V
X JV
( 6)
6 -101. '
2 x + +1 x + ^ - 1 1 = 7
X
I XJ
x+ Dat t = x + -,t > 2V6 , phuang trinh tra thanh
V (2?
Xj + l ) ( / - l l ) = 7^
X
:>2/^-28/ + 90 = 0< t = 5
t=9
6
x=2
Vai / = 5 taco x + - = 5<x^-5x + 6 = 0>
x = 3'
X
Vai
t =9
taco
x + - = 9<^x^-9x
+ 6 = 0<^x =
9V57
2
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 2; x = 3; x = 9V57

Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh x^ - Ax^ + +
Ta c6 phuong trinh tuong duong
- 4JC +1 = 0.
L&igidL
(x + l ) ( j c ' - 5 x ' + 8 x ' - 5 x + l) = 0<
x'-5x'+Sx^-5x
+ \ 0'
Xet phuong trinh x^ -5x^ +Sx^ -5x + \ 0.

Voi x = 0, khong phai la nghiem cua phuong trinh.
Voi xÔ, chia ca hai ve cua phuong trinh cho x^ ta c6
1
+ 8 = 0.
'
x'+\-5
X
x+ -
1 + 2.
Dat >' = x + -1, taco y =x +
y =2
Ta CO
- 5y + 6 = 0<^
7 =3
Vai ;; = 2<x + - = 2<x^-2x + l = 0<=>x = l

X
Vai y = 3<^x + - = 3^x'-3x

X
+\ 0 ^ x ^ ^ ^ ^
2
Vay, nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 1; x =
3yf5

2x^ - 9x' + 20x' - 33x' + 46x* - 66x' + SOx^ - 72JC + 32 = 0.
L&igidL Voi x = 0, khong phai la nghiem cua phuong trinh.
Vai X ?t 0, chia ca hai ve cua phuong trinh cho x" ta c6
o 4 r> 1 -^rv 2
66 80 72 32 _
2x - 9 x +20x -33x + 46
+ ^ - + - = o
x ' x^ x'
X
68
^2
r4.
X +
Dat y--x + -,y

X
-9
+ 20
- 3 3 x + + 46 = 0
>2>/2,tac6
2 ( / - 8 / + 8 ) - 9 ( / -6>;) + 2 0 ( / - 4 ) - 3 3 ; ; + 46 = 0
<:> 2 / - 9 / + 4 / +21>;-18 = 0
<;^[y-\){y-2){y-2){2x
+ 3) = Q<^y = \-,y = 2-,y^y,y = -'^.
Chi CO
>' =
3 thoaman
x+ =
3<^x^-3x +2 =
0<
x=l
x=2

Vi du 5. Giai phuong trinh 2x^ - Sx" + 6x^ - 8x^ + 3 = 0.
Lffi giau Ta co
2x' - 3 x ' + 6x' - 8 x ' + 3 = 0 (2x +1)(x-1)' (x' + 3) = 0 X = Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = - ^ ; x = 1.
10
1
3
2 x ' - x + l- + -2 x ' - x + 3 2 x ' - x + 7
Ldi giai Dat / = 2x^ - x +1, / > 0, phuong trinh da cho trd thanh
t =2
1 3 10
=
0
o
<:>6r-6/-12
t = -\
t+6
-t + -t+2
Voi t = -\.
x=l
V6i ^ = 22x'-x + l = 2 2 x ' - x - l = 0 o
1
x=
2
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = l;x = - ^ .
Vi du 7. Giai phuong trinh x ' + 2 x + 7 = 4 + 2 x + x ^

x'+2x +3
+2x + 3 = - 2 o + 2 x + 5 = 0(v6nghiem).
Vai / = -2,tac6
+ 2x + 3, ta c6
Led giaL Dat r =
= / + l / ^ - 4 = 0<=>/ = -2;r = 2.
Vai r = 2,tac6 x^+2x + 3 = 2<x^+2x + l = 0 < = > x - - l .

Vay nghiem cua phuang trinh la x = - 1 .
Vi
8. Giai phuang trinh x^ +
4x^
= 5.
(x-2)^
Lei giai DiSu kien x
2x \
x+x-2
Dat r =
x-2
2. Ta c6 phuang trinh tuang duang vai

(
x-2
=5
..1
x-2
x-2
. Taco / ^ - 4 / - 5 = 0
Vai / = - l < ; ^
if:
=5
x-2
t = -\
t=5
= -!<:> x ^ + x - 2 = 0
x=l
x = -2
V a i / = 5 < x ^ - 5 x + 10 = 0 (v6 nghiem).

Vay, nghiem cua phuang trinh la x = l;x = - 2 .
2
Vi du 9. Giai phuang trinh x +
= 3.
(x-fl)^
LoigiaL DiSu kien x
- 1 . Ta c6 phuang trinh tucmg ducmg vai

= 3-
X--
x+1
Dat
x+1
2x^
x+1
.Taco r + 2 / - 3 = 0<=>
Vai / = 1 taco x - x - l = 0 < x =
+ 2-3 = 0.
x+1
/=1
t = -2,'
1V5
Vai / = -3 ta CO x^ + 3x + 3 = 0 (v6 nghiem).

Vay nghiem cua phuang trinh la x =
1V5
70
Vi du 10. Giai phuang trinhx' + 9x' + 27x-54 - 0.

h \^]
L&igidL Taco X'+9JC^+27X-54 = 0<:^(X + 3)^-81 = 0<X = -3 + V8T
Vay nghiem cua phuang trinh la x = -3 + ^81.
^x + 3^' 3{. + 3f
++ 5(x + 3)(x-l) = 9(x
V[ du 11. Giai phuang trinh
(x-1)
x-1
Led giai Dieu kien x 1. Dat a = x + 3
Phuang trinh tra thanh
x-1
+ 3a^b + 5ab^ -9b^ =0
(a + 26) +56' = 0 ( V N )
3 + Vl7
x+3
Vai a = Z?<=> x - 1 = x - l<x^-3x-2
0<x =
3 + =717
28x + 3
Vi du 12. Giai phuang trinh 3x'+2 9x + x - 3 ) = 4
x-3
LcigidL DiSu kien x ?!: 3.
28X + 3 9 x ' + x + 3 3(3x'+2) + x - 3 3(3x^+2)
^
Ta CO 9x +
=
= 5^
=
+1
x-3
x-3
x-3
x-3
t =\
3x'+2
Dat
.Do do taco /(3r + l) = 4<::>3?'+/-4 = 0<
4t=x-3
Vai r = 1 o 3x'+2 = 1 <^ 3x' - x + 5 = 0 (v6 nghiem)
x-3
^ 4 3x'+2 4 ^ 2 , ^ ^
-2V58
-2V58
Vai
<=>
Vay nghiem
ciia phuang=
trinh<::>9x'
la x =+ 4 x - 6 = 0<^x =
3
x-3 3
9
f
5 ^(
10 ^
=5
Vi du 13. Giai phuang trinh x + 3
2x + 9 ^
x + UV
x + 1^
L&igidL Dieu kien x ?t - 1 . Ta c6
X +
3-x+l
^2x'+lU-l
Taco
JC + 1
x^+4x-2
Dat r =
^
x+l
Voi / = 1
2x + 9-
x+l
= 5
x^+4x-2
x+l
2 ( x ' + 4 x - 2 ) + 3(x + l )
2x^+nx-l
x+l
2(x'+4x-2)
x+l
x+l
=5
+3
t^l
, t a c 6 f(2? + 3) = 5 c ^ 2 / ^ + 3 ^ - 5 = 0 ^ _ _ 5
^
'
. ~ 2
x^+Ax-2
x+l
= l<=>x^ + 3 x - 3 = 0<=>x =
-3V2T
5
x'+4x-2
5
^ 2 1 ^ , ^
-13 + 7161
Von t =
= o 2 x +13x + l = 0<::>x =
2
x+l
2
4
,
,
...
-3V2T
-13Vl6T
Vay phuofng trinh co nghiem x
,x =
2
V i dv 14. Giai phuong trinh
+ lj
yX
'
Lotigiau * ) Dieu kien: x*-l,x^
+ 4
r x - 11 N3
VX +
2y
-2. Dat a =
x+l
Ta
CO
a' + 4b' - 3a'b <^(a + b){a - 2bf = 0
V a i fl + Z) = 0 ta C O
x-1
x+l
Voi a - 26 = 0 ta C O
+-
x+2
^(x-1)
= 3(x + i r ( x + 2)
x-1
,b=
x+2
a+6=0
a-2b^0
= 0o2x^+2x-l-0ox =
2(x-l)
x+2
X+l
- 1 + V3
= 0 < ^ - x ^ + 2 x + 2 = 0<z>x = l^/3
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la
x^ - x^ +1 x^ + 2x + 1
+
= 2- x
X + X +1
L&igidL Dieu kien x ^ 0; x^ + x +1
0.
Ta CO phuong trinh tuong duong voi

x^-x^+1
, x^+2x + l
X +X + 1
-+ x+ l+^
, x^ + x + 1
X
X + X +1
1= 2 0
+
= 2.
72
Dat / =
x^+x + l
,
1
,tac6 / + - = 2 < = > r - 2 / + l = 0<=>^ = l
t
+ X+ 1
Vay nghiem cua phucmg trinh la x = -\.
Bai tap tong hop Chuong 1
^-
'
Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh x ( x ^ - 2 ) = V3.

Bai 2. Giai phuong trinh [x^ - 3x + 2)(x^ +15x + 56) + 8 = 0.
Bai 3. Giai phuong trinh x^ + 2V7x^ + 7x + V ? - 1 = 0.
Bai 4. Gia su cho 3 so thuc a,h,c thoa man cac dieu kien
a > 0,fee= la^, a + b + c - abc. Chung minh rang a >
I + 2V2
2
Bai 5. Gia su phuong trinh ox^ +fex^+ cx +

nhau la x,, X j . Chung minh rang x,X2 >
= 0 (a ^ O) c6 hai nghiem khac

^
4a
Bai 6. Cho phuong trinh x** + ax^ +6x^ + cx + l = 0 c6 nghiem. Chung minh
ring a^ +b^
Bai 7. Cho 2a + 3b + 6c = 0. Chung minh rang phuong trinh ox^ + 6x + c = 0 c6
nghiemtren [O; 1].
^.
Bai 8. Giai phuong trinh (x^ + x +1) (x^ + 2x^ + 7x^ + 26x + 37) = 5 (x + 3)^.
Bai 9. Gia su a,b,c la do dai ba canh cua mot tam giac vuong c6 canh huyen
la a. Chung minh rang phuong trinh -ax^ +bx + c = 0 c6 hai nghiem phan
biet
XpXj
thoa man dieu kien
< X,
< X2 <
Bai 10. Giai phucmg trinh

^/3T25 x''-13^-fe x ' + 4!^3T25 x ' + 4VS'^3125 = 0.
73
Bai 11. Gia su a,b\a.hai s6 thuc thoa man -3a^ +5a-2016 = 0 va

6'-36^+56 + 2010 = 0. Tinh a +
Bai 12. Giai phuong trinh +Aax^ +6b^ +4c^ x + \ 0, trong do a,b,c
cac so thuc duong, a < 1 biet rSng phuong trinh nay c6 4 nghiem thuc.
Bai 13. Giai phuong trinh 64x' - 96x' + 36x' - 3 = 0.
Bai 14. Giai phuong trinh - 15x^ + 45jc - 27 = 0.
Bai 15. Giai phuong trinh
x+ 2
x+2
Bai 16. Giai phuong trinh 4x^ - 3x^ + 3x - 1 = 0
Hirang dan bai tap tong hgrp Chufomg 1

l.Taco Jc(x'-2) = V3 <=>x'-2x-V3=0
( X - N / 3 ) ( X ' + > / 3 X + I) =
x-42=0
= V3.
+ \ 0 <=>x
x^+^x
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = V3 .
2. Phuong trinh tuong duong voi
( x - l ) ( x - 2 ) ( x + 7)(x + 8) + 8 = 0
o [(x - l)(x + 7)][(x - 2)(x + 8)] + 8 = 0
in
x^+6x-7 x'+6x-16 + 8= 0
2
(x'+6x) - 2 3 ( x ' + 6 x ) + 120 = 0
<^(x^+6x-15)(x'+6x-8) = 0 o x = -32V6;x = - 3 + 717.
Vay nghiem cua hk phuong trinh lax = -32V6;x = -3 Vn .
3.Tac6 x^ + 2>/7x^+7x + V 7 - l = 0
<::>x(x + V 7 ) \ V 7 - l = 0<=>x|(x + V7)^-lJ + x + V 7 - l = 0
<=>x(x + >/7-l)(x + V7+l) + x + >/7-l = 0
74
O ( A ; + V 7 - 1 ) ( X ' + ( V 7 + I ) X + I'
-(V7 + l ) V 4 + 2V7
X =
4. Ta C Ofee= 2(3^, 6 + c = a 6 c - a = 2 a ' - f l . Do do b,c la hai nghiem ciia

phuomg trinh x^ - (2a' - a ) x + 2a^ = 0 .
Ta phai C O A = ( 2 a ' - a)^ - 8a^ =
Do do
>
I+2V2
( 4 a ' - 4a^ - 7) > 0.
, ket hop voi a > 0 ta C O a >
I +2V2
V
5. V i X p X j la hai nghiem ciia phuomg trinh da cho nen ta c6

ax\ bx^ + cx, + <i = 0,
axl+bxl
Tru
theo v l ta C O
a(x,'-X2) +
+ cx2+d
fe(xf-X2)
=0.
+ c(x,-xJÔ.
V i X, ^ X2 nen ta C O a ( x , + X 2 ) ^ + 6 ( x , + X 2 ) + c - a x , X 2 = 0 .
Do do X, + X2 la hai nghiem ciia phuomg trinh at^ + bt + c- ax^x^ = 0 .

D I phuomg trinh c6 nghiem ta c6 A = 6^ - 4ac + Aa^x^x^ > 0
X1X2 >
4ac-6'
4a^
. Ta C O dieu phai chung minh.
6. Gia su phuomg trinh c6 nghiem XQ, XQ ?t 0, ta C6

Xo+aXo+feXo+cXo+l =O o 6 = - X o + ^ - a X o - c - ^
^0
Ta C O
{a'+b'+c')
^
Xo'+ + 1
-1
-^0 +
^2
-aXo-c-
X o ' + ^ +l
. \2
aXo+
Xo + - a x p - c V
^0 +
^0 y
Suyra
[a^+b^+c^)
^ 0 + ^
^0
^0 +
0y _
voi ?
+ 1 r+1
+ > 2.
r
4
- 2)(3^ + 2) > 0 2luon dung vi r > 2.
Mat khac j ^ > - 4 '- 4/ '- 4 > 0
Vay + 6^ + > - , dau bang xay rakhi a = b = c = ung voi = 1,
3
3
2
2
hoac a = c = ,6 = - ung vai x^ = - 1 .
7. Dat P(x) = <3x^ + ZJX + c, ta CO P{x) la da thuc xac dinh tren M.
Taco P(0) = c;P(X) = a + b + c; AP
= a + 2Z) + 4c.Ta c6
P(0) + P(1) + 4P v2y = 0, do do trong cac s6 P(0); P(l); P

CO It nhat mot
so khong am, mot s6 khong duomg. Do do P(x) = 0 c6 nghiem tren [O; 1
/ oN
Cach khac: Xet P(0).P = - c ' < 0 .

v3.
8. Ta CO (x^ + X + l)(x' + 2x^ + 7x^ + 26x + 3?) = 5(x + 3)^
o ( x ' + x + l ) | ( x ' + x + l ) ' + 4 ( x + 3)'J = 5(x + 3)'
Dat a = x^ + X +1, 6 = X + 3. Ta CO
a [a^ + 4Z>^) = 56^ <â^ + Aab^ - 56^ = 0
x/->
^ \ b = Q
<:>{a-b)ia'+5ab
+ 5b') = Q<^
Vai a = 6 < ^ x ^ + x + l = x + 3 o x ^ = 2 < = > x = V2 .

76
Vai a ' + 5 f l 6 + 5 Z ) ' = 0

2^
Do do
+ X +1
0, v6 nghiem.
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = +V2 .

9. Ta C O a, c>0
nen -ac>0,
do do phuong trinh -ax^ +bx + c = 0 c6 hai
nghiem XpXj trai dau. Gia su x, < 0 < X2.

Ta
C O
- o x f + Z J X , + c = 0 <=> oxf = Z>x, + c.
Do do a'x^ = (bx, + c)' <
)(xf +1) = a' (xf + 1 ) . Suy ra x,' < xf +1

xf - 2 < 0 - >/2 < X, <
^ x," < xf + 2 ( x f +1) (xf - 2) < 0
V2 .
Tuong tu -V2 < Xj < V2 . Vay ta c6 -V2 < x, < Xj < V2 .

10. V o i X = 0 khong phai la nghiem cua phuong trinh.
A
u
. ^ u.
^
8
4
4^5
13'-^
Vol X 7t 0, phuong trinh tuong duong voi x + + =
1=.
X
X
v3125
Ap dung bat dang thuc Co si cho 13 s6 duong ta c6

x"
5
X*
x'
"
"
V5
x'
x'
n
V5^13^-fe
"
1
Vs
Dau " = " xay ra < = = ^ <^ X =
^
5
x'
x'
^'i .
x'
!^^T25
ll.Dat / ( x ) = x ' - 3 x ' + 5 x = ( x - l ) ' + 2 ( x - l ) + 3.Tac6

/ ( a ) = 2 0 1 6 ; / ( 6 ) = -2010.
Taco / ( a ) - 3 = ( f l - l ) ' + 2 ( a - l ) ; f{b)-3
Suyra f{a) +f{b)-6
^ 0 = (a-\f
c^(a
= {a-\f
+{b-\f
+ b-2){{a-\f
+2(a-l)
= (b-\f
+ {b-iy
+2{b-\).
+2{b-l)
+2{a + b-2)
-{a-\){b-l)
+ (b-\f
+2] = 0
77
=0
<:>a + b-2 = 0<:>a + b = 2. Vay a + b = 2.
12. Do cac he so cua phuong trinh dku duong va phuong trinh c6 4 nghiem
thuc Xj,x^,x^,x^ thi ca 4 nghiem nay dSu am. Dodo
>0.
Theo dinh ly Viet ta c6
{-x,) + {-x,) + {-x,) + {-x,)
\{-x,){-x,){-x,){-x,)
=\
Su dung bat dang thuc Co-si cho 4 s6 -x,, - ^2, - X3, 4fl = ( - X , ) + ( - X 2 ) + (-X3) + ( - X , ) > 4 4/(-x,)
-x^,-x^,-x^,-x^
= 4a
' X
- f>:f:
> 0, ta c6
) (-X3) ( - X , ) = 4
Do do a = l va ta suy ra (-x,) = (-x^) - (-x,) = (-X4) = 1 hay cac nghiem cua

phuong trinh la x, = Xj = X3 = x^ = - 1 .
13. D a t / ( x ) = 6 4 x ' - 9 6 x ' + 3 6 x ' - 3 . T a c 6 / ( x ) la mot ham da thuc va la
ham chan tren R.
Ta chung minh / ( x ) = 0 c6 6 nghiem phan biet thuoc (-l;l).
Do / ( x ) la ham chSn tren R nen ta se chung minh / ( x ) = 0 c6 3 nghiem
thuoc (0;1).
That vay f(0).f
<0;/ r 1\
<0;/
T \
./(1)<0 nen / ( x ) = 0 c6 3
nghiem thuoc (O; l).

Dat X = cosr voi te(0;n:) phuong trinh tren tro thanh
64 cos* t - 96 cos^ t + 36 cos^ / - 3 = 0
Ta CO cos6r = 4cos^ 2?-3cos2? = 4(2cos^/ -l)^-3(2cos^?-l)
= 32 cos* / - 48 cos'r +18 cos^ ? - 1
Do do phuong trinh tren tuong duong voi
' ''
-
2cos6?-l = 0<::>cos6/ = -<6^ = + A:2;r<:> ? = +

2
3
18 3
78
'n
Do t e (0; TT) nen t
Sn In
\\n
Xlin
\ln
Tir do phuomg trinh c6 6 nghiem la

5;77;T
ll;r
13;r
17:7r
cos;cos;cos;cos
:cos
:cos
18
18
18
18
18
18
14. Dat x=i4^t
thay vao phuang trinh ta c6
288V3r' - 350V3r' + 90V3f - 27 = 0
< 2 ( l 6 r ' - 2 0 r ' + 5 ^ ) = >/3

Ta tim nghiem t e [ - l ; l ] ciia phuang trinh
Dat r = c o s a , a [ 0 ; ; T ] . Taco cos 5a = 16cos'Qr-20cosâ + 5cosa
Phucmg trinh tra thanh cos 5a =
=
++
, v i a e fO; n\n
2
30
5
^ '
n Un: Sn Un: Thn
[30 30 6 30 30
Do phuang trinh bac 5 c6 nhigu nhdt 5 nghiem nen phuang trinh c6 5 nghi?m
la
cos; cos
;cos;cos
;cos
30
30
6
30
30
x+1
15. Dieukien x ; t - 2 . D a t a =
; 6 = x + 2, 6 0 . Phuang trinh tra thanh
x+2
a' + la^b-3b'
^(a-b)
= 0^{a-b)
3
a +b
2
( a ' + 3ab + 36') = 0

= 0
x+l
<â = b<^
x+2
= x +2
x ' + 3x + 3 = 0(v6 nghiem).
Vay phuang trinh v6 nghiem.

16. Ta
CO
4x' - 3x' + 3x - 1 = 0 3x' + (x - 1 ) ' = 0 <:> 3x' = ( l - x)'

<:^^X^\-XO
X =
Vay nghiem ciia phuang trinh la x =
1
1+ ^ "
79
ChUctng 2.
PHtfdNG TRINH, BAT PHlTdNG TRINH V 6 T I

A. M o t s 6 d a n g p h i p c n g t r i n h c c ban
Chii y: G day chung toi chi dua ra cdc dang ca ban cho phucmg trinh, vai bat
phucmg trinh cung cd the cd dang tucmg tu. Chung ta can luu y rang, khi gidi
bat phucmg trinh, chdng hgn f (x) > 0 duang I6i chung la di tim nghiem cua
phuomg trinh / ( x ) = 0, sau do xet ddu cua f (x) tren moi khodng duac tqo
thdnh bai cdc nghiem cua phucmg trinh f (x) = 0 ,,tu do de lay nghiem cua bat
phucmg trinh f (x) > 0.
1.
V ^ = V K ^
Cdch gidi: Binh phuang hai ve, phucmg trinh tren tra thanh M ( X ) = v(x), Icem
theo dieu kien hoac u{x) > 0 hoac v(x) > 0.
2. ^4^ =
^^
Cdch gidi: Lap phuang hai ve, phuang trinh tren tuang duang vai
w(x) = v(x).
3. ^/w(x) =v(x)
Cdch gidi: Dat diSu kien v(x) > 0, binh phuang hai v l , phuang trinh tren tra
thanh
M(X) = V^(X).
4. 3/^^00
=v(x)
Cdch gidi: Lap phuang hai ve, phuang trinh tren tuong duang vai
uix) =
v\x).
5. Va + x + yjb-x + c^J(a + x)(b-x)
=d
Cdch gidi: Dat diû kien x>-a,x<b
r6i dat V x T a + yjb-x = t, bieu dien
yl{x + a){b- x) theo t. Khi do phuang trinh da cho tra thanh mot phuang trinh
bac hai theo t.
80
6. au(x) + bv(x) + Cy]u(x)v{x) = 0
Cdch giai: Dat dieu kien u{x)v{x) > 0. Xet cac trucmg hop theo diu cua v(x),
sau do chia ca hai ve ciia phuang trinh cho v(x), roi dat u{x)
v(x)
Khi do phuang trinh da cho tra thanh mot phuang trinh bac hai theo t.
, . ^7. <3|x + Vfe-jc^ J + cxylb~x^ +d = 0
Cdch giai: Dieu kien x e {-4b;4b]. Dat x + yjb-x^ =t,rh\ diln
xylb-x'^ theo t. Khi do phuang trinh da cho tra thanh mot phuang trinh bac
hai theo t.
x^+b + d = 0
8. a x + 4x^ +b + CX
Cdch giai: Dat x + Vx^ + 6 = ?, r6i biSu dien x x + ylx^+b^ theo t. Khi do
phuang trinh da cho tro thanh mot phuang trinh bac hai theo /.
9. u^(x) + aylb-au{x)=b
b > u{x). Dat Jb-au{x) = ?, t > 0 d6 dua vh he d6i
Cdch giai: Qiku kien
a
a
' u .2 (x) + at=^b
xung theo / va u{x). Do la he 2
[t^ +au(x) = b
Ghi chu: Phuang trinh dang nay c6 the tong quat hoa thanh dang
u"(x) + a!^b-au(x) - b hoac u"{x) + b = aâu(x)-b vai each giai tuang tu.
10. ifii^ - ifi^ = v(x) - uix)
Cdch giai: So sanh u(x) vai v(x). Gia su u{x) > v{x).
Suyra û{x) > ^v(x) => v(x) > u(x).
Do do phuang trinh da cho tuang duang vai u(x) = v(x).
'
Ghi chii: Phuang trinh dang nay c6 the tong quat hoa thanh dang
-A ^
!(u(x) - !fix) = [v(x) - uix)] A(x), trong do ^(x) > 0.
81
B. Phu'cng phap giai
1) Cac phucmg phap dai so
1.1. Phwffng phap nang len lily thira

Nhan xet: Trtrac khi ndng len luy thira chung ta nen sdp xip lai cac s6 hang a
hai ve de sau khi ndng len lily thira an x nam a ngodi can thuc triet tieu hoac
CO bdc thdp nhdt, dong thai luu y den dieu kien de hai vi cua phucmg trinh
khong dm (doi vai viec ndng len lOy thica bdc chdn).
Vi du 1. Giai phucmg trinh VJC-1 + Vx + 2 --Jlx = 1
L&igidL *) Dieu kien: x > 1.
Phuang trinh da cho tuomg duong vai
f
x = -\
x=2
Doi chieu dieu kien ta dugc nghiem cua phucmg trinh da cho x = 2.
Vi du 2. Giai phuang
1
trinh 4-x + - / - ^ - - V x + T =
f-l<x<0
L&igiaL *) Dieu kien: -X-ylx
+ \>Q
Khi do phuang trinh da cho tuang duang vai

yJ-X-y[x
+ \ 1 - V - X <=>-X-
^jx + l = 1 - X -
2yf^
1 + X +1 + 2y]x + \ - 4 x
<=> 1 + V x T T = 2V--X
-l<x<
16
5
o - 2 - 5 x = 2Vx + l
(thoa man)
=
<=>x
25
4 + 25x^+20x-4(x + l)
1
1
Vi du 3. Giai phuang trinh Jx + 1 - - =x
X
x-->0
L&igiaL *)Di6ukien:
l-->0
X
xÔ
o x>l
-l<x<0
R5rang, tirpucmgtrinh da cho tac6 x>0.
Suy ra x > 1.
Khi do phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vai
-x-2yf^
x+l
1^
0<^
= 0
,
l + >/5 , ,
<=>Vx - x = l < = > x =
, thoa man.
Vi du 4. Giai phuomg trinh >j2x-\ 3x-x'^
L&igidL *) Dieu Icien: x > .
2
Khi do phuomg trinh da cho tuomg duorng vai

-\
3x-x^>0
-l +
x2
x=\
3x-x^>0
2 x - l = ( - l + 3x-x^)
x = 2-y[2
(jc-l)^(x^-4x + 2 ) - 0
V i du 5. Giai phuomg trinh ^jx + 3 + VSxTT = 2^fx + -j2x + 2

LoigidL *) Dieu Icien:
x>0.
Phuomg trinh da cho tuomg duorng vai

V3x + l - V 2 x + 2 = 2 > / ^ - V ^
^ 5 x + 3-2V3x + W 2 x + 2 =5x + 3-4V^V7+3
. --
o V3x + W2x + 2 =2VxVx + 3

<=>6x^+8x + 2 = 4 x ^ + 1 2 x < x = l .
Thay vao phuomg trinh da cho thoa man.
'
'
V i du 6. Giai phuomg trinh V 4 - 3 V l O ^ ^ = x - 2.
L&igidL *) Dieu kien:
4-3N/10-3X>0
10-3X>0
74
10
<=> < x <
27
3
83
Phucmg trinh da cho tuong duong voi

4 - 3 V l O - 3 x = x ^ - 4 x + 4 cÂx-x^
=3yl\0-3x
<=>16x^-8x^+x'^ =9(10-3x) < ^ ( x - 3 ) ( x + 2)(x^-7x + 15) = 0
"x = - 2
_x = 3
Doi chiSu dieu lei en ta dugrc nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho x = 3.
+
= ^5x + \
L&i gidL Lap phuong hai ve cua phuong trinh da cho ta dugc
5 x - 2 + 3 f c - l f e - l ( ^ 2 x - l + f c - l ) = 5x + l
=> 3 ^ 2 x - l f e - 1 ^ 5 x + l = 3
x-0
<30x^-19x^ = 0 o
19
X=
30
Thay vao phuong trinh da cho dugc nghiem x = 19
30
Vi du 8. Giai bat phuong trinh 1 - 3x + 2 >0
i2/3x^+2x + l
L&i gidL Bat phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi A / 3 ? + 2x + l >3x + 2. (1)
2
a) X < -, (1) thoa man.
2
b) X > -, binh phucmg hai ve ciia (1) ta dugc
^=^^<x<=^^
3x2+2x + l>9x2+12x + 4
Suy ra > 2 < x <^ - 5 + V7 .

3
6
Ket hgp ta dugc nghiem cua bat phuong trinh x < -5 + V7
6
84
V i du 9. Giai bat phucmg trinh V^^^^ }^) + ^ ^ T ^ > J L ^ .

ylx-3
Vx-3
(Di thi DH khSi A 2004)
x2-4>0
<::>X>4.
x>3
B i t phuomg trinh da cho tuong duomg vai
y]2{x^ -16) + x - 3 > 7 - x y j l i x ^ -16) > 1 0 - 2 x
+) Voi X > 5, thoa man.
+) V o i 4 < X < 5, binh phuong hai ve cua bat phuomg trinh tren ta dugc
2(x^ - 1 6 ) > 100 - 40x + 4x^ o x^ - 20x + 66 < 0 =^ 10 - V34
< X
< 5.
Ket hop ta dugc nghiem cua bat phuomg trinh: x > 10 - ^34
V i du 10. Giai bat phuong trinh V 5 x - 1 -
> V2x-4.
(Di thi DH khSi A 2005)
L&igidL *) Q\eu kien: x > 2.

Bat phuomg trinh da cho tuong duomg voi
V 5 x - 1 > V x ^ + V 2 x - 4 < : > 5 x - l > 3 x - 5 + 2^yx^.^/2x-4
< x + 2 > V x - l . V 2 x - 4 <^x^ + 4x + 4>2x^ - 6x + 4
<::::>X^-10X<0^2<X<10.
Bai tap phan 1.1

Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh Vx + 4 - Vl - x = V l - 2 x
Bai 2. Giai phuomg trinh -^x-l^x^
+ Vx + 2 V x ^ = ^
X -1
Bai 3. Giai phuong trinh V4x + V 9 ? T l 6 = x + 2
:;
Bai 4. Giai phuomg trinh A/X + 1 + l]x-\ >/5x

Bai 5. Giai bdt phuomg trinh \/4x^ - 6 x + 3 - 4x + 3 > 0
85
Bai 6. Giai b i t phuong trinh
1
V2X + 1+1
5x + 2
Bai 7. Giai phiromg trinh ^J2x^ +2x + 5 + yjlx^ +2 = VSx^ + 2x + \ Vx^ +6

1. Dieu kien: - 4 < x < .
2
Vigt phuong trinh thanh dang
+ 4 = -Jl-x
+ ^Jl-2x
Binh phuong hai ve, nit gon dugc
2x + l = V r ^ V l - 2 x <-
<^x^0
4 x ^ + 4 x + l = l - 3 x + 2x^
2. Dieu kien: x > 1.
x-1
De pha tra tri tuyet doi xet hai truong hop:
+ ) X > 2 , truong hop nay khong c6 nghiem.
+) 1 < X < 2 , truong hop nay c6 nghiem ^ - ^
3. Dieu kien: 4x + \/9x^ +16 > 0.
Phuomg trinh da cho tuong duong voi
'x>-2
x =0
x = l
4x + V 9 x ^ + 1 6 = x ^ + 4 x + 4
4 . ^ +1 + yjx-1
= yfSx Lap phuong hai ve ta dugc
:kt^ i 2 x + 3 ^ / ^ ^ / x ^ ( ^ / ^ + ^ / ^ ) = 5x
=> ^ / x T T ^ / ] ^ ^ = X
Giai phuong trinh nay, thu lai dugc nghiem x = 0
86
5. Bat phuang trinh tuong duong vai ÎAX^ -6X + 3 >4X-3.

3
3
Xet hai truong hop jc < va x> duac nghiem ciiabat phuang trinh x < 1.
4
4
1 2
^ h -f
6. Dieu Icien: X > , x ^
2
5
Xet hai truong hop:
'
t i-.
vg; i
+) - < X < -, bat phuong trinh thoa man.
*
5x2 + l > V2x + 1 <=>

+) x> , bat phuong trinh25x2+10x
tuong duong
+ l <vai
2x + l
1 25
^x>0
Ket hop lai dugc nghiem < x < ; x > 0 .

"2/
3
7. Binh phuong hai ve cua phuang trinh ta dugc
V2x^ +2x + 5.V2x^ +2 = V3x^ +2x + l.Vx^ +6
(2x' + 2x + 5)(2x' + 2) = (3x' + 2x +1)(x' + 6)
<::>4x'' +4x^ +14x^ +4x + 10 = 3x' +2x' +19x^ +12x + 6
( x ' - 5x'+ 4) + ( 2 x ' - 8x) = 0
fx = 2
o f x ^ - 4 ) ( x ' + 2 x - l ) = 0
^
[x = - l 7 2
1.2. Phuffng phdp sie dung bieu thuc Hen hffp
Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh Vx^ +x + l + Vx^ - x + 1 = 2

lo-/^/fl/. Tu phuong trinh ta c6 x = Vx + x +1 - V x ^ - x + l
Vx^ ++ XX ++ 11 - Vx^ --xx ++ 11 == 2X
Nhu
Suy ravay ta dugc
+x + l =
<=> x = 0.
.
^^
87
+X +6 +
+x + 2 = x + X
L&igidL *) DiSu kien: x ^ 0. Nhan lien hcrp voi
trai ta dugc
+4 = ^sllx^ +x + 6-^]x^ +X + 2
x^+4
X
Hay yllx^ +x + 6-ylx^ +X + 2 = x.
(1)
Ket hop (1) voi phuong trinh da cho dugc

Vx^ + X + 2 = - <^x'^ +
+2x-4 = 0,x>0
( x - l ) ( x ^ + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 4) = 0 , x > 0 x = l .
A/3X' - 7 x + 3 - V x ' -2^^|3x-
- 5 x - l - V x ' -3x + 4
3x^-7x + 3>0
x^-2>0
3x^-5x-l>0
x^-3x + 4 > 0
Phuong trinh da cho tro thanh

V 3 x ^ - 7 x + 3 - V 3 x 2 - 5 x - l + V x ^ - 3 x + 4 - V x 2 - 2 =0
<^
2x-4
3x-6
,
,
+
^
,
=0
V3x^-7x + 3 + V 3 x ^ - 5 x - l
Vx^-3x + 4 + V x ^ - 2
(x-2)
,V3x^-7x + 3 + V 3 x 2 - 5 x - l
\/x^-3x + 4 + V x ^ - 2 y
X = 2, thoa man.
V i du 4. Giai phuong trinh V^Thl - V 3 ^ = V2 (
^3^)
L&i giai *) Dieu kien: - 1 < x < 3.

Nhan voi lien hgp cua bieu thuc can 6 ve phai ta dugc
( V ^ - V 3 ^ ) ( V ^ +V 3 ^ ) =V 2 ( V ^ - V 3 ^ )
-V
88
+) V 7 + T - V 3 ^ = 0<:^X = 1
+) ^J7+l + ^ / 3 ^
= y[2 . Binhphuonghai ve ta duoc
V I T T + V 3 ^ + 2 ^ x 7 1 ^ 3 ^ = 2.
+ Vs^)^
Chuyrang
S.uy ra
(1)
=4+ 2V^.V3^>4
+2
>
2.
Dfiu dang thuc xay ra khi x = - 1 , x = 3.

Do do phuong trinh (1) c6 nghiem x = - l,x = 3.
Tom lai, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = l , x = - l , x = 3.
Vi du 5. Giai bat phuong trinh
.
+Vx-1 < V3x-2.
V4x + 1
LMgiaL *) Digu kien: x > 1. Khi do b i t phuong trinh da cho tuong duong
2x-l
<=> ,
< V3x-2-V^
V4x + 1
2x-l
2x-l
V4x + 3
V3x-2+V^
< V 3 x - 2 + V x ^ < V4x + 1
(dox>l)
4 x - 3 + 2 V ( 3 x - 2 ) ( x - l ) <4x + l V ( 3 ^ - 2 ) ( x - l ) < 2
<:^3x^-5x-2<0--<x<2
3
Ket hop dieu kien, ta c6 nghiem cua bat phuong trinh la 1 < x < 2 .
Vi du 6. Giai bat phuong trinh
.
^ ,
> V2x + 3
Vx+l-Vx-2
TA.* M ^ - ' I - "

fVx + 1 - V x - 2 ^ 0
Lai giau *) Dieu kien: <
o x>2
[x>2
Nhan lien hop voi mau so cua ve phai ta dugc
Vx+T + > / x - 2 > > / 2 x + 3 o 2 x - l + 2 x / ^ . V x - 2 > 2 x + 3
<:> Vx + l . V x - 2 > 2 x ^ - x - 2 > 4 < ^ " x < - 2
x>3
Doi chieu dieu kien ta duoc nghiem cua bdt phuong trinh
V i du 7. Giai b i t phuang trinh ^^5^ +
x>2.
> V3x-2
2
L&igidL *) Dieu kien: ^ -
Bat phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi
Vx + 3
Vx + 3
v3x-2+Vx
Ro rang x = 1 khong thoa man (1). Xet hai truang hop sau:
2
a) < X < 1. K h i do (1) tuong duong voi
^
< ,
^
^<=>V3x-2+Vx <Vx + 3
Vx + 3 V 3 x - 2 +Vx
<z>4x-2 + 2 V 3 x - 2 . V x <x + 3 < 2 V 3 x - 2 . V x < 5 - 3 x
/
O 4 ( 3 x ^ - 2 x ) < 2 5 - 3 0 x + 9x2 <:>3x^+22x-25<0

o
< X < 1.
3
Suy ra
< X < 1.
b) X > I . Khi do (1) tuong duong voi

1
>
yJx + 3
1
,
p^c:> V 3 x - 2 + V x >Vx + 3.
V3x-2+Vx
Giai tuong tu truong hop tren ta dugc nghiem x > 1.

2
Vay, bat phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem < x < 1 hoac x > 1.
Vi du 8. Giai b i t phuong trinh 2x + Vx + 1 > V3x +1
LdigidL *) Dieu kien: x > 0.
B i t phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
2X-1>V3X-VJC+TO2X-1>
^/3^ + V ^
90
Xet cac truong hop sau:

+) ^ - ~ ' thoa man.
+) 0<x <^,hk
phuong trinh tro thanh
1< - ^ = - ^ - 7 = o
V3x + Vx +1
<::> 4x + 1 + lSx.y[x
Vs]^+v^m < 1
+\ 1
2x + V B X . V X
1< 0O
X=
0.
+ ) X > - , bdt phuong trinh tro thanh

1 > ; ^ , - = <=> VSx + Vx + 1 > 1, thoa man voi moi x > .
Tom lai, bat phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = 0, x > i .
Vi du 9. Giai bdt phuong trinh 2x>/x + 3 + V3x + 2 < 2 Vx + 3

2
Lo*/ îfl/. *) Dieu kien: x > - .
l - 2 x
2x^/x^-3 - V x + 3 < Vx + 3 - V 3 x + 2 <^(2x-l)>/x + 3 <
o(2x-l)
+ Vx + 3 + V3x + 2 J
<0<:=> < x < 0 .

3
Bai tap ph'an 1.2

Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh V'2x^ + x + l + Vx^ - x + 1 = 3x
1
V2x + 1 - V 3 ^
.^
Vx + 2
+ VxTT
Vx + 3 + V3x + 2
V3x + 2
1
V3x + 1.
Bai 4. Giai phuong trinh yjlx^ +x + 9 + yjlx^-x
+ l =x + 4
Bai 5. Giai bat phuong trinh

yllx + 9
Bai 6. Giai bdt phuong trinh
Bai 7. Giai hk phuong trinh yj\ x - yl\-x
>/4x + l
<x
H u a n g dan bai tap phan 1.Z

1. T u phuong trinh da cho ta c6 x > 0. Ro rang x = 0 khong thoa man phuong
trinh da cho, nen
x>0.
Nhan voi lien hop cua ve trai ta dugc ^J2x^ +x + \ A / X ^ ^ - ^ T T =

Ket hop voi phuong trinh da cho ta c6
Giai phuong trinh nay dugc nghiem x -
+ X+
5x + l
-19 + 3V65
14
0<x^l
<^0<x^l
2. Dieu kien:
>/2x + l - V 3 ^ ^ 0
Nhan voi lien hgp mau so cua ve trai ta dugc

^J2x + \+Î3^
1-x
yl3x + 2 _ PTTl,
FT
rr~7^
<=> V2x + 1 +V3x = V3x + 2
1-x
< 5 x + l + 2V2x + l . V 3 ^ = 3x + 2 o 2 V 2 x + l.V3l = l - 2 x

0<x<-4 + ^[2\
<:> X =
2
10
4(6x2+3x) = l - 4 x + 4x^
1
3. Dieuki^n: x > - - .
Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vod
= V3x + l - V x + T
yfI+2
92
Nhan voi lien hop ciia ve phai ta dugc

Ix
x=0
<=>
-2 + 24l
Giai ra dugc nghiem ciia phuong trinh x = 0, jc =

4. T u phuong trinh da cho ta c6 x > - 4 .
Nhan lien hgp yk trai ta dugc 2(x + 4) = (x + 4) Îx^ + x + 9 - V2x^ - x + 1
o 2 = V2x2+x + 9-V2x2-x + l .
K6t hgp voi phuong trinh ban d i u ta dugc l^llx^ +X + 9 = X + 6.
Giai phuong trinh nay dugc nghiem x
5.
V2x + 9
8
0, x = .
+1 < V2x + 1. Digu kien: x > - - .
2x
2x
<V2x+l-lC:>
V2x + 9
V2x + 9
2x
V2x + l + r
Xet cac truong hgp sau:

+ ) X = 0, thoa man.
+)
< X < 0, bat phuong trinh tro thanh
1
V2x + 9
1
c^V2x + l+l>>/2x + 9
V2X + 1+1
o 2x +1 + 2V2X+T +1 > 2x + 9
2V2X+T > 7.
Truong hgp nay bat phuong trinh khong c6 nghiem.

+ ) X > 0. K h i do bat phuong trinh tro thanh
, ^
<^J=V2^ + l<V2^^.
V2x + 9 V2X + 1 + 1
Truong hgp nay giai ra dugc nghiem x >
45
8
93
45
Vay, bat phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = 0, x > .

8
6. DiSukien:
xTu-
0<x<3,x^\.
~
'
Nhan lien hap vai mau so cua ve trai ta duac
V2x + V 3 - X
>
x-l
V4x + 1
x-\
,
Xet hai tuong hap sau:

+) 0 < X < 1, bat phuomg trinh tra thanh
V2X + V 3 - X < V4x + 1 <=>2x + 3 - x + 2 V 2 x . V 3 - x <4x + l

<=> 2 V 2 X . V 3 - X < 3x - 2 <=>
x>
4(6x-2x^)<9x^-12x + 4
Truang hop nay b4t phuang trinh khong c6 nghiem.

+ ) X > 1,bat phuang trinh tra thanh-Jlx + \ / 3 - x > V4xTT.
Truang hap nay giai dugc nghiem X > 2.
7. Dieu kien: -1 < x < 1.
<
Nhan lien hgp vai v l trai ta dugc 2x < x^VTTx + >/l-x j ,

Xet cac truang hgp sau:
+) -1 < X < 0, bat phuang trinh tra thanh
2 < V l + x + V i P x c > 4 < 2 + 2 V l - x ^ <::>l<Vl-x^ , thoa man.
+) 0 < X < 1, bat phuang trinh tra thanh

2 > Vl + X + Vl - X o 1 > A/I - x^ , khong thoa man.
Tom lai, bat phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem -1 < x < 0.
' +-S <*
1.3. Phucmg phdp phan tick nhan tie
Chii y: Trong nhieu truong hgp viec phdn tick thanh nhan tu dugc dinh huang
qua du dodn mot nghiem cua phuomg trinh. Dieu nay dua tren ca sa: niu
/ ( x ) = 0 CO nghiem Id x^ thi c6 the phdn tich / ( x ) = (x - x^ )yj (x), miin Id c6
su them - bat, tdch - ghep so hang phii hgp.
Vi du 1. Giai phuomg trinh (x - 2)V2xTT +
3x^x^+2
L&i gidL *) DiSu kien: ^ ^ - ^

Phucmg trinh da cho tuomg duong voi
(x-2)V2x + l = ( x - l ) ( j c - 2 )
x=2
x=2
V2x + 1
x=4
Vi du 2. Giai phuong trinh Vx^ - 2x + Vx^ - x =

x^-2x>0
+3x
"x<-3
L ^ - ^ w i . *)Digulcien: -
x=0
x>2
+ 3x > 0
Nhan thay x = 0 thoa man phuong trinh da cho.

Xet cac truong hgfp sau day:
a) X > 2 . Phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
^ x ( x - 2 ) + 7 x ( x - l ) = 7x(x + 3) < : ^ V x - 2 + > / x - l = Vx + 3

o 2 x - 3 + 2 A - 2 V x ^ = x + 32Vx-2>/x-l = 6 - x
o 4 ( x ^ - 3 x + 2) = 36-12x + x2 <^x = ^ ^
b) X < - 3 . Phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
^ x ( x - 2 ) + ^ x ( x - l ) = ^x(x + 3)
V 2 - X + V l - x = yJ-x-3
, v6 nghiem.
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = 0 va x = - .

Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh Vx + 3 + 2xV2x + l = 2x + V2x^ +7x + 3
2x+l>0
L&lgidL *) Qihu kien:
x + 3>0
2x^+7x + 3 > 0
<=>x> .
2

2X(N/2X + 1 - 1 ) =
(>/2x +1
-1)
95
2x = y/x + 3
^2x
+l - \0
[x = l
lx = 0
V i du 4. Giai phuomg trinh 2x^Jx + 3 - Sx^

L&igidL
*) Dieu kien:
~x-3
x>-3.
Phuong trinh da cho tuomg duong vai

(Sx^ - 4 x y l x + 3) + ( 2 x 7 ^ ^ - X - 3 ) = 0
(4x + VJT3) (2x - V x + 3) = 0
4x + V x + 3 =0
2x-Vx +3 = 0
I-V193
X =
32
x=l
V i du 5. Giai phuong trinh Vx^ +4x + 3 + ^Jx^ +x = V3x^ +4x + l
x^ + 4x + 3>0
L&igidL
*) Dieu kien:
X^ + X >
3x^+4x + l > 0
x>0
x=-l
x<-3
Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vai

V(x + l)(x + 3) + Vx(x +1) = V(x + l)(3x +1)
R6 rang x = - 1 thoa man.
+) V a i
X>
0 , phuong trinh tren tra thanh V x + 3 +yfx^
V3x + 1 .
Giai phuong trinh nay dugc nghiem x = ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^

+) V o i X < - 3 , phuong trinh tren tro thanh V - x - 3 +
= V-3x-
Truong hop nay khong c6 nghiem.

Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = - 1 , x =
8 + 2719
96
V i d u 6. Giai phuang trinh -Jx + y/lx

Lai giai *) DiSu kien: x > 0.
Phuang trinh da cho tuang duang vai
( V ^ - 2 ) + (V2JC + 1 - 3 ) = x2 - 3 x - 4
^ . - | i : = i L = ,x.l)(.-4)
Vx+2
V2X + 1 + 3
+ ) X = 4 , thoa man.
+) xÂ, phuang trinh tra thanh y[^ + 2
Chu y rang voi x > 0 ta c6
= x+l
V2X + 1 + 3
1
V^ + 2
V2X + 1+3
< - +- = ! <x + l .
2 2
Dau dang thuc xay ra khi x = 0.

Vay, phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = 0, x = 4
V i d u 7. Giai hk phuang trinh Vx^ - x + Vx^ - 2 x > ylx^+3x

X
Led giai *) Dieu kien:
-x>0
x>2
X^-2x>0<::> x = 0
x^ + 3x > 0
x<-3
Ro rang x = 0 thoa man bat phuang trinh da cho.

+ ) X > 2 , bat phuang trinh tren tra thanh V x - 1 + V x - 2 >
+3
O 2 X - 3 + 2VXM"VX-2 >x + 3 2 V x ^ V x - 2 > 6 - x
Giai bat phuang trinh nay dugc nghiem x >
+ ) X < - 3 , bSt phuang trinh da cho tra thanh > / l - x + yjl-x
> yJ-3
2\/x^ - 3 x + 2 > X - 6, thoa man.

2V2T
Vay, bat phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem x < -3, x = 0, x >
Vi du 8. Giai hk phuong trinh 2 (x +1)^ < (x + 5)(l - V2x + 3)^

LMgiaL *) Dieu kien: x>-
Bat phuong trinh tro thanh
2(x + l f (l + V2x + 3 ) % ( x + 5).4(x + l f
~ ,
<(l + V2x + 3)^ <2x + 10,X9t-l<=> V2x + 3 < 3 , x ^ - l
<x<0
2
x;^-l
2Vx + 3 > 4 + Vx^ + 2 x - 3 .
Vi du 9. Giai bat phuong trinh 2 x V x - 1 + ^^^^"^
L&igidL *)Di6ukien:
x + 3>0,x^0
x2+2x-3>0
x = -3
x>l
Nhan thdy x = - 3 khong thoa man. Xet x > 1.

2 x V J ^ - V(x - l)(x + 3) + ^ ^ ^ ^ - 4 > 0
<=>(Vx + 3 - 2 x ) .
(1)
>0.
Nhan thay x = 1, (1) thoa man.

Voi X > 1 ta CO Vx + 3 - 2x < 0. Do do (1) tuong duong voi
--V7^<0<=>- X>1
x^-x^-4>0
X>1
( x - 2 ) ( x ^ + x + 2 ) > 0 <::>X>2
Vay, b4t phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = l,x > 2 .
98
Vi du 10. Giai hk phirang trinh Vx^ +12 + 5 > 3x + Vx^ +5.

L&igidL Bat phuang trinh da cho tuang ducmg voi
(Vx'
<=>
x^ - 4 > 3 ( x - 2 ) + x^ - 4
Vx' + 1 2 + 4
Vx' + 5 + 3
x +2
x+2
>0.
Vx'+12+4
yJx'+5+3 - 3
Chu y ring
Tucmg tir,
+12 - 4] > 3(x - 2) + (Vx' + 5 - 3 )
x+2
Vx'+12+4
x+2
Vx'+12+4
x
+2
x' + 5 + 3
Tir do ta c6 x + 2
Vx' + 1 2 + 4
Do do (1) X - 2 < 0
.,fr:
(1)
x+ 2
|jc+4 <1.
0 x
<1.
x + 2 -3<0,Vx.
Vx' + 5 + 3
X < 2.
Vay, bat phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem la (-00; 2].

Bai tap phan 1.3
Bai 1. Giai phuang trinh Vx^ - x + Vx^ + 2 x = 2x
Bai 2. Giai phuang trinh 2Vx =2 + ^|\-^fx +
Vl-x
Bai 3. Giai phuang trinh xVx + 1 + Vx^ - x + 1 = x +

Bai 4. Giai phuang trinh x. Il + + Vx + 2 - l + JX + \
Bai 5. Giai bat phuang trinh

Bai 6. Giai bit phuang trinh 2(x + l)Vx + 4 > 8x^ +15x + 4
Bai 7. Giai bit phuang trinh Vx + 3 + x^ + x < 2 + V3x + 1.
99

"jc>l
1. Dieu kien: x = 0
x<-2
Phuong trinh da cho tucmg duong voi ^x{x +1) + slx{x + 2) = 2x
R6 rang x = 0 thoa man. Sau do Ian lugt xet x > l,x < -2 . Giai phuong trinh
trong tung truong hop deu khong c6 nghiem. Vay, phuong trinh chi c6 nghiem
x = 0.
2. D i k kien: 0 < x < 1.
Dat N/X
r,0 < ? < 1. Khi do phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
[i^K^t + VrT7(i + V i + r ^ ) ]
=0
r = 1.
Tu do thu dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh x = 1.

3. Dieu kien: x > - 1 . Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi
( Vx^+-1-1
l ) ( ^V
/ x ^ - x + l - x = 0.
Giai ra dugc nghiem x = 0,x = 1.

'x + 1
4. Dieu kien:
>0
-2<x<-l
<^
x>0
,x>-2
x +1
( V ^ - x ) = 0.
Giai ra dugc nghiem x = 2, x = ^

5. Bat phuong trinh CO nghiem X = l,x > 4 .
6. Dieu kien: x > - 4 . Bat phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi
2(x+i)V^+4>8(x+i)^-(x+4)
4(x +1) + Vx + 4l.r2(x +1) - Vx + 4 <0.
100
4(x + l) + VxT4 >0

2(x + l)-Vx + 4 <0
32
-4 < X < 0
<=>
32
<x<0
x>-3
7. Dieu kien: - x>-- 1 o x> 31 .
3
Bit phiromg trinli da cho tra thanh
+x-2<V3x + l-Vx +3
2(x-l)
(x-l)(x + 2)< V3x+T
+ Vx + 3
2
< 0 . (1)
x+ 2V3x + 1 +Vx + 3,
Voi x > - - taco x + 2 > - > V2 va V3x + 1 +Vx + 3 > V2, nen
3
3
2
2
x+2 ^
^ = > V 2 - = 0.
V3x + l+Vx + 3
V2
Do do bat phuong trinh (1) tuonng duong vai
3 < < x < l .
x-l<0
^
Vay, bit phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem la: - ^ < x < 1.
1.4. Phuongphdp dat &n phu hoan toan
'
a) Dat 1 an dua ve dang huu ti
Nhan xet: Truac khi dat an phu, trong mot so trucmg hop chung ta cdn nhom
cdc so hang phu hap, hoac chia cd hai ve cua phuong trinh cho mot dai luomg
phii hap.
Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh yJx + \ V 4 - x + \j4 + 3x-x^ =5
L&igidL *) D i k kien: -1 < x < 4. Dat VxTT + V 4 - x = /.
101
Suy ra V 4 + 3 J C - X ^ =
Khi do phucmg trinh da cho trd thanh t +
=5 o
Tir do giai dirge nghiem x = 0, x = 3.

Vi du 2. Giai phuong trinh (x^ +1)^v2 = xVx^ +2 + 3
Lcfigiau
Dat x4x^
cho trd thanh
+2
= r. Suy ra (x^ +1)^ = +1. Khi do phuong trinh da
- ? - 2 = 0<^ t = -\
+) Voi ? = -1 ta CO xVx^ +2 = -1< x < 0
= -V-I + V2.
x'*+2x^-1 = 0
+) Voi ? = 2, giai tuong ty trudng hop tren ta dugc x = V-T+Vf.
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x =
+V2 , x =^ + V s .
Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh SxVT- x^ = 5 - 1 6 f x + V l - x M

of^lai. *)Diukien:-l<x<l.
Dat X + Vl-x^ = ?. Suy ra x^\-x^ = ^. Khi do phuong trinh da cho trd
thanh
2
+) Voi ? = - ta CO X = i - * ! ^ .
2
4
9
+) Voi t = , khong c6 nghiem.
2
\4i
102
Vidu4. 6x + ylx + 2+2yf3^

= Syl6 + x-x^.
L&i gidL *) DiSu kien: -2 < x < 3.
'
Dat VA: + 2 + 2 V 3 - x = / > 0 . S u y r a A^6 + x-x^ - 3 x = f^-14. f

Khi do phuomg trinli da clio tra thanh r = 2 - 1 4 ) <r> / = 4.
Taco Vx + 2 + 2 V 3 ^ = 4<4V6 + x - x ^ -3x = 2.
Tir do giai ra nghiem x = 2.
Vi du 5. Giai phuong trinh xVx + 3 + x + 4 = 0.
,^
LM gidL *) DiSu kien: x > - 3 . Dat Vx + 3 = ^ > 0.
Khi do phuong trinh trd thanh
't = \
P+t^ -3r + l = 0<
_/ = - l + V2 '
Tu do giai ra nghiem x = -2, x = -ly/l.
*
Vi du 6. Giai phuomg trinh x^ + \/x'* - x ^ = 2x +1.
"
LdigidL Nhan thay x =^ 0 khong phai la nghiem cua phuomg trinh da cho.
Chia ca hai ve cua phuong trinh cho x ta duac x - + 3 l x - = 2 .
X V
Bat ^x- =t phuomg trinh tren tra thanh

P +t = 2<^(t-\)[t^+t
+ 2) = 0ot = \.
Tir do ta CO nghiem ciia phuomg trinh ban dSu x = itVs

Vi du 7. Giai bdt phuomg trinh
>
x - V x + 1 x + Vx + 1 3
LdigidL *) Qihu kien: x > 0. Nhan thdy x = 0 khong thoa man.
Chia ca tu va mau cua cac phan s6 a \& trai cho Vx ta dugc
Dat V ] c + ^ = / > 2 tadugc
+1
>2
3
Tir do giai ra nghiem cua phuong trinh x = \.

Vi du 8. Giai b i t phuong trinh 2x + 5^ > 11 +
14
jc-2'
LMgiaL Dieu Icien: 0 < x 9^ 2.

Bat phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
2 ( x - 2 ) + 5V]^>7 + ^ ^
<^2{x-2) + 54^>
x-2
Ix
x-2
Ro rang x = 0 khong thoa man bat phuong trinh (1).

Voi 0 < X ^ 2 bat phuong trinh (1) tuong duong voi
4~x
x-2
x 2
Dat 7 = - = t. K h i do bat phuong trinh tro thanh
2/ + 5 > y ^ ^ - ^ y ^ > 0
c^t{2t +
7){t-l)>0.
Xet dau ve trai cua (2) ta c6

't>\
(2)o
<t<0.
2
^^r-1
'
, u
( V ^ + l)(>/^-2) ^
+) V o l / > 1 ta CO j=^ > 1, hay -^^^^
> 0 <=> x
4~x
4~x
7
1
x-2
+) V o i </<0 taco < 1=^<0, hay
2
2
yjx
(Vx+4)(2Vx-l)>0
0<x<2
104
Vay bat phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la
x>4,<x<2.
4
V i du 9. Giai b i t phuong trinh yfx + yj\-x^
> V2^3x^^4x^.
x>0
L&igidL Dieu kien:
l-x^>0
^0<x<
-3 + V41
8
.2
2 - 3 X - 4 J C ' >0

+2ylx{l-x^)>2-3x-4x^
x + l-x^
3(x' + x) - (1 - x) + lyjix +
^ X^ + X
<3
1-x
x^ +x
+ 2,
)(1 - x) > 0
-1>0
V 1x>
^^^>-9x'+10x-l>0<
\x
3
x<
-5 + V34
9
-5-N/34
Ket hop dieu kien (*), ta suy ra nghiem cua bat phuong trinh la
-5 + V34
-3 +
V4I
<x<
9
.
8
V i du 10. Giai bt phuong trinh x^ > ( l - V x ) ( 2 x - 3 V x + 3).

Z,o"/^/ai. Dieu kien: x > 0 .
Nhan thiy, moi x > 1 la nghiem cua b i t phuong trinh.
Xet 0 < X < 1. K h i do bat phuong trinh tuong duong voi
>2x + 3 ( l - V ^ )
l-^x
5 >2
1-V^
+ 3<^
1-V^
X
>3
<-l.
Suy ra nghiem ciia b i t phuomg trinh la < x < \

+) Vori ^ < -1 <::> X - Vx +1 < 0, v6 nghiem.
l-y/x
Vay nghiem cua bdt phuomg trinh la x >
V i du 11. Giai b i t phuomg trinh
L&igidL *) Dieukien:
'
f
'
r-
'
2(x^ + 2)> 5 V ? + l
x-'+l>0<=>x>-l.
Bat phuomg trinh da cho tuong duomg v o i

V,.
2(x^ - X +1) + 2(x +1) > 5^(x + l ) ( x 2 - x + l )

1
x^-x +1
'J. \
rx..:r
o 2 +2 . - ^ > 5 . . U i -
Dat
Vx^-x+1
T
X + 1
x ^ - x + 1 = r > 0 t a d u g c 2r -5t +
+) V o i ^ < - ta CO nghiem - 1 < x < ^ ^

2
2
2>0^
^>2
;x > tt^!^
1/40 St v,b JV
-
+ ) V o i f > 2 ta CO 4x^ - 5x + 3 < 0, v6 nghiem.

Vay bat phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem - 1 < x < - ; x > ^ ' ^ ^ ^
2
2
V i du 12. Giai b i t phuomg trinh 4 ( x + 1 - V2x + 1 )^ + 3V2xTT > 2x + 4 .
Lo^'îfli.
* ) D i e u kien:
X > - .
'
'
:r
Dat V2x + 1 = r > 0 . Bdt phuomg trinh da cho t r d thanh

(/-l)"*
-3r+3
<^(?-2)r?(/-l)2
>0
+1
106
or>2,vi
tit-iy+\>i,yt>o.
Suy ra nghiem ciia bat phuang trinh da cho ^ - 2
.1
Vi du 13. Giai hk phuomg trinh 2x^+x + Vx^ + 3 + 2x^x^
Lei giai Bat x + yl,x^+3=t.

Taco 2x^ +3 + 2xylx^
Chuy r i n g
+ 3 < 9.
t>0.
+3^t^.
Khi do bat phuang trinh da cho tra thanh

t^+t-\2<0<^(t
4)it-3)<0=>t<3.
Suyra x + \lx^ +3 < 3 ^yjx^
+3
<3-x<^x<l.
Vi du 14. Giai bat phuang trinh yjx-yjx^
- \ ^x + ylx^- \ ^
x^-l>0
L&igidL *) Di8u kien:
x-yjx^
- 1 >Oc:>x>l.
:+
Dat
>0
- 1 = f > 1. K h i do bat phuang trinh da cho tra thanh
iV
s.
y + / 2 < | <ît-2){2t^
+4t-\)<0
Suyra ^x + yjx^ - I <2^x
b) Ddt 2 dn dua ve he phuomg trinh
ot<2,\\2t^+4t-\>0yt>\.
ylx^-\<\6<^\<x<^.
32
. /
Nhan xet: Phuomg phdp ddt dn phu hodn todn de dua ve he phuomg trinh
thumg duffc dp dung vdo giai cdc phuang trinh dang u" {x) + b =
aâu{x)-b
hodc cdc phuang trinh chica hai cdn thicc; moi can thicc duac ddt cho mot dn
phu, sau do khai thdc quan he giita hai bieu thicc trong cdn de thiet lap
phuang trinh cho hai dn moi.
107
Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh yjl-x + ^l + x = 2

L&igidL Dat ^l-x = u,^l + x = v ta thu dugc he
2
w+v=2
w + v = 2 <=>M =
M+ V =
(M + v)^ - 3MV(M + v) = 2
[wv = l
Tu do giai ra nghiem cua phuong trinh x = 0

Vi du 2. Giai phuong trinh V x - 1 + yjl-x = 1
L&igidL *) Dilu kien: X > 1.
Dat yjx-l = w > 0 , \ / 2 - x = V ta dugc he phuong trinh
"v = 0
w + v =1 (l-v)2+v^ = l
v=l
v = -2
Tu do giai dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho x = 2,x = l,x = 10.
Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh V 4 - x + VT+Sx = 3
L&igiai *) Dieu Icien: < x < 4.
Dat V 4 - X = w > 0,^1+ 5x = v > 0 ta thu dugc he
'M + V = 3
4 ^,=^5(3-v)2+v^=21
=21
2
v=l
(v - l)(v - 2)(v^ + 3v +12) = 0 o
v=2
Tir do giai dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho x = 0, x = 3.
Vi du 4. Giai phuong trinh V4-3Vl0^^3x = x - 2
10
x<
4-3VlO-3x>0
L&igidL *) Di6u kien:
Dat x - 2 = ;; ta dugc 4 - 3 ^ 4 - 3 7 =
108
Tigp tuc dat yl4-3y = z > 0 ta thu ducrc he y=4-3z

z^=4-3y
Giai he phuong trinh tren thu dugc y- z = l.
Tu do thu dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho x = 3.
Vi du 5. Giai phuong trinh V2 + x + yl3-x = 1 + ^(2 + jc)(3-x)
L&igidL *) Biku kien: -2 < x < 3.
Dat yl2 + x =u> 0,V3-x = v > 0 ta thu dugc he
V= 1
u +v =3
uv = 2
Tir do giai ra w, v roi sau do giai dugc nghiem ciia phuong trinh da cho
X = -\,x = 2.
Vi du 6. Giai phuong trinh yj3-x +1 = x^ - 2 x
W +
wv
L&igidL *) DiSu kien: x < 3. Dat x-\ y phuong trinh da cho tro tharih
72^ +2=
Tigp tuc dat yj2-y = z > 0 ta thu dugc he

/ =z + 2
-->; + 2
{y + z)(y-z)
Tir do giai dugc z = 2, z =
=y +z
-i+Vs
Tu do giai dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh x = - l,x =
5
I- X
3 + 75
z
Vi du 7. Giai phuong trinh 6\/6x + 4 + 4 = x''
L&igidL Dat yf6x + 4 = y ta thu dugc he
x^=6>' + 4
,
z^(x-y){x
+xy + y +6)^0ox
= y.
/=6x +4
Tu do giai dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh x = -2,x = 1 73 .
-V-
X C V-
V i d u 8. Giai phuongtrinh ^{3x + lf

Lai giai Dat
+ 1 = a, ^3x-
+ ^{3x-lf
=l
(a-b)[a^+b^+ab)
=\
+ ^9x^-1 =1
\ 6 ta c6
a^+b^+ab
a'-b'^2
a^+b^+ab
a-b
(Jb + lf
+b^ +{b +
=2
l)b^\
=2
Tir do giai ra nghiem cua phuomg trinh da cho la x = 0.

Vi du 9. Giai phuong trinh 4x^ -13x + V3x +1 + 5 = 0
' ~
'
''^ ^-iîm
m^mv
f._ j _
Lo-Z^/fl/. *) Dieu kien: X > - - .

Nhan xet: Khi dat an phu de dua ve he phuong trinh chung ta thuang dua ve
he doi xirng hoac he phuomg trinh ma sau khi cong dgi so hat ve cua no ta dua
ve duac phuang trinh tich. Muon vdy trong mot so truang hap ta can chu y
den "he so" cuaphep dat.
CJ vi du nay ta dat VSxTT = ay + b roi chon a,b de c6 dugc he nhu mong mu6n.
Dat V3x +1 = 3 - 2j; ta thu dugc he
( 3 - 2 x f = x + 2>; + l
.
(x->;)(2x + 2>;-5) = 0
(3-2>;) - 3 x + l
Tu do giai dugc nghiem cua phuang trinh ban dau

15-V97
x=
8:
11 + V73
,x =
Vi du 10. Giai bdt phuang trinh Vx + 2 + ^ 1 - x > 1

L&igidL *) Dieu kien: x > - 2 .
Dat Vx + 2 =a> 0 , ^ 1 - x =b la thu dugc he
110
a + b>l
\ =>a^+
<3
a'+b'=3
a > l + V2 x > 3 + V2
-2<x<2
0<a<2
- X>g + ( C - X]- Da/ 2 an (îra ve phuang trinh tich
Vi du 1. Giai phucmg trinh 5VJC^TT = 2{x^ +2)
L&i gidi *) Diû kien: x > - 1 . *
Dat Vx+T = w>0,Vx^ + 1 = V > 0 taCO + = + 2.
Khi do phuong trinh da cho tra thanh
l w
5WV = 2 ( M ^ + V ^ ) O ( 2 W - V ) ( M - 2 V ) - 0 .
Tir do giai dugc nghiem cua phucmg trinh da cho x = 5 + V37 .

Vi du 2. Giai phucmg trinh x^ + 3^x^-1 = Vx'* -x^ +1 :i
L&i giai *) Dilu kien: x < - l;x > 1.
iiiiO
Dat x^ = a > 1, Vx^ - 1 = > 0 ta dugc phucmg trinh

<^6(3a + 56) = 0 6-0, vi 3a + 56>0.
a + 3b^yla^-b^
Tir day thu dugc nghiem cua phucmg trinh ban dku x = 1.
Vi du 3. Giai phucmg trinh %/x + l + N/X^ = y[x + ylx^ +x
L&i gidi Dat N/X + 1 =a, ^ = b ta dugc phucmg trinh
[a^b
a + b^ =^b +
abc^(a-b)ib-\)^0
6 = 1 <:> X = 1.
Vi du 4. Giai phucmg trinh Vsx^ +14x + 9 - Vx^ - x - 2 0 = 5VxTT
fx>-l
L&i gidi *) DiSu kien: 0 o x > 5.
Phuong trinh da cho t u o n g duong v o i
'
yJSx^ + 14x + 9 = Vx^ - X - 20 +

5 x ^ +14JC + 9 = X ^ - x - 2 0 + 25(x + l ) + 10V(x + 4)(x^ - 4 x - 5 )
< 2 ( X ^ - 4 J C - 5 ) + 3(X + 4 ) = 5 V ( X + 4 ) ( X 2 - 4 X - 5 )
Dat VA: + 4 = a, yjx^ -4x-5
26^ +
+) V o i a-bta
=b ta dugc phuong trinh
= 5a6 <=> (a - 6)(3a -2b)
dugc nghiem x =
=0
+ ) V o i 3a - 26 = 0 ta dugc nghiem x = 8.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = ^
V i du 5. Giai phuong trinh 3xylx^ +1 = x V
, x = 8.
-19x -16.
L&i gidi. *) D i e u kien: x^ + l > 0 < x > - l .

Phuong trinh da cho t u o n g duong v o i
3xyl(x + l)(x^ - X +1) = ( x ' +1) + (x^ - X +1) - 1 8 ( x +1).
Dat a =
b = y[7 -x + \,a>0,b>0.
K h i do phucmg trinh t r o thanh
3(a'-l)aZ) = a V + 6 ' - 1 8 o '

<=> a^b(3a -b) = b(3a -b) + 2{b^ - 9a^)
î3a-b){a-b
+ b + 6a) = 0
<;=>3a-b = 0, v\ + b + 6a>0.
Suy ra 3Vx + l = Vx^ - x + 1 x ^ - 1 0 x - 8 = 0 < x = 5 V 3 3 , t h o a m a n d i g u k i e n .
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 5 V33.
V i du 6. Giai phuong trinh x + 2 ^ 7 - x = 2 V x - l + V-x^ + 8 x - 7 + 1
L&i gidi. * ) D i e u kien: l < x < 7 .
112
Dat yJx-\ a, yjl-x
-b
ta dugc phuomg trinh
+ 2b = 2a + aboia-2)(a-b)
= 0.
+) Vai a = 2, dugc nghiem x = 5

+) Vai a = b, dugc nghiem x = 4.
Vay nghiem cua phuang trinh la x = 4;x = 5.
V i du 7. Giai phuang trinh V4x2+5x + l - 2 V x 2 - x + l = 9 x - 3
L&i giai Dat V4x^ +5x + l = a, 2\lx^-x
trathanh a-bâ^
-b^ <^{a-b){a
+ l = 6. K h i do phuang trinh da cho
+ b-\)
= Q.
+) Vai a = b thu dugc nghiem ^ =

+ ) V a i a + b = \o \ / 4 x ^ + 5 x + l + 2 V x ^ - x + 1 = 1
(1)
Chu y ring ve trai cua (1) luon Ion han 1 vai mgi x , nen (1) v6 nghiem.
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhdt ^
V i du 8. Giai b i t phuang trinh 2(1 - x ) V x ^ + 2 x - l < x^ - 2x - 1 .

L&i giai *) DiSu kien: x^ + 2x - 1 > 0, hay x < - 1 - V 2 ; x > - 1 + V2.
Dat yjx^ +2x-l
= (3 > 0,1 - X = 6, b i t phuang trinh da cho tra thanh
2ab<a^-4(\-b)^(a-2)(a
o
Vx' + 2 x - l - 2
2-2b)>0
V x ^ + 2 x - l + 2 x >0.
(1)
Xet 2 truong hgp sau:

TH1. x>-\ V2. Khi do Vx^ + 2 x - l + 2 x > 0 , nen (1) tuang duang vai
x'+2x-l-2>0
x > - l + V6
x > - l + V6.
x<-l-V6
77/2. x < - l - V 2 . Khi do V x ^ + 2 x - l + 2 x < 0 , nen (1) tra thanh
> / x ^ + 2 x - l - 2 < 0 < - l - V 6 < x < - l + V6.
113
Ket hop dieu kien cua trucmg hop nay ta dugc - 1 - V 6 < x < - 1 - V2.
Vay nghiem cua b i t phucmg trinh da cho la - 1 - V6 < x < - 1 - V2 ;
X > - \
y/6.
Vi du 9. Giai bat phucmg trinh x - 1 > x^^x-l
Dat yfx - a, y/x-l

b^>aîb~a)
Chu y rang b-a<0,
- Vx j + \Jx^ -x .
= 6, bat phucmg trinh tren trd thanh

+
ab<:>ia^-b){b-a)<0
nen bat phucmg trinh tren tucmg ducmg vai
>b, hay
x>y/x-\.
Bat phucmg trinh nay nghiem dung vai moi
x>l.
Vay, bat phucmg trinh da cho c6 nghiem x > 1.
'
Vi du 10. Giai b i t phuang trinh {x +1)^ < 4 ( 2 + ^x^ -2x^ - 3x + 4
x>
LM gidu *) DiSu kien: x^ - 2x^ - 3x + 4 > 0
< X < \
Bat phuang trinh da cho tra thanh

(x^ -
X- 4)
+ 3 (x -1)
<
4 ^ ( x -1) (x^ -
X- 4)
I + V17
Truang hap 1. x>

at ylx-\--a>oJx^
Dat
-x-4=b> 0 ta duac
b^+3a^
<4ab<:>ia-b){3a-b)<0
TIT day ta dugc - <a<b,
>/x^<\/x^-x-4
hay
3yf7-i>ylx^-x-4
Tir do giai dugc nghiem 3 < x < 5 + 2V5
'
114
Truomg hap 2. ^ < x < 1.

Dat V l - x = a > 0 , V - x ^ + x + 4 = 6 > 0 ta duac -b^-3a^ < Aab, luon thoa
man.
Vay nghiem cua hk phuomg trinh da cho 3 < x < 5 + iVs ; -'^^^ < x < 1. 'I ?
Bai tap phan 1.4
Bai 1. Giai phuang trinh 4x^ - 3x - 4 = ^x^ -x^

Bai 2. Giai phuomg trinh V3x-2 + Vx-1 + 9 = 4x + 1^3x^ -5x + l
Bai 3. Giai phuang trinh V2x + 3 + Vx + 1 +16 = 3x + l^lx^ +5x + 3
Bai4. Giai phuang trinh 2x^+(x-l)Vx+T = 5x +7
_
Bai 5. Giai phuomg trinh 3^2+ x - 6 ^ 2 - x + AÂ-x^ = 10 - 3x.
(DkthiDHB 2011)
1 o ,
Bai 6. Giai phuang trinh x^ + 2x
X = 3x + l
Bai 7. Giai phuang trinh 2x^ + 5x - 1 =X7^x^-1
Bai 8. Giai phuomg trinh 4x^ + (4x - 3)>/x-l = 5(x +1)
Bai 9. Giai phuang trinh Vs + x + 3 = x^ - 4x
Bai 10. Giai phuang trinh >/l5 + 2x + 20 = 32x(x + 1)
.
. .T .r
^miaiv:- -
IX + 3
Bai 11. Giai phuomg trinh 2x^ + 4x = J^

Bai 12. Giai phuang trinh 3^8 I x - 8 = 3x^ - 6x^ + 4x - 6
Bai 13. Giai phuomg trinh ^5 + x + ^ 2 - x +1 = \/x^ +3x-10
Bai 14. Giai phuang trinh Vx+T > 1 + %/x
Bai 15. Giai phuang trinh (3x - 6)Vx'-l = x' + x' -17x +18.
115
Bai 16. Giai phucmg trinh yjx + l + ylx + 2 = 1 + \lx'^ +3x + 2

Bai 17. Giai phucmg trinh 7(x^ + x) =
4x + 9
28

1. R6 rang x = 0 khong thoa man phuong trinh da cho. Chia hai
X -
cho x ta dugc
Dat 3 | x - i = / tadugc 4/^-?-3 = 0<=>(r-l)(4r^+4/ + 3) = 0

<^ r = 1. T u do giai dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh ban dku x = 1 + Vs
2. Digukien: x > l . Dat V 3 x - 2 + V x ^ = / > 0 .
Binh phuong hai
cua (1) ta dugc 4x + 2V3x^ - 5x +
Khi do phuong trinh da cho tro thanh t'^ -t-6
= 0<^
(1)
2
2=r+3.
t=3
t = -2
Suy ra V 3 x - 2 + V ^ - 1 = 3 . Giai phuong trinh nay dugc nghiem x = 2 .

3. Tuong tu bai 2.
4. DiSu kien: x > - 1 . Dat Vx + 1 =t>Q.
Khi do phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
f ( 2 / ^ + ? 2 - 9 / - 2 ) = 0.
Phuong trinh nay truong duong voi t{t - 2) {2t^ + 5^ +1 j = 0 >
/ =0
/=2
Suy ra nghiem cua phucmg trinh ban d i u x = - l , x = 3.

5. Diû kien: - 2 < x < 2. Dat V2 + x - 2 ^ 2 - x =t {\). Binh phuong hai v6
cua (1) ta dugc 10 - 3x -
A^JA-X^
Khi do phucmg trinh da cho tro thanh 3/ =
f=0
r = 3"
116
' 8
Thay vao (1) giai dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh ban dau ^ ~ ^
-l<x<0
1
6. Dieu kien: x > 0
x>l
1
Chia ca hai ve ciia phuong trinh da cho cho x ta duoc x + 2
X
Dat ^ X
= / > 0 ta duoc
+ 2t-3 =
0c^t^\.
Tu do giai dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh ban dau x =
1V5
7. Di6ukien: x > l .
2(x^+x + l ) + 3 ( x - l ) = 7 ^ ( x - l ) ( x ^ + x + l '
2 + 3 . - ^ = 1 - = 7.
X
+ X+
VX
+ X+
1
>-2
x-1
Oat ^
+X +
x-1
= / > 0. Khi do ta CO
- 7/ + 2 = 0 <=>
1
t= 3
+) Voi / = 2 ta dugc 4x + 3x + 5 = 0, v6 nghiem.

+) Voi f = ^ ta dugc nghiem x = 4 V6 .
8. Dieu kien: x > 1. Dat 2x + ylx-l
= t. Khi do phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
t = -\
r-3/-4 = 0 t = 4
+) Voi ^ = - 1 , khong thoa man.
+) Voi t = 4 ta CO nghiem ciia phuong trinh ban dau x =
117
9. Dieu kien: x > - 5 .

Dat x-2 = y tadurgc + 7 +7 = .
Dat ^y + 7 = z > 0 ta dugc he
/ = z +7
(y-z){y + z + \) = 0
z^^y + 7
+) Vai y = z giai dugc nghiem x =
5 + V29
+) Vai y + z + l-0 giai dugc nghiem x = - 1 .

10. Dieu kien: x > - .
2
Phuang trinh da cho tra thanh Vl5 + 2x + 28 = 2(4x + if.
Dat 4x + 2 = a,yj2x + \5 = Z? > 0 ta dugc
2^2 =a
=6 + 28
2b^
2S <^{a-b){2a + 2b + l) = 0.
Tu do giai ra nghiem cua phuang trinh x = ~,x = ^^^^
2
16
11. Dieu kien: x > - 3 .
Phuang trinh da cho tuong duang vai 2(x +1)^ =,/ "'"^ + 2
D$t x + l = a, x + 3 -b>0 ta dugc he 2a'=b + 2

2b^ =a + 2
Tir do giai dugc nghiem cua phuang trinh ban dhu
-s-VTs
-3 + 4vi
x,x =
.
<4
4
12. Phuang trinh da cho tuang duang vai
118
27^27(3x - 2) + 46 = (3x - 2)^ - 46
Dat 3x - 2 = a, ^27a + 46 = Z) ta dugc
27b = a'-46
27a = 6^-46
ia-b)iâ^ +ab + b^ +n) = 0<â
Khidotaco a ^ - 2 7 a - 4 6 = 0<(a + 2 ) ( f l 2 - 2 a - 2 3 ) = 0
3+
2V6
Tir
nghiem=cua
13. do^5 thu
+ xdugc
= a,^2-x
b phuoTig
tadugc trinh da cho x = 0,xa + b + ab = -\ a + b + ab = -l
{a + bf -3abia + b) = l
'a = ~l,b^2
a = 2,b = -\
Tu do thu dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho x = -6,x-?>.
14. Dieu kien: x > - 1 .
Dat 4x + \ a , ^ = 6 taCO
b<a-\
, / ,\
a 2 - 11 = 0A3 ( a > 0 ) ^ a ^ - l < ( f l - l )
0<a<l
a>3
-l<x<0
Tu do thu dugc nghiem cua bit phuong trinh ban diu x>% '
15. Dieu kien: x>l.Phuong trinh tuong duong vai
(3x - 6)V(x-l)(x^+x + l) = x(x^ + X +1) -18(x -1).
Dat a = yfx^, b = Vx^+x + 1, a>0,b>0.

Khi do phuong trinh tra thanh
i3a^ -3)ab = (a^ +\)b^ -\Sa^
^3a^b-3ab-a^b^-b^+\Sa^
=0
{3a'b -a'b^)-(3ab-b')
+(\Sa' -2b^) = 0
o a^bi3a -b)- b{3a -b) + 2{3a - b){3a + b) = 0
<^(3a-b){a^b + b + 6a) = 0c>3a-b=-0 (vi a>0,b>0).
Suy ra sVx-l = \lx^ +x + l
^9(x-\)
= x^ + x + \ox^ -Sx + \0 = 0^x = 4y[6.
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 4 V6.
16. Dat
= a,^[7+2 = 6 ta dugc
a + Z) = l + afe<=>(a-l)(6-l) = 0 ^ a = l x = 0
6 =1 x = -l
1
4x + 9
17. Dat x + - = >;, J
= -y + = z thuduoche
4
4
Tir do giai ra nghiem ciia phuong trinh ban dSu x = ^'^^^^ ^x= ^
2
28
V7
28
14
14
1.5. Phuangphdp ddt an phu khong hodn todn
a) Dat 1 an dua ve phuong trinh tham so la an ban ddu
Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh 2(1 - x)Vx^ + 2 x - l = - 2x - 1
L&igidL *) Dieu kien: x^ + 2x - 1 > 0.
Dat V ? + 2x - 1 = / > 0. Khi do phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
/ ^ + 2 ( x - l ) / - 4 x = 0.
(1)
Xem (1) la phuong trinh bac hai an t (x la tham so) ta giai ducrc nghiem
't = 2
J = -2x
+) Voi ^ = 2 ta CO Vx^ + 2 x - l = 2 x = -1 V6.
+) Voi t = -2x ta CO -y/x^ + 2 x - l = - 2 x , phuong trinh v6 nghiem.
120
Vay, phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = - 1 >/6.

Vi du 2. Giai phuang trinh (4x - \)\lx^ + \
+ 2x +1
L&igiaL Dat Vx^ +1 = ^ > 1. Khi do phuang trinh da cho tra thanh
^^+2(x-l)/-4x = 0 ( 2 ^ - l ) ( ? - 2 x + l)= 0
< / = 2 x - l , vi 2 r - l > 0 .
Tu do giai ra nghiem cua phuang trinh da cho ^ = -
x2+2 x = l +2
Vi du 3. Giai phuang trinh x^ +
Lotigidi. Dat Vx^ + 2 = r ta thu dugc phuang trinh

r - (2 + xV + 3x - 3 = 0 < ^
_/=x-r
Tu do giai dugc nghiem cua phuang trinh ban dSu x = V7 .

Vi du 4. Giai phuang trinh (x + \)^x^ - 2 x + 3 = x^ + 1
LMgiaL Dat
- 2 x + 3 = / > 0 . K h i do phuang trinh da cho tra thanh
^2+(x + i y + 2(x + l ) = 0 o ( t - 2 ) ( / - x + l ) = 0
+) Vai ^ = 2 ta c6 Vx^ - 2 x + 3 - 2
x = 1 V2
+) Vai ^ = X - 1 ta CO Vx^ - 2 x + 3 = x - 1 ,phuang trinh Vhong c6 nghiem.

Vay, phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = 1 V2.
Vi du 5. Giai phuang trinh yj%{x + 2) + 4 V 2 - x = VQX^ +16
LMgiai. *) Dieu Icien: - 2 < x < 2.
Binh phuang hai ve ciia phuang trinh da cho ta dugc
9 x 2 + 8 x - 3 2 = 16V8-2x^
(1)
Dat \ / 8 - 2 x ^ = ? > 0. Khi do phuang trinh da cho tra thanh

+16r - x^ - 8x = 0
{It - x){lt + X + 8) = 0.
121
+) V o i 2t-x
= 0 giai ra dugc nghiem x =
+) V a i 2/ + X + 8
0 ta c6 2y]^-2x^
4V2
+x + S = 0, phuong trinh v6 nghiem.

4>/2
V i du 6. Tim nghiem duong cua phuong trinh . II - + 3.,

\
L- = .^^Ljt^l
X
l-i>0
LMgidL
*) Dieu kien:
x-->0
X
Vi
X>
0 suy ra
X>
1.
Phuong trinh da cho dugc viet lai duoi dang

x-1
x-\
Dat
t^-{l
x-1
Khi do ta dugc phuong trinh
-t>0.
+ 3Îx + \)t + 2x = 0.
Giai phuong trinh tren nhu phuong trinh bac hai theo t ta dugc
f =2(l +V ^ ) ; ^ = - l + V ^
+) V o i r = 2(1 + V-v + 1 ) ta CO
nghiem v i
x-1
=2^1 + Vx + l ) , phuong trinh nay v6
< l < 2 f l +Vx+TVVx>0

x-1
+) V o i t^-\ Vx + 1 ta CO
= - 1 + v x + 1 . Binh phuong hai ve thu
dugc ( x - V x + T = 0 .
122
Tu day giai ra nghiem cua phucmg trinh ban dku x -
Chuy: Co the dat
^ = a, yJx + \ b dk dugc phuong trinh
{a-b-l){2a-b-2)
=0
b) Dat an phu dua ve he chita an ban ddu

Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh ^2~x +2 = x^
Led giai *) Digu kien: x < 2 .
Dat V 2 - X = y > 0. Khi do ta dugc he
x^ =y + 2
{x-y){x
+ y)^x
+y
+) Voi x + y = Q taco x + V 2 - x = 0<::>jc = - 2 .

+) Vai
X-
1 ta
CO X -
V 2 - x = 1 <::> x = i - t ^
,x = -2.
Vi du 2. Giai phuong trinh 4x^ + 7x +1 = 2^x + 2

L&igidL *) Diû kien: x > - 2 .
Dat 2x +1 = r, V 2 / - 3 x = y thu dugc he
r + 3 x = 2v
2 .
_^(t-y)(t
y^+3x = 2t
+) Voi t- y-O
+ y + 2) = 0
ta CO 2x +1 = Vx + 2 . Giai ra nghiem x -
4
+) Voi t + y + 2 = 0 giai ra duoc nghiem x =

4
1
7
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = - . x = .
4'
4
10Q
Chuy: Ta cung c6 ihk dat Vx + 2 = / > 0 d duoc phirong trinh

(/ + !)' ( 2 / - 3 ) ( 2 / - l ) = 0.
Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh 8x^ - 13JC^ + 7x = 2 N / X ^ + 3 X - 3
L&igidL Viet lai phuong trinh da cho duoi dang
{2x-Xf
-(x^ - X - 1 ) = 2 ^ 2 ( 2 x - l ) + x 2 - x - l
Dat 2 x - l = a,>/x^ + 3 x - 3 =fe,tir(l)tathudugc

- x^ + x + l = 2Z)
(a-6)(a2+a6 + 62+2) = 0
6 ^ - x ^ + x + l = 2a
a = 6, vi +fl6+ 6^ + 2 > 0
T u d o t a c o N / X 2 + 3 X - 3 = 2 x - l <(x-l)(8x2-5x-2) = 0
x=l
5V89
X =
16
Vi du 4. Giai phuong trinh x^ - 6%/6x + 4 = 4
Ldtigial Dat A/6X + 4 = ^ ta dugc he phuong trinh
x-' - 6>' = 4
I J
7
\
y - 6 x =4
^(x-
y)(x +xy + y +6] = 0

^
^
<=> X = J', vi x^ + x^^ +
+ 6 > 0.
Tir do ta CO x = >/6x + 4 <:>x^-6x-4 = 0<=> x = - 2

= 1N/3
X
Vi du 5. Giai phuong trinh 2x - x - 1 = v6x + 2

L&igiai. *) Dieu tcien: x > - ^.
Dat V6x + 2 = 2>' > 0 ta thu dugc he phuong trinh
124
2x^ =x + \ 2y
^(x-y)ix
+ y) =
-(x-y)
2y^=3x + \
x= y
x + y = -\'
Tir do giai dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho x =
3vr7
Bai tap phan 1.5

Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh x^ + 2{x - l)Vx^ + x + l = x - 2
Bai 2. Giai phuong trinh x^ - 3 x
+ 5 = (x + l)Vx^ - 4 x
+ 5
Bai 3. Giai phuong trinh 4yjl + x = 1 + 3x + 2y/\-x + V l - x ^
1 X + 2 + xV2x + l
n>- ^ r--- u
v2x + l
T"
- y j x +2
Bai 5. Giai phuong trinh 3x^ x ++ 2x + 3 = (3x + l)yjx^
+3
H u a n g dan bai tap phan 1.5

1. Dat Vx^ + X + 1 = t, phuong trinh da cho t r d thanh
r ^ + 2 ( x - i y - 2 x + l = 0<(/-l)(/ + 2 x - l ) = 0
.1 nb
2. Dat V ? - 4x + 5 = f > 0. K h i do phuong t r i n h da cho t r a thanh

r - (x + 1 >
+ X=
0 <=>
t=\
t = x'
T u do giai ra nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho x = 2 , x = - .

4
3. Dieu kien: - 1 < x < 1 . Dat V l - x = / . Phuong trinh ban dau t r a thanh
- (2 + VrT7)/-2(1 + x) + 4 V m - 0
t = 2yl\ ^
t = 2-sf\ ^'
125
Tir do giai ra nghiem ciia phuong trinh da cho x~0,x
4. Dieu kien:
=--.
2
^X + yj2x + \^0
Dat y/x + 2 -t ta duoc phuong trinh

- { ^ X + y/2x + l'jt + Xy/2x + \0
<^ (t-x)(^t-yj2x
't^x
+ 1^ = 0
J = yj2x + \
T u do giai dugc nghiem ciia phuong trinh da cho x = \;x = 2.

Chu y: Cung c6 thk dat yjx + 2 =a>0,
yj2x + \>0
{a-b)[a^
-a-2)
d% dugc phuong trinh
= 0.
5. Dat \Jx^ +3 = t, phuong trinh da cho tro thanh

-{3x + l)t + 2xix + l) = 0c^{t-2x){t-x-\)
= 0.
Tir do giai ra nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho la jc = 1.
1.6. Phirmgphdp ddnh gid

Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh yJ2-x^
x+ -
V
Lei giai *) Dieu kien: ^ -
- 2

42-x^
^
1
1 .
+x +
2 - + - =4
x^
X
(1)
Theo bat ding thuc Bunhiacopski ta c6
4r-
+ X<
2 va
X
Suy ra 42-x^
+x+
X^
126
Do do phuofng trinh (1) tucmg duong voi
^
1
1 ^
2-+= 2
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit x = 1.

V i du 2. Giai phuong trinh Vx + 1 + yjlx-l
+ V13-3JC
13
^/ai. *) Dieu kien: 1 < X < .
Theo b i t dSng thuc Cosi ta c6
V ^
A/2X-2+V13-3X
= ^ ( 2 . V ^ ) + ^ ( 2 . V 2 ^ ) + ^ ( 2 . V l 3 - 3x)
4+ x+ l
4 + 2X-2
4 + 13-3X

Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat x = 3.
V i du 3. Giai phuong trinh x + V T - x ^
= 1 -yjs-x^
L&igidL *) Dieu kien: |x| < 1.

Tu dieu kien cua x ta c6 x + yjl-x^
>-!>!- Vs-x^
Dau dang thuc xay ra khi x = -1.

Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat x = - 1 .
Vidu4. V ^ - V x 2 - x + l-x^+3x-2 = 0
L&i giai. *) Dieu kien: x > 0.
Vai
X >
0 ta c6
-(x-ir(x+i)<o.
Dau dang thurc xay ra khi x = 1.

Vay, phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhdt x = 1.
V i du 5. Giai phuang trinh N / 3 - X + Vx + 1 = ^ (x -1)^.
L&igidL
*) Digu kien: -1 < x < 3
Ta CO ( V 3 - X + VxTT)^ = 4 + 2 V 3 - x . V x + T > 4 .
Suy ra
+1 > 2, dau dang thurc xay ra khi x = -1 hoac x = 3. (1)
Mat Idiac, t u dieu kien cua phuang trinh ta c6 -2 < x - 1 < 2, nen
^ ( x -1)^ < 2, dau dang thurc xay ra khi x = -1 hoac x = 3.
(2)
Tir (1) va (2) suy ra nghiem cua phuang trinh da cho la x = -1 hoac x = 3.
Vi du 6. Giai phuang trinh \l2x^ - 1 + x V 2 x - l = 2x^
L&igidL
*) Dieu kien: x >
Phuang trinh da cho tuomg duang vai

72x^-1
V2x-1
= 2.
, V 2 X - 1 , , V2x^-1
<1.
Vai dieu kien cua bai toan ta c6
<1 va
X
x'
Suy ra
z +X
<
2.
Dau dang thurc xay ra khi x = 1.

Vay, phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit x = 1.
L&igidL
+ x - 1 +V4-x2 +yl2x-x^
=3
*) Dieu kien: 0 < x < 2.
128
T a c o ||jc| + V 4 - x ^ J = 4 + 2|x|V4-x^ > 4 .

Suy ra |x| + V 4 - x ^
> 2
(1) "
"
Dat |x - 1 | = /,0 < / < 1, v i 0
< X
< 2.
Khido
x-l\ hx-x^
^t +
Ket hop vdfi (1) ta dirac
^fl^
: - l + V 4 - x 2 +^l2x-x^
D a u d a n g t l i u c x a y r a k h i x = 0 hoac
>3.
x-2.
Vay, phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = 0 hoac x = 2 .

Vi du 8. Giai phuang trinh Vx + 2 + Vx^ + x + 2 = 2x + V 2 x + T
L&i giai *) DiSu kien: ^ ^ - ^
:1
Phuang trinh da cho t u a n g duang v a i

Vx + 2 - V2x + 1 = 2 x - V ? + x + 2
1-x
( x - l ) ( 3 x + 2)
Vx + 2+>/2x + l
2x + \lx^+x
+2
(1)
C h u y rang v a i x > - ta c6 2x + Vx^ + x + 2 > 0.

2
Xet cac truang hap sau day
1. X = 1, thoa man.
( x - l ) ( 3 x + 2)
2. - - < x < l . K h i d 6
.
= >0>
, nen (1) v6
2
.
Vx + 2 + V 2 x + l
2 X + A/X^ + X + 2
nghiem.
( x - l ) ( 3 x + 2)
,
,
...
^
< 0 < ^
,
, nen ( 1 ) vo nghiem.
+ V2x + 1
2x + V x 2 + x + 2
1-x
i. x > l . Khido
V ^
Vay, phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat x = 1.
129
Vi du 9. Giai hk phuong trinh yflx + l > yjlix^ + 2) + x - 1

L&igidL *) Dieu kien: x > - ^ .
Bit phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi
V2x + 1 > N / 2 X ^ + 4 + X - 1
Chu y rang, voi x >
ta c6
* *"'
yj2x + l < \ / x ^ + 2 x + l = x + l = 2 + x - l < yjlx'^ +4+x-l

Daudangthucxayrakhi x-0.
Vay, bit phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = 0
Vi du 10. Giai phuong trinh V 2 x - 1 . ^ 4 x - 3 . ^ 6 x - 5 = x^
L&igidL *) Dieu kien: x > - .
6
N/2X-1 ^ 4 X - 3
X
_^
Chu y rang, voi dieu kien cua bai toan ta c6

X
Suy ra V2X-1 . ^ 4 x - 3 . ^6x-5 < 1.

X

Vi du 11. Giai phuong trinh ^2A:-1 + V 2 x - 1 = 2(V^ + VI
Ldigiai. *) Dieu kien: ^ - ^
2 V I - V 2 x - l + 2 V I - f e - l =2
130
Tnrac hettachi ra 2Vx - ^ I x ^ . > 1.
(1)
That vay, (1) tirong duomg voi + >/ 2 - < 2 , dung (theo bat dang thuc Cosi).
X
Ti6p theo ta chi ra 1 ^ - ^2x-\ 1
(2)
Ta CO (2) tuong duong vai 4 1 . J 2 - 1 . 2 .

X
That vay, theo bat dang thuc Cosi ta c6
1 . 4 2 _ l , i , l
\
<2.
Tir(l)va(2)tadugc 2 ^ ^ - V 2 x - 1 + 2 V ^ - ^ 2 x - l > 2 .
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit x = 1.
Vi du 12. Giai phuang trinh IsVx-x^ + 9ylx + x^ =16
LcngidL *) Dieu kien: 0 < x < 1.
'
Ap dung bat dang thuc Bunhiacopski va Cosi ta c6
u4x-x^ + W x + x^ < (13 + 27)(l3x- 13x^ + 3x + ?>x^)

= 1 6 . 5 x ( 8 - 5 x ) < 1 6 . ^ ? ^ ^ l ^ ^ = 162
Suyra
u4x-x^ +9\/x + x^ < 1 6 .
4
V x - x ^ = - V x + x^
3
<:>X = 5x = 8 - 5 x
^
Vay, phucmg trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit ^ = ^
Dau dang thuc xay ra khi
V2x' - 2 x - xV2x' + 2 = "^^^ ~ ^ ^ ^

X <0
LMgiaL *) DiSu kien: 2x^ - 2x > 0 <=> x > l
131
Ap dung bat dang thuc Co-si ta c6
2
Suy ra yjlx"-2x
-x^jlx^
+1 <
-
X =
. DSu dSng thuc xay ra

2
<=> X =
-1.
-V2x = Vx' +1
Vay, phucrng trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit x = - 1 .
Vi du 14. Giai phuomg trinh xyllx^ +2 + V6x^ - 2 =3x^+1.
L&igidL *) Diû Icien: 6x^ - 2 > 0 <=>
^ ^>
3'
Ap dung bat dang thuc Co-si ta c6

x4^^^l2x.4^7^<^='-^;
2
V^7r^=i.2.V^^<l^=^.
2
Suy ra xV2x' +2 + N/6X' - 2 < 3x' + 1 .

Dau dang thuc xay ra khi ^''^
2 = V6x'-2
<=> X =
1.

Vi du 15. Giai phuong trinh xVx + 1 + V 3 - x = 2vx^hl.
L&igidi. *) Dieu kien: - 1 < x < 3.
Ap dung b4t dang thuc Bunhiacopski ta c6

x V ^ + V 3 ^ < ^(x' + l)(x + l + 3 - x ) = 2Vx' +1.
Dau dang thuc xay ra khi Vx + 1 = x V 3 - x <=>
"x = 1
x-lV2'
132
Bai tap phan 1.6

Bai 1. Giai phuang trinh V x - 2 + V 4 - x = x'^ -6x + \\ of> lri>l
Bai 2. Giai phuang trinh l^fx + ^\-2x = 1
Bai 3. Giai phuang trinh V3x + 4 + yjlx + V l - x =3
=^ + -Jl-x
3+ Vl-x
3X(N/X-2
+ V4-x) =
+9
Bai 6. Giai phuang trinh ^ 4 x - 3 + + ^ 2 - x = x + 2

Bai 7. Giai phuang trinh x + x^ + yll-x"^ + ^2-x^ = 4
Bai 8. Giai phuang trinh 2x^ + V2x-1 = x^ + 2x
Bai 9. Giai phuang trinh x + 2yl2x-x^ = 1 + 2Vx .
Bai 10. Giai phuang trinh VxTI + VxTs = 3x + V2x
v v fu:.

1. Digukien: 2 < x < 4 .
V ^ + V4^<l^ + i^ = 2
< ( x - 3 f + 2 = x 2 - 6 x + ll
"r
^ ^: 0 . -v;:^ lyjid
2. Dieu kien: 0 < x < .
^ ^ i
2
ChuyrSng 0 < l - 2 x < l . Suyra 2>/Gc + ^ l - 2 x >2x + ( l - 2 x ) = l.
Diu ding thuc xay ra khi x = 0.
3.KhiD do
i k kien:
'
' ^ > 3.
, 0 < ^x < 1. .Suyra V3x + 4 + V2x+>/l-x
VV3x2 x+ +4v>r2^ > i
133
,^
4. Diku kien: 0 < x < 1.

Khi do danh gia duoc
3+
<i<^
+ yjl-x
y/l-X
Dau dang thuc xay ra khi x = \.

5. Diûkien:
2<x<4.
Ap dung bat dang thuc Cosi ta c6

3 x ( ^ / ^ +^/4^)<3x
l+x-2
1+4-x
+

6. Danh gia ^ 4 x - 3 < x va V ^ + ^ 2 - x < 2 .
y.Danhgia x^+yjl-x"^
<2 va x + ^2-x'* < 2 .

8. Dieu kien: x > .
2
= (x -1)^ + 1 .
X
Taco ^<1
< ( x - i f + l . D a u dang thuc xay rakhi x = l .
9. Digu kien: 0 < x < 2.

Nhan thay x = 0 khong thoa man. Chia ca hai
cho Vx ta dugc
2(V^ + > / 2 - x ) = 2 + V ^ + ^ .
^
Vx
Danh gia 2 ( V x + > / 2 - X ) < 4 < 2
+ N/X+-^-

10. DiSukien: x > 0 .
Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi > / x + T - V 2 ^ - 3 x - > / x + 8.
Chiatnronghop 0<jc< 1 va x>l de so sanh hai ve voi 0.

Tir do suy ra nghiem x = \.
2) Cac phirang phap lirgng giac va giai tich
2.1 Phuang phdp lugtnggidc hoa

Nhan Xet: Khi gidi mot s6 bdi todn chica can thicc chung ta c6 the sic dung
phep dat luang gidc (luang gidc hoa) de khu can thicc. Khi dgt an phu luang
gidc ta su dung phep dgt dgc trung theo dgc diem cua can thicc c6 trong bdi
todn. Cu the nhu sau:
Gid sir a la so thuc duang.
+) Voi â-x^ , dat x = 4asmt,- <x< hoac x = Vacos/,0<x<^r.
2
2
+)V6i V x 2 - a , d a t x ^ ^ , t '
s'mt
0; TT y
,te
hoac x =
cost
hoac x = yfa cott,tE{0;7r)
2'2
+) Vori yjx^-a , dat x = Va tdnt,t
Vi du 1. Giai phuang trinh 4x^ -3x- \ll-x^
LcfigidL *) Digu kien: -1 < x < 1.
Dat X = cosf,0 <x<n. Phuang trinh da cho tra thanh
'7t
t^
4cos^^ -?>cost-s,\nt <^ cos3r = cos
v2 y
n+ kn
r
=
7>t^ t + kln
8
2
3f = 2
^t^kln
4
Do / e [0;;r] nen ta2 c6 cac gia tri cua ^ la = ,^2 = ~^'^3 ^
135
Suy ra nghiem cua phuomg trinh da cho x = cos,x = cos,x = -

8
8
2
Vi du 2. Giai phuong trinh 5 + sVl-x^ = 8(x^ + (1 -x^)^)
LMgiai *) Dieu Icien: -1 < x < 1.
Dat X = cosÔ < X < Phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
5 + 3sinr = 8(cos^^ + sin^r) <=>5 + 3sin/= 8(l-3cos^/sin^^)
<:> sinr = 1 -8cos^rsin^ t ^ cos4f <=> cos4f = cos
2
2
TV
10
Tt
kin
y2
1
J
(ksZ).
kin
Do r G fO;;rl nen ta c6 cac gia tri cuat =t\k t,+= ,U = .U = ^

^
.
' 1 0 ^ 2 ^ 10
6 3
Suy ra nghiem cua phuomg trinh da cho x = cos,x = cos,x = 0.
10
10
Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh V2 (Sx^ -1) = 2x - Vl-4x^
L&i giaL *) Dieu kien: - < x < .
2
2
.:; v. ^
Dat x = -sin^,- <^<.
2
2
2
Phuong trinh da cho tro thanh V2 ^2 sin^ ^ ~ ^) ~sin/-COS/
V2 (sin/-cos/)(sin/ + cos/) = sinf-cos/
+) sin/-cos/ = 0.Khid6 t^ ^kn,k^TL.
4
Do
<t< ,nen t = . Suy ra x = .
^
4
2
'id
136
+) sin^-cos^>0. Khi do V2(sin^ + cos?) = 1 <=>sin
t + = + k27r
4
n
4J 2
12
(A:6Z)
7^
t + = + k27r
4 6
/ = + )t2;r
12
Do
< / < , va sin/ - cosf > 0 nen khong c6 t thoa man.
2
2
<=>
+) s i n f - c o s / < 0 . Khi do V2(sin/ + cos?) = - 1 <=>sin
? + =
4
+ k2z
,
/ = 5^ + k27r
+ A:2;7-
r=
f + =
12
A:2;T
(keZ)
6
Do - < / < 4, va sin/-cosf
<Onen t =12-. Suy ra x = - s i n
2
2
12
12
^, x = -sin 5;r
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = >/2
4
12
35
Vi dy 4. Giai phuong trinh x +
L&igidL *)Di6ukien: x >\.
Tu phuong trinh da cho ta thdy x>0. Suy ra x > 1.
Dat x = -^,te
. Khi do phuong trinh da cho tra thanh
sin?
1 = 35 osmf + cos/ = 35
1
.
sm/cosr.
smt cost 12
12 ;
Dat sin/ + cos/ = M , l < M < V 2 . taco sin/cosf =

Khidotaduoc ^ ^ 3 5 ( u ^ - l )
24
137
Giai phuong trinh tren ta dugc gia tri u thoa man la M =

1
1
- + -
35
Khi do ta duoc s'mt cost 12

1
1
25
sin? cos? 12
1
sin?
1
sin?
3
5
4
Tir do ta dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho la x = ^ , x = ^ .

23
Vi du 5. Giai phuong trinh Vl + x^ = ^ ^ ^ ^ )
6x^-20x^+6x
LdigiaL *) DiSukien:
-20x^ +6x<:>x
^Q,x^yf3,x^-7=.
v3
Khi do phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi

6x(l + x^)^-32x
1
+x
Dat X = tan ?, - y < ? < y , phuong trinh da cho tro thanh

cos? = 3sin2?-4sin^2? <cos? = sin6? osin6?=:sin ?
v2
n
k2n
et = -t + k2n:
?
=
+
2
14
7
7t k2n:
St = + t + k27r
2
t = +
10
5
Do - < ? < , nen ta c6 cac gia tri cua ? la
2
2
^
3;r
_ n
_57t
3;r
_ n
Tijr do thu dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho x = tan?,, / = 1,2,...,5.
Vi du 6. Giai phuong trinh ^ l + V l - x ^ U(}-xf
->/(l + x)^] = 2 + V l - x ^
Lo'/^/fli. Dieukien: - l < x < l .

138
Dat x = cost,0<x<7r.
Phuong trinh da bho tro thanh

= 2 + sin?
yl\ sin? (7(1 -cosO^ - V(l + cos/)^
. t
t
3 ^
3 ^
sin+ cos 2V2 sin c o s - = 2 + sin?
2
2
2
2)
it
1 + sincos = 2 + sin?
4i sin it c o s
2
2
1
o - V 2 c o s / ( 2 + sin/) = 2 + sinf <^cos/ = 1 = > x =
V2
4i
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = Vi du 7. Giai phuong trinh 64x^ -Wlx^
+ 56x^ - 7 =
2yll-x^
(Di thi Olympic 30/4)
Lei giai Dieu kien: - 1 < x < 1.

Dat x = cost,Q<x<7t.
Phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
64 cos^ r -112 cos"* t + 56 cos^ / - 7 = 2 \ / l - c o s ^ /
(1)
Nhan thSy cos / = 0 khong thoa man (1).

Do do phuong trinh (1) tuong duong voi
64 cos^ r -112 cos^ t + 56 cos^ / - 7 cos ? = 2 cos r sin t
<=> cos 7/ = sin 2? <=> cos 7? = cos -It
v2
It^--2t
+ kl7r
k2n
/= +
18
n
lt = - + 2t + k27r
2
9
k2n
+
10
5
Do f e [O;^] va cosf ^ 0 nen ta c6 cac gia tri cua t la
_ n
_57V
_ I3n-
_ \ln
^l8''2
"T''^ ^TF''^ =
_'in
_ln
"To
Tu do thu dugc nghiem ciia phuong trinh da cho x = sinfy,/ = 1,2,...,6.

139
Vi dy 8. Giai phuang trinh
yl\-2x
+ -Jl + lx
x = -cost,0<t
t
<;r.
t
l-2x
l + 2x
1
1
Loti gidL *) Dieu kien: < x <
Dat
sin+ cos
+ ,
\ 2x
\-2x
Phuang trinh da cho tra thanh

t
= tan+
cott
< 2(1 + sin/) = r sin t
(sinr-l)(sin r + 2sin / + 2) = 0
<sin/ = l 0 / = + A:2;T,yteZ.
Do 0 < / < ;r, nen ta c6 / = .

2
Suy ra nghiem cua phuang trinh da cho la x = 0.
Vi dugiai9. Giai
phuang
*) Dieu
kien:trinh
|x| > 32(x
2 . - 4x^ - 4 ] =
Xet hai truang hop sau.
2
,0 < / < . Khi do phuang trinh da cho tra thanh
1. X > 2. Dat X =
32
- 2 cos/ = 3 ^2^8 < = > 8 ( l - c o s / ) = sin^/
sin^/
sin/ sin/sin/
<=> 8(1 - c o s / ) ( l - c o s ^ / ) = 3 <=> (2cos/-l)(4cos^ / - 2 c o s / - s ) = 0
jt
<=>cos/ = - , vi 4 c o s ^ / - 2 c o s / - 5 < 0 vai 0 < / < .

2
2
Suy ra sin/= ^ . Tu do ta dugc X =
2. x < - 2 . D a t x = ^ , - - < / < 0 .

...
'
sin/ 2
140
Khi do phucmg trinh da cho tra thanh

32
8
3
cos/
-+2
= 3 r - <:ii>8(l + cosr) =
sinr
suit
sin^ t
sin^ t
<^ 8(1 + cos/)(l - cos^ t^ = 3o (2cos/ + l)(4cos^ t + 2cos/ - s) - 0

<^cos/^
^ ^ " ^ , vi O<cos/<1 v a i - < / < 0 .

4
2
Suy ra sin/ = - .
Tu do dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho x = -3
+ V2T
4V3
-3
+ V2T
Bai tap phan 2.1

Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh yjl + yjl-x'^
Bai 3. Giai phuong trinh x +

= x|l + 2VI-A;^ j
3x
x2
= 6V2
x +x
+ x\l\-x^ = 1 - 2x^
Bai 6. Giai phuong trinh x^ + ^ ( l - x ^ ) ^ = 2x^yll-x^

Bai 7. Giai phuong trinh Sx'* -8x^ +1 = V l - x ^
141

1, Dat X = smt,- <t < . Phwcmg trinh da cho.trd thanh
2
2?
Vl + cosr = sinr (1 + 2 cos 0 <^ V2 cos - = sin r + sin 2t
'
n;i t: ^ . 3t
t
<,V2cos = 2Smcos- o
2
2
2
cos = 0
2
. 3/
1
sin--^
.
2 V2
KSt hop voi diu kien cua t suy ra / = hoac t = .

6
2
Suy ra nghi?m cua f^tiong trinh jc,= hoac x = 1.
-
n
0 u
2 >
2. Diu kien: x > 1. DSt x,- ^ , / e

sin/
I 0;2 .
Xet hai truong hop:

Tncomghap J: te
. Khi do phuong trinh da cho tra thanh
1
^1
. ^
. 2
sinr cos/ ,
smt = 1 - sin t -4 sin/
V.4
COS/ + I
^
,^
. ^ 1
<^
= cos/(cos/ +1)
sin2/ = - .
4sin/
2
Doi chieu dieu kien ta c6 /, = ./o = .
' 12^
12
Truong hap 2: t'

^1, .
smt
v4
<=>
. Khi do phuong trinh da cho trd thanh

1
cos/
, . 2
- s i n / = 1 - Sin / -4 sin/
+ cos/(cos/ - 1 ) = 0 <=> sin2/ = .

4sin/
2
142
Doi chieu dieu kien ta c6
t-,--,tA--~.
12
Tir do suy ra nghi?m
cua phuang
trinh da1 cho
1
X = 1 ,x =
-,x\=sin , x =
sinsin 12
sm-12
12
12
3. Dieu kien: |x|>3.
^
12^
Tir phuang trinh da cho ta c6 x > 0. Suy ra x > 3. Dat x =

Phuang trinh da cho tra thanh - ^ + ^ ^ = 2V2
CGSt smt
cost
,t e
<=>sinr,+ cos/ =
4l\nlt
"sin2/ = l
<=>l + sin2r = 2sin^ 2/<z> sin2/ = -î'
2
Doi chieu dieu kien cua t ta c6 t - .
4
Suy ra nghiem ciia phuang trinh da cho x = 3V2.

4. Di6ukin: x;tl. Dat x = tanr,/e 2'2
sin/
Phuang trinh da cho tra thanh 1
cos/ cos/cos 2/
<::>COS2/ = COS/
K2
2/ =
J
cos 2 / = sin/
t^kln
= - + / + A;2;r
2
D6i chiiu digu kien cua t ta c6 / = . Suy ra x = ^ .
6
V3
1
5. Dieu kien:
2/
Dat x = sin/,
n k27t
t =+
6 3
/ = + k2n:
2
< x < .
4
143
Khi do phuomg trinh da cho tra thanh

. 2f = cos^ It
- + sin ^ cos ? = 1 - 2 sin^ / o 1- + 1- sin
2
2 2
sin2^ = - l
<:> 2 sin^ 2? + sin 2^ - 1 = 0
ma
^ 1
sin 2/ =
Doi chieu dieu kien cua tia.c6 u --,U = .
2
'
4 ^ 12
Tu do suy ra nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho x = ,x = sin,
6. Digu kien: |x| < 1. Dat X = c o s / , / E [0;;r].
Khi do phuong trinh da cho trd thanh
cos-' t + sin^ t = 2 cos^ / sin /.
(1)
Ro rang cost - 0 khong thoa man (1). Do do (1) tuong ducmg voi
tan^ / +1 = 2 tanf <=> ( t a n / - l)(tan^ r + tan/-1) = 0
'tan/ = l
tan/ =
1
Doi chieu dieu kien cua / ta c6 cos / = -7=,cos
/ -, 2
V2
\5^/5
1
Tir do suy ra nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho JC = V2'^
7. Di6u kien: |x| < 1. Dat JC = cos/, / e [0;;rl ta dugc
7=
cos 4/ = sin / <=> cos 4/ = cos

4t = ~t + k27r
2
At^- + t + kln
2
i5y[5'
71 kin
t = +
10
7t
144
/= +
6
5
kin
3
Doi chieu dieu kien cua t ta duac U- J - , = ,t-.
'
2^
10^
Tir do suy ra nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho.
10
'
2.2. Phuffng phdp ddnh gid bdng ham so

V i du 1. Giai phuomg trinh 2UlSx'^ + l0x + 6 - V 3 - x ) - yfx + l
LorigidL*)Qihukien:-\<x<3.
Phuomg trinh da cho tirorng duorng v a i
V x T T + 2>/3-x =27(5JC + 1 ) ^ + 5
(1)
Xethams6 / ( x ) = Vx + l + 2 V 3 - X , - l < x < 3 .

Tac6/'(x)=
/(x) = 0
= = , - l < x < 3 .
-l<x<3
V 3 ^ =2 V m ^ ^
= 2V^.
Taco / ( - l ) = 4 , / ( 3 ) - 2 , /
Suy ra / ( x ) < 2Vs < 2^(5^ + 1 ) 2 + 5 , V x e [ - 1 ; 3 ] .
(2)
T u ( l ) v a (2) t a c o
V ^ + 2V3^
= 2N/5
2V(5x + l)2+5 = 2V5
o x = .
5
Vay, phuomg trinh da cho c6 duy nhdt nghim
Vi du 2. Giai phuomg trinh >/2 + x + V 2 - x = x^ - 3x

I<W^mA * ) D i k kien: - 2 < x < 2 .
x> f
Xet ham so / ( x ) = x^ - 3 x tren - 2 < x < 2 .

Taco /(x) = 3 x 2 - 3 = 0
x =l
x =- l
145
va / ( - 2 ) = / ( I ) = - 2 , / ( - l ) = / ( 2 ) = 2 .
Suy ra
<2,VXG[-2;2].
(1)
Matkhac (^y/l + x+y/2~xf
=4 + 2yl4-x^ > 4
Suyra V2 + x + V 2 - x >2,Vxe[-2;2].
(2)
V2 + x + >y2-x =2
Tir(l) va (2) ta c6
x = +2.
x^-3x = 2
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = + 2
x^+2x^-2
Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh x + Vl-x^ =
x+2
L&igidL *) Dieu Icien: - 1 < x < 1.
Xethamsd / ( x ) = "^^^^ ~^ = x^
^tren-l<x<l.
x+2
x+2
'x = - l
-3 + V5
Taco / ' ( x ) = 2x +
;
(x + 2r
Bang bien thien cua / ( x ) :
;/'W =
X
fXx)
fix)
0o
-1
X=
= ^
0
-1
1
1
3
Xet hai truong hop sau

a) - l < x < 0 . T a c 6 / ( x ) < - l < x + V l ^ ^ , V x e [ - l ; 0 .
Dau dang thuc xay ra khi x = - 1 .
b) 0 < x < l .
Chuyrang (x + V l - x ^ =l + 2x>/l-x^ > 1 , 0 < x < l nen x + Vl-x^ >1.
146
Vay, fix)<^<\<x
+ yl\-x^ , Vx e [ 0 ; l ] . Suy ra phuong trinh khong c6
nghiem trong truong hop nay.

Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat x = - 1 .
x +5
+ Vx + 2
=1
x'+5
L&igidL
* ) Dieu kien: x > - 2 .
Xethamsd / ( x ) = ^ l i = , x > - 2 .
x'+5
T a c o fXx) =
-p==jL; / ' ( x ) = 0 x = 1.
Ta CO / ( - 2 ) = 1, / ( I ) - V6, l i m / ( x ) = 1 .
Suy ra / ( x ) > 1, V x > - 2 . D o do
x +5
+ Vx + 2 > l , V x > - 2 .
Dau dang thuc xay ra k h i x = - 2 .

Suy ra phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = - 2 .
V i du 5. Giai phuong trinh 3^12-3x2 = X
L&igidL
18
2+2x + l
* ) Dieu kien: - 2 < x < 2 , x ; t - - i - .
Phuong trinh da cho dugc viet lai

x + yjl2-3x^
= 2 2x + l +
2x + l
(1)
X e t h a m s6 / ( x ) = x + > / l 2 - 3 x ^ , - 2 < x < 2 .

Tac6/'(x)-l-
3x
.,-2<x<2.
3x^
^-2
/(x) = 0
< X<
4^-3x^ = 3x
<^x = l .
147
Taco / ( - 2 ) = - 2 , / ( 2 ) = 2 , / ( l ) = 4.
Suy ra - 2 < f{x) < 4, Vx e [-2; 2 .
Xet hai truomg hop sau
1
9
a) < x < 2 . K h i do 2x + l +
>6.
2
2x + l
9
Vay,taCO sfX + ^\2-?>x^ < 1 2 < 2 2x + l + 2x + l
D i u ding thuc xay ra khi x = 1.
b) - 2 < x < - - . K h i d 6 2x + l + ^ < - 6 .
2
2x + l
Vay, ta c6 S^x + V l 2 - 3 x ^ j > - 6 > -12 > 2 2 x + l + -
2x + l
Suy ra phirorng trinh khong c6 nghiem trong truomg hop nay.

Tom lai, phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhdt x = 1.
Vi du 6. Giai phuomg trinh
+ , ^
= >/3 + 2 x - x ^
V2-X
Vx
Led giai *) Dieu kien:
3 + 2x-x^ >0
<=>0<x<2.
.t lib ;v
0<x<2
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = - ^ +
J-,0<x<2.
Vx V 2 ^
Taco /'(x) =
^ + =L_,0<x<2.
2Vx^
2yli2-xf
'0<x<2
o x =l .
Taco / ( I ) = 2, lim / ( x ) = lim / ( x ) = +oo.
Suyra
/(x)>2,Vxe(0;2).
(1)
0
Matkhac, V3 + 2x-x^
= V 4 - ( x - l ) ^ <2
(2)
148
Tu (1) va (2) suy ra phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vol

yl3 + 2x-x^ = 2
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat x = \.
Vi du 7. Giai phuong trinh 3(V2x + V 3 - x ) = x^ -3x^ +13
LdigiaL *) Dieu kien: 0 < x < 3 .
Xet ham s6 u{x) = yflx + V 3 - x , 0 < x < 3 .
Taco w'(^) = - 7 l =
V2x
2V3-X
, 0 < x < 3 ; u'(x) = 0<=>x = 2 .
Ta CO u(0) = ^/3,M(2) = 3, w(3) = V6 . Suy ra M(X) < w(2)-',=t 3,Vx

: , I ' e! [0;3].
Dodo 3(V2^ + > / 3 ^ ) < 9 , VXG[0;3].
(1)
Mat khac, xet ham s6 v(x) = x^x -3x^

+13, 0 < x < 3 .
= 0
^^-î-Ml^^^
Taco v'(x) = 3x^ - 6 x = 0<=>
x=2
Tinh cac gia tri v(0),v(2),v(3) ta dugc v(x) > v(2) = 9,Vx G [0;3] .
(2)
Tu (1) va (2) ta dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho la x = 2.
Bai tap phSn 2.2
Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh Vx + 1 + 2yj3-x
= -x^ + 6 x - 7
Bai 2. Giai phuong trinh 2A/I2 + X^ + 3 - X = 3^5+ 4 x - x^

Bai 3. Giai phuong trinh 3Â-x^ + 4 = x + 36
5x-2
Bai 4. Giai phuong trinh ,
,
= Vx + 2 + y]3 + 2x-x^
Vx + l + V 3 - x
Bai 5. Giai phuong trinh ^"^."'"^ + >/2x-3 = 2

1. Dieu kien: - 1 < x < 3.
Xet ham s6 f{x) = yjx + l + 2>/3-x tren [-1;3] ta dugc
2</(X)<2V5,VXG[-2;3].
Tudotaco
+ 1 + 2V3-X > 2 > 2 - ( x - 3 ) ^ = - x ^ + 6 x - 7 .
Suy ra nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho la x = 3.

2. Dieu kien: - 1 < x < 5.
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = 2Vl2 + x^ + 3 - x , - l < x < 5 .
Taco / ( x ) =
2Vl2 + x^ + x - 3 , 3 < x < 5

2Vl2 + x^ - x + 3 , - l < x < 3
2x
Suyra/'(x) =
+ 1, 3 < x < 5
V12+?
2x
; /'(x) = 0 x = 2
-l,-l<x<3
. V l 2 + x2
Tinh cac gia tri / ( - l ) , / ( 2 ) , / ( 3 ) , / ( 5 ) tathudugc
<9
Mat khac, 3V5 + 4 x - x ^ = 3^9-{x-if
(1)
/ ( X ) > / ( 2 ) = 9,VXG[-1;5
(2)
Tir (1) va (2) suy ra phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = 2 .

2
3. Dieu k i e n : - 2 < X < 2,X ?t - .
Viet lai phuoTig trinh da cho thanh
4 x + 3 V 4 - x 2 = 5 x - 2 + ^5 x - 2
(1)
2.
Xet hai truong hgp:

2.
'
a) - < x < 2 . Xetham s6 / ( x ) = 4 x + 3 V 4 - x ^ , - < x < 2 thudugc

^
5
150
(1 '
=10,Vxe - ; 2 .
/oN
f{x)<f
36
Trong khi do 5 x - 2 +
5x-2
8
2 > 1 2 - 2 = 10, dau dang thuc xay ra khi x = - .
5
g
Suy ra, truong hop nay phuong trinh c6 nghiem ^ = ^
2
b) -2 < X < . Xet tuong tu truong hop tren, trong truong hop nay ta thu dugc
U^-x'^ > - 8 > - 1 2 > 5 x - 2
5x-2
Nen truong hop nay Ichong c6 nghiem.
4. Dieu kien: - 1 < x < 3. Viet lai phuong trinh da cho thanh
- V 3 + 2 x - x ^ = Vx + 2
Vx +1 + V3 -
~H
at VxTT + V 3 - X = t,2 < t <2V2 . Suy ra S + 2x-x^

Dat
Khi do
.
^ ,
^ - V 3 + 2x-x^
Vx + l + V 3 - x
Xet ham s6 f{t) =
Of
+ 2.
2
+ 2, 2 < r < 2V2 ta thu dugc f{t) < f(2) = 1.

i_ M i l ' d
Vay,
.
^ .
-V3 + 2 x - x ^ < l < V ^ , V x g [ - l ; 3 ] . A
Vx+1+v3-x
D ^}'\
S.DiSukien: < x < 3 .
2
^
XethamsS / ( x ) =
-iTi'ih
+V2x-3,-<x<3.
l+v3-x
2
Ta CO / ( x ) dong bien tren doan
1^^
;v a
'^J;ni
Xet cac truong hop sau

+) - < X < 2 . Khi do fix) < / ( 2 ) = 2, dSu dang thuc xay ra khi x = 2.
+) 2 < X < 3. Khi do / ( x ) > / ( 2 ) = 2, nen phuong trinh khong c6 nghiem
trong truong hop nay.
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhSt x = 2.
2.3. Phuangphdp ham s6 dan dieu
. ., -
- ; . (4
Phuong phap ham so don dieu dua tren cac ket qua co ban sau day:
1. Neu ham so y = f(x) don dieu tren K thi phuong trinh / ( x ) = 0 c6 khong
qua 1 nghiem
T6ng quat: NSu f'(x) lien tuc va c6 n nghiem tren K thi phuong trinh
/ ( x ) = 0 CO khong qua +1 nghiem tren A^.
2. N6u ham so >- = / ( x ) d6ng bin, ham y = g(x) nghich bien tren K thi
phuong trinh / ( x ) = g(x) c6 khong qua 1 nghiem tren K.
3. Ngu ham s6
f (x) don dieu tren K thi phuong trinh
^ "
/ ( " ) = / ( v ) <=> w = V voi M,V G/iT.
Phuong phap ham so don dieu thuong dugc su dung de giai cac phuong trinh
CO mot trong hai dang sau day:
Dang 1. Phuong trinh / ( x ) = 0, trong do chung ta c6 ihk lap dugc bang biSn
thien ciia ham y-f (x). Dang 1 nay c6 cac truong hgp dac biet:
- Ham y = f(x) don dieu tren khoang D.
k
- Ham y = / ( x ) don dieu tren moi khoang
c D, u A", =D va cac khoang

1=1
AT,, roi nhau.

r;.
- Phuong trinh / ( x ) = 0 <=> g(x) = h{x), trong do >' = g{x) va j = h{x) la
cac ham don dieu ngugc chiSu tren D.
Mot yeu cau can thiet khi giai phuong trinh Dang 1 la chung ta chi ra tinh don
dieu cua / ( x ) tren cac khoang KciD, rhi nhkm tim dugc nghiem cua
phuong trinh tren K (neu c6), sau do su dung cac tinh chit da trinh bay we ham
dcm dieu de ket luan do la tat ca cac nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho. Truong
hop phuong trinh khong c6 nghiem tren K thi dua vao dac diSm
/ ( x ) trenATdg kSt luan.
gia tri ciia
, '.^
Dang 2. Phuong trinh / ( x ) = 0
F ( w ( x ) ) = F ( v ( x ) ) , trong do y = F{t) la
ham don dieu tren K va w(x), v(x) thuoc K voi moi x G D .

Khi do, ta CO F ( M ( X ) ) = F ( V ( X ) ) <^ u{x) = v(x).
6-x

1+Vl-x
3 + VX + 3
LofigiaL *) Didu kien: 0 < x < 1.

(1)
Xet ham so / ( x ) =
4~x
+ Vx + 3 , 0 < x < l .
1+>/r~x
.[^-t.
J<%
d a 1 CM}
Nhan th4y / ( x ) d6ng bien tren [ 0 ; l ] va / ( I ) = 3.

Do do phuong trinh (1) tro thanh / ( x ) = / ( I )
x = 1.
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = 1.

Vi du 2. Giai phuong trinh Vx^ - x + 5 + V 2 x - 1 = 8
LdigiaL *) DiSu kien: x > Xet ham s6 fix)
= Vx^-x + 5 + V2x-1, x > - .

2
r
^
2X-1
1
^
1
Taco/'(y)=
,
+ ,
>0,x>-.
2
2Vx^-x + 5 V 2 x - 1
Suy ra / ( x ) dong bien tren khoang
'
Chu y rang / ( 5 ) = 8. Do do phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi

/ ( x ) = / ( 5 ) x = 5.
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = 5.
153
Vi du 3. Giai phuang trinh 1 +
1 = =x+1 + Vr^~
\
^2(\-x)
L&igidi. *) Dieu kien: - 1 < x < 1.

Xet ham so /(t) = ^ ^ = , 1 <t<4.
l+V4-r
T a c o / ' ( 0 = -^
^'Ô'O^^^'^.
V4^.V^(l + V 4 ^ )
Suyra f(t)
ddngbilntren [0;4].
Phucng trinh da cho dirge viet lai thanh dang

/ ( x + 3 ) - / ( 2 x + 2) = x - l .
Chii y rang, do x < 1 nen x + 3 > 2x + 2. Suy ra
fix + 3) > / ( 2 x + 2), hay f(x + 3) - / ( 2 x + 2) = x - 1 > 0. Din din
Do do ta
CO X
= 1. , 3 7 ,
Vi du 4. Giai phuang trinh 4x^ + 5x-(x + 3)V2x+T = 0

LMgiai
*) Dieu kien: x > -
Xet ham so f{t) =
+ 5/,r G M . Ta c6 f{t)
la ham d6ng hxkn tren M .
Phuang trinh da cho dugc vigt lai dual dang

. / ( 2 x ) = / ( V 2 x + l)<:^2x = V2x + l c>x = - ' - i ^
Vay, phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = ^ ^ ^
4
N\u 5. Giai phuang trinh 4x^ + x - (x + l)V2x + l = 0.

LM giai Dieu kien: x > - ^ .
Phuang trihh tuang duang vai (2x)^ + 2x = (72x4-1^ + V2x + 1.
(1)
154
Xet ham s6 f(t) = P+t tren R. Ta c6 f'(t) = 3t^ +1; f \ t ) > 0 vai moi t eM.
Suy ra ham /(t) d6ng biln tren R. Do do
(1)/(2x) = / ( V 2 x + l)2x = V2x + l
' "
r2x>0
i + v^
[4x^=2x + l
x=^^^
4
Vi du 6. Giai phuong trinh (x^ -l)V2x + l
4x'
LM giaL *) Dieu kien: X > - ^ .
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la
x +\
x^+\
. - r,:
Chu y ring, tir phuong trinh da cho ta c6 x > 1. . i

Phuong trinh da cho dugc viet lai dudi dang
' A'
x^-l^(2x + l)^-l
X
V2x+1
Xet ham s6 / ( O = Ta CO / '(0 =
.- ,
> 0.
+ ^ > 0, nen f{t) d6ng biSn tren khoang (O; + oo).
Do do phuong trinh (1) tuong duong voi

/ W - / ( V 2 x + l)x = V2x + l ^ x = l + V2 .
^^jmx ; ) \
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x = 1 + ^/2 .

Vi du 7. Giai phuong trinh x'' + 3x^ + 2x = 2(x + l)V2x + 3
L&igiaL *) Dieu kien: x > - ^ .
(x + l ) ^ - ( x + l) = (V2x + 3)^-V2x + 3
(1)
155
. . . . .3 . - 1
Xethamso^ f{t)
=
t-t,t>--.
Taco f\t) =
3r-\>0^ ^ ^ ; / ( o ) = / ( i ) = o.
Bang biln thien cua /(t):

/(O
_1
2
+ 0
0
-
V30
+C0
3
8
<
Xet cac truang hop sau:
--<x+l<0
a) < x < - l . K h i d 6 2
/ ( x + l ) > 0 > / ( V 2 x + 3).
. 2
0<V2x + 3 <1
Dau dang thiic xay ra khi x = - 1 .
J"
b) - l < x < 0 . K h i d 6 0 < x + l<l<>/2x + 3=:^/(x + l ) < 0 < / ( V 2 x + 3).
Suy ra phuong trinh khong c6 nghiem trong truong hop nay.
VH}'v
c) x > 0 . Khido x + l>l,V2x + 3 > 1 .
Do /{t) dong bien tren khoang 1 ; + co , nen phuong trinh (1) tuong duong
voi / ( x + l) = / ( V 2 x + 3)<z>x + l = V2x + 3 c^x = V2.
Tom lai, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem x -l,x = -Jl.

Vi du 8. Giai bit phuong trinh 3^3-2x + .
2x < 6.
V 2 ^ <X
LaigiaL Digu kien: < x < .
' \1
Xet ham s6 /(x) = 3V3 - 2x +

V 2 x - 1 - 2 x - 6 tren 2' 2
-Vl-xV
156
Taco f\x) =
-3
J - 2 < 0 voi moi x e
( \^
2' 2
(V2^}
Do do ham f{x) nghich biSn tren 1 1
2'2
Ta thay / ( I ) = 0 nen bit phuong trinh tuong duong voi
f{x)<f{\)<:>x>\.
Ket hop dieu kien ta suy ra nghiem cua bit phuong trinh la 1 < x < .
2
Vi du 9. Giai bit phuong trinh V3x + 1 > (1 - x)^ + 2.
L&igidL Dieu kien:
x>-^.

>/3x + l - ( l - x ) ^ - 2 > 0 .
(1)
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = >/3x + l - (1 - x)^ - 2 tren doan

3
Taco / ' ( x ) = -;^-^====
2V3X + 1 + 3 ( l - x ) ^ > 0 voi moi X E
Do do ham so / ( x ) d6ng biSn tren
Mat khac, ta thiy / ( I ) = 0 nen suy ra ( 1 ) / ( x ) > 0 <=> x > 1.
Vay nghiem cua bit phuong trinh la x > 1.
Vi du 10. Giai phuong trinh Sx^+13
= 4x - 3 + >/3x^+6.
L&igidL Xet cac trucmg hop sau

Neu X < - thi 4x - 3 < 0, do do FT > VP nen phuong trinh v6 nghiem.
4
3
Neu X > , thi phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vol
4
.
'
'
V 3 ? + 1 3 - V 3 ? + 6 - 4 x + 3 = 0.
Xethams6 / ( x ) = V3x^+13 ->/3x^+6-4x + 3 voi x > ^ .

157
Taco f'[x) = 3x
- 4; f'(x) < 0 vai moi x > - . Suy ra

4
ham / ( x ) dong bien tren khoang

Mat Idiac / ( l ) = 0 do do x = 1 la nghiem duy nhat cua phuong trinh / ( x ) = 0.
Vi du 11. Giai phuong trinh 2V4x^ - x + 1 + 2x -
3^12x^ -x^ + V9x^ - 4 x + 4.
(HSGNgheAn 2007)
LM giai Phuong trinh xac dinh vai moi x e M.
Ta thay x = 0 la mot nghiem cua phuong trinh
1
Xet X > 0, chia2V?^-r
hai ve phuong
trinh
+ 4 + 2 =trinh
3 ^ 2cho
^ - 1 x+ Vva4 fdat
^ - 4/ ^= +9 .ta dugc phuong(1)
khi do phuong trinh (1) trothanh
Dat u = y}lt-\,
V W ^ + 1 5 + 2 = 3M + VM^+83M + N / M * + 8 - V M ^ + 1 5 - 2 = 0.
(2)
Xet ham s6 f{u) = 3u +

- V w ^ + 1 5 - 2 tren R.
Ta thiy nSu w < 0 thi /() < 0 nen ta chi cin xet w > 0.
Khi do
/(M) =
1
3 + 3M= . V ? + 8
V w ^ + 15 >0 voi moi w>0. Do do f{u)
la ham dong bien tren (O; + oo).

Ma / ( I ) = 0 nen w = 1 la nghiem duy nhdt cua (2).
Tu do ta tim dugc x = 1.
Xet X < 0, lam tuong tu nhu tren ta c6 phuong trinh
V W ^ + 8 - 3 M - V W ^ + 1 5 + 2 = 0 voi
Xet ham so g{u) =

Taco g\u) = 3u-
VM^+8
+ 15+2 voi
u<-\.
u<-\.
- 3 <0 voi moi
VM^ + 15
u<-\.
158
Neng(w)>g(-1) = 2. '
Vay X = 0, X = 1 la nghiem cua phucmg trinh da cho.
1
Vi du 12. Giai phuang trinh fc + 1-3 x + 2' (HSGNgheAnlOB)
fx>-l
L&igidL Dieu kien: [ x ^ l 3
Phuang trinh da cho tuomg duong voi
(x + 2 ) ( V ^ - 2 ) = fc + l - 3
(x +1)Vx+T +
= 2x +1 + ^2x +1.
(1)
Xet ham s6 f[t) = t^+t vai t eR. Ta c6 / ' ( / ) = 3/^+1>0 vai moi / e R .
Suy ra ham so / ( / ) dong bi8n tren M.
Khi do (1) o / ( V ^ ) = / ( ^ 2 x + l) o
x>
2
(x + l / = ( 2 x + l)^
x.-l
+ 1 '' ' ' ' '
x.-i
2
x=0
i + Vs
x3-x'-x =0
x=
Doi chieu dieu kien ta dugc nghiem cua phuang trinh da cho la
X=
0 va
X=
x=0
1 + N/5
X =
2
Vi du 13. Giai phuang trinh -2x^ + lOx^ - 17x + 8 = 2x^^5x-x^.
L&igidL Ta thay x = 0 khong la nghiem cua phuang trinh.
Vai X 0 thi phuang trinh da cho tuang duang vai
X
x^ x^
-1.
159
Dat t = -,
do tÔ
YSLphuofngtrinhtrathanh
<:> (2t - \f + 2(2/ - 1 ) = 5/' - 1 + 2^5/^ - 1 .
(*)
Xet ham so f{u) = u^+2u tren R. Ta c6 / ' ( ) = 3u^ + 2; f'(u) > 0 vai moi
X=
Suy ra
Suyraham / ( w ) dong biSn tren R. Do do
MGE.
(*) o f{2t - 1 ) = f{^^5t^ - 1 )

cî2t-lf
2/ - 1 = ^ 5 / ' - 1
^5t^-Ic^Sp-nt^+6t
=0
't = 0 (Ictm)
/ =
17V97
16
16
Vay nghiem cua phuomg trinh la x =
16
17V97'
Vi du 14. Giai phuang trinh 3xl2 + V 9 ? + 3 ) + (4x +
2)(VT+xT? +1) = 0.
L&igidL Ta c6 phuang trinh da cho tucmg ducmg vai
r i^.)]
(4x + 2 ) | V l + 7 + ? + l j = -2
-3x 2 + y]9x^+3
<=> (2x
+ l)(v^4 + 4x + 4x^ + 2 = - 3 x 2 + V 9 ? + 3 )
(2x + l)(V(2x + 1 ) H 3 + 2) = (-3x)(V(-3x)^ + 3 + 2J.
(1)
Xet ham so f(t) = t{ylt^+3 + 2J vai / e R .

I
Taco / ' ( 0 = 2 + V / ^ + 3 + - 7 _ ; / ' ( 0 > 0 vai moi x e R .

V/'+3
Do do ham f(t)
ddngbilntren R.
t^^.
160
Suyra (1)< / ( 2 x + l ) = / ( - 3 x ) < : ^ 2 x + l = - 3 x < : ^ x = - ^ .

Vay nghiem cua phuomg trinh la x = V i du 15. Giai bat phuomg trinh
>/x^-2x + 3 - V x ^ - 6 x + l l
> V 3 ^ - V ^ .
x^-2x + 3>0
L&igidi. *) Dieu kien: - x ^ - 6 x + l l > 0
C:>1<X<3.
(1)
3-x>0;x-l>0
Ta CO bat phuomg trinh da cho tuong duong voi
Vx^ - 2x + 3 + V x ^ > Vx^ - 6x +11 + V J ^ X
^V(^-l)^+2 +
V ^ > V ( 3 - x ) ^ + 2 + V 3 ^X
Xet ham s6 f{t) = \lt^ +2 +yft wai
(2)
t>0.
Ta CO fXt) = -fJ
+ ^;f'{t)>0
t' + 2 24't'
vai moi t>0.
Do do ham s6
f{t)
dong bien tren [O; + oo).

Matkhac x - 1 va 3 - x dûthuoc [O; + o o ) . Suyra
(2)/(x-l)>
/(3-x)c:>x-l>3-xc^x>2.
Doi chilu vai diSu kien (1), ta c6 nghiem cua bdt phuomg trinh la 2 < x < 3.
Bai tap phan 2.3
Bai
ai 1. Giai phuomg trinh ( 5 x - 6 )
=x^.
Bai 2. Giai phuomg trinh V^ + l + >/x^ + x + l -^2x + 4^x^ - 2 x + l = x - 1 .

Bai 3. Giai phuang trinh 8x^ -17x^ +1 Ox - 2 = 2 f e ^ - l .
Bai 4. Giai phuang trinh 4x^ +18x^ + 27x +14 = 1[AX + 1.
Bai 5. Giai phuomg trinh yJx + 2 + V 3 - x = x^ - x + 1 .
161
Bai 6. Giai phiromg trinh
- 3x +1 = V s - S x ^
Bai 7. Giai hk phiromg trinh Vx + 2 + x^ - x - 2 < V 3 x - 2 .

Bai 8. Giai phiromg trinh 4Vx + 2 + V 2 2 - 3 x = x^ + 8.
Bai 9. Giai phuorng trinh 8x^ -36x^ + 53x- 25 = >/3x-5.
1. Phuomg trinh da cho tuomg diromg voi

(5x - 6)' - ,
^
= x^ ;
^
V(5x-6)-i
Xetham s6 f(t) = t^ T a c o / ( r ) = 2r +
-jL=.
J voi ^ > 1 .
; / ' ( 0 > Q vai moi r > l .
2V(^-1)'
Suy ra / ( O dong bien tren ( l ; + oo).
Do do phuomg trinh da cho tuomg duomg vai
/ ( 5 x - 6) = / ( x ) <^ 5x - 6 = X c:> X = ^ (thoa man).
3
Vay phuong trinh c6 nghiem duy nhat ^ = ~
2. Dieu kien:
: i-'X
x + l + >/x^+x + l > 0
^2x + >/4x^-2x + l>0.
Phuomg trinh da cho tuomg duomg vai

x + l + ^x + l + V(x + l)^-(x + l) + l =2x + ^2x + ^(2x)^-2x + l
Xet ham s6 f(t) = t + \jt + yjt^ -t + \n tap xac dinh.
Taco
f + l + 2 ? - l
=1+
= !+
162
Dc y rang
::'
2yjt^ -t + \+ 2t-\^yl4t^ -4t +

,
,^
4+2t-\
=V(2/-l)^+3+2/-l>|2/-l| + 2f-l>0.
Suy ra f\x) > 0 vai moi x thuoc tap xac dinh. Do do ham s6 d6ng biSn tren
tap xac dinh.
Khido (!)<
/(2x)<=>x + l = 2x<::>x = l , thoa man diSu kien.
Vay nghiem ciia phucmg trinh la x = 1.

3. Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vai
(2x -1)^ + 2(2x - 1 ) = 5x^ - 1 + 2^5x^ - 1 .
(*)
Xet ham so / ( / ) = t^ + 2t tren R.

T a c o / ' ( 0 = 3 / ^ + 2 ; / ' ( 0 > 0 vai moi r e R .
' '
Suy ra ham / ( / ) d6ng bi^n tren R. Do do

(*)<=> / ( 2 x - l ) = / ( f e ^ - l j < ^ 2 x - l =
fe^-l
"x = 0
(2x -1)^ = 5x^ - 1 8x^ -17x^ + 6x = 0
17V97
x=
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 0, x =
16
17 + V97
16
4. Phuong trinh tuong duomg vai

(2x + 3)^ + 2(2x + 3) = 4x + 5 + 2^4x + 5.
(2)
Xet ham s6 f(t) = t^ + 2t tren R. Ta c6 f\t) = 3/^ + 2 > 0 vai moi t eR. Do
do ham / ( / ) dong bien tren R. Suy ra
( 2 ) o / ( 2 x + 3) = / ( ^ 4 x + 5 ) < 2 x + 3 = ^ 4 x + 5
<:>(2x + 3)^=4x + 5 o 8 x ^ + 3 6 x ^ + 5 0 x 4 - 2 2 = 0
"x = - l
< ( x + l)(4x^+14x + l l ) = 0 o
-7V5
x=
163
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = -1, jc =

5. Digulcien:
- 7 + V5
-2<x<3.

y/x + 2+y/3-X-X^+X-l
Xet ham s6 f{x) = yJx + 2 + ^3-x
= 0.
-x^ +x-l
tren doan [-2; 3
Ta CO
1
f\x)
2 V ^
voi moi XG(-2;
^ .-2x + l;/"(x) = ^
2V3^
'
4^(x + 2f
3). Do do phuong trinh f\x)
4^1
-2<0
(3-xf
= 0 c6 t6i da 1 nghiem, nen
phuong trinh f(x) = 0 c6 khong qua 2 nghiem.

Mat khac, ta thay x = 2, x = -1 la nghiem cua phuong trinh / ( x ) = 0.
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 2, x = -1.
6. Digu Icien: 8 - 3x^ > 0.
x ^ - 3 x + l - ( 2 - x ) + ( 2 - x ) - V 8 - 3 x ^ =0
(x + l ) ( x ^- x- x- -1l ) +
X +
-4(x'-x-l)
^
^
(2-x)-V8-3x'
1+
( 2 - x ) + V8-3x^
4
Ta chung minh phuong trinh x +1 +
=0
= 0.
(1)
= 0 (2) v6 nghiem.
( 2 - x ) + V8-3x^
8
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = 2 - x + V8-3x^ vol x e
Taco / ' ( x ) = - l -
'3'V3
3x
^ ^ ; / ' ( x ) = 0<::>x = - - ; /
V8-3x'
V3
6 + 4>/6
V3
164
/
Do do
= 2-
+1
= 2 + ^, ^ > 0 .
1
fix)
>1-
SuyraO</(x)<^^.
8
1
> 0. Nen phuomg trinh (2) v6 nghiem.
+V3
6 + 4^/6
Tu do suy ra phuang trinh (1) >
- x - 1 = 0 <=> x =
1V5
1V5
7. DieuIcien: x > .
3
Khi do bat phuang trinh da cho tuang duang vai
( V ^ - V 3 x - 2 ) + (x'-x-2)<0
2(2-x)
V ^
+ (x-2)(x + l ) < 0
+ V3x-2
<(x-2)
-2
+ X +
^yxT2+^/3x-2
1 <0
(1)
-2
, = + x + l vai x > .
Xet ham so / ( x ) = ;
Vx + 2 + V3x - 2
3
1
3
+
2
Taco/'(x) = l + ^ - ^ " ^ ^ ^ > 0 vai moi x > - .
3
(Vx + 2 + V 3 x - 2 ) ^
Do do ham / ( x ) dong h\kn tren
Suyra / ( x ) > /
5
3 ^
. 2
. > 0 vai moi X > .
3 V2
- 3
Suy ra bit phuang trinh (1) <=> x - 2 < 0 o x < 2.

2
Ket hap di6u kien, ta c6 nghiem cua hk phuang trinh la < x < 2.
165
8. Dieukien:
-2<x<
22

4(V]rh2-2) + ( V 2 2 - 3 x - 4 ) = x ^ - 4
V22-3X + 4
y/x + 2+2
3(2-x)
4(x-2)
< z > ( x - 2 ) x + 2-
4
yJx + 2+2
=0
V22-3x + 4
x=2
x + 2-
> / ^ +2
4
Xethams6 / ( x ) = x + 2
CO
/'(x)
=0
voi - 2 < X <
22
V22-3X+4
=l+
(1)
V22-3X+4
+ -
Vx + 2+2
Ta
> 0 voi moi
V X + 2(N/X + 2 + 2 ) " ^ V 2 2 - 3 X ( N / 2 2 - 3 X + 4 )
xe
-2;
22
. Do do ham / ( x ) dong bien tren - 2 ;
22
3^
Mat khac, ta thay / ( - I ) = 0 nen x = -\a nghiem day nhat cua (1).
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 2, x = - 1 .
8x^-36x^+54x-27 + 2x-3 = 3x-5 +
<^(2x-3)^+2x-3 = 3x-5 +
fc-5
(2)
fc-5.
Xet ham s6 f(t) = P +t tren R. Ta c6 / '(t) = 3^^ +1 > 0 voi moi / G R .

Do do ham / ( t ) dong bien tren R.
Suy ra (2)
/ ( 2 x - 3) = / ( ^ 3 x - 5 ) o 2x - 3 = ^3x - 5
8x^-36x^+51x-22 = 0o(x-2)(8x^-20x +l l ) - 0
166
X=
2
5 + V3
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 2, x =
5 + V3
3) Vi du tong hgfp Chxrong 2

Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh Vx + Vx + 7 + 2 V ? + 7 x + 2x = 35
L&i giai *) Dieu kien: x > 0.
Dat V^ = a;Vx + 7=6,(a,6>0).
Tir phuong trinh da cho va each dat in phu ta dugc
a + b + 2ab + 2a^ ^25 Ua + b){\ 2a) = ?,5
^\{b + a){b-a)^l
Tudotaco l + 2a = 5(6-a),hay 7a + l = 56.

Dieu nay tuong duong voi 7V^ + l-5>/x + 7
49x +1 + lAsfi = 25(x + 7)
1^ = 87 - 12x
0 < x < 87
12
144x^-2137x +7569 = 0 ,v6 nghiem
Vi du 2. Giai phuong trinh ( l - V l - x ) . ^ 2 - x = x.
LofigiaL Dieu kien: x < 1.
Phuong trinh tuong duong voi
X ^ 2 - X =X(1
Giai (*). Dat u =

u+1 =v
v^-u^=l
+ Vr^) <:> x = 0
^ 2 - x =l + Vroc
v = ^ 2 - x , u > 0. Khi do ta c6 he
u = v-1
[v^-(v-l)^=l
(*)
u = v-1
[v^-v^+2v-2 = 0
167
fu = v - l
fv = l
(v-l)(v^+2) = 0 [u = 0.
Suy ra x = 1. Vay nghiem cua phucmg trinh la x = 0, x = 1.
Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh (Vx +
^
x>l.
/ I
- 1 ) yjx^-x+
\ J
7 ^
= 1
L&igidL *)Dieulcien:

<^ylx
-x+
=- = - V x < z > 4
Vx-1 2
x-1
=t>\. Khi do phuong trinh da cho tro thanh

Dat 4
x-1
1 + ^2 ^ ^ < = > ( r - 2 ) ( 2 / ^ + 4 ^ - l ) = 0/ = 2, vi 2t^
+4t-\>0yt>\.
Suy ra nghiem cua phuong trinh ban dku ^ =

Vi du 4. Giai phuong trinh - 7 = j = = V x - 2 + >/3-x + V3 + 2 x - x ^
Vx+1+V3-X
L&igidL *) Dihu kien: - 1 < x < 3.
Viet lai phuong trinh da cho thanh
-P=^ ;
-V3 + 2x-x^ = V I ^ + V 3 ^
Vx + 1 + V 3 ^
^2-4
Dat V x T I + V 3 - X =t,2<t< lyfl. Suy ra V3 + 2 x - x ^ =
Khi do ,
^ ,
-V3 + 2x-x^ = - - + 2.
Vx + l + V 3 - x
? 2
2
Xethamsd fit) = - - + 2,2<t<2^
tathudugc / ( 0 < / ( 2 ) = l.
+ 2x-x^ <l,Vxe[-l;3
(1)
Vay, ;
^ I^-V3
VX+1+V3-X
168
Mat khac (
V
yJJ^f
= 1 + lÎ^.yfJ^
> 1 . Suy ra
+V3^>1,VXG[-1;3].
(2)
T u ( l ) v a (2) t a d u g c
slx +
l+yj3-X
Dau dang thuc xay ra k h i x = 3.

Suy ra nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho la x = 3 .
V i du 5. Giai phuomg trinh Vx - x + 1 + ylx^+lx + l = 4 ^ .
L&igidL
*) D i e u kien: x > 0 .
Nhan thay x = 0 khong phai la nghiem cua phuomg t r i n h da cho, v i vay x > 0 .
K h i do phuong trinh t u o n g duomg v a i
x +
1+
Dat x + - = r > 2 t a d u o c y[t^
+ ^t + l
V X + -X + 7 = 4
=A.
C h u y rang ham s6 / ( t ) = V ^ - 1 + -Jt + l d6ng b i l n tren khoang [2; + oo) v a

/ ( 2 ) = 4 n e n t a c o 4T^
+ 4t + l =A<^ f{t) = f{2)<^t
= 2.
T u do ta thu dugfc nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho la x = 1 .

V i du 6. Giai phuong trinh (x^ + x)^ + (x - 1 ) ^ = (x^ + l ) V x - x ^
LMgiaL
* ) DiSu kien: x - x^ > 0
x<-l
0<x<l
Phuong trinh da cho t u o n g duomg v o i

(x^+l)
Dat
4^
x^+l
-2(x-x^) = (x2+l)Vx-x^
l - 2
x-x^
(x^.l)2
yjx-x^
x^+l
/ =- l
= t ta duoc 2 r + / - 1 = 0 <:>
1
2
169
Suy ra 2ylx-x^ =x^ + 4x-^ = \ x^

(1)
\ x'
Dat x = tana.Khid6(l)trathanh sin4a = l,hay a = ^ +
^,keZ.
Doi cliieu dieu kien ta chon cac gia tri ciia k\a k = -l,k = 0.
1;
Suy ra nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho x = tan, x = t a n ^ ^ .

8
8
Vi du 7. Giai phuong trinh ^/x + l + Vx = \/x + Vx + 1
L&igidL *) Di6u kien: x > 0.
- ^ = VJTT <^^(x+\f + ^ x ( x + i ) + \ / ? = VxTT+V^
Xet cac trucrng hop sau day
> 1. Ta CO
(1)
+) X
Suy ra (1) khong c6 nghiem x > 1.

+) 0 < x < l . T a c 6
^x{x +
l)>^>4^
Suy ra (1) khong c6 nghiem 0 < x < 1.

Vi du 8. Giai phuong trinh lOx^ - 9x - 8xV2x^-3x + l +3 = 0.
x>l
x<2
L&i giai Dieu kien: 2x^ - 3x +1 > 0

170
TH 1. x<Q khong la nghiem ciia phirong trinh.

TH 2. x> 0. Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vol
X
Dat
t=
x'
! /-IS
x'
x^
Phuong trinh tro thanh 10 + 3(t^-2)-8t = 0 o 3 t ^ - 8 t + 4 = 0<
t=2
2
t= 3
* Voi t = 2 , t a c 6 2 - - + ^ = 4 ^ 2 x ^ + 3 x - l = 0x =
X
Nghiem x =
^^5^mandieukien.
3
* Voi t = - , ta CO 2 - - + ^ = -<14x^-27x + 9 = 0 o X = 2 , thoa man
X
9
3
3
X=
7
dieu kien.
... , .
Vay nghiem
cua phuong trinh, la x = -3
XI-
+ V17
3
3
, x = ,
x =.
Vi du 9. Giai bit phuong trinh V4x^+38x-l - 2 y / 6 x - \ + \.

4x^+38x-l>0 <=>x>-.
^1
LafigiaL *) DiSu kien:
6x-l>0
6
V 4 x H 3 8 x - l > x + l + 2V6x-l
o 4x^ + 38x - 1 > x^ + 2x +1 + 4(6x -1) + 4(x + l)V6x-l
o 3 x H 12x + 2 > 4(x + l)V6x - 1
o 3(x +1)^ + (6x -1) > 4(x + l)V6x-l
171
<=>
6x-l
^ V6x-1
V6x-1
. N/6X-1 ^ ,
r-4.
+ 3 > 0 <
>3 hoac
<1.
x+1
x+1
x+1
(x + i y
/ < 1 ^ 6 x - l < ( x + l)^ ^ x ^ - 4 x + 2 > 0 < ^

x+1
+)
/ > 3 ^ 6 x - l > 9 ( x + l)^ ^ 9 x ^ + 1 2 x + 10<0, v6 nghiem.

x+1
+)
x>2 + V2
x<2-V2.
K6t hop diSu kien ta c6 nghiem la x > 2 + yfl, < x < 2 - V2.
6
yjlx^-3x-4.
L&igidL *) D i l u kien: x > 1.

Phuong trinh X + x^ -1 + 27x()?-l) = 2x^ - 3x - 4
<2Vx(x^-l) =x ^ - 4 x - 3
2^
x+1
x^-x
x+1
x^-x
V x+1
lylix^ - x)(x +1) = (x^ - x) - 3(x +1)
-3 = 0 ( v i x > 1 nenx + 1 # 0 )
=3
= - 1 (ktm)
x+1
<=> x^ -
= 9(x +1) <=> x^ - lOx - 9 = 0
x = 5 + V34
_x = 5-^34
(ktm).
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = 5 + ^34 .

V i du 11. Giai phuong trinh 2x' + (x-1)Vx+T = 5x + 7.
L&i giau *) Dieu kien: x > - 1 . Phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
(x-l)(VJ+T-2) + 2 x ^ - 3 x - 9 = 0
-Df^xi
172
(x - 1 ) ( - 2) + (x - 3)(2x + 3) = 0
o (x - 1 ) - ^ ^ ^ ^ + (x - 3)(2JC + 3) = 0
Vx+1+2
O(X-3)
,vm+2
+ 2X + 3 = 0.
+) x = 3, thoaman.
+)
+ 2x + 3 = 0.
Vai x > -1 ta c6
yJx
+ l+2
> - l va 2x + 3 > l . Suyra-^li^

+ 2x + 3>0.
Vx + 1+2

Tom lai, phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = -1, x = 3.
Vi du 12. Giai phuomg trinh 4(2x' +1) + 3(x^ - 2 x ) V 2 x - l = 2(x^ + 5x).
LatigiaL *) Dieu kien: ^ - ~ Phuang trinh da cho tuorng duong voi
3x(x - 2)>/2x-l = 2(x^ - 4x^ + 5x - 2)
O 3x(x - 2 ) V 2 x - l = 2(x - 2)(x^ - 2x +1)
. .,
"^ = 2
_ 3 x V 2 x - l = 2(x^ - 2x +1)
Phuang trinh (1) tuomg duomg vai
2(2x-1) + 3 x . y 2 x - l - 2x' = 0
2 . ^ ^ + 3 . ^ ^ ^ ^ - 2 = 0.
X
l2x-\
Dat t = -,
t>0.
K h i do phuomg trinh (2) tra thanh
2 / ^ + 3 r - 2 = 0 c ^ ( 2 f - l ) ( / + 2) = 0 c ^ ^ = ^
2t
t>0.
Suyrax^-8x + 4 = 0<=>x = 4 + 2>/3, thoamandihukien.
Vay nghiem cua phuomg trinh la x = 2, x = 4 + 2^J3, x = 4 - 2>/3.

Vi du 13. Giai hk phuomg trinh
V4 + x + V l 6 - x < 4
L&igiai. Bat phuomg trinh da cho c:> V4 + x < 4 - V l 6 - x

<=> V4 + x - 2 < 2 - V l 6 - x
V4+I + 2
(2 + Vl6-x)(4 + V l 6 - x )
(2 + V I 6 - x ) ( 4 + V I 6 - x ) - ( V 4 + X + 2)]< 0. (1)
Vai - 4 < x < 1 6 taco (2 + Vl6-x)(4 + V l 6 - x ) > 8 > V 4 + X + 2,
hay (2 + Vl6-x)(4 + V l 6 - x ) - ( V 4 + x + 2)>0.
Do do bat phuomg trinh (1) tuong duong voi
x<0
<::> -4 < X < 0.
[-4<x<16
'
a:.;rnEU'itfc,
Vay, bat phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem la: - 4 < x < 0.

Vi du 14. Giai bit phuomg trinh 4Vx+T + 2V2x + 3 < (x-l)(x^ - 2 ) .
L&igidL *) Dieu kien: x > - 1 .
Nhan thay x = - 1 la mot nghiem cua bat phuomg trinh.
' '
Xet X > - 1 . Khi do bat phuomg trinh da cho tuong duong voi
'
' M . . .
4 ( V ^ - 2 ) + 2(V2x + 3 - 3 ) < x ^ - x ^ - 2 x - 1 2
4 (
x - 3 ) + / 4(x-3) <(x-3)(x^ + 2x + 4)
Vx + 1+2 V2X + 3+3
o(x-3)
4
+
V^m + 2
V2X + 3+3
- ( x + i r - 3 <o.
-(x + l)^-3<0.
+
V ^ + 2 V2X + 3 + 3
VI v a y
-1 nen
Vi
X>
+1 > 0 va V2x + 3 > 1. Suy ra
(1)
,
, .
<3,
V x + 1 + 2 V2X+3+3
Do do bat phuong trinh (1) <=> x - 3 > 0 <=> x > 3.

Vay nghiem cua bat phuomg trinh la x = -1 va x > 3.
Vi du 15. Giai bat phuong trinh 2(1 - x)Vx^ + 2 x - l < x^ - 2x - 1
Ldigiai. *) Dieu kien: x + 2x - 1 > 0 <=>
'L If;"-'
x > - l + V2
x<-l-V2
Dat v x ^ + 2 x - l =a, I- x-b. Khi do bat phuong trinh da cho tro thanh
2ab<a^ -4(l-b)îa-2)ia
Ux'+2x-l-2
2-2b)<0.
Ux^ + 2 x - l + 2x
<0.
(1)
Xet hai truong hop sau

+) x > - l + V2.Khid6 V x 2 + 2 x - l + 2 x > 0 .
Do do (1) tuong duong voi V x 2 + 2 x - l - 2 < 0 .
Giai ra dugc nghiem - 1 + V2 < x < 1.
+) x < - l - V 2 . Khi do
t) mi 1
> / x 2 + 2 x - l + 2 x = V(>: + l ) ^ - 2 + 2 x < | x + l| + 2x

= - x - l + 2x = - l + x < 0
; til
Do do (1) tuong duong vdi V x 2 + 2 x - l - 2 > 0 .

Giai ra dugc nghiem x < -1 - V6 .
Tom lai, bat phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem -1 + V 2 < x < l ; x < - l - V 6 .
Vi du 16. Giai phuong trinh ^6x + l = 8x^ - 4x - 1 .
.
,
Lo"/g/di. Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi
r,^
6x + l + ^6x + l=(2x)^ + 2x.
(1)
Xet ham s6 / ( / ) = P +t tren R.
Ta CO f\t) = 3t^ +1; f\t) > 0 vdi moi t e M.
Do do ham /(t) d6ng biSn tren R.
175
Suy ra (1) < = > / ( ^ 6 x + l ) = f{2x)
^ 6 x + l = 2x o
- 6 x - 1 = 0.
(2)
V o i X e [ - 1 ; l ] , dat x = cos w, w e [O; ; r ] , khi do phuong trinh (2) tra thanh

2 ( 4 c o s ^ M - 3 C O S M ) - 1 = 0<=>COSBM = -<=>3M = + kin,
Do wefO; TT] nen M = = hoac u = .
L ' J
9'
9
ksZ.
STT
Suy ra x = cos,x = cos

^
9'
9
hoac X - c o s - ^ . V i (2) la phuong trinh bac 3 nen c6 khong qua 3 nghiem, do

do day la tat ca cac nghiem cua phuong trinh (2).
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh la x = cos
'^-
^ ' ^~
'
V i du 17. Giai phuong trinh 9x^ - 28x + 21 = V x ^ .

L&i gidL *) Dieu kien: x > 1.
Ta CO phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vai
(3x - 5)^ + (3x - 5) = (x - 1 ) + V x ^ .
Xethamsd
(1)
f(t)=^t^+t,te
Ta CO / ( t ) dong bien tren
Neu
va nghich bien tren
-Qo:
thi 3 x - 5 > - . Do do 3 x - 5 va V x - 1 cung thuoc
Suyra
(l)<^
/(3x-5) = / ( V ^ ) c ^ 3 x - 5 = V ^
3x-5>0
< x = 2.
'^|(3x-5)^=x-l
De y rang phuong trinh da cho c6 the viet tuong duong thanh
(4-3x)^+4-3x = x - l+ V x ^ .
(2)
Neu l < x < - thi 4 - 3 x > - - .

2
2
176
Dodo ( 2 ) o / ( 4 - 3 x ) = / ( V ^ ) < 4 - 3 x = V 7 ^
4-3x>0
25-713
<=>x =
(4-3x)^=x-l
18
Vay nghiem cua phuomg trinh la x = 2, x =
25-Vl3
18
Bai tap tong hap Chu'O'ng 2

3
Bai 1. Giai phuomg trinh ^'^''^
3yJ\-x^
l-x2
Bai 2. Giai phuomg trinh Vx^ +1 - V2x^ - x + 1 = x^ - x

Bai 3. Giai phuomg trinh 2x +1 + xVx^ +2 + (x + 1)V X + 2x + 3 = 0.
Bai 4. Giai phuomg trinh V x + 1 + V2x + 3 = x^ - x - 1 .
Bai 5. Giai phuong trinh ^(x-lf
-l^JT^-(x-5)V^-3x
+ 31 = 0.
Bai 6. Giai phuomg trinh x^ - 3x = Vx + 2

Bai 7. Giai bat phuomg trinh
,
^ =
Vx^ + X - 2
Bai 8. Giai bat phuomg trinh
>
- X
.
^ ,-^=>
V2x-Vx +1
^
3-2x
^"'^^^
x-1
Bai 9. Giai bat phuomg trinh 2 ( x - 2 ) ( V x T T +1) < 5 x - x

Bai 10. Giai phuong trinh sl^fx^
^(x-lf
^x'-x
Huang dan bai tap tong hop Chuang 2

1. DiSu kien: -1 < x < 1. Phuomg trinh da cho tuomg duomg vai
x ( l - x ^ ) + 2x^
^-z
l-x^
^ r
= 3V1 -
^ x^
X+
, r
^ = 3V1 l-x^
177
<^ ,
+2
-3.
Bat , ^ _ =t tadugc 2p +t-3 = 0ît-l)(2t^

^ x '
+2t +
3)^0<^t^\
Tir do giai dugc ngliiem cua pliuong trinh x =

x-x
-X
-X.
Chu y ring dAu 6 hai v4 cua phuong trinh nay d6i lap nhau. Tu do suy ra
nghiem cua phuong trinh x = 0, x = 1.
3.Dat V x ^ + 2 = w > 0 , V x ^ + 2 x + 3 = v > 0 .
Ta CO
2x +1, hay
x =

1/
^2 1'
(u-v)
u
+
v
+
-(u
+
v)
+- = 0<=>M = V.
2^
^ 2
1
Tu do giai dugc nghiem cua phuong trinh ^ ~
x>-l
3 <^x>-l.
4. Dieu kien:
X>
2
V ^ - 2 + V2x + 3 - 3 = x^ - x - 6
, ... + 2).
<^ , x - 3 + ,2(x-3) - = (x-3)(x
V ^ + 2 V2X + 3 + 3
Tir day ta c6 2 truong hgp

1. X = 3 . Thoa man.
178
+ .
2.-==
= x + 2.(l)
Vx + 1 + 2 V2X + 3 + 3
_Vai ;c > - 1 ta c6 Vx+T + 2 > 2 va V2x + 3 + 3 > 2.
Suyra-p=:L + . ^
< - + - = l < x + 2.
Vx + 1 + 2 V2X + 3 +3 2 2
_
Do do phuomg trinh (1) tuong duong vai
Vx+I + 2 V2x + 3 + 3 >x = - l .
x+2= l
Vay, phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la x = - = 3.
5. Dieu kien: X > 8. Phuang trinh da cho tuomg duong vai
x-l + ^(x-l)'
* 1
i
-2^/]r^ = ( V ^ + l)%(V]r^ + l ) ' - 2 ( V I ^ + l).
Xet ham so/(O = + Ta CO f\t) = 3t^ +2t-l;
2?
(1)
vai r > 1.
f\t) > 0 vai moi f > 1.
Do do ham / ( / ) d6ng biln tren [l; + oo).

Vi vai X > 8 thi ^x-\a V x - S +1 cungthuoc [l; + oo) nen
(l)</(^/x^) = / ( V ^ + l ) ^ ^ / ^ = V ^ + l.
Dat u = yJx-\,
, ,
(2)
khi do phuomg trinh (2) tra thanh w - 1 = yju^ -1
<û^-u^ +2u-^ = 0^(u-2){u^
+ w + 4) = 0 < ^ u - 2 < r > x = 9.
Vay nghiem cua phucmg trinh la x = 9.

6. Dieu kien: x > - 2 . Xet hai truong hop sau
TH J. X > 2 . Khi do x^ - 3x = x(x^ - 4) + x > x > Vx + 2 . Phucmg trinh khong
CO nghiem trong truong hop nay.
r//2.
- 2 < X < 2 . Dat
X = 2cos/,0 < ^ <
;r.
Khi do phuong trinh da cho tra thanh

8cos^r-6cosr = yJ2(\ cost) <=>cos3? = c o s 3t = - + k27r
2
3t = - - + k27r^
2
Do ^<t<n
kAn
t= 5
t=
k27r
ATT
nentac6 U = ,tj
= An.
5^
7
ATT
ATT
Suy ra nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho jc = 2 c o s , x = 2 cos .

+ X- 2>0
7. Dieu kien: 3 - 2 x ^ 0
x^+x-2-x#0
x<-2
x>l,x:7t-,x;^2
Bat phuong trinh da cho tuong duon voi
<-x-^l x^+x-2
> 0 . (1)
+X-2-X ( 3 - 2 x )
x^
Xet hai truong hop sau:

a) x < - 2 . K h i d 6 3 - x - V x ^ + x - 2 > 0,(Vx^ + x - 2 - x)(3 - 2x) > 0 nen(l)
thoa man.
3
b) x>l,x ^,x ^2 . Lap bang xet dau vl trai cua
11 (1) theo
3 dau cua 3 thua so
<x<2.
cua no ta dugc nghiem trong truong hop nay 7
x>2
"x<-2
3
Vay, bat phuong trinh c6 nghiem 11
<
x
<
7
2
x>2 180
8. Dieu kien:
x>0,xi^\.
Khi do hit phuong trinh da cho
<=>
+) 0 < X < 1, ta CO (1) V2x +

-
x-\
x-\
(1)
< V3X + 25
<=> V2JC.VXTI<12
+x-72<0
<::> -9 < X < 8 .

Suy ra 0 < X < 1 la nghiem.
+ ) x > l , t a c 6 (1) V2JC+VX + 1 >V3x + 25 x < - 9 v x > 8
=^x>8.
Vay bat phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem: 0 < x < 1; x > 8.

9. Dieu kien: x > - 1 .
x^ - 3x + 2(x - 2)Vx + l < 4 o > ( x - 2 + Vx + l ) % 9 .
Tir do giai dugc nghiem - 1 < x < 3.
^fl^ + \ x
(x-l)x(x-2)-0
< x = 0,x = l , x = 2.
181
ChUcfng 3.
PHtfCfNG TRINH, BAT PHlJdNG TRINH MU
A. Tom tit ly thuylt
1. Cac cong thijfc bien doi dai so:

Duai day la cac cong thiic h'lkn d6i ca ban \h luy thua, ap dung de bien doi cac
phuang trinh mu:
, in oam,^
<
a
a'
a
a'"-b'"=iabr,^
=
vai a , 6 > 0 , m 6 E .
'
1 I
a"* = _ , ^ a ' " = a " vai a > 0,6 e ! , / , e Z \
a
2. Cac npi dung ve giai tick:
Tap xac dinh va tap gia tri:

Ham so luy thua y = x'' c6 tap xac dinh nhu sau: Neu a e
thi x M,
neu a e Z " u { 0 } thi X G ] R \ { 0 } , ngu a Z thi x e
,^
vox Q < a ^ \i tap xac dinh la R va tap gia tri la M"".
Dao ham cua cac ham s6 (x") = x""',{a'')' = a'\na.
Ham s6 mvi y ^
V a i a>\,
Giai han cua ham so:
N6u 0 < a < 1 thi cac ham s6 y = a'' nghich bi6n.
Neu a > 1 thi cac ham SO
Tinh dan dieu cua ham s6:
,
= a"" dong bien.
tac6 cac giai han sau lim a" = +oo, lim a" = 0.
JC->+<
X->-00
V o i 0 < a < 1 ta CO cac giai han sau lim a" = 0, lim a"" = +oo.
182
3. Cdc dgingphirfftig trlnh ca ban:
5^,;;
; -n,
, ? / :i)
Phuongtrinh a" =m vai ni>0, luonc6nghiemduy nhat la x = logm.

Phuong trinh a^^"^ = a^'-"^ <=> / ( x ) = g{x) do tinh don dieu cua ham s6 mii.
Phuong trinh a^*""' =ft^*""^voi a^b thi tinh logarit ca s6 a true tiSp hai
ve, ta duge
-
log4a^^^') = log4M<^>)/(x) = g(x)-Iog,6.
Day la cae dang eo ban va noi ehung hau het cae phuong trinh mu va
logarit tir ea ban den nang cao deu phai thong qua. Trong goc nhin nay, eon
mot so dang pho bien nhu phat hien tinh doi xung de chia va dat n phu, biSn
doi ap dung eong thuc thich hop de dua ve eung ca so, ...
4. Cdc dfing bat phuang trlnh mu ca ban:
Tuang ung voi cae dang cua phuong trinh, bat phuong trinh ciing eo eac dang
cabannhusau:
Dang a'' > 6 vai 0 < o 7i 1 : ta c6 2 truang hop nhu sau:
"
N6u 6 < 0 thi bit phuong trinh nghiem dung vai moi x.
Ngu 6 > 0 thi ta CO x> logh neu a > 1 va A:< logh neu a<\.
Dang a" <h \(A ^ <a^\ ta eo 2 truang hop nhu sau:
Neu * < 0 thi bat phuong trinh v6 nghiem.
NSu i > 0 thi ta CO jc> log^ h nlu o < 1 va x < log h neu a > 1.
Dang a^*''^ > a^'^''^ vai 0 < a
'
1 thi f(x) > g{x) ngu o > 1 va
/ ( ^ ) < ^(^) rieu 0 < o < 1.
Tuy nhien, ro rang trong vice giai cae bat phuong trinh thi doi khi danh gia
true tidp la khong kha thi va do khong phai la mot dang thuc nen viec bien doi
cung khong the linh boat duge. Trong phan nay, ehung ta se nhac lai mot dinh
w
li lien quan den viec xet dau cua ham so tren mot mien lien tue nhu sau:
Cho ham s6 f (x) lien tuc tren mien D. Gid sir phuomg trinh / ( x ) = 0 c6
dung n nghiem phan biet la x^,x^,x^,...,x^^ D. Khi do, giira cdc khodng
183
= 1,-1 thi ddu cua ham so f{x) khong doi vd triing vai ddu cua
mot diem bdt ki thuoc khodng do.
Ta ihky rSng k^t qua nay cung tuong tu nhu viec lap bang xet diu cho mot
ham so, mot cong viec kha quen thuoc. Khi do, nlu xet mot bit phuomg trinh
CO dang / ( x ) < 0 hoac / ( x ) > 0 , ta chi can xet phuong trinh tuong ung la
/ ( x ) = 0 roi giai no ra de tim cac nghiem, xet ddu cua ham s6 giua cac khoang
do (thay cac gia tri cu thI vao) r6i so sanh voi yeu cSu 6k bai la hoan tit. Cach
nay giup ta tan dung dugc cac bien doi dudi dang dang thuc cua mot phuong
trinh cung nhu han che dugc viec lam dung cac tinh chat cua ham s6 va tinh
toan phuc tap.
Ngoai ra, ta ciing c6 cac danh gia sau (dang rut ggn cua cac danh gia da neu
d tren):
Voi 0 < a,6 ?t 1 va jc e R thi a"-b" cung diu voi
Voi Q<a^ \a x,;;e]R thi a^-a^ cung dau voi
(a-\)(x-y).
x{a-b).
B. PhLrcyng phap giai

1) Phuang phap bien doi ve cung ca so hoac lay logarit hai ve
Nhan xet: Phucmg phdp nay da duac giai thieu trong noi dung ly thuyet a
tren. O day, ta se sir dung thudn tuy cdc bien doi dai so lien quan cung nhu
tinh chdt ca bdn cua hai ham nguac nhau la f (x) = a" vd g{x) = log^ x thong
qua dang thuc
f{g{x)) = gif{x)) = x.
Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh 16
-1024^.
2112
Lai giai *) Dieu kien xac dinh x > 0, x

/3x+2>
12X+8
J = 2"3 .2'^
l . Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi

n
= 2>^
2"^^3
, o
1 ^ + ^ = 1OV^
x-1
3
Khu mau va nit ggn, ta dugc 4x + 2 = 3(x - l)\/x.
184
Dat/ =
0,taCO
't = 2
3/^+2/ + l = 0
'
De thay phiromg trinh thu hai v6 nghiem nen phuang trinh tren c6 nghiem la
t = 2.
Vai t = 2 thi X = 4 nen phuang trinh tren c6 nghiem la x = 4.
Vi du 2. Giai phuang trinh 2"' = 1 6 ' ' .
L&igidL Ta c6
4-2'
2'*' = 16'' <=> 2'" = T''
^2-"
-.2"^
2'" = 2 ' " >4x

2'^ = T2X + 2
<=>4x = x + 2<=>jc = - .
3
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat la ^ = " j
2x-3
V i du 3. Giai phuang trinh 3^"' 4 ^ = 18.

LoigidL *) Dieu kien xac dinh jc 9^ o . Ta c6
2x-3
3^^-'-4^
4x-6
=183^'-'-2^
6-3x
= 2 - 3 ' 3 ^ ' - " =2"
Lay logarit ca so 3 hai ve, ta dugc

2
x'-4
6-3x
log, 2 ( x - 2)(x + 2)x + 3(x - 2) logj 2 = 0

+ 2) + 3 log3 2] = 0
(x - 2)
x-2
x=2
=0
x(x + 2) + 31og32 = 0
(x + 1)' +31og3 2 - l = 0
D I thiy phuang trinh thu hai v6 nghiem nen phuang trinh ban dau c6 nghiem
la
= 2.
V i du 4. Giai phuang trinh sau 2^"' 3" = 4^' 3 6 ^ .

L&igidL *) Dieu kien xac dinh:
x^-l.
185
2x
Taco 2^^'-3'=4^ 36^^' o 4 6" = 4 ' 6^^'o4'-^
=6'^'.
Lay logarit ca so 4 hai v l , ta duQfc

x+1
"l-x = 0 ,
log4 6 (1 - x) [(x +1) - X log4 6 = 0

<=>
x=l
(x +1)' - x l o g ^ 6 = 0 " [ x ' + x(2 -log4 6) + 1 = 0

D I th4y phuomg trinh thu hai v6 nghiem nen phuomg trinh ban dhu c6 nghiem
la x = l .
V i du 5. Giai phuong trinh sau ( 5 ^ " ' + ( s ^ =
[l"''-
6 (2"*
J.
Z,î^/fl Phuomg trinh da cho tuomg duomg voi
O 26 5^
=26-r
5'
=r
o (x' + 3x) log^ 5 = x' + 6x
x[(x + 3) log2 5 - (x + 6)] = 0

"x = 0
125
logjS-l
64
6-31og,5
'
--i^^ -
--
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem phan biet la x = 0,x = log.
64
125
V i du 6. Giai bdt phuomg trinh sau 3^^''^' >

(DH Bach khoa Ha Noi 1997)
L&i gidL * ) DiSu kien xac dinh: x^ - 2x > 0 <
Ta
CO
3^^ >
/ I
X >
J- ,
x<0'
. !'
(*)
-X
Neu | x - l | - x < 0 < : > | x - l | < x < = > - x < x - l <

luon dung.
^ ,
> - thi bat phuomg trinh (*)
186
NSu \x-\\-x>0^x<-
thi M t phuong trinh (*) tra thanh ylx^-2x
binh phuong 2 vS, ta dugc
- 2x > 1 - 4x +
<=>
>\-2x,
- 2x +1 < 0, v6 nghiem.
Do do, nghiem cua bat phuong trinh da cho la x > 2.
4" +2x-4
Vf du 7. Giai bat phuong trinh sau
< 2.
x-1
(DH Van Hoa Ha Noi 1997)

Led giai *) Dieu kien xac dinh x*\. Ta c6
x-\
Ta CO 2 truong hcfp:
- Neu
-Neu <
4^-2<0
4^<2
x<log,2 =
x-l>0
x>l
x>l
4^-2>0
f4^>2
x-l<0
[x<l
2 , khong thoa man.
1
x>log42 = 1
2 o-<x<l.
2
x<l
Vay nghiem cua bat phuong trinh da cho la x e
?5X
L\
Bai tap phan 1

1. Giai phuong trinh sau 5^+5^*' +5^"' = 3^+3^^' +3^"'
2. Giai phuong trinh sau 5' 8 ^ = 500
(DHKinh
ti quSc dan 1998)
3. Giai phuong trinh sau 5"^ - 1 + 5^"'-125 = 4-5

4. Giai phuong trinh sau (41 + 29^12)"^ = (V2 -1)
,sin4j:
5. Giai phuong trinh sau (10 + 6V3)'''"^ = V(V3+1)

6. Giai b i t phuong trinh sau 343 1"'''^ > 2,2-1
7. Giai b i t phuong trinh sau < 1
(DH SP Ha Noi 2001)
187
Huong din bai tap phan 1

1. Xet phuomg trinh 5" + 5""' + 5^"' = 3" + 3""' + 3""'. Ta c6
5^(1 + 5 + 5') = 3^(1 + 3 + 3') 5^-31 = 3^-31
5^=3^
.3j
= 1 < x = 0.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 0.

2. Xet phuomg trinh 5" 8 ^ = 500. D i l u kien x ^ 0.
Ta
CO
3(x-l)
5^-2 '
2-
3x-3
=2'-5'<=>5^-'=2'" -
3-x
5^-'=2-
Lay logarit co so 2 hai vS, ta c6

(X-3)
log, 5 =
3-x
o(x-3)
log2 5 + - = 0<::>
X =
x = -log5 2
xj
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x = 3 hoac jc = - log, 2.

3. Xet phuomg trinh sau Is"-ll + ls"^^-125
=4-5'*\
Taco 5 ^ - l > 0 x > 0 va 5 ^ * ^ - 1 2 5 > 0 5 ^ > 5 x > 1.

Ta xet cac truomg hop sau:
-NSu x<0 thi 1 - 5 ^ + 1 2 5 - 5 ^ ^ ' = 4 - 5 " ' 1 2 6 = 1 2 6 - 5 ' o 5 ^ = l < : > x = 0,
thoa man.
-Ngu x > l thi 5"-1 + 5^*'-125 = 4 - 5 ^ " ' 74-5^=-126, v6 nghiem.
-Neu 0 < j c < l thi 5 ' - 1 + 1 2 5 - 5 ^ ^ ' = 4 - 5 " ^ ' 1 2 4 - 5 " = 1 2 4 5 " =1
<=>x = 0, loai.
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit la x = 0.
4. Xet phuomg trinh (41 + 2972)""' = (V2-1)"'^"\
Ta CO 41 + 29V2 = (V2 +1)', V2 - 1 = (V2 +1)-'

nen lay logarit ca s6 V2 +1 hai v8, ta dugc
188
1
x=l
5(jc-2) = - ( x ^ + x + 3 ) x ^ + 6 x - 7 = 0<=>
x = -7
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem \a x = \,x = - 7 .

5. Ta CO 10 + 6V3 = (Vs +1)^ nen phuomg trinh da cho tuomg duomg voi
(73 +1)'^'"^ = (73 + if""'' 6 sin X = 2 sin X cos X cos 2x

sin x(cos X cos 2x - 3) = 0
Do cos X cos 2x - 3 < 0, Vx nen phuomg trinh nay chi c6 nghiem la
sinX = 0 <=>X =
kn:,keZ.
6. Xet bit phuomg trinh 243 2"'"' > 32 7 \

Ta CO 7' 2"'-' >2' -r <^ 1"-^ < 2"'"'.
Lay logarit 2 ve theo ca so 2, ta dugc
( x - 3 ) l o g 2 7 < x ' - 9 < ( x - 3 ) ( x + 3-log2 7 ) > 0
<=>
"x>3
X < -3 + log2 7
Vay nghiem cua bit phuomg trinh da cho la x G (-00; -3 + log^ 7) u (3; +00).
1. Xet bat phuomg trinh
'^^
< 1. DiSu kien xac dinh 3"^ - 2^ ^ 0 x ;t 2.
^
. 2-3^-4-2^-(3^-2^) ^
3^-3-2^
^<0<=>
<0.
Taco
:
3^-2^
3'-r
Ta xet 2 truong hop:
.3V
f 3 ' - 3 - 2 ^ < 0 <=> < .2

3^-2" > 0
x>0
3^-3-2^ > 0
3^-2^ < 0
2)
<3
<=> 0 < X < logj 3. _

2
^, khong thoa man.
x<0
Vay nghiem cua bat phuomg trinh da cho la x e 0;log3 3

2 J
189
2) Phuong phap dat an phy.

Nhan xet: Trong phucmg phdp nay, ta se gap cdc phucmg trinh c6 su xudt
hien cua mot bieu thirc ndo do nhieu Idn vd dieu ndy dinh huang cho ta dat
bieu thirc do 1dm an phu de bdi todn duac dan gidn di. Chit y rdng khi dat dn
phu nhu the, cdn tim mien gid tri cua bieu thirc do de tuang irng suy ra dieu
kien xdc dinh ciia phuang trinh vai biin mai.
Trong phdn ndy, ta c6 cdc dang dn phu chu yeu nhu:
/(gix))
dat t =
= 0 thi dat t = g{x), dua vi phuang trinh f (t) = 0.
, dua
A fl'^+ B
At^ -\- Bt + C = 0, trong do a^b.

+C
'
= 0, chia 2 vi cho a''^* > 0.
',duavg ^r^+5/ + C = 0 .
1
Vi du 1. Giai phucmg trinh 27^ = 9 ^ + 3" - 3.

LM gial Ta bien doi nhu sau: (3' )^ = 3 (3' )^ + 3" - 3. Dat ^ = 3"^ > 0 thi
= 3/' + / - 3
- 3)(/ -1)(/ +1) = 0
3^=1
t =\
>=3
/=3
'x = \
x =0
Vay phuofng trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x = 0, x = 1.

x-^
jc-3
3x+l
Vi dy 2. Giai phuomg trinh 8^*^ + 2^^^^ = 2
_ 2.
L^/^/ai *) Dieu kien jf 7 i - 2 . Ta CO

1 - ^
2 ^+2+2
2 ^"^2
o4
x+2
<8
3--^
^2
'
_2
+ 2-2
_2
=8-2
-3-2 -2 = _ i
190
Dat y^l
1
> o , t a c 6 4 / - 3 ; ; =-1(:i; + l)(2>'-l)'= 0 7 = - .
^ -1 o
= - l x = 3.
2 da xcho
+ 2c6 nghiem la jc = 3.
Vay phuomg trinh
Do do 2
Vi du 3. Tim m dS phuomg trinh sau c6 hai nghiem trai diu:

(/M + 3)16"+(2w-l)4'^+7M + l - 0 .
Lei gidl Dat / = 4"^ > 0. Ta c6 phuomg trinh {m + 3)/^ + {2m -1)/ + w +1 = 0.
Ta can tim m sao cho phuomg trinh nay c6 2 nghiem t^,t^ thoa man
0 < /, < 1 < ^2 .
Tmoc het, ta can tim dieu kien de phuomg trinh nay c6 2 nghiem deu duomg,
tucla
(2m-l)^-4(w + l)(m + 3)>0
A>0
11_
S > 0 <=>-i 2m-\
m + 7>>0
20
P>Q
m+1
>0
l/n + 3
Dat tilp M = r -1 <=> / = M +1 thi ta dua \k phuong trinh
(m + 3)( +1)^ + {2m - 1)(M + l) + m + l = 0<(w + 3)M^ + (4m + 5)M + 4/w + 3 = 0.
Tiep theo, ta can tim m sao cho phuomg trinh tren c6 2 nghiem u trai diu,
dieu nay tuomg duomg vai
3
^ , .
(w + 3)(4w + 3)<0-3</n<.
' '
4
Ket hcfp cac dieu kien lai, ta c6 -1 < w < - .
Vi du 4. Tim m dl phuomg trinh sau c6 nghiem duy nhat thuoc [0;1]
22-2^ _
+m+2=0
191
L&igidL
Phuang trinh da cho tuong duong vol

1
( 2X--'K) 2
1
^x-\
+ m + 2 = 0.
1
Dat / = > 0 , ta thay xe[0;1]<=>/e[1;2]. Ta can tim m sao cho phuong
trinh da cho c6 dung 1 nghiem thuoc midn [1;2]:
-t + m + 2 = 0.
1
Dat / ( 0 - r - / + 2 vol ^ e M , t a c 6 / ' ( 0 = 2 / - l hay/'(O = 0 o r = | .

Ngoai ra, /(1) = 2 , / ( 2 ) = 4 nen lap bang bifin thien, d l dang suy ra / ( 0 = -m
CO nghiem duy nhit thuoc [1;2] khi -4<m<
-2.
Vay dieu kien can tim cua m la -4 < m < - 2 .

Vi du 5. Giai phuomg trinh 4 ^ ^ ' + 2 2 ^ " =2-4".
L&igidL
Phuomg trinh da cho tuong ducmg voi

4 . 2^^^^^ + 2 2^"^'^" - 2 2'" - 0 o 4 2'
Dat / = 2^'^'-" > 0 , ta dugc 4 r + 2 / - 2 = 0
+ 2.2-"^'-' - 2 = 0.
2 / ' =
"/ = - 1
0
1
t= 2
Ta chi nhan nghiem r = ^ va khi do
2^'-'
=-<^l[I+5-x
= -\<:>l!7T5-x = -\<^x + 5 = {x-Xf
< x ^ - 3 x ^ + 2 x - 6 = 0 ( x - 3 ) ( x ^ + 2 ) = 0<;c = 3
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 3.
V i du 6. Giai bat phuomg trinh 36^'^""'+64"'^"''> 100-48"'^"-*.
L&i gidL Bat phuomg trinh da cho tuong duong voi
36 ( 6 ^ ' ^ ^ - ' + 64 (8^'"^-')'> 100 6^'""-' 8^'^^-'
/
36
-100
+J:-6
+ 64 > 0
v4.
192
-25-
+ 16>0
4)
Dat / =
>0 thi 9/^-25/ + 1 6 > 0 < = > ( / - l ) ( 9 / - 1 6 ) > 0 <
4,
- Vai r < l , t a c 6
x^+x-6>0<:>
x>2
16
9 .
/<1
t>
'/'^-^
16
-Vai / > ,tac6
v4j
-i-Vi7 ^
<^x^+x-6<-2<;^x^+x-4<0<^
4j
Ket hop lai, ta dugc x e (-oo; -3
-i-7i7
V i du 7. Giai phuang trinh (2 +
-i+Vn
u[2;+oo).
+ (2 - V3)
^2-V^L&igidL
Phuang trinh da cho tuong duang vai
(2-fV^P
(2 +
Dat ^ = (2 + V
N/3
( 2 - V 3 ) + (2-V3p"-'(2-V^) = 4
+ (2 - V
= 4
> 0 thi 1 = (2 - > / 3 v a ta dugc
t + - = 4<=>t^-4t + \ 0^
t
- V o i / = 2-73 ( 2 + >/3r'-'^ =2-73 x ' - 2 x = - l x = l .
- V a i t = 2 + S<^{2^SY-^'
=2 + S<^x^-2x
= \<^x = \y[2.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 1, x = 1 V2.
-1 +
Bai tap phan 2

1. Giai phuomg trinh 9^'"'"' -10- 3^'^^"' + 1 = 0
2. Giai phuomg trinh 2'
_22+--
=3
(Dy bi DH khSi B 2006)

(DH khoi D 2003)
(DHSP Ha Noi 2000)
4. Giai bat phuong trinh 3'' - 8 3"^"^ - 9 9 ^ > 0
(DH Y Ha Noi 2000)
3. Giai phucmg trinh 2'^-6-2^-^3i^ + p = l
5. Giai bit phuomg trinh 27'' +12"^ > 2 8"^

6. Giai phuomg trinh ^Jl + ^l-l^"
= (l + 2^1-2^^) 2"
7. Giai bat phuong trinh V9 + 8 - 3 ^ - 9 ^ + 3 ^ > 5 (DH SP Ha Noi 2012)

8. Giai phuomg trinh ( 6 - + (6 + s[\\y
zx-2
=9A-5'
9. Giai bit phuomg trinh Vl5-2''^'+l > 2^^ -1 + 2"^'
(DubikhdiA2003)
Huong dan giai bai tap phan 2

1. Xet phuong trinh 9'''^"-' -10-3"'^"-' +1=0.
Dat / = 3''""^ > 0 thi phuong trinh da cho viSt lai thanh
't = \
9 r - 1 0 / + l = 0<=>
-Vdd / = 1 thi 3 ^ ' ^ ' ' - ' = l x ' + x - 2 = 0 o
1
9
x=l
x = -2"
x=0
^ - V o i t = - thi 3 ' ' " ^ - ' = - x ' + x = 0
9
9
x =- l
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 4 nghiem la x = -2, x = -1, x = 0, x = 1.
2. Xet phuomg trinh 2 ' ' - 2'^""^' = 3.
Dat / = 2''
, ^,. v
>0,tac6 / - y = 3 < / ^ - 3 / - 4 = 0
':w
^V + - ^
/=4
Ta chi nhan nghiem t = 4>0 va khi do 2''
x=2
= 4 <=> x" - x = 2 <=>
x=- l
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = - l , x = 2.
3. Xet phuang trinh 2'"-6-T
+ ^ = 1.
2^
Dat / = 2">0 taco

2
^ 3 _ 6 / - l + l ^ = l / ^ - 3 . / ^ . - + 3-/-
=1
2^
t =
= l<=>r^-/-2 = 0-
Ta chi nhan nghiem t = 2>0 va khi do x = log^ 2
r =- l
/ =2
1.
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit la x = 1.

4. Xet b i t phuang trinh 3'" - 8 3 " ^ ^ - 9 9 ^
> 0.
1.
Dieu kien xac dinh: x > -4.

Bat phucmg trinh da cho tuang duang voi
> 0 32--2^/^ _ 8 . 3 - - V ^ - 9 > 0.
3^' - 8 - 3 ' .2^-9-3^^

Dat / = 3 " - ^ > 0 thi
- 8 / - 9 > 0 <=> (/ + l ) ( / - 9 ) > 0 / > 9.
- Vai / >9<=>x-Vx + 4 >logj9 = 2 o x - 2 > Vx + 4 .

Dat dieu kien x > 2, binh phucmg 2
ta dugc
x^-4x + 4 > x + 4<=>x^-5x>0<=>x>5.

Ket hap lai, ta thay nghiem cua bat phuang trinh da cho la x e (5;+QO).
5. Xet bat phuang trinh 27^ +12^ > 2 8 \
Ta bien doi nhu sau
Dat / =
/ 2 f
v2.
> 0 thi ta CO
>2.
2)
+ / > 2 <^ (/ - l){t^ + / + 2) > 0 <=> / > 1.
v2y
Dodo
>lx>0.
195
Vay nghiem cua bat phuang trinh da cho la jc e (0; + 0 0 ) .

6. Xet phuang trinh
= (l + 2^1-2'^) 2'.
DiSu kien 1 - 2^"^ > 0 <:> X < 0.

Dat t = yjl-l^'
thi 0 < / < 1, suy ra 2^' =\-t^ <^2'
yjx-t^
nen phuang trinh
da cho tuang duang vai
r=0
1 = (1 + 2tf (1 - 0 t{At^ - 3) = 0
- V a i / = 0, tadugc V l - 2 ' " = 0 o 2 ' ' = l o x = 0.

-Vai
= - , t a d u a c 2"" =\-- = -<^2x

4
4 4
= -2<^x = -\.
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x = 0, x = - 1 .

7. Xet b i t phuang trinh V9 + 8 - 3 ^ - 9 ^ + 3 ^ > 5.
x<A
Dieu kien
x<4
4-x>0
9 + 8 - 3 ^ - 9 ^ >0
(3^-9)(3^+l)<0^|3^<3
<:>0<X<4.
Dat ^ = 3 ^ > 0 t h i t a c o A/9 + 8/-?'
> 5 ^ 9 + 8/-^' > 5 - / (*)
- Neu / > 5 <=> 5 - / < 0 thi (*) nghiem dung.

- N8u / < 5 < 5 - / > 0 thi (*) tuang duang vai
9 + 8 / - / ' > (5-0^ 9 + 8 / - / ' > 25-10/+
< / ' - 9 / + 8< 0 <:>!</<8.
Trong truang hap nay, ta dugc 1 < / < 5.

Ket hop lai, ta c6 nghiem la / > 1 hay 3 ^ > 1 o
V4-Jc
>
x<4.
Vay nghiem cua b i t phuang trinh da cho la x e [O; 4 ) .
6-vriY r6+vrT
8. Ta bien doi nhu sau
94
25
196
Chu y r&ig
(6
+ y/U
6-vrT
= 1 nen neu dat / =
6+ViT
>0 thi
'6-VrT
t
Ta CO phuang trinh r + - = 25?^-94t + 25 = 0^t = "^"^ -^^VlT
25
t 25
^ 47+i2Vn ^
Vai r =
, ta C O
25
'
(6+VrT 47 + 12^/^T <x

25
= 2.
[ 5
Vai. = ^ Z ^ , t a c 6 ^ ^ ^ ^
25
47-12Vri
25
< X=
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem \a x = 2.

9. Dat / = 2^ >0,tac6 V30/ + 1 > | / - l | + 2/.
-2.
'
Ta CO 2 truang hap sau:

- N g u / > l , t a c 6 V307+T>3f-1. Chiiy rang 3 / - l > 0 vai / > ! nentaco ^ferf
30t + \>i3t-\f
^9t^-36t<0<^0<t<4.
Do do 1 < 2^ < 4 <:> 0 < X < 2.

- N8u 0 < / < 1, ta CO V307TT > f +1. Chu y rang ^ +1 > 0 nen ta c6
30/ + l>(? + l ) ' / ' - 2 8 ^ < 0 0 < / < 2 8 .
Do do, trong truang hop nay, ta c6 / < 1 < 2"" < 1 x < 0.
. j - \
Ket hap lai, ta duac x < 2 la nghiem cua bat phuang trinh da cho.
3) Phuang phap phan tich
Nhan xet: Trong nhieu tinh huong, ta gap phdi cdc phuang trinh khd rdc roi
vd ddi hoi cdn phdi phdn tich bieu thirc tuomg ung thdnh nhdn tic de Idm dan
gidn hoa phuang trinh han roi xu ly rieng le timg phuang trinh nhdn tu. Ta
Cling CO the coi x hogc bieu thuc ham mu lien quan den x Id bien, thdnh phdn
con lai Id tham sd de tinh delta vd de bien ddi han.
197
V i du 1. Giai phuong trinh 25 2^ -10^ + 5^ = 25.

L&igidL TabiSn d6i nhu sau
25-2^-2^-5'+5"-25 = 0
2^(25 - 5^) + (5^ - 25) = 0 (2' -1)(5^ - 25) = 0
2^ = 1
<=>
= 25
x =0
x=2
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la jc = 0, x = 2.

V i du 2. Giai phuong trinh sau 4x' + 2x.2''^' +3.2"' = x'.V' + 8x +12.
Lcfi gidu Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi
x'(2"'-4) + 2JC(4-2"') + 3(4-2"') = 0
(2"' - 4)(x' - 2x - 3) = 0 <=> 2"' - 4 = 0 V
2x - 3 = 0
<=>x = \ ^ , x = - l , x = 3
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 cac nghiem la x = V2, x = -1, x = 3.
V i du 3. Giai phuong trinh ( V 3 - l ) " " ' % x ( V 3 = x ' +1.
L&igidL
f r- -
*) Dieu kienxac dinh: X > 0.
Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi (nhan them 2 v6 cho (yfs+lf'^''' > 0 ) :
(V^+if"[(V3-i)'""+x(V^+if'^]
\
-
= (V^+i)'"^^(x^+i)
2'-'+x(V3+lp"=(V^-flp(x^+l)
O x + x(V^ + l p "
" ;
=(V5 + l ) ' " " ( x ^ + l )

s
\21og2J:
21og2Jt
+ 1 = V3 + 1
<=> X
(x^+l)o
= -^^
Ta thay dang thuc

o a b + b = ab + a
{a-b)(ab-1)
= 0 <=>
'a = b
ab = \
a
198
Ta CO hai tnrcmg hop sau
.-N
; -
- N6u X = (V3 +1)'^^'' thi lay logarit co s6 2 hai v l , ta dugc

logj jc = log2(>/3 + l).Iog2 X <=> logj X = 0 <=> X = 1, thoa man dieu kien xac dinh.
- Neu x(\f3 +1)^^'" = 1 thi cung lay logarit co s6 2 hai vg, ta duac
log2X
+ log2xlog2(>/3 + l ) = 0 < l o g 2 X l + log2(>/3+l)
<=> log2 X = 0 > X = 1.
=0
ma'!
Vay phuang trinh da cho co nghiem duy nhat la x = 1.

Vi du 4. Giai phuang trinh 4" - 2"^' + 2(2" -1) sin(2" +
-1) + 2 = 0.
(Du bi khSi D 2006)
L&igidL Phuang trinh da cho tuang duomg voi

(2'" - 2.2" +1) + 2(2" -1) sin(2" +
-1) +1 = 0
o (2" - 1 ) ' + 2(2" -1) sin(2" + > ' - ! ) + sin' (2" +

2" - 1 + sin(2" +y-1)J'
<=>
-l2
-1) + cos' (2" +
-1) = 0
+ cos'(2" + 7 - 1 ) = 0
2"+sin(2"+>'-l) = l
cos(2"+>'-l) = 0
Do cos(2" +
-1) = 0
sin(2" +
-1)
1 . Ta CO hai truong hop sau
-Ndu sin(2" + >; -1) - 1 thi 2" = 0, v6 nghiem.

-N6u sin(2"+>;-l) = - l thi 2" = 2 < : ^ x = l .
Suy ra sin(j + l) =
"
TT
= --\ k27r,k e Z .
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = l,>' = - - 1 + kin,k
Vi du 5. Giai bat phuang trinh

2"^'+ (5x'+11) 2'-" - x ' < 24 - X[1 - ( x ' - 9) 2^"".
LcigiaL
Dat r = 2",r > 0, bdt phuang trinh da cho tra thanh:
,
10x'+22
2t +
2 ^/
^'-9x
x'<24-x +
199
2 / ^ - [ x ^ - x + 24)t + 22 + 9x + \0x^-x^
I
<0.
Taxem 2/^ -[x^ -x + 24)t+ 22 + 9x + l0x^ -x^ =0 laphuomg trinh i n /. Tac6

A = (x^-x
+ 24f - 8 ( 2 2 + 9x + lOx' - x ^ )
= [x' + 3xf - 40 ( x ' + 3x) + 400 = ( x ' + 3x - 2 0 ) ' .

1
Suy ra, phuomg trinh c6 hai nghiem phan biet: t = -x^ + - X

2
2
/ = -x + ll
,
+1
Do do, bat phuong trinh da cho tuong duong:
(2/-x^-x-2)(/ + x-ll)<0
2-2^-x'-x-2>0
2r-x'-x-2>0
<=>
r+ x-ll<0
2'+x-ll<0
<=>
2-2^-x'-x-2<0'
2/-x'-x-2<0
r+ x-ll>0
Lb' ' + x - l l > 0
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = 2" + x -11 thi / ' ( x ) = 2Mn 2 +1 > 0 nen no dong biSn tren R.
Mat khac, / ( 3 ) = 0 nen ta c6 / ( x ) > 0 x > 3 va / ( x ) < 0 x < 3.
Xet ham s6 g(x) = 2 - 2 " - x ' - x - 2 tren M. Taco
g\x) = 2 2^ In 2 - 2x ii> g'Cx) = 2-2^ (In 2f-2=^
g"'(x) = 2 2^ (In 2)' > 0
Mat khac g(0) = g(l) = g(2) = 0 nen phuomg trinh g(x) = 0 c6 ba nghiem la
X
= 0,x = l,x = 2.
Lap bang xet ddu ciia ham s6 g(x) tren cac khoang (-oo;0),(0;l);(l;2);(2;+oo),
ta c6:
g(x)>0xe(0;l)u(2;+oo).
.
g(x)<0XG(-oo;0)u(l;2).
Do do, bdt phuomg trinh da cho tucmg ducmg vai:
200
\g(x)>0
\fix)<0
0<x<lvx>2
X <
<=>
0<x<l
g(x)<0
x<0vl<x<2
f(x)>0
x>3
2<x<3'
Vay tap nghiem cua b i t phucmg trinh da cho la (0;l)u(2;3).

Vi du 6. Cho bdt phuong trinh xyllx-x^
<
- ax2" + al^yjlx-x",
tham s6.
voi a la
- r V '
a) Giai bat phuong trinh khi a = - 1 .
.^
b) Tim a de bat phuong trinh c6 nghiem x > 1.

LoigidL
a) *) Qihu kien 2x - x' > 0 0 < x < 2.
Voi a = - l , taco
xV2x - x' < x' + x2' - 2" V2x - x'
S-^^CH^
V 2 x - x ' ( x + 2^)<x(x + 2 0 ( x + 2")(V2x-x' - x ] < 0

Chiiy rang x + 2'^ >0 nen
yjlx-x^
<x<ei>2x-x^<x^<::>x-x^<0<=>0<x<l.
Vay nghiem cua b i t phuong trinh la x e (0; 1).
v^
b) Ta bien doi nhu sau: xV2x - x^ < x^ - 0x2"" + al^-Jlx
ulM -
- x^
<:>x(V2x-x^ - x j < a 2 ^ (V2x-x^ - x j ( V 2 x - x ^ - x j ( x - a 2 ' ^ ) < 0

Do X > 1 nen x-x^ <0<=> 2x-x^ <x^ <=> yjlx-x^
x-al'
>0â<
- x < 0 , suy ra
Xethams6 / ( x ) = , x e [ 1 ; 2 ] thi / ' ( x ) =
2^-x2Mn2 ,
- va
1
/ ' ( x ) = 0 <z> 2 " - x 2 M n 2 = 0 X = e [1;2].
In2 ^ ^
Khao sat ham s6 / ( x ) tren mien [1;2], ta thdy / ( x ) > /(1) = ^ va suy ra a < ^ .
201
V i du 7. Giai phucmg trinh

16' + 48^ + 96^ + IT + 8 r = 18" + 64^ + 24" +54^+108'.
LMgidL Dat ^ = 3"^ > 0, ta CO
-
2'" + 2 ' ' / + 2 ' ' / + / ' + / ' = 2 ' / ' + 2 * ' + 2'"r + 2 ' / ' + 2 ' ' / \
Ro rang nSu thay t = T thi c6 ding thiic nen phuong trinh tren c6 nghiem
/ = 2"^. Taphan tich nhu sau
- -^,
(2'" - 2 ' " / ) + (2'"/-2'"e) + ( 2 ' " t - 2 ' " ) + [t' -2U^)-^[t'
2'" ( 2 ' -t) + 2''t(2'
-1) (2" +t)- 2'" (2" -t)-t'
<^[2''-t)(2''+2'U
o (2" -1) [[2'^
o (2" - 1 ] [2'' -
+ 2Û^-2''-t^-t')
+1[2"' -t')-
-2U') = 0
[2' -t)-^
(T -t) = 0
=0
2'^ [2''
'
=0
mmA -^s.
) ( l + / - 2'") = 0 o ( 2 ' - 3") (8' - 9") ( l + 3" - 4 ' ) = 0 .
Ta CO cac truong hop:
-Neu 2 ^ - 3 ' = 0 o ^2Y

3.
-Neu 8"-9'=0<=>
- Neu l + 3 ' - 4 " = 0 o
= 1 <=>x = 0.
3
v4y
4;
= 1. Ve trai giam theo jc nen phuong trinh
CO khong qua 1 nghiem. Ta lai thay x = l thoa man nen phuong trinh c6
nghiem duy nhdt la x = 1.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la JC = 0, x = 1.
*"
H ^' i
B a i tap p h a n 3
1. Giai phuong trinh 4x^ + x 3' + 3'"' = 2x' 3' + 2x + 6

2. Giai phuong trinh
52-^-3^-2+5^^+3x^2
^ 625 125"' +1
3. Giai phuong trinh 8 3" + 3 2" = 24 + 6"

4. Giai phuong trinh
(DH QuSc gia Ha Noi 2000)
T +r{2-7>x) = 6x^-x'-\\x
+6
202
5. Giai bat phuang trinh 4x'+x-2"'^'
+ 3 2"" >
\log,4r
2 + 8x +12
> logj-t
Ino. r
6. Giai bat phuang trinh (^S + dY'" - ( 3 V 5 - 6 )
T2
3
7. Tim a sao cho phuang trinh sau c6 dung 2 nghiem
^
3^ + o x ' + 2 3^ + 2 a x ' = X 3^"'+ 3a Jc'

l.Xet phuang trinh 4 x ' + x 3^ + 3^"' = 2 x ' - 3 " + 2 x + 6.
Ta bien doi nhu sau
x ' ( 4 - 2 - 3 ^ ) + x ( 3 ^ - 2 ) + 3^"'-6 = 0
o - 2 x ' (3" - 2) + x(3^ - 2) + 3(3^ - 2) = 0 <=> (3^ - 2)(2x' - x - 3) = 0
3^ = 2
2x'-x-3 = 0
X = logj 2
<=>
,
3
x = -l,x = -
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 3 nghiem la x = logj 2, x = - 1 , x = .

2. Xet phuang trinh 5
= 625 125" + 1 . Ta b i l n d6i nhu sau
-2x'-3x+2
2x'-3x + 2 = 0
y+3x +2= 0
-1 = 0
Phuang trinh v6 nghiem

x = - l , x = -2
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x = -2,x = - 1 .
r*
3. Xet phuang trinh 8 3"^ + 3 2"^ = 24 + 6 \a bi6n d6i nhu sau

8(3" - 3 ) + 2^(3 - 3") = 0 (3" - 3)(2" - 8) = 0
3" = 3
x=l
2" = 8
x=3
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x = l,x = 3.

4. Xet phuang trinh x' 2" + 2" (2 - 3x) = 6x' - x' - 1 Ix + 6.
203
Ta bien doi nhu sau

2" (jc' - 3x + 2) = -{x - \){x - 2){x - 3)
2^(x - l)(x - 2) + (x -
- 2)(x - 3) = 0
X
^ ( x - \)ix - 2)(2" + X - 3) = 0
= l,x = 2
2'^ + X - 3 = 0
Ptiuomg trinh cuoi c6 ve trai d6ng biSn nen c6 khong qua 1 nghiem. Ta nhdm
thiy x = 1 thoa man nen phuang trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x = l,x = 2.
5. Xet bat phuang trinh 4x' + 2x 2"'"' + 3 2"' > x' 2"' + 8x +12.
Ta bien doi nhu sau
x ' (4 - 2^') + 2x(2^' - 4) + 3(2'' - 4) > 0
<:> (T'
4)(x' - 2x - 3) < 0 (2^' - 4)(x + l)(x - 3) < 0
Chii y r i n g 2 " ' - 4 - 0 o x^ = 2 X - V2 .

Lap bang xet d i u cua b i l u thuc, ta thu dugc nghiem cua hk phuang trinh la
.- X G ( - > ^ ; - 1 ) U ( V 2 ; 3 ) .
6. Xet b i t phuang trinh (3V5 + 6)'''' -(3>/5 - 6 ) ' " ' > x ' - 1 .
Dieu kien x>0. Ta thay x = 1 thoa man bat phuang trinh. Xet
x^l.
Ta CO (3N/5 + 6)(3V5 - 6) = 45 - 36 = 9. Suy ra

2 _
log,((3^/5+6){3^/5-6)) _
logJ(3^/5+6)+log,(3^y5-6) _
log,(375+6)
Iog,(3,/5-6)
Do do, ta bien doi nhu sau

log,(3^/5+6) _
X
logj(3V5-6)
X
\ogy{i45+6)
^ X
1083(375+6) _
N^ X
'
log3(3r^-6)
1
* X
log,(3V5+6)_
log3(3v/5-6)
X
* X
log,(3x^-6)
^ X
^106,(375+6) L _ ^log,(3V5-6) \ ^ l o g , ( 3 V i - 6 ) _ ^
(^log3(375-6) _ ^ ) ( ^ l o g 3 ( 3 / 5 + 6 ) _ ^ ^ ) ^ ^ ^
^-06,(3^5-6) _ ^ ^
Do logj ( 3 V 5 - 6 ) < 0 nen X > 1.

Vay nghiem cua b i t phuang trinh da cho la x > 1.
204
7. Xet phuong trinh
3" + ox' + 2 3' + 2ax' = x 3'"'
+3a-x\
Ta phan tich nhu sau

3"(x' - 3x + 2) + ax\x^ - 3x + 2) = 0
( x ' - 3x + 2)(3' + a x ' ) = 0
x ' - 3x + 2 = 0
3^+ax' = 0
Phuong trinh x^ - 3x + 2 = 0 da c6 2 nghiem la x = 1, x = 2.

Neu fl > 0 thi de thay phuong trinh thuhai v6 nghiem.
Dat / ( x ) - 3 " + a x ' voi a<0.
D l thiy
lim / ( x ) = -oo va / ( 0 ) = 1>0 va / ( x ) lien tuc tren (-oo;0) nen

x--*-co
phuong trinh c6 it nhat mot nghiem am, khac voi hai nghiem x = l , x = 2 o
tren; do do, khong thoa man.
Vay dieu kien can tim la a>0.
' ' - > >
-r^
'
i i . , > - t . H - ^ T J H D 3.icf
tiX
4i
4) Phuong phap danh gia

Nhan xet: Trong mot so truang hap, ta c6 the sic dung bat dang thirc de chtrng
minh phicang trinh v6 nghiem hoac c6 khong qua mot so nghiem nao do. Cu
the la ta se chon mot dai luomg trung gian nao do de lam ca sa ddnh gid, so
sdnh hai ve.
V i du 1. Giai cac phuong trinh sau

a)i2 +
yf3y+(2-yf3y=4\
h){2+y[3y+{2Sy=r.
L&igidL a) Ta bien doi phuong trinh da cho thanh
2 + V3
2-V3
= 1.
2 + ^/3
2 V3
,
< 1 nen ve trai cua phuong trinh la ham nghich
Chii y rang 0 <
bien va do do, no c6 khong qua 1 nghiem.

Hon nua, x = 1 thoa man nen phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat la x = 1.
205
b) Ta bien doi phuang trinh da cho thanh

, , , J
2 + V3 , 2-yf3
Chu y rSng
>1 >
- NIU X > 0 thi
V
2 + V3
2
~
y
3iaX A
= 1.
. ^ ' r , . ,
nen ta co cac truong hop sau:
> 2 + V3Y = 1, vaJ2-S' > 0 nen ve trai ion hon 1.

V
2-V^
- Neu x<0 thi
2-S
V
= 1 va
2 + V3
> 0 nen ve trai ciing
lomhom 1.
Do do, phuomg trinh da cho v6 nghiem.
Vi du 2. Giai b i t phuang trinh sau 2^"' + 3"' < 3'^"' + 2^^^'.
LM gidi
< 3'^"' + 2'^"'.
Xet bat phuang trinh 2'^^ +
Ta thay rSng nû x = \i hai \h cua b i t phuang trinh bSng nhau. Ta xet cac
truong hap sau
-N6u X > 1 => X + 2 < 2x +1 thi 2"' < 2'^"',3^"' < 3'-^"' ^ T^^ + 3^"' < 2'^"' + 3'^"',
thoa man.
_ ^
-Neu X < 1 thi bat dang thuc a tren doi chiSu va khong thoa man 6k bai.
Vay b i t phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem la ;c > 1.
r^"' + 2^'"'' = 2*-''"' + 2'"'*-'
V i du 3. Giai phuang trinh
, i-:,.,
(MSG TP. Ha Noi 2005)
LotigidL Theo bat dang thuc Cauchy cho 2 s6 duang thi:

-3
9-4
+ 2 UJ>2V2^'^^
-2 ^^^=2-V2^'^
^"^ >2V2^=4.
Ta CO 3=^'' + 2'"'^ < 3'^'^ + 3""''. Ta se chung minh rSng s^"^'"^ +3'^ < 4 .
That vay, dat / - 3'^'". Do 0 < cos^ x < 1 nen 1 < r < 3 . B i t ding thuc c i n chung
minh tuong duang v a i / + - < 4 < ( / - ! ) ( / - 3 ) < 0 , dung.
206
/ ^2
-3 = 9-4
X =2
DSng thurc xay ra khi sin^ x = 0 \

cos^ X = 1 V cos^ x = 0
<:> x = 27r.
Vay phiromg trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit la x = ITT.

Vi du 4. Giai phuorng trinh
LcfigiaL Phucmg trinh da cho vilt lai la
(2 + V2r'"-(2 + V2)'
4i
1+
-{2-42T'^'
(*)
Ta xet cac truong hop sau:

-N6u cos2A:>0<::>cos^x>sin^x, do 2 + V2 >1 nen
(2 + V 2 r ' ^ - ( 2 + V2n'^ <0,

trong khi do do 1+>1>2-V2 nen
-\cos2jr
A life
-(2-V2r^'^>0.
Trong tnrong hop nay, phuang trinh (*) a tren khong dugc thoa man.
- Neu cos 2JC < 0, lap luan tuang tu truomg hgp tren.
' ^
- N8u COS2JC = 0 thi (*) dugc thoa man va phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem la
x ^ - + k-,k&Z.
4 2
=
'
Vi du 5. Giai bdt phuang trinh sau 5^ + 4' < - ( 3 ' + 2' +1).
Ldi giai Ta thay rang J: = 1 la nghiem cua phuang trinh
5^+4^=^(3^+2^+1).
207
Bat phiromg trinh da cho c6 thS viet lai la

v4y
v4.
V4y
Ta xet cac tnidng hop sau

- Neu X < 1 thi
4j
^1
V
, 5 , 9 ,
+1 < +1 = va
4
4
v4y
1 2
4 4
3
4
3
2
> + + - = - .
v4.
Suy ra
^5V
+ 1
v4.
v4.
V4y
^2Y
/1
f 2Y
< : = , thoa man de bai.

4'2 2
v4.
- Neu jc> 1 thi de dang thay rang bat dang thurc tren doi chieu va khong dung
voi dh bai.
Vay nghiem ciia bat phuong trinh da cho la x e ( - o o ; l ) .
Vi du 6. Giai phuong trinh sau 3^' + 3""^' + 3"' - 3"^'"'.
L&igidL
Xet phuong trinh 3'' + 3^'^' + 3'^' = 3""^'^'.
Theo bat dang thuc Cauchy, ta c6

3 . ' ^ 332.^ ^ 3.28 > 3 3 / 3 7 7 ^ ^ ^ 7 7 ^ ^ 3 ' -
Hon nua, ta cung c6
Tu do suy ra 3"' + 3'''' + 3"' > 3"^'^' va dang thuc xay ra khi jc = 2.
Thu lai ta thay thoa man.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat la x^2.
Vi du 7. Giai phuong trinh sau
M(
2^+4^
V
J
= 144
L&igidi. *) Dieu kien: x ^0.

208
Chu y rang vai x < 0 thi
M
<4<144, dodo x > 0 .
Theo bat dang thurc Cauchy ta c6
Suy ra
2^+4^ =2^+2 ^ >2V2^-2^ =2-22^^ >2-2 ^^'^ =8 va

=3^+3 ^ >2V3^-3^ =2-3^^^ >2-3 ^^'^ =2-3^ =18.
^\ (
2^
3^+9^ >8-18 = 144

\
V
)
4 X 2
Dau bang phai xay ra, tuc la x = - , - = - <z> x = 2.
X 2 X
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 2.
Bai tap phan 4
Bai 2.1. Giai
3 =+ 2cos^
2) = (x^ - 2)e' + xe"^'"^
Bai
Giai phuang
phuang trinh
trinh sau
sau 3"^
(x -+ l)(x
Bai 3. Vai a, 6 > 1, giai phuang trinh sau: (2' + x)(a" + 6') - 2(a + 6)' + x(a + 6)
^
Bai 4. Giai phuang trinh sau 2^'^' + 2^"^^ = ;^
log3(4x'-4x + 10)
Bai 5. Giai phuang trinh sau 2""''" + cos2x = 3"' + (2 + x' )'^'''
; X > U iJ-i^^ ,
Bai 6. Giai bit phuang trinh x'' - 4x + 4 > 2'"^''
,r .
Bai 7. Giai bat phuang trinh x(2" -1) + (2x -1)(9" - 3) + (3x - 2)(64' -16) > 0
1. Ta CO (x - l)(x + 2) = x^ - 2 + X nen ta biln d6i phuang trinh nhu sau
(x'-2)(e'-l) + x(e''-'-l) = 0.
-Neu x(x -2) = 0<
"x = 0
thi ta thay phuang trinh thoa man.

209
- N e u x(x^ - 2) 9t 0 t h i chia 2 ve cho xix^ - 2), ta dugc
+
X
x^-2
= 0.
Ta thay rSng e'' -\a x luon cung dSu v a i nhau nen vg trai luon duong va
phuong trinh da cho trong truong hop nay la v6 nghiem.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 3 nghiem la xÔ,x
2. Xet phuong trinh 3' + 3"^ = 2 cos^
Ta CO 3"" + 3
2cos^
x'^'-x^
> 2yfy~-3~'
42.
x'^^-x
= 2 va dang thuc chi xay ra k h i x = 0. H o n nua.
< 2 va dang thuc xay ra k h i
= k7r,k e Z .
T u day de thay chi c6 jc = 0 la thoa man ca 2 dang thiic tren.

3. Ta biSn d6i phuong trinh da cho n h u sau
{2" +
<:>x[a'
+ 6") = 2(a + by + xia + b)

= 2'
-^b'-a-b)
9 (a + b^ '
z
V
1 (ab^
2
a'+b'\
n _
z
V
J
X
(2b
2a >
x\
yab)

N g u 0 < ;c < 1 t h i theo b i t d i n g thuc Bernoulli t h i
(
2a
2a
a+b
a+b
2a
- 1 x + \.
2b
2b ^
2b
a+b
a+b
2{a + b)
<
a+bJ
a+b
a+b
- 1 x + \n
- 2 x + 2 = 2.
K h i do, \k phai duong, trong k h i do a" +b' -a-b<Q
nen ve trai am. D o do,
trong truong hop nay, phuong trinh v6 nghiem.
NIU ;C<0 hoac x> \i cung ap dung b i t d i n g thuc B e r n o u l l i , ta c6 v8 phai

t h i a ' + 6 ' ' - a - 6 < 0 nen xâ"
am. T r o n g k h i do, neu x<Q
+b''-a-b)>Q;
210
con neu x>\i a' +b'-a-b>0

luon duomg.
nen xia'+b''-a-b)>0,
tuc la ve trai
Do do, phuong trinh trong truang hgrp nay ciing khong c6 nghiem.
Ngoai ra, ta thy rang x = 0 va x = 1 nghiem dung phuong trinh da cho.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 0,x = \.
4. Xet phuong trinh 2'"^' + 2'-'^ =
^.
log3(4jc'-4x + 10)
Digu kien 0 < 4x^ - 4x +10 7t 1, luon dung.

Ta CO 2''"' + 2'-^" > 2V2'-'.2'-'^ =8
va l o g 3 ( 4 x ' - 4 x + 10) = log3((2jc-l)'+9)>log39 = 2
nen
16
l o g 3 ( 4 x ' - 4 x + 10)
Do do, dang thuc phai xay ra hay
2
r2x + l = 3 - 2 x
2A;-1 = 0
1
Vay phuong trinh c6 nghiem la x = - .
5. Xet phuong trinh 2"'^'^ + cos2x = 3"' + (2 + f^"^.
Taco cos^x<l va cos2x<l nen 2""'"^+ cos2x< 2 + 1
3.
Ngoai ra, x^ > 0 va |x| > 0 nen 3"' +(2 + x^y^W > i + 2 = 3.
Dang thuc phai xay ra nen x = 0.
Vay phuorng trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhdt la x = 0.
6. Xet b i t phuong trinh x^ - 4x + 4 > 2'"^''.
i i f L :
^'^^^ ^ "
Taco x ' - 4 x + 4 = ( x ' ' - 4 x + 3) + l = ( x - l ) ' ( x ^ + 2 x + 3) + l > l .

Ngoaira 2^' > 2 = l = > l - 2 ^ ' < 1 - 1 = 0=>2'"''' < 2 " = 1 .
Do do, ta luon c6 x" - 4 x + 4 > 2'"^''. DSng thuc xay ra khi va chi khi x = 1.
Vay nghiem ciia bat phuong trinh da cho la
x^l.
7. Xet hk phuong trinh x(2' -1) + (2x-1)(9^ - 3 ) + (3x-2)(64" -16) > 0.

Ta sg Chung minh rng x ( 2 " - l ) > 0 , ( 2 x - l ) ( 9 " - 3 ) > 0 , ( 3 x - 2 ) ( 6 4 " - 1 6 ) > 0 .
That vay, xet bieu thuc x(2'' - l ) :
Vai x < 0 thi 2'-\<0
Vdri jc>0 thi 2'^-l>0 nen x ( 2 ' - l ) > 0 .
nen x ( 2 ' - l ) > 0 .
^.
Do do, ta luon CO x(2''-1) > 0 vai moi jc e IR.

Xet bi6u thurc ( 2 x - l ) ( 9 ^ - 3 ) :
Vai x<^
Vai x>^
thi 2 x - l > 0,9"-3 > 0 nen ( 2 x - l ) ( 9 " - 3 ) > 0.

thi 2JC-1 < 0,9"-3 < 0 nen ( 2 x - l ) ( 9 " - 3 ) > 0.
Do do, taiuonc6 (2x-1)(9"-3)>0 vai moi
xeR.
Xet biSu thuc (3x-2)(64" -16):
Vai x < 0 thi 3x-2 < 0,64"-16 < 0 nen (3x-2)(64"-16)> 0 .
Vai j c > | thi 3x-2>0,64"-16>0 nen (3x-2)(64"-16)>0.
Dodo, taluonco (3x-2)(64"-16)>0 vai moi jceM.

1
2
R6 rang dang thuc xay ra trong cac danh gia tren Ian luot tai x = 0,x =,x =
nen khong the dong thai xay ra.
Vay bat phucmg trinh da cho luon dung vai moi x.
5) Phuong phap dung ham so
Nhan xet: Phirong trinh mu, logarit gidi quyet bang cdch dung ham so khd
pho bien vd da dang, phong phu. Cdc bdi todn dang nay co mot dgc diem
chung la co so nghiem xdc dinh truac duac vd gid tri chinh xdc cua timg
nghiem dugc nhdm ra dua tren phucmg trinh chic khong phdi thong qua mot
phep bien doi dai so cu the ndo.
Ta phat b i l u hai dinh l i quan trong dung trong cac bai toan lien quan duai day.
- Dinh li Lagrange. Cho ham s6 / ( x ) : [a, b]-^R
lien tuc tren [a, b] va kha
vi tren (a,b). K h i do, ton tai mot s6 thuc c e ia,b) sao cho / ' ( c ) = / ( ^ ) ~ / ( ' ^ ) ,
b-a
- Dinh li Rolle. Cho ham s6 f{x): [a,b]
R lien tuc tren [a,b] va kha v i
tren {a,b), d6ng thoi / ( a ) = / ( b ) . K h i do, t6n tai mot s6 thuc c e {a,b) sao
c h o / ' ( c ) = 0.
Mot so he qua thuang diing cua cac dinh li nay la:
(1) N6u ham s6 / ( x ) : [ a , 6 ] ^ E lien tuc tren [a,6] va kha v i tren {a,b) va
phucmg trinh / ( x ) = 0 c6 A: nghiem thuoc {a,b) thi f'{x) = Q c6 it nhit
nghiemthuoc
k-\
{a,b).
(2) Ngu f(x): [a, 6] ^ R lien tuc tren [a, 6] va kha v i tren (a, 6), d6ng thai
dao ham cap k cua ham / ( x ) khong doi dau tren f{x) = 0 thi phuang trinh
/(;c) = 0 CO khong qua ^ nghiem phan biet thuoc (a, 6).
Ta cung nhSc lai cac dang cua bdt dang thuc Bernoulli g i n liSn voi danh gia
trong ham so mu la:
(1) V a i 0<a^l
thitaco
a' >ia-Y)x + \,
x<Ovx>l
a" <(a-l)x
0<x<l
+ l,
(2) V a i x>0 thi x" > a{x-1) +1 vai moi a > 1 va dang thuc xay r a k h i
sjC
x= l.
Chung minh.
.-2
(l)Xethams6/(x) = a ^ - ( a - l ) x - l .
Ta CO f'{x) =flÎn a - (fl -1),/"{x) = a" (In af > 0 nen phuang trinh f{x) = 0
CO khong qua hai nghiem phan biet.
Ta lai thiy /(O) = /(1) = 0 nen jc = 0,x = 1 la hai nghiem cua phuang trinh
f(x)-O.Yebang
bien thien, ta de dang thay dugc rang

fix) > 0, X
e (-oo;
0] u [1; +oo) va f{x) < 0, Vx e (0; 1) .

213
Tir do de dang suy ra bat dang thuc can chumg minh la diing.
(2) Ta xet ham s6 f(x) =
x"-a(x-l)-\,x>0.
Ta CO fix) = ax"-' - o = aix"-' -1), /'(x) = a{a - Ox""' > 0 nen ham s6 da
cho dat gia tri nho nhat tai nghiem ciia phucmg trinh / ' ( x ) = 0 hay
/ ( x ) > / ( l ) = 0.
Do do, taduac
x''>a(x-I) + l , V x > 0 , a > l .
-' Tiep theo, ta se xet cac vi du su dung ham s6 de giai theo 2 loai la true tiSp
va gian tiep.
5.1. Diing ham so ddnh gid true tiep
Trong phdn nay, ta xet cdc bdi todn c6 dang / ( x ) = 0 vd trong do, hdm
f(x)
CO dgo hdm cdp J, 2 hoac 3 dong bien. Khi do, so nghiem cua phuomg
trinh da cho dicac biet chinh xdc vd de hodn tat lai gidi, ta chi can nhdm ra
cdc nghiem do.
Vi dy 1. Giai phuomg trinh sau 8'(3ac + l) = 4.
'
L&igiaL Taco 3x + l = > 0 nen x > - - . Suyra 8^

^ = 0.
*
8^
3
^
3x + l
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = 8"/ ' ( x ) = 8"hi8 +
12
(3x + l)-
3x + l
VOI X 6
' > mdd sr>-'
' in
thi
nen day la ham d6ng bien.
>0,X6
Do do, / ( x ) = 0 CO khong qua 1 nghiem. Hon nOa, /
^ ^^
phucmg trinh
da cho CO nghiem duy nhdt la ^ = ~Vi du 2. Giai phucmg trinh (2 - x)(2 + 4") = 6.
LcigiaL Do 2 + 4"" > 0 voi moi x e R nen phucmg trinh da cho tuomg duomg voi
214
'
"
2 + 4'
(2 + 4')'
/'(0 = 04"+4'(4-6.1n4) + 4 = 0.
Day la phuong trinh bac hai theo bi^n 4' nen no c6 khong qua hai nghiem. Do
do, phuong trinh f'{t) = 0 c6 khong qua hai nghiem (m6i gia tri duong cua 4'
cho ta dung mot gia tri cua t). Tu do, ta thay phuong trinh / ( / ) = 0 c6 khong
qua ba nghiem.
Mat khac ta cung c6 /(O) = /(1) = / ( ^ ) = 0 nen cac gia tri nay cung nghiem
dung phuong trinh ban dSu. Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 ba nghiem la
x = 0,x = \,x = ]-.
,
^. ,^
Vi du 3. Giai cac phuong trinh sau
a) r^^'cosX + 2cos'x = 2"'^'^"' + 4cos'jc.
,j
-
b) 3^=l + x + log3(l + 2x).

f
LMgiaL a) Ta c6
2""'^ cos X + 2 cos' X = 2*^''"-' + 4cos' x 2'=''^-' (2 cos x -1) = 2 cos' x(2 cos x -1)
o (2 cos X -1)(2"'''^ - 2 cos' x) = 0 o cos x = ^ v 2'=''^ = cos 2x +1
-Voi cosx = - , t a c 6 x = + + A:2;r,êZ.
2
3
T
-Vai 2""'"" = cos 2x +1, ta thSy day chinh la phuong trinh c6 dang Bernoulli \
nen no c6 nghiem la cos2x = 0vcos2x = 1 <=>x = + A:vx = kn,keZ.
4 2
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 ba ho nghiem la
X = + A;2;r,x = + k ,x = k7i,k e Z .
4 2
. 3
215
1
b) Dieu kien xac dinh ^ > ~ 2 "
Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vai 3' + x = 3'^'*^''^" + logj(2x +1).
D I tli4y ham s6 / ( / ) = 3' + / e M d6ng b i l n tren R va phuomg trinh tren
chinhla / ( x ) =/(log3(2x + l)) nentaducrc x = log3(2x + l ) o 3 ' ' = 2 x + l .
Phucmg trinh nay c6 dang b i t ding thuc Bernoulli nen no c6 nghiem la
x = 0,x = \a day ciing chinh la hai nghiem ciia phuomg trinh da cho.
V i du 4. Giai phuong trinh 5" + 4^ = 3" + 2" +1 Ox' - 6x.
L&igidL Xet ham s6 f(x)
= 5" +4' - (3^ + 2^ + lOx' - 6x),
xeR
Ta tinh dugc / " ( x ) - 5" (In 5)' + 4" (In 4)' - 3" (In 3)' - 2" (in 2f.
Ta thay x < 0 khong phai la nghiem ciia phuong trinh da cho v i nSu ngugc
lai thi
5^ + 4' < 3^ + 2MOx' - 6x > 0 => 5' + 4^ < 3' + 2' +1 Ox' - 6 x , mau thuln.
Do do x > 0 = > / ' ' ( x ) > 0 . Suy ra phuong trinh / ( x ) = 0 c6 khong qua ba
nghiem phan biet. Hon nua, ta ciing c6 /(O) = /(1) = / ( 2 ) = 0 nen phuong
trinh da cho c6 dung ba nghiem la x = 0, x = 1, x = 2 .
5.2. Dung ham so de ddnh gid gidn tiep
Cdc bdi xet trong cdc vi du ducri day tuang doi kho horn va tinh dcm dieu cua
cdc ham chua duac nhln nhdn ngay tic ddu, thdm chi, ta chua tim duac bieu
thuc tuang minh cua ham cdn xet ma phdi thong qua mot so buac bien doi.
V i du 5. Giai phuong trinh sau 2'' + 3'' = 2" + 3"^' + x + 1 .
LdigidL

( 2 ' ' - 2 ^ " ' ) + (3''-3^"') = x + l - 2 ^
Ta xet cac truong hgrp sau

- NSu 2^ > x + 1 thi 2'' - 2"*' > 0; 3 ' ' - 3"^' > 0; x +1 - 2" < 0 nen phuong trinh
khong thoa man.
216
- Nlu 2^ < X +1 thi 2'' - 2^"' < 0; 3'' - 3^"' < 0; x +1 - 2^ > 0 nen phuong trinh
khong thoa man.
- N8u 2"^ =x + l thi phuomg trinh da cho thoa man va khi do, nghiem ciia no
cung la nghiem cua 2"^ = x +1. Day la phuomg trinh dang Bernoulli nen c6 2
nghiem la x = 0,x = l.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la x = 0,x = 1
Vi du 6. Giai phuong trinh 2014'' (Vx^ +1 - x] = 1.
Lcri gidL Chu y rSng Vx^ +1 - x | Vx^ +1 + x j = 1 nen ta c6
2014^ =-p=L = y[7+l+x
Vx'+l-x
2014-"=^=i
va
= Vx^+l-x.
Vx'+l + x
Tu day suy ra 2014^-2014-^ = 2x.
Xet ham s6 /(x) = 2014" - 2014"" - 2x, x E ,
ta CO fix) - (2014" + 2014"') In 2014 - 2 > 2 In 2014 - 2 > 0, theo hk dSng thuc
Cauchy.
Do do, /(x) la ham dong bien nen /(x) = 0 c6 khong qua 1 nghiem. Ta lai c6
/(O) = 0 nen phuomg trinh /(x) = 0 c6 nghiem duy nhat la x = 0.
Thu lai vai phuong trinh ban dku, ta thiy thoa man.
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 0.
5.3. Dung dinh liLagrange v&i cdc phirang trinh co dang f{a) = f (b)
Trong dang nay, ta cung se xet mot ham so de giai quyet nhieng khong phdi
la bien x thong thuang ma bien duac chon dua vao cdc he so hogc ca so cho
truac, bien x duac xet dual dang tham so. Day la mot dang phuong trinh thu
vi va each dung dinh li Lagrange de giai quyet la hieu qua nhdt.
217
Vi du 7. Giai cac phuomg trinh sau
"
^1
a) 3" + 7 ^ = 2 - 5 \
b) 9^(3^+2^) = 2^(8'+ 7^)+ 5^(5^-2^).
L&i giaL a) Phuomg trinh da cho tuomg duomg vcri 3"^ - S'' = S'' - 7"^.
Xet ham s6 / ( / ) =
- (/ + 2)'", trong do
la nghiem cua phuomg trinh tren,
suyra/(3) = / ( 5 ) .
Ta thay ham so nay lien tuc tren R nen no cung lien tuc tren [3;5], theo dinh l i
Lagrange, ta c6
/(3)-/(5)
3c (3; 5 ) : / ' ( c ) =
= 0 hay xo (c"""' - (c +1)"""') = 0.
3-5
Tir ding thuc nay, ta thay
= 0 v XQ = 1, tuc la nSu x^ la nghiem cua phuong
trinh da cho thi Xg = 0 v x,, = 1. Thu lai, ta thiy ca hai nghiem nay dû thoa
man.
' '
'
--'^
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la x = 0, x = 1.

b) Phuomg trinh da cho tuomg duomg voi
9" 0" + 2^ ) = 2^ (8^ + 7^ ) + 5" (5* - 2" )
10^ - 1 6 ' - 25' = 14' -18" - 27'
10'+12'-16'-25'=12'+14'-18'-27'
'*
(*)
Gia su Xp la nghiem ciia phuomg trinh (*).

Ta xet ham so sau f(t) = /' + (/ + 2)'" -(t + 6)' - (/ +15)', / > 0.
D l t h d y (*)<::>/(10) = / ( 1 2 ) .
Ham s6 / ( / ) lien tuc tren doan [10,12] nen theo dinh l i Lagrange thi t6n tai s6
Q.
thuc c e (10,12) sao cho / ' ( c ) =
1u
10-12
Do do, neu x^ la nghiem cua phuomg trinh (*) thi no phai thoa man
c'-' + (c + 2)'"-' - (c + 6)'"-' - (c +15)'"' = 0
<:> Xo = 0 V c'"-' + (c + 2)'"' = (c + 6)'"""' + (c + 15)^"'
218
Ding thuc thu hai cho ta
= 1 vi n l u
fXu - f ,
X ( , < l = > X o - l < 0 ^ c ^ " ' + ( c + 2)^"' >(c + 6)^~'+(c + 15)^"',tuomgtu
>1
cung mau thuan.

Thu lai true tiep, ta thay hai gia tri x = 0,x = 1 thoa man phuomg trinh da cho.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la jc = 0,x = 1.
Vi du 8. Giai cac phuorng trinh sau
a) x'^^'-10"'^^=2x.
,-
-J
b) 9"'"-4'"^^=2cosjc.
L&igidi a) *)Dieukienxacdinh: 0<x^\.
; v -I'l
;i :
Gia su phuong trinh c6 nghiem la x = x^.

Taxethams6 s a u / ( 0 = (^ + 4)'^'-^''',r>0.
.-
Phuong trinh da cho chinh la / ( 2 ) = / ( 6 ) . Ham s6 nay lien tuc tren [2,4], kha '
vi tren (2,4) nen theo dinh l i Lagrange thi ton tai so thuc c e [2,4] thoa man
1
/ ' ( c ) = -^^^^ -^^^^ = 0 (log, x,)Uc + 4)'^^-' -c'"^^^-' = 0

62
De thay dang thuc tren cho ta
= 1 v x^, = 6, day chinh la dieu kien can de
--'
X = JCQ la nghiem ciia phuong trinh da cho. Thu hai gia tri nay true tiep vao .
phuong trinh da cho, ta thay thoa man.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la x = 1, x = 6.
b) Phuong trinh da cho CO the viet lai la
32COS. _
22COS.
= 3.2 COS X - 2 2 COS
o 3 ' " " - 3 2 cos x = 2'^^^ - 2 2 cos x .
Dat f = 2cosx thi 3' -3r - 2 ' - I t (*).

Gia su phuong trinh c6 nghiem la / =
. Ta xet ham so / ( a ) = a^'" -at^,
phuong trinh tren chinh la / ( 2 ) = / ( 3 ) . Ham so nay lien tuc tren [2,3] va kha '
vi tren (2,3) nen theo dinh l i Lagrange, ton tai c e (2,3) thoa man
219
/'(c) = / ( ^ - p i = 0 /c'-' - /o = 0 ^0 (c'"-' -1) = 0.

D I thdy rang ding thiic nay tuomg duong voi = 0 v = 1, day chinh la digu
kien can de t^t^ la nghiem ciia phuong trinh (*). Thu true tiSp hai gia tri nay
vao, ta thdy (*) thoa.
Do do, (*) CO hai nghiem \a t = 0,t = \a tuong ung, ta c6 cosx = 0 v cosx = ^ .
Giai cac phuomg trinh lucmg giac nay, ta thu dugc cac nghiem cua phuomg
trinh da cho la
x = + k7r,x = + k27r,keZ.
2
3
Nhgn xet: Ta thdy rSng phuomg phap dung dinh li Lagrange nhu thg rit hieu
qua doi voi cac bai toan dang nay. Tuy nhien, a buac tim dieu kien can cua
nghiem phuong trinh da cho, neu phuong trinh c6 dao ham bing 0 voi an c
neu tren khong c6 nghiem khong phu thuoc c thi each giai nay khong thk su
dung duoc va bai toan can phai ap dung phuomg phap khac dk giai quylt.'
Bai tap phan 5
Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh sau 4"^ = x + 1

Bai 2. Giai phuomg trinh sau 9" + 3" = (2JC +1) 2"^'
Bai 3. Giai phuomg trinh sau 2"" +5'' = 25x + 4
27x + 4 -5"
Bai 4. Giai phuomg trinh sau

12^ +13^ +14^ = 2^ + 3^ + 4^ + 870x^ - 2400x^ +1560x
Bai 5. Giai phuomg trinh sau yjs" -2x + yJ2x + \ +4x + \ 5^''
Bai 6. Giai phuomg trinh sau 1 + = (1 + 2VJc)'^'^
Bai 7. Tim tat ca cac so duong o 1 ma bat phuomg trinh sau nghiem dung voi
moi jc e M
a^>x + l

1. Xet ham s 6 / ( ; c ) = 4" - X - 1 voi x R. Ta CO
fXx) = 4'\n4-\a / ' ( x ) - 4"(ln4)'> 0.

Do do, phuomg trinh f{x) = 0 c6 khong qua 2 nghiem. Ta lai c6
/(0) = /
2)
= 0 nen phuong trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x-0,x
2. Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vai
2)
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) =
= 4x + 2
v2.
<9>
/V) =
.2,
r9>
/ -> \
- 4 x - 2 = 0.
- 4x - 2, X e R thi tucmg tir tren, ta c6
'3^
'3^
.2,
.2,
> 0 nen phuong trinh c6 khong qua 2 nghiem.
Ta lai c6 /(O) = /(1) = 0 nen phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 0, x = 1.

3. Xet phuong trinh 4" + 3' = 4x + 2 + log^ (Sx + 2 - 3^).
Dieu kien xac dinh 5x + 2 > 3"".
Dat / = log4 (5x + 2 - S'') <=> 4' + 3"^ = 5x + 2, ma thay t vao phuong trinh da cho
thi ta CO
4^+3^ =4x + 2 + / .
So sanh hai dang thuc nay, ta dugc 4' - 4"" = x - / < 4"" + x = 4' + ?. Cung tir tinh
dong bien cua ham so f(y) = 4^ + y, ta c6 ngay x = t hay 4"" + 3"" = 5x + 2.
Phuong trinh nay tuong duong voi (4'' - 3x -1) + (S'' - 2x -1) = 0.
Theo hk dSng thuc Bernoulli thi hai b i l u thuc trong ngoac cua v6 trai luon
cung dau voi nhau nen dang thuc xay ra khi x = 0,x = 1, thoa man dieu kien
xac dinh.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 0, x = 1.
221
4. Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = 12" +13" +14" - (2" + 3" + 4" + 870x' - 2400x' +1560x).
Ta
CO
(x) = 12\(ln 12)' +13^(ln 13)' +14\(ln 14)' - 2^(ln 2)' - 3".(In 3)' - 4\(ln 4)'.
Ta thay rang trong phuong trinh da cho, x phai la s6 khong am vi neu ngugc
lai thi theo bat dang thurc Bernoulli thi
12" > l l x + l;13" >12x + l;14" >13x + l .
/^
^ 1 ^ ' " ^
Suyra 12'+13^+14" >36x + 3.

Tuy nhien, ta ciing c6
2^ + 3" + 4 ' + 870x' - 2400x' +1560x < 3 + 36x + x(870x' - 2400x +1524)
<3 + 36x.
Do do 12' +13" +14" > 36x + 3 > 2' + 3' + 4 ' + 870x' - 2400x' +1560x, khong
thoa man.
Tir do ta dugc x > 0 va trong ham so dang xet a tren thi / ' " ' ( x ) > 0.
f
Dao ham cap 4 khong doi dau nen phuong trinh / ( x ) = 0 c6 khong qua 4
nghiem.
Mat khac, ta cung c6 /(O) = / ( I ) = / ( 2 ) = / ( 3 ) = 0 nen phucmg trinh / ( x ) = 0
CO dung 4 nghiem la X = 0,x = l,x = 2,x = 3.
5. Xet phuong trinh 4^-1%
+ V2x + 1 + 4x 5" + 4x +1 =
Dieukien 5' > 2 x , x > - | .

Dat o = V 5 " - 2 x , 6 = V2x + l , a , A > 0 . T a c 6
a' = 5" - 2x,6' = 2x + 1
a' - 6' = 5" - 4x - l , a ' + 6' = 5" + 1.
Dodo
(a' +
- 6 ^ ) = (5"^ +1)(5" - 4 x - 1 ) = 5'" - 4x 5" - 4 x - 1 .
Phuong trinh da cho c6 the viet lai la

a-b = {a'+b^ ){a^ -b^)<^{aa-b = 0<â = b ihi 5'-2x
b){\ (a' + b^ ){a +
= 2x + l^5'=4x
b))^0.
+ l.
222
Day la dang phuomg trinh c6 dang Bernoulli nen no c6 hai nghiem la

jc = 0, X = 1, thoa man dieu kien de bai.
^ . , . . .
- N6u (a' +b^)(a + b) = l^ (5^ + 1)(V5^-2JC + V2x + 1) = 1.
Ta thay rSng V s ' - 2 x + V2x + 1 > ^ ( 5 ' - 2 x ) + (2x + l) = Vs^+1 > 1 va 5^+l>l
nen phuomg trinh tren v6 nghiem.
6. Xet phuomg trinh sau 1 + Vx = (1 + lyfxj"^'^. Di6u kien x > 0. Ta c6
1+
= (1 + 2^p^^ 1 +
= 2'^'('*'^) log, (l + V ^ ) = log3 (l + 2 V ^ ) .
Dat log, (l + V ^ ) = log, (l + 2 V ^ ) = t thi
(;: -
^/^ + l = 2',l + 2^/^ = 3 ' ^ 2 - 2 ' = 3 ' + l c ^ 2 ' - l = 3'-2'
Xet ham s6 /(M) (M +1)'" - u'", trong do la nghiem cua phuomg trinh tren,
suyra/(l) = /(2).
Ta thdy ham s6 nay lien tuc tren R nen no cung lien tuc tren [1;2], theo dinh li
Lagrange, ta c6
3ce(l;2):/'(c)=^^^^^^5|^ = 0 hay (c'-'-(c + 1)'-') = 0.
^ nsi
Tir dang thuc nay, ta thay = 0 v = 1, tuc la neu la nghiem ciia phuomg
trinh da cho thi = 0 v = 1.
- Vori/ = 0, taco log2(l + V x ) = 0<::>l + >/x =l<;=>x = 0.
- Vai / = l,tac6 log,(l + >/x) = l1 + V x = 2 < = > x - 1 .
Thu lai, ta thay ca hai nghiem nay deu thoa.
7. Xet bdt phuomg trinh a"" > x + l (chu y la bk phuomg trinh nay c6 dang
Bemolli a" >{a- l)x +1 nhung doi hoi dung vai moi x nen diSu kien cua a
phai manh hom ciia dieu kien ciia bat dang thuc Bemolli, tuc la a > 2).
223
Ta se tim dieu kien can va du cua a.

Ta thay neu jc < -1 thi bat dang thuc dung nen chi cin xet x > - 1 .
Bat ding thuc da cho tuong duong vai x\na>ln(x + l) (*).
Ta CO 2 truong hop:
- Neu X > 0 thi Ina> ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ . Ta se chung minh rSng ^"(^"*"<\l jc> 0.
X
Thatvay, xet / ( x ) = ln(x + l ) - x , x > 0 thi f\x) =

x+\
1=^ < 0
nen
fix)
nghich bien. Suy ra / ( x ) < /(O) = 0.

Do do, dh bdt ding thuc (*) dung vai moi jc> 0 thi ta can c6 In a > 1 <=> a > e.
-Nû - l < x < 0 thi l n a < ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ .
^ -ln(x + l)
Xet ham s6 g{x) = Mfll thi g'(x) = ^

'
x'
'
Xet tigp hix)^ln(x

+ l) thi h'{x) = ^
x + \ + \y x + \ + \y
x ( - l ; 0 ) nen h(x) d6ngbi6n.
, >0
do
Suy ra h{x) > h{0) = 0, dan den g'(x) > 0 nen g{x) nghich bign va
. , ,. ln(x + l) ,
g(x)>lim^
^ = 1.
Do do, dk hk ding thuc (*) dung vai moi - I < x < 0 thi ta can c6
In a < 1 <=> a < e.
Tu hai truong hap tren, ta thiy chi c6 gia tri a = e la thoa man.
Vay vai moi x e M, ta luon c6 bat dang thuc e"" > x +1.
6) V i du tong hgrp
Trong phdn nay, ta se xem xet mot so bai yeu cdu bien doi cdc dang thuc
hogc cdc dang phuomg trinh mil va logarit khong mdu muc.
224
Vi du 1. Cho X, y, z la cac so thuc thoa man 2" =3^ = 6''.

Tinh M = xy + yz + zx.
L&igidL
Ta thay neu mot trong ba so x,y, z bang 0 thi hai s6 con lai cung bSng 0 va
M = 0.
Xettruomghgp xyzÔ, dat 2' =3^ =6'' =k>0.
i
1
_1
Khido 2 = it^3 = )t^6 = / t ' ^ m a 2 - 3 - 6 nen
i i
_ i
i . i
1 1 1
k"!^ =k - <=> A:'' ^ = k -. + = <=> xy + >'z + zx = 0.
X
y z
Vay trong moi tmong hop, ta deu c6 M = 0.
Vi du 2. Chung minh phuomg trinh (x +1)' = x''"^' c6 dung mot nghiem duong.
L&igidL Phuong trinh da cho tuomg duomg vai
X _ x+1
Inx ln(x + l)
Xet ham s6 f(t) = ^ c6 f'iO =
nen ham so c6 1 dilm cue tri la / = e.
R5 rang x +1 > x nen de c6 dugc / ( x +1) = /(x) thi ta can c6
X6(0,e), x + 1 e (e,+oo).
\nt
Do thi ciia ham so /(O = dat cue dai tai x = e nen duong thang
y = m,e>m>0 nam ngang cat do thi tai dung hai diem va do tinh lien tuc va
dom dieu tren cac khoang nen ton tai dung mot gia tri m ma khoang each giila
hai giao diem noi tren la 1.
Suy ra c6 dung mot gia tri x sao cho x''^' = (x +1)''. Bang each nay, ta ciing
chung minh dugc vai mgi a > 0 thi phuong trinh x"" = (x + ay c6 dung mot
nghiem thuc xe{0,e].
225
Vi du 3. Goi T la tap hop cac cap so thirc duofng a,b phan biet thoa man dSng
thuc ct =}f. Chung minh rang ton tai duy nhdt mot s6 thuc khong phu
thuoc a,h sao cho gia tri nho nhat cua ham so
x-a + X - 6|+|x - 2|+|x - 3| dat tai /^^ {x^) vai mpi cap gia tri
(fl,6)r.
Lcfi gidL Khong mk tinh t6ng quat, ta gia su a<b, theo nhan xet tren thi
0<a<e<b.
Theo bat dang thuc ve gia tri tuyet doi, ta c6
x-a + x-b + x-2 + x-3 > {x-a) + {b-x)\ \(x-2) + {3-x)
b-a+l
DSng thuc xay ra Ichi va chi khi
{x-2)(3-x)>0,ix-a)ib-x)>0^2<x<3,a<x<b.
Tuy nhien, do ham so nay xet moi cap (a,b)eT va khi b-a-^0 thi x - > e .
Do do, gia tri XQ trong de bai neu chinh la e.
Vi du 4. Giai phuong trinh nghiem nguyen sau \0 + \V +6" =^yj3j .
L&igidL a) Do ve trai nguyen nen ve phai ciing phai nguyen, suy ra
^.^
y\>\<i:> y > 2 .
Mat khac, ta thay

(Vs)"
=11 + 10'+ 6' >10 =>>'!>2 =>>'>3 =>>-!>6 =>(V3)'">27.
- N6u >' = 3 thi 11 +10' + 6' = 27 10' + 6' = 16. ve trai tang theo biln x nen
phuong trinh nay c6 nghiem la jc = 1.
- Neu y>3 thi (73) chiahet cho 9 va de thay x > 2. Ta c6
ll + 1 0 ' + 6 ' = l l + (9 + l ) ' + 6 ' = l l + ^ C ; 9 ' - ' + 6 ' =12 + | ; c ; 9 ' - ' + 6
/=0
/=0
D I thiy rang ^C^9''"' +6"^ chia hk cho 9 va ve phai cung chia hk cho 9
<=0
nhimg 12 khong chia het cho 9 nen trong tniong hgfp nay phuong trinh nay
khong CO nghiem nguyen nao thoa man.
Vay phuong trinh da cho chi c6 nghiem la x = 1 , = 3.
Vi du 5. Hay xac dinh tat ca cac cap so duong a,b sao cho voi moi so nguyen
ducmg n va vai moi nghiem thuc x ciia phuong trinh W x = log2(2^x + l ) ,
ta luon CO
a""+6"" >2 + 3x.
L&igidL Dieu kien xac dinh cua phuong trinh la x > ^ .
In
Phuong trinh da cho tuomg duong vai 2""'' = In^x +1 <=> 2*"'"^^ = 4n^x + 2.
Dat / = 2n^x +1, ta c6 2' = / +1. Day la phuong trinh Bernoulli nen c6 hai
nghiem la ^ = 0,/ = l .
Suy ra phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la x = 0,x = -
1
4n2
Xet bat ding thuc a"" +b"'- >2 + 3x. Dieu kien 0<a,b^l.
-i?
- Voi x = 0 thi a''" + 6''" = 2 = 2 + 3x, bit ding thuc dugc thoa man voi mpi
a,b.
-Voi x = ^ , b4t ding thuc da cho tro thanh
4n'
+b
^ __L __L ^
>2^<:> a'"' +b'"'
Cho -> + 0 0 , ta biet rang lim
a-'+b
t _
3 1
2 4'
= yfab nen ve trai c6 gidi han la
4ab , ve phai c6 gidi han la eyje.
227
Bit ding thurc nay phai dung vai moi n nen yfab <e4e <^ ab<e^
Ngugrc lai, vai ab <
thi
(do ta CO bdt ding thuc
+b
^
\-
> 1 + 2-
4 y
> 2" > 1 + x, Vx e M ) .
Suy ra a"" +b''" >2 + 3x cung dung.

Vay digu kien c i n tim \a 0 < a,b ^ \ ab <
Vi du 6. Chung minh r i n g nSu A,B,C la cac goc cua mot tam giac thi phuomg
trinh sau luon c6 4 nghiem phan biet 3^" ^'^ = sin + sin + sin .
2
2
2
L&i giai a) V a i A, B, C la ba goc cua tam giac thi 1 < sin ^ + sin
Thatvay,dat X = ^ ^ , F = ^ ^ , Z = ^ ^
2
2
2
X + Y + Z^;r
thi 0<X,Y,Z<n:
+ sin ^ ^ ^
va
nen cac goc X, Y, Z cung la ba goc cua mot tam giac.
Ta CO
/ . Z
^
A
B
C
sin + sin + sin = cos Z + cos F + cos Z = - 2
sm
2
2
2
2
Do do, ta xet phuang trinh an jc c6 dang 3
3 3
+- < - .
2 2
1
2
r2j
x^-2x
Khao sat ham s6 tren miSn tuomg ung, ta c6 diSu phai chung minh.
Vi du 7. Tim tdt ca cac gia tri a dg bdt phuang trinh sau nghiem dung vai moi x
L&i giai Dat ^ = S'' > 0. Bat phuang trinh da cho tra thanh
fl/^+9(a-l)/
+ a-l>0<::>a(/^+9/ + l ) > 9 / + l < a >
9/ + 1
/'+9/ + 1
228
Bit phucmg trinh da cho nghiem dung vai moi x khi va chi khi
9^ + 1 1
a > max
Xet ham s6 / ( / ) = ^^^^,t
t'+9t + \
Ta CO /'(O =
-9r-2t
< 0,
> 0.
> 0 nen day la ham nghich biSn.
Suyra/(0</(0) = l .
Dodo
9^ + 1
< 1,
> 0 nen cac gia tri a can tim la a > 1.
t'+9t + \
Vi du 8. Giai cac bit phuomg trinh sau

a)
>x^ vai X la so duong khac 1.
b) 4 c o s ' - - 3
7
+ 1>
2 cos
7
^
cos
L&igidL a) Ta c6 biSn d6i x ^^"'''^^ >x\Ta xet cac truomg hop:
-14
-Neu jc> 1 thi taphai c6 -{3x + 7)>7<^x<,
khongthoaman.
14
-Neu 0<x<\i ta phai c6 -(3X + 7)<7<^3X + 7 > - 7 < : : > X > - Y , dung.
Vay nghiem cua bit phuomg trinh da cho la x e (0;1).
b) Ta CO bien doi:
COS
4cos
2 ^
COS
2cos^
rCOS 3;r^
+ COS
I 7 j I 7;
JC
>
COS
7 )
, a
i
37r
27r
n .
De thay rang 0 < cos < cos < cosy < 1.
^x
229
Do do, ta CO 2 tnrong hop:

-Neu jc>0 thi
nY
cos >
7
COS
nen bat phuong trinh nghiem dung,
7 )
(
3;r^
f 2;r^ nen bdt phuong trinh cung nghiem dung.
- NSu jc < 0 thi
>
cos
cos
V
7 ;
I
7 J
Do do, nghiem cua bat phuong trinh da cho la x e R.
V i du 9.
a) Giai bdt phuong trinh e"^ + cos JC > 2 + JC - y .
b) Giai bat phuong trinh
2^"'+6JC-11
jc-2
>4.
(Du hi DH khdi B 2003)
(Die bi DH khdi B 2004)
c) Chung minh r i n g phuong trinh sau c6 dung 2 nghiem phan biet

e'' -sinjc + = 3.
2
(Du bi DH khdi B 2004)
L&igidL a) Ta se chung minh rang voi cosx > 1 voi moi JC.
That vay, do neu thay x boi -JC thi b i t dSng thuc khong d6i nen ta c6 th6 gia
su
JC >
0.
JC^
Xethams6 / ( j c ) = cosjc - 1 + , x e M. ta c6 / ' ( x ) = - sin x + x va
'
/''(x) = l - c o s x > 0 .
Do do / ' ( x ) d6ng bien va ta c6 / ' ( x ) > / ' ( O ) = 0, dan den / ( x ) d6ng biSn va
/ ( x ) > / ( 0 ) = 0.
Chii y rang ta cung c6 e"" > x + 1 voi moi x nen cong hai bat dang thuc lai, ta
dugc e'' + cos X > 2 + X - ^ . Bat phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem voi moi x.
b) Dieu kien x^2. Bat phuong trinh da cho tuong duong - - > 0.
x-2
Chu y rang phuong trinh 2"'^ + 2x = 3 c6 v trai tang va x = 1 thoa man nen no
CO nghiem duy nhat la x = 1.
230
Dithay 2 ^ ' ' + 2 x < 3 < x < l va 2 ' " ' + 2 x > 3 < x > l .
Xet 2 truong hop:
-Neu
- Neu
2"-'+2x-3>0
x-2>0
<
fxf x > l.
<=> S
o
x>2
X >
fx<l
2^-'+2x-3<0
< ^
x-2<0
2.
< 1.
[x<2
Vay bat phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x e ( - < ; 1) u (2; +QO) .

c)Xethams6 f(x) = e''-smx + 3 thi / ' ( x ) =
- cos x + x va
/ ' ( x ) = e'' +1 + sin X > 0 nen phuang trinh / ( x ) = 0 c6 Ichong qua 2 nghiem.
Chii y rang ham s6 / ( x ) lien tuc tren M va
lim / ( x ) = +00,/(O) = -2 < 0, lim / ( x ) = +oo nen phuang trinh da cho c6 dung
2 nghiem.
"
Bai tap tong hgp Chuang 3

Bai 1. Giai cac phuang trinli sau
a) 5^+4^+3^+2^= + + - 4 x ' + 2 x ' - x + 16.
2" 3" 6'
'
b) 6^+1 = 8^-27^-'.
Bai 2.
a) Cho X la nghiem cua phuang trinh (3 + 272/
=(N/2-1)"+3.
i.
Chung minh rang x ciing la nghiem cua phuang trinh (V2 +1)"" = 2cos-^.
^
'
b) Biet rang so thuc a thoa man phuang trinh 4"^
1
= 2 cos ox c6 dung
4"^
2014 nghiem thvrc. Hoi phuang trinh 4"^+-^ = 2 (cos ox+ 2) c6 bao nhieu
nghiem thuc?
Bai 3. Giai phuang trinh 2^'"^' + l o g ^ x = V
231
Bai 4. Giai cac pliuang trinh sau

a) 5^ + 5^' = 4^ + 6"'.
(Di thi chon doi tuyen DHSP 2010)
b) 3" (4" + 6" + 9") = 25" + 2 16\ chi Todn hoc tuSi tre 2008)
Bai 5. Giai cac phuong trinh sau:
a) fix) = 0 voi f{x) = x + e'' -e\
b) (x + 6) 5'"i""'i -
= (x +1) 5" - 1 + 5"^' +1 (De thi chon doi tuyen DHSP 2011)
Bai 6.
a) Giai phuong trinh sau
= o^^-'^ -a^cos^- +^2sin^x
+
_ ( ^ + ^)2cos^.
_^2cos^. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
tham so ion hon 1.

b) Tim a de phuong trinh sau c6 nghiem duy nhat 9"" + 9 = o 3"" cos [nx).
Bai 7. Giai phuong trinh sau
a) j c 3 " ' - ' + ( x ' - l ) 3 " + l - x - x ' = 0 .
b) 3''"'
+ 3"''
= 2'^' + 2-^" + 9.
Bai 8. Giai cac bat phuong trinh

12^+16^-18^-32" ^ 1 - V 2
27"+36"+48"+64" " yfl^ '
b) 3''"'-"-36.3"-'+3>0.
^
2--2x + l ^ ^ ^
2"-l
Bai 9. Giai cac bat phuong trinh sau

a)
[x''''+x^'"' > 2012'"+2012"

^4022 ^ ^ 2 0 1 .
^2011'"+2011"
. , 6-3"
10
b)
>
vol X
X
2x-\
>
0.
Bai 10. Giai cac bat phuong trinh sau:

a) 3"'-'+(x'-4)3'"-'>l.
b) Xac dinh cac s6 thuc a > 0 sao cho a'''" > 2 cos' x, Vx e
232
Huang dan bai tap tong hap chirang 3

Bail.
a) Xet ham s6
1
1
n
/ ( x ) = (5^ + 4 ^ + 3 ^ + 2 ^ ) - + + + 4 x ^ - 2 x ^ + x - 1 6 , x e M .
2^ 3^ 6^
Ta thay rang n&u x<0 thi / ( x ) < 0 nen phuong trinh khong c6 nghiem
Ta chi xet
x<0.
x>0.
Taco
fix)
= (5Mn 5 + 4Mn 4 + 3Mn 3 + 2Mn 2) -
ln2
ln3
+
ln6
+
+ 12x'-4x + l > 0 .
6' J
Vx>0.
Suy ra ham s6 nay dong bign va phuong trinh f(x) = 0 c6 khong qua mot
nghiem. Ta thiy / ( I ) = 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 -
1 1
+ - +
+ 4 - 2 + 1-16 = 0.
2 3 6
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhSt la x = 1.
b) Phuomg trinh 6"^ +1 = S'' - 27'"' c6 thg vigt lai la
(3-' f + (_2- )3 +1^ = 3 3"-' {-2') 1.
a+b+cÔ
Mot ket qua quen thuoc la a +b +c = 2>abc <=>
a =b=c
vol moi
a,b,csR.
Do do, tir phuong trinh tren, ta dugrc 3"^"'-2"^+1 = 0 < 3 ' + 3 = 3-2" hoac
3 ' - ' = - 2 ^ = 1 (khong t6ntai x ) .
Ta se chung minh phuong trinh 3"^ + 3 = 3 2"^ chi c6 khong qua hai nghiem.
That vay, xet ham s6 / ( / ) = 3 ' + 3 - 3 - 2 ' , r e M. Ta c6
/ ' ( O = In 3 3' - 3 In 2 2', f'{t) = 0 In 3 3' - 3 In 2 2' = 0
31n2
v2y
233
Dao ham ciia ham s6 nay c6 nghiem duy nh4t nen ham s6 / ( / ) d6i dku khong
qua hai \kn, tiic la phuomg trinh f[t) = 0 c6 khong qua hai nghiem.
Ta lai thay rang / ( I ) = / ( 2 ) = 0 nen t = \,t = 2 nghiem dung phuomg trinh
/(0
= o.
r '
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 dung hai nghiem la x = \,x = 2.

Bai2.
a)Tathay 3 + 2V2 = (V2 +1)' =
(V2-l)^
nen neu trong phuomg trinh da cho,
dat/ = (V2+1)">0 thi ^ ' = ^ + 3 / ' - 3 r - l = 0 . ( * )

Ta se tim nghiem thuc duomg cua phuomg trinh nay.
Truac het, ta xet cac nghiem thuoc [-2; 2 ] , dat r = 2 cos or, or e [0,;r], ta c6
8 cos^ a - 6 cos or - 1 = 0 > cos 3a =
2
<:>3a = + k27r<â^
+
3
9
k,keZ.
De thay rSng trong doan [0,;T], C6 3 gia tri a thoa la -^^-^r^^
tiic la
phuomg trinh (*) c6 ba nghiem la 2 c o s ^ , 2 c o s - ^ , 2 c o s - ^ . Phuomg trinh (*)

la phuomg trinh bac ba nen c6 khong qua ba nghiem, suy ra day la tat ca cac
nghiem cua (*).
'
*-
^t"^
Trong cac gia tri nay, chi c6 2cos^ > 0 nen suy ra t = (j2+\y = 2 c o s ^ .
b) Phuomg trinh thu hai c6 the viet lai la
4' +-2 = 2(cosax + l ) < 2"-
2 ^ - = 2cos
2'
2
= 4cos <=>
2'
]_
(1)
^ '
ox
1
ax
2 _ _ = _ 2 c o s y (2)
234
Gia su
2014 nghiem phan biet ciia phuomg trinh
x^,x^,x^,...,x2o^^
4 ' ' - ^ = 2cosax (*).

Ta thdy ring phucmg trinh (*) nay khong c6 hai nghiem nao d6i nhau vi ndu
ngugc lai, t6n tai jc,,-jc, dSu la nghiem cua (*) thi ta c6 he sau
1
" -iSo
4 - - i . = 2cosax,
=>4"i- = 4-'!-o4''=4-''ox=0,voll. 4 - ^ - - = 2cos(-ax,)
- Xet phuomg trinh (1), dat ;c = 2/, ta c6 4' - - ^ = 2cosa^. Theo gia thilt thi
phuomg trinh nay c6 2014 nghiem phan biet la
trinh (1) tuomg ung c6 2014 nghiem phan biet la
x^,X2,x^,...,x2o^^
nen phuomg
2x2x2,2x^,...,2x2^^,.
- Xet phuomg trinh (1), dat x = -2t, ta cung c6 phuomg trinh 4' - ^ = 2 cos
. '
Theo gia thiet thi phuomg trinh nay c6 2014 nghiem phan biet la
X|,jr2,x3,...,X2(,i4
nen phuomg trinh (2) tuomg ung c6 2011 nghiem phan biet la
2x^,-2x2,~2x^,...,2x2()^^^
Do cac gia tri
x^,x2,x^,...,X2o^^
phan biet va khong c6 hai s6 nao ddi nhau nhu
chung minh a tren nen cac gia tri

-2x,,-2^2,-2x3,...,-2x20,,,2x,,2^2,2x3,...,2JI:2OI4
Vay phuomg trinh 4"^ +
cung phan biet.
= 2(cos ox + 2) c6 dung 4028 nghiem phan biet,
Bai 3. Xet phuomg trinh 2"'^"' + log^ x = 2'*'. Dieu kien x > 0.
Ta CO
r''''
<:A.+ log^ X = 2"'

T'^'"
2"'^"' + log2 x' =

= Y^'
+ log2
X
Y'^'^
Y''
+ log2 (x' + X - ) = Y^'
+ \og2 (X +1) *
~i~ 1
235
Xet ham s6 / ( / ) = 2' + log^ t,t>0 thi /'(O = 2' In2 + > 0.
/In2
Do do / ( 0 la ham so dong bien va phuong trinh da cho chinh la
/(x^ +
) = / ( j c +1) o
+ jc^ - jc + 1 (>: +1)^ (jc -1) = 0.
Do X > 0 vay nen ta chi nhan nghiem x = 1.

Bai4.
'
a) Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi 5"" - 6"' = 4" - 5"'.
Gia su X = XQ la nghiem cua phuong trinh tren. Ta xet ham so sau
f{t) = f'' -{t + \f' voi / > ! .
Taco
f'{t)^x/''-'-xlf^-'=x/^-'
Phuong trinh da cho chinh la / ( 4 ) = / ( 5 ) nen theo dinh ly Lagrange, ta thay

rang t6n tai s6 thuc t e (4; 5) sao cho /'(O = -^^"^^"-^^^^ = 0.
4-5
Xo=0
Ta thdy r i n g / ' ( / ) = 0
Xet tiep dang thuc x^f^''^ = 1, de thay x^ > 0 va x^ = 1 thoa man.

NSu Xo > 1 thi xl - X Q > 0 hay f'"" > /" = 1, suy ra xy''"' > 1.
NIU
0<
XO <
1 thi
Xo - X o
<
0 hay f''-'' < /" = 1, suy ra
XQ/"""""
<
1.
Do do, voi moi t > 1 thi dang thuc tren chi xay ra khi x^ = 1.
Tir cac diSu tren, suy ra diSu kien can cua Xo la nghiem cua phuong trinh da
cho la XQ = 0 hay x^ = 1. Thu lai ta thay thoa man.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x = 0, x = 1.
b) Ta bien doi nhu sau:
3-(4- + 6- + 9-) = 25^ + 2 16^
12^ +18^ + 27^ = 25^ + 2 16^
^12^+14^-16^-25^=14^+16^-18^-27"
236
Gia sir
la nghiem ciia phuong trinh, ta xet ham s6
fit) = t"> +(t + lyo - (/ + 4)^ - (/ +13)"".

Taco /'(O =
+2)^^-'-(/ + 4 ) ' " ' + 1 3 ) " - ' ) .
Phuong trinh da cho chinh la /(12) = /(14) va ro rang / ( / ) lien tuc tren
(12; 14) nen theo dinh ly Lagrange, ton tai c e (12;14) sao cho
/ ' ( c ) = / ( l ^ ) ^ = 0.
12-14
Do do, ta dugc
Xo (c'"-' + (c + 2)"-' - (c + 4)"-' - (c +13)""-') = 0
x,=0
y-'
+ (c + If"-' = (c + 4)""-' + (c +13)""-'
C) ding thuc sau, d l thdy chi c6 the la A:^ - 1 = 0 <=>

han
JCQ
= 1 v i nSu khong, chSng
- 1 < 0 thi
c""-'>(c + 4)"-',(c + 2)'"-'>(c + 13)"-'
=> c""'" + (c + 2)""' > (c + 4)""' + (c +13)""'.

Do do, XQ = 0,Xo = 1 la dieu kien can de x^ la nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho.
Thu lai, ta thdy ca hai deu thoa man.
"
Vay nghiem cua phuong trinh da cho la x = 0, x = 1.

Bai 5. a) Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = x + e"' fix)
= 2 (l + 2 x ' ) e"' - e" - e" [2 (l + 2x') /

N2
Ta C O danh gia
Suy ra fix)
tren M. Ta c6: f\x)
= 1 + 2xe'' - e" va
- f.
1
> 0 => x' - X > - - ^ 2(1 + 2x' )e"'-" > le"'-" > 2e"\
> 0 Vx e M. Do do fix)
= 0 c6 khong qua mot nghiem tren M.
Mat khac / ' ( 0 ) = 0. Hon nua x = 0 la diem cue tieu cua ham so nen
/ ( x ) > / ( 0 ) = 0.
Vay X = 0 la nghiem duy nhat cua phuong trinh fix)
= 0.
237
b) Ta biSn d6i n h u sau:
iii
J.
US; t.
(;r + 6 ) - 5 ' - l ' - ' l - x = (jc + l) 5 ^ - 1

(X +1)(S'-I^-'I -15^ -1|) + 5'"l'''l - X - 1 = 5"
<(x
+ l)(5'"'^"
5^-1
- l ) = 5(5'-5'-IH)
Ta xet cac truong hop:

- Neu
X <
0 thi 5 " - l | = l - 5 % suyra
5'+-
5 ^ - l ' - l = 5 ' - < ' - ^ ' + ( 5 ^ - l ) - l = 5 ^ + 5 ^ - 2 = 2 ( 5 ^ - l ) va
5^-5'-l-'U5^_5i-(i-)^0.
D o d o (x + l ) ( 5 ' ' - l ) = 0x
= -l.
- NSu 0 < X < 1 t h i |5^ - l | = 5"^ - 1 , suy ra

5HH _
,| _ j . ^ 5 ' - ( i - ) _ (5- _ 1) _ 1 ^ 0 va
D o do, trong truong hop nay, phuong trinh luon dung.

- N e u jc>
t h i5 ^ - 1
=5"-l,suyra
5 ^ - 1 - 1 = 5'-'^-'^ - (5" - 1 ) - 1 = 5^-" - 5 ' va
5"
5'"l''~'l =
5'+<'"^> = 5^ 5^'''
S u y r a (x + l ) ( 5 ' - ' - S ' ^ ) = 5^-5'"^
(jc + 2)(5'-^-5^) = 0
5^"^ = 5"
<^x = \, khong thoa man.

Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = - 1 hoac x e [0;1].
l , ,v
Bai6.
a) Ta b i l n d6i n h u sau
o (a + bf''"'"
-a^"^"'" -b^''"'"
= {a + by'''' -a^""''
-b^""''
238
,2sin'jr
2sin'JT
(_b_
1-
a + b,
a+b
1-
= (a + b)
,
Chu y rang 0 <

-N8u
a+b
sinÂ:>-
a+b
(_b_
\a + b
a + b,
< 1 nen xet cac truomg hcrp:
thi 2sin^ x > l,2cos^ jc < 1 vataco
X 2sin^ JT
\ sin X
a
ya + bj
a
a +bJ
a
a + b ya + bj
< a +b
a +b
nen
\^ jc
a
1a+b
a ^
ya + bj
+*
= n0.
a+b
2cos' X
2 cos X
Trong khi do 1 -
>11
a + b,
a
Ka + b)
< 0, khong thoa man.
1
- Neu sin ;c < - thi cung dan den mau thuan tuomg tu.
Do do sin
l-cos2x
X= - <
1
71
, TT
= -<^cos2x = Oo x = + k,k&Z.
2
4
2
b) Xet phuomg trinh 9' + 9 = 3' cos(;rx).

Ta CO bien doi 3' + 3^'" = acos(7rx).
x^Xg
(d
Ta thay rang neu phuomg trinh c6 nghiem
thi cung c6 nghiem la x = 2 - jc^. Do do, dk phuomg trinh c6 nghiem duy
nh4t thi ta phai c6 x,, = 2 -
<=> jc,, = 1.
Thay vao, tadugc 2-3 = acos(;r)<=>a = - 6 .

Voi a = - 6 , ta CO phuomg trinh 3" + 3^'" = -6cos(;rx).
Theo bat ding thuc Cauchy thi 3' + 3^'" > I4T^
= 6, ngoai ra -6cos(;rx) < 6
nen dang thuc xay ra Idii ;c = 1, thoa man dieu kien c6 nghiem duy nhat.
Vay gia tri can tim cua a la a = -6.
239
Bai 7.
a) Phuang trinh da cho c6 the viet lai la
X 3^'-' + (x' -1) 3^ +1 - X - jc' = 0 (x' -1)(3^ -1) + x(3^'-' -1) = 0 .
Xet cac truong hop sau
- Neu X = 0,x = 1, ta thay cac gia tri nay deu thoa man nen phuang trinh tren
CO cac nghiem la x = 0,x = 1.
- N I U X 9t 0, X 9t 1, ta biSn doi tiep phuang trinh thanh
3^1 3^^' 1
+
= 0.
X -1
X
3'-l
Vai /^0,taxethams6 sau / ( / ) = e
~
'
'
R\{0}.
3'-l
De thay neu ? > 0 thi 3'-1 > 0 ^ / ( 0 - ^ > 0 ;
3' - 1
> 0, tuc la
neu nguac lai / < 0 thi ta ciing c6 3' - 1 < 0 => /(O =
/(0>0,VxÔ.
Phuang trinh cuoi a tren chinh la / ( x ) + /(x^ -1) = 0 nen de thay rang no v6
nghiem.
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 dung ba nghiem la x = 0,x = 1.
b) Ta xet bien doi sau
^
Ta CO
^sin^ ;r _j_ ^ ^cos^ Jf
^sin^ x+cos^ J:
9 2
2+
2~^^
3.3^'"'^ + 3.3'=''^ - 3''"'^''^ - 9 = (3^'"'^ - 3)(3 - 3'^'^).
Do 0<sin'x,cos'x<l nen 3^'"'^-3 < 0,3-3^^'^ > 0,

suyra (3''"'^-3)(3-3'''^)<0.
Trong khi do, theo bat dang thuc Cauchy thi
2 2" + 2"'^ = 2" + 2" + 2'^' > 3.Îr^^T^
= 3, nen 2""' + 2"'" - 3 > 0.
Dang thuc xay ra trong hai bat dang thuc tren khi va chi khi x = 0.
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit la x = 0.
240
Bai 8. a) Dieu kien xac dinh la x>0. B i t phuong trinh nay tuong duong voi
12^+16"-18^-32^ ^ 1-N/2
3\4"+4''-2\3'"-2'"
27" + 36" + 48" + 64"
J2x " 3'" + 4".3'" + 3".4'" + 4'"
2^" (3" + 4") - 2" (3^" + 4^") ^ 1 - V2
2'"
1 - V2
2"
(3"+4")(3"+4")
<=>
2"
1 ^
2'"
+- ^ >
3"+4" ^
3^"+4^"
1
V2^
2'
1
+ -p,/>0.Tac6
Xethamso sau f(t) =
3' +4' yft
/ T ^
+4^/{()=-
'
I n - + 2' ln2
2
/ T
n2
<0
+ 2'
.2,
nen ham nay nghich biSn tren (0; + 0 0 ) .
Bat phuong trinh tren tuong duong voi
fix)
. .
> f(2x) jc < 2x.
K6t hop voi didu kien ta dugcbit phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la (0;+c).
b) B i t phuong trinh da cho truong duong voi 3^"''^ + 3 > 4 3""' (*)
Theo bat dang thuc Cauchy cho bon so duong, ta c6
3'"'-' + 3 = 3'"'-' +1 +1 +1 > 4.3 2 > 4.3-1 ^
nen bat phuong trinh nghiem dung voi moi x.
c) Xet bat phuong trinh
2'-"-2x + l
2"-l
> 0. Dieu kien xac dinh xîÔ.
Ta thay rang ham so f(x) = 2 - 2 x + \ -2x +1 + ^
ham nghjch bien va
/ ( l ) = 0 , / ( x ) > / ( l ) = O c i > j c < l l - x > 0 nen f(x)
cungdiuvoi \
Ta cung thay rang ham so g(x) = 2" - 1 la ham d6ng bien va g(0) = 0 nen
g(0) > 0 o X > 0 nen g{x) cung dau voi x .
241
Suy ra bat phuong trinh da cho tuomg duomg vod -- > 0 <=> 0 < x < 1
X
Vay tap nghiem cua BPT la (0;1].

Bai9.
a) Xet he bat phuomg trinh
^4024
^^20.2^2012^^+2012^
x^^^+x^"<20lP+20ir
Dat 2012 =
ta xet bai tong quat:
jx'^-'+x^-'<(>;-l)'^+(>;-l)'^"
Bat phuomg trinh thu nhdt tuomg duomg vol
x^' -
> 0 (x' - y" )(x^ + / ) + x^ - jv" > 0
<=>ix''-y'')ix'+y''+\)>0
D I thiy x^ + ^''^ +1 > 0 nen ta duac x^ > y'.
Tathay x^ > y >^lnx > xln>'<=>
>
X
>'
>
.
2012
Ta lai dat 2011 = z , bit phuomg trinh thu hai tuomg duomg vai
x'^+x'<z''+z\
î.
,
.
^
Inx ln2011
Bien doi tuomg t u nhu tren, ta duac <
.
^
X
2011
Do do, he bdt phuomg trinh da cho tuomg duomg vai
hi2012 Inx In 2011
2012
2011
Xet ham s6 / ( / ) = ^^,t > 3 . Ta thiy r i n g /'(O =
< 0,
> 3.
Suy ra ham s6 nay nghich bien tren (3, +QO) .

^
In2012 Inx ln2011
....
Dodo,
<
<
2011 < x < 2012.
2012
X
2011
Day chinh la nghiem ciia he bat phuomg trinh da cho.
242
x>0
b) Xet phuong trinh
>
jc
. Di6u kien:
1-
2x-\
Bk phuomg trinh da cho tuomg duong voi
6-y>-ôl-y>-A_.
2x-\
Voi x> ta c6: 1 - S'' < 0 < - nen bat phuomg trinh v6 nghiem.
2
2x-\
V a i 0 < X < ^ . Xet ham s6 f{x) = 1-3' tren
Suy ra ham s6 nghich biSn tren khoang
Xet ham s6 g{x) = ^ tren

2x-l
CO
Suy ra ham so nghich bien tren khoang
CO fix)
. Dodo
g'ix) = -
10
(2x-l)^
^-3'
f{x)>f
ln3<0.
= 1-V3.
<0.
. D o d o ^ W < g ( 0 ) = -5.
Tir do suy ra / ( x ) > 1 - V3 > -5 > g(x). Do do, trong
thi bat phuomg
trinh nghiem dung.

Tu cac truomg hop tren, ta c6 nghiem cua bdt phuomg trinh da cho la
1^
v''2,
Bai 10.
a) Ta b i l n d6i bk phuomg trinh nhu sau 3^'-" - 1 + (x' - 4)3''"^ > 0.
Ta xet cac truomg hop sau:
-Neu x>2 hoac x<-2
thi
" -
- 4 > 0 ^ 3^'-' - 1 > 0,(jc' - 4)3''-' > 0

nen b i t phuomg trinh nghiem dung.
-NSu - 2 < x < 2 thi x ' - 4 < 0 ^ 3 ' ' " ' - 1 < 0 , ( x ' - 4 ) 3 ' ' ' ' < 0
nen bat phuomg trinh khong thoa.
243
Do do, nghiem cua bat phuomg trinh da cho la (-00; -2] u [2; +c3o).
b) Xet bat phuong trinh a""'^" > 2 cos^ jc, VJC e M . DiSu Icien 0 < o ^ 1.
Dat / = 2cos^ X => 0 < / < 2 . Yeu cau bai toan tuong duong vai viec tim so thuc
a > 0 sao cho
a'-' > ^ V ^ e [ 0 ; 2 ] .
Ta thay rang vai t = Q thi bat dang thuc dung va khong phu thuoc vao a nen ta
chi can xet Q<t<2. Lay logarit nepe hai ve cua bat dang thuc, ta c6
-
( r - l ) l n a > l n / , V / e ( 0 ; 2 ] (*)
De thay bat dSng thuc nay cGng luon dung vai t = 1 nen ta chi can xet hai
khoang sau:
- Neu r 6 ( 0 ; l ) thi / - l < 0 , l n ^ < 0 , (*) tuomg duang vai \na<y^.
thuc nay phai dung vai moi t e (0;1) nen In a < lim
Bat dSng
= 1.
-Neu r e ( l ; 2 ) thi / - l > 0 , l n ? > 0 , (*) tuomgduomg vai
\na>j^.
B i t ding thuc nay phai dung vai moi t e (0; 1) nen In a > lim
= 1.
Do do, ta can phai c6 In a = 1 a = e de thoa man ca hai bat ding thuc tren.
Thu lai, vai a = e, ta can chung minh / - l > l n / , V / e ( 0 ; 2 ] . Xet ham s6
/(M) =
M-l-lnM,w6(0;2].
Ta CO f'(u) = 1 - = - - , / ' ( ) = ^ > 0

u
u
u
cua f'(u) = 0 hay cue tieu cua ham /
va ^ - 1 > In f,
nen f{u)
dat cue tieu tai nghiem
la u = l nen / ( M ) > / ( l ) = l - l - l n l = 0
e (0; 2] la dung.
Vay gia tri c i n tim la a = e.
244
ChUcfng 4.
P H l / d N G TRINH, BAT PHLfdNG T R I N H L O G A R I T
A. Tom t ^ t ly t h u y l t
1) Cdc cong thuc Men doi dai so:
X
logx + log^>' = logxy,logx-log^>' = l o g - vai a,6,ceRM{l}.

y
log> = =
log* a
log l = 0,log
^ i ^ ^ = logclog,6 vai a,*,ceRM{l}.

log, b
= - l o g , 6 vai
a,beR^\{\},a^0,/3eR.
a
2) Cdc ngi dung ve gidi tich:
Ham s6 luy thira y = log^ x vai 0 < a

la R.
i thi tap xac dinh la
va tap gia tri
. - i - I -
Dao ham cua cac ham so (log^ x) = ^-.

xlna
Tinh dan dieu ciia ham so:
Neu a> \i cac ham so >' = log x dong bien.
NSu 0 < a < 1 thi cac ham s6 >'= log^ X nghich bien.
Giai han cua ham so:

"
Vai a>\, ta c6 cac giai han sau lim log^ x = +co, lim a' = - c o .
.^
Voi 0 < a < 1 ta CO cac giai han sau lim log^ x = -oo, lim a"" = +oo,
Tilp theo la cac dang phuang trinh ea ban:

Phuang trinh log x = m luon c6 nghiem duy nhat la x = a"".
Phuang trinh log / ( x ) = log g(x)
/ ( x ) = g(x), cung do tinh don
dieu.
Phuang trinh log^ / ( x ) = log^, g(x) vai a ;^ * thi c6 cac truong hap sau:
- NSu (a - \)(b -1) < 0 thi hai ve cua phuang trinh c6 tinh dan dieu khac
nhau, phuang trinh c6 khong qua 1 nghiem va ta can nham true tiep ra
nghiem do.
245
- Neu a^b \a (a-\)(b-\) >0 thi ca hai vg dhu c6 cung tinh dan dieu
ta dat an phu (dat ca hai ve dat thanh cung mot biSn mai) dl mu hoa hai
ve va chuyen ve mot phuang trinh mu khac.
Day la cac dang ca ban va noi chung hau het cac phuang trinh mu va logarit tu
ca ban den nang cao deu phai thong qua. Trong goc nhin nay, con mot s6 dang
pho bign nhu phat hien tinh d6i xung dk chia va dat in phu, hikn d6i ap dung
cong thuc thich hap de dua ve ciing ca so, ...
Day la cac bai toan ve mu va logarit thuang xuat hien trong cac ky thi Dai hoc.
Ben canh do, ta ciing c6 the giai bang each su dung danh gia bSng cac hit dSng
thuc quen thuoc hoac su dung tinh don dieu ciia ham s6 thong qua viec khao
sat true tiep hoac dung dinh ly RoUe va Lagrange. Cac bai lien quan dSn giai
tich nhu thi thuang kho horn va doi nhiSu danh gia phuc tap hon.
- Vai 0 < a 9i 1 va Of > 0 thi log x cung dku vai {a - l)(jc -1).
-Vai 0 < a ^ l va jc,>'>0 thi log^x-log^>' cungdauvai
(a-\){x-y).
-Vai 0<a,b^\0 thi log^jc-log^x cung dau vai x{a-b).
B. P h i p c n g p h a p giai
1. Phu-cmg phap bien doi ve cung ca so

Nhan xet: Tuang tu vai phuang trinh mu, phuang trinh logarit cung c6 cdc
dang bien doi true tiep dua ve ciing ca so de suy ra hai doi so tuang ung
bang nhau.
+ log,(x + ylx^-\) = log,(x + V x ' - l ) .
log^(JC-ylx'-\
L&igiai *) DiSu kien xac dinh la x>\. Dat / = jc-Vx^ -1 o. Ta c6

X + yjx^ - 1 = - . Do do
log21 + log3 j- = log, y logj / - logj / + log, t = 0
<=> log^ t{\ log3 2 + log, 2) = 0 <:> / = 1.
Ta CO phuang trinh
x-yjx^-\ yjx^ -I <=>x^-2x + l = x ^ - l o x = l, thoa man di8u
kien da cho.
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit la x = \.
Vi du 2. Giai phuang trinh logjClogjOog^ x)) = log4(log3(log2 x)).
L&i giai *) Dieu kien: log3(log4 x)>0; log3(log2 JC) > 0.
246

10g4 0og3(log4 X)f = I0g4(l0g3(l0g2 X))
(I0g3(l0g4 X)f = lOgjOog^ X)
o (log, (log, x)f = log3(21og4 X ) (log3(log, x)f = log3 2 + log3(Iog4 x)

Dat t = log3(log4 x) > 0. Ta CO phuong trinh bac hai bien t la
7 ,
1 + J l + 41og,2 .
=log32 + / / = ^
^ , d o />0.
Khi do, ta CO x = 4^',

3.
.
,
.
,
,.3
Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh - log, (x + 2)^ + 3 = log, (4 - x)^ + log, (x + 6)
*) Dieu kien - 6 < x < 4,x ?t - 2 .
LMgidL
Phuong trinh da cho bien doi thanh

i
log, ( X
2)^ +1 = i log, (4 -
X)' + i
log, ( X + 6)'
o log, (4|x + 2|) = log, [(4 - x)(x + 6)

4 | x + 2| = ( 4 - x ) ( x + 6)
(*)
-N6u X > -2 thi phuong trinh (*) tuong duong voi

4(x + 2) = ( 4 - x ) ( x + 6 ) O x ' + 6 x - 1 6 = 0c:>(x-2)(x + 8) = 0 > x = 2
-NSu X < -2 thi phuong trinh (*) tuong duong voi
-4(x + 2) = ( 4 - x ) ( x + 6 ) < x ' - 2 x - 3 2 = 0 < ( x - l ) ' =33<=>x = l->/33 .
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la x = 2 v x = l - >/33 .
Vi du 4. Voi 0<a^\,
hay giai va bien luan bat phuong trinh

x'^^-a'>0.
L&i giai
*) DiSu kien x > 0.
Taco x'^^-a'>0a'"^'"^-o'>0<:>a"'^^-fl'>0.
Theo nhu nhan xet o tren thi a'' - a ^ cung dau voi {a - l)(x - y) voi moi
x,>'e]R,dod6
a'ozU
_a'>Q^(â-l)(log^
x - 2 ) > 0 O ( o - l ) ( l o g , x - V2)(logx + 2) > 0 .
Ta lai c6 log^ x - log y cung din voi (a - l)(x - >') voi moi x, IR, do do
(a-l)(log,x-V2)(log,x + V2)>0
( a - l)(log X - log
)(log, x + log
) > 0 ( a - 1 ) ' (x -
)(x - ^ )
^0
Ta cung thay rkig
1
^ > 0 <=> a - 1 > 0. Ta c6 cac truomg hop sau
- Neu a = \i bat phuong trinh luon dung va nghiem cua no la (0;+co).

- Neu 0 < a < 1 thi nghiem cua b i t phuong trinh la
[a^;a~^].
- Neu a > 1 thi nghiem cua bat phuong trinh la (0; a""^ ] u {1} u [a^; +oo).
V i du 5. Giai phuong trinh sau log ( l 0 5"^ +15 20"^) = ;c + log 25.
L&igidL *) Dieu kien: x > 0.
Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi:
10-5^+15-20^ =25-10^
2 +3-2'^ =5-2^ o 3-2'^ - 5 - 2 ^ + 2 = 0

2' = 1
;c = 0
2 <=>
X = logj
2^ = 3
x =0
x = l-log23'
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la jc = 0, jc = 1 - logj 3.

V i du 6. Giai phuong trinh logj (x^ - 5x + 4) + logj (x - 4) = 1 - log, (5x - 5).
2
L&i gidL *) Dieu kien x > 4 .

^- >
logj ( x ' - 5x + 4) + log, (x - 4) = 1 - logj

'
log,
P'^^
5(x - 1 )
5x-5
+ log, (X - 4) log, 5 = 1
log, (x - 4) - log, 5 + log, (x - 4) log, 2 = 1
log, (x - 4) =
l + log^S
1 + log5 2
Chu y rang
l + log5 2
logjlO
= log^ 2 nen x = 2 - ' ^ -f 4 .
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 2'^'^ + 4 .

V i du 7. Giai bat phuong trinh
logs x + x - 6
x^^4
>1.
L&igidL *) Dieu kien 0 < x ^ 4.

Bat phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vol
log3X + x - 6 _ ^ ^ Q ^ l o g 3 X - 2 ^ Q ^
x-4
x-4
248
Ta xet 2 tnxomg hop:
jc>25
jc>25.
jc>4
x<25
- Neu l o g 5 X - 2 < 0
<=>x<4.
x-4<0
x<4
Kt hop lai, ta ttidy bit piiuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x G (0;4) U (25;+OO) .'
Bai tap phan 1
Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh logj x + \og^ x + log^ x = log, x.

Bai 2. Giai phuong trinh log27 (logj x) = logj (logj, ^) + ^
Bai 3. Giai phuong trinh sau log, + log , - = l o g ^ (125x + 6).
Bai 4. Giai phuong trinh (4' - 2^^' - 3) logj x - 3 = 4 ^ -4".
X
Bai 5. Giai phuong trinh log^ -2 \og^^3- log, - = logj x + log3 x + log, x - 1 .
Bai 6. Tim dieu kien cua a de ton tai x thoa man he didu kien
X
y-4>5'
l + log2(a-x)>log2(xVl)
Bai 7. Giai phuong trinh log^ (x - Vx^ -1) log, (x + Vx^ -1) = logô (x + Vx^ - 1 ) .

1. Dieu kien x > 0. Ta c6 bien doi sau
logj X + logj X + log4 X = log, X
o logj 5 log, X + log3 5 log, X + log4 5 log, x = log, x
log, x(log, 5 + logj 5 + log4 5 -1) = 0
log, X = 0 <=> X = 1, do logj 5 + logj 5 + log4 5 - 1 ?t 0
2. Xet phuong trinh logj^ (logj x) = logj (logj^ x)+^.
Dieu kien x > 1. Ta c6
249
10g27(log3^) =
10g3(lOg27^) +
1 1
f\
\
-<=>-10g3(lOg3x) = log3 - 10g3
+ -
2
1 1
- logj (log3 x) + log3 3 + 3 = 0 ^ logs (log3 x) = 1 l o g 3 X = 3 o X = 27.
Vay phuong trinh c6 nghiem la x = 27.
3. Xet phuong trinh logj x' + log, - = l o g ^ (125x + 6). Dieu kien x > 0. Ta c6
log3 x^ + log^
= log . (125x + 6) log, (8x^) = log, ^{USx + ef

53
8x' = ^(125x + 6)'

lex" = 125x + 6
2x = ^125x4-6
(x - 2)(16x' + 32x' + 64x + 3) = 0
"x = 2
16x'+32x'+64x + 3 = 0
V i X > 0 nen phuong trinh sau v6 nghiem. Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem
duy nhdt la x = 2.
4. DiSu kien: x > 0. Ta c6 cac bien doi sau
4- _ 2"^' - 3 = ( 2 " - 2 2^ - 3 = (2^ +1)(2" - 3) va
x+\_
4 2 " - 4 ^ + 3 = 2-2^-4^+3 = - ( 2 ^ + l ) ( 2 ^ - 3 ) .
x+l
Suyra ( 4 " - 2 " " ' - 3 ) l o g 2 X - 3 = 4 2 - 4 "
2^=3
10g2 X = -1
( 2 " +1)(2^ - 3)(log2 X +1) = 0
X = logj 3
1
X=
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la x = logj 3,x = ^ .

X
5. Xet phuong trinh logj - logj - log, - = logj x + logj x + log, x - 1 .

DiSu kien x > 0. Phuong trinh da cho viet lai duoi dang
(log2 X - 1 ) (log3 X -1) (log, X - 1 ) = log2 X + log3 X + log, X - 1
o log2 X log3 X log,
= log2 X logj X + log3 X log,
X+
log,
X logj
X.
Ta thiy x = 1 thoa man phuomg trinh. Xet x ^-^ 1 thi phuomg trinh tren tucmg
duomg voi
? + ! + ! = 1
logjX
logjX
log, 2 + log, 3 + log, 5 = 1 log, 30 = 1
= 30
logjX
250
'
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x = 1, x = 30.

3"-4>52
6. Xet he bit diSu kien
l + log2(a-x)>log2(x^+l)
X
Taco 3 ' - 4 > 5 2 < ^ 3 ' ' - 5 ^ - 4 > 0 .

X
Datfix) = 3'-52 - 4 . Ta thiy phuomg trinh 3 ^ - 5 2 - 4 = 0<::>l =
rv5
+ -
CO nghiem duy nhat la x = 2 nen nghiem cua bdt phuong trinh thur nhdt la
[2;+00).
a - 11
Bat phuang trinh thu hai tuang duong vai
logj2(a-x)]>log2(x'+l) ^ 2(a-x)>x'+\ a>^ + x + -^

He CO nghiem khi va chi khi (*) c6 nghiem thuoc
(*)
[2;+00).
x"
1
Dat g(x) = Y + x + - . Ta c6 g'(x) = 2x^+1 > 0,Vx > 2
nen g(x) d6ng bien
21
tren
[2;+co)
chi khi a >
va ta cung c6 g(2) = nen (*) c6 nghiem thuoc [2;+00) khi va

21
Vay dieu kien can tim la a >
21
7. Dieu kien x > 1. Ta c6 bien doi nhu sau

log,(X - Vx^-1)log3(X + V x ^ - 1 ) = log,o 5 log,(x + V x ' - l )
log5(x + Vx' - 1 ) = 0
<=>
l o g ^ C x - V x ' - I ) = log2o5
+ Vx' -1 = 1
x-Vx'-l
=4''
Phuang trinh thu nhat cho ta nghiem x = 1.

Tir phuang trinh thu hai, suy ra x + Vx^ -1 = 4"'^'^ ..Do do
x =(4'^^+4"'^^'^.
2. Phuang phap dat an phu dua ve dang dai so

Trong cdc phucmg trinh logarit, de qua trinh bien doi sang sua horn, ta c6 the
dat cdc bieu thicc xudt Men nhieu Idn lam an phu roi xu ly phucmg trinh dan
gian han da thu duac. Trong vdi truang hap, ta cdn phai ket hap them mot so
bien doi nhdt dinh maiphdt Men duac bieu thicc cdn de dat dnphu do.
251
Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh sau 2'^'^' _ 3 . 2 i o g 3 ( 3 x ^ - 6 . )
^3.4iog,(.-2) ^ Q
L&igiaL *) Dieu Icien x > 2. Ta bien doi nhu sau:

221og3Ar _-^,^+\o%-iX+\og^(x-2)
<=>
^ \ o z , x ^ ^
_^_2ô%,x
_|_ g _
2ôg-,(x-2)
y<'g3(^-2)
2log3(j:-2)
= 2"''^-''<^-^' = 2
_Q
_^^^2ô%y(x-2)^^
Chia 2 vg cho (2'^''^-^>)' > 0, ta dugc

/=
/^-6/ + 8 = 0c^(^-2)(^-4) = 0<=>

Neu / = 2 thi 2
_Q
-6- , ,
+8 = 0.
2log3(Jt-2)
> 0, ta CO
t =2
t=4
= 2 logj ^ = 1 <=> = 3 jc = 3.
x-2
jc-2
x-2
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x = 3,x = .

4
Vi du 2. Giai bat phuong trinh sau 2""^' +
L&igidL *) DiSu kien xac dinh 0 < x ;t 1.
log^/;A
Dat 2^
- 20 < 0.
=^>0 t h i / ' + r - 2 0 < 0 < ( / + 5)(?-4)<0 h a y - 5 < / < 4 .
Suyra/<4<22
< 4 - l o g ^ x < 2 <^ logj^ x < 4
Dodo ( V 2 ) " ' < x < ( V 2 ) ' ^ < x < 2 .
-2 < log^ x < 2.
Vay nghiem cua bat phuong trinh da cho la < x < 2,x ^ 1.
'
Vi du 3. Giai bat phuong trinh log, (4^ + 4 ) > log, (2'^"' - 3 2^)
2
(DH khSi A 2002)

Lo^^/di. *) Dieu kien: 2'^^'-3-2^ > 0 2^*'>3 <=>x>log2 3 - 1 .
,,
Xet bat phuong trinh log, (4^ + 4 ) > log, (2'""' - 3 2^).
252
Taco 4 ^ + 4 < 2 ' " " ' - 3 - 2 ^ 4 ^ - 3 - 2 ^ - 4 > 0 .

V
Dat/ = 2" > 0 thi r ' - 3 / - 4 > 0 ( / + l ) ( / - 4 ) > 0 r > 4
Suy ra 2"^ > 4 <=> X > 2. Do do, nghiem cua bit phuong trinh da cho la A: > 2.
Vi du 4. Giai phuong trinh sau 4'^^'" -x'^'' = 2.3'^^'^'.
Lo"/^/di. *) Diûkien jc>0.
Ta biSn d6i nhu sau:
^l+logjJT _ g l o g 2 J C _ 2.32+21082;:
2lOB2^^^
3l0g2-'
2lOg2
Dat r =
31082
= 18
/2^'82^
> 0, ta CO
31082
4 / ' - r = 1 8 ( ^ + 2)(4/-9) = 0<:*/ = ^ .

(2
Nlog2
9
,
\
= - <=> log, X = -2
X =- .
4
4
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = - .
4
Vi du 5. Giai phuong trinh sau log^Cx-l)^ +log4(x-l)^ =25.
Do do
L&igidL *) DiSu kien x > 1.

Ta bien doi nhu sau
log: (x - If + log] (x - 1 ) ' = 25 1 6 log: ix-l)
+ 9 log] (x -1) = 25
Dat t = log^Cx-l) > 0, ta CO

16/'+9r = 2 5 ( / - l ) ( 1 6 / + 25) = 0 / = l .
Do do, ta dugc log^ (x -1) = 1 <=>
log4(x-l) = l
log,(x-l) = - l
"x = 5
<=>
5
x=
4
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 5, x = .

4
Vi du 6. Giai phucmg trinh sau logj^ x + log^^, x = ^ .
L&igidL *) Dieukien x>0,x^,x^
2
1
7=.
yj2
I
253
Ta bien doi nhu sau:

logjX
.log2 2xj
log, X
1
=
l + logjxj
+-
logjX
l + 31og2X
log^ 2x' 2
Dat / = logj X thi
1 /'(I+ 30+ /(! + /) 1
+\t
1 + 3/ = 2 <;:> (i+30(i+/r
Thu gon va phan tich thanh nhan tu, ta ducrc
(/-l)(5/^+4/ + l) = 0 o t = l
5/^+4/ + l = 0"
Do do, phuong trinh thu hai v6 nghiem logj x = 1 < x = 2.
2x
Vi du 7. Giai b4t phuong trinh sau log^ 2 - x -4<V5.
V
1
2
2V
LatigidL *) DiSu kien xac dinh: 2x >0<0<x<2.

2-x
2x_ = log^ 2x ^ nen bat phuong trinh tuong duong:
2-x
Vi log
log2 2x - 2 Iog2 2x - + 2
2-x
2-x
Dat t = log 2x thi ta dua ve
2-x
( / - 2 ) ( / + 2 ) > 0 -3 < / < -2
<0<(/-2)(/ + 2)< VS [(/-3)(/ + 3 ) < 0
2</<3
2x
2
l
<
^
<
i
<
x
<
-3<Iog3 2 - x <-2
8 2-x4
9
17
2x
4
8
4
<
^
<
8
2 < log,
<3
2
x
<
x
<
2
x
L3
5
So sanh voi dieu kien ban dau thay thoa man.
^ 2 2'lu (A 8^
Vay tap nghiem ciia bat phuong trinh la
35
U7'9
254
Baitapphan2
-iog
hog
Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh 2x^^''' =2^ "^'"^

Bai 2. Giai phuong trinh log, (3" +1) logj (3"^^ + 9) = 24
log2^(log2
log3^^7
x)
+(log2x)
=1
(9 +12x + 4JC^ ) + log^,^, (6x^ + 23x + 2l) = 4
(DHKinhtiqudc
Bai 5. Giai phuong trinh log^^^^^^,^, x + log^.^^^^^^^x' = l o g , , , , , , ) X
Bai 6. Giai bdt phuong trinh 16 log^^^, x - 3 log3^ jc^ < 0
dan 2001)
(Du bi khSi A 2002)
Bai 7. Tim nt de phuong trinh sau c6 nghiem thuoc (0;1):

A{\O%.^4X^
-log,x + w = 0
(Du bi khdi B 2003)
2(log2
x +1) log^ x + log^
=0
(Du bi khdi D 2006)

1. Dieu kien 0 < x ?t 1 . Ta lay logarit hai
2x^'""
log2
V
log2
theo co s6 2 , ta c6:
= 10g2
J
1
3
2 + log2 X log2 ^ 2
^ <=> 2 + logj
Dat y = logj X thi ta dugrc

2 + y =3yîy-\)(y-2)
= 3 log2 x
j
y= \
= 0<^ y-2
l0g2 X = 1
logj X = 2
x =
2
x = 4'
Vay phuong trinh da cho co 2 nghiem la x = 2,x = 4.

2. Ta bi6n d6i nhu sau:
log3 (3^ +1) log3 (9(3^ +1)) = 24 log3 (3^ +1)(2 + log3(3^ +1)) = 24.
Dat y = logjî" +1) > 0 thi ta co phuong trinh

y(2 + y) = 24<:>{y-4)(y + 6) = 0<^ y=^4.
255
Khi do, ta dugc

logjCS" +1) = 4 3^ +1 = 3' 3" = 80 X = log, 80.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = logj 80.
2
2
2
3. Xet phuong trinh logj^ -(log2 x)^ +(log2 x)^ = 1. Di6u kien 0 < x - .
log Ta CO log2, - =
X
. Dat
log2 2x 1 + logj X
\y
c>{\-y)[(\
72
1
Voi yv ==
,tac6
-- Vai
\, taco
x =x2'= 2=2.^ =
2
= log2 x thi dua vg
= 0
y=\
yf-/
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x = 2, x =

4. Digukien 3x + 7 >0,2x + 3 > 0 , x - 1 .
Phuong trinh da cho tuong duomg voi
log3,,, (2x + 3)^ + log2,,3 [(2x + 3)(3x + 7)] = 4
2 log3,,, (2x + 3) + log2,,3 (3x 4- 7) = 3
Dat t = log3^+7 (2x + 3), ta dugc
2? + - = 32/ - 3 / + l = 0<:>r = l v / = 1- .
/
2
-Voi / = 1 thi log3^^7(2x + 3) = l o 3 x + 7 = 2x + 3<=>x = - 4 , loai. \^
-Voi t = ^ thi log3^,7 (2x + 3) = ^ V3x + 7 = 2x + 3 <=> (x + 2)(4x +1) = 0
Phuomg trinh nay c6 hai nghiem phan biet la x = - 2 v x = ^, ta thy chi c6

X = - thoa man nen phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit la x = - .
4
4
256
5. Dieu kien x>0,x(24x
+ \f ^l,x\24x
+ \)^\
Tnrac h6t, ta thdy x = 1 thoa man phuang trinh. Xet x^\,

nhu sau:
1
log, x(24x + \y
-+-
log^,
ta c6 the b i l n d6i
(24x +1)
log, (24x +1)
<=> l + 21og,(24x + l) + i^îog^(24x + l)

1 2
Dat / = log, (24x +1) thi j ^ +
log.(24x + l)
1
- = - . Quy dong va rut gon, ta dugc
r=l
3 ? ^ - / - 2 = 0 > ( / - l ) ( 3 / + 2) = 0 >
__2. ~
Vai / = l , t a c 6 log,(24x + l) = 1 24x + l = x x
= ^ < 0 , khong thoa man.
2
2
Vai / = , t a c 6 log,(24x + l) = - x ^ =24x + l . Dat y = x^ > 0 , ta c6
3
3
\ 2 4 / +1 <^ (2>'-1)(12y* +6y' +3y' + 2y + l) = 0<:> y = ^.
^
1
1
Khi do, ta CO x^ = - <=> X = - , thay vao dieu kien xac dinh, ta thay thoa man.
2
8
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la x = - , x = 1.
^ >>',
8
. ^:-, . ,
6. Xet bat phuang trinh 16 log^^^j x - 3 logj, x^ < 0.
x>0
1
Dieu kien
1 . Ta bien doi nhu sau
3V3
3'
16
3^"^^^
l o g 3 27x^
Dat / =
l o g ,
'
.u^
thi
8/
cOo
l o g 3 3x
3/
2/ + 3 / + 1
^
< 0 <=>
^^^^jX
31og3X
21og3X + 3
2t^-t
(2/ + 3)(r + l )
l o g 3 X +
^
t(2t-\)
<0
< 0.
(2/ + 3)(/ + l )
Lap bang xet dau cho bat phuang trinh, ta thu dugc
< / < - 1 hoac 0 < / < ^ .
257
Suy ra - < l o g , x < - 1 o < x < - hoac 0 < l o g , x < ci>\<x<yl3 .

2
'
3V3
3
' 2
3V3'3
7. Didu kien x > 0. Ta biSn doi phuang trinh da cho thanh
( l o g 2 x ) ' + l o g 2 X + w = 0.
Dat/
= l o g 2 X thi t^+t
+ m = 0.
Phuong trinh CO nghiem thuoc (0;1) khi

/ ( 0 ) / ( l ) < 0 vori / ( / ) =
+ r + w hay
m{2 + /n) < 0 -2 < m < 0.

Vay di8u kien can tim la -2 < w < 0.
8. Phuomg trinh da cho tuong duong voi (logj x + l ) l o g 2 x - 2 = 0.
si J ^ - ^
Di8u kien x > 0. Dat / = log^ x thi

<=>
t^-2
log2 X = 1
log2 X = -2
<=>
x =2
1
X =
1
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 2, x = .
>i
3. Phuang phap dat an phu dua ve dang mu

Nhan xet: Nhu trong phdn ly thuyet ban ddu, mu hoa la mot trong cdc
phuomg phdp di gidi quyet phuang trinh logarit trong truang hap hai ve c6 ca
s6 khong bdng nhau vd deu cung Ian hodc ciing be hem 1. Ta dat an phu mod
bdng gid tri cua hai vi cua phuang trinh vd chuyen phuang trinh logarit da
cho vi phuang trinh mu, dang de xif ly han.
.
,
V i du 1. Giai phuomg trinh sau 2 log3 (x +1) = log2 (x^ + 2 x ) .
L&igidL *) Dieu kien
x+ l>0
<::>X>0.
" x(x + 2 ) > 0

Ta CO 2 logj (x +1) = logj (x^ + 2x +1).
Dat log2(x^+2x + l) = l o g 3 ( x ' + 2 x ) = / thi x^+2x + l = 3 ' , x ' + 2 x = 2'.
(2^ f
Do do 2 ' + 1 = 3' +
= 1 . D I thay ve trai la ham nghich bien nen
phuomg trinh c6 khong qua mot nghiem. Ta thay t = 1 thoa man.

258
K.k hop diku kien ta dugc nghiem x = -1 + Vs.

/
Khido x'+2x + l = 3<=>x^+2x-2 = 0x = -lV3 .
Vi du 2. Giai phuong trinh sau log,(log;i^|x^+\ = log, (log, (Vx^+1 + x)).
5
L&i gidL *) Ta thiy Vx^ +1 + x > 0, Vx^ +1 - x > 0 nen phuong trinh da cho xac
dinh tren E .
Ta CO I V ? + l + X JI V ? + l - ^) = 1 nen phuong trinh da cho c6 th8 \ik lai la ^
l0g3(l0g5(V^-x)) = l 0 g , ( l 0 g 3 ( V ^ - x ) ) . ! 4 U v . i . : G
5
Dat a = log; (Vx^ +1 - x). Ta c6 log3 a = log, a. Ro rang tinh don dieu cua hai
5
ve khaclog;
nhau
nen phuong
khong
nghiem,
thiy a== -1thoa
(Vx^n
- x) = 1trinhVx^c6 +1
- X =qua
5 <=>mot
Vx^n
= x +ta5<x
. nen
Thu lai ta thay thoa man. Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x =^ Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh sau 2 \og^ cot x = logj cos x. -,:,, ^ r,
L&igidL *) Digu kien cosx > O,cotx > 0 <=> x e {k27r,^ + k27r),k e Z .
Dat 2 logj cot X = logj cos x = r. Ta c6
12
cot X = 32,cos X = 2' => cot^ X = 3', cos^ X = 4'.
J nit r . . - n ^- u '4(i'
cosâ COS^fl ^ ,
Mat khac cot a = =
Va k^r nen
4'
<:>3' =12'+4'
4' + v3. = 1 (*)
3'sin= a 1-cos
a
1-4'
Ve trai la ham tang theo biln / nen phuctng trinh nay c6 khong qua mot
nghiem. Ta lai thay / = -1 thoa man phuong trinh nen (*) c6 nghiem duy nhat
la / = - l .
Tu r = -l,suyra cosx = :^x = + A:2;z-,A:eZ (do dieu kien xac dinh diu).
3
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la ^ = y + k2^,k e Z.
A y r - ^ i U '
259
Vi du 4. Cho x,y la cac s6 thuc duong thoa man diû kien

log<,x = log,>; = log,(x + >').
Tinh ti s6 .
y x = log^ y = log^ (x + y) = t.
L&i giau *) Dat logg
Suyra 9' =x,6' = y,4' =x + y hay 9'+6' =4'

Dat =
^3^
\1j
>0 thi a ^ + a - l = 0<=>a =
-1V5
42'- 1
=0
nhung do a > 0 nen
a = -i+Vs
.
X 9'
3'
. ^ ^
X - l + Vs
.
Hon nua = = = a nen ta duoc =
y 6' 2'
- y
Vi du 5. Giai phuang trinh log^^^ (JC' - 2X -11) = l o g ^ ^ (x' - 2x -12).

L&i gidL *) D i k kien - 2x -12 > 0.
Ta thay ring (2 + V5)' =9 + 4V5, con (2^2+7?)' = 8 + 4^5 nen c6 thg biSn
doi phuang trinh tren thanh
ilog^^^(x^-2x-ll) = l l o g ^ ^ ( x ^ - 2 x - 1 2 )
log9.47i(^' - 2x -11) = log,,,^(x^ - 2x -12)
Dat a = 8 + 4Vs thi log^, (x^ - 2x -11) = log^ {x^ - 2x -12), ti6p tuc dat
log,,, ix' - 2x -11) = log, (x^ - 2x -12) = /
(a + l ) ' = x ^ - 2 x - l l , f l ' = x ^ - 2 x - 1 2 .
Suy ra (a +1)' =a' + \. Den day, ap dung bit dang thuc Bernoulli, ta c6 t = \
hay x ' - 2 x - 1 2 = 8 + 4V5 x = 2 + 2V5 v x = -2V5 .
De thay hai nghiem nay thoa man diSu kien dh bai nen phuang trinh da cho c6
hai nghiem la X = 2 + 2>/5,x =-2V5 .
Vi du 6. Giai phuang trinh log5_^(log2 x) = log7_^(log2 2x).
L&i gidL *) Dieu kien 0 < x < 6 , X 7 t 5 .
Truac het, ta thSy day la dang phuang trinh c6 dang hai biSu thuc logarit bng
260 nhung khac ca s6. Do do, ta se dat n phu truac dk don gian hoa biSu thuc.
nhau
Dat log,_,(log2 x) = log7_,(log2 2x) = t.

Suy ra
.1
log2X = ( 6 - x ) '
f logj X = (6 - x)'
log2 2JC = (7 - x ) '
[1 + log2 X = (7 - x)'
Tiep tuc dat 6 - x = o > 0. Ta c6 phuong trinh

fl'+l = (a + l)'
a +1
1
a +1
= 1.
1
Do 0 < a
< 1 nen ta c6 the xet cac truong hop sau
a+1 a+1
- NSu / > 1 thi
Y>^+
a+1
a
- Neu / < 1 thi
a+1
+
a +1
- Neu r = 1 thi
a+1
a+1
<
1
a + 1)
a
a+1
a+1
1
= 1, loai.
, 1 .
= 1, loai.
a+1
" + ^ = l,th6aman.
a+1 a + 1
Do do, / = 1 <=> X = 4 . Thu lai thay thoa man.

Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 4 .
Bai tap phan 3

Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh log^ x = log, (\/x + 2 j
Bai 2. Giai phuong trinh logj (logj x) = logj (logj x)
Bai 3. Giai phuong trinh log, (s" +1) = log24 (25" - 1 )
Bai 4. Giai phuong trinh (3 + ^t^*'
+ x(3 - ^p*'
= x^ +1
Bai 5. Chung minh rang phuong trinh 2 log, (>/x + 2Vx j = log4 x c6 nghiem x^
thoa man 2 cos ^ > 2014 sin 4xo + V2
Bai 6. Giai phuong trinh sau log; 3 + V3'' + l ] = log4 (3'' +1)
Bai 7. Giai phuong trinh sau 3'^^' = x^ - 1
261
H u o n g dan giai bai tap phan 3
^ = ^ ^''
1. Xet phucmg trinh log^ X =^ logj (\/jc + 2^. Diû kien X > 0.
Dat log, X = logj (Vx + 2) = / thi
x = 7'
2 = 3' nen suy ra
V^ +
(V7)'+2 = 3'
v3.
+2
= 1.
D I thiy trai la ham nghich bien theo / nen phuong trinh c6 khong qua 1
nghiem. Thu true tiSp, ta thiy t = 2 thoa man. Khi do x = 49.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit la x = 49.
2. Xet phuong trinh sau log2 (logj x) = log3 (log2 x). Diû kien x > 1.
Dat
log2
(logj x) = logj (log2 x) =
log3X = 2'
t^ log2X = 3'"
Chia tung vS hai ding thuc, ta dugc

log3 2= - <=>r = log2 log3 2.
Do do, ta tinh dugc x = 3^' voi / xac dinh nhu tren.
3. Xet phuong trinh log^ (s' +1) = log24 (25" - 1 ) . DiSu kien x > 0.
Dat log, (5" +1) = log24 (25" -1) = / thi > + l = 6' . Suy ra
25"-1 = 24'
(6' - 1 ) ' = 24' +1
36' = 24' + 2 6'
'2^
+2
.3;
= 1.
D I thay vl trai nghich bien nen phuong trinh c6 khong qua 1 nghiem.
Thu true tiep, ta thay t = 1 thoa man. Khi do x = 1.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat la x = 1.
4. Xet phuong trinh (3 + >/5)'^^" + x(3 - V5)'^" = x' +1. Qiku kien x > 0.
Chu y rang (3 + >/5)(3 - Vs) = 4 nen
(3 + Vs)'^*" (3 - VS)'^^" = 4'^^" (3 + yfsp*" (3 - VS)'^^" = x.
Dat (3 + V5)'^^" = J > 0 thi ta c6 (3 -yfst^'" = ^.

262
Ta CO phuomg trinh
..2
^'
2
.2
N6u = ! thi (3 + ^)'^" =\<^\og,x = 0<=>x = \.

N6u
thi (3 + y/sf"^*"
tinh logarit ca s6 4 cua hai ve, ta dugrc
log^ X. logics + VS) = 2 log^ X l o g ^ X [logics + x/5)-2] = 0 ^ x = l .

5. Xet phuong trinh 21ogg (A/X
2ifx^ = \og^ x.
Di6u kien xac dinh x > 0.
Ta biSn d6i duoc log^ (Vx + 2Vx) = logj V x .

Dat log,(V^ + 2V^) = l o g 2 V ^ = / thi V^ + 2V^ = 6',V^
4'+2-2' =6'
.3.
+ 2-
= 2',suyra
= 1.
Ve trai la ham so giam theo / nen no c6 khong qua 1 nghifm.

Dat/(0 =
/2V
+ 3-
-1 thi
/(l) = | + ^ - l > 0 , /
r3^
.2j
va ham / ( / ) lien tuc tren mien

mien nay.
Do do, f(t)
Ta
CO e
(2^
.3;
+2
rn
.3.
3>/3
-1<0
1; nen no c6 it nhat mot nghiem thuoc

V 2j
= 0 CO dung 1 nghiem thuoc

71
2V2+2
-1 =
n yl2 , .
cos>cos= va
2
4
2
4'2
/ ~ \
Ax^{7i;2n)
^
'
sin 4x < 0 nen ta dugc

2cos^>V2>2014sin4xo + V 2 .
6. Xet phuomg trinh sau log, [3 +
--'^-'^^^
= log^ (3"^ +1).
263
Dat log,(3 +
= log,(3" + l) = t thi
3+Vy+T = 5'
3^+1 = 4'
Suyra 3 + 2' = 5 ' 3 + = 1.

l5,
l5J
Ve trai la ham nghich bi^n nen phuong trinh tren c6 khong qua 1 nghiem.
Thu true tiep, ta t h i y / = 1 thoa man. K h i do, jc = 1.
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit la x = \.
7. Xet phuomg trinh sau 3'^''' = jc^ - 1 . DiSu kien x>0.
R6 rang phuomg trinh chi c6 nghiem vai
x >1
- 1 > 0 < x < - l
Ta biSn d6i thanh logj x = log, (x^ -1) = r . Khi do, ta c6
V - l = 3'
x^2'
nen
4' = 3 ' + l o + = 1.
UJ
V6 trai la ham nghich biSn nen phuomg trinh tren c6 khong qua 1 nghiem. Thu
true tiep, ta thay / = 1 thoa man. K h i do, x = 2.
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat la jc = 2.
4. Phuomg phap danh gia

Nhan xet: Khi viec bien doi dai so true tiep khong con tdc dung nita thi ta c6
the dung cdch ddnh gid cdc ve cua phuomg trinh thong qua nhitng dai luang
trung gian. Cdch nay tuomg doi nhe nhdng horn, chua cdn doi hoi viec ddnh gid
ham so vd thdm chi nhieu khi con hieu qud hem cdc dung ham so.
Vi du 1. Giai phuomg trinh log2(2x^+4x + 2)-log2 x = l + 4 x - 2 x ^
L&igidL *) Dieu kien x > 0.
Ta bien doi nhu sau log^ 2x + - + 4 = 3 - 2 ( l - x ) ^
X
Dethay 2x + - + 4 > 2 - 2 + 4 = 8 nen log^ 2x + - + 4 > 3 .

X
Dang thuc xay ra khi x = 1.

Dong thai, ve phai khong vugt qua 3 nen dang thuc phai xay ra.
Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat la x = 1.
264
Vi du 2. Giai b i t phuong trinh logj JC + logj (jc +1) > log^ (x + 2) + log, (x + 3).
L&igiaL *) DiSu kien x > 0.
De thay neu x = 2 thi hai ve cua b i t phuong trinh bSng nhau.
Ta se xet them cac truong hop sau:
X
x+2
x+1
x+3
- Neu X > 2 thi >
> 1,
>
> 1, ta c6 day bat dang thuc sau
2
4
3
5
X
x+2
x+2
logj - > log2 ^ - > log4 ^ - ^ log2 X > log^ (x + 2 ) .
logj
> logj
> log;
=^ logjCx +1) > logjCx + 3)
Cong hai bat dang thuc nay lai, ta dugc

logj X + logj (x +1) > log4 (x + 2) + log, (x + 3), thoa man.
- Neu X < 2 thi bat dang thuc d6i chiSu nen khong thoa man.
Vay bat phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x e [2;+c).
Vi du 3. Giai phuong trinh sau
x+2
LMgiai
Ta c6 danh gia logj(2x^ + 42) > log^ ^2 =
Ta se chung minh rang
^^^<ix^+2>2^/77Tf^/77l-lf >0.
x^+2
Do do ding thuc phai xay ra, tuc la x = 0.

Vay X = 0 la nghiem duy nhit cua phuong trinh da cho.
Vi du 4. Giai phuong trinh sau logj (x^ + ^) ~ log2 x = 3x^ - 2 x \
LoigidL
*) Dieu kien: x > 0.
Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong: log.
x^+1
= 3x'-2x\
x^+1
Ap dung bat dang thuc Cauchy, ta c6: logj
X
2x
> log2 = logj 2 = 1.
X
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = 3x^ - 2x^ tren (0; +oo).

Taco: / ' ( x ) = 6x - 6 x ' = 6x(l - x)
x>0
>x = l .
6x(l-x) = 0
265
Ta cung c6: /(1) = 1, lim /(x) = 0, lim /(x) = -oo nen x = \ cue dai eiia ham
s6f{x).
Suy ra / ( x ) < /(I) = 1. Tu do ta eo: log^
> - 2x\
X
Dang thuexayra khi x =

Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy vhit x = \.
Vi du 5. Giai phuong trinh log,_^ (2x) + log^ (2 - 2x) = 0.
L&igidL *)Bieukien
0<x<\.
Xet phuong trinh log,_^ (2x) + log^ (2 - 2x) = 0.
Dat o = log2 (1 - x), Z> = log2 X . Ta CO
a + b = logjCl - x ) + log2 X = log2 [ x ( l - x ) ] < log2 7 =
Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong v6i
'
-2.
10g2 2 + 10g2 X ^ l0g2 2 + l0g2 (1 - ^ ) ^ Q
log2(l-x)
log2X
\ b l + a 2 .2
b
a
^{a + \f +ib + \f -{a + b + 2) = 0
Do a + A + 2 < 0 nen (a + lf +(J) + \f -{a + b + 2)>0 va dang thue ciing xay ra
khi
va chi
khi
a = b = -1
hay
logjO -x)
= log2 x = -1 <^ x =
^ .
Thu lai, ta thay thoa man.

Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat la = ^
Vi du 6. Hoi eo v6 han hay hiiu han so thue x thoa man dang thuc
^ l o g 2 X = sin(5;rx)?
Lo'/^/fli. *) Dieu kien xac dinh X > 0.
Dat 5;rx = >'>0 thi - l o g 2 = s i n ; ^ o log2
=sin>;.
5
STT
{STT)
Ta thay ve phai la mot ham so c6 do thi hinh sin, trong khi vl trai la mot
duong cong tiem can voi true tung va khi y tang du lom, gia su den gia tri y^
thi gia tri ma ham so nhan dugc se Ion hon 1, tuc la hai do thi ciia ham so 0 hai
ve se khong con diem nao chung nua.
266
Hem nua, tren mien (O;^^), d6 thi ham s6 log^
se cat cac duong hinh sin
tai mot so hiru han diem va vi vay, phucmg trinh da cho c6 hiiu han nghiem.
Vi du 7. Cho so thirc a > 1. Hay tim t i t ca cac bo ba s6 thirc {x, y, z) vai |>'| > 1
thoaman
log^ {xy) + log, {x'Z + xyzf +
8+ ^4z-/
= 0.
Lfri giai. *) Dieu Icien xac dinh

xy > 0,4z-y^ > 0,x^y^ +xyz ^ 0 < xy > 0,x^y^ +zi^0,4z>y^,
nen z > - va dieu kien tren c6 the viet lai la y

4
nhimg do |>;| > 1
>l,z>,xy>0.
4
log^(xy) + log (x'Z +xyzy+ i l J ^ Z Z l > log^ (xy) + 2 log, (x'y' + ^ ) + 4 =
= log^ (x;;) + 2 log, (xy) + 2 log, (x'y' + 7) + 4 > log^ (xy) + 2 log, (xy) + 2 log, (xy) + 4
= (log,(xy) + 2)^>0 ;
(do a > 1 nen log,(xV^
loga(2^^^>'^ ~ ) = log,(xy) nhu bien d6i a tren).
Dang thuc phai xay ra nen ta c6 he sau

4 z - / =0
1
xy = log(^;^) + 2 = 0
4z = /
=1
xy = 1
1
Z -
4
/=1
1
1
xy = - =
2 a'
/
9
a^yfl
1.,
, vol
2
' ' '4J
V
thi khong c6 bo nao thoa man de bai.
Bai tap phan 4

Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh logj [yJx-2
+ 4J = logj
+8
Bai 2. Giai phuong trinh 3'^^'''"'^ = 2'^'^''^" +1

Bai 3. Giai phuong trinh hi(x^ + x +1) + x'* + x = 0
267
Bai 4. Tim a de phuong trinh sau c6 dung 3 nghiem:
I log, (x^ + 4x + 6) 4- [S]'^'"' log,
22-|;t-sino+l|

^ log^
2(^x-sma
^=
yjl"
/ V+\ log^^j
/
+ l +1]
=0
2-yJX
Bai 6. Giai bat phuong trinh logjCl + 2"^) 3^> +log

1 = V^ + V 2 ^ .
Bai 7. Giai phuong trinh logj (x^ - 2x + 3^ + log
x++\
Hirong dan giai bai tap phan 4
1. Xet phuong trinh log^ ( V x - 2 + 4j = log
+ 8 . Dieu kien jc > 2 .
Ta th4y log^ ( V x - 2 + 4) > log^ 4 = 2.

1 + 8 <log39 = 2.
Ngoai ra, logj 1 + 8
72^1
Do do, dang thuc phai xay ra o ca hai danh gia nen JC = 1.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat la x = 1.
2. D i k kien 3' - 1 > 0 <=> x > 0. Dat a = logj 3,y = 2'.
Phuong trinh da cho tuong duomg voi
(3^ - ^
+1)'^'^+\c>iy''-iy ={y + iy+\^
((y" -1)" -1)" - 1 =
Xet ham s6 f(t) = t''-\,t>0 thi phuong trinh tren chinh la f{f{f{y))) = y.
De dang thay rang / ( 0 dong biSn va /(2) = 2 nen
/(0>r,V/>2,/(0</,0</<2.
Suy ra phuong trinh /(/(/(y))) =^ y c6 nghiem duy nhit la >' = 2, suy ra x = 1
3. Xet phuong trinh In(x^ + x +1) + x'* + x = 0. Ta xet cac truong hop:
- N6u x(x +1) > 0 thi ta c6:
In(x'+x + l) + x ' + x = ln[x(x + l) + l] + x(x + l ) ( x ' - x + l)>lnl = 0.
"x = 0
Dang thiic xay khi x(x +1) = 0 x = - r
Do do phuong trinh c6 hai nghiem x = 0, x = - 1 .
268
- N6u x(x +1) < 0, ap dung hk ding thuc e' > / + 1 ln(/ +1) < /,
> - 1 , ta c6:
l n ( x ^ + x + l ) + x'' + x = l n [ x ( x + l) + l ] + jc(x + l ) ( x ^ -x + \)
<x(x+\) + xix + l)[x^-x
+ \)<0.
Do do phuomg trinh v6 nghiem.

Tir cac truong hop tren, ta c6 nghiem cua phuong trinh la jc = 0, x = - 1 .
4. Dat x^ +4x + 6 = M , 2 ( | x - s i n a + l| + l ) = V , taco
=3
Phuong trinh da cho tuomg duoTig vod
3-3-3-"
1
log.v
3 Mog^ + 3 2 log^ - = 0 3 Mog^M = 3 Mog^v<=>3 2 = V
log^ u
Ta thay rang neu M > v thi 3 ^ > 1 con
<1 nen khong thoa man.

log,"
Tuomg tu neu u<v. Do do, ta phai c6 M = v hay
x^ + 4x + 6 = 2 (|x - sin a +1| +1) <=> x^ + 4x + 4 = 2 |x - sin a + 1 | .
Dat x + 2 = y t h i t a c o
=2|_y-sina-l|.
Xet 2 truang hop:

-Neu >'-sina-l<0<=>>^<sina + l thi
= -2{y - sin a -1)
+ 2>' - 2 - 2 sin a = 0 .
Ta CO A' = l + (2 + 2sina) = 3 + 2sina>0 nen phuomg trinh luon c6 2 nghiem

phan biet la
= - 1 V3 + 2sina .
Chii y r i n g
- 1 + V3 + 2sina < sin a + 1 V3 + 2sina < sin a + 2
o 3 + 2 sin a < sin^ a + 4sin a + 4 > sin^ a + 2sina + l>0<=> (sin a +1)^ > 0
Do do, trong truang hop nay, phuomg trinh c6 hai nghiem thoa man dieu kien.
-Neu j ; - s i n a - l > 0 < = > > ' > s i n a + l thi
/
=2(;;-sina-l)<
- 2 ^ +2 + 2sina = 0 (*)
Ta can tim sin a sao cho phuomg trinh nay c6 dung mot nghiem thoa
J > sin a +1.
Taco A' = l - ( 2 + 2sina) = - l - 2 s i n a > 0 < = > s i n a < - - .
2
269
Ta xet cac truong hap:
- Neu sin a =
thi ta dugc
+1 = 0 <=> >' = 1.
< > ( i s,)-!. i<M -
1
- Neu - 1 < sina < - - thi phuong trinh c6 2 nghiem phan biet
CO
3^, < sin a +1 < ^ 2
< ^
< y^ va ta can
{y\ sin o - \){y^ - sin a -1) < 0.
Chu y r i n g phuong trinh (*) cung c6 dang {y-y^){y-y2) = ^ nen diSu kien
tren tuong duong
(sin a + \f - 2(sin a + l) + 2 + 2sino<0<::> sin^ a + 2 sin a +1 < 0 , v6 ly.
-n
a = + k27i:
Tir do suy ra gia tri thoa man de bai la sin a = - <=>
a =^
+ )t2;r
5. Dieu kien 0 < jc < 4 . Ta c6
log^^,(2^+l)''=log^^,(2-V^)"'<2^+l = 2 - V ^ 2 ^ + V ^ = l
Do x>0 nen 2"^ >2'' = l , V x >0 nen 2'^+Vx >1 vadSngthucxay rakhi x = 0.
Thu lai ta thay thoa man.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhdt la JC = 0 . ' ^ - '
I ^ *
6. Ta se chung minh log2(l + 2'')>logj 3'+(V2)
voi moi xeR.
Ta xet 2
truong hop sau:

- Neu x>Q thi ta c6
" '
^72^
log2(l + 2^) > log3(3^ +(72)') <=> log^ 2^(1 + ^ ) >10g3 3^(1 +
)
v 3 .
'
1 ^
o x + log^ 1+>X
2^ J
Tathdyrang log^ 1 +
+ l0g3
10g2
V
1^
'
>l0g3
f
1 \
1+-
>log3
1+
V
^ /
1+-
1 ^
>log3 1 +
V
^J
V
r
V2
3 ,
nen b i t dSng thuc

3 ,
. ^.. i ^ /
cuoi 6 tren dung va bat dang thuc da cho dung voi x > 0 . ,
-Ngu ;c<0 thi 2'>3M>(>^)'=>2^+1>3^+(V2)'>0.

Dodo log^ (2^+1) >log2 3 ^ + ( V 2 H > I o g 3
y+[yf2j
Bat dang thuc can chung minh cung dung.

Vay hit phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x e
1
7. Xet phuong trinh logj (x^ - 2x + 3) + log, x + + 1 = V x + V 2 - x .
X
Dieukien 0 < x < 2 .

Taco X ' - 2 J C + 3 = ( X - 1 ) ' + 2 > 2 , X + - + 1>2 + 1 = 3 nen
l o g 2 ( x ' - 2 x + 3) + log3 x + + 1 >log2 2 + log33 = 2 .

X
Ngoaira,tacungc6 (Vx + V 2 - x ) =2 + 2 ^ x ( 2 - x ) =2 + 2 V l - ( l - x ) ^ <2 + 2 = 4

nen Vx + V 2 - x < 2.
Tu do suy ra dSng thuc phai xay ra va x = 1 la nghiem duy nhat cua phuong trinh.
5. Phuong phap ham so don diû
Nhan xet: Doi vai cdc phuong trinh, bat phucmg trinh sieu viet, chua ddng
than cd da thuc, ham so mU vd hdm so logarit, viec dung tinh dan dieu cua
ham so gdn nhu Id dieu tdt yeu. Trong mot so truang hap, hdm ban ddu chua
hdn da dong bien, nghich bien tren todn mien xdc dinh vd ta cdn ket hap them
mot so tinh chat nita de thu hep mien xdc dinh Igi giiip cho hdm s6 cdn xet
thuc syt dan dieu vd suy ra so nghiem cua phuang trinh, bdt phuang trinh.
Vi du 1, Giai phuong trinh x^ + 2x + 3 + ln(x^ + x +1) = 0.
, o p'l
L&igidL Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = x^ + 2x + 3 + ln(x^ + x +1), x e M . Ta c6

f\x)
= 3x'+2 +
X
2x + l
+ X +
( 3 x ' + 2 ) ( x ' + x + l) + (2x + l)

X + X +1
3 ( x ' + x ' + x ' ) + ( 2 x ' + 4 x + 3)

X^ + X +
Suy ra ham so nay dong bien va phuong trinh f(x)
>0,Vx(
= 0 c6 khong qua mot nghiem.
Honnua / ( - I ) = ( - 1 ) ' + 2 ( - l ) + 3 + l n ( ( - l ) ' + ( - l ) + l ) = 0 nen phuong trinh

/ ( x ) = 0 CO nghiem duy nhdt la x = - 1 .
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = - 1 .
,, ^..
271
V i du 2. Giai phucmg trinh 2 x'"^^" + log

2)
Ldi giai *) DiSu kien 0 < jc
1. Dat r = log^ x ^ x = 2'.
Thay vac phuong trinh, ta c6 2 . ( 2 ' ) ' + ( / - 1 ) ' = 2" 2''"' +
+1 = 2" + 2t.
Xet ham s6 f{y) = 2^ + >',>^ e M .

Ta thay f\y)
= 2^.1n 2 +1 > 0 nen ham nay d6ng b i l n .
Dang thuc cuoi a tren chinh la

/ ( / ' + l ) = / ( 2 0 nen
+1 = 2/<=> ( / - I ) ' = 0 / = l .
Tir do suy ra x = 2 la nghiem cua phucmg trinh da cho.

V i du 3. Tim nghiem duomg cua phuong trinh
xln 1 + LMgidL
+ X
= xMn 1 +
+"1.
*) Phuong trinh da cho viet lai thanh

xln
- l = x x' In 1 +
V
1
X
-1
J
< x xln
V
-1 = x
xj
1.1
xMn 1 +
x \
-1
Xet ham s6 / ( / ) = t /In
-1
vai / > 0.
-2.
Taco / ' ( / ) = (2/+ 1) In
Ta se chung minh rang f'{t) > 0 hay In

2
Xet ham so g{\) = In
2t + l
tJ
Ta CO e'(t) = z +
2/ + 1
vai moi / > 0.
,t>0.
7 = ;
-1
'-
T- < 0 nen g(t) la ham giam tren
(0; - H ) . Mat khac, ta cung eo lim g{t) = lim In 1 +
= 0.
Suy ra g(t) > 0 hay / ' ( / ) > 0, tuc la / ( t ) la ham s6 dong bien.
272
Phuong trinh ban dhu chinh la /(jc) = / ( x ^ ) <:> x =
<=> x = 1, do x > 0.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit la x = 1.

V i du 4. Giai phuong trinh 'T'' = 1 + 2 log, (6x - 5 ) \
L&igidL *) Dieukienxac dinh x^ . Dat x - l =
6
a=>a5^-.
Ta CO phuong trinh 7" = 1 + 6 log, (6a +1).

TatiSptucdat log,(6a +!) = /=> 6 a + 1 = 7' 3 7 =1 + 6/.
Ta duoc he sau \ 7" =6a-6t
[7" =6^ + 1
<^T +6t = 7 +6a
Xet ham s6 f{y) = 7^ + 6>^, >^ e M . Ta c6 f'(y) = 7 n n 7 + 6 > 0 nen day la ham
dong bien. Dang thuc cuoi 6 tren chinh la / ( / ) = / ( a ) nen ta c6 duoc a = t
hay 7 ^ = 6 0 + 1.
' '
'
Day la phuong trinh Bernoulli xet a tren nen no c6 nghiem la a = 0 v a = 1,

tuong ung, ta tim duoc hai nghiem cua phuong trinh ban dhx la x = 1 v x = 2.
Thu lai thay thoa.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la x = 1, x = 2.
V i du 5. Giai phuong trinh sau log3(2x +1) + log5(4x +1) + log7(6x +1) = 3x.
L&igidL *) Dieu kien xac dinh: x >
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = log3(2x + l) + log5(4x + l) + log7(6x + l ) - 3 x lientuctren
--;+oo
. Taco:
f\x)
f"(x)
-+-
(2x + l)ln3
-+
(4x + l)ln5
16
z
(2x + l)Mn3
(6x + l)ln7
(4x + l)Mn5
-3.
36
1
< 0 voi moi x > .
(6x + l)Mn36
'
6
Matkhac: /'(O) = 7 ^ + ^ ^ + - 3 > 0, / ' ( l ) = - l - + - i - + -A__3

In3 ln5 ln7
31n3 51n5 71n7
<0.
Do do phuong trinh /'(x) = 0 c6 nghiem duy nhit tren

Suy ra phuong trinh / ( x ) = 0 c6 khong qua hai nghiem tren
Ta cung C O / ( O ) = / ( I ) = 0.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la x = 0; x = 1.
273
Vi du 6. Giai phvromg trinh sau log, ( 7 ' + 2) = logj (6' +19).

L&i gidL *) Xet phuong trinh log, (V' + 2) = log; (6" +19).
Neu JC < 0 thi ta c6: logj (7" + 2) < log, 3 = 1 < log, 19; log, 19 > log, (6" +19),
phuong trinh v6 nghiem. Do do, ta chi can xet jc > 0 la du.
Xet ham so / ( x ) = log3(7''+2)-log5(6''+19) lien tuc tren [0;+oo), taco:
fix)
(6"+19)ln5'
(7^+2)ln3
6Mn6
7Mn7
Ta cung CO I n 7 > l n 6 > 0 , I n 5 > l n 3 > 0 = > > > 0 .

In3 ln5
r
ln6
19-7^-2-6^
6'
> 0 voi moi x > 0.
Suyra
f'(x)>^^^
hi5
In5 (7^+2)(6^+19)
6'+19
d6ng biSn tren [0;+oo) ma /(1) = 0 nen phuong trinh da c6
r
r+2
Suy ra f{x)
nghiem
x-l.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat
x-l.
V i du 7. Giai b i t phuong trinh sau xlog2 JC > 2 ( x - l ) ^ .

L&i gidL *) DiSu kien x > 0.
Do (jc-1)^ > 0 nen ta CO jclog2 X > 0 => log2 JC > 0
JC > 1.
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = xlog^ x - 2 ( x - l ) ^ x > 1. Ta c6

/ ' ( x ) = log2X
+In- i2- - 4 ( x - l ) ,
r(x) =
- ^ - 4 < - ^ - 4 < 0 .
In 2
In 2
Do do, phucmg trinh f{x) = 0 c6 khong qua 2 nghiem. Ta cung thSy ring
/ ( I ) = / ( 2 ) = 0 nen phucmg trinh f{x) = 0 c6 dung 2 nghiem x = 1, x = 2.
D e t h i y t r e n c a c m i ^ n [l;2],(2;+co) t h i d d u c u a / ( x ) khongddi.
Thu true t i l p , ta thdy / ( x ) > 0,x e [1;2] va / ( x ) < 0 voi xe(2;+oo).
Vay nghiem cua bat phuong trinh da cho la x e [1; 2].
Bai tap phan 5

(x 1)^
Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh 81og,^^
^ = x^-18x-31
2 2x + l
Bai 2. Giai phuong trinh log2 (2" + 4) + log3 (4^^' +17) = 7
274
I-
Bai 3. Tim so thuc m dk phuong trinh sau c6 nghiem thuc trong doan
(/-l)log^(x-2)^+4(/-5)log
Bai 4. Giai phuong trinh 4(x -
2)[log2 (x
+ 4m-4
=0
- 3) + log, (x - 2)] = 15(x +1)
Bai 5. Giai hit phuong trinh log, | l + 2yJx^-x + 2^ + log, (x^ - x + ? ) < 2
Bai 6. Giai bdt phuong trinh
+
3''-2x-l
Bai 7. Giai phuong trinh Vx + SyJT^
>Q
= log, ((3 - 2 x ) ' (2x +1)).
.) t ^ ' , ^ tf
H u a n g dan giai bai tap ph'an 5

1. Xet phuong trinh 8 log
2x + l
= x^ -18x - 31. Dieu kien xac dinh:
x>
2.
x^l
Ta c6:
- 8 logjCx - 1 ) ' - Iog2 (2x +1)] = (x - 1 ) ' - 8(2x +1) - 24
(x - 1 ) ' + 8 log^ (x - 1 ) ' = 8(2x +1) + 24 + 8 log^ (2x +1)
(x - 1 ) ' + 8 logj (x -1)^ = 8(2x +1) + 8 log2 8(2x +1)
Xet ham so / ( O = / + 8 logj / tren (0; +oo). Ta c6: f'(t)
8
= 1+
/in 2
> 0 voi moi
/>0.
Suy ra / ( 0 d6ng biSn tren (0; +oo). Phuong trinh ban dku chinh la:
f[ix-\y]
= f [8(2x + 1 ) ] ( x - 1 ) ' = 8(2x +1)
<=>x - 1 8 x - 7 =
0 "x = 9 - 2 V 2 2
_x = 9 + 2>/22
'
: -
Ta thay rang cac nghiem tim dugc deu thoa man diSu kien ban dku.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem la x = 9 + 2V22,x = 9 - 2V22.
[2^+4 = 2"
2. Xet phuong trinh log^ [2" + 4) + log^ (4'^' +17) = 7 . Dat
, taco:
[4^"'+17 = 3'
Tu do thay vao phucmg trinh da cho ta dugc: 4(2" - 4)^ - 3^' +17 = 0.
Xet ham s6 / ( a ) = 4 ( 2 " - 4 ) ' - 3 ' " " + 1 7 tren M, taco:

/ ' ( a ) = 8 ( 2 " - 4 ) - 2 " - l n 2 + 3'-"-ln3>0, V a e M .
Suy ra f{a)
d6ng bifin tren M. Mat khac, / ( 3 ) = 0 nen f{a) = 0 c6 nghiem
duy nhat a = 3 2 " = 2 ' - 4 = 4 x = 2.

Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat x = 2.
3. Phuang trinh da cho tuang duang vai:
( w - l ) l o g ^ ( x - 2 ) - ( / - 5 ) l o g , ( x - 2 ) + / M - l = 0.
Dat / = l o g , ( x - 2 ) , x
te[-l;l
Ta thu duac phuang trinh m = f(t) =

Ta CO fit)
4/^-4
( / ^ - / + 1)
.
/'-5/ + 1
-;/'(0 = 0 < / = l.
7
Ta CO /(1) = -3, / ( - I ) = . Lap bang bien thien cua /(0 tren doan [ - 1 ; l ] , ta thSy
/ ( r ) lien tuc va nghich bien tren doan [ - 1 ; 1 nen m e
-4
thoa man dh bai.
4. Xet phuang trinh 4(jc - 2)[log2 (x - 3) + logj(x - 2)] = 15(x +1).

Dieukien x > 3 .
Phuang trinh da cho c6 the viet lai la
log2(x-3) + log3(x-2) =
15 x + \
4
x-2
Ta xet dao ham cua cac ham so tuang ung a m6i ve cua phuang trinh
(log, (X - 3) + log3(x - 2))' =
(x-2y
x-2
-3
x +1
(x-3)ln2
va
> 0
(x-2)ln3
< 0 vai x > 3 .
Suy ra ve trai la ham so dong bien theo x , ve phai la ham nghich bien theo x
nen phuang trinh da cho c6 khong qua mot nghiem.
Thay x = 11 vao phuang trinh thi thay thoa man.
Vay phuang trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat la x = 11.
276
5. Xet bit phuomg trinh log, | l + 2ylx^ - x + 2J + log, (x^ - x + ? ) < 2 .

Dat t = yjx^-x + 2>0,taCO
x^-x + 7 = t^+5.
Do do bit phuong trinh da cho tra thanh logj (1 + 2t) + log, (t^+5)<2.
Xet ham s6 / ( 0 = log, (1 + 2t) + log, (t^+5)-2
vai / > 0.
2/
'
'
+
> 0 thi day la ham dong bien.
(l + 201n5 ( / ' + 5 ) l n 9
^
Ngoai ra, ta cung c6 / ( 2 ) = 0 nen / ( r ) < 0 vai moi t<2.
Ta CO f'(t) =
Khi d6,tac6 VJC^^^JC + 2 < 2 < = > - x - 2 < 0 - 1 < x < 2 .

Vay nghiem cua bat phuomg trinh da cho la x e (-1;2).
, , , ln(5 + x ) - l n ( 5 - x ) ^ -^-^ i f3'-2x-1^0
6. Xet bat phuomg trinh
> 0. Dieu kien <
^
^
y-2x-\ [ - 5 < x < 5
Ta thay phuomg trinh 3"" - 2 x - l = 0 c6 dang Bernoulli nen c6 dung 2 nghiem
la 0 va 1, ngoai ra ta cung c6 3 ' ' - 2 x - l < 0 tren (0;1) va 3 ' ' - 2 x - l > 0 tren
(-c;0), (!;+)).
v'.u'.
Ta CO ln(5 + x) - ln(5 - x) = 0 l n ( 5 + x) = ln(5 -x)<=i>5 + x = 5 - x o x
= 0.
Ngoai ra, ta ciing c6

ln(5 + x ) - l n ( 5 - x ) > 0 vai x > 0 va ln(5 + x ) - l n ( 5 - x ) < 0 vai x < 0 .
Tu cac dieu tren, ta thay nghiem ciia bat phuomg trinh da cho la x e (1;5).
7. Xet phuomg trinh Vx + sVT^ = log, ((3 - 2 x / (2x +1) .
Diû kien 0 < x < 1. Truac hk, ta se chung minh rSng vai moi / e [0;1] thi
/>log3 (2/^+1).
That vay, xet ham s6 / ( O = 3' - 2/^ - 1 , / e [0;1] thi
/'(O = 3'In 3 - 4 / , / ( / ) = 3'(In 3 ) ' - 4 .
Do / < 1 nen /"(t) < 3(ln 3)^ - 4 < 0 va phuomg trinh / ( / ) - 0 c6 khong qua 2
nghiem.
Ta cung c6 /(O) = /(1) = 0 nen phuomg trinh / ( / ) = 0 c6 dung 2 nghiem.
Xet d i u cua hiku thiic / ( / ) tren [0;1], ta c6 3' > 2/^ + 1 / > logj (2/^ +1) vai
moi /G[0;1].
T u d o s u y r a Vx + 3Vr^>log3(2x + l) + 31og3(3-2x) = log3((3-2x)'(2x + l ) .
277
Dang thuc phai xay ra, tuc la x = 0, x = 1.

Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem la x = 0, x = 1.
6. V i du tong hgfp
s
Trong phdn nay, ta se xem xet mot so bai tap tong hap ve phuong trinh, bat
phuong trinh, he phuong trinh mil lien quan den cdc dang Todn da neu.
Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh sau 2 +A" Xog^ x = 0, _
L&i giai *) Dieu kien A: > 0. Ta thay neu x > 1 thi logj x > 0 va 4"^ > 0 nen ve
trai duong, khong thoa man.
Ta chi cin xet 0 < X < 1. Xet ham so / ( x ) = 2 + 4Mog2 x, x e (0; 1) thi
/ ' ( x ) = 4"ln41og2X + -
4-
xln2
Ta can chiing minh / ' ( x ) > 0, Vx e (0; 1)
4" r
n
ln2 ln4-lnx +
X
In 4 In x + - > 0, Vx e (0; 1)..
1
' '
^
1
V
Dat = >'>! thi dua bat dang thuc tren ve ln4-ln + >;>0<=>-^>ln4.
X
y
\ny
= 0<=>>' = ^ nen khao sat
Dat g{y) = - ^ vai ;;>1 thi g\y)=^^-,g'(>')
ln>'
ln>'
ham so nay tren mien (l;+oo), ta c6 g{y) > g(e) = e.
D l thiy e > 2 nen
> 2^ = 4 => e > ln4. Do do
> ln4,V>' > 1.
ln_y
Dodo / ' ( x ) > 0,Vx (0;1) nen ham so / ( x ) da neu dong bien tren (0;l).
Tacungco /
= 0 nen phuong trinh / ( x ) = 0 c6 nghiem duy nhat la x = - .
Vi du 2. Tim s6 nghiem cua phuong trinh sau theo tham so k:

(l-x)ln
1 = 0.
2kx-2k + \
L&igidL Ta xet cac truong hop sau:
- Neu k = 0 thi thay vao phuong trinh, ta dugc (1 - x) In 1 - 1 = 0, v6 nghiem.
- Vdri ^
9t
0, dat 2 - x) = / thi ta dugc phuong trinh / In
Xet ham s6 f{t) = t I n p y , ^
^ -'-
kien-1 < / <1.
= 2k vai diSu
'
(-1;1) thi d l thiy
/(O) =
0 va lim/(t) = +oo.
278
Taco / ' ( O = l n j ^ + : j ^ , / ' ( 0 ) = 0 va f''(t)
= j^-^>0
n e n / = Olacirc
tiku cua ham s6 da cho va / ( / ) nghich biSn trong khoang ( - 1 ; 0) va dong b i l n

tren khoang con lai.
Do do, khi k<0, phuong trinh da cho v6 nghiem va khi A: > 0 thi phuong
trinh da cho c6 hai nghiem phan biet.
Vi du 3. Giai cac bat phuong trinh sau
a) log, (logj(9^ - 72)) < 1.
(Di DH khSi B 2002)
b) (log, 8 + log^ x') log2 V2^ > 0.
(DiDH
LaigiaL
khoi A 2007)
a) Xet hk phuong trinh log, (log3(9' - 72)) < 1.
ro<xî
Dieu kien \
[log3(9^-72)>0
0<X9tl
<=>
<
[9^-72>l
< X > lOgg 73.
Ta CO log3(9^ - 72) < X <:> 9"^ - 72 < 3 \
D a t / = 3^>0 nen ^ ' - / - 7 2 < 0 < ( / + 8 ) ( / - 9 ) < 0 / < 9 .

Suy ra 3"^ < 9
< 2.
Do do nghiem cua bat phuong trinh da cho la log, 73 < x < 2.

b) Xet bat phuong trinh (log, 8 + log4
Bdt phuong trinh tuong duong vod
1
+ log2X ^ l o g j 2 x > 0 < ^
loggX
) logj ^llx > 0. Dieu kien 0 < x 9^ l .
+ log2X (log2X +
l)>0.
log2X
Dat / = logj X ?t 0 thi

- + t (/ + 1 ) > 0
Neu / > 0 thi logj x > 0
^3 + /^^
r/(/+i)>o
(/ + l ) > 0 - ^
/>0
/<-l
x > 1.
Ngu t<-\i logj X < - 1 X < - .

Vi du 4. Cho a,b>\.
u(l;+co).
Chung minh rSng phuong trinh
log' y + log^ X + 3 log^ X log^

CO 2 nghiem va dat la (x,, y^), (xj,
- 8 log, y log, x - 1 6 ( l o g ^ + log^ x) + 80 = 0

) thi x, + Xj +
+ ^2 > 4.
(Tuyen tap 45 nam tap chi THTT)

279
L&i gidL *)Bihukienxac
d\r)h x,y>0.
Dat u = log y,v = log^ x ta dugc

u'+v'+ 3M'V' - 8MV - 1 6(M^ +
M'+V'
MV =
=8
(W-V)'
) + 80 = 0
(M' + V ' - 8)^ + (MV - 4)' = 0
=0
wv = 4
Giai he nay, ta thu dugc w = v = 2, tir do ta dugc

x^ +y^+X2+y2 =a
+b
+ +
>4.
a
Vi du 5. Giai bat phuorng trinh
log, yl2x^-3x + \, (x +1)
L&i gidL *) Dieu kien xac dinh
0<x +
l5^1
<=>x(-l;0)u
TathdyrSng log, \/2x^-3x + l > 0 - 3 x
3
log, (x +1) > 0
+1
+ l < 1 0< j c < - va

2
<1
fo-il
<=> X <
0.
3)
1
, ta thay bit phuong trinh
'2J
hiSn nhien dung.

Vai X e (-1;0) thi bdt phuang trinh sai.
Vai x
thi bat phuang trinh da cho tuang duang vai

V2x^-3x + l > X + 1>0<:>-
x>-l
-l<x<0
x>5
x'-5x>0
K6t hgp vai truong hgp dang xet, ta c6 x > 5.

3^
xe 0;- u 1 u(5;+c).
l 2j V 2)
Vi du 6. Tim ik ca cac bg s6 thuc (x,>') thoa man d6ng thai
^P-2H->og,5
4^ _
^^-(,,4)
+(^4-3)^
<8 .
Ldigiau
* ) T a c 6 r - 2 j c - 3 > 0 nen
5-(y-4) > 3-iog,5 ^ 5-iog,3 = 5-'
+ 4) > _ i ^
^ <
_3.
Dodo
4 H - | > ' - 1 +{y + 2f =-Ay + {y-\) + {y + 3,f =-Zy-\ {y + 7>f > 9 - l + 0 = 8.
=0
DSng thuc phai xay ra, turc la
x =-l,x=3
<=>
y = -7>
y^-3
Vay CO tat ca 2 bo thoa man la {x;y) = (-l;-3),(3;-3).

Vi du 7. Giai phuong trinh log^ (11-3^) = log,
L&igidL *) Dieu kien
{1-2').
11-3^ > 0
7-2'>0
Dat y = log3(7-2")r:>2" +3^ = 7 ^ < 2
nen;
log,(ll-3^)<2=>3^>7^x>-.
Xet ham so f(x) = l o g ^ O l - 3 ^ ) - l o g 3 ( 7 - 2 " ) , - < x < 3 . Ta c6
f'ix) =
Do
X > :
-3Mn3
2Mn2
-3"
T
+
^
<
+
( l l - 3 ^ ) l n 2 ( 7 - 2 ^ ) l n 3 11-3^ 7-2^
ll-2'-7-3'
(ll-3^)(7-2^)
11
^3 ^
> ^11.2^-7.3^ < 0 , s u y r a / ' ( x ) < 0 , V x e - ; 3
v2y
7
V2
2
Ham so nay nghich bien nen c6 khong qua mot nghiem. Dong thoi / ( 2 ) = 0
nen x = 2 la nghiem duy nh4t cua phuong trinh / ( x ) = 0.
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit la x = 2 .
Bai tap tong hgp Chuang 4

Bai 1. Giai phuong trinh sau (x +1) log 4' = xlog(x + 2'*^) >
Bai 2. a) Chung minh rang moi phuong trinh sau day c6 nghiem duy nhat
CQSX = X
(1)
sin(cos x) = X (2).
cos(sinx) = x (3)
b) Goi a,p,/
'
Ian lugt la nghiem cua cac phuong trinh (1), (2) ''3).
Chung minh rang/ia 1 f t < y^;''In or < c!r>9 In 7 .

281
Bai 3. Giai bat phuomg trinh sau ^ ^ " 3 ^

jc-l
^ ^Q
2x-\
Bai 4. T i m tat ca gia t r i a de phuomg trinh logîlS'' -log^ a) = x c6 nghiem

duy nhat.
Bai 5. Tim m de phuong trinh 4(log2 Vx)^ - log, x + w = 0 c6 nghiem thuoc (0; 1).
Bai 6. Chung minh rang trong cac bo ix,y,z)
thoa man J'"'"'"-^"'"^

[xyz=30
^^,c6it
nh4t 6 bo thoa man dSng thuc logj jclogj jylcg, z = 1.

Bai 7. Giai phuomg trinh sau
log2x^.4 2 + log3^,^, 3 + log^^,^^, 5 =
1 + ^log2 (x' + 2) log3 (x' + 3) log, (x' + 5)
Bai 8. Giai phuomg trinh sau ^-s'^^'^^J
_îog,i5
Huang dan giai bai tap tong hgfp Chuong 4

Bai 1. Phuomg trinh (x +1) log 4"^ = x log(x + 2"^^) tuong duong voi
xlog4^"'=xlog(x + 2 ^ ^ ' ) x = 0 v 4 ^ " ' = x + 2^"'.
Ta xet phuomg trinh 4'^' = 2 ' ^ ' + x , d a t x + l = :>;,tac6 4 ^ - 2 ^ - > ' + ! = 0.
Xethams6 / ( ; ^ ) = 4^ - 2 ^ + l . Ta c6 f'{y) =
4nn4-2'\n2-\.
De thay rang phuomg trinh f'(y) = 0 c6 dung mot nghiem k va f'(y) duong
trenmi^n ik,+oo) vaamtrenmiSn {-00; k).
/ - , \3
= 4 n n 4 - 2 M n 2 - l = ln2(22 - 2 ^ - 1 ,
Ta Cling thay rang / ' > 0 do / '
,4
3
/1 >
10
m a l n 2 > l o g 2 > va 2 ^ - 2 ^ > - 2 = h a y / '
= ln2(22 - 2 ^ ) - l > 0 .
^
10
3
3
Do do A: < . Ta ciing c6 /(>>) = 2 ' - i
+ y=^ f(y)>0,yy
4
< nen
4
m>o.
Ro rang A: l a d i l m cue tieu cuaham s6 nay nen f(y)>
f(k)>0.
Suy ra phuomg trinh 4^ - 2^ - >' +1 = 0 v6 nghiem.

Vay phuomg trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhat la x = 0 .
282
Bai 2.
a) Xet ham s6 tuong ung voi phuong trinh (1) la / ( x ) = x - cos x .
Do - 1 < cosjc < 1 nen ta chi can xet x e
Taco / ' ( x ) = l + sinx>0,Vxe
2'2
2'2,
nen day la ham dong bien.
Hon nua, do / ( 0 ) < 0 , / ( l ) > 0 va day la ham lien tuc nen phuong trinh
/ ( x ) = 0 CO nghiem duy nh4t. Ta c6 diSu phai chung minh.
Cac phuong trinh (2) va (3) dugc chung minh tuong tu.
b) De thay or, /?, 7^ G (0, l ) . Bat dang thuc can chung minh tuong duong voi
In y3 In Of In /
<
<In/
Xet ham so g{i) = , 0 < / < 1. , _ ^
Ta CO g'(0 - ^ ^1"^ > 0 nen ham so nay dong bien tren (0,1). Do do, de chung
minh b i t ding thuc cu6i 0 tren, ta chung minh p <a
<y.
Gia su P>a
thi P = sin(cosP) <cosp <cosa = a, mau thuan; tuc la y5 <or. t
Gia sic /<a
thl y-cos(sin7)
Vay p <a <y hay cosa = a, mau thuan; tuc la a < / .

< -<:> ya\np<
Bai 3. Xet b i t phuong trinh i i ^

x-1
Dieu kien xac dinh: x>0,x
pyXna <ap\ny.
^^,x
^ < 0.
2x-l
.1
i^l.
2x-4
thi / ( x ) , g ( x ) la cac ham s6 d6ng b i l n
K i hieu / ( x ) = log3x; gix) = 2x-l
tren m6i khoang thuoc tap xac dinh.
(1) Neu 0 < X <.
1 Khi do bat phuong trinh tuong duong: / ( x ) > g ( x ) . Ta c6:
fix)<f
< 0 < 4 < g(0) < g ( x ) .
0 i
283
Suy ra / ( x ) < g{x) voi moi x e
V '2j
. Trong truong hop nay bat phuong trinh
v6 nghiem.
(2) Neu ^ < jc < 1. Khi do bat phuong trinh tuong duong: /(jc) >
Ta c6:
= log3^>-0,5>-l>g(l)>g(x).
Suy ra truong hop nay bat phuong trinh c6 nghiem la
(3) Neu 1 < ;c < 2.Khi do bat phuong trinh tuong duong: /(;c) < g{x). Ta thiy
/ ( x ) > / ( l ) = . 0 = g(2)>gW.
Suy ra bat phuong trinh v6 nghiem.
(4) Neu 2 < JC < 3. Khi do bat phuong trinh tuong duong: / ( x ) < g{x). Ta c6:
f{x) > / ( 2 ) = log3 2 > 0 , 6 > 0 , 4 = | = g(3) > g(x).
Suy ra /(jc) > g(x). Do do, b i t phuong trinh v6 nghiem.
(5) Nea
3. Khi do bat phuong trinh tuong duong: / ( x ) < g(x). Ta c6:

f(x) > / ( 3 ) = 1 > g(x) nen suy r a / ( x ) > gix).
Do do, bat phuong trinh v6 nghiem.

T u cac truong hop tren, ta c6 nghiem cua b i t phuong trinh la ^ < x < 1.
Bai 4. Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi
25^-log5a = 5^ <=> 5 ' ^ - 5 ^ - l o g , f l = 0
''^^
[t'-t-\og,a
=0
(*)
Phuong trinh da cho c6 nghiem duy nhit khi (*) c6 dung 1 nghiem duong hay
-t = log; a CO dung 1 nghiem duong.
Xet ham s6 f{t) = t^-t
Taco: f\t)
= 2t-\
voi t e [0; +oo).
/'(0 =
0/=i; /W = - 7 '
/ ( 0 ) = 0-
2
\2)
4
Dua vao bang bien thien, ta suy ra phuong trinh / ( / ) = log5a c6 dung 1
nghiem duong khi
a>\
log5a>0
log.a^--
a=
Bai 5. Dieu kien jc> 0. Phuong trinh da cho tuomg duong vai
log]X + logjx + m = 0; xe(0;\).
Dat / = logj X . Vi lim log^ x = -oo va lim log x = 0, nen
xe(0;l)=>/e(-oo;0).
Ta c6: -t-m = 0, t <0<:> m = -t^ -t, t <0. Lap bang biSn thien cho ham s6
f{t) = -t -t vai t <0 de suy ra ket qua. Vay gia tri m can tim la m<.
4
Bai 6. Xet he diSu kien r"^-^"*'^~^^.Dl thSy {x,y,z) = (2,3,5) va cac hoan
xyz = 30
vi cua chung thoa man he phuong trinh da cho.
Chii y rang log, xlog, y log, z ^ ^"^^""^^"^ = 1 vai moi bo hoan vi tren.
In21n31n5
Vay CO it nhat 3! = 6 bo thoa man.
Bai 7. Dat a = log^(x' +2),b = log,(x' + 3),c = l o g s + 5) thi a,b,c>\.
Chu y rang log, 2 , 2 =
^ =
^-^
= .
+4 iog2(2x'+4) l + log2(x'+2) \ a
Tuong ty log , 3 = - \
; log
5= \ .
^"^^ 1 + logj (x' + 3)
1 + logs + 5)
Ta se chung minh bdt ding thuc ^ ., + ^ - ^ > - vai a,b,c>\
+
T>
\ a<=> \ b ; l + c ^ l>+ abc
1 + fl' l + b^~l + ab (l + a^)il + b^) l + ab
thong qua bat dang
(2 +thuc
a'+ ^6'sau)(1
+ + ab)
^ >> ^2(1+ a^+b^+
vai a,b>la^b^)(*).
l + a' 1 ++6'ab{a^l ++b^)>2
ab
^2 + a^+b^+2ab
+ 2a' +2b^ + 2aW
That vay, <^{a-bf{ab-l)>0
Bit ding thuc cu6i
1 dung1 nen
. 2 (*) dugrc chung
2 + a ' +minh.
6' . 2
Do do
1
1
1
1 ^ 2
2 ^ 4
^ - ; = > l + abc
l + a^ + 1 + 6'r + l + c'r + l + abc > l + ; + l + c^yfab
285
nensuy ra
r- +
\ a' \ b'
Tir do suy ra
log,,
r- +
l + c'
r->
l + abc
vm
a,b,c>\.
2 + W , 3 + log,, , 5>
1 + ^logj ix'+2) log3 (x' + 3) log3 {x' + 5)
Dang thuc xay ra khi x = 0.

Bai 8. Dieu kien 0 < X 1.
Dat
= a > 0, ta CO
'
- x'""^'' = x'"^'' x = ox va
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q\
Q\
Q
'
9
a
X =
2
3
Tir do taCOphuorngtrinh x^-ax +a^ = 0 ( 3 x - a ) ( 3 x - 2 a ) = 0 2a
x=
Ta CO 2 truong hop:
- Neu ^ = ~ thi ta dugc
X =
<=> logj X = logj 5 log3 X -1 o log3 X (1 - log3 5) = -1

108,3
<=> logj X = logj 3 <=> X = 3 ' .
jr
- Neu X = ^
X=
thi ta dugc
2x'^''
? r
2
2
logj X = logj 5 logj X + log3 - log3 x(l - logj 5) = log, -
2
'^'3
logj X = l0g3 - <::> X = 3
'
log, 3
logj?
,
-
Vay phuong trinh da cho c6 2 nghiem la x = 3 ' , x = 3 ' .
286
QYaiHag
1. P H l / d N G T R I N H , BAT PHlTCfNG T R I N H HtTU T I
1. Tam thufc, phi/cfng t r i n h , bfit phiTcfng t r i n h bac hai
2. Phtfcfng t r i n h , bat phifcfng t r i n h bSc cao

phiicfng t r i n h , bat phifcfng t r i n h hOfU t i
V i du tdng hgp Chifcfng 1
31
66
Chtftfng 2. PHl/CfNG T R I N H , BAT P H l f d N G T R I N H V 6 T I

A. Mot s6' dang phiicfng t r i n h co ban
80
B. Phifcfng phdp giai

1) C^c phifcfng phdp dai so
2) Cdc phiicfng phdp liicmg gidc
82
gidi t i c h
3) V i du tdng hop Chi/cfng 2

Biii tap tong hcrp Chiicfng 2
135
167
177
Chtfdng 3. PHLfCfNG T R I N H , B A T P H l / d N G T R I N H MU
A. T6m tat ly thuyet
182
B. Phirong phap giai

1) Phiicfng phap bieh ddi ve cung ccf s6' hoac lay logarit hai ve
184
2) Phtfcfng phap dat ^ n phu
190
3) Phiicfng phap phan tlch
197
4) Phiicfng phap danh gia
205
5) Phiicfng phap dung ham so
212
6) V i d u t 6 n g hcfp
224
Bai tap tong hcfp Chiicfng 3
231
Chifrfng 4. PHlTCft^G T R I N H , B A T PHtfdNG T R I N H L O G A R I T

A T6m tat ly thuyg't
245
B. Phifcfng phap giai
246
1. Phiicfng phap bien doi ve cung ccf s6'
246
2. Phiicfng phap dat an phu diTa ve dang dai so.
251
3. Phi/cfng phap dat an phu di/a ve dang mu
258
4. PhiTcfng phap danh gia
264
5. Phiicfng phap ham so dcfn dieu
271
6. V i du tdng hcfp
278
287
y-
Email: nhasachhongan@hotmail.com
2 0 C N g u y e n Thi M i n h Khai - Q.1 - T P . H C M
DT: 3 8 2 4 6 7 0 6 - 3 9 1 0 7 3 7 1 - 3 9 1 0 7 0 9 5 F a x : 3 9 1 0 7 0 5 3
(^^SK- âmy ti^rri' e^bo:
- 245 Tran N g u y e n Han - HP * DT:
3858699
- 2 9 & 3 1 P h a n B p i C h a u - Hî P h o n g *DT:

- 04 Ly Thai To - TP. Da
- 259 Le Duan
N i n g
- TP. Vinh
*DT:
- DT:
- 15
Le T h a i T o - VTnh L o n g - DT:
3823421
-<
ISBN: 978-604-62-2269-9
3554777
- 39-41 V 6 Thi Sau - Can T h d * DT:

1 5 8 TTnh 1^ 8 - T T . C u C h i - T P . H C M
3839599
3818891
*DT:
37924216
0907845219
935092
763842
G i a : TO.OOOd

(Lê Xuân Sơn) - ☣ ๖ۣۜPhương trình, bất phương trình hữu tỉ - vô tỉ - mũ logarit ☣

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(Lê Xuân Sơn) - ☣ ๖ۣۜPhương trình, bất phương trình hữu tỉ - vô tỉ - mũ logarit ☣

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

512.

4 (CB) ThS. PHAN VIET BAC

HAT lHI]liSS nrnCo

C QUOC GIA HA NOI

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI

nhi^m xuat ban:

Gidm doc - Tong bien tdp: T S . P H A M T H I T R A M

NHA SACH HONG A N

Trinh bay bia:

NHA SACH HONG AN

VAN ANH - PHUONG ANH

Doi tdc lien ket xuat ban:

Cac em hoc sinh than men!

PHLfdNG TRINH, BAT PHtTdNG TRINH HlTU TI

1. TAM THlTC, PHirONG TRINH, BAT PHlTOfNG TRINH BAG HAI

Vdfi a < 0 , / ( x ) CO gia t r i Ion nhdt la

thoa man x + y + z^\. T i m gia t r i lom nhdt

A = 9xy + \(iyz + nzx^9xy

De CO gia t r i Ion nhat ciia A t h i phuong trinh c6 nghi?m. T a c6

(Di thi dgi hoc khoi B 2008)

V a i P = 2, phuong trinh c6 nghiem t = .

Voi P^2, phuomg trinh c6 nghiem khi vachi khi

D4U bang xay ra khi

Vi du 4. Cho cac so duong a, b, c thoa man a + b + c = 3. Chung minh rang

. (jjsG Nghe An 2005)

Su dung 1 = + 6^ = (a - 6) + 2a6 nen 2(36 = 1 - (a - 6) , thay vao ta c6

Vi dy 6. Cho 3 so thuc a,6,c thoa man di^u kien

Chung minh rang +6 +c >ab + bc + ca.

+ 12a > 0, luon dung vi > 36.

<::>x^ - 2{y + \)x + y^ +Ay-1 = 0

6. Tim gia tri nho nhat cua A =

thoaman ' ' ^ ' - ^ ' ^ ^ l - ^'^-1

H i r o n g d a n giai b a i tap p h a n 1.1

< = > 6 x ^ + 7 / - 8 x - 8 > ; + 8xv + l = 0

D I phuong trinh c6 nghiem ta c6

< >^ < 1.

Voi y = l khi do ta CO x = z = 0 . Vay gia tri lom nhdt cua 3^ la 1.

Voi y = khi do x = , z = . Vay gia tri nho nhat cua >> la - ^

z la hai nghiem cua phuong trinh

Phuong trinh c6 nghiem

A' > 0 <=> (5 - x)^ - 4(x^ - 5x + 8) > 0

-3P^ + lOP - 3 > 0 <=> ^ < P < 3 .

V a i P = 3 xay ra k h i ^ = - 1 hay x = -> ^ 0 .

suyra ( a - l ) ( a - 2 ) < 0 < : : > a ' < 3 a - 2 .

V a i a = 2,6 = 2,c = 1,^/ = 1 hoac cac hoan v i t h i P = 10.

Dat ^ = - , ta CO ^ = 2 r - 2016r +1 - 2(r - 504) - 508031 > -508031.

2) Bit phipcng trinh bac hai

Tap ngliiem S cua bat phuong trinh f(x)<0

dugc xac dinh boi bang sau

L&igidL Xet A = 1 - 4a(l - a) =4a^ - 4a + 1 = (2a - 1)2 > 0 Va

Khi do (l) <=> X, < X < X2. Do ' ^ ^ =

< 0 < 1 < X2.

Lai do X, + ^2 = 1 nen dieu nay tuomg duong vai

Vay a < 0 hoac a>l.

nen bat phuong trinh tuong duong voi

Gia su a la mot nghiem nguyen cua bSt phuong trinh.

((x-7) + l ) V ( ( x - 7 ) - l ) ' < 1 6

Bai tap phan 1.2

5. Tim m de bat phuong trinh sau c6 tap nghiem la M

Huang dan giai bai tap phan 1.2

+ ( 7 w + 7)x + 7m<0 (2)

Taco A, = ( w - 2 ) ^ > 0 ; A 2 = ( m - 7 ) ^ > 0 .

- (m + 2) x + 2w = 0 luon c6 nghiem x = m hoac x = 2.

Voi m = 2 hoac voi m = 7 thi he v6 nghiem.