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Thc s
BI C TIEN
Cm nang
KT CU XY DNG
(TI BN)
NH XUT BN XY DNG
H N I -2011
LI NI U
Git nc nh ngun
Knh tng Tng Cc Cng Nghip Quc Phng
Tri qua hn 40 nm ln ln vi tnh ton kt cu, mt lnh vc khoa hc k thut c qu nhiu qui nh, ti d nh
m nhiu phrmg php v cng thc n thuc lng, d s dng chng nh bn nng ca mnh, d di su n ci ngun, l
hiu bng tnh sn vn dng chng mt cch nhanh nht, hiu qu nht.
Ti c kt nhng kinh nghim y tnh quyn "Cm nang kt cu xy dng" vi 8 chuxmg sau :
Chicxmg I.
N hng phuxmg php tnh d gii bi ton kt cu.
Chxmg II. N hng phrmg php lp v gii bi ton kt cu.
Chxmg III. Tnh kt cu m i: Kt cu g v kt cu thp.
Chxmg rv. Tnh kt cu sn : Kt cu btng ct thp.
Chuxmg V!
Tnh ht cu tng : Kt cu gch .
Chxmg VI. Tnh kt cu mng : Nn d t v cc bin php gia c.
Chng VII. Thit k ti u trong bi ton kt cu.
Chng VIII. Tnh tin cy ca cng trnh trong kt
cu.
Ph lc.
N hng bn s cn thit cho tnh
ton kt cu.
Mi ti liu lin quan cn thit u c trnh by khp kn cho
tng chuxmg.
Mong muh ca ti l gip cc bn tr rt ngn thi gian nghin cu, c ti liu vn dng nhanh, dnh nhiu 'li gian
ng to di su v di xa hn na trong khoa hc kt cu xy dng. TC mong th ln,nhung khng khi cnY rriti sai s
mong cc bn b sung cho.
Chc cc bn thnh cng.
Thc sl BI e c TiN
LI NI U
LN XUT BN T H HAI
Nm 1993, khi bin son cun cm nang kt cu ny, ti dng cchtnh bng my tnh bm tay gii h phng trn
hnh tc : i vi h di ba n th thun li d dng,nhng i vi h t
bnn tr lnthi vic tnh tay nng n v d'
hm ln.
Nm 1995 sau khi bin son cun lp trnh tnh kt cu, ti thy rng nn dn chuxmg trnh mu H EPTTT d gii h
hxmg trnh chnh tc vo cun cm nang kt cu ny d gip bn dc v ng nghip tip cn vi my vi tnh.
ng thi ti cng b sung hon chnh cc phuxmg php tinh kt cu bn c v dng nghip c c s l lun chc c
:
- Phuxmg php gii tch gii cc dm c bn.
- Phng php lc gii cc kt cu c t n.
- Phng php chuyn v d gii cc kt cu nhiu n.
- Phuxmg php phn phi moment gii nhanh cc kt cu.
Ti cng ly nhiu th d gii bng tt c cc phu vn g php trn.
Mong rng quyn cm nang kt cu dc b sung ny thit thc gip ch cho bn c v ng nghip.
Thc s BI BC TIN
CHNG l
NHNG PHUDNG PHP TNH GII BI TON KT CU
1.1. TNH NHM - TNH TAY

Tnh nhm, tnh tay l cch tnh c bn ca ngi tnh ton.
3
9
D ngy nay c my vi tnh, vic da s liu vo v s

dng s liu ra vn phi thng qua nhng php tnh tay n
gin : cng, tr, nhn, chia.
Yu cu tnh nhm, tnh tay l phi nhanh v chnh xc.
Ngi cn b lnh ton phi iu luyn vi cch tnh
C(T b n ny.
I .l.l.
CNG
Thng thng ta phi cng nhng ct s di. Kinh nghim
Thc hnh
L thuyt
Th d
3
4
7
8
6
3
0
4
9
3
5
6
5
5
5
5
5
63
35
28
2
3
1
3
4
4
3
3
7
9
12
13
16
2
3
4
20
24
27
5
6
7
7x5
28
= 35 + 28
cng nhanh v chnh xc c hai cch nh sau :

CNG THEO 5 V s D CA 5
- Bc 1 : Dem nhng s t 5 tr ln, ta c 7.
CNG THEO LIN HIP CA 10 V 20.
- Bc 2 : Cng dn s d ca php chia cho 5, ta c 28.
Lin hip ca 10 l 1 + 9, 2 + 8, 3 + 7, 4 '+ 6,

5 + 5, 1 + 1 + 8 , 1 + 2
- Bc 3 : Nhm kt qu 7 X 5 + 28 = 63.
+ 7, 1 + 3
+ 6, 1 + 4 + 5,
2 + 2 + 6, 2 + 3 + 5, 3 + 3 + 4, 4 + 4 + 2.
Lin hip ca 20 l 2 + 9 + 9, 3 + 8 + 9, 4 + 7 + 9,
5 + 6 + 9, 4 + 8 + 8, 5 + 7 + 8, 6 + 6 + 8.
Th d
L thuyt
3
9
7
8
6
3
0
4
9
3
5
6
5
6
63
50
Thc hnh
3
9
20
7
8
6
27
3
30
4
9
40
3
60
13
63
63
- Bc
1: Nhm 4 s du ta c 20 + 7 = 27
- Bc
- Bc
3: Nhm 4 s cui ta c 40 + 20 + 3 = 63.
:Nhm4s
sau ta c 27 + 10 + 3 = 40
Cng theo lin hip 10 v 20 thng nhanh v chnh xc

hn c cng my, v khng tn thi gian a s vo my.
Ch yu l ngi tnh phi luyn cho quen.
1.1.2. NHN
Cn ln dng nhng chng minh ton hc thc hin
php nhn nhm.
- Nhn vi 0,25 l chia s (l cho 4.
- Nhn vi 0,5 l chia s cho 2.
- Nhn vi 2,5 l thm s khng ri chia 4.
22 X 2,5 = 220 : 4 = 55
- Nhn vi 5 l thm s khng ri chia 2.
42 X 5 = 420 : 2 = 210
- Nhn vi 9 l nhn 10 ri tr i s d.
35 X 9 = 350 - 35 = 315
- Nhn vi 11 l nhn 10 ri cng thm s
35 X 11 = 350 + 35 = 385
. Khi s nhn c 2 con s th chi cn cng 2 s d li

v t vo gia.
35 X 11 = 3 I3 + 5 I5 = 385
- Nhn hai s t
10 n 20 :
12 X 14 = (12 + 4)1(2 X 4) =
168
13 X 13 = (13 + 3)1(3 X 3) =
169
. Khi hi s nv nhn nhau vt mi

hng chc vo s trc.
th ta cng
14 X 18 = (14 + 8)1(4 X 8) = 252
- Bnh phutmg m t s' tn cng l 5

2 5 2 = 2 X (2 + 1) I 25 = 625
8 5 2 = 8 X (8 + 1) I 25 = 7225
- N hn hai s lin hip (a + b) (a - b)

4 2 X 38 = (40 + 2) (4 0 - 2) = 1600 - 4 = 1596
- Thu gn s" khi nhn :

6,5 X 24 = 13 X 12 = 156
1.1.3. CHIA
Cn nh rng : chia cho 1 s" l nhn nghch o ca s
, bin php chia thnh php nhn.
- Chia cho 0,5 l nhn s vi 2.
12 : 0,5 = 12 X 2 = 24
- Chia cho 0,25 l nhn s' d vi 4.

5 : 0 ,2 5 = 5 X 4 = 20
- Chia cho 2,5 l nhn 4 chia 10.

8 : 2 ,5 = 8 X 4 : 10 = 3,2
* Cn tn dng k t qu nhn nhm trong chia nhm.
1.2. GII H PHNG TRNH TUYEN

THEO PHUNG PHP GAUSS
t n h
Trong c hc k t cu ta thng phi gii h n phng

trnh tuyn tnh c n n s.
C nhiu phng php gii nhung c bn l phutmg

php GAUSS v phtmg php MA TRN NGHCH O.
Ni dung phutmg php GAUSS l kh dn cc n s'
thu h v mt phong trnh cu cng axn = b.
+ N u
a / 0
h c nghim .
+ N u
a = 0 ;
b* 0
h v n gh im .
+ Nu
a =0 ;
b= 0
h v nh.
Chung trnh m u gii trn my vi tnh n h sau :

Program HEPTTT;
Const
n - 3; m - 2; phay Var
A : array [1..n, 1..n] of real;
B, X : array [1..n, 1..m] of real;

i, j, k; I : integen
c : real;
Begin
For
For
Writeln ('giai hepttt1);

i : - 1 to n do
j : - 1 to n do
Begin write ('a [', i, phay, j, l
readln (a [i, j]);
End;
For
For
For
For
For
i : - 1 to n do
j : - 1 to m do
Begin vvrite (b [, i, phay, j, ] - y,
readln (b [i, jD;
End;
i : - 1 to n do
j : - i + 1 to n do
Begin c : - a [j, i]/a [i,i];
k : - 1 to n do
a [j, k ]:
y ,
a 0, k] - c*a [i, ki'
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
I : - 1 to m do
b [j, II : - b 0. I] - c*b [i, I);
End;
j : - 1 to m do
Begin X [ n, j] : b [ n , j ] / a
End;
j : - 1 to m do
i : n - 1 down to 1 do
Begin c : - 0;
k : - n down to i + 1 do
c : c + a [i, k) * X [k, j];
X [i, j] : - (b [i, j] - c/a [i, i];
End;
i : - 1 to n do
j : - 1 to m do
[ n , n];
Begin vvriteln ('x [', i, phay, j, '] -
X [i, j]);
End;
Readln;
End.
Ni theo ton hc, phrnmg php GAUSS l cch tam

gic ha ma trn h s' vi dng cho chnh ton l s 1 , tam
gic ding cho chnh gm ton h
s' khng.
TH D MINH HA
Gii theo phng php GAUSS h phuxmg trnh :
2xj - X2 + 2 x 3 = 9
3x! + X2 - 3x3 = 4
X! + x2 - 2 x3 = 0
Kh Xi bng cch chia phng trnh u cho 2
X| 0,5X2
3x
+ X3
+ X2
= 4 ,5
- 3 x3
-3xj + 1,5x2 _ 3 x3
= -13,5
+ 2 ,5 x 2 - 6 x 3
= - 9 ,5
+ X2
- 2 x3
=0
-X
= - 4 ,5
+ 1 ,5 x 2 - 3 x 3
=4
X]
0 ,5 x2
X3
= - 4 ,5
Kh X2 bng cch chia phircmg trnh 2 cho 2,5

2
x2
- 2 ,4 x 3 = -3 ,8
1,5x2
- 3x3
= ^>5
- 1 ,5 x 2
+ 3 ,6x 3 = 5,7
+ 0 ,6 x 3 =
1,2
H thu v 0 ,6x 3 = 1,2 v ta c X3 = 2. Tnh ngc ln

trn :
X2 =-3,8 + 2 ,4x 3 ~ -3,8 + 4,8 -
X] = 4,5 + 0,5x2 - X3 = 4,5 + 0,5 - 2 = 3

Nghim duy n h t ca h l :
X! = 3; x2 = 1; x3 = 2.
Bng tnh thc hnh b" tr nh sau :
*1
x2
X3
2
3
1
-1
1
1
2
-3
-2
9
4
0
1
0
0
-0.5
2,5
1.5
-6
-3
4,5
-9,5
-4,5
1
0
-2,4
0,6
-3,8
x3
2.0
1,2
-3,8
4,8
x2
1,0
4.5
0,5
-2,0
3,0
X,
u . GII H PHNG TRNH TYN

THEO MA TRN
NGHCH O
Ta c hphng trnh tuyn tnh :

a l l x l
a 12x 2
a 21 x l
a 22x 2
a ln x n
h 1
a 2n x n
b2
t n h
^nl^l ^ *n2*2
Vit di dng ma trn :
^nn^n - bn
A.X = B
Trong A, X, B l nhng ma trn.
au
a 12
'
a ln
a 21
a 22
'
**2n
A =
Xl
x2
;
anl
a n2
a nn
*n
B =
bn
Ta tm c nghim :
B
,
X = - = A .B
A
A _1 l ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A.
Vy mun tm nghim X ca h ta cn tm ma trn nghch do
A
ca ma trn h s A v lm php nhn ma trn A _1.B = X.

Ngy nay ngui ta cng lp trnh mu gii h n
phng trnh tuyn tnh c n n s6 theo ma trn nghch o

trn my vi tnh. Chng ta chi vic da cc ma trn A, B. X
vo v lnh cho my gii theo ma trn nghch o l c kt qu
cn tnh.
Nhng bn c hiu c phng php ma trn nghch

o v c th vn dng t gii nhng h c hai, ba phng
trnh, ti xin trnh by phn thc hnh ca phng php ny.
Mun hiu tng tn, cc bn (n tm c v nm vng
cc php tnh v ma trn.
Trnh t tm ma trn nghch do A "1 ca ma trn A cho
truc nh sau :
- Tm det A tc l tr s ca nh thc A. y l mt
s i s. Nu det A = 0 th ma trn A gi l suy thoi v h
khng c nghim duy nht.
- Lp ma trn AT hay l ma trn chuyn ir ca ma trn
A, tc l i hng ra ct, i ct ra hng.
- Da theo AT m tm A hay l ma trn b : vi mi s
hng ajj ca AT ta gch i hng i v ct j ri tnh gi tr ca
nh thc km theo du + khi i + j chn, du - khi i + j l
v t vo v tr ca ajj.
- Cui cng ta c
A -1 = ---------
etA
TH D MINH HA
Gii theo ma trn nghch o h phng trnh :
2x3
= 9
3xi + X2 - 3x 3
= 4
2xj - X2 +
X! + X2 - 2x3
=0
Vit dng ma trn A . X = B ta c :

2-1
A =
Xl
1 -3
-2
x2 ;
X =
B =
X3
Nghim ca h l
X = A ~ l .B
Tm A ' theo trnh t sau :

det A : vi ma trn bc 3 theo lut Sarrus tch 3 h s
song song dng cho chnh mang du dng; tch 3 h s song
song ng cho ph mang du m :
det A = -2.1.2 + 3.1.2 + 1.3.1 - 1.1.2 - 3.1.2 + 1.2.3
- 4 + 6 + 3 - 2 - 6 + 6 = 3
2
- 1
2 -3
- 2
+
-3
-1
-3
-1
2 -2
-2
2 -3
2 -2
-2
2
-1
1
1
2 -3
2
+
-1
3 -2
2 -2
3 -2
6 -3
-4 -2
6+6
3 -1
-2 -1
2+3
* =
*2
X3
3 -6
12
2 -3
3 -6
12
2 -3
Nghim ca h l :
Xl
X = A -1.B
1
0
1
= 3 -6
3
2 -3
12
X 4
11
Tnh chi tit ra la c :

1x9
+0 x 4 4 - 1 x 0
9
Xj = ----------------- ------------------ = - = 3
3
3
3 x 9 - 6 x 4 + 1 2 x 0
x2 = ----------------
2x9
-------------- = - = 1
X4 + 5 X 0
x3 = ---------------- ---------------- = - = 2
3
y l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh.
CHNG
NHNG PHUNG PHP LP V GII BI TON KT CU
II.l. PHNG PHP GII TCH
- gc xoay ln trn l dng.

- y dm b vng xung l m.
Phng php gii tch l phng php l thuyt gii
chnh xc cc h kt cu loi dm.
Dng bin khng th nguyn - la ln it gii cc loi

/
Qua kho st l thuyt mt on dm ta c :
dm t dn gin n phc tp.

dy
9 \
dx
d
M
=
dx
EJ
dM _
= Q;
dx
dQ
= q
dx
II.l.l. DM
iu kin bin QA = M0 = 0 ; / = y/ = 0
Nh vy khi bit ti ng, bng bn php tch phn

lin tip ta tnh c :
Q =
qdx + Qo ;
c Mdx
6 - J
c ng so n
Ti u
Th d II.l.
Qdx + M0
M =
1
1
+ 0 ;
y =
f dx + y0
Q = q/
I~ rr; 3
EJ
Q0> M0, 0, yo xc dnh theo diu kin bin. Vi h 4
phung trnh, 4 n v 4 iu kin bin, lc no ta cng gii
(lc bi ton kt cu dm theo phng php gii tch.
e =1
_
6EJ
- M th cng di l dng.
12
X3 '
1 ~
/3
- q v Q chiu i ln l dng.
-<
II
Quy c v du nh sau :
M =
24EJ
X4
-3 + 4
Kl q u i inh ton
X
h s
0,00
0,25
0,50
0,75
1,00
q'
-0,25
-0,50
-0,75
-1
.
2
-0,06
-0,25
-0,56
-1
0,984
0,875
0,0578
-3
-2,004
-0,316
6EJ
g4
1,063
24EJ
Ti tam gie
>
Th d 11.2.
q/3
24EJ
X4 "
1-
y =
q/4
.......
120EJ
X5
-4 + 5 - -
/
/5
Kt qu lnh ton
X
h s
0,00
0,25
0,50
0,75
1,00
-0,063
-0,25
-0,563
-1
-0,016
-0,125
-0,422
-1
0,996
0,937
0,684
-4
-2,751
-1,531
-0,487
q/
6
q/3
24EJ
q/4
120EJ
Ti tp trung :
Th d II.3.
pi
EJ
o --------r
Q = -p
e
13
M = p/
p/2
=
2EJ
X2 '
1 --
/2
y =
p/3
---
6EJ
-2
X
/
X3 '
/3
Kt qu tnh ton
X
7
Q
M
e
h M
0,00
0,25
0,50
0,75
1.00
p
p/
0
0
-1
-0,25
-1
-0,50
-1
-0,75
-1
-1,00
0,938
0.75
0,438
-2
-1,266
-0,625
-0,172
p/2
2EJ
P3
6EJ
11.1.2. DM K N
iu kin bin M0 = M/ = , yo = y/ = 0
Ti u
Th d 11.4.
4 ^ r w *x
- t
X
1 -2
2
/
*-
q/2
M =
2
X2
--
/2
X3
X2
-1 + 6 - 4 *
/3
/2
q/3
24EJ
q/4
X
X3
- 2 + 2 - !
/
/3
1*
24EJ
Kt qu tnh ton :
X
h s
q/
0.25
0,50
0,75
1.90
0,5
0,0
-0,5
-1.0
0
I
t
-1
0,75
0,75
M
8
qr
0,00
T
-0,668
-3.6
t
-5
0,688
24EJ
q/4
384EJ
Ti
tam
gic
Th d 11.5.
14
-3,6
Q =
3L
q/
M =
/
q/
=
-7 + 30
/3
15
360EJ
g 4
X3
X5
-7 - + 10 ~T ~ 3
360EJ
.
lJ
Kt qu tnh ton :
X
1^
0,25
0,50
0,519
0,577
0,75
1,00
0,333
0,271
0,083
0,128
-0,229
-0,667
0,513
0,437
0,088
0,342
1
0
0,313
0,50
0,505
2
II
Q =
2
0,00
e = - q/3
24EJ
y -
384EJ
-0,47
-0,346 -0,029
0,53
-1,703
-2,50
-2,505 -2,166 -1,859
Ti tp trung :
Th d 11.6.
Phn dm ra 2 on :
\5
eTT
on truc p :
Zk
M = Pb/
p
e =
bx2
5 _
_
6EJ
p
y =
6EJ
+ - (bz - r )
I
bx3
UA
7
7
(b - r)
+
/
p :
=-p .
M = Pa -
/
p
bx2
V
6EJ
e =
y =
bx3
6EJ
b
,
- (b2 - /
(X - a)3 +
(b2 - /2)
II. 1.3. DM NGM MT U

c bit khi a = b =
p
Q = 2
p/
M =
iu kin bin Mo = yo = 0 >

Ti u
p
Q = - 2
X
p/
M =
= w ~ ^
Th d 11.7.
X
1 - -
/
ET l
p/2
.....
-1 + 4 ^7
16EJ
l2
p/3
=
" --
48EI
p/2
X2
'
= - 11-
-3 + 8
16EJ
p/3
X3 '
- 3 - + 4
/
/3
y =
X
"
/
1 -
48EJ
X2
- 4 :T
/2
X2
+ 12~~ -
X3
_x
Q =
/2
3 3 - 8 /
8
Kt qu tnh ton
X
0,00
0,25
0,50
0,75
1,00
p
Q = 2
-1
-1
p/
M =
0.25
0,50
0,25
y =
II
-1
-0,75
-0,6875
-1
0,75
-0,6875
16EJ
p/3
-1 + 9 ^
(2
48EJ
4
*
y -
3 - -4
M =
48E-i
16
- 8
q/4
48EJ
/3
Kt qu lnh ton :
X
0.00
0.25
0.375
0,75
0,25
0,50
0,75
1,00
-0,093
-0,25
-0,75
-1.25
-1.0
0.4215
q/
Q = 2
q/2
M = -8.
0.5C
0,5625
0.554
0,50
0 = -
-0.5
-0,28
-0,0791
0,125
0.344
-2.00
-0,938
1
24EJ
y =
q/4
1
-1,69
-2,076
-2.0512
384EJ
Ti tam gic
y
Th d II
^ r r r r t 1 ___ *
B l
^
t ------------- *------ 1
3i
11 +s)
I0
/2
30
X2
1 _
- J<:
X3
/3
17
X2
1 + 6 -
-5
I20EJ
q/4
120EJ
X4
l4
x'
X5
/'
/5
2 + 2 - -7
Kt qu tnh ton
X
0,00
0.25
0,4472
0,50
0,75
0,7746
1,00
Q = *
0.2
0.1375
-0,05
-0.3625
-0,40
-0.8'
M =
8
0,179
T
0,48
0,233
0,038
-0,533
-0,129
0.0375
0,159
0,16
-0,703
iT
-0,916
-0,9
-0,459
-0,397
i
q3
0 = -
24EJ
q/4
y
-0.2
384EJ
Ti tp trung :
Th d II.9.
Phn dm ra 2 on
yf
ET
o ir - * ------
f =
rtr c
:
1c r
! U)
nnn
b2
o =
/2
/3
P1
M
"
P|2
4E.1
pf
y =
X3
12E J
D on
sau
p
b2
-2
2
=
b3
4- 3
/2
b2
p/
/
b3
-2 + 3
b2
+ 3
A*
/2
c bit khi a = b = 2
on trirtk p :
5P1 X
M = - .
16
1
5P
-16
p /2
X2
---
-1 + 5
32EJ
l2
y =
p /3
---------
-3
+ 5
96EJ
on sau p :
ss
8 =
IIP
----16
X
X2
5 + 16 - 11 -
32J
p /3
-
8 -
16
p/2
96EJ
18
P1
M =
2 - 15
X
- +
/
24
X1'
X2
11 -
/2
Kt qu nh totn
l . 1.4. DAM NGM HAI U

Diu kin bin () = y0 = / = yi = 0
Ti fu
1 1 .1 0 .
0p : z m x j L - - *
> ----
ET
19
q'
Q -
M = g .
8
X
e =
X2
X1
-2 - + 6 - 4 -24EJ
_a_
384EJ
l2
/
X2
t3
X
X1
-16 . + 32 -- - 16
I3
t4
Kt qu tnh lon :
X
7
0,00
0,211
0,25
= 2
2
0,588
0,5
= 8
-0,667
0
t
0,50
0
1
0,75
0,789
1,00
-0,5
-0,578
-1
-0,667
0,083
0,033
0,083
0,188
0,192
-0,562
-0,443
q/3
? = 24EJ
-0,192
-0,188
</
y - 384EJ
-0,443
-0,562
-1
T1
Ti tam gic
Th d IU .
q/
Q -
3 - 10
20
M =
-2 +
10
60
0 =
q/3
24EJ
y =
?
q/4
X2
X4
I2
r*
-8 - + 18 - 10
2
t3
/J
X
X
X
-4 + 6 - 2
240EJ
Kt qu tnh ton
X
7
Q _
0.00
0.237
0.25
0,50
0,525
0,548
0,3
0,244
0,238
0,05
0,024
II
V i*
0,75
0,808 1,00
-0,263 -0.353 -0.7
1
1
-0.267
0.125
0,167
0,170
0,171
0,071
-0,4
20
X
0.00
7
=_ 24EJ
q/4
0.237
0,25
0.50
0,525
0.548
0.75
0,808 1.00
0.012
0,096
0,103
-0.309 -0.216
-0,092 -0,091 -0.0125
1T
0
-0.234 -0,253 -0.500
-0,502 -0.501
384EJ
Ti tp trung :
yf
Th d 11.12.
ET
?>-
Phn dm ra 2 on :
t =
on tru c p
Q = p
1 + 2 /
1 + 2
M =
a
X/
b2 /
=
EJ
p
y =
6EJ
a \
^ ( ' 2 ')
b2 /
X
b
a X
2
/2
1 + 2 , I X-
3> I2
->
on sau l* :
Pb
r
- p ;
Ph
b2
M =
FJ
p_
6EJ
b2 /
a \
Q ^
p /2
= ---
8EJ
X
-1 + 4 2
/
X
2
X
_ 2 + 2 /
/-
b2
(x " a)' " 3a 2
on sau p
Pl
M =
8
Pa ;
/-
2 ( 1 + 2 / ) x' -
on tru c 1* :
b2 /
a \ X2
(x - a )2
b2
1 + 2 ------------ - a
/
I ' 2
2
l1
c b it khi a = b =
a)
2
0 =
- P(x -
Pl
M =
8
X
3 -4 /
p/2
0 = --
X
-1 + 3 2
/
8EJ
X2
1*
1'
48EJ
X3
11
Tf
p/3
p/3
;
1 - 6-
48EJ
X2
+
X3
9 - 4 -
t*
Kt quii tnh ton :
II.1.5. DM HAI NHP U
V l thuyt dm hai nhp u lhai
dm mt u
ngm
ghp li. Cng thc tnh ton nh trn; y ghi licc biu
ni lc theo kt qu tnh :
21
'l i u
Th d 11.13.
IEKUfLUUnmfcâmij] 3^6
~**mmrnmBPp"'
110
r j 8Er
^lll 3 - 1 _ |]ia^t'^ ^ ^ mrr^ 11iIIMllllllIlB^
^8EJ
* e 0^2,5 e.
0.51*^
-X
^^lUMllIDliP111"
2 .076qe4
=a5iaQlII]IIiIPIp;'
Ti tam git
Th d 11.14.
'10
- * ~ v
^ A
3 1!
"^5
& .
_
^ ^ n o a
a o e r ^
22V
n o i
' u n n n ip in i^ - ^HUIIIIIDII^
_^,c_ >4
0 ,9 1 5 . ^
Jft'k e >
22
0,9-15;
5'VU
Ti t p tru n g
T h i d 11.15.
ET
-k _ .
59
16
1 1
nnnnnnmnn.
46
IIP
'
16
O x
2,5 p r
2.5PI
1 6
i l mnimiiiini-E
0 ,2 5 p e z
1 6
P f2 ^ÎTTTm^
--t-
IiU^
-mmimmmg - ^ t r r l 5Z E J
0,25P g2
32E T ^
32 J
y
0 .8 9 4 p l 5
96ET
0 , 8 9 4
9 6
P
J
II.2 PHUTTNG PHP L inc

Phirong php lc l mt trong hai phutmg php c bn
gii kt cu siu tnh. Thng dng h c bn.
H c bn l h siu tnh, b di cc lin kt th a v
thay bng phn lc n, d tr thnh h
tnh nh.
Lp biu moment do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn.
Cho cc n s bng cm v v lp biu moment on
v do n s' gy ra trn h c bn.
Tnh cc chuyn v n v bng cch nhn
vrsaghin.
biu
Lp v gii phvrcmg trnh chnh tc ta tm dc cc

lc n.
T biu moment do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn,
cng thm biu d moment do cc lc n gy ra ta c biu
moment ca h.
T biu moment ta lp biu lc ct v lc dc
ca h.
Ring i vi dm lin tc, phirong php lc a n
phutmg trnh ba moment.
]Ma + 2 ( h + l2) Mb + lzMc = - 6 [Bg + Bll1] trong
B^ , Bg1 gi l phn lc gi do ti trng l biu moment
gy ra ti g cn tnh
n ^ rm M n iiT T lM lll
23
Biu Q, M u h bn.
BNG PHN L c GI
S dm
a
A\
L 1
A*
h
4
1 P
?2
rfb
i i
i
p ^2
Agi
Bgi
"Prfh
24
p
16
16
p.
Pab (1+ b)
Pab (+ a)
1 g
24
&
h
o M 1% oB
St
T h d 11.17. Dm lin tc 3 nhp u.

Ta bit MA = MD = 0
|P
Ip
yji n l III Mu m 1 1 TI i
% l fr
Phng trnh 3 moment cn :
B
c
do g
do p
Do i xng Mb = Mc
61
6
m
24
24
4ZMg + ZMg
T h d II. 16.
Dm lin tc 2 nhp du :
.^
Ta bit : M = Mc = 0 nn A rb
xmg trnh ba moment cn :
b/fb
|p
/2
= - 0,1875 p l
16
Mg bng moment ngm ca dm ngm mt u.
24
-p l2
p l2 -
- 16 + 16 -
Tnh ra Qab = (0,500 0 , 100 ) ql
(0,500 0,150) p
Qbc = 0,500 qZ
Mj = 0,080 ql2
0,500 p
M2 = 0,025 qZ
0,100 p l
0,175 p l
Q, M n h sau :
= -
mr..,.
^ _ 8P _ 3P
Tnh ra Q =
=
16
16
E
I
_
5PZ
Mi = Mo =
X
1
2
16 2
32
L24
;- 6
Gii ra MB = - 0,100 q", - 0,150 p l
ffhC
r P2 PZ2 1
4ZMb = - 6 ~ T + T
L 16
16-1
Tnh ra Mb
DOP
D0<?
o./iooqe
osoo
0,350 p
Û ^
0,600
0 ,O?0q2
0,500
0,025<20,080
O.Ô
0,650
Th d 11.18. Dm 5 nhp du, chu ti phn b' 4 nhp.

q T /m
p n x m n p inxq.
A
g>
L L U L L i i i
Vrn
ij,iTrnnq
Ta bit Ma = Mp = 0; do xng Mb = Mg; Mc = M[j;

H phng trnh 3 moment thu v :
4 MB + Mc = - 6 f q?3 + a/-3 ] ;
L 24
/Mb + 5
ZMc = - 6 [ ^
Gii ra ta c : Mg
+ 0] ;
= - 0,118421 qZ2
Mc
= - 0,026316 ql2
Nu q = 2 T/m v = 6 m th
Tiih ra :
24J
Mg
= -8,526 Tm
Mc
= -1,895 Tm.
Qab - 6T 1,421T
Q bc
= 6T 1,105T
Qcd = 0
Mx = 5,244 Tm
M2
= 9 - 5,21 = 3,79 Tm
M3
= - 1,895 Tm (un thun ty)
25
Biu Q, M nh sau :
M,sn T
,79 TTTI
37i
;7TrnE 5-,ZA H m
Th d II. 19. Dm 2 nhp khng du
[P
T a b i t M a = M c = 0
ITTH E
p nH11111
n m
Phn lc gi do q
rfb
&
a 3
a -*
P i
U t
Phn lc gi do p
Phirong trnh 3 moment cn
l
c.
46
do q
do p
3 Mb = - 6 K
+
;
L192 24 J
Gii ra
Tinh ra
3
9
Mb = - ^ ql
L 64
16
- pl
32
_3_
q l;
16
3_
q ;
Qbc = \ * l
32
0,0625qZ2
Mi =
32
Qab
-P l2 , P 1
- p
L P
32
16
J5_
32
Tnh cc h s" chnh, h s ph, s hng t do, theo

cch nhn biu v vrsaghin
2
1
2 .
128
42,667
i 1
. 4 . 4 .
. _
EI 2
3
3Ej
EI
2
_
2
33 =
. 1.2 .5 . 1+
1.4.1=
5EI
EI
E1
16
13 - 31 EI '
EI
2
1
. 4 . 4 . 9,375 = 150
Alq = _ --EI 2 '
EI
2
.1 .4 .
75 -
-.2,5.9,375. 1 = -
A3q
5EI 3
~ ~ EI
EI
B cc mu s E v chuyn v ta c :
H phirng trnh chnh tc :
5,5
P
32
2,646q
Mo
'A2 = ---1
32
Biu Q v M nh sau :
do p
do q
13
11,
32
pm
nnnnn^p
^ p
'l 6
32
3 2
5^5
02.
32
T h d 11.20. K hung 1 n hp di xng; t i di xng
Bc siu tnh ca h l 3. H
3 n l Xi X 2 X 3 .
Nu ct h theo trc i xng

nh h c bn th do tnh
ng, n phn xng X2 bng khng,
Tm
i75 Vi---
% ' 5T/?n
I 1
' -L-:L.SE/
t
X1
*5
42,667
16
1' *z
Vz
Gii ra ta c
3
5m
rT7?
n7
Hcbn.
/ T th
-- rfff 9.375
Lp cc biu d M^, Mj, M3 trn h c bn.

26
16
9
150
78,125
X,
Xj = 0/781250
X3 = 7,291667
Lp bng tng hp moment

im
Mq
-9,375
- 9,375
- 9,375
-9,375
3,125
X1 . M1
3,125
X3 . M3
7,292
7,292
7,29?
1,042
- 2,083
- 2,083
7,292
1,042
Tmw<rttT
Ch : Moment trong khung mang du dtmg, moment

m t ngoi khung mang du m.
T bng tng hp moment trn M tnh ra :
Moment dm
M = -3 x5-x5 - 2,083 = 7,292 Tm
Lc cc ct
1,842 + 2,083
Q = --------- :--------- = 0,781 T
AZ
9TW1 __ __ q
Lp cc biu n vi Mj, M2, M3
7,z
---------------------7
4 t e p - IU'Li"'
Lc cc du dm
Q = 0,5 X 3 X 5 = 7,5 T
Lc dc ct
N = - 7,5 T
Lc dc dm
N = - 0,781 T
Biu Q, M, N nh sau :
Z5T
0,78 iT
M M
/I
144
.6 .6 .4 =
EI
I ' 2
O0.3
22 =
.6 .4 .4 +
EI
33 = . 6 . 1 . 1 +
33
EI
12 = 2i = 0 )
T h du 11.21. : Khu nh cng nghip 1 tng
Bc s:u tnh ca h
3. H c 3 n Xj, X2, X3.
n h co- ln nh bn chia
p v H :ho mi n a kt
ca h '. bn.
Lp b:u Mp, M]-(, Mq
Sa 1I
Tnh cc h s chnh, h s' ph v s hng t do theo

cch nhn biu vrsaghin :
=
Tm
7/5r
0% 1T
3EI
3EI
.-
.4 .1 .1 =
12 = 31
206,222
. 4 . 4 .- . 4=
3
14,666
EI
EI
-M .6.6.1-2S
EI
EI
^23 - ^32 - 0 >'

A ip
27
-2
432
. 12 . 6 . 3
.6 .
A3p
=
EI
A ih
- A 3H- 0
/777
H CUru
2
EI
EI
Aop 0 ;
2
1
12 .1 - . - . 12 . 4 . 1 =
3EI 2
-2
;A 2H - . .6 .9 .4 - -
160
EI
216
;
A u = . - . 6 [- 10,8 + 7,2] 4,5 = - ^
14
EI
-1
r
144
. - . 6 10,8 + 7,2 . 4 = -
A2u =
**
EI
EI
EI
A3 = . - . 6 [- 10,8 + 7,2] . 1 =
4
EI 3
-
EI
B m u sEI v chuyn v ta c phcmg trnh chnh tc

144
0
0 206,222
36
0
Gii ra ta c
36
0
14,666
Xi
X2
do H
do q
do PHq
0,2647
0,6983
-0,1588
0,9706
1,7457
9,0176
x2
do p
XI
x3
432 0
0 216
160 0
0,7059
0
0
1,0474
9,1764
0
X3
=
Lp bng tng hp moment :
32,4
144
7,2
im
Mp
1 X3 M3
- 12,000
- 9,000
-1 0 800
5,824
6,983
9,018
- 12,000
0
0
0
6,983
9,018
-12,000
0
0
0
- 6,983
9,018
- 12,000
9,000
7,200
5,824
-6 ,9 8 3
9,018
M(Tm)
- 9 ,9 7 5
Mh
Mq
Xi
I x 2 M2
4,004
- 9 ,9 6 5
T bng tng hp moment trn ta tnh ra
12,054
Lc ct Ct 41
Dm 12
Ct 32
Q - 1,80 2,33
Q = 3,00 1,75
Q = 1,20 3,67
Moment Ct 41
Dm 12
Ct 32
Khng c max
M = 4,004 + 1,25
Khng c max
Lc dc Ct 41
Dm
Ct 32
N = - 1,25
N = - 2,47
N = - 4,75
4 = 9,004 Tm
Biu d Q, M, N n h sau :
0 2,47
1 .25
0,55 ~
0
J>
4 .6 7
9,975~ .12,059, 25
4 .7 5
T h d 11.22. Khung nh 2 tng

Bc siu tnh l 6 .
* 5 + j - x5
11IIIIIIIMIIIII
Chn h c bn n h
trn c su n s' l
*2
X ^X gX X gX g
*6
n<4
*5
rtn
28
HcdBn7'
Lp biu
Ma> Mg
Lp biu
moment n vi
5,6Tyti
,6
7,46496
1
___^ ttT 2
2m
2Tm
Um
5,59872Tm
29
Tnh cc h s' bng nhn biu d Vrsaghin.

Trong kt qu ta c mu s EI.
1
n
EI
_2_
22 -
. - . 7,2 . 7,2 . 4,8 = 248,832
.7,2.2.2+
. - . 2 . 2 . - . 2 = 59,377
EI
3EI 2
3
_2_
. 7,2 . 1 . 1 + . 2 . 1 . 1 = 15,733
=
EI
3EI
_
2
_
33
44 -
EI
II
10
-05
_2_
EI
_2_
. - . 3,6 . 3,6 . 2,4 = 31,104

2
. 3,6 . 2 . 2 + . - . 2 . 2 . - . 2 = 30,577
3EI 2
3
^66 - EI . 3,6 . 1 . 1 + . 2 . 1 . 1 = 8,533

3EI
<5i2 = ^21 = 0; i3 = ~
EI
<14 = 41 = . - . 3,6
14
41
EI
7,2 . 7,2 . 1 = 51,84 = 3i

. 3, 6 . 6 = 77,76
^15 = ^51 =
0; x6 = 6i=
^23 = ^32 =0
; ^24 = ^42 = 0
^25 = ^52 =~
3,6 . 2 . 2 = 28,8
E1
. 3,6 . 1 . 5,4 = 38,88
26 = ^62 = 0.
34 = <543 =
- 3,6 . 3,6 . 1 =
^35 " ^53 = 0 ; 36 =
e3
= .
12,96
3,6 . 1 . 1 = 7,2
45 ^54 0 > ^56 ^65 0
2 3,6 . 3,6 . 1 =
46 = 64= ^
Alu
lq
- - -7- . - . 3,6. 3 ,6 .6 EI 2
^ 2q 0
A3u = - ~
. -.2 .6 .1
d4
3EI 3
. 3,6. 5,4. 12 = -544,32

EI
^ 5q 0
EI
. 10,8.6.1 - - 132,266
A4u = - . - . 3,6 . 3,6 .12 = 44

EI 2
A6u = - - 7 - . 3 , 6 . 1 2 . 1 -
04
EI
12,96.
3EI
155,52
. - . 2 . 6 . 1 = - 89,066
Alg = . - . 7,2 ( - 7,46 + 5,59) 5,4 = - 24,18647

EI
A2g = - . - . 7,2 [7,46 + 5,59] . 2 = - 62,705664

EI
A3g = . - . 7,2 ( - 7,46 + 5,59) 1 - - 4,478976

EI
A4g =
(-0,288 + 0,216) . 2,1857142 = -8,5860412

EI
54,432
. 2 (0,288 + 0,216) = - 54,867456
EI
54,432
1 (- 0,288 + 0,216) = - 3,919104.
A6g =
EI
^5g
Ghi ch : s 54,432 l phn din tch ca parabol ct

tng trt. S' 2,1857142 l tung ng vi trng tm ca
parabol ct.
H phtmg trn h chnh tc
248,832
0
51,84
77,76
0
38,88
59,377
0
28,8
0
51,84 77,76
28,8
15,733 12,96
12,96 31,104
7,2
12,96
V
54,432
0
132,266
155,52
0
89,066
0
0
0
30,577
Xi
38,88*
x2
x3
0
7,2
12,96
0
8,533
X4
x5
x6
2Aqg
24,186 568,506
62,706 62,706
4,479 136,745
8,566 164,086
54,867 54,867
3,919 92,985
Vi h 6 phng trinh c 6 n s' c gii bng tay r t

nng n v d b sai, nn t n dng phcrng trn h mu HEPTTT
trang 7.
30
Trnh t gii trn my vi tnh n h sau :

- M my ch 30 giy, khi xut hin c \ 7
- Bm
TP E nter
- Bm
F3 liru chng trn h vo my.
- Ghi tn chng trnh HEPTTT, bm Enter.

- Vo chng trnh vi n = 6 v m = 3
- Bm F9 kim tra
- Nu ht li bm F2 lu chirng trnh.
- Bm Ctrl - F9 d vo s
liu.
- Ln lu-i vo tng hng ma tr n h s' A. Vo xong

mi s' bm Enter (nh du phy thp phn thay bng du
chm).
- H t ma trn A, ln lt vo tng hng ma trn B.
- Khi vo s' CUI cng Bf53 bm E nter th my s cho
ngay kt qu.
- t giy vo v lnh cho my in k t qu.
y ghi li kt qu tng hp ca q v g
SX! = 1,0864021
s x 2 = 0,3419356 ;
2 X 3 = 3,9959549
2 X4 = - 0,4864354
2 X5 = 1,4723016 ; 2X6 = 3,3140369
C cc X ta lp bng tng hp moment sau :
Thanh
14
12
41
45
43
54
36
63
34
32
23
21
-6.0 00 -6,0 00 -6.0 00 -6.000 -12.00C -1 2 ,00( -1 2 ,ooc -12.00C -6.000 -.0 00 -6,000 -6 ,0 0 0
1,400
-1.8 66
-1.866 -7.465 5.599
1.400
Mq
Mg
0.684
0.684
3.911
0,684
3.911
X2W2
X3M3
3.996
3,996
3.996
3.996
X1M1
0.684
3,996
3.911
7.822 3,911
-0,6 84 -0.684
3,996
-0,6 84 -0.684 -0.6 84
3.996
3.996
3.996
3.996
-1.751 -1,751
X4M4
2.945
3,314
2,945
3.314
3,314
3.314
0.259
0.984
-2.4 95
3,351
2,945
X6W6
M
7.822
0,684
-1 .3 2 0 -1 .3 2 0
0,725
-2,9 45 -2.995 -2,945

3.314
3,314
-3.0 08 -5,631
2,623
-2.6 88 -2,6 88
T bng moment ta tnh ra bng lc ct.

Thanh
54
45
43
41
14
12
21
43
32
34
36
63
Qo
0.518
0.518
6.000
0.518
0.518
6.000
6,000
0,389
0,389
6,000
0,389
0,389
Aq
0.954
-0.9 54 -1,469 -0.5 74
0,584
-0.340
0,340
-1,476
1,476
1,469
-1,766
1,766
1.472
-0,436
1,09?
5,66
6.34
-1,0 87
1,865
7,469
-1,3 77
2.155
4.531
-0,0 56
Biu Q, M, N
5,66
1,092
M72
2,155 2,455
2.688 56^(?)1.090^6,34
3.35
10,-191
13,809
T h d 11.23. : c u tu
Bc siu tnh l 6 .
Chn h c bn nh bn c 6 n s' t Xj n X(J.
Lp biu M, Mp, Mu.

_
g
P=P=9 t
Lp cc biu d M n vi
a= iT/ir/
H= 5Ts,|iunm T T i i n i m
46 El (
E<
E1 El
@
4tn 4m
JfrSw^
? Tm
^rf
x3
*6
U-X>|
x>|
X 2.
/w7
1
X5
Hc&i
50 Tm
-10 >10
-
mnni
-0 40
4
4
mnn
Tnh cc h s' bng nhn biu vrsaghin.

Trong kt qu ta b mu s' EI.
2
2
1
1 0 . 10.
1 0 . - . . 10 +
44 - ~
10
7 7^7 . 1 0 . 4 . 1 0 = 691,666
EI 2
3
16EI
11
1
2
55 = . 10 . 4 .4 + . - . 4 . 4 . - . 4 = 161,333
55 EI
16EI 2
3
66 = "
EI
21 =
16EI
10 . 1 .1 + - 4 r . 4 . 1 . 1 = 20,25
16EI
4 . 10 . 2 + -7 - . - . 1 0 .
EI 2
10
. 4 = 205
31 = . - . 10 . 10 . 1 +
. 10 . 4 . 1 = 102,5
EI 2
16EI
41 = 1
.- . 10 . 10 . - .10 = - 333,333
EI 2
3
51 = - . - 10 . 10 . 4 = - 2 0 0
51
EI 2
<561 = bl
. - . 10 . 10 . 1 = EI 2
50
32 =
. - . 4 . 4 . 1 + . 1 0 . 4 . 1 = 40. p
16EI 2
EI
42 = - . 10 . 4 . 5 = - 200
42
EI
52 = - ^
10 . 4 . 4 = - 160
^26 ~ ^B2 ---- * 10 . 4 . 1 ------- 40

Eil
34 = 43 = -
. 10 . 1 . 5 = - 50
hl
<535 = 53 = - 3 - . 10 . 1 . 4 = - 40
rii
36 = <363 = -
10 . 1 . 1 = - 10
EI
45 = 54 =
. 4 . 10 . 2 + . - . 10 . 10 . 4 = 205
16EI
EI 2
2
1
1
46 = 64 =
10 . 10 . 1 + ^ . 10 . 4 . 1 = 102,5
4
M EI 2
16EI
,6 = 65 =
. . 4 . 4 . 1 +
'b
bb 16E 2
. . 4 . 24 . 10 = - 20
16EI 3
Aiq = A4q = -
^ 2q
1
^5q
16EI 3
1
^ 3c| ^ 6q ~
Aip = -
1
16EI
. 1 0 . 4 . 1 = 40,5
EI
1 6 E I 3
.
. 4 . 24 . 3 = - 6
. 4 . 24 . 1 = - 2
. 2 . 18 . 10 - - 7 - . 1 0 . 18 . 5 = - 911,25
2
EI
33
A2p = -
. - . 2 . l 8 . - . 4 - ^ - . l 0 . 1 8 . 4 = - 723,75
16EI 2
6
EI
A3P = - . 16EI
2
2 .
EI
A4p = . 10 . 18
.5
= 900;A5p =
EI
18 . 1- .
EI
10 .
18.
1 = -
10.
18 . 4
= 720
A6p = . 10 . 18 . 1 = 180
EI
A]H =
1H EI
A3H =
aH
EI
A5H - -
10
X 1 =
150
30
150;
= 500
A2H
A4H =-
EI
X 4 = - 600; g|-| = -
150
EI
X
4 = 600
=- 500
X 1 = - 150
H phutmg trnh chnh tc : Aq Ap A-{ 2A

691,666
205 102,5 -3 3 3 ,3 3
-20 0
-5 0
X,
40,5
-2 0 0
-1 6 0
-4 0
x2
40,5 20,25
-5 0
-4 0
-10
205 161,33
102,5
- 333,33
-2 0 0
- 50
-2 0 0
-1 6 0
- 40
-5 0
-4 0
- 10
691,66
205 102,5
X4
40,5
x5
40,5 20,25
X6
205 161,33
102,5
x 3
181,25
20
6
2
20
6
2
911,25 - 500 431,25

723,75 -6 0 0 129,75
181,225 -1 5 0 33,125
-9 0 0
500 -3 8 0
-7 2 0
600 -1 1 4
-1 8 0
150
-2 8
Cng dng phtmg trnh m u H E P 1 T 1 ' trang 7 d

g i i v i n = 6 v m = 4. S au k h i v o s" m a tr n A, v m a trn
B (theo hng ngang) my cho kt qu

ZXi = 0,960165
2 X4 = -
; s x 2 = 6,351122
1 X5 = 5,578908
1,006014;
2 X3 = -
4,896940 ;
; SXg = 5,049671 ;
C X lp bng tng hp moment

Thanh
61
16
12
21
Mq
-24,000
Mp
-18,000
9.602
9.602
X X 2 M2
52
18,000
32
34
43
18,000
- 4,897
-4,897
- 4,897
9,602
- 9 .6 0 2
25,404
-25.404
-25,404
- 4.897
4,897
4,897
-10,060 -10.060
-10.060 -10,060
XX4M 4
22.316
ZX 5M 5
2X 6M 6
M
23
-24,000
-30.000
Mh
X1M 1
X 3M 3
25
-4,817
4.705
4.705
-11.891
22,316
22,316
5,050
5.050
5.050
5.050
5,050
5,050
5.197
-6,6 94
-5.141
-5,010
-5,010
5,050
T bng moment ta tnh ra bng lc ct :
34
Thanh
61
16
Qo
12
21
10.50
10,50
25
52
23
32
6.00
6,00
34
43
AQ
0,96
- 0 .9 6
- 4,10
4.10
- 1.03
1,03
0.42
- 0 ,4 2
- 1.01
1.01
0,96
-0.96
6.40
14,60
-1,0 3
1.03
6.42
5,58
-1.01
1.01
Biu Q, M, N
41.991
0,96
4,05
101
AiS9
5Ah1
5,0506,4030,02 5.58
I I J . PHNG PHP CHUYN V

Phircmg php chuyn v l mt trong hai phong php
c in gii cc h kt cu siu tinh, k c dm lin tc,
cc khung xng hay khng di xng, cc khung khng
chuyn v hay c chuyn v ngang v dc.
Ni dung phirong php l ngm cng cc nt, cn gi
khung n t ngm cng l h c bn.
Ln lirt cho tng n t mt chuyn v bng on v. Chuyn
v ny s ph t sinh moment trong cc thanh n vo nt.
Lp phuxmg trnh chuyn v cho t t c cc nt.
Gii h phng trnh chnh tc, s tm ra chuyn v th t
ca cc nt.
T biu d moment do ngoi ti trong h c bn, cng
thm biu moment do chuyn v th t ca cc n t ta c biu
d moment ca h kt cu.
T biu d moment ta lp biu lc ct v biu
lc dc.
B N G M O M E N T P H T S IN H D O C H U Y N 7 o n v
S chuyn v
Ma
A nr^TTTrrrrrm111TTT
^,A
t
B
-r-Trrrrrmnnn
2EJ
1
6EJ
A f ' ItEET7^ ' ^ uuUililil
" 12
3EJ
12
II.3.1. DM NM NHP EU
Th d 11.24 bng s :
II
Mb
3EJ
1
4EJ
1
6EJ
" I2
Moment trong h c bn d ngoi li.

9Tm
TV.
6]
^ a n n o ii^ S i p ^
z" S lI D D F
Moment trong h UT bn do chuyn v on v.
SFI
4ET ^
ZJ
4J , Z = i
E j
^rtitnnlH
1IUIPUU"
^
-^tIIIIIIk
K * -"
2T
ET
"
ii
^rtitl
y z 4. i
H phng trnh chnh tc :

EJ
7Z + 2Z2
=-3
6
EJ
6
2Z| +
8Z2
+ 2Z-
-6
EJ
2Z + 8Z + 2Z.J
= 6
6
EJ
2Z 3 + 7Z 4
= 3
6
BN PHUUNG TRNH, BN N
NN GII THEO GAUSS
z,
z3
-3
-6
0,285714
-0,428571
7,428572
-5,142858
+6
+3
0,269231
-0,692308
7,461538
7,384616
0,268041
0,989691
6,463918
1,020618
EJ
36
0,157894
EJ
6
EJ
z 3 = 0,989691 - 0,042322 = 0,947369
z 2 = -0,692308 - 0,255061 = -0,947369
EJ
Zj = - 0,428571 + 0,270677 = -0,157894.
Ta thy Z] = -Z 4 v Z 2 = -Z 3
Diu nv hin nhin vl khung i xng, ti i xng.
Mang nhn xt ny vo h phng trnh chnh tc.
Ta thu v
Gii ra
EJ
2 6
z,
-3
Z2
-6
6 - 1 8 + 1 2
6
. ------ = -0,157894 .
Z\ =
EJ
42 - 4
-42 +
EJ
42 - 4
Z2 = .
EJ
= -0,947369 .
Kt qu nh phng php GAUSS trn.
EJ
BNG TNG HP MOMENT

NI
Tharh
BA
BC
CB
Mq
9,000
-6,000
6,000
MZ1
-0,474
-0,632
-0,316'
-1,895
-3,790
M*
D
CD
DC
-3,790
-1,895
1,895
3,790
M*
Mz4
M
8,526
-8,526
1,895
-1,895
1,895
DE
ED
EF
-6,000
6,000
3,790
1,895
0,316
0,632
0,474
-1,895
8.526
-8,526
-9,000 <
K t qu n h u p h n g php phn p h i m o m en t trn.
II.3.2. KHUNG MT NHP I XNG

Th d 11.25 bng s :
H c bn l khung ngm cng
nt 1 v nt 2.
Moment trong h c bn nh
sau :
37

EJ 5Zt + 2Z 2
EJ [2Zj + 5Z2 j
= 6,25
= -6,25
H i xng Z] = -Z 2
6,25
2,0833
nn Z - = ---------v
3EJ
EJ
2,0833
z 2 = - ----------
EJ
BNG TNG HP MOMENT

NI
Thanh
41
1
14
M,
Mzl
1,04
2,08
Ma
1,04
2,08
2
12
21
-6,25
+6,25
8,33
4,16
-4,16
-2,08
3
23
32
-8,33
-2,08
-1,04
2,08
-2,08
-1,04
Kt qu nh phng php phn phi moment trn.

II.3.3. KHUNG HAI NHP I XNG
Th d II.2&. bng s :
Momen do ngoi ti
trong h c bn.
Momen do chuyn v n v trong h c bn.
4ET
4ET
?z2;1
K x 'm * '
ET
2ET
' 4Er
ZET
0,5 E
EJ
Zj=<
2ET
0 .5 E T
0,5EJ
z,
5 2 0
EJ
2 9 2
0 2 5
Za
Z3
6,25
=
0
-6 ,2 5
Do h i xng, ti i xng ta d ng nhn thy :

Z 2 = 0 v Zj = - Z , t
38
6.25
1,25
5EJ
EJ
_ 1.25
z, = : = - . z , = - - - -
EJ
BNG TNG HP MOMENT

NI
Thanh
61
2
16
M0
0,625
1.25
12
21
23
-6.25
6.25
-6.25
5,00
2.50
M23
M
0.625
1.25
-1.25
8,75
25
0
-2.50
-8,75
Kl qu nh p h n g php phn phi moment trn.

11.3.4. KHUN
n h m t n h p
Th du 11.27 bnx s :
c 3 n l hai lc xcxiy Z |, Zt v chuyn v ngang TLy

Momen do li v chuyn v n vj trong h ur bn.
39
26
-2
26
-2
-2
-2
1.33
Z|
X
z2
-1 ,8
-6
-1 .2
GII THEO PHNG PHP GAUSS
z,
Rp
Pq
Ph
0
2.166667
0.75
-0,166667
-1.8
0.75
2,166667
-0.166667
-6
-1.2
-0.166667
-0,166667
0,111111
3,0
3.0
0,346154
-0.076923
2,769231
-0.830769
1,907051
-0,108974
-8,076923
-0.576923
-0.108974
+ 0.090291
0.461538
2.861539
-0,057143
-4,235295
-0.302521
-0.092064
2.828572
z3 = 0
30.72397
32,586027
-4.235295
-0.30251
1,755660
1,862063
-4,235295
1,453139
1.862063
2.769231
-0,830769
1.466064
-0.503010
-0,644561
2,363380
2,506615
4,235295
1.029601
1.862054
z 3 = 63.310022;
I h
22, =
-0.920093;
7,126950;
EJ
EJZ2 =
EJZ, =
BNG TNG HP MOMENT '

Nt
Thanh
41
1
14
Mp
Mq
-1.80
1.80
M,
2,38
4,76
M*
m3
-10,55
-10.55
-9,97
-4,00
2
12
21
-6,00
6,00
10,70
5,35
-0,69
-1,38
4,00
9,97
23
32
1,20
-1,20
-0.62
-0.31
-10.55
-10.55
-9,97
-12.06
Lc cl :
*
4| = 0,6
14
X 3 + = 1,8 + 2,3 = 4 ,IX; Q M = -0.5T
6
0 ,2 = 3 - - = 3 - 0,75 = 2,25T; Q2| = 3.75T
8
Q 32 = 0,4
22
3 + = 1,2 4- 3,7 = 4.9T; Q 23 = -2.5T
6
Kt qu tnh tn theo 3 biu d sau :
40
IU .5 . CU TU HAI NHP
P3<JT
Th du .2% btng s :
H=-5T
Hin IX) 2 cch tnh
P-9 t
3 T/m
: m : u . . '^ r r r T T -16Er (5)
6ET (D
-i o m
UJ
/T?
4m
4m
t
+
I.3.5.. Tnh theo chicn vi xoay v chuyn v ngang
H t 4 n, chn h c bn nh sau :
4;5m 4,5Tm
7777? *w
777
H c r bn
lf r
77T
r r
Pr
7 fr
rrr
Nloment do ti
41
Moment do chuyn v dn v
00
16,4
-0,06
Ki
H phng trnh chnh tc : K.z = B
-0 ,0 6
Z|
=
16,4 -0 ,0 6
4,5
-4 ,5
-4
-0,06- -0 ,0 6 -0 ,0 6 + 0,036
GII THEO PHNG PHP GAUSS

z,
*3
z,
Bg
Bp
16,4
-0.06
4,5
32.4
-0.06
-4,5
16.4
-0.06
-4
-0,06
-0,05
-0,06
0,036
0,437805
-0.003659 0,243902
0.274390
28,497560
-0,030728 -1,951216 -6.695120
16,4
-0.06
-4
-0,030728
-0,06
0.035780
0,014634
0.016463
.EJ.Z4
0,280726 -0,001078 -0,068470 -0,234937
14,154192 -0,051376 -3,452240 1,879496
-0,051376 0,035747
0,012530
0,009244
-0,003630 -0,243902 0,132787
0,035560
0,016066
84,816254
e j .z 4
0,451800 84,364454
-0,243902 0.132787
0
S . e j .z 3
0,196768
e j .z 3
0,001640
0.306243
-0,243902 0,134427
0,306243
-0,068470 -0,234937
0.068470 -0,037737 -0,085970
.E Jz2
-0,267212
EJ.Zz
0,000487
-0,272187 0,004975
0,243902
X.EJ.Z,
EJ.Z,
0,274390
0,132774 -0.002427
0.958982
0,090945
0,001653
0,308690
0.243902
0,408817
0,306263
BNG TNG HP iMOMENT

Nt
Thanh
61
4
16
12
21
Mq
-4,00
4.00
Mp
-4,50
4,50
25
52
23
32
-4,00
4.00
34
43
Nt
Thanh
61
16
12
21
Mcvi
0,19
0.38
15,34
7,67
2
25
52
32
34
L 43
-2,14 -4,28 -0,10 -0,05 -4,28 -2.14
MCV2
1,57
^CV3
-4,90 -4,70
3,14
4,70
11,89 -5,19 -5,14 -6,70
0,08
0,04
-5.09 -5,09
-5,09 -5,09
MCV4 -5,09 -5,09

M
23
5,00
-5,00 -5,0 5
Lc ct
16,59
Q 12 = 3
2 + 4,5
Q 21 = 3
2 + 4,5 + 4,15 = 10,5 + 4,15 = 14,65
= 1 0 ,5 -4 ,1 5 = 6,35
1,7
q 23 = 6 + = 6 + 0,425 = 6,425
4
Q 32 = 6 - 0,425 = 5,575
Qi = 0,96; Q 52 = 1,03; Q 43 = 1,01
Kt qu tnh ton theo 3 biu sau :
+6,35
mnm
5 ,5 8
s ,00
+6,4
42
<)
II.3.5.2. Tnh theo chuyn v dc v chuvn v ngang

V thng xy ra hin tng ln khne u eia cc c c nn
lay n l chuyn v dc ca cc nt (thay ch o chuyn v xoay).
Cho cc n s ny mt chuyn v bni n v, s pht sinh
nioinent cc Ihanh n vo nt. Ta phn phi cc m om ent pht
sinh ny, k c m oment nam ca n eoi lc. Da trn hng phn
phi m om ent ta tm ra phn lc dc theo chuyn v v lp h
phne Irnh chnh tc m nhim s l chuyn v tht ca h.
T chuyn v Ihl la lp c bieu m oinent v suy ra biu
lc ct v lc dc.
Vn ly Ih trn v chn h c bn :
/7*77 T
n h t
m77
H c bn
â!LT
/7777
6
OtB,
/7777
/77T
/777?
M oment do ti
0,06 CJ
/t n
cng n v ca dm
= 4EJ
cn 2 n v ca ct
---------- = 0 ,1 EJ
10
Lp bne phn phi m om ent do neoi lc v m om ent pht

sinh do chuyn v n v.
Nt
Thanh
16
12
21
25
23
32
34
H s FF
0,024
0,976
0,494
0,012
0,494
0,976
0,024
4,000
-4,000
4,000
-4,000
-0,100
-3,900
-1,950
1,950
3,900
0,100
-0,100
0,100
-5,950
5,950
-0,100
0,100
4,500
-4,500
-4,388
-2,194
1,653
3,306
3,306
1,653
-1,612
-0,806
-0,806
-1,612
0,398
0,796
0,796
0,398
-0,388
-0,194
-0,194
-0,388
0.096
0.191
0.191
0.096
-0,112
-0,041
-0,010
-0.002
-0 094
-0,165
0,165
-3,401
0,082
0,020
0.006
0,108
3,293
-0,041
-0,010
-0.094
-0.002
0,053
-0,053
-6.000
6.000
0 144
5.856
2.928
0.759
1,518
-0.018
-0.741
-0.370
0,183
0.366
0.179
-0.090
0 044
0.089
0.002
-0.043
-0.001
-1.559
0.046
1.513
0.023
-0.023
cv,
0.004
o
<
cv.
0.008
1.518
0.759
-0.370
-0.741
0.366
0.183
-0.090
-0.179
0.089
0.044
-0.018
'0.004
-0.001
-0.043
0 121
-0.121
6.000
6.000
-6.000
-6.000
-0.144
-5.856
2.928
2.928
5.856
0.144
-0.144
0.144
3.072
-3.072
-0.144
0.144
0.023
-0.023
-1.513
-0.046
1.559
0.121
-0.121
0.060
o
<
0.036
0.060
-0.002
-0.058
-0.030
0.058
-0,058
-0.030
0.060
0.060
-0.030
-0.058
-0.002
-0.030
-0.058
0.058
B N G T N G HP MOMHNT P H N PHl
Thanh
61
16
12
21
25
52
-0.050 -0.100 0.100 -5.950
-0.083 -0.165 0.165 -3.401 0.108 0.054
23
32
34
5.950 -0.100 0.100
43
0.050
3.293 0.053 -0.053 -0.027
o
< I
1.513 0.023 -0.023 -0.011

-3.072 -0,144 0.144
o
<
0.060 0.121 -0.121 -1.559 0.046 0.023

-0.072 -0.144 0.144
0,011
o
<
cv,
0.059 0.058 -0,058 -0.030 0.060
3.072
0.023 -0,023 -1.513 -0.046 -0.023 1.559
0.121
0.072
-0.121 -0.060
0.060 -0,030 -0.058 0.058
0.059
B N G T N(i IIP I.C' (' T TI CC T1IAN1I

>
4.54
3.70
-0.420
0.804
-0 384
0.022
9.00
21
-7.46
-5.30
-0.420
0.804
-0.384
0.022
4.54
14.92
4.54
23
7.46
0.80
0.384
-0.804
0.420
0.022
3.7;'
-6.10
__
-0.80
32
-4,54
0.80
0.384
'0.804
0.420
0.022
8.24
30.02
374
cv,
cv
16
-0.015
-0 025
0.018
-0.022
0.0034 0.0117
25
0.016
0.007
-0.007 0 0120
34
0 015
-0 008 -0.0034 0.022
N,
C h n
10T
30 T
-0.018 0.0117
l3hn lc dc do lc dc :
V, = V, = 10
V, = 30
0,25 = 2,5
0,25 = 7,5
Phn lc dc do chuyn v :
N,
12
N,
cv,
Thanh
r n = 2,5 + 0,42
= 2 .9 2
rl: = r:i = -0,42 - 0,3X4
= -0,N04
r n = r,,
= 0,384
r ,: = 7,5 +0,804 + 0,804
= 9,108
r:i = r1: = - 0,384 - 0,420
= -0,N04
r = 2,5 + 0,42
= 2,92
r u = r4l = 0 , 0 I N+ 0 .0 0 7 -0 ,0 0 3 4
= 0 ,0 2 1 6
r ,4 = rJ: =
= 0
-0 .0 2 2
+ 0 ,0 2 2
r u = r4 = -0,018 - 0,007 + 0,0034
= -0,0216
r44 = (),() 1 17 + 0,0120 + 0,01 17
= 0 ,0 3 5 4
10T
Phn lc do ngoi ti :
R lq = 4,54; R 2q = 14,92; R*, = 4,54; R4q =
Rjp = 3:70; R 2 P = 15,10; R^p = -0,8;
R
ih
' -
R 2H
R 3H =
R4P
= 0,0162
0 ; R 4H = 3
C.1I H PHUNG TRNH CHNH TC THEO GASS

z,
Rq
Rp
Rh
2,92
-0,804
0,384
0,0216
4,54
3,7
-0,804
9,108
-0,804
14,92
15,1
0,384
-0,804
2,920
-0,0216
4,54
-0,8
0,0216
-0,0216
0,0354
0,0162
0,007397
1,554795
1,267123
-0,275342 0,131507
8,886625 -0,698268 0,005947 16,170055 16,118767
-0,698268 2.869501
-0,024440 3,942959 -1,324975
0,005947 -0,024440 0,035240 -0,033584 -0,011170
EJZ4 =
-0,078575 0,000669
1,813823
2,814635 --0,023973 5,213524 -0,058440
- 0 ,023973 0,035236 -0,044405 -0,021957
84,995005
1,819595
-0,008517 1.852291 -0,020763
0,035032
-0,022455
e jz 4
-0,640985 85,635990
1,652291 -0,020763
0
-0,005459 0,729362
EJZ3 =
2,555431
EJZ3
1,852291 -0,026222 0,729362

1,819595
0
1,813823
0,000429 -0,057290
0,145544 -0,002060 0,057290

;EJZ2
3,777331
EJZz
1,965139
1,812192
1,554795
1,267123
0,004741
-0,633449
-0,243589 0,003448 -0,095916
2EJZ, =
2,097213
EJZ,
0,549085
0,498972
1,852291
1,774284 -0,729362
Cch gii tt :
+ Vi ti q h xng nn z 4 = 0 v Z = Z h
phng trnh chnh tc thu v :
3,304Zj - 0,804Z2 = 4,54
-1,608Z] + 9,108Z2 = 14,92
Tnh ra D = 28,8; D] = 53,3461; D 2 = 56,596.
Tm ra
z t = 1,852295; Za = 1,965139
Nh kt qu gii trn.
+ Vi ti H h phn xng Z 2 = 0; Zj = -Z
H phng trnh chnh tc thu v :
2,5362! + 0,0216Z4 = 0
0,0432Zj + 0,0354Z4 = 3
Tnh ra D = 0,088841; Dj = -0,0648; D 4 = 7,608
V Z] .= -0,729390;
z 4 = 85,635866
Gn nh kt qu trn.
Cch
a : trn ta c V| = v 3 = 2,5; V 2 = 7,5
k i m
+ I
vi q tng
titrng l
Z tV! =
1,852295 X2,5 =
4.63T
Z 2V 2 =
1,965139 X7,5 =
14,74T
zv 3 = 1,852295 X2,5 =
4.63T
Tng ti
+ D
gy ln l
vi p thg
8 =
24T
9 ==
18T
24T
titrng l
ZjVj = 1,774284 X 2,5 =
4.44T
7 ^ 2 = 1,812192 X 7,5 =
13.59T
Z 3V 3 = -0,026222 X 2,5 = -0,0T

Tng ti gy ln l
17,97T
Kt qu nh trn sai s rt nh.

BNG TNG HP MOMENT
Nt
Thanh
61
1
16
2
12
21
25
52
23
32
4
34
43
5930 -0,100 0,100 0,050
Mq
-0.050 -0.100 0.100
-5950
Mp
-0.083 -0,165 0,165
3401
0,108 0,054
3293
0,053 0,053 -0,027
2.897CV,
0.175 0.350 -0.350
4517 0.133 0,067
4384
0,067 0,067 0,034
3,777CV2 -0,272 -0.544 0,544
11604
2,555CV3 0,030 0.059 -0.069
3866 -0,118 0,059
11604 -0,544 0,544 0,272

3984
0.309 -0,309 -0,155
84,995CV4 5.015 4.930 -4,930 -2.550 5.100 5.100 -2,550 -4,930 4,930 5,015
M
4.015 4,530 -4.530 -8,680 5,223 5,162 3,457 -5,145 5,145 5,121
Lc ct :
Q j2 = 3
2 + 4,5 -
= 10,5 - 3,3 = 7,2T

= 10,5 + 3,3 = 13,8T
Q 21
Q 23 = 3 x 2
13,21
1,688
= 6 - 0,4 = 5,6T
4
Q 32
6 + 0,4 = 6,4T
Q = 0,93; Q 52 = 1,04; Q 43 = 1,03.
puillaaiiMiH
2,07
1,0J@
cO
r>
Kt qu tng t nh phng php chuyn v.

Cc gia ln nhiu nn momcnt gi gia gim v moment
hai khu u tng.
I.3.6. KHUNG HAI TNG
Th d 11.2$. bng s :
Gii khung 2 tng bn theo phng php chuyn v.
6
H c 6 n l 4 nt xoay
V I
2 chuyn v ngana, chn h C0
hn theo hnh vc :
3T /m
H c bn
M om ent do rmoc ti v r.mcnt pht sinh do chuyn v n

v trong h c bn nh sau :
47
/1,12EJ 1,5EJ
3EJ
H phng trnh chnh tc.
0,56
1,50
0
4,12
0
0,56
4,12
1,50
5,24
1,50
0,56
0
0
1,50
0,56
5,24
-0,463 -0,463 -0,463 -0,4 6 3
0
0,463 0,463
0
-0,463
-0,463
-0 4 6 3
-0,463
0,514
-0,514
0,463
0,463
0
02
-0,514
1,028
V
z 2
z3
z4
z5
z6
-0 ,3 1 1 0 4
- 4 -0 ,2 3 3 2 8
-4
0,9072
1,8144
Cng dng phirng trnh m u H E P T IT trang 7

gii vi n = 6 ; m = 2. Sau khi vo s ma trn A v ma trn
B (theo hng ngang) m y cho k t qu :
s z , = 1,476971 ; z z 2 = - 1,174441 ; IZ3 = - 0,218342

IZ4 = 1,523692 ; z z 5 = 9,684096
; IZ6 = 6,470772
C cc 2Z, ta lp bng tng hp moment.
Thanh
54
45
14
-4.0 00
Mg
Mq
41
43
-0,311
0.311
-0.311
0.827
2Z1M 2
IZ 4 M 4
-4.000
4.000
4.430
2.215
-1.316
-1 762
3.524
-0.122 -0.6 50
-0.2 44 -0.6 56 -0,2 44 -0.1 22
-4.484
2.286
-0.3 28
0.853
1.706
4.582
I2 S M S
I:Z6M
-2.996 -2.9 96
-2.4 54 -0.979
0,244
1.706 0.853
4,404 -4,4 04
2 996
2,996
0.735
1.332
32
34
21
2,996
-0.2 33
2.691
63
0.233
-0.2 33
-4,4 84
2.996
-1.332
36
4,000
0,233
0.311
1.654
TZ2M2
XZ3M3
23
12
-2,691 -2.6 23
-2.996 -2.9 96
5.630
-3.007 -3351
Trng hp khng chy my vi tnh, phi tnh bng tay

th ta phn ra ti trng i xng v phn xng l xng c
q = 3T/n; gi = 0,036T/m; phn xng g = 0,252T/m
Phirng trnh chnh tc :
4,12
1,50
0,56
-0 ,4 6 3
1,50
0
4,12
0,56
-0 ,4 6 3
0,56
5,24
1,50
-0 ,4 6 3
0
0
0,56
0
1,50
5,24 -0 ,4 6 3
-0 ,4 6 3 -0 ,4 6 3 -0 ,4 6 3 - 0 ,4 6 3 0,514 -0 ,5 1 4
0,463
0,463
-0 ,5 1 4
Zi
0,463
0,463
1,028
z2
z3
X
z4
z5
z6
3,96112 -0,27216
-3,96112 -0,27216
-4
0
4
0
0
0,9072
0
1,8144
Vi ti di xng : Zi = - Z2 Z3 = - z 4; Z = Zg = 0; h
thu v 2 phutmg trnh, gii ra ta c :
Zj = - z 2 = 1,325706 ; z 3 = - z4 = - 0,371017.
V i t i p h n x n g : Zi = Z2 J Z3 = Z4, Zs
Zg
0;
H thu v 4 phutmg trnh, gii ra ta c :
Zi = Z2 = 0,151264 ;
z 3 = z4 = 0,652673
z 5 = 9,684096
z 6 = 6,470772
T hp chuyn v li ta c :
Bi xng
Phn xng
Cng
Z2
Z1
Chuyn v
Z3
Z4
Zs
Ze
1,325706 -1,325706 -0,371017 0,871017

0
0
0,151264 0,151264 0,652673 0,652673 9,684096 6,470772
1,476970 -1,174442-0,218344 1,523690 9,684096 6,470772
K t qu n y ng b n g k t qu ch y m y.
T b n g t n g h p m o m en t ta lp b n g l c ct.
Thanh
54
Qo
AQ
0,518
0.954
1.472
-0.4 36
45
43
41
0.518
6,000
0.518
-0,9 54 -1,469 -0.5 74
1.092
4.531
-0,0 56
14
23
32
34
6,000
0.389
0.389
6,000
0,389
1,389
0340
-1,476
1,476
1 469
-1.7 66
1,766
6,340
-1.0 87
1.865
7,489
-1 ,3 7 7
2.155
12
21
0,518
6,000
0 584
-0,3 40
5.660
36
63
49
Biu Q, M, N.
5,66
11.4. PH N G PH P PHN P H I M OM ENT

Phutmg php phn phi moment hay phcmg php Cross
l phng php tnh ng dn gii cc h kt cu thc
cht l phng php chuyn v tnh ng dn.
Ni dung phutmg php ny l coi cc nt c ngm
cng. Di tc dng ca ngoi ti s p h t sinh cc moment
ngm. Ta m dn cc ngm phn phi moment ngm theo
d cng cm v ca cc thanh n v ngm. Sau khi phn phi,
moment s dir-c truyn mt na qua u kia ca thanh, to
nn s chnh lch moment cc nt ny; ta tip tc phn
phi cho n khi t mc d chnh xc cn tnh. Nhiu trng
hp c th t c s dng.
50
s a B DM
Ma
p/
8
4
2
A
4 L
4'
1
.1
m3
1,0
1
p/
8
i 1 i 1i
S.
&
p
2 _ . 1
Ip
1
<
/- B
Pb /
b bz \
2- 3 - + )
2 1
1 ?'
&
3P[
16
&
BNG I U C H N H C N G N V
Ni dung iu chnh
Mt u t do, mt u ngm
Thanh gia ca h i xng
Thanh gia ca h phn xng
H s diu chnh
3/4
1/2
3/2
11.2.1. DM
h a i n h p k h n g u
Ti u
Th d 1.30.
q
1 1 1 1 1
Vi
r n
Ngm cng ti B, ta c :
BA
32
_ -
BC
a
g
cng n v sau khi iu chnh u t do :

3 EJ . 2
6 EJ
kRA = ~ . -------- = ~ .
= 1,5
BA 4
4
l
l
l
.
_ 3 EJ _ ~ r,r EJ
^BC =
, = 0,75
4
H s phn phi thanh BA :

----- -----= 0,667
1,5 + 0,75
H s phn phi thanh BC :

- 2 ^ - - 0,333
1,5 + 0,75
EJ
B N G PH N P H I M OM ENT
Nt
Thanh
BA
BC
H s phn phi
0,667
0,333
1,0
- 4,0
2,0
1.0
3,0
- 3,0
Moment ngm
Moment phn phoi
>
Moment cn bng
51
q?
32
q?
32
Hai u A, c t do, moment hng khng nn khng c

hintng truyn moment t B
qua. Sau mi in phn phi la
3q/2
c chnh xc Mb = .
32
i vi lc ct Q, ngoi ti u ta hiu chnh thm s
chnh lch gia moment hai gi
so vi b di thanh :
q/ _ 3q/2.2
q/
Q ab =
r,
_
^BC =
32/
1616
2sL
sl . w _
+
=
4
16
16
A 3 _
3L +
=
123L
32
32/
q/ _ 3q/
Q('B =
q/
4
r ,_
_
Q ba =
3q/
32
13q/
=
32
Mun tnh chnh xc moment nhp ta ch l khi

Q = 0 th ta cMniax, cho
Thanh AB
Thanh BC
nn
= 0 khi X =
= 0 khi
q/
v Mmax =
16
19
= / v
32
Mmax =
0,0625
q/
32
0.5
.2
q/
32
52
Kt qu tnh ton theo 2 biu sau
32
T T rrr^
' ^ U ^ U 7g
~bt
^ .^ ll h s
L .iim m im iL g u - ^
0, 0 6 2 5 Ct
92
32
Ti tp trung ti gia mi nhp
Th d 1131
E7
~
c
3P/
_ 3P/
Moment ngm : -M B = ; -BC =
32
16
E) cng n v v h s phn phi vn nh trn.
BNG PHN PHI MOMENT

Nt
Thanh
BA
BC
H s phn phi
0,667
0,333
Moment ngm
qp
32
-e
Momont phn phi
q/2
32
Moment cn bng
q/*
32
-5
Tnh hc ct :
p
Q ab =
5P
-
+
2
Q ba =
5P
21P
- =
;
32
32
Q cb =
16
p
Q bc =.
3P
=
16
5P
13P
16
16
5P
IIP
32
32
Tnh moment nhp :

p/
1 5P/
1,5 p/
M, = - 1 . _
8
2
32
32
p/
1 5P/
5,5
M 2 = - - . = p/.
4
2
32
32
53
52
5,5 nP
32
1.2. DM BA NIIP U
Ti u
Th d 11.32
1 t i r y i' 1 r
ET
X X X I
H di xng ta tnh mt na dm.

2
Momcnt ngm -^BA =
>^BC = 8
12
3 EJ
EJ
1 EJ
EJ
cngn v kpA = - = 0,75 ; kpK' = ------= 0,5()
4 L
l
2 1
i
H s phn phi : Thanh BA = 0,6; Thanh BC = 0,40
BNG PHN PHI MOMENT
B
Nt
Thanh
BA
BC
H 8 phn phi
0,6
0.4
Moment ngm
q/2
24
3.0
-2,0
,
Moment phn phoi
q/2
24
-0.6
-0,4
Moment cn bang
q/2
24
2.4
-2.4
Tnh c ct :
QaB =
qt _ 2,4
2
q/
24
= 0,4q/ ;
Qi3A = 0.6q/;
Q bC - Q c B =
Tnh moment nhp :

M | = 0 ,4 q /x 0 , 4 / -
{OAI)2
2
0,16.q/2
2
= 0,08q/
q 1
q I2
M2 - = (0,125 - 0,10)q/
8
= 0,025.q/
10
.Kt qu lnh theo 2 biu sau :
0, 63CqV
0,5qf
0,4 qC
n&bK
^ ^ ^ U
^
0,bc^f
o,5c
Ti tp trung gia nhp

Th d II. 33
p
E7
c
3P/
M om ent ngm ^
BA =
16
54
p/
^BC
= ~
D c ng v h s phn phi nh trn .

Nt
Thanh
BA
BC
H s phn phi
0,6
0,4
Moment ngm
pl
16
3,0
-2,0
Moment phn phi
p/
16
-0.6
-0,4
Moment cn bng
p/
16
2.4
-2.4
Tnh lc ci :
Q ab = 0,5P - 0,15P = 0.35P;
Q ba = 0.5P + 0.15P = 0,65 p
Qbc = Qcb = 5P
Tnh moment nhp :
M| = 0.25P/ - 0,5 X 0.15P/ = 0.175P/
M2 = 0.25P/ - 0,15P/ = 0,1 OOP/
E M
10
1
m iiP
0,5 p
-0,65P
0 ,6 5 p
0 ,5 p
0,35 p
-0 ,3 5 p
/tlh x
^ r
lir
\
11.2.3. D A M
NM
N H P u
T i (fu
Thd 11.34. bng s
z T/m
1T~
ry c c L _._1J P'I I
A
6m
t>m
Moment ngm
6m
r,m
~
2 X 36
'BA = ---------- = 9Tm;
8
^BC =
2 X 36
*^CB =
12
3 EJ
cng n v kBA = - .
= 0,125EJ
4
55
1
6m
= _ 6T m
EJ
I EJ
kBC = = 0,167EJ; kCD = - . = 0,083EJ.
BNG PHN PH1 MOMENT

NI
Thanh
BA
c
BC
CB
CD
0,333
H s phn phi
0,429
0,571
0,667
Moment ngm
32
9,00
-6,00
6,00,
Ph6n phi nt B
-1,30
-1.70
-V -0,85,
-1.72
- _
0,98
- 0,49,
Phn phi ni c
Phn phi nt B
0,74
Phn phi nt c
-0,16
Phn phi nt B
0,07
0,09
8,51
-0,32
-1,71
-0,17
- -+ 0,05,
Phn phi nt c
Moment cn bng
-3,44
-8,51
-0,03
-0,02
1,90
-1,90
Tnh lc ct :
0 AB = 6 - 8,51 : 6 = 6 - 1,42 = 4,58T; Q BA = 7.42T
Q bc = 6 + (8,5
1,9):6 = 6 + 3,3 = 9,3T;Q cb = 2.7T
Q cn = Q dc = 0 un thun ty.
Tinh moment nhp :
M! = 4,58
2,29 - 2,292 = 2,292 = 5,244Tm.
56
8,5 + 1,9
M2 = 9 --------- ------- = 9,0 - 5,2 = 3.8Tm.
2
7/42
4,58
2,7
l U
llld
^ m i 7,42
2,7
4,58
u 9,5
Tm
i 9
^ r
Û]]0 F
5,2
'%
3,8
11.2.4. KHUNG MT NHP I XNG
Th d II. 35 bng s
VI i xng tnh na khung
3.25
Moment ngm ./#12 = ~ ----12
= -6,25Tm;
1
5
3T/ m
m
5EJ
ibnD
7777
5m
cng cm v :
EJ
= 0,25EJ
k,4 =
5EJ
k, , =
= 0,50EJ
BNG PHN PHI MOMENT

Nt
Thanh
41
14
12
H s phn phi
0,333
0,667
Moment ngm
Tm
-6,25
Moment phn phi
Tm
1,04
2,08
4,17
Moment cn biny
Tm
1,04
2,08
-2,08
57
3,25
Moment dm M =
Lc ct : Q l2 =
2,08 = 7,295Tm
3x5
- Q ,, =
= 7,5T
Lc dc : N 14 = N,J = -Q 1; = - 7,5T
7 ,5 ,
Q0,78 7,5
7,5
=E
Q
0,78
II.2.5.
KHUNG HAI N H P i X NG
Th d 11.36 bng s
3^/m
i * t "TT
5EJ
>
LU
6
77777}
5m
ui
5777777T/
5EJ
3
l >
5m
l
4
77
7,5
7,5
V xng ta tnh n a khung
3x25
= ~ 6,25 Tm ;
12
H 12 = < 23 = "
M om ent n g m
|W21 = M32 = - 6,25 Tm ;

cng n vi : k i 6 - k 25 = k 34 =
k 12 - k 23 -
EJ
= 0,25 EJ
5EJ
c - EJ.
N t 2 lun cn bng : M oment ngm tri du, mom ent

truyn ti cng tri du, n n khng c s phn ph'i li.
BNG PH N PHI MOMENT
Nt
Thanh
61
16
12
21
25
H s phn phi
1,00
0,20
0,80
0,80
0,20
0,625
0,625
1,25
1,25
-6,25
5,00
-1,25
6,25
2,50
8,75
= 6T ;
Moment ngm Tm
Moment phn phi Tm
Moment cn bng Tm
Lirc ct :
Q i 2 = 7,5
52
1,00
Q21 = 7,5 + 1,5 = 9 T
58
Q 23 = 7 , 5 + 1 , 5 = 9 1 ;
Q 32 = 7,5 -1,5 = 6 T
Q 12 gy n n N j 6 = - 6 T.
Lc dc :
Q 21
v Q23 gy nn N 25 = - 9 - 9 = - 1 8 T
= - 6 T.
Q 32 g y n n N 3 4
4,25
25
^ T
6,0
0,625
0,623
91
ÛlTTrT^.
lDlrtccJ
T
9
Q
0 1,69
6T
T
0.U3
u.itby
0 O .t 6 9
-18T
= P IIIIHIIIW
3EE
0 .4 6 9
6T

vi cc kt cu c chuyn v ngang, phtmg php
phn phi moment phi lm hai ln.
Ln u phn phi coi n h khng c chuyn v ngang,
ngoi lc v lc ct s to ra lc x F u ct.
Gi nh c chuyn v n v u ct, s pht sinh
moment u ct; tin hnh phn phi ln th hai moment
F
ph t sinh ny, s tim uc lc x F v h s n =
Tng hp li ta c
M = Mj + 1M2
cng n v
H s' phn phi

_
0,167
= 0,31 ;
ct 0,167 + 0,375
_
0,375
= 0,69
dm 0,167 + 0,375
Moment ngm
do p
PZ
. 6x
M= =
8
3
= 6 Tm.
59
Ql2
, o ^
M=
doq 2
q l2
0 ,4 X6 x 6
, m
M = = -----77 = 1.2 Tm.
12
12
12
0 ,6 x 6 x 6
do q,
1
12
= 1.8 Tm.
Bng phn phi moment ln th nht.

2
Nt
Thanh
41
14
12
21
23
32
0,167
0,167
0,375
0,375
0,167
0,167
0.31
0,69
0,69
0,31
M ngm
-1,800
1,800
-6,000
-2,484
4,612
-0,795
0,548
-0,095
0,066
-0,012
0,008
1,036
m phn phi
Mi
0.124
2,072
0,247
0,015
0,029
0.002
0,004
-0.623
4,152
-4,152
6,000
1,200
-4,968
2,306
-1,590
0,274
-,189
0,033
-0,023
0,004
-0 003
-2,232
-1,200
-1,116
-0,716
-0,358
-0,085
-0,042
-0,010
-0,005
1,844
-1,844
-0,001
H to lc x ngang 3T
T
qj v c\2 to lc x ngang 3 (0,6 + 0,4) = 3
-2,721
Mj to lc x ngang
- 0 ,6 2 3 + 4 ,1 5 2 -1 ,8 4 4 - 2 ,7 2 1
- - 1 73
Cng li ta c :
F = 3 + 3 - 0,173 = 5,827
Ta phi trit tiu lc x ngang ny bng cch cho u

ct chuyn v n v. M oment pht sinh 4 u ct bng nhau,
ta ly bng - 4 Tra v lp bng phn phi th hai.
Nt
Thanh
41
14
12
21
23
34
0,167
0,167
0,375
0,375
0,167
0,167
0,31
0,69
0,69
0,31
-4,000
-4,000
2,760
0,904
-0,6 2 4
0,108
-0 ,0 7 4
0,013
-0,0 09
0,001
4,000
1,240
^ ,0 0 0
0,620
-0,2 80
-0,140
-0 ,0 3 4
-0,017
-0,0 04
-0,001
-0,002
3,079
-3,079
-3,539
0,406
0,812
0,048
0,096
0,006
0,011
0,001
0,002
1,380
1,808
-0,312
0,216
-0,037
0,026
-0,005
0,003
-3,539
-3,079
3,079
M 2 to lc x ngang
60
-3 !
,5 3-9
-3 ,0 7 9 x 2 = _ 2,206
____
p = --F
5 827
Tnh ra n = ZT =
= 2,6414324
F
2,206
Ta c bng tng hp moment sau
Thanh
4.1
1.4
1.2
2.1
23
34
Mi
-0,623
4,152
-4,152
1,844
-1,844
-2,721
n M2
-9,348
-8 , 133
8,133
8,133
-8,133
-9,348
-9,971
-3,981
3,981
9,977
-9,97 7
-12,069
Kt qu tutm g t nh phutmg php lc v phcmg php

chuyn v. Cc bc tip theo : tm lc ct v lp biu Q,
M, N lm nh trn.
T h d 11.38. c u tu hai nhp
cng on v
^cc ~
kdm - 4.
H s' phn phi
N t 1
a cc 0,024
v 3
a dm 0,976
N t 2
a cc 0,012
a dm 0,494
P=P9t
- 5 r/m,
H*3T
2H6E,
u
<>
7P 7 . 777777. J7W
y km 1,
Moment ngm.
do q
M =
do p
M =
3x 16
_
= 4 Tm ,
-Zt
8
= 4,5 Tm.
Bng phn phi moment ln th nht.

4
Nt
Thanh
61
16
12
21
25
52
23
32
34
43
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,494 0,976 0,024
-4,000 4,000
-8,500 8,500
-1,952 -3,904 -0,096 0,048
0,102 0,204 8,296 4,148
-1,654 -3,308 -0,080 -0,040 -3,308 -1,654
0,807 1,614 0,040 0,020
0,020 0,040 1,614 0,807
-0,398 -0,797 -0,020 -0,010 -0,797 -0,398
0,194 0,388 0,010 0,005
0,005 0,010 0,388 0,194
0,001
Mi
0,024 0,976 0,494 0,012
-0,096 -0,192 -0,004 -0,002 -0,192 -0,096

0,047 0,094 0,002 0,001
0,002 0,094 0,047
0,001 -0,001 -0,046 -0,002 -0,001 -0,046 -0,001 0,001
0,128 0,257 -0,25 7 9,353 -0 ,1 0 6 -0 ,0 5 3 -9,247 0,043 -0,04 3-0 ,0 22
H to lc x ngang 3T
M to lc x ngang
0,128 + 0,257 - 0,106 - 0,053 - 0,043 - 0,022

------------------- - :-------- :---------- -----= 0,0161
10
Cng li ta c
F = 3,0161 T
Ta phi trit tiu lc x ny bng cch cho u cc

chuyn v on v. Moment p h t sinh 6 u cc bng nhau,
ta ly bng -4 Tm v lp bng phn phi moment ln th hai
Nt
Thanh
61
16
12
21
25
52
23
32
34
43
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,024 0,976 0,494 0,012
0,494 0,976 0,024
-4,000 -4,000
-4,000 ^ ,0 0 0
-4,000 -4,000
0,988 1,976 0,048 0,024 1,976 0,988

0,036 0,072 2,940 1,470
1,470 2,940 0,072 0,036
-0,726 -1,452 -0,036 -0,018
-0,726
0,354 0,708 0,018 0,009

0,009 0,018 0,708 0,354
-0,175 -0,350 -0,008 -0,004 -0,350 -0,175
0,085 0,170 0,005 0,002
0,002 0,005 0,170 0,085
-0,042 -0,084 -0,002 -0,001 -0,084 -0,042
0,001 0,002 0,040 0,020
-0,020
M1
0,020 0,040 0,002 0,001
-0,020
-3,952 -3,903 3,903 1,999 -3,998 -3,999 1,999 3,903 -3,903 -3,956
M2 to lc x ngang
3,952 + 3,903 + 3,999
F = -2 ---------- ------------ = 2,3708 T
16
61
T nh ra
n = = 3,0161 = 1,2721866.
F
2 ,3 708
B n g t n g hp m om ent.
61
Thanh
Mi
16
12
21
25
52
23
32
34
43
0,128 0,257 -0,257 9,353 -0,106 -0,053 -9,247 0,043 -0,043 -0,022
n M2 -5.028 -4,965 4,965 2,543 -5,086 -5,087 2,543 4,965 -4,965 -5,028
M
-4.900 -4,708 4,708 11,896 -5,192 -5,140 -6,704 4,922 -4,922 -5,050
K t qu t n g t n h ph ng php l c v p h on g php
ch u yn v cc b c tip th eo : tm l c c t v lp cc biu
Q, M, N lm n h trc.
c 3 t/t n
r t khi l n g cng vic

cn t n dng s i x n g v phn
3,6
x n g :
1. T i x n g vi q = 3 T/m
v g = 0 ,0 3 6 T/m , khu ng khng c
ch uyn v n gang ta c :
J_
kct
= 0,277
3,6
1
^dm
3m
2 ' 4
= 0,375.
62
P h n phi m om en t ta c M,^.
2. T i p h n x n g vi g = 0 ,2 5 2 T/m
K hung c ch u y n v ngang
1
kct
3,6
0,27 7
= 1,125
^dm
Phn ph'i m o m en t ta c Mphx v tn h r a H 12, H 34 vi

y c hai chuyn v ngang, nn ta phi tm.
Cho A 12 = 1 v A34 = 0 tm irc Q 'i 2 v Q34.
Cho A-2 = 0 v A 34 = 1 tim c Q "i2 v Q n34 .
Q 12 A12 + Q 12 A34 -
G ii h
Q34 A 12 + Q 34 A34 -
T a C
H 34
v A34
Cui c ng t n g hp l i ta c
M = Mx + Mph +
+ A34M2
B n g p h n phi m o m en t i x n g
Nt
Thanh
12
14
41
43
45
54
0.375
0,277
0,277
0,375
0,277
0,277
0,574
0,426
0,2985
0,4030
0,2985
-4,000
2,274
-0,270
0.039
1,687
0,471
-0,201
0,015
-0,006
-0,009
2,005
-2,005
Bng
Nt
-0,039
0,844
0,942
-0,100
0,030
-0,003
0,001
^ ,0 0 0
0,039
-0,039
1,272
0,942
0,471
0,040
0,030
0,015
0,001
0,001
1,675
-2,687
1,012
0,447
phn phi m om en t p h n x n g
Thanh
12
14
41
43
45
54
1,125
0,277
0,277
1,125
0,277
0,277
Cl
0,802
0,198
0,1653
0,6694
0,1653
0,27216
-0,27216
-0 ,0 5 3 8 9
0,01804
0,00445
-0,00178
-0 ,0 0 0 4 4
-0,27216
-0,02694
0,00445
-0,00018
0,27216
-0,21827
0,00014
0,00004
0,00222
0,00002
-0,22005
0,22005
-0,29483
0,01818
0,27665
-0,26992
M
m
Mphx
0,00222
63
-1,000
0,0990
0,1490
-0,0074
0,0012
0,6030
0,1490
0,0745
-0,0597
-0,0005
-1,0000
0,1980
0,0745
-0,0148
0,0005
0,0050
0,0012
0,0006
0,7418
-0,7418
-0,7582
0,6080
0,1502
0,0751
1,0000
-0,0990
0,0164
-0,0006
-1,0000
A34 1
1,0000
- 0,1980
0,0082
-0,0016
-1,0000
-0,8020
-0,0066
0,0662
0,0004
0,0164
0,0002
0,0082
0,0001
M2
-0,8086
0.8086
0,9168
0,0666
-0,9834
-0,9917
0,8020
A12 " 1
M1
M
Tnh ra
................................
0,22005-0,29483

H 19 = 0,252 X 1,8 + ----------------- ------= 0,4328
3,6
H34 = 0,252
Q 12 =
3,6 + 0,0208 + - 27665 ~ 0,26992 = 0,9299

3,6
0,7418 + 0,7582
T7
= 0,416666
D,b
0,1502 + 0,0751
Q'34 = - 0,416666 ------------ :---------- = - 0,47825
3,6
0,8086 + 0,9168
Q"i2 = - ---------- ---------- = -0,4792777
3,6
0,9834 + 0,9917
Q"34 = 0,4792777 + --------- ------ = 1,0279165.

3,6
Gii h phcmg trnh

- 0,416666A 12 - 0,479277A34 = 0,4328
- 0,478250A 12 - 1,02791634 = 0,9299
A 12 = 4,473302
Ta c
A34 = 2,9859006.
Lp bng t hp m om ent
Thanh
12
14
41
43
45
54
Mx tri
-2,005
2,005
1,675
-2,687
1 ,0 1 2
0,447
Mdx phi
2,005
-2,005
-1,675
2,687
- 1 ,0 1 2
-0,447
Mph.x
A 12M
- 0 ,2 2 0
0 ,2 2 0
-0,295
0,018
0,277
-0,270
-2,414
2,414
-2,73 7
0,199
-2,936
-2,961
A 34M2
3,318
-3,318
-3,392
2,720
0,672
0,336
Mn-a trai
-1,321
1,321
0,725
0,250
-0,97 5
-2,448
Mn-a phai
2,689
-2,689
-2,625
5,624
-2,99 9
-3,342
K t qu tircmg ong hai phng php trn.
64
CHNG
TNH KT CU MI
III.l TNH KT CU G
O m
Trng thi
hiu
III.LI. CNG TNH TON CA c

Nn p mt
G xy dnii Ihuint! ihu(K' t nhm IV en nhm VII c
cng
theo m nh sau
(k>/cm~)
R 90
Ngang th
cc b/ ton b
Trt dc th
Rcm90 0
R.,
15
18
IV
25
28/25
24
25/22
VI
20/20
18/18
VII
15/15
13/13
IV
29
30.
25
25
VI
24
21
VII
22
19
* Modul dn hi ca g E = 100000 kg/cm2

IIL. 1.2. CNG THC TNH
Ko
N < m.Rk . F(h
Ep
N m.Rcm . F||,
Tr t
N < m.R(r . F(h
Un
M < m.Ru . w
Trong cc cn t thc trn :

+ m !h S("i iu kin lm vic
- i vi thanh nguyn vn m =
- i vi thanh b c, o
65
w %
Nhm g
1,0
m = 0,8
lil d i n th u h p ca Ih a n h ly c h bi c
/ l rmxlul chng un ca thanh.

bh2
.
w = |cm I
6
ng d Rk, Rcm, Rp Ru ly theo bng 3.1.1 trn
doc th :
N < m.>.Rn.F
- m l h s iu kin lm vic nh 3.1.2

- Rn l c n g d n n dc th theo 3.1.1.
- F l tit d i n ca t h a n h F = b X h.
- f l h s6 thu hp din tch tinh theo :

Khi
Khi
o
l t h a n h m n h =
r l b n kn h hi ch u y n r =
/a l di tinh ton ca thanh, ly theo
66
45
50
45
60
75
90
105
1iO
155
151
Trong thc t Ihng Ihay r hng b v Ira h s <p theo:
biu <p j
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
67
III.2. TNH KT CU THP

1II.2.1. CNG T NI I TON CA THP
Thp xy dng ti Vit Nam Ihng nhp ca Lin X
(c) c cng nh sau (kg/cm2) .
Loi thp
Trng
K
hlu
tht
H AI
HA2
2100
2200
2500
2900
1300
1400
1500
1700
3000
3200
3600
3800
4300
1300
1500
1600
1800
1900
2200
60
70
80
90
95
110
CT2
R.
1700
2000
1200
p mt
Rcp
^cmT
1000
2500
p cc b
^cmM
RcK
Ko nn un
Ct
T n/t
CT3
CT5
CTO
CT4
Modul n hi ca thp E = 2,1.10* kg/cm1
II.2.2. CNG THC TNH :

Ko
N < mRaF,h
N <
Un
M < mRaW
Ct
Q <
l.
Troni cc cng Ihc trn :

+ m;i, ni|| l h s iu kin lm vic :
CI
thp CTO
CT2
mH = 0,9
CI
thp CT3 1rtV ln
mH = 1,(1
V(iri mi loi thp
mu = 0,8
4- Flh l din tch thu hp ca tit din

+ F l din tch nguyn vn ca thanh thp
+ w l modul chng un ca Ihanh thp.
+ I l moment C|iin tnh ca Ihanh.
+ s l m o m c n t tnh ca ti t din thanh.
+ l h' dy bng thanh.
Nn dc thanh :
N < iraRay>F
4- mHRa v F ly nh trn.
+
l h s th u
h p t ic t
d i n
th a n h , p h
th u ()c h s
()
Ihanh mnh - = ----- , vi rmin l bn knh hi chuyn nh nht
r m in
ca thanh
+ / ! di tnh ton ca (hanh tnh theo

68
J i '/
lo -
77 7T
^ 77T
0,5
0,7 1
7T7. 77T
zl
BNG T R A f TH E O
Loi
CT0-CT2
CT3-CT4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
thp
CT5-H AI
H A
1,00
1,00
1.00
0,99
0,97
0 95
0.92
0 98
0,95
0 93
0,90
0 84
0,80
0,74
0,66
0,59
0 50
0 98
0.95
0.93
0.90
0.83
0 78
0.71
0,63
0.54
0 45
0,43
0,38
0,39
0,33
0,32
0,28
0,27
0.24
0,29
0,21
0.19
0,17
0.89
0 86
0,81
0.75
069
0 60
110
120
0,52
130
140
150
160
170
180
0,40
(X36
190
0,21
200
0,19
CM5
0^32
029
0,26
0.23
0.19
0 17
0,16
0,26
0,23
0.21
0.15
0,14
Tr tra ra <p theo biu sau :

200
'X
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
(),]
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
III.3.
HI.3.1
TNH CC B PHN MI
TI TRNG
Mi
III
(83 klm2) :
- Nii
25v X 2ks X 1,1
= 55 k/nr
- Lit
5m X 0,03 X 0,03 X 800 X 1,1
= 4 khn2
- Cu phonc
2" X 0,04 X 0,06 X 800 X 1,1

1 X 0,10 X 0 ,10 X 800 X 1,1
10 X 1,1
= 4
- X
- Din ko
kg/nr
= 9 ki/nr
= 11
knr
Mi Fihr (J5 kghn2) :

- Fibr
- X c
- Dn ko
1,5 X 1 X 0,005 X 1800 X 1,1

8 X 1,1
10 X 1,1
= 15 k/nr
= 9 k /nr
= 11 kinr
Mi tn (30 kii/nr) :
- Tn mi
- X 2
- Dn ko
1,5 X ] X 0,7 X 7,85 X 1,1

8 X 1,1
10 X 1,1
= 10 kg/m2
9 kglnr
= 11 kg/nr
Trn vi rm (90 khi2) :
- Dm trn
2 X 0,06 X 0,10 X 800 X 1,1
= 11 knr
- Lati
25 X 0,03 X 0,01 X 800 X 1,1
- Vi rm
3 X 15 X 1,1
- Va trt
1 X 20 X 1,1
= 1 k/nr
= 50 km2
= 22 kg/m2
Tran vn p (26 kg/m2) :

- Dm trn v vng
0,(16
- Vn cp
0,5
0,1
800
= 21 kg/m^
1,1
= 5 kg/m2
1,1
m .3.2. TNH LIT

Lit ngi, thng dng g 3 K 1 hoc Ihp L 20.20.3
Lii chu un xin theo 2 chiu
X v y. N h p ca lit l 0,6m (khong
cch diu phong). Ti trng cho mt lit

l
q = 59 : 5 = 12 kg/m
Coi lit l dm lin tc :
q/2
0,12.3600
=
----- = 43,2 kgcm
in
10
M =
q'4
384EJ
_ 0.12-1.296-107 _ 0,0405
384.105 J
C TRNG CA LIT
Loi
w cm*
Jcm 4
G 3 X 3
L 20.20.3
4.5
0,286
6,75
0,40
Gc a ca mi ngi l 3! (tga = 0,f>)

V cng d
+ i vi lit g :
= x + v
43.2
=
sin + cosa
4,5
43.
2 __
|0,515 + 0,8571
4,5
= 9,6 X 1,372 = 13,2 klcm2 < 120

+ Di vi iit thp :
43,2
=
0,286
1,372 = 151
1,372 = 207 < 2MX)
V n nh :
0,0405
lit g : f =
6,75
0,0405
lit thp : f = -------- = o.lcm <

0,40
60
200
= 0,3
Nh vy l v cng v n nh lit g v thp chu

ng an ton. Vi lit thp cn kim tra thm theo chiu
XoXo
70
min.
43,2 X 1.523
= ---- = 387 kgcnr < 2100

0,17
0,0405
f = = 0.238 cm < 0.3
0,17
Nh vy vn an ton.
III.3.3. TNH CU PHONG
Cu phong lit cho mi ngi, Ihng dng g 4
l cch 0,60?!.
Nhp ca cu phong ln nht cho
gc a = 31 l :
/ =
1,5
= 1,75 m
COS31
Ti trng cho cu phong

q = 63 X 0,6 X COS31 = 32,4 kg/m.
Tnh theo m lin tc hai nhp

M =
qlz
8
0,324. 175 2
= ------- = 1240 kgcr
8
_ 2 q/ 1
384EJ
_ 2 .0 ,3 2 4 . 1,754 . 108 _ 15,827

384.10 . J
71
Dt irng cu phong
w =
4.6
V
4-6
24 cm ; J = 12
a =
1240
= 7 2
cw
= 51,7 < 120;
24
f =
15.827
175
. = 0,22 cm < = 0,8
72
200
III.3.4. TNH X G
X g g :
X g g dng cho mi ngi, mi fibr, mi tn
Ring vi mi ngi, x g chu hai
iu bt li l ti irng ln, gc xin ln.
Ta xt k x g g vi gc a = 3
Ti trng cho mt x g :
q = 72
(I
1,75 = 126 kg/nt
cng :
q/
1,26 . r
,
M = =
= 0,1575/
y.
bh
wx =
hb2
M , = O.I575/2 . Sin3 1 = 0.0,S I/2

0,1575/2 . cos.ll = 0.135/2
M*
Mv
-
wx
wy
O.OSI
0,135
+ -----
bh
120 kg/cm2
vi diu kin <
2<>bh
/2 =
Ih
br
0,081
-----
0,315
+ -----
Ta chn c x c v tnh ra b khng ch nhp

b
0,081
0,135
Mu s
aobh
I2
^cm
261
10
0010
0.0135
0.0235
1600
68085
12
0.010
0.01125
0.02125
1920
90353
301
14
0.010
0.00964
0.01964
2240
114053
338
10
12
14
0.008
0.01125 0,01925
2400
124675
353
0.008
0,00964
0.01764
158730
10
10
0,008
0,00844
0.01644
194647
398
441
12
16
14
2800
3200
0.00675
0,00964
0.01639
3360
205003
453
12
16
0,00675
0,00844
0.01519
3840
252798
503
12
18
0,00675
0.00750
0.01425
4320
303158
550
b. VI' rr dmh
5 ^
5 X 1.26 . IA
IM /4
384EJ
3 S 4 . I 0 5.J
(rinc / (V dy tnh hang m )

16,4 . /'*. sin
/~ T ~
f = V fx
t fy
. CON
fx =
<
l{cm)
fy =
lm)
200
hh 3
hb
h =
Jy
12
12
Rl un la c :
/3(m)
16,4. sinx
16,4 . cosx
Jv
Ta chn x g v lnh ra nhp theo vo nu
12
I3
0,0289
17,301
2.586
0.0205
24,390
2.900
0.0161
31.056
3,143
0,0129
38.760
3384
0,0095
52.632
3,748
0,0075
66.667
4,055
0,0066
75.758
4,231
0,0050
100,00
4,642
0,0040
125,00
5,000
Jy
8.10
8.12
8.14
10.12
10.14
10 16
12.14
12.16
12.18
427
0,019780
0,00039125
667
0,021072
512
1152
0.016496
0,012200
0,00044403
0.00027212
597
0.014147
0,00020014
1829
1000
0.007684
0.00005904
0,008446
0,009760
0,00007133
1440
0.000(4884
0,00009526
1167
0007237
0,00005237
2287
0.006146
0.00003777
1333
0,006336
0,004118
0,00004014
3413
2016
0,004189
0,00001755
2744
0,005122
0,00002623
2304
0,003666
0,003431
0.003258
0.002410
0.00001344
4096
2592
5832
Trong : A
0,00001696
0.00001177
0,00001061
0,00000581
= 16,4 sirix : Jx
= 16,4 cosx : Jy
B = [16,4 sinx : Jx|2

= [16,4 cosx : Jy|2
c = V^ 16,4 sinx : Jx|2 + [16,4 cosx : Jy]2
Ta thy iu kin n nh quyi nh nhp ca x g.

Gin cch 3m,60 phi chn x g 10 X 14.
73
X g thp
X g thp dng cho mi ibr hoc tn.
Ta ly nhp (v? v tga = 0,4 chn thp.
Ti trng q = 24
M =
f =
1,615 = 40 kg/m
0,4.600
18000 kgcm
5.0,4. 1296. 10H
321,429
384.2,1 . 10. J
Chn l 12
cm
436 cm4
w x = 12,7
w y = 72,7
I, = 46,9
L =
0,371
0,929
+ ---12,7
72,7
= 18000 X 0,042 = 756 g/cm2

321,429
\V L
321,429
0,371
46-9
/(2,543)2 + (0,685)
600
= 2,63 < -^ = 3
200
L
=
V , 934
cm
Chn c 2
w x = 10,17
lu,i / cm3
c/
Ix = 57,7
cm4
cm3
346,3 cm4
Wy = 37,4
Iv =
+
436
0,429
0,371
0,929
+ ---10,17
37,4
a = 1X000
= 18(XK)
0,0365 + 0,0248
= 1103 kg/crt
L*>
321,429 X 0,371
""- --57,7
321,429
0,929
346,3
= 2,24 cm < 3 cm
Nh vy vi mi lp ibr hoc tn, gin cch v ko bm
dng 112 hoc 0 2 du an totijE12 n nh hn 112.
I1I.3.5. TNH DM TRN
Dm trn thng chn g 6
10 t cch 60cm
Tnh cho trn vi ram : q = 90 X 0,6 = 54 kg/m
6 .u f
V = ----- = 100cm; J =
6.10
12
Cng d
M =
= 0,0675/
= 500cm
0,0675/2
12000
= 120 rt ra
1(K)
= 177.778 -* / = 422cm
0,0673
n inh
5 .0 ,5 4 .14
..
^ = 0,014r
3 8 4 . I05 500
f =
384EJ
Khng ch vng bng nhp

200
1
r = --------- ----------- = 35.556
ta c
2 X 0,0140625
/ = 3.29m
Nh vy dm trn 6 X 10 c (h d trn vi rm cho nhp
3,29m an ton.
Nu ng trn vn p, ti trng chi bng - thi dm trn
3
6
10
V cng chu c nhp : 7,3/71
V 6n nh chu c nhp : 4,7m.
Thng thng dm g chi nn dng cho nhp 4m
74
111.4.
TNH
V!
KO c HI NG
V ko l h kct cu m GIC Ihanh chi chu ko hoc nn

(khng c momcnt v lc ct) Ngai lc tp trung dng vo cc
ni. C hai phng php tnh v ko :
Phinmg php linh dinh
(lng ba phutmg trnh cn
hng X = 0; I Y = 0; XM = 0. Kt qu lnh ghi cc hng

tnh sn.
-
Phorn php d rhik (crmona) l phng php thc
hnh, thng dng, lnh nhanh ra kt qu. Ni dung ca phng

php l v v) ko theo ng kch (hc, t vo cc ni chu
lc mt ngoi lc bng dn v, xc nh phn lc hai gi ta
hng na s ngoi lc. Chia mtn ngci theo ch, min trong
lheo s.
Dt ngci lc v phn lc theo ct dc bn phi . mi
mtn l mt dim.
Ln lt tch lng nt theo chiu kim ng h : ht u
bng phn lc tri, giao dim ca thanh cnh thng v Ihanh
cnh h gp nhau ti I, ly chiu ca ngoi lc xc nh du
ca ni lc : li mi nl nu chiu ni lc Irong thanh di vo
nt l thanh chu nn: ngc li nu chiu ni lc t nt i ra
l thanh chu ko. T ui v ko ln lt i ln inh ko (nh
rng mi n! chi c hai n s), khi thanh cui cng trng nhau
l kt qu ng. Chiu i trn s lc chnh l tr s ni
lc trong thanh.
7
D i y l m u th c ch o vi k o p h t h n g v vl k o
Polonêau
V ko ph /hng
n = 31 ip = 0.6
V k Poongciui
a = 31 tgor = 0.6
12
11
4
rI
Thanh ko v cc thanh vung lc ko chu nn.
Cc thanh cn li chu ko.
m . 5 . T N H V K O G
VI ko c Ih lp nii. lp lihr hoic lp ln.
Nu lp nti chn (lc
31"
lua =
0,6
Nu lp fibr chn nt' 21"
tpo =
0.4
Nu lp tn chn I!c l ! n
Igrt = 0,2.
Tn dni! cc hng lnh sn v v kct ph Ihng.

Su tly l ml th d tnh v ko ph thng cho nh (V
rnu 6m. bc ko 3.60m lp nii, (rn vi ram
m.5.1. XC NH CC . c P| V 1*2
Vi nhp chn v ko 4 khoang.
e = 1,5/ v C| = 1.5 : O.X57 = 1.75/

P| = X3
1,75
3,6 = 52M}'
p 2 = 9(1 * 1,50 X 3,6 = 4<X6^
III.5.2. TNH N LC CC THANH
Trii h s hi vo bnc sau :

Thanh
o,
Os
V,
V2
V1
V2
H s
-2,915
-1.944
2.500
2.500
-0,972
0+1
1+2
1009
1009
1009
1009
1009
486
523 + 486
-2941
-1962
2523
2523
-981
486
1495
nhn
N
II 1.5.3. XC t)NH TIT MN CC THANH

Di vi cc thanh chu ko :
N < m . R; . F
N
lnh ra
F = --------= -----------=
m.Rk
Thanli
V|
0,8.95
76
2523
v V /1F = = 33cm chn
8 X 10
76
Thanh
Vi
F=
1495
= 2Ocni chn
8x8
76
_
Thanh
V|
F=
4X6
= 6,icnt' chn 2 x 4 x 8
16
f) i
vi cc thanh chu nn
N < m . <p . R n . F
77
Chiu -tnh lon la = 0.8 X t] = 140 cm
/
b = S7J, - = 17,5 tra ra f
N
tnh ra
= 0,7
F = --------------= O.X.O.7.115
64,4
Thanh 0 | v 0/7
F =
^41
= 46cm2 (chn 8 x 8 )
64.4
Thanh D
F =
64.4
: I5,3c!2 (chn 8 x 8 )
III.5.4. TNH HUI.NG LIN KT

Bulng chiln ko :
p
= N 'g73'1 - )
m.,Rt )
chn thp CT3 vi
rn.,RCp
= 1300
2941 . tg42
Fa = - - -
= 2,04 cm~
I3H)
Chn bulnc 016
B u l n j; c.hnj> lm ig :
1445
2 * maR0p
1 X 1300
Chon hulnt! <p 10

111.5.5
C ll TAO CHI TIT

C hn ko
= 0.575cm
Bnu tra Lct v lck ty Iheo krc Q|

hck (cm)
l c(cm )
B
rng b
20
25
30
25
35
1710
2140
2570
1156
1446
1736
2020
2310
2285
2860
3430
1540
1930
2310
2700
3080
10
2860
3570
4290
1930
2410
2900
3380
3860
12
3430
4290
5150
2320
2900
3480
4050
4640
14
4000
5000
6000
2700
3280
4050
4730
5400
lii ko
Ha> thanh ko chip mnti na JI li A.

Bulnt! A chu lc ko ca rhanh V 2
Phn chia lc B = 0.5A = 2C.
78
BN<; II 1.1. v K O P H T H N G
>11!CI =
2h
c o tg 2a
sin
79
CNG THC CHUNG CHO v KO GC' a
a = 2I"48; tg = 0.4 : coti = 2.5
Thanh
o,
O .s /+ c o tg ^ 1.5/ 1 +ctg2T
0*
V +cotg*ff
03
o
u,
u2
2.5\A+ctg2'f
3.5\^ + cog^t
2.0\^ +cotg3
3.0^1 +xotg^<
1.5/ 1 +cotg7"
0.5 cotg
1 ,5 cotg tt
1.5 cotg u
2.5 cotg
2,5 cotg II
2.0 cotg n
3,5 cotg -<

3.5 cotg "
3,0 cotg 't
2.5 ootg >t
0.5N/TTcig^
0.5V 1 +cotg^/
O.sVT+cotg^
u3
u,
D,
02
0.5\/4 + cotgzr/
0,
V,
v2
V,
v4
2.5 VT^ctg^TT
2 .0 ^ + colg2ir
O.SV^ + cotg^
0,5V9 + cotg^r
0.0(1.0)
0.0 {1.1 p1.0 (2,0)
0.0 (1.0)
0.5 ((1.5)
0.0 (1,0)
2.0 (3.01
1.0 (2.0)
3,0 (4,0)
0.5 (1.5)
<r = 2 !4 8 Igrt = 0,4 coincr = 2.5
Thanh
,< \
o,
1.346
4.039
2,693
3
o
u,
u2
6.731
5.385
4,039
4,039
1 250
3,750
3.750
6.250
6,250
8.750
8750
7.500
6.250
1,346
1.346
1,601
1.346
1.601
1.953
0,0(1,0)
1.0(2.0)
0.0(1.0)
0.5(1.5)
2.0(3.0)
0,0 (1 .0)
'J3
u4
D,
d2
d3
V,
v2
v3
V4
9.424
8.078
6.731
0.0(1,0)
0.5 (1,5)
1.0 (2.0)
3.0 (4,0)
80
a = 31 tua = 0,6 colj! = 1.667
Thanh
^TN
0,
02
0,972
2,915
1,944
4,859
3,e87
2,915
6,803
5,831
4.859
3,887
0,833
2,500
2,500
4,167
4,167
3,333
5.833
5,833
5.000
4,167
0,972
0.972
1.302
0.972
1,302
1 716
0.0 (1,0)
1.0 (2,0)
0.0 (1,0)
0.5 (1,5)
2,0 (3.0)
04
u,
u 2
u3
u
D,
d2
d3
V,
v2
v3
v4
0,0 (1,0)
0,0
5.5
1.0
3,0
(1,0)
(1,5)
(2.0)
(4,0)
a = ll3l' :
tg = 0,2 ; cotga = 5
Thanh
/D x
^ f\D > v
o,
o,
2,550
7.649
5.099
Q>
12.748
10.198
7.649
10,198
0,
u,
u2
2,500
7.500
7.500
12.500
12,500
10.000
17,500
17.500
15.000
12.500
2,550
2,550
2,693
2.550
2,693
2,915
0,0 (1,0)
1.0 (2,0)
0,0 (1,0)
0,5 (1.5)
2.0 (3,0)
u3
u<
D,
D
d3
V,
v2
v3
v4
17.847
15,297
12,748
0,0 (1.0)
0.0
0,5
1.0
3,0
(1.0)
(1,5)
(2.0)
(4.0)
81
* Cc thanh V : h s inrc nhn vi P : h s sau trong

ngoc nhn vi P2 (ti irn).
* Cc Ihanh khc nhn h
vi P| + P2 (ti mi cng
(i (rn).
BNG II 1.2. Bn ko ph thng

L
co tg a =
------- = V 1 + c o t g a
2h
sina
u = 2 l 4X' : (UC = 0,4 : ciuor = 2.5
CNG TH C CHUNG C HO BN KO GC rt
Thanh
Thanh
o,
0,5vr1 H-cotg7
u,
u2
0,5 cotg rt
0,5 cotg
0 5 v + cotg
0.0
-0.5 (0.0)
1. 0 )
0.0
2.693
u,
1.250
1.0 cotg<
0,75 cotg II
1.50 cotg (I
1.250
1 . 2 5 ^ +"cg7
l.o o v r+ c g 5
1.25 cotg II
0,5^1 +c3tgT'T
0,5v^ + cotg^
0.5 V -1-cotgV
0.5/4 + cotg^
0.0
( 1. 0 )
0,0
0,0
u3
U4
D1
D2
2,500
2500
3.750
1 875
3.125
( 1. 0 )
0.5 (1.5)
0.5 (1.5)
v2
-0.5 (0,0)
1.0
v3
v
(2 . 0 )
-0.5 (0.0)
82
3.750
2.500
1.346
1,346
1.346
1 601
1,601
1,953
D3
O.sVg + ctg5^
V,
4,039
3.366
1.50 cotg ('
d3
v2
2.019
1 .0 co tg '
1.50^+cotgT
1,00 cotg <1
D,
D2
2.693
0.0
0,75^ ^cotg^r
0
Qa
O4
1.346
o,
2
03
04
1,0\^ + cov/
0.0 ( 1 .0 )
0.0(1,0)
0,0 ( 1.0 )
-0.5 (0.0)
0.5 (1^5)
0.5 (1.5)
-0.5 (0,0)
1.0
(2 .0)
-0.5 (0.0)
cC = 31 . -tua = C1 : C0li! = 1.667
Thanh
o,
?
o3
Thanh
/ < f x ]
^ < T n I
<
f \
1.944
2.951
0,
2,550
5.099
7.649
0.0
1 458
2,430
0.0
3.824
6,374
0.0
1.944
O3
0.0
5,099
0.0
0,0
0.833
1.667
2.500
u,
2.5
5,00
0,833
1.667
2.500
u?
2.5
5.00
7.5
2,083
1.667
u3
u*
3.75
6,25
0,972
1.302
0,
u3
u4
1.250
D,
Dj
Do
0.972
V,
v2
v3
v4
0.0 (1,0|
0.0 (1.0)
0.0(1.0)
-0,5(0.0)
0.5 (1.5)
-0,5 (0.0)
0,5(1.5)
0.972
1.302
1.0 (2.0)
V,
V?
v3
-0.5 (0.0)
V,
7.5
5,00
2.550
2.550
2.693
2,693
2,915
0.0 (1.0)
0,0 (1.0)
0.0 (1.0)
-0,5(0.0)
0.5 (1.5)
0.5 (1.5)
2.550
D?
d3
1.716
/ <
0.972
0,
u,
u?
= 1131' : ta = 0,2 : cota = 5.0
-0.5 (0,0)
1.0 (2.0)
-0,5 (0.0)
Cc Ihanh V : h s) Irc nhn vi pI; h s sau tronc ngoc nhn vi P-> (li trng trn) du - l thanh V cui c
nn do ti (rnu mi.
+ Cc thanh khc nhn h s vi P| + P-. (ti ng mi crm li trn! trn).
83
BNG II 1.3. Bn kn gc
Bn
ph thng,
ko gc l hnko gip mi
(Vhi ghp
to mi btvn,khng c tnu
vi
vo v ko
rui mi.
Dm bo d cao h nn L|, = yf L v do :
Vi mi chnh :
tga =
0,6
tga =
0,4
tga =
0,2
Vi bn ko gc :
Iga = 0,6
' = 0.424
tga = 0,4 : s = 0.283

tgrt = 0,2 : ' /
= 0.141
84
CNG TH C CHUNG CHO BN KO C.C a
a = 1548 lhp vo mi chnh 2148. cotg = 3 3 3 6
a = 15"48' ghp vo mi chnh 214S\ cotg = 3.536
Thanh
Thaih
0.5 v^T+cotg^
o'
u
0,5 cotg r<

0.5 cotg a
1,5 / + cotg*
o,
1.837
1.25 VT+cg3^
0,0
1,0 V 1 + cotgZH
Oe
03
04
1.5 cotg rt
1.5 cotg ti
1.25 cotg
1.0 cotg
u,
u2
u3
U4
1.768
1 768
3.536
3.536
2 562
5.303
5.303
4 419
3536
0,5 / + cotg^
0,5 v^ + cotg^
D,
1.837
0,5 v/4+ cotg^
0,5 '/ + c r
1,837
2031
1.837
2,031
2318
1.0 cotg
1.0 cotg It
0,75 cotg
II
D
0.5 "f\ +cotg^
3.674
2756
1.0 / + cotg^T
0,75 v/T^-cotg7^
D.
0,0
0,0
0,5 V + c o
0.0 ( 1. 0)
-0.5 (0.0)
5,511
4.593
3,674
0.0 ( 1.0 )
0.0 (1,0)
V,
0,0 ( 1,0)
0.0 ((1.0)
0.0 (1,0)
0.5 (1,5)
-0,5 (0.0)
0.5 (1,5)
vz
v3
v4
-0.5
0,5 (1,5)
-0.5 (0,0)
0 5 (15)
1.0 (2 .0 )
-0.5* (0,0)
1.0 ( 2 . 0 )
-0.5 (0.0)
85
a = x"()3' lhp vo mi ch nh l l " 3 r . co te = 7.071
ot = 22n5S n vo mi ch n h 31. cote = 2.357
Thanh
o,
Thanh
1.280
0,0
2.560
1.920
0.0
3.840
3.200
2.560
0.0
o.
u,
u2
u3
u
1.179
1.179
D,
1.280
D2
V,
2.357
2.357
t .768
3.536
3.536
2.946
2.357
1.280
1.546
1.280
1.546
1.908
0.0 ( 1.0)
0.0
-0.5 (0.0)
0.5 (1 5)
-0.5 (0.0)
( 1 .0 )
0.0
3,571
7. 141
0.0
5.356
02
03
o,
0.0
0.0
3.536
3.536
7.071
7.071
5.303
10.607
10.607
8.839
7.701
3,571
3.571
3,674
3.571
3.674
3,841
u3
u
0,
D?
D,
( 1 .0 )
V,
0.5 (1.5)
v2
10.712
8.927
7.141
( 1 .0 )
0,0 (1,0)
0.0
-0.5 (0.0)
0 5 (15)
-0,5 (0.0)
0.5 (1.5)
0,0
1.0 (2 .0 )
1.0
(1.0 )
(2 .0 )
-0,5 (0,0)
-0.5* (0.0)
* Cc. thanh V : h so irc nhn vi P|. h s sau ironi nuoc nhn vi P2 (.li irng trn) du - l thanh V cui cng
bi li ti.mi: mi nn irc lip.
* Cc thanh khc nhn h s vi P] + P2 (ti trnt mi cng ti trng trn).
86
BNG
111.4. K o P o lo n ^ e a n
Bng h sc lnh ko 4 khianc

tg ct = 0,2
Thanh
0,
.
u,
u2
u
V,
ct =
l, = 0,00
-7.653
-7.448
7.500
2.495
5.000
-0.980
tg u - 0,4
a. - 21,80
= 6,91
-5.795
-5.418
5.415
2.589
3.063
-0.928
I g a - 0,6
t. = 30,96
a = 9,21
-4,000
-3.481
3.472
1.611
2.000
-0.057
87
Bng h s lnh ko
tg a " 0,2
Thanh
<1 = 11,31
0,00
klioarr':
tg et = 0,4
a = 21,80
t g = 0.6
- 30 96
a , 6,91
, = 9.21
o.
0,
17.857
-17.640
-16.660
-16.464
-13.521
-13 150
-12 779
-11.851
-8.817
- 8 .303
U1
U2
17.500
15.000
12.636
11.070
6,949
U3
U4
4.989
7.292
5.035
6.839
3.283
4.391
V1
V2
V3
-0.980
-1.960
-0.980
-0.928
-1.856
-0 928
-0,857
-1.714
-0.857
Di
D2
2.495
2.495
1.804
1.804
1.153
1.153
10.016
6.048
4.020
0,
-9.331
_7 44C,
8,i0 2
III.6. TNH V KO THP

D i dy l ml Ihi d lnh ko thp kiu Polonau khu
12m. bc ko 6/I.
III.6.1. XC NH NGOI L c P|
Chn ko 8 khoang c Iga = 0,4.

c = 1,5/:
cI = 1,5 : 0,929 = 1.6l5m .
Tnh vi mi tn :
p I = 30 X 1,615 X 6 = 290 k.
Il.6.2. TNH NI LC CC THANH

Thanh
H s
Thanh
H s
o,
Oj
)
o4
-13,521
-13.150
-12,779
-11.851
-3921
-3814
-3706
-3437
u,
u2
u3
u<
12,636
11,070
5,035
6.839
3665
3210
1460
1983
V,
V*
v3
-0.928
-1,856
-0,928
-269
-538
-269
D,
d2
u
1,804
1.804
6.048
523
523
1754
1II.6.3. XC NH TIT DIN CC THANH

i vi cc thanh chu ko :
_____ N _________ N_________

mn m.,R;i
0.8
2100
N_
1680
cc Ihanh u, F = 2,18 cm~ chn 2 JL50
F = 9.6
cc thanh D, F = 0.32 cnr chn 1 L50
F = 4.8 cm2
Di vi cc thanh chu nn :
P-nvR*
v c bn mt chiu di ^c ihanh chunn gim i cn
/n = 0,8
(),? nin
1,615 = 13( km
Vn chn 2L 50
50
5 c rmin = 1,53
= 130 : 1.53 = 85 Ira ra f = 0,7.

N
3921
....,
= = 5X3 < 1680 kg/cm

<pF 0,7.9,ft
Kim li =
III.6.4. TNH B DI DNG HN

B dy bn mt ly bng 5mm.
Hn y 45 nn be rng ng hn l 5m m
Trong tnh (on ly mt na b rng trn cng

hn Rh = 0,8 X 1400 = 1120 kg/cnr
N
N
Hn hai bn Ljh = --------------= ------0,5 X 1120
560
88
( nni
ii dna hn cho trni thanh nh sau
BNG III.5. Thp gc tiu cnh TOCT 10014 - 39
/
A
2,5
mm
1 12
1,46
1,78
2.18
Tit
din
Trc
20
25
30
Dc im
c dlm
Trc
Trc y 0y0
XX
X 0X 0
Trng
tm
F (cm!)
Tr.lng
(Kg/m)
0,89
115
c im
Kfch thc
y/7S 1-
Zo (cm
I,
<cm)
'mln
^min
(cm4)
(cm4)
(cm)
(cm4)
(cm )
1.13
1.46
0,40
0.49
0,60
0,58
0,63
0.78
0,75
0.7
0.17
0,21
0.39
0,38
0,60
0,64
1,43
0,80
0.75
0,74
1,28
1,63
0,95
0,94
0,32
0,41
0.47
047
0,73
0,77
1,82
0,90
0.89
2.90
3.47
1,13
0,75
0,93
0,58
0,58
0,88
0.93
1,86
1 02
2,27
2,78
2,20
'max
1.12
(Tip theo b n g II 1.5)
3.5
Tr. lng
(Kg/m)
2.10
2.57
2.97
35
40
3.52
2.7 3
4.5
3,37
45
3,99
3.77
4,47
50
4.57
5,42
60
7.09
7.5
c im
in
Trc XX
c im
Trc Xo*o
c dlm
Trc y0y0
Trong
tm
Zo
(CfTI)
(cm J)
*mn
(c m)
4,47
t 34
1.27
0,69
1,01
5.71
1.32
1.51
0 68
1.05
1.22
7,26
1.53
1.93
0.79
1,13
1.21
8.75
1.52
2.34
0,78
1,17
1.20
10.08
1.50
2.7 0
0.78
1.21
6,6 0
1.38
10.5
1.74
2.6 8
0.88
1.26
8.0 0
1.37
12.7
1,72
3.26
0,87
1.30
9.29
1.35
14.3
1.71
3.78
0.86
1.34
4.80
11.2
1.53
17.8
1.92
4,61
0.98
1.42
5.69
13.1
1.52
20.7
1.91
5.39
0,97
1,46
1,
(cm J)
i,
(cm)
(c m J)
3.02
3,61
1.06
3.28
1.05
3.08
4,60
3.79
4.48
5 54
6 41
3.48
4.29
5.08
5
6
(cm ?)
2.67
^min
^max
(c m)
5.82
19.9
1.85
31.4
2.32
8.29
1.19
1.66
6.91
23.3
1.84
36.8
2.31
9,76
1,70
9.03
29,6
1 81
46,8
2.28
12.4
1,19
1.17
1.82
1.78
7.55
29.8
1,98
47.2
2.50
12.3
1.28
9.87
1.96
1.94
2.48
1.90
72.0
2.44
15.8
18.8
1.27
12.1
38.1
45.4
60,3
J.51
8
10
1.25
1.98
6,89
8.73
46.7
2.31
73.3
2 89
20.1
1,51
9,03
8
10
11.5
14.1
60.1
2.28
94.6
2.87
25,3
1,48
.O
2 14
72,2
2.26
114
2.84
3 0 .3
1.47
2.22
12
16.7
83,3
2.24
132
2.81
34 .9
1.45
2.30
5,93
6,5
Tit
(mm)
F
b
2.42
4
Kch th ir c
7 75
11.1
13.1
65
75
90
(T ip th eo b n g I II .5)
Tr.lung
Kch th c
Tit
c dlm
Oc im
c im
Trn g
(mra)
din
Trc XX
Xo
Trc X
AoA
Trc y 0y 0
tm
(Cfnj )
'x
(c m)
9.38
57.0
12,3
73.3
10
15.1
1 1.0
13,5
10
(c m 4)
(cm )
2,47
90
3.11
23.5
1.58
2.19
2.44
116
3.07
30.3
1.57
88 4
2.42
140
3.05
36.5
1.56
221
2.35
14,0
106
2.7G
168
3.46
43.6
1.77
2 51
17.2
128
2.74
204
3.44
53.1
1.76
2 59
12
20,4
149
2.71
237
3.41
61 .7
1.75
2 67
14
23.4
169
2.69
267
3.28
71.9
1.75
2.74
12.3
15.6
147
3.07
233
3.87
61.0
1.98
2.75
15.1
10
19.2
179
3.05
284
3.85
74.9
1.97
2 83
12
22.8
203
3.03
331
3.81
87.6
1.96
2.91
20,6
14
26,3
237
3,01
375
3.78
99.1
1.95
2 99
23.3
16
29,7
265
2.99
416
3,75
113
1.95
3.06
18.3
10
23.3
503
4.64
130
2.36
3.33
12
14
27.6
31.9
316
371
3.68
21.7
25.1
3.66
590
4.62
153
2.35
3 41
423
3.64
671
4.59
174
2.34
3.49
16
18
36.1
40,3
474
3.62
749
4.56
199
2.34
3.56
520
3,60
822
4.54
219
2.33
3,64
'.0
>2
25.3
406
4.01
646
5.05
166
2.56
3.58
30.0
477
3.99
759
5.03
196
2.55
3.66
14
34.7
545
3.96
866
5,00
223
2.54
3.74
39.3
608
3,93
967
4,96
249
2.52
3.82
(Kg/m )
7.36
9 66
80
11.9
16.0
90
18.4
10
12
17.9
100
120
28,4
31,6
19,8
13
23.6
27,3
30,9
130
(cm2)
6
8
91
^mn
Zo
^mln
c m J)
cm)
cm)
(T ip th eo b n g 111.5)
Tr.hrng
iKg/m)
Kch th c
nt
c dim
(mm)
din
Trc XX
c im
Trc X0X0
c im
Trng
Tc y0y0
tm
Zo
1,
(cm4)
I,
(em)
Imax
(cm 4)
tmax
(cm)
^mln
(cm4)
^mln
(cm)
(cm)
34,9
40,4
745
4,62
305
2.99
4,15
4.60
5,80
356
2,97
4,22
16
45,8
961
4.58
18
20
51,1
56.4
1060
1154
4,56
4.52
1186
1358
1522
1679
1830
5.83
857
5,77
5 73
5,70
399
440
478
2.95
2.94
2.91
4,30
4.38
4,46
(cm 2)
12
14
27,4
31,7
36,0
40.1
44.3
150
18
38,3
43,5
48,6
180
14
16
18
48,8
55,4
61,9
1515
1704
1885
5,57
5,55
5.52
2405
2705
2994
7,03
7,00
6.94
625
703
775
3.58
3.56
3.54
4,97
5,05
5.13
20
48.7
54,4
60,1
71,3
88.3
200
16
18
20
24
30
62,0
69,3
76,5
90.8
111,5
2355
2619
2868
3349
3999
6.17
6.15
6,13
6.07
5,96
3755
4165
4560
5313
6373
7,79
7,77
7.74
7.66
7,49
954
1074
1175
1384
1685
3.93
3,93
3.92
3,90
3,87
5,55
5,62
5.70
5 85
6,03
22
53,7
66,4
78,8
91,6
220
16
20
24
28
67.4
84,5
100.4
115,9
3168
3859
4514
5135
6,80
6.75
6.71
6.66
5046
6120
7148
8130
8,59
8,51
8,44
8.37
1307
1592
1870
2141
4.37
4,34
4,32
4.30
6,04
6.20
6,35
6,50
23
82,6
230
24
105,3
5207
7,03
8266
8,86
2144
4.51
6(59
15
92
BNG III.6 TH P GC KHNG U CNH TOCT 10015-39

vl
(
y.
Ao
Tit
din
(em2)
ly ^ b 1
Kch thc (m m)
Trng
lng
(Kg/rr)
dlm
Trc x.x
thut
Trc y.y
Gc
lch
tg n
Trc u.u
1,
(cm 4)
I,
(cm)
ly4
(cm 4)
'y
(cm)
^min
(cm 4)
^mln
(crn)
1,12
1,46
1,27
1,01
0,94
0,93
0,45
0,56
0,56
0,55
0,26
0.34
0,43
0,43
0,430
0,422
2,06
2,52
1,62
1,68
2.48
2,98
1.10
1,00
0,53
0,70
0,53
0,53
0,37
0,45
0,42
0,42
0,320
0,310
4
6
2,88
4.18
2,26
3,28
5,81
8,15
1,42
1,40
2,06
2,85
0,84
0,83
1.21
1,69
0,65
064
0,432
0,423
40
5
6
8
4,83
5.72
7,44
3,79
4,49
5,84
17,4
20,3
25,8
1,90
1,88
1,86
6,19
7,20
8,04
1.13
1.12
1.10
3,62
4.20
5,39
0,87
0,86
0,85
0.432
0,420
0,420
6,11
7,25
9,47
11.6
4,80
5,69
7,43
9,11
34,9
41,0
524
63,0
2,39
2,37
2,35
2.33
12,5
14,6
18,6
22,1
1,43
1,42
1,40
T,38
7,24
8,48
10,9
13,2
1,09
1,08
1 07
1,07
0,435
0,434
0,428
0,423
7,85
10,3
12,6
6,16
8,06
9,90
50,6
64,9
78,2
2,54
2,51
2,49
19.6
24,9
29,8
1,58
1,56
1,54
11.1
14,3
17,4
1.19
0,462
0,458
3/2
3/2
30
30
20
20
3
4
1.43
1,86
3.5/2
3.5/2
35
35
20
20
4
5
4.5/3
45
30
6/4
60
7,5/5
50
5
6
8
10
8/5,5
80
55
6
8
10
9.3
1,19 .
1.18
0 425
(T ip theo bng 111.6'

c
Kch th c
s
B
9/6
10/7.5
12/8
90
100
120
200
Tit
Trn g
din
l ng
(c m ?)
(K g/m )
Trc x.x
Trc y-y
G:
Trc u.u
lci
1
(c m 4)
i*
(c m)
,y
'y
(cm )
^mn
( c m J)
^min
(cm )
fg<
(cm )
6.90
9 08
11.10
72.4
93^2
113
2.87
2.85
2,82
26,0
33.2
39,8
1,72
170
1,68
14.7
19 3
23,5
1.30
1.29
1.29
0.4:7
0.4 3
75
8
10
12
13.5
16.7
19.7
10 6
13.1
15,5
135
163
190
3,16
3,13
3,11
65.0
78.5
91.1
2.19
2.17
2,15
35.4
42.6
49,8
1.62
1.60
1,59
0.5^8
0.5'5
0 .5 0
80
8
10
12
15,6
19.2
22.8
12.2
15.1
17,9
229
279
326
3.83
3,81
3,79
82,3
99.6
116
2,30
2.27
2,25
47.6
57.7
66,6
1.75
1.73
1,71
0 .4 3
0.4 6
0,43?
8
10
12
14
17.2
21.3
25.2
29,1
13.5
16.7
19.8
22,8
297
362
424
4,15
4,12
4.10
2,62
0.471
0 .4 0
4,08
2,55
66 5
31.4
94,8
109
1,97
1,95
1.94
484
118
143
167
189
1,92
0,4(4
10
12
14
16
24,3
19.1
557
4.78
115
22 6
26.2
655
749
8 39
4.76
4,73
201
235
267
2.87
28,8
33,3
37,7
2,85
2,83
137
156
2,18
2,18
2,16
0.43)
C.43)
0.43
4,71
297
2,81
175
12
14
16
34,9
40,4
45,8
27.4
31.7
35,9
1156
5,75
5,73
5,71
417
476
532
3.46
3.44
3.41
240
279
309
12
14
16
37,3
43,2
49,0
29,2
33,9
38,4
12
41.0
16
16
20
53,9
60,3
66,5
18/12
20/15
thut
8.78
11.5
14.1
15/10
200
6
8
10
60
13/9
20 /12
im
m.m)
120
150
29.6
1326
1-190
1546
2.59
2,57
2,15
2.62
2.62
2.60
0A'c9
0,467
0,43)
0.44)
0,43!
0,435
428
489
547
3,39
259
2,64
3,36
3,34
295
331
2.61
2,60
0,36!
0,36)
0,361
1937
6,45
e,42
6,38
32.2
1666
6,37
810
4,44
436
3.26
0.55?
42,3
47.3
52,2
2155
2388
6,32
6,30
6,27
1043
1153
4 40
4,36
4,35
562
623
683
3,23
3.21
3.21
0,54!
0.54
0,54!
1776
26 14
94
1258
95
(T ip th eo b n g 1117)
.......
Kch thc
mm)
Tit
c im
din
Trc XX
Dc im
Trc yy
p
s
Tr.lng
(Kg/m)
33a
33b
33c
53,4
58.6
63.8
330
330
330
130
132
134
36a
59,9
360
136
36b
36c
65,2
71.1
360
360
138
140
400
400
4 Oa
67,3
40b
40c
73,8
80,1
45a
45b
80.4
(em2)
1*
(cm4)
w
(c m 3)
I,
(cm)
Iy4
(cm )
w 3
(cni
9,5
11.5
13,5
68,1
74.7
11900
12500
13100
721
757
13.2
12,9
460
484
70.7
73,4
794
12,7
510
76,1
10,0
12,0
14,0
76,3
83,5
90.7
15760
17310
875
919
962
14,4
14.1
13,8
552
582
612
81,2
84,3
87.4
81,3
16530
'y
cm
2.6C
2.5
2,5
2.6$
2,6'
2,6C
142
10,5
86,1
21720
1090
15,9
660
93.2
2,7'
12,5
94.1
15.6
692
96,2
14,5
102
22780
23850
1140
400
144
146
1190
15,2
727
99,6
2,72.6
450
450
150
152
11.5
13,5
102
111
1430
87,4
45c
94,5
450
154
15,5
120
50a
93.6
101
500
158
50b
500
160
12
14
119
129
50c
109
500
162
16
139
55a
55 b
105
114
550
166
12,5
550
168
14.5
55c
123
550
170
16,5
60a
118
600
176
60b
128
600
178
60c
137
600
180
32240
33760
35280
17.7
17.4
855
894
114
2.8S
1500
1570
118
2.7i
17.1
938
122
2,7?
1860
3.07
46470
48560
50640
19,7
1120
142
1940
19,4
1170
146
3.0'
2030
19.0
1220
151
2,9f
134
S2B70
2290
21.6
1370
164
145
65640
2390
21.2
1420
170
3.1
3.1^
- 156
S8410
2490
20,9
1480
175
3,0
13
151
'3860
1700
193
3,3(
163
7.160
2800
2920
23,5
15
23.2
1770
3,3C
17
175
3OO
3040
22,8
1840
199
205
96
3,2^
1 |Y
BNG III.8.T H P UrOCT
10017 - 39
p
Kch thc
777^
Tit
(m.m)
4*1
Oc im
theo tryc yy
Trng
tm
din
F
Trng
s
c im
theo trc XX
lng
(c m 2)
(Kg/m)
'x
(cm4)
Zo
(em)
(cm3)
1*
(cm)
(em )
(cm 3)
(cm )
10.4
17.0
1,94
2,54
8,3
3,55
1.10
1,35
12,0
4,59
1,19
1,38
3,15
3,95
4,75
16,6
25,6
37,4
5.79
7,80
10.17
1.27
1,41
1,56
1,43
1,52
1,62
wx
ly 4
'y
5,44
6.70
50
65
37
26,0
40
4,5
4,8
6,93
6.5
8,54
55,2
8
10
12
8,04
10,00
12.06
80
100
120
43
48
53
4.0
5,3
5,5
10,24
12,74
198,3
15,36
346,3
25,3
39,7
57,7
14a
14b
14.53
16,73
140
140
58
60
6.0
8,0
18,51
21,31
563,7
609,4
80.5
87,1
5,52
5,35
53,2
61,1
13,01
14,12
1,70
1,69
1,71
1,67
16a
16b
17,28
19.74
160
160
63
65
6.5
8.5
21.95
25,15
866,2
934,5
108.3
116,8
6,28
6,10
73,3
83,4
16,30
17 55
1,83
1,82
1.80
1,75
18a
18b
20.17
180
180
68
70
7.0
1272,7
1369,9
141,4
152,2
7.04
6,84
98,6
111,0
20,03
21.52
1.88
9.0
25,69
29.29
1,96
22.99
1,95
1.84
1780,4
1913,7
178,0
7,86
128,0
24,20
7,64
143,6
25,88
2,11
2,09
2,01
191,4
2393,9
2571,4
217,6
8,67
157.8
28,17
2,23
2,10
233,8
8,42
176,4
30,05
2.21
2.03
20a
22.63
200
73
7.0
28.83
20 b
25,77
200
75
9,0
32,83
22a
24,99
220
77
7.0
31,84
22b
28 45
220
79
9.0
36.24
101,3
97
1.95
(Tip theo bng m.8)

Kch thc
s
Trng
lng
(Kg/m)
m.m)
h
Tit
din
(cm2)
1,
c im
Oc im
Trong
th e o tr c XX
theo trc yy
lm
wy
Zo
(cm)
cm")
wx
(cm3)
I,
(cm)
(cm4)
( cm)
'y
(cm)
3052.3
254,3
9,45
9.17
173.8
194,1
30.47
2,25
2.10
273,5
292,7
2,23
2.03
8.96
213,4
32.51
34.42
2.21
2.00
24a
26,55
240
78
7.0
24b
24c
30,62
34.39
240
240
80
82
9.0
34.21
39,00
11.0
43.81
3282.6
3513,4
27a
30.83
270
82
7.5
39 27
1362.0
323,1
10.54
215.6
35,52
2,34
27b
270
270
84
9.5
44,67
4690 1
347,4
10.25
2,31
2,13
2.06
86
11.5
50.07
5018.1
371,7
10.10
239.2
264.4
37,7?
27c
35.07
39.30
39.79
2,28
2,03
2,17
30a
34.45
300
85
7.5
43.89
11.72
259,5
41,10
2,43
39,16
300
87
9.5
49.59
6047.9
6497,9
403,2
30b
433.2
280,2
44,03
2.41
2,13
30c
43.81
300
89
11,5
55 89
6947.9
463,2
11.41
11,15
315,8
46.38
2.38
2,09
33a
38,70
330
88
8,0
49.50
8076,8
489,5
12,80
307,5
46,65
2,50
2,21
33 b
33c
43,88
330
90
10,0
55.90
525.8
12,46
338.4
49,32
2,46
2.14
49,06
330
92
12,0
62,50
8675.7
9274,7
562,1
12,18
367,9
51,81
2.43
2,10
36a
47.80
360
96
9.0
60,89
11874.2
659,7
13,97
455,0
63,54
2,73
2,44
36b
53.45
360
98
68.09
12651,8
702,9
13,63
496,7
66.85
59.10
360
100
75,29
13429,4
746.1
13.36
536,4
70.02
2.7C
2,67
2,37
36c
11.0
13,0
40a
58,91
400
100
10.5
,75.05
17577,9
878,9
15,30
592,0
78,83
2.81
2.49
40b
40c
65,19
71.47
400
102
104
12.5
83,05
18644,5
932,2
14,98
640,0
82,52
2.78
2,44
14,5
91.05
19711,2
985,6
14.71
687.8
86,19
2.75
2,42
400
98
2,34
BNG
THP NG
........... .
.. ......................
ng knh
quy c
III.9
Dng knh
ngoi D
(Inch)
OCT 3262-55
r o c r 301-50
(mm)
(m m)
1/2
3/4
15
21.25
20
26,75
10
1.1/4
25
32
33,50
1.1/2
40
48.00
2.0
50
60.00
2.1/2
3.0
70
75.50
80
88,50
40
100
114.00
50
125
140,00
6.0
150
165.00
42.25
8.0
200
10 0
250
219.00
273.00
12.0
300
325.00
99
ng thng dng
ng tng cng
Chiu dy
I Trng lng
Chiu dy
Trng lng
d (mm)
(kglm)
(mm )
2,75
1.25
3,25
1.44
2.75
1,63
3 50
2,01
3,25
2.42
4,00
2.91
3.25
3.13
4 00
3,77
3,50
3.48
4.25
4,58
3.50
4.50
6,16
3,75
4.88
6.64
4.50
7.88
4.00
8.34
4.75
4,00
10,85
5.00
9,81
13,44
4,50
15,04
5.50
18,24
4.50
17.81
5.50
21.63
6.00
7.00
31,52
45.92
8,00
62.54
Kg/m)
Bng III. 10
THP RAY
P38
P43
P50
P65
-pTOCT
TOCT
TOCT
TOCT
Moment
qun.tlnh (cm 4)
Kch thc (mm)
C
ray
<C*J2)
Trng
lng
Kgm)
49,06
57,00
65,80
38,42
44,65
51.51
82,90
64,93
Tit
din
Trc XX
Trc yy
135
140
152
180
114
114
132
150
13,0
14,5
15,5
18,0
68
70
70
75
1232
1489
2037
3573
209,3
260,0
377,0
572,0
3542-47
7173-54
7147-54
8161-56
Bng III.ll
P8
P11
P15
P18
P24
Moment
qun tnh c m 4)
K(ch thc (mm)
C
ray
Trc XX
Trc yy
65,0
80,5
91,5
90,0
107,0
54
66
76
80
92
7,0
7,0
7,0
10,0
10,5
25
32
37
40
51
59,3
125,0
221,6
240,0
468,0
9,62
15,10
31,50
47,10
80,60
roCT 6368-52
100
Tit
din
(cm2)
10,76
14,31
19,16
23,07
30,75
Chiu
dl
thanh
(m)
7
7
7
8
8
Trng
lng
(Kgm)
8,42
11,20
15,00
18,06
24,14
CHNG IV
TNH KT CU SN
IV .l. TNH KT CU BTNG
CNG CT TH P Ra TRNG BTNG
rv . 1.3.
(k g /c m 2)
IV .l.l. CNG TNH TON CA BTNG (kg/cm2)

btng
S hiu
thp
50
75
100
150
200
300
400
500
600
15
19
2
22
27
2,4
33
41
3.2
44
55
4
65
80
5,2
80
100
6,4
130
160
9,5
170
210
11
210
260
12.5
250
310
13,5
"a
Btng nng
40.000
65.000
50.000
75
90.000
60.000
100
120.000
165.000
100.000
200
300
200.000
115.000
400
310.000
500
340 000
600
360.000
150
25 T2C
30 2C
1.700
2.100
2.400
3.400
5.100
Khi s hiu btng l 100

1
50
CT5
c im
Blng nh
35
CT3
rv. 1.4. H S IU KIN LM VIC ma CA CT THP
rv.1.2. MODUL N II Eb CA BTNG (kg/cm2)

S hiu blng
CTO
- Ct thp vut nng CT0 v CT3
0,9
- Ct thp p ngui v vut nng

2
75.000
3
270.000
Btng nng khi t trng y > 1800 kg/m3.

101
Ct thp chu ko v nn trong phi ct, ct
0,65
thp bin dng hoc dy thp ko ngui
Ct thp khi tnh lc ct ngang

Dy thp ko ngui khi tnh lc ct ngang
Cc ct thp khc
II
35
o
00
Rn
Ru
Rk
hiu
Nn
Un
Ko
Trng K
thl hiu
mH = 0,7
1,0
IV. 1.5. H: s IU KIKN LM VIC m CA KT CIJ

c dlm
Mt
c t c h iu
l c h
<
30
30 hoc d < 30crn
tm khi canh hng lch
t m
0.8
<30 cm
1,1
Thanh chiu un ch tao tai xng
Sn lin kt dm : Tm trong v gi trong

1.5
-------r------ T------- 1
Tm
K ...... .
L
bin gi th 2
.* /
'
1.25
1.25
\
<2,0
1.1
Cc tnjng hp khc
1.0
p lc ng nc < 1 atm
1,9
IV.1.6. CNG THC TNH

A. Btng khng ct thp
V..6.I. Chu nn trng tm

N < m^RnF
<p l h s gim din tch theo thanh mnh.
102
Bng
lo
/,
tra 'P t y th e o hay - h

' r
H s tp
'o
'o
Btng nng
< 4
4
6
< 14
1.00
0,98
0,96
0^91
0,86
B
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
Blng nh
1.00
c 98
C.S4
C.88
c 81
c 75
c,69
0.82
0.77
0,72
0,68
0,63
0,59
0,55
70
76
83
90
97
C.63
c 57
C52
c,48
c 43
0 51
0,47
0,44
104
B. Btng ct thp
IV.I.6.2. Ko cho php ni

N < m.maRa.Fn
IV.I.6.3. Ko khng cho php nik :

r
V
N h < mRkFb
t + 2n
v i
Irb
n =
Eb
N 11 l lc ko liu chun, khng c h s qu li; khi p
fx l din tch dai xon b tr trong mi di. Ch : ai
lrc nc < \(U th m = 1,9.
xon phi hn hai u li.
Vi ne dtp nc
n
Fx l din tch ct dc chu xon b tr gia hai cnh

di ca kt cu.
" = lOO.p.r
IV.1.6.5. Nn trng tm :
T nh ra
N < m f[R nFb + maRaFJ
, 1
10()flRK
ip
l h
gim din tch ph thu()c thanh mnh.
Fn -
2nRK
/()
V.l.6.4 Kt cu chiu xon
Bng tn h !a = i/7
Mv
Diu kin tnh xon
+
0,4b
100Mxon
Tnh d.ii
2.m.maRaF
M xonU L
Tnh I d c
Fx =
2mmaRaF|
Mxon
; hay b
r
'inh bng kgcm
F] l cin tch li
F. -
U L l thu vi li
u,
(b - 5) (h - 5)
= 2 [b - 5 + h - 5)
103
Bng tra ip
b
'o : d
>0 r
<p
14
16
12,1
13,9
18
15,6
50
55,4
62,2
69
1,00
0,88
0,80
0,73
20
17,3
19,1
24
20.8
76
0,67
0.62
22
83
26
22.5
90
0.57
28
24,3
97
0,53
30
26.0
104
0,50
IV.1.6.6. Nn trng tm, ct trn, ai xon mt g

Khi ti trng cho php khng ln qu 1,5 ln ct thng
th c dng ai xon rut g. Hiu qu ca ai rut g s tng
2,5 ln v tnh i ai rut g ra ct dc theo
^di/ai
Fi =
a
th
dL l dng knh li ct dL = d - 5
dai l tit in ca thp ai rut g
a l bc ca ai rut g t 3 n 8cm.
Lc nn cho php ca ct trn dai rut g
hoc
N < m$p[RnFL +
+ 2,5mR.F(j5,]
Ch : Thp ai c hiu qu cao nn h trl I
thp c
m nhiu thp ai; v hm lng thp ai hng 2,5
ln thp
hoc
thi
dc v nn chn thp ai t 6 n 16, thng l 010.
H>4
N
IV.1.6.7. Nn lch tm, ml c ch nhl :
Fo'
* Tnh ct thp chu nn Fa

Ne
m
- 0,4Rbh
ma Ra (h o -
a)
ho
* Tnh ct thp chu ko Fa phn ra 3 trng hp
Trng hp I
Khi 0,3ho >
> 0,15 h0 v btng > 150, Fa <
0,2
Fa =
29( bh^
bh
100
Trng hp 2 :
Khi
0,3ho > e0 > 0,15ho
R < 150, Fa > 2%bho
eQ < 0,15ho
btng v Fa bt k
eQ < 0,2ho
btng < 200 thp 25 r c
Fa chn tr s ln trong 2 cng thc sau :
0,2
Fa =
100
bh0
N
2a
3. Nu ---- <
mRubh,,
h0
[h0 - e - a ] - 0,4Rubh
m
F =
ma R a(h0 -
hD - a
th
a )
Ne
Trng hp 3 : Khi /n > 0,3ho th
m a Ra(ho -
0,55Rbh0
m
+ F.
N
m.maRa bhn
IV..6.8. Nn lch lm, ml ct ch nhl, CI thp t xng

Trng hp 2
Trng hp 1 :
> 0,55
mRubh0
Ne
< 0,55
Nu
m R ubh0
m
e -
ma M h o - a)
1 - 0,5
m Rubh^
m.maRa
r/.I.6.9. Nn lch tm mt ct hnh T
hn - a
Tm Fa v Fa theo 2 trng hp :
2a
"~f- \Z //Z / 727 cf~
th
2. N u
mRubh0
h0
1. Khi
F =
0,4Rnbh
Fa = Fa =
th
a )
A) tnh th eo H
m Ra
1. Th Fo = F
Aibh*
N
m.maRa
h0 - a
105
V,
Fa.
1 + 2
vi Ao m;w = 0,4
i - 0,5
ho
hr
> 10
h
(li vi mt ct
ch
< 35v
h
di vi mt
hnh T
nht
N,
- Ao max Rubho
th
^ a Rn (h - a)
c t
th phi xt hin tng on dc v tm sai /Q phi c nhn
thm h s tj
R
bhn + Fa -
max
maRu
m.maRa
(m t cl bt kv)
trong a mM tnh theo :
/n * 2
m . 4800. R u F \ r
a.
h n th a
X <
( m t c t
ch
n h t)
N
t). X = h n t h l rrum
0,8
+ 0.55
m . 400 . R u F V h
Bng a
Ne
2. khi Ao
<
max th th e o
tn h
to n
ca cc ct hnh T
tr n
mRubh()
Tr s V ty theo b n/b
n h
tm Fa m khng cn tm Fa .
IV.1.6.I0 nh hung on trong nn lch tm

Khi thanh mnh in :
>
35
vi mt
ct
bt k'
r
106
10
15
20
0,1
0,2
0.30
0,33
0,31
0.32
0.29
0,31
0,26
0,29
0,23
0,27
0.30
0,3
0,30
0,30
0,27
0.23
0,20
0.19
0,4
0,29
0,28
0,25
0,21
0,19
0,18
0,5
0.?7
0,26
0,23
0,20
0.19
0,21
Chiu di /n ca ct tron nh cng nehip mt liing tnh

thieo quy nh sau :
X ng khng Cu tric : theo chiu nc nh
- mt nhp
- nhiu nhp
/(, = 1,5H
/ = 1,25H
Xn c cu iruc theo chiu nc nh
B phn di cu chy khi r (i cu chy

/0 = H | ; khi khnR ti cu chv /n = l,25H
- B phn trn dm cu chy/ = 2H|,

* Nu lnh
ct theo chiu vung gcvi nc nh :
- ct khng cu chv /0 = H
-
CI c
cu ch y
B phn di dm cu chy :
dc ti ch / = 0,7H[j
c lp /0 = H|j
B phn !rn dm cu chy
lo = H b
107
V .I . 6 .1 . Un o n m i c t c h n h t
Cn ph i tn h ct th c p dc, CI dai v ct xicn .
Tnh ct thp dc : cn; thc 7 hn :

/
1
= m.maRaFa
1
e
xf
ho
\
X
iu kin cho ct thp t cc hn cng btng

c t thp
Ko ngui
''D t nng
sb <
Diu kin
Sb s
0.8So
A s. 0.55 h0
<
0,7s 0
0,45
55F\,
45RU
Ra
ma Ra
h0
Ch tao xng
s b < 0,6So
X
<
0,37ho
37R
max
0,35 m Ru bh
0,4 m Rubh
100Fa
ft =
X
Fo
\ ----- ------f
0,3 m Ru bh
D n g li tnh ton
Bng tra a, n theo Ao hoc rQ

Ao
r0
0,010
0,020
0,067
0,077
0 085
0,095
c 104
10,00
7.12
5 82
5,05
4.53
4.15
3,85
3,61
3,41
3,24
3,11
0 0'
0 0?
0.03
0.0
0.05
0,06
007
oos
0.113
2,98
0.121
2,80
0,130
0,139
0,147
2,61
0030
0,039
0,048
0058
Yo
Ao
ro
Yo
0,995
0,248
0,255
0,985
0262
0,980
0,269
0275
0,29
0,30
031
0,32
0,33
0,34
035
0,36
0,37
0,30
039
0,855
0,990
0,970
0,282
0,965
0,960
0^955
0,950
0945
0,289
0,295
0301
0,309
0,314
2,01
1,98
1,95
1.93
1,90
1,88
1 86
1.84
1.82
1,80
1 78
0,12
0,940
0,320
1,77
0,40
0,800
0,13
0,935
0,326
041
0,795
2.77
0,14
0 930
0,332
1.75
1 74
0,42
2.68
0.15
0,925
0,337
172
0,43
0,790
0,785
0,16
0920
0,343
1,71
0,44
0780
0 09
0 10
0.11
..
0,975
0.850
0,845
0,840
0,835
0,830
08 25
0,820
0,815
0,810
0805
ro
Vo
Ao
ro
0.155
0,164
2,53
2,47
0,17
0,18
0,915
0,910
0,349
1,69
0,45
0,775
0 172
241
0 19
0,905
0,354
1,68
0,46
0,770
0,180
236
020
0,900
0,359
1.67
0,47
0,765
0,188
2,31
0,21
0895
0,365
1,66
0,48
0,196
226
0,22
0,890
0.370
1,64
0,49
0,760
.755
0,203
0,23
0,219
0226
2,14
2 J0
0,25
026
0.875
0,375
0,380
0,385
0,50
0,24
0,885
0,880
1,63
0,211
222
2 18
0,870
0 390
1.62
1,61
1.60
0,51
0,52
0,53
0,234
2,07
0,865
1,59
0,241
204
0,394
0,400
0.54
0,55
0,27
0,28
0 860
1,58
0,750
0.745
0,740
0,735
0.730
0,724
Di nt m dng cho mt ct hnh T.

Trong tnh ton thc hnh thng lp bng tnh sn cho
tng lo btng v ct thp.
Th d vi btng mc 200 c Ru = 100 v ct thp CT3
c maRa = 2100 ta c bng tra sau :
M
Ao =
mRubho
bh0
Fa = fi.----
100
108
M
- A = 100Ao =
bho
100
- [i = 100a .
= 4,762
2100
a'
1.0
0,0476
11.3
0,5714
20,3
1,095
20
3,0
0,0952
0 6190
0.6667
21 1
1.143
0,1429
12,1
13,0
21 9
1,191
3,9
0,1905
13,9
0,7143
4,8
0,2381
14,7
0,7619
226
23,4
5,8
0,2857
15,5
6,7
0 3333
16 4
0,8095 ' 24,1

08571
248
7.7
0,3810
17,2
0,9048
255
85
0,4286
18,0
0,9524
26,2
9,5
0,4762
18,8
1,0000
10,4
0,5238
19,6
1,0476
28,2
28,9
1,619
1,667
34,9
2,143
35,4
2,191
1,714
35,9
2238
.1 238
29 5
30,1
1 762
36.5
2286
1.286
30,9
1,810
37,0
2333
1,333
31 4
1 857
375
2381
1 351
32,0
1,905
38,0
2,429
1 429
32,6
1,952
38,5
2476
33,2
2,000
39,0
26,9
1,476
1,524
33,7
2048
39,4
2524
2,571
27,5
1,571
34,3
2,095
40,0
2,619
vi btng mc 300 c Ru = 160 th A gim theo 1,6

vi thp CT5 c maRa = 2400 th n gim theo 1,143.
vi A < 10 ta c th ly . =
20
Lp nhiu bng nh trn ta c :
BNG HM LNG CT THP MIN
S hiu btng
S hiu ct thp
35 - 75
CTO v CT3
Cc loi thp
khc
0,10
100 - 150
200
300 - 400 500 - 600
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,10
0,10
0 15
020
BNG HM LUNG CT THP MAX fi%mac)

Btng
50
75
100
150
200
300
400
500
X\ R U
maR8 X
27
41
55
80
100
160
210
260
1700
2100
2400
3000
3400
0,8 1
1,33
1,78
1,44
2,59
2,10
1 83
1,20
1,30
3,24
2,62
2,29
1 50
1,62
5.18
4.18
3,67
2,40
2,59
6,80
550
4 82
3,15
3,40
8,40
6,80
5,96
3 90
4,20
Tnh ai v ci xin : Cng thc c bn :

. Khi Q < mRkbh0 khng cn ct xin ai t theo cu
to vi khong cch
Rubh
u = 0,lm .-------. Khi Q > mRkbh0 phi tnh ct ai tit in fx în
cch a cm sao cho
Qxb =
vi
V^6Rubhqx > Q
qx = ---------------a
. Khi Q > Qxb phi tnh ct xin
109
q l ti trng cu trn m
- Qx.b
ha l khong t vai b F01
mmaRaSina
Tip tc t thp xin cho n < xb
. Cc bc tnh ton thp ai v thp xin :

BNG TNH Q = m.RK.b.h CHO
DM 1 HNG CT THP BTNG 200
- V gin Q v gin = ---bho
- Nu < Rk th b tr ai theo khong cch
b \
0,10Ruho
10
a = -----------
15
20
25
30
1.050
1.380
1.700
40
45
50
60
5950
7210
\
2550
20
3500
4000
4660
5310
- Nu > Rk th chn dai sao cho

| o>6Ru<x
BNG TNH Qxb =
Vo,6 . Ru . b . h . q* CHO DM
1 HNG TOP BTNG 200 AI DN $ 6 a200 (kg)
- Nu > xb th thm ct xin theo

h
-
xb
F01 = ----------------- bh0

niHmaRasina
10
- Nu tr i on t Fqi m cn ln hn xb th
phi thm ct xin F02 =.Fqi - AF0
qha
vi
nijmaRasina
A F 0 = ---------------------
110
20
25
30
2780
3630
4470
40
45
15
5500
7550
8600
20
6360
8700
9900
50
60
11180
13600
(),10Ruho
BNG TNH = ------------ CHO DM MT HNG
a
CT THP BTNG s HIU 200 (kg/cm2)
h
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
ho
16,5
21,5
26,5
31,5
36,5
41,5
46,5
51,5
56,5
a = 15
a = 20
a = 25
10.99
14,33
17,66 20,99 24,33
27,63
30,99 34,33
37,66
8.2?
10,75
13,25
15,75
18 25
20,75
23,25 25,75
28,25
6,60
8,60
10,60
12,60
14,60
16,60
18,60 20,60
22,60
0,6RU
BNG TNH XB =
\
mHmaRanfx
DAI DN 0 6 BTNG S HIU 200 (kg/cm2)

b
10
12
15
18
20
22
25
30
a 15
19.43
17,70
15,89
14.50
13,75
13,10
12,50
11,22
a = 20
16,86
15,40
13,78
12,56
11,92
11,35
10,66
9,75
a = 25
15,10
13,78
12,30
11,23
10,68
10,16
9.55
8,70
IV..6.12. Un dtm m ct ch T.
1. Trng hp 1
Trc trung ha trn cnh

IV 5= mRubnhn h0
K\
2
lli
hay
Fa
maRn
Tnh hon ton nh dm ch nht, thay b = bn

2. Trng hp 2
hay
Fa >
R A 11..
rn
R
85aiXa
a. Cng thik ca bn .
M = m(M + Mc b )
vi
M| = Rubx hQ
Mcb = 0,8 Ru(bn - b)hn h1( - j
= Ai bh
= 01*11,^ h0 -
b. Th t tnh ton
M Cr B
. Tim Mcb; Tnh Fa2 =

h0
. Tnh M =
M1
- Mcb v A] =
m
bh
. T A] tra ra Hx v tnh Fal = /<ibho

. Cui cng Fa = Fal + Fa2
* iu kin phi nghim s b < 0,8So hay
Ru
fb
hn
0,8 - 1 + 0,55
b
maRa
ho
V
3. Chn mi ct : bit bn, hn, M tm b, h, Fa.
- Gi nh b, t cho = 1,0 (t 0,9 dn 1,8)
- Tnh h0 theo cng (hc sau :
m . R.
1700
2100
2400
ho
80 -1 / M
Vmb^
70 \ M
Y mb,u
571 M
V mb/
Ch : M = Tm\ b = cm\ = %
C hD, nh h v tnh li nh trn.
4. Kim tra cng d bit bn, hn, b, h, Fa, Ru, Ra, tnh M
-
Kim tra n < ^max.nu ln hn Ih phn tha ra khng
tnh m chi ly
bh
Fa - ^max
d tnh.
100
-
Bit Fa, xt xem thuc rng hp 1 hay trng hp 2
trn tnh ra M.
IV.1.6.I3. Uh kp.
a. Cng thc c bn :
+
b
+ maRa Fa (h0 - a)
iu kin un kp phi tha mn :

1. ng vi Sfc < 0,8So hay X < 0,55 h Q th
Ru
. - i' < 0,55 ------maRa

2
X > 2a tc l Fa th c s chu nn.
M < 0,5mRubh hay A =

khi A > 0,4 Ru phi tnh CI thp kp.
khi A > 0,5 Ru chi cn tng mc 'btng.
112
h. Th l tnh lon
M
Fa = ---------- ----------
1. Bit b, h, Ru, Ra. M tlm F. v Fa
m .m ^ R ^ h o -
3. Bit b, h, R u, R a, F, Fa tm M (klm tra mt ct)
Tn dng btnc chu nn lay = 0,55

h,.
- Thng thng tnh M nh sau :
M
In
>4Rl,h
p
Ru
Fn =
-------------------vi [< - < 0,11
mRn (h0 - a)
hho
maRa
M = mRubx h - - )
2
+(h0- a)
maRa
Vi X = i - n')
Ru
,
Fa
Ru
Fa = 0,55 - - lih0 + Fa vi n = < 0,66
maRn
bh(,
maR,
r,
..
.
r
2. Bil b, h, RU1 Ra, M, Fo tm Fa
h0 v 0,55 h0 >
> 2a
Ru
- Khi X < 2a ly
= h0Jo- a v tnh
M = m.maRa.Fa(h0 - a)
M
Q) Fa tnh ra M = ffiaRaFa (ho - a) v Mi = - M
m
M,
fi kim tra /Lt < 0,55
Tnh A) =
bh2 tra
lia
a )
- Khi Fa qu nhiu
> 0,55 h0 th ly
M = 0,4m Rubh02 + mmaRaF a(h0 - a)
Ru
R
atva
- Trong mi trng hp :
2
Fa =
+ Fa
> 0,55
- Khi
M - 5m>Rubh
r v -2 - TNH SN BTNG
th Fa khng v phi tnh li

maRa
Sn btng c bdy nh so vi b rng cho nn chi tnh

moment chu un cn b qua lc ct; hm lng ct 'hp
nhnrtren.
- Khi
< 2a hay M] < 2Ruba
Th Z\> ho - a ta
(h0 - a)
trong sn cng rt nh so vi dm hoc ct cho nn cch tnh
phi tng Fa d cho Zi= ho - a theo:
cng dn gin.
113
rv.2.1. SN BTNG KHNG CT THP
B rng sn thng ly b = 1m = 100cm.

B dy sn l h cm , modul chng un l :
bh2
100h2
_ ,
w = =
= 16,67h
Ly momeni un l M kgm = 100 X M kgcm

M
ta c y = =
w
100M
< Ru
16,67h
i vi ba (ii btng s hiu 100, 150 v 200 th Ru c

tr s l 55,80 v 100 ta lp c bng tnh sau :
BNG M (kgm) CHO PHP CA
SN KHNG CT THP
h
[cm]
10
Bton-
25
36
49
64
81
100
100
150
200
230
333
417
330
480
600
450
653
817
587
853
1067
742
1080
1350
917
1333
1667
rv.2.2. SN BTNG C T T H P
C M la chn h, ly b = 100 cm v
h0 = h - 1,5 khi h < 10 cm
h0 = h - 2 khi h > 10 cm
V tnh theo trnh t sau :
M (kgcm)
M(kgm)
A = ----- ------ = ----- -
bh
h(2,
Tnh
Ty theo btng v thp tra ra fi\ ring i vi btng

A M
200, thp CT3 ta c th ly = =
20
20h
V tnh ra din tch thp n mt di sn
bhG
M
Fa = . =
100
20ho
Va lp c hng tnh sau :
BNG Fa (cm2/m) CA SN BTNG 200 THP CT3
M
h (h j
114
100
200 300
400 500
5,71
4,44
5(3,5)
6(4,5)
7(5,5)
8(6,5)
1,43
2.56
4,29
1,11
0,91
2,22
3,33
2,73
0.77
1.54
9(7,5)
0.67
1,33
1,82
2,31
2,00
600
700
7,14
8,57
10,0
5,56
6,67
7,78
800 900
1000
-
8,89
10,0
3,64
4,55
5,46
6.36
7.27
8,18
9,09
3,08
3,85
3,33
4,62
5,38
6,92
4,00
4,67
6,15
5,33
7,69
6,67
2,67
6,00
100
Ly htng 150 thp tng theo t l ---- = 1,25

80
2100
Vi thp 2400 thp gim theo t l = 0,875

2400
Khi tnh ra Fa ta b tr ct thp cho sn.
Thng chn t 5 n 10 cy cho 1m di sn.
rv.2.3. SN LIN TC
Khi sn vt qua hai nhp m chiu rng nh hn mt

na chiu di, th tnh theo sn lin tc. Tnh ni lc nh i
vi dm lin tc.
Tnh rt thp tin hnh nh trn.
B tr ct thp cho nhp v cho gi cu ch theo hai
cch sau :
- Ct thp phn ly : thp nhp v thp gi b tr thnh
vi ring bit.
- Ct thp kt hp : Thp nhp v thp gi lin kt theo
nguyn tc sau :
+ Thp nhp chi c un mt na ln gi
+ Thp nhp cn li ti thiu 3 cy Irn mt di
+ Nu hai nhp cng un ln gi th phi sen k nhau.
+ Thp m tng cng nn bng s thp nhp
+ Mc thp gi b 90 chng xung cp pha.
115
V.2.4. SN GI T PHA
Khi sn c lin vi h dm v t l hai chiu ca sn
nh hn hay bng 2 th phi tnh theo sn gi t pha, c ngha
l sn lm vic hai chiu v ct thp c hai chiu u chu lc.
Ty theo v tr ca sri m phn ra 9 loi nh sau :
(tam.
-> X
/77777
r 4r I I 5
%\
7777M W 7&r
i1' t 5 T
II i6 I
'ijum />m n7
Moment hai chiu ty thuc t s ly/!x

Ty theo loi sn v t s trn ta tra ra cc h s <px, <Py,
X v tnh :
Moment nhp :
M x = <Pxq . l
My = <p\ ly
Moment gi c 3 loi
1
Ma =
16
Ziq l ix
16
X 2 ( l 2x
.___________ .
-M
V lp c bng tnh sau :

Mb
16
X lR l x
X2q
24
BNG M (kgm) ICHNG CH SN BTNG 200, CT3

TS---p------ 3 c <-3
D
Me
24
nu l chiu y thay
Xj
bng (1
X j),
V tnh ra moment gi vi cc /jy
h(cm )
h0(cm)
3,5
4,5
5,5
6,5
7,5
Mmln
73,5
121,5
181,5
253,5
337.5
Mm.x
196,0
122,5
324,0
202.5
484,0
302.5
676,0
422,5
900,0
562,5
^hpt
Khi c momcnt, vic tnh tt Ihp theo trnh t nh
rn. Cn ch rng nu Mx ln th ta t ct thp chiu X

di vi hn = h - 1,5, rn thp chiu y t trn vphi tnh
i vi btng 100 hay 150 th cc tri s trn gim theo

t l 0,55 v 0,80, cn i vi ct thp CT5 th cc tr s trn
i h0 = h - 2,5, nu khng s thiu thp theo chiu y. Cc gi

hi lm vic mt chiu nn u ly h0 = h - 1,5.
tng theo t l 1,15.

rv.2.6. SN GI BA PHA
V.2.5.HM LNG CT THP MIN, MAX V HP L.

CA SN
Mx = x p
D vi sn btng c thp :
/^min
0,3 A*max =
//////
0,8; /^hp l =
0,5
/
<s>
Nhu vy i vi btng 200, ct thp CT3
Tac: Mm
in= X h=
0,3
Mp
M hp
= 0,8
l
20
= 0,5
6h
77777/7) 7W!
M gi X ~
M gi y =
~ Pyp
TTTm m
p = /x . ly . q
20h = I6h
X
I XT
My = a yp
2Qhl = 10h
116
chiu hng
Chiu hng y
0,0510
0.0853
0.0457
0,0574
0,0636
0,0930
0,1000
0,0540
0.0700
0,0097
0,0552
0,0093
0,0556
ay
1.0
1,1
0,0099
0,0457
0,0102
1,2
0,0102
0,0492
0,0519
1,3
0,0100
1,4
1,5
'cT :
f\
V '
ny
p,
0,0099
0.0094
0,0853
0,0510
0,0421
0,0770
0,0448
0,0389
0,0087
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0,594
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0,0847
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0,0865
0,0092
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1,20
1,22
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0,353
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0,0246
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0,0434
0,0414
0,0393
0,0373
0,529
0,553
0,578
0,600
1,42
1,44
1,46
1,48
0,0504
0,0510
0,0515
0,0521
0,0096
0,0092
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0.0083
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0,0134
0,668
0,678
0,688
0,699
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0,90
0,92
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1,50
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1,54
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1,64
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0,0692
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0,0727
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0,0119
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0,719
0,729
0,739
0,748
0,758
1.10
0,0344
0,0285
0,369
1,70
0,766
0,0359
0,0374
0,0388
0,0403
0,0277
0,0268
0,0260
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0,387
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0,423
0,441
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1,78
0,0750
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0,0112
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1,14
1,16
1,18
0,0780
0,0109
0,0106
0,0102
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1,20
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0,0418
0,0433
0,0447
0,0462
0,0476
0,0243
0,0236
0,0229
0,0221
0,0214
0,459
0,474
0,488
0,503
0,517
1,80
1,82
1,84
1,86
1,88
0,0800
0,0809
0,0818
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0,0096
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0,0091
0,0088
0,0086
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0,50
0,52
0,0027
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0,54
0,56
0,58
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0,0606
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0,0579
0,0570
0,60
0,62
0,64
0,66
0,68
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1,36
1,38
0,0519
0,0533
0,0547
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1,94
1,96
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0,80
0,82
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0,0145
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1,50
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0,0293
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0,0301
0,0305
0,0309
0,0133
0,0126
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0,0112
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1,20
1.22
1,24
1,26
1,28
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0,50
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0,76
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0,80
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<px
<Py
0,0353
0,0355
0,0357
0,0358
0,0360
0,0044
0,0042
0 0040
0,0039
0,0037
0,962
0,964
0,966
0,967
0,969
1,60
1,62
1,64
1,66
1,68
0,0362
0,0363
0,0365
0,0366
0,0368
0,0035
0,0034
0,0032
0,0031
0,0029
0,970
0,972
0,973
0,975
0,976
0,880
0,887
0,893
0,900
0,906
1,70
1,72
1,74
1,76
1,78
0,0369
0,0370
0,0371
0,0372
0,0373
0,0028
0,0027
0,0026
0,0024
0,0023
0,977
0,978
0,979
0,980
0,981
0,0098
0,0093
0,0088
0,0084
0,0079
0,912
0,917
0,922
0,926
0,931
1,80
1,82
1,84
1,86
1,88
0,0374
0,0375
0,0376
0,0377
0,0378
0,0022
0,0021
0,0020
0,0020
0,0019
0,981
0,982
0,983
0,984
0,984
0,0330
0,0333
0,0335
0,0338
0,0340
0,0074
0,0071
0,0067
0,0064
0,0060
0,935
0,938
0,941
0,945
9,948
1,90
1,92
1,94
1.96
1,98
0,0379
0,0380
0,0381
0,0381
0,0382
0,0018
0,0017
0,0017
0,0016
0,0016
0,985
0,986
0,986
0,987
0,987
0,0343
0,0345
0,0347
0,0349
0,0351
0,0057
0,0054
0,0052
0,0049
0,0047
0,950
0,953
0,956
0,958
0,960
2,00
0,0383
0,0015
0,988
122
B N G IV 2
Mx = <Px q
My =
<Py
Lxz
. q . Ly'
(x
= X . q
qy
/////////
5'
Ly
W/SWS7
(1 - X) . q
<Py
IPx
0,0512
0,0525
0,0539
0,0552
0,0566
0,0143
0,0139
0,0136
0,0132
0,0129
0,505
0,518
0,530
0,543
0,555
p*
0,90
0,92
0,94
0,96
0,98
0,0130
0,0140
0,0150
0,0160
0,0170
0,0295
0,0289
0,0284
0,0278
0,0273
0,116
0,126
0,136
0,147
0,157
VL*
1,50
1,52
1,54
1,56
1,58
1,00
1,02
1,04
1,06
1,08
0,0180
0,0192
0,0204
0,0216
0,0228
0,0267
0,0261
0,0255
0,0250
0,0244
0,167
0,179
0,191
0,203
0,215
1,60
1,62
1,64
1,66
1,68
0,0579
0,0591
0,0603
0,0615
0,0627
0,0125
0,0119
0,0115
0,0112
0,568
0,579
0,590
0,601
0,612
1,10
1,12
1,14
1,16
1,18
0,0240
0,0253
0,0266
0,0279
0,0292
0,0238
0,0233
0,0228
0,0222
0,0217
0,227
0,241
0,255
0,268
0,282
1,70
1.72
1,74
1,76
1,78
0,0639
0,0651
0,0663
0,0675
0,0687
0,0109
0,0106
0,0104
0,0101
0,0099
0,623
0,631
0,639
0,647
0,655
1,20
1,22
1,24
1,26
1,28
0,0305
0,0319
0,0332
0,0346
0,0359
0,0212
0,0207
0,0202
0,0196
0,0191
0,296
0,309
0,322
0,336
0,349
1,80
1,82
1,84
1,86
1,88
0,0699
0,0710
0,0720
0,0731
0,0741
0,0096
0,0093
0,0091
0,0088
0,0086
0,663
0,675
0,687
0,699
0,711
Sn gi t pha
0,0122
LVLx
<px
<Py
0,50
0,52
0 54
0,56
0,58
0,0015
0,0383
0,012
0,0018
0,0024
0,0027
00380
0,0377
0,0373
0,0370
0,017
0,020
0,022
0,60
0,62
0,64
0,66
0,68
0,0030
0,0035
0,0039
0,0044
0,0048
0,0367
0,0363
0,0359
0,0354
0,0350
0,025
0,029
0,033
0,037
0,70
0,72
0,74
0,76
0,78
0,0053
0,0060
0,0066
0,0073
0,0079
0,0346
0,0341
0,0336
0,0332
0,0327
0,045
0,051
0,057
0,064
0,070
1,30
1,32
1,34
1,36
1,38
0,0373
0,0387
0,0401
0,0414
0,0428
0,0186
0,0182
0,0177
0,0173
0,0168
0,362
0,376
0,390
0,405
0,419
1,90
1,92
1,94
1,96
1,98
0,0752
0,0762
0,0771
0,0781
0,0790
0,0083
0,0081
0,0079
0,0072
0,0075
0,723
0,731
0,739
0,746
0,754
0,80
0,82
0,84
0,86
0,88
0,0086
0,0095
0,0104
0,0112
0,0322
0,0317
0,0311
0,0306
0,0300
0,076
0,084
0,092
0,100
0,108
1,40
1,42
1,44
1,46
1,48
0,0442
0,0456
0,0470
0,0484
0,0498
0,0164
0,0160
0,0156
0,0151
0,0147
0,433
0,447
0,462
0,476
0 491
2,00
0,0800
0,0073
0,762
0,0021
0 ,0121
0,015
0,041
123
<p%
v>y
0,90
0,92
0,94
0,96
0,98
0,0190
0,0197
0,0204
0,0212
0,0219
0,0254
0,0243
0,0232
0,0220
0,0209
1,00
1,02
1,04
1,06
1,08
0,0226
0,0232
0,0238
0,0245
0,0251
1,10
1,12
1,14
1,16
1,18
BNG IV.3. Sn gi tir pha

M x
= >x . q . U Z
M y
= <P . q . L y 2
<lx
(ly
= (1 - X ) . q
5
'#77777zr/
X . q
x u m
Lx
Ly/Lx
Ipx
ip y
0,50
0,52
0,54
0,56
0,58
0,0038
0,0045
0,0052
0,0058
0,0065
0,0560
0,0545
0,0529
0,0514
0,0498
0 ,1 1 1
0 ,12 7
0,144
0,16 3
0,18 3
0,60
0,62
0,64
0,66
0,68
0,0072
0,0080
0,0087
0,0095
0,0102
0,0483
0,0467
0,0450
0,0434
0 0 4 17
0,206
0,228
0,252
0,276
0,300
0,70
0,72
0,74
0,76
0,78
0 ,0 110
0 ,0 118
0,0401
0,0126
0,0135
0 0370
0,0143
00 35 4
0,0339
0,324
0,349
0,373
0,400
0,425
0,80
0,82
0,84
0,86
0,88
0,0151
0,0323
0,450
0,0159
0 0309
0,0167
0,0295
0,0282
0,0268
0,476
0,500
0,0174
0,0182
0,0385
0,0322
0,0325
0,0328
0,0331
0,0334
0,0072
0,0069
0,0066
0,0063
0,0060
0,885
0,890
0,896
0,901
0,906
1,50
1,52
1.54
1,56
1,58
0,0337
0,0339
0,0341
0,0344
0,0346
0,0057
0,0055
0,0053
0,0050
0,0048
0,910
0,914
0,918
0,922
0,926
0,745
0,760
0,773
0,785
0,796
1,60
1 62
1,64
1,66
1,58
0,0348
0,0350
0,0352
0,0353
0,0355
0,0046
0,0044
0,0042
0,0041
0,0039
0,929
0,932
0,935
0,938
0 ,3 4'
0,0119
0,0114
0,0108
0,0103
0,0097
0,806
0,816
0,825
0,834
0,843
1,70
1,72
1.74
1,76
1,78
0,0357
0,0359
0,0360
0,0362
0,0363
0,0037
0,0035
0,0034
0,0033
0,0031
0,943
0,946
0,948
0.950
9,952
0,0092
0,0088
0,0084
0,0080
0,0076
0,851
0,859
0,866
0,872
0,878
1,80
1,82
1,84
1,86
1,88
0,0365
0,0366
0,0367
0,0369
0,0370
0,0030
0,0029
0,0028
0,0026
0,0025
0,954
0,956
0,958
0,960
0,962
1,90
1,92
1,94
1,96
1,98
2,00
0,0371
0,0372
0,0373
0,0375
0,0376
0,0377
0,0024
0,0023
0,0022
0,0022
0,0021
0,0020
0,963
0,965
0,966
0,967
0,968
0,970
0,567
0,589
0,610
0,630
0,648
Ly/l,
1,40
1,42
1,44
1,46
1,48
0,0198
0,0189
0,0180
0,0171
0,0162
0,667
0,684
0699
0,715
0,731
00257
0,0262
0,0267
0,0273
0,0278
0,0153
0,0146
0,0139
0,0133
0,0126
1,20
1,22
1,24
1,26
1,28
0,0283
0,0287
0,0292
0,0296
0,0301
1,30
1,32
1,34
1,36
1,38
0,0305
0,0308
0,0312
0,0315
0,0319
0,522
0,545
125
B N G IV .3. Sn gi t pha
Mx
= <Px q . Lx
My
= <Py
Qx
= X . q
qy
=(1 - X)
. q . Ly2
5'
777777777,^^
. q
ip m n |
Lx
Ly/U
Ipx
<Pv
0,50
0,52
0,54
0,56
0,58
0,0020
0,0024
0,0028
0,0032
0,0036
0,0377
0,0372
0,0368
0,0363
0,0359
0,030
0,036
0,042
0,048
0,054
0,60
0,62
0,64
0,66
0,68
0,0040
0,0046
0,0051
0,0057
0,0062
0,0354
0,0348
0,0343
0,0337
0,0332
0,060
0,069
0,079
0,088
0,098
0,70
0,72
0,74
0,76
0,78
0,0068
0,0075
0,0083
0,0090
0,0098
0,0326
0,0319
0,0313
0,0306
0,0300
0,107
0,120
0,132
0,145
0,157
0,80
0,82
0,84
0,86
0,88
0,0105
0,0114
0,0123
0,0132
0,0141
0,0293
0,0287
0,0280
0,0274
0,0267
0,170
0,186
0,201
0,217
0,232
L*
0,90
0,92
0,94
0,96
0,98
>x
Py
IPx
<py
0,0150
0,0160
0,0169
0,0179
0,0188
0,0260
0,0253
0,0246
0,0240
0,0233
0,248
0,265
0,282
0,299
0,316
1,40
1,42
1,44
1,46
1,48
0,0391
0,0398
0,0406
0,0413
0,0421
0,0116
0,0112
0,0108
0,0105
0,0101
0,657
0,669
0,681
0,692
0,704
1,00
1,02
1,04
1,06
1,08
0,0198
0,0208
0,0218
0,0229
0,0239
0,0226
0,0219
0,0213
0,0206
0,0200
0,333
0,351
0,369
0,386
0,404
1,50
1,52
1,54
1,56
1,58
0,0428
0,0435
0,0442
0,0448
0,0455
0,0097
0,0094
0,0091
0,0087
0,0084
0,716
0,726
0,736
0,746
0,756
1,10
1,12
1,14
1,16
1,18
0,0249
0,0259
0,0269
0,0279
0,289
0,0193
0,0187
0,0182
0,0176
0,0171
0,422
0,440
0,458
0,476
0,494
1,60
1,62
1,64
1,66
1,68
0,0462
0,0468
0,0474
0,0481
0,0487
0,0081
0,0078
0,0076
0,0073
0,0071
0,766
0,774
0,782
0,789
0,797
1,20
1,22
1,24
1,26
1,28
0,0299
0,0308
0,0318
0,0327
0,0337
0,0165
0,0160
0,0155
0,0149
0,0144
0,512
0,527
0,542
0,558
0,573
1,70
1,72
1,74
1,76
1,78
0,0493
0,0498
0,0504
0,0509
0,0515
0,0068
0,0066
0,0064
0,0061
0,0059
0,005
0,812
0,820
0,827
0,835
1,30
1,32
1,34
1,36
1,38
0,0346
0,0355
0,0364
0,0373
0,0382
0,0139
0,0134
0,0130
0,0125
0,0121
0,588
0,602
0,616
0,629
0,643
1,80
1,82
1,84
1,86
1,88
0,0520
0,0524
0,0528
0,0532
0,0536
0,0057
0,0055
0,0053
0,0052
0,0050
0,842
0,847
0,852
0,857
0,862
1,90
1,92
1,94
1,96
1,98
2,00
0,0540
0,0544
0,0548
0,0552
0,0556
0,0560
0,0048
0,0046
0,0045
0,0043
0,0042
0,0040
0,867
0,871
0,876
0,880
0,885
0,889
126
B NG IV.3. Sn gi t pha
Mx =
<px . q . L x 2
My = <py
//yyy////s\\\\
. q . L y 2 Ly
5I
Qx
X . q
Qy
(1 - X ) . q
V H
TI 1 1 ; 11
HLx
X
Ly/Lx
ipx
0,50
0,0023
0,0027
0,0367
0,0361
0,059
0,068
0,0031
0,0036
0,0040
0,0355
0,0348
0,0342
0,078
0,089
0,101
0,60
0,62
0,64
0,66
0,68
0,0044
0,0050
0,0055
0,0061
0,0066
0,0336
0,0329
0,0321
0,0314
0,0306
0,115
0,129
0,143
0,159
0,176
0,70
0,72
0,74
0,76
0,78
0,0072
0,0079
0,0086
0,0092
0,0099
0,0299
0,0291
0,0283
0,0274
0,0266
0,194
0,211
0,230
0,249
0,270
0,80
0,82
0,84
0,86
0,88
0,0106
0,0113
0,0121
0,0128
0,0136
0,0258
0,0250
0,0242
0,0233
0,0225
0,291
0,312
0,332
0,353
0,375
0,52
0,54
0,56
0,58
V Lx
0,90
0,92
0,94
0,96
0,98
-py
0,0217
0,0210
0,0202
0,0195
0,0187
0,396
0,417
0,437
0,458
0,478
L*
1,40
1,42
1,44
1,46
1,48
<Py
0,0143
0,0150
0,0158
0,0165
0,0173
0,0293
0,0297
0,0301
0,0304
0,0308
0,0076
0,0073
0,0070
0,0068
0,0065
0,793
0,802
0,812
0,820
0,827
1,00
1,02
1,04
1,06
1,08
0,0180
0,0187
0,0194
0,0200
0,0207
0,0180
0,0173
0,0166
0,0160
0,0153
0,500
0,521
0,540
0,559
0,576
1,50
1,52
1,54
1,56
1,58
0,0312
0,0315
0,0318
0,0321
0,0324
0,0062
0,0060
0,0057
0,0055
0,0052
0,835
0,842
0,849
0,855
0,862
1,10
0,0214
0,0146
0,594
1,60
0,868
0,0220
0,0226
0,0232
0,0238
0,0140
0,0135
0,0129
0,0124
0,611
0,628
0,644
0,659
1,62
1,64
1,66
1,68
0,0327
0,0330
0,0332
0,0335
0,0337
0,0050
1,12
1,14
1,16
1,18
0,0048
0,0046
0,0045
0,0043
0,873
0,879
0,884
0,889
1,20
1,22
1,24
1,26
1,28
0,0244
0,0249
0,0255
0,0260
0,0266
0,0118
0,0113
0,0109
0,0104
0,0100
0,675
0,689
0,702
0,715
0,728
1,70
1,72
1,74
1,76
1,78
0,0340
0,0342
0,0344
0,0347
0,0349
0,0041
0,0039
0,0038
0,0036
0,0035
0,893
0,897
0,901
0,905
0,909
1,30
0,0271
0,0275
0,0280
0,0284
0,0289
0,0095
0,0091
0,0087
0,0084
0,0080
0,741
0,752
0,763
0,773
0,783
1,80
1,82
1,84
1,86
1,88
0,0351
0,0353
0,0355
0,0356
0,0358
0,0033
0,0032
0,0031
0,0030
0,0029
0,913
0,916
0,919
0,922
0,925
1,90
1,92
1,94
1,96
1,98
2,00
0,0360
0,0361
0,0363
0,0364
0,0366
0,0367
0,0028
0,0027
0,0026
0,0025
0,0024
0,0023
0,928
0,931
0,933
0,936
0,938
0,941
1,32
1,34
1,36
1,38
<p%
127
TH DU IV .l. Tnh sn ton khi

Tn], sn hi tnrng c ton khi
K:<*v. thc 18 X 16,2 m. Bc ct 3,6 X 5,4.
Ch'1 b dy sn 8 cm trn lt gch bng dy 4 cm c

va lt, a'ri tri 2 cm.
Ti '.rong tnh ton :
- Trng lng sn
8 X 25 X 1,1
= 220 k g /m 2
- Li ch bng
4 X 20 X 1,1
= 88 k g / m 2
- T va
= 44 k g /m 2
- Ti trng ng
300 X 1,3
20
1,1
= 390 k g /m 2
q = 742 k g /m 2
Cng
Phn loi 4 dng sn : 4.5.5 v 6.
H s di rng thng n h t
ly
= 1,5
Tra bng tim b s v lp bng tnh M

T M tnh ra A theo A =
Ch chiu X c M ln hon nn ho = 6,5
128
5-40
5. AO
5-A
T A lnh t( =
tnh ra Fa =
sau chn
CI
thp theo dng phn ly.
20
Tm
5'
Cng th c tnh
F.
ctn
Fa chn
M,
0,0485 742 3.62

0,0096 742 5,42
466
208
11,03
My
6,88
0.552
0,344
3,59
1,90
8 <t> 8
8 *6
4,02
2.26
324
124
7,67
4,10
0,384
0,205
2,50
808
8 <l> 6
4,02
2,26
412
210
9,75
6,94
0,488
0,347
3.18
008
8<t>6
4,02
2.26
300
134
7,10
4,43
0.355
2,31
1.22
8 <> 8
0,222
8<t>6
4,02
2,26
0.0337 742 3,62
My
0,0057 .742 5.42
M,
My
0.0428 . 742 . 3,62
0,0312 742 3,62
My
0.0062 742 5.4S
0,0097 . 742 5,42
1,13
1.91
Gi A
M,
1
?
0.835 742 3,6Z + 0,910 742 3,62
16
24
867
20,52
1,026
6.67
8 <M0
6,28
Gi B
1
- 2
0,910 . 742 3,6
12
729
17.26
0.863
5,61
8 <t> 10
6,28
Gi c
Mx
1
,
1
,
_ 0.716 742 3.6 + 0,835 . 742 3.62
16
24
765
18.11
0.956
6,22
8<t 10
6,28
Gi 0
IM,
1
2
0.835 . 742 3,6
12
669
15,84
0,792
5,15
8 <t> 10
Gi E
'M y
1
?
1
_ 0.165 . 742 5 . r + . 0,284 . 742 . 5.42
15
24
479
11,34
0,567
3,69
84>8
4,02
Gi F
My
271
6,42
0,321
2,09
808
4,02
1
,
1
,
0.090 742 . 5,4 + 0,165 . 742 . 5,4Z
16
2
129
6,28
Tm sn gi ln tng tnh nh gi t do
Ct thp chn 6 cy trong 1m
B tr ct thp theo hnh bn.
Thcp m gi n sang mi bn mt phn t nhp.
Ring mc ca thp m b 90 cn li u b mc 180.
Sau khi b tr thp, tin hnh nh s, tnh chiu di,
lp bng thng k lnh ra chiu di tng loi, trng lng tng
loi v ton b.
Ch nhng cy st cu to thp m tng cng gi.
B
s
<
\0
89
"1
co
b
8/>(O
KD
Q-
co
8<t> 40
vo
-0.
<D
a 8
co
soo
0f
<o
CO
84> O
8*
**
<*>8
130
8 $ 40
IO
BNG rv.4 Tra
theo ct thp CT3
65
60
55
50
45
10
55
50
15
20
15
10
05
1,0
2 ,0
/,5 5,0
5 ,
,0
rv.5
BNG
<t>
mm
TR N G
Thp trn
T I T D I N T H E O S C Y
F m .m
<t>
LNG
g /m
n.m
1<t>
2<>
3<J>
4<J>
5*
6<>
7<t>
86<t>
9<>
10<t
98
13
25
30
50
63
76
88
100
117
1?6
153
78
98
118
140
157
180
196
220
39
56
59
20
28
85
113
141
170
198
226
252
6
8
300
77
115
154
192
213
273
308
351
392
33
50
282
384
100
151
201
251
301
350
402
450
502
496
64
127
191
254
310
382
448
508
576
636
10
612
79
157
236
314
393
471
553
628
707
785
10
11
11
740
95
190
285
380
475
570
665
760
855
950
12
881
113
226
339
452
565
679
791
905
1017
1131
12
13
1034
133
265
398
531
664
796
924
1062
1188
1327
13
14
1199
154
308
462
616
770
924
1078
1232
1386
1539
14
15
1377
177
353
530
707
884
1060
1232
1414
1584
1767
15
16
1568
201
402
603
604
1005
1206
1407
1608
1809
2011
16
17
1768
227
454
681
908
1135
1382
1589
1816
2048
2270
17
18
1983
24
509
763
1018
1272
1526
1778
2036
2545
18
19
2209
284
567
851
1134
1702
1981
2268
b35
19
20
2448
314
628
942
1257
1418
1571
2286
2547
1884
2198
2514
2826
3142
20
21
2698
346
693
1039
1385
1732
2078
2422
2770
3114
3464
21
22
2962
325/
380
760
1140
1521
2281
2660
3041
3420
3801
22
415
831
1245
1662
1901
2077
2493
2905
3324
3735
4155
23
452
905
1357
1810
3164
4524
24
902
1473
1963
2946
3430
3619
3927
4068
491
2262
2454
2714
25
3225
3824
4410
4909
25
23
24
26
4136
531
>062
1593
2124
2655
3186
3717
4247
4779
5310
26
27
4461
573
1145
1718
2290
2863
3435
4004
'4580
5148
5726
27
28
4797
616
1231
184 7
2463
3079
3694
4305
4926
5525
6158
28
29
5146
660
1321
1981
2642
3962
4620
5284
5940
6605
29
50
5507
707
1414
2121
2827
3302
3534
4241
4941
5655
6354
7068
30
1E
31
32
5880
6266
755
804
1509
1608
33
855
1711
34
6664
7074
908
35
7496
36
37
7930
8377
2264
3019
3217
3774
4021
4529
2415
3421
363?
4276
5132
1816
2566
2724
4540
962
1924
2886
3848
1018
3054
3226
4072
1075
2036
2150
4301
5278
5628
6038
6434
6786
6842
7695
5448
5985
6356
4811
5773
6734
7263
7697
5090
5376
6107
6451
7126
4826
7548
8042
31
6172
8553
9079
33
34
8655
9621
35
9162
9648
10179
7504
8143
860?
10752
36
37
38
7236
32
38
8836
1134
2268
3402
4536
5670
6804
793B
9073
10206
11341
39
9307
1194
2389
3584
4778
5973
7168
8358
9557
10746
11946
39
40.
9791
1256
2513
3770
5026
6283
7540
8792
10053
11304
12566
40
41
10280
1320
2641
3961
5281
6601
7922
9290
41
10794
1385
2771
4156
5542
6927
8312
9695
10562 11800
11083 12465
13203
42
13854
42
43
11314
1452
2904
4356
5009
7261
8713
10164
11618
44
11846
1520
3041
4561
6082
7603
9123
10640
12164
13068
13680
14522
15205
43
44
45
12391
1590
3181
4771
6362
7952
9542
11130
12723
14316
15904
45
46
12948
1662
3324
4986
6648
8310
9971
11634
13295
14958
16619
46
47
13517
1735
3470
5205
6940
8675
10409
12145
13879
15615
17349
47
48
14098
1809
3619
5429
7238
9084
10858
12663
14477
16281
18168
48
49
14692
1886
3771
5657
7543
9428
11314
13195
15086
16057
49
50
15296
1963
3927
5890
7854
9817
11781
13744
15708
16955
17667
19635
50
rv.3. TNH DM BTNG CT THP

Dm btng ct thp l b phn ch ycu sn nh nn
c tnh ton rt cht ch. Nu i vi sn nh chiu dy cho
,
1
1
php t n chicu di sn, th i vi dm chiu
40
50
GIO
cho
1
1
.
php t - dn chiu di v t l cao/rng ciui dm l 2 dn
8
12
2,5 i vi mt ct ch nhl, 2,5 dcn 3 i vi mt cai hnh T.
i vi sn thnu khne xt lc ct Q
v thng nu
chu c m oment un M h chc chn chu c lc ct Q

N hng di vi dm phi xt lc du Q - nht l di vi cc dm
ngn ~ d lnh ct ai, ct xin. Trong nhiu ki eu quan irng
cn phi v biu vt liu bao biu (l momcnt tl xc nh
im ct ct thp cho chnh xc.
Th du IV. 2.
T nh dm 5 nhp 3 m,6 ciui sn hi trng th d 5.1
trong phn sn.
Ti trne bn Ihn ir sn : 2
3,2
25
1,1 = l6kg/m
Ti trng sn truyn vo hai bn Ihco dng tam gic, nn
dc nhn thm h s 0.625

H.srn = 0.625 X 3.6
742 =
Ti trng tnh ton l q =
1670 kgm
1846 kt/ni.
13
Tra b ng tnh sn cho dm lin tc 5 nhp

Cng thc
VI tr
a
Is
Qba
0,605 . 1846 . 3,6
4021
q bc
0,526 . 1846 . 3.6
3496
0,033 , 1846 . 3,62
790
0,046 . 1846 . 3,62
1100
Mz
2625
Qab
0,078 . 1846 3.62
Q
m
0.395 1846 . 3,6
1866
M,
m3
(kgm )
Cng thc
V tr
Mb
- 0,105 1846 3.62
- 2512
Qcb
0.474. 1 8 4 6 .3 ,6
3150
Mc
- 0,079 1846 3.62
- 1890
Qcd
0,500 . 1846 . 3,6
3323
Tnh ct thp dc :
h0 = h - 3,5 = 40 - 3,5 = 36,5 cm
bh = 20
36,5 = 730;
bh = 26.645 cm3
Chn htng 200 v ct thp CT3.

M
bho
vi A = ----- ta tra ra i v tnh Fa = ----- v chn c) thp
bh
100
(heo bng sau :
chn
Fa
chn
V>. tr
Nhp 1
1866
7,00
0,35
2,56
214
3,08
Nhp 2
790
2,96
0.15
1.10
2<J>12
2,26
Nhp 3
1100
4.13
0,21
1,54
2<t>12
2,26
Gi B
-2512
9,43
0,47
3,44
216
4,02
Gi c
-1890
7.10
0,36
2,63
2<>14
3,08
Tnh ct ai v ct xin :
Qb = R k.bho = 6,4.730 = 4672 kg
Ln hn tr c cc lc ct trn cho nn khng cn thp
xin v thp ai b tr theo cu to <p6 a 200.
Khi b tr ct thp ch l ct thp gi n sang mi
1
bn - nhp.
3
Th d V.3.
Tnh dm 3 nhp 5,4m ca th d IV. 1.
V i
vn chn dm 20
3,6
= = 0,666.
ly
40 cho ng c
= 0,82
5,4
Ti trng tnh ton ca dm bng
Ti trng y hnh thang c quy i ra ti trng u

theo biu sau :
q = 0,82
3,6
742 + 176 = 2366 kg/m
Tra bng tnh sn cho dm lin tc 3 nhp.
134
Cig th i/c
VI
tr
I2
kgm
V
tr
cn g thc
Ta c
kg
M,
0,080 ?366 . 5,42
5519
Q ab
0.4. 2366. 5,4
5110
M?
0.025 ?366 . 5.4?
1725
Q ba
0,6. 2366. 5.4
7666
Mb
0.100 =366 . 5 4 ?
6900
q bc
0,5, 2366. 5,4
6388
M =
q/2
700 X 16
= ------------ = 14000 kgn
Q = 7000 X 2 = 14000 kg
Chn dm 20 X 50 t hai hng ct thp CT3, btng s

hiu 200.
ho = 50 - 6 = 44;
Tnh d) thp tic : vn ly hn = 36,5 cm

b (1 = 730 a n 2\
bh = 20 X 442 = 38720
hh^ = 26.645 c n r '

ft
chn
F0 chn
8,04
V tr-
A,
Nhp 1
559
175
20.72
1,120
8,18
4rt> 16
Nhp 2
6,48
0,324
2,37
2 <1> 16
4,02
Nhp 3
690
25,90
1,455
10,62
4 > 18
10,18
M
14000
A = = = 36,16
bh
387,2
Tra ra n = 2,26
Fa = 2,26 X 8,8 = 19,89 cm2
Chn : 8 18 Fa = 20,36 cm2
Tnh c a i v CI xin :
Tnh ct ai v ct xin :
Qb thecitnh ton trn hng 4672 kg u nh hn cc lc

ci trn, c n.na l btng khng d chu, phi lnh ct ai.
Qb = 6,4 X 20 X 44 = 5632 kg < 14000 kg
Chn (l <p6 a 200 th qx = 47,5

v
bh0 = 20 X 44 = 880
Chn ai n (ps a 200, fx = 0,50
tra bng trn Qxh = 8700, ln hn tt c cc lc ct
0,8 X 2100 X 0,5 X 2

q* = -------- -------------- = 84
trn cho nn hng cn ct xin.
20
Th d V.
Tnh dn mt nhp 4m chu ti u q -
Qxb =
7000 kg/m
Vo,6 . 80 . 38720 . 84 = 12495 kg
nh hn Q = 14000 nn phi tnh ct xin.
135
Fo =
12495
14000
Q .x b
m||mHRHsina
1680
= 1,27
X
C77
0,707
Ly 2 cy thp dc 018 un xin ln

B ir ct (hp cho dm nh sau :
ai
ro
8o200
-/
...... -
Wl
4.00
I
th ip
c
Q
t i
-
k h u n g 24* (2
t h p x i n 2 4 M 8
thp hng
th p
tr n
18
h n g di 4 <t> 48
ao
IV.3.1. H TR THKP TRONG DM

B tri thp trong dm phi Ihco quy nh sau :
Khong cch gia thcp v lp bo h khng c nh
hn 25mm hoc ng knh ct thp (trong trng hp 12 2,16 cm2
20
2>33 =
17,11 cm !
3016 =
6.03 c m
25
3020 21,21 cm!

4>'9 =
1 1.34cmJ
30
4>28 = 24,63c m s
5022 = 19.01cm2

6>12 = 6.79 c m !
4>35 = 38.48cmJ
5027 = 28.63cmJ
6.21 = 20,78crn?
IV.3.2. !N(, M (K(M) KIING CH? ) VI IM

Blng
Dm
200CT3
Blng
b Xh
Mhp l
Mm.x
M,mln
300CT3
Mhp
10 X 20
82
681
784
109
1089
1254
10
139
1156
1444
185
1849
2310
15 X 30
316
2633
3456
421
15 X 40
600
5000
6936
800
4213
8000
11098
25
5530
20 X 40
800
6661
9248
1066
10658
14797
20 X 50
1297
1621
10811
13514
15488
1730
17298
24781
19360
2162
21622
30976
2394
2873
4601
19951
23942
38342
29160
34992
57132
3192
3831
6135
31922
38307
61347
46656
55987
91411
25
50
25 X 60
30 X 60
30 X 75
IV.3.3. BNG "RA HM LUtXNG M %) CHO BTNG s

HIU 300, CT THP CT3
A
1,60
3,20
4,80
6 24
7,68
0,,08
0 ,1 5
0 ,2 3
0,31
0 38
18)8
1936
2030
2224
2352
9,28
10,72
12 32
13 60
15,20
16,64
0.48
.,53
0,,61
0;,69
0;,76
0..84
2430
26-4
2752
280
30)8
3136
0,91
32,48
33,76
35,04
36,16
37,44
38,56
1,75
1,83
1,91
1,98
2,06
2,13
2,21
2 29
2,36
2,44
2,51
45,12
46,24
47,20
48,16
49,44
50,24
51,20
52,16
53,12
53,92
54,88
0,99
1,07
1,14
1,22
1,30
1,37
1,45
1,52
1,60
1,68
39,68
40,80
41,92
43,04
44,00
2,59
2,67
2,74
2,82
2,90
2,97
3,05
3,12
3,20
3,28
3,35
55,84
56,64
57,74
58,40
59,20
60,00
60,80
61 60
62,40
63,04
64 00
3,43
3,51
3,58
3,66
3,73
3,81
3,89
3,96
4,04
4,11
4,19
T h d F. 5.
Tmh dn ct thp kp chu M = 18000 kgm, btng 200,
ci thp CT3.
Ta chn l m 20 X 50 t hai hng c't thp
ho : h - 6 = 50 - 6 = 44 cm.
Trra bng[V.3.2 ta thy dm c't thp n chi chu c
Mmax = 15.488gm . N h vy phi tnh theo ct thp kp.
bht= 20 . 44 = 880; bVpa = 20 . 442 = 38720
A =
1800000
bh^
38720
.
= 41,32 > Amax = 40
m
Ct th p chu n n :
= M -O . .R .b h g = 1800000 - 0,4.100.38720
8
m aRa (hJ- a )
= 2,96 cm2
chn 2014 = 3,08 cm2
Fa = 0,55
- bho + Fa =
m aB
= 26,13 cm2
2100.40,5
0 ,5 5
2100
880 + 3,08
chn 6^25 = 29,45 cm2
N u m om ent un l L5000 kgm th ch cn tnh ct thpcm theo
A = 38,74, tra bng ra /I = 2,5

Fa = 2,5 X 8,8 = 22 cm2 chn 6>22 = 22,81 cm2
Vic tnh ct thp cho dm ch n h t c lp thnh
chutmg trnh m u DAMBTCT5
Khi bit m om eni un M, chn dm b, ho cng n h F a-,
a, Ru, Ra, Ra'.
N hp cc s" liu n} vo m y s cho F a.
Program
Const
DAMBTCT5;
Aomax - 0.4; ANamax - 0.55;
Var
M, b, ho, an, Ru, Ra, Ran, Fan : real;
Ao, Ao1, Alfa, Alfa 1, c, Gama, Fa, Fa1 : real;
37
Begin
writeln (Tinh Fa, dam chu nhat1) :
Write ('nhap M, b, ho, an, Ru, Ra, Ran, Fan
readln (M, b, ho, an, Ru, Ra, Ran, Fan);
Ao : = M/(Ru*b*Sqr(ho));
c : = 2*an/ho;
Alfa : - 1 - Sqrt (1 - 2*Ao);

begin
if Ao < Aomax then

begin
Gama : - I - 0,5*Alfa;
Fa : - M/(Ra*Gama*ho);
end;
if Ao > Aomax then

begin
Fa1 : (M - Aomax*Rub*Sqr(ho))/(Ran*(ho - an));

A oi : - (M - Ran*Fa1*(ho - an))/(Ru*b*Sqr(ho));
AIFa1 : 1 - Sqrt (1 - 2*Ao1);

if Fan < 1 . 2*Fa1 then
Fa : - Alfamax*Ru*b*ho/Ra + Fan else
begin
if Alfa < - c then

Fa : -= M/(Ra*Gama*ho) else
begin if Alf < - c then
Fa : * M/(Ra*(ho - an)) else
Fa : - Alf*Ru b*ho/Ra + Fan;
end;
end;
end;
writeln ('Fa
Fa);
readln;
end
End
Th d V.6.
Tnh dm T chu un.
M = 20000 kgrn
Btng 200 thp CT3.
Kim tra
Mb = Ru . B n . h n ( h o - y )
vi d m c ho = 44 cm
Mb = 100 . 40 . 10 . 39 = 15600 < M
Trc trung ha di bng, tnh cho dm T
Mcb = 0,8 . Ru . (b - b) h n ( h o - y )
= 0,8 . 100 . 20 . 10 . 39 = 624000 kgcm
p
. ---------- -- -------------- _ _24000_ _
hM
2 /
2 1 0 0 .3 9
= M Mcb = 20000 6240 = 13760 kgm

M i
1 3 7 6 0 0 0
=
bho
F al
138
= 2,2
- 35,54 tra ra I = 2,20
20.44
X
8,8 = 19,36 ;
F a = F al + F a2 = 26,98 cm2
Chn 6<p25 = 29,45 cm2
* N u M = 15000 kg m , tr c tru n g h a tr n cn h
bho = 40 . 44 = 1760
= 1500000 =
77440
9 0
b nh^ = 77440
ra
l 4
F a = 1,04 X 17,60 = 18,31.

Chn 6>20 = 18,84 cm 2
* B i to n d m T chu u n cng c lp trn h cho
m y vi tn h th e o ch n g tr n h m u DAM BTCT 6
Program
DAMBTCT6;
Const
Var
Aomax - 0,4; altamax 0 . 55;

M, b, bo, ho, an, Ru, Ra, Ran, Fanc : real;
Mn, Mcb, Ao, Ao1, Acb, alfa, alfa 1, alfa cb, gama, Fa, Fan, c : real;
Begin
writeln (Tinh Fa dam chu T );
Write ('nhap M, b, bc, ho, hc, an, Ru, Ra, Ran, Fanc =y,
Readln (M, b, bc, ho, hc, an, Ru, Ra, Ran, Fanc);
Mcb : - 0 . 8 Ru (bc - b)*(ho - hc/2);
Acb : Mcb/(Ru*bc*Sqr(h));
Altacb : - 1 - Sqrt (1 - 2*cb);

Fan : (M - (Aomx + Acb)*Ru*b*Sqr(ho))/(Ran*(ho - an));
c : 2*an/ho;
Begin
if Fan > 0 then

Mn : - Aomax*Ru*b*Sqr(ho) + Ran*Fan*(ho - an);
Begin
if M > Mn then
139
Ao1 : = (M - Ran*Fan*(ho - an))/(Ru*b*Sqr(ho));

Ao : = Ao1 - Acb;
alfa : - 1 - Sqrt (1 - 2*Ao);
Fa : - (alfa + lfcb)*Ru*b*ho/Ra + Fan;
if M < - Mn then
Ao : - M/(Ru*bc*Sqr(ho));
Begin
if Ao < Aomax then
alfa : - 1 - Sqrt (1 - 2*Ao);
gama : - 1 - 0 . 5*alfa;
Fa : M/(Ra*gama*ho);
if Ao > - Aomax then
Fan : - (M - Aomax*Ru*bc*Sqrt(ho))/(Ran*(ho - an));
Begin
if Fan < (Fanq/1 . 2) then
Fa : - (alfamax*Ru*bc*ho/Ra) + Fan else
alfa : 1 - sqrt (1-2*Ao)
End;
Begin
if alfa > c then
Ao1: (M - Ran*Fan*(ho - an))/(Ru*bcsqr(ho));
alfa1 : - 1 - Sqrt (1 - 2*Ao1;
End;
Begin
f alfa < c then
Fa : - M/(Ra*(ho - an)) else
Fa : (alfa*Ru*bc*ho/Ra) + Fan;
End;
if alfa < - c then
Begin
gama : 1 - 0 . 5*a!fa;
Fa : = M/(Ra*gama*ho);
End;
End;
Writeln (Fa
Fa);
Readln;
End;
End;
End.
Bng IV.6. dm lin tc
DM 2 NHP
So- d dm
q CD
^ L L L U l^ U X U L ^
^ - .U A U i
Mi
<w2
m3
Q ab
Q ba
0,070
0,025
0,070
0,096
-0 ,1 2 5
0,375
0,437
0,625
0,563
0,156
0,203
0,156
- 0,047
-0 ,1 8 8
0,312
0,406
0,688
0,594
0,222
0,278
0,222
- 0,056
- 0,333
0,667
0,833
1,333
1,167
0,266
0,383
0,206
- 0,117
- 0,496
1,042
1,266
1,958
1,734
DM 3 NHP
Scr d dm
M,
m i 11I I I 1 II I I 1111
*
6
c
0
*
p
Mi
I
* *
Jtr
140
11
I -l
11
H i
111
m2
Qab
Q ba
Q bc
0,080
0,025 - 0,100
0,101 - 0,050 - 0 117
- 0,025 0,075
0,400
0,450
0,600
0,617
0,500
0,583
0,175
0,100 - 0,150
0 213 - 0,075 - 0,175
- 0,038 0,175
0,350
0 425
0,650
0 675
0,500
0,625
0,067 -0 ,2 6 7
0,244
0,289 - 0 ,1 3 3 - 0,311
- 0 ,0 4 4 0,200
0,733
0,866
1,267
1,311
1,000
1 222
0,125 - 0,375
0,313
0 406 - 0 ,1 8 8 - 0,437
- 0,094 0,313
1,125
1 313
1,875
1,938
1,500
1,812
Mb
M = aq/2
M = aPl
DM 4 NHP
,Q = 0q/
Q = /?p
S dm
i L
- U
M,
/W2
m3
0,077
0,100
0.036
-0.045
0.036
Mc
Qab
Qba
Qac
-0.107
-0,071
0,393
0,536
0,464
-0,121
-0,107
0,446
0,603
0,571
0,169
0.116
0,169
-0.161
-0,107
0,339
0,607
0,620
0,661
0,553
(X447
0210
-0.067
0183
-0,040
-0,161
0,420
0681
0654
0607
0.238
0,111
0,111
-0,191
1,095
0,905
-0.111
0 222
-0321
-0^286
0,714
0857
1,286
0,286
1,190
0,165
0,165
-0,402
-0.268
1 098
1,321
1,902
1 274
0,299
0,238
-0,048
0,299
-0,181
-0,286
1,634
1 366
0.400
-0.167
0,333
-0,101
-0,452
-0,402
1,299
1,952
1,865
1,760
M = aP
DM 5 NHP
Q = tq l
Q = pp
S dm
(D (D^
m i I I I I I I '1 1111 r n 1I I I 1111H 1 11111111111II111

p
r^ 1 ,X 1
JJL ^
*
Oce
0,081
0,116
M = atql2
0,077
-0.023
Mg
HI * U i
in
'
JL-
4
A
I.I1.
UI
II
X
M,
m3
Mb
Mc
Ob
Qba
Oec
O cb
Q cd
0.078
0,100
-0,026
0,171
0,211
-0,039
0,240
0,287
-0.047
0,302
0,401
-0,099
0,033
-0,046
0,079
0,112
-0,069
0,181
0,100
-0,117
0,216
0,155
-0,173
0,327
0,046
0,086
-0,040
0,132
0,191
-0,059
0,122
0,228
-0,105
0,204
0,352
-0,148
-0,105
-0,119
-0,079
-0,111
0,395
0,447
0,605
0,620
0,526
0,598
0,474
0,576
0,000
-0,158
-0,179
-0,118
-), 167
0,342
0,421
0,658
0,679
0,540
0,647
0,460
0,615
0,500
0,637
-0,281
-0,319
-0,211
-0,297
0,719
0,860
1,281
1,319
1,070
1,262
0,930
1,204
1,000
1,243
-0,395
-0.449
-0,296
-0 417
1,105
1 302
1,895
1,949
1,599
1 867
1,401
1,787
1,500
1 841
141
0,591
__
e*sl o
TCnoor-U) lo tr
cs|
CO^D<TOJ
^
CP oo^ <-c> ^ 2
.*- > O
<3" o
_
_L_
I 1I r T~
~r
^ se
n
tn
Vo
J_
Co
cr
-T
T T
37'
o <5~(S <5
~>
cr
_Cr.cOr-.vi>
C' oo Vi5Uo t3- *0
\n
ir>
<-0
lo
I T I---1--- 1--- T---- -T-------- r~
II1I I r-----1-----T------- 11
r~
<31
<T*
_1_
Ti
~~T~ _L_ p
*^
^rr-
C
7->
^
*=>
c^4
*=5
LO^-O
Cvj
LO
-o
-- 1
"7
>0
<NJ
VO
C4
Crn/
(O<-D
K
~>
<
Ttt Cir
5T
CVJ
Pv
eOQ
2*
sR
I
(V
___ ________l_
o-
s
t'-
J____l-
s3
S:
8ir>
_ J _______J -
<=r
__L.
rco
-d-
Bng IV.7. A-bc tnh dm btng 200 thp CT3
Ni b v h<, c hh0 v bh,2,.
Ni bh v M c A.
142
:;
Ni A v bho c Fa
v n cc s" liu n h t r n :
u ti n x t :
N
155000
------ -------=
m . R u . bho
100 X 50 X 70
155
= 0,44 < 0,55

350
T n h th e o tr n g h p 1 :
- ho
F = F
1 - 0 ,5 -
N
m . m aR a
ho - a
loo
155 r 6 6 , 5- 7 - [ l - 0,5.0,44] 1
F- = F - = f n
65
J
F a = F a = 13,52 cm 2
ch n 4>22 = 15,21 cm 2
R r n g ct th p di x n g t n h n n h n g ct l m vic
t t hcm.
B i to n ct chu n n lch t m c l p tr n h cho
m y vi tn h th e o churm g tr n h s a u :
COTCTODX
cho ct c't th p k h n g i xng.
COTCTDX
cho ct ct th p di x ng.
IV.4.4. NN LCH TM, C T THP KHNG i XNG

Program
Var
COTCTODX;
N, M, b, ho, lo, an Ru, Ra : real;
eo, e, F, G, K, Lamda, t, mc, neta, Fan, Fa : real;
Begin
Writein (Tinh ct ct thp khng di xng);
144
Write (nhp N, M, b, h, ho, lo, an, Ru, Ra );

Readin (N, M, h, ho, lo, an, Ru, Ra);
F : - b'h;
Lamda : - lo/h;
K : 0,2'b' ho/100;
Writein (K - Ky,
Begin
il
F < - 3000 then

mc : - 0,8 else
mc : - 1/(1 - (N*sqr (lamda))/ (400*mc Ru*F));
Writein (neta - neta);
Begin
eo : - neta M/N;
e : - eo + 0,5*h - an;
t : - eo/ho;
VVritein (t - f);
G : - (N e/rrc - 0,4 Ru b sqr (ho)) / (Ra (ho - an));
Begin if G K
then Fan : G
else Fan : " K;
end;
Writein ('Fan ,Fan):
End;
Begin
if t > 0,3 then Fa : - ((0,55'RuVho) - (N/mc)) / (Ra) + Fan
else if t > 0,15 then Fa : K
else if t < 0,15 then
if Fan > K then Fa : - Fan
else Fa : K;
End;
End;
Writein (Ka Fa);
Readin;
End.
IV.4,5. NN LCH TM, C T THP i XNG

Program
Var
Begin
eo : - neta* M/N;
e : - eo + 0,5*h - an;
c : g" (ho-an) / e;
d : - N / (mc Ru b*ho);
if d - 0,55 then
Fa : (N e/mc - 0,4 Ru b sqr (ho)) / (Ra (ho));
End;
Begin
if d < c then
muy : - 20.885 muy-2 . 143" sqr (muy);
Fa : (N* 0 / mc - A b" sqr (ho)) / )Ra (hoan));
if d > c then
Begin if d < - g then
Fa : - (N / (mc*Ra))* (e / (ho-an) - 1) else
Fa : - (N / (m cRa)) (0 - ho (1 - 0,5 d) / (hoEn;
End;
VVritein (Fa - Fan - Fa);
Readin;
COTCTDX;
N, M, b, ho, lo, an, RU, Ra : real;
A, c, d, f, g, eo, e, lamda, muy, neta, Fa, Fan, mc : real;
Begin
Writein (Tinh ct ct thp i xng);
Write (nhap N, M, b, h, ho, lo, an, Ru, Ra - ) ;
Readin (N, M, b, h, ho, lo, an, Ru, Ra);
F : bh; Lamda : - lo/h; g : 2*an/ho;
if f < 3000 then
mc : 0,8 else
mc : - 1,0;
VVritein (mc mc);
Begin
if lamda < - 10 then
neta : - 1,0 else
nets : 1 / (1 - (N sqr (lamda) I (400*mc*RuF)));
writein (neta - neta);
End;
145
CHUNGV
TNH KT CU TNG
y
v.l. TNH KT CU GCH
i vi k t cu gch , phi tnh c hai m t : cng

v n nh.
.1.1. CNG KT CU GCH
Cng chu nn Rn kg/cm 2 th xy gch theo tng

p dy 5 n 15 cm.
Cng chu un, chu ko (kg/cm ) ca th xy gc

theo tng lp 5 n 15 cm.
s
hiu
vra
Ko trc tm
Ko do un
Ct
Rk
Ru
Ro
Theo mch
Theo mch
Thng
Rng
ca
Thng
Rng
ca
1,2
0,8
0,4
0,2
0,1
2,5
1,6
0,8
0,4
0,2
Theo
mch
thng
Ko
chnh
Rxt
Theo
mch
bnh
thng
S liu va
S hiu
gch d
100
75
50
25
10
300
200
150
100
75
50
35
33
27
22
18
15
13
10
30
25
20
17
14
11
9
28
22
18
15
13
10
8
25
18
15
13
11
9
7
22
16
13
10
9
7
6
18
14
12
9
7
6
4,5
15
13
10
8
6
5
4
12
10
8
6
5
3,5
3
100-50
25
10
4
2
0,8
0,5
0,3
0,1
0,05
1,6
1,1
0,5
0,2
0,1
1,6
1,1
0,5
0,2
0,1
1,2
0,8
0,4
0,2
0,1
Gh ch : T h xy v a xi m ng cng gim 25%.

v . u . CNG THC TNH
V.1.2.1. Nn trng tm
Ghi ch : T h xy bng va xi mng, va nh hoc va
i cha d 3 thng th cng gim di 15%.
146
N < m . m ^R^P
m l h s mt
ct :
= 1
khi
F > 0,3 m
= 0,8
khi
F < 0,3 m 2
IT1|< la h s iu kin ca vt liu xy, i vi gch s
liu 2: 50 'h mk = 1
<p l h s on dc ph thuc
hr
1000
1000
hoc Anp =
b l b rng ca tng tr.

r l bn knh hi chuyn r =
I l m om eni qun tnh ca tit din
F l din tch ca tit din.
h0 l cao tng tr h0 = ah
147
BNG H S a IU KIN TH XY
S hiu va
Th xy
Xy vua nng
Xy gch va nng
Xy gch V> nhe <1500kg/m
100-50
25-10
2000
1000
750
500
350
1000
750
500
350
200
750
500
350
200
100
BNG H S ON p THEO /9np HOC Anp

/np
*np
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14,0 0,99
17,5 0,98
21,0 0,96
24,5 0,94
28,0 0,92
31,5 0,90
35,0 0,88
38,5 0,86
Pnp
^np
<p
Pn
^np
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
42,0
45,5
49,0
52,5
56,0
0,84
0,72
0,70
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
76
83
90
97
104
111
118
0,65
36
125
20
59,5
63,0
70,0
0,81
0,79
0,77
0,74
V. 1.2.2. Ko trng tm
N < mmkRkF
k hiu ging nhu trn
v.1.2.3. Un
M < m.mkRu.W
0,61
0,56
0,53
0,49
0,45
0,42
0,39
0,36
/*nP
/np
<p
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
132
139
146
153
160
166
173
0,34
0,32
0,30
0,28
0,26
0,24
0,23
52
180
0,22
k hiu ging nh trcn.
w l modul chng un
Hnh ch nht w =
bh
Hnh phc tp w
Ymax
Chu ci khi un :
Q < m.mkRkc.b.Z
z l cnh tay n ngu lc z =
h
3
V. 1.2.4. Chu ct
Q < m.nikRc + 0,8^ 0] F
f l h s ma st theo mch va:
+ Th xy gch c f = 0,7
+ Th xy gch 6ng f = 0,3
N
Q l ng sut nn 0 = 0,9
v.1.2.5. Nn lch tm
a. Lch tm
khi < 0,45 hoc < 0,224
y
h
tit din bt k
m . m k . p . R nF
N < ------- --------1 + ------h-y
_
h
Tit din ch nht y =
2
Tit din ch nht
N < m.ni|t.y?.RnF.|
vi =
2en
1 +
e0
b. Lch tm nhiu : khi > 0,45 hoc > ),224
y
tit din bt k : N < rn.nikfu.RnF
148
Ch
- Khi l hp li trng chnh :
e0 > (),7y phi tnh ton khe nt

0,9y < f 0 < 0,95y phi l ct thp chu ko.
- Khi t hp ti trng
e0 > 0,8y phi
lnh
en > (),95y phi t
ph :
ton khe
rt thp chu ko.
Cc k hiu trong nn lch rm nhiu :

Fc din tch hu nn Fc = 2ab
<pu h s ondo nn lch tm.

h s
o n |C
theo
h
<pc h s cn cho Fc theo
nt.
Nu lii din hnh T th lnh

th e o
I b C
X =
(2e' - c) + ("' - c)
Nu e < - th X = e
2
X=
(2e - d) + (? - d
Nu e <
th X = e
7.
v.1.2.6. Nn cc b
N < m . mk^ Rc b Pcb
.I l h s im ta :
khi lc phn b u i = 1
khi lc phn b lam gic /J = 0,5
Rcb l cng chiu nn cc b :
r cb
< 2Rn
Rn
f cb
F = b/
V.I.3.L. Cp hng nh hin nav quv dnh :
b l b rng tng.
/ l bc d i tn h ton, lv
cp nh
li
III
IV
S nm s dng
100
60
40
20
the o :
/ = a + 2b
V .I.2.2. I di ti a ca tng :
Lct (m)
Cp nht
Khi trn u tirng l
Sn g v m g
Sn ml btng lp dng
Sn m btng c ti ch
/ = a + b
b
Kr
----------
II
IV
24
15
12
32
21
40
3)
II
30
40
50
Trong cc trng hp sau phi gim Lct

/ = c khi c < 2b
1. khi p lc gi t 70 n 100 kg/nr gim 15 - 2 5 c/r
2. khi nh cao'
: t. ?
\)
32 gim 20%
/ = 2b khi c > 2b
b w m
_. l
20/ im 10%
48/7! gim 25 /c
3. khi b rng d ca nh < 2 ln H (chiu cac tng) 'thi
d
gim theo t l
2H
v.1.3. TNH N NH
4.
Tnh n jnh ca th xy gch l khng ch chiu di
khi sn mi bctng lp dng c cc ru s! ch
ki vo tng th coi nh c ti ch.
v chiu cao cho tirng, tr n nh.
150
V .1.3.3. Chiu cao ti a ca tng, tr : II(/n)

H = SK./.1)
b l b dv lng, lnh hng mt.
l h s cao dy ly theo 2 b ne sau :

B N G p CHO T N G
S hiu
va
> 0 > 1 K H l'L ct < 2,5 H
p theo cc loai th xy
Cp I
Cp II
Cp III
> 50
25
25
22
22
20
17
10
20
17
15
14
15
14
13
Cp IV
BNG p CHO TNG < (U m KHI L C1 < 2,5H

B dy
tttrng (cm)
30
25
22
20
15
11
10
5
theo 80 htu va
> 50
25
10
27
22
30
25
28
20
22
23,8
25
30
34
35
40
33
35
40
44
45
50
30
35
39
40
...
< 4
17
18
19.2
20
22
24,4
25
K l h s dicu kin lm v ic n h sau :
1. Tr s 3 cho tng < 0,3w gim theo

K] = 0,9 cho nh cp III
K2 = 0,8 cho nh cp IV
2. Nu b dy tng c ir s trung gian th p cng tnh
theo tr s trung gian.
3. Nu
tr
hnh T th b = 3,5r vi r=
4. Khi chiu cao H > Lct th chiu di n nh Lci = IK/?b

(khng tnh theo chicu cao H).
5. Cc h s khc ca K :
- Tng dy < 0,3m c chu li k3 = 0,8
r--1 '
I
X
1
/ ^tmglrca
- Tng dc c ca k4 = A /-------- ---------V Ptng khng ca
- Tng ngang c ca
k5 = 0,9
Khi Lct >
2,5 H
k6 =
0,9
Khi Lct >
3,5 H
k7 =
0,8
- Tng khng quy cch kg = 0,8

-
u tng
t o'
k =
Khi c ct
thp dc /< >
0,7
0,05%
phi ct 1 bn kjo = 1,2

phi ct 2 bn ku = 1,3
151
6. Khi chicu di
Lct rt nh, khng
qu
tri s IK/ib th
chiu cao H khng b hn ch v cu to, chi cn xc nh vc
cng .
7. Khi LC1 < 2H th chiu di Lct v chiu cao H phi
tha mn diu kin II + Lcl < 3 Xk/3b
8. Ricng di vi tr I k ly theo bng sau :
B dy tr (cm)
Xy gch vung vn
Xy khng quy cch
> 90
70 - 89
5 0 -6 9
< 50
0,75
0,70
0,65
0,60
0,60
0,55
0.50
0,45
Ch :
- Tr gia 2 ca s c kch th c b
X c vi c < b th
H = Xk^.c, ncu H nh hn chiu cao thc t th tr ny c

tnh cht trang tr m khng chu ti.
- Khi mt u tr l t do Ih Ik c nhn thm vi 0,7.
V.2. CHIU DI V CHIU CAO TNG
I 1f~
_____ ChiSu cao tng gch H/71 xy va 25 khi L/H < 2
1,00
1.25
1,50
1.75
2,00
Tung
Tng khng chiu tl
chiu
tl
b = 30
20
10
b = 30
20
10
9.9
8.8
7.9
7.2
6,6
9.0
8.0
7.2
6.5
6,0
6.0
5.3
4,8
4,4
4,0
3.0
7,0
6.3
5.8
5.3
7.2
6,4
5,8
5,2
4,8
4,8
4.2
3.8
3,5
3,2
* Tnh theo H + L = 3/ft> cha c Ik.
L
Chiu cao tng c ca Hm xy va 25 khi 2,0 < < '.,5
F ca
Tng chu ti
Tng khng chu ti
F tung
30
20
10
30
20
0,0
0,2
0.4
0,6
0,8
6.6
5,9
5.1
4,2
3.0
6,0
5,4
4.6
3.8
2,7
4,0
3,6
3.1
5,3
4,7
4.1
3.4
2,4
4,8
4,3
3,7
22
9
25
0
14
2.5
1.8
3;o
2,2
Chiu cao Hm tng c ca xy va 25 khi 2,5 < < ;,5
F ca
Tng chu tl
Tdng khng chiu tl
F tung
30
20
10
30
20
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
5,9
5.3
4,6
3,8
2,7
5.4
4,9
4,1
3,4
2,4
3,6
3.2
2,8
2,3
1.6
4,8
4,2
3,7
3,1
2,2
4,3
39
3,3
2.7
2,0
29
26
23
18
13
L
Chiu cao Hm tng c ca xy va 25 khi > 35
F ca
152
Tng chiu ti
Tn g khng chiu ti
F tumg
30
20
10
30
20
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
5,3
4,7
4,1
3,4
2,4
4,8
4.3
3,7
3,0
2,2
3,2
2,9
2,5
2,0
1,4
4.2
3,8
3,3
2,7
1,9
3.8
3,4
3.0
2,4
1,8
6
3
O
18
11
CHNG V
TNH KT CU MNG
VI. 1. BN CHT VT L CA T
nh ngha
y : ung irng l trng lng an v th tch

: dung trng kh l trng lng ht trong n v th tch
VI. 1.1. CII TIU C BN CA T
K hiu
A : t trng l t s trng lng v th tch
.........................
On
w : m l t s nc v ht w =
*>
4
vh
Y i 100;
n : rng n =
V
Wa
m : c m =
100.
V
vr
e : h s rng l t s v rng v v hat e =

vh
V
: th tch lon b
g : trng lng ton phn
Vk : th tch kh
gk
trng' lung kh
v n : th tch nc
gn
trng lng nc
v h : th tch hl
gh trng lng ht
An : t trng nc (An = 1)
v 4 : th tch rng
V = vk + vn + vh= vr +
vh
G = G k + Gn + Gh Gn +
Gh
vn
G : bo ha l t s v nc v v rng G =
vr
yoh ' l dung tr<Png t khi bo ha.
yn : l dung trng dt trong nc, yn = yGh - An
153
Qunn h gia cc ch tiu : Bir y. A. vv.

= - : m
1+ w
e = - 1 =
1 +
A -
'
A( i + W) - y
A + eAn
W.A
eA, /h
A - An
I + e
4*
VI. 1.2. CH TIU TRNC, THI CA T

Ct theo cht tiii i [)
. Phn loai c! rlieo hiii

Phn lo{
% trng lng ci kh
Ct san
Hat trn 2irtm chim trn 25%
Ct to
Hat trn 0,5m m chim trn 50%
Ct trung
Hat trn 0,25mm chim trn 50%
Ct nh
Hat tr 0,1n f77 chim trn 75%
Ct bui
Hat trn 0,1 mti chim di 75%
2. D cht trxng di D
'A V
l h s rng t nhicn
EnVX k h i ct ri nhat
mm khi ci cht nht.
Quy phm xc dinh :

0 <
<
1/3
c! r i
khng
1/3 < D < 2/3
ct cht va
2/3 < D <
ct cht.
c h i u l c
I D cht tmrng di D theo h s rri c

cht
Cc loi ct
Cht
Cht va
ri
Cl san
Ct to
F . '<
0.55
0.55 < < 0,65
0.60 < F < 0,70

0.60 < f < 0.80
r > 0.80
> 0.65
Cl trung
Ct nh
F.
< 0.60
Ct bi
< o.sc
f > 0,70
t st theo ch s st B
I Hai gii hn Aiterberg
- Gii hn do w d l m t lmIhnli
con giiun
4> mm.
- Gii hn nho wnh l il m ca i khi Ih nn Valiiv
vo Ih) nn ngp ng 10ram
2. Ch s do 0 , <> = iv nh - w
Chi s do phn loi at. ng thi cn
hm lng ht st 0,005/?!W.
phn loi thico
Loi t
Phn theo 
Pi)n theo p % ht sl
St
st
A ct
Ct
17 < '>
7 < < 17
1 < < 7
0 < <1 < 1
30 1
Tinh
cht
Lng
- Nh cht lng thng thng
Nho
- Cng chng ct * 0, bn th&n

khng c hnh dng nht nh
Gii hn nho
- Khi chu lc ngoi c th ly hlnh
Do
0<B<1
dng nht dnh m khng nt n v

c th gi hnh y khi b ngoi lc
o
i
Na cng
Cng chng ct kh, khng th

ty vt nn. w tng th th tch tng
o
V
Gii han co
-Cng rn, c hnh thi v th tch
Cng
nht nh; w gim nhng th tch

khng gim.
T h d u V .]
Cho y = 1,86; A = 2,66;
w = 12%, tnh e v G
A( l + W) - y _ 2,66X 1,12 -
1,86
1,12
11,86
SA
WA
0,12.2,66
11,86
SA
= 0 ,6 0
0,319
Th d V. 2
Cho y = 1,8; A = 2,67; w = 14%, tnh

f =
2, 67x1,14 -
1,8
------- ^ ------------
)69 _ j
E,
n, m
0 6
1,8
n =
0,69
1
= ::r = 0,408 ; m =
= 0,592
1+e
1,69
1,69
VI.2. PHN B NG SUT TRONG T

VI.2.1. LC TP TRUNG
p
&
r
155
r/2
k,
r/2
kt
r/z
k,
r/z
ki
r/z
K,
0.00
0,01
0.02
0,03
0,04
0,4775
0 4773
0,4770
0,4764
0.4756
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0,4103
0.4054
0,4004
0.3954
0,3902
0,50
0,51
0,52
0,53
0,54
0.2733
0.2679
0,2625
0.2571
0.2518
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.1565
0.1527
0.1491
0.1455
0,1420
1.00
1 01
1.02
1.03
1.04
0,0844
0.0823
0.0803
0.0783
0.0764
0,05
006
0,07
0,08
0.4745
0,4732
0.4717
0,4699
0,30
0,31
0,32
0,33
0,3849
0,3796
0.3742
0,3687
0.55
0,56
0,57
0,58
0.2466
0.2414
0,2363
0,2313
0.1386
0.1353
0.1320
0,1288
0,09
0,4679
0,34
0.3632
0.59
0,2263
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.1257
1,05
1.06
1,07
1.08
1,09
0.0744
0.0727
0.0709
0,0691
C.0674
0,10
0 11
0 12
0,13
0,14
0,4657
0,4633
0,4607
04579
0,4548
0,35
0,36
0,37
0,38
0,39
0,3577
0,3521
0,3465
0,3408
0,3351
0,60
0,61
0,62
063
064
0.2214
0,2165
0,2117
02070
02024
0,85
0,86
0,87
0,88
0,89
0.1226
0.1 196
0.1166
0.1138
0.11 to
1,10
1,11
1,12
1.13
114
0,0658
0.0641
0,0626
0.0610
00595
0,15
0,16
0 17
0 18
0,19
0,4516
0,4482
04446
0,4409
0,4370
0,40
0,41
0,42
0,43
0,44
0,3294
0,3238
0,3181
0.3124
0,3068
0,65
0 66
0,67
0 68
0,69
0.1978
0,1934
0,1889
0,1846
0,1804
0,90
0,91
0,92
0,93
0,94
0.1083
0,1057
0,1031
0.1005
0.0981
1,15
1,16
1.17
1.18
1,19
0.0581
0,0567
0,0553
0.0539
0,0526
0,20
0.21
022
0,23
0,24
0,4329
0,4286
0,4242
0,4197
0,4151
0,45
0.46
0,47
0.48
0,49
0,3011
(X2955
0.2899
0,2843
02788
0,70
0,1762
0,1721
0.1681
0,1641
0,1603
0,95
0,96
0,97
0,98
099
0.0956
0,0933
0.0910
0.0887
0,0865
1.20
1,21
1,22
1,23
1,24
0,0513
0,0501
0,0489
00477
0,0466
0,71
0 72
073
0,74
1.25
1,40
1 41
0,0433
1.42
1.28
0,0422
1,29
0.0412
1.30
1.31
0,0402
0,0317
1.55
0,0224
1.70
0.0160
0.0309
0.0302
1.56
1,57
0,0219
0,0214
1 72
0,0153
0,0147
1.43
1.44
0,0295
1 58
0.0288
1,59
0,0209
0,0204
1,45
1.46
0,0282
1.60
0,0275
0,0269
1.61
00
210
0.0085
.20
0,0070
0.0141
o
co
0,0454
0.0443
1.26
1.27
0.0058
0.0048
1.78
0.0135
40
0,0040
0.0200
1,80
0,0129
1,82
1,84
0,0124
50
60
0,0034
0,0195
0,0191
0,0119
270
1,74
1,76
0.0029
0,0024
1.33
0.0393
0.0384
0,0374
0,0263
0,0187
1,86
0,0114
280
0,0021
1.34
0.0365
1.48
1.49
1,62
1,63
0,0257
1,64
0,0183
1,88
0.0109
290
0,0017
1,35
0.0357
1,50
0,0251
1,65
0,0179
1,90
0,0105
300
0,0015
1.36
0,0344
1.51
00245
1 66
0,0175
1,92
0,0101
350
0.0007
1.37
0,0340
1,52
0.0240
1,67
0.0171
1,94
0,0097
400
0,0004
1.38
0,0332
0,0324
1,53
1 54
0,0234
1,68
0,0167
1,96
0,0093
450
0,0002
0,0229
1 69
0,0163
1,98
0,0089
500
00001
1.32
1,39
1.47
VI.2.2 TI PHN B U TRONG HNH CH N IT

^2P
Ti tm M
z -
Ti gc N
7 = k^p
a
Bng tr s k
N 1X
a =
b
1,0
1,5
10
20
30
0,25
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
0,898
0,696
0,336
0,194
0,114
0.904
0,716
0,428
0,257
0,912
0,762
0,500
0,348
0,240
0,960
0,820
0,549
0,397
5,00
0,008
0,279
0,168
0,106
0,308
0,209
0,129
0,960
0.820
0,550
0,400
0,310
o,o
0,934
0.789
0.518
0 360
0,268
0,180
0,096
0,940
0,792
0,522
0,373
3,00
0,908
0,734
0,470
0,288
0,188
0,108
0,040
0,157
0,076
0,025
0,147
0,076
0,210
0,130
Bng tr s
X *
' X
0.0
0.2
0,4
0.6
0.8
1,0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2,2
2.4
2,6
2.0
3,0
3.2
3.4
3,6
1,0
1,2
1,4
0.250
0.250
0,250
0.2480 0,2409 0,2490

0,2401 0.2420 0,2429
0.2229 0,2275 0,2300
0,1990 0.2075 0.2120
0 1753 0.1051 0,1941
0 1518 0.1626 0,1705
0,1308 0.1423 0.1508
0.1123 0.1241 0,1329
0,0969 0 1093 0 1172
0.084(0 0.0947 0,1034
1.6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,B
3,0
0,250
0,250
0.250
0.250
0,250
0.250 0,250
0,250
0.2491 0,2491 0 2491 0,2492 0.2492 0,2492 0.2492 0.2492
0.2434 0,2437 0 2439 0,2440 0.2441 0.2442 0,2442 0 2442
0,2315 0.2524
0,2147
0,2165
0 2329 0.2333 0.2335 0.2337 0,2338 0,2339

0 2170 0.2103 0,2180 0,2192 0 2194 0,2196
0,2034
0 1999 0.2012
0.2020 0.2026 0,2031
0 1818 0,1636
0,1849 0,1058 0,1885 0.1870
0,1589 0,1613 0 1644 O.t607

0 1396 0.1445 0,1452 0,t5 0 9
0,1685 0,1696 0,1705 0,1712

0 1530 0.1545 0,1557 0.1567
0,1955 0.1971
0,1750 0,1793
0.1389 0,1408
0,1423 0,1434
0,1103 0,1138 0,1202 0,1263 0,1276 0,1284

0.0732 0.0032 0,0917 0,0984 0 1039 0,1084 0 1120 0.1149 0 1172
0,0642 0,0734 0,0818 0,0879 0,0034 0.0979 0.1016 0,1047 0.1071
0.0566 0 0651 0.0725 0,0788 0,0842 0,0887 0.0924 0.0955 0,0981
0.1300 0,1314
0,1241
0.1294 0.1334 0.1365
0,1191
0,1205
0,1092 0.1108
0,1003 0.1020
0,0709 0,0781
0.0805 0,0842
0.0875 0,0900 0.0923 0,0942
0,0447 0.0519 0,0563 0,0640 0,0690

0,0401 0.0467 0.0526 0,0580 0,0627
0.0 73? 0.0769

3,0666 0.0704
0,0801
0,0828 0.0851
0.0735
0 0762 0,0788 0 0608
0.0502 0.0580
0,0361
0,0421
0,0645
0.0477
0,0527 0.0571
0,032*0 0,0382 0.0433 0,0480 0.0523
0.0870
0,06' 1 0,0646 0,0677 0,0704 0,0727 0,0747

0,0561 0,0594 0,0624 0,065 0,0674 0,0694
a
p \
1.0
1,2
1,4
3.8
4.0
4,2
4.4
0,0296 0,034fl 0.0395

0,0270 0.0318 0,0362
0,0247 0.0291 00333
0 0227 0.0268 0.0306
4,6
0.0205 002 47
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2,6
2,e
3,0
0,0518 0.054S 0.0577 0,0603 0,0620 0,0846

0 0403 0,0441 0,0474 0.0507 0.0535 0,0560 0,0506 0,0603
0.0371 0.0407 0,0439 0,0469 0.0496 0,0521 0,0543 0,0503
00343 0,0378 0.0407 0.0436 0,0462 0.0485 0,0507 0,0527
0,0438 0.0479
0,0474
0 0493
0,0444
0,0463
5.0
0.02B3 0.0317 0,0340 0,0378 0,0405 0.0430 0.0453

0.0189 0 0229 0,0262 0,0244 0,0324 0,0352 0,0378 0,0402 0,0424
0,0179 0.0212 0.0243 0.0224 0.0302 0,0328 0,0358 0.0376 0,0397
0,0417
0.0435
6.0
0,0127 0,0157 0,0174
0,0196 0,0218
0,0310 0,0325
7,0
0,0094 0.0112 0 0 1 3 0
0.0147
8,0
9,0
0,0073 0.0007 0.0107
0,0114 0,0127
4,8
1Q,0
0,0238 0,0257 0,0276 0,0293

0,0164 0,0100 0,0195 0,0210 0,0224
0,0140 0,0153 0,0165 0.0178
0,023fi 0.0251
0,0107 0 ,0 t9 8
0,0058 0,0060 0,0080 0,0091 0,0102 0,0112 0,0122 0,0132 0,0142 0 0152 00101
0,0047 000 5 6 0.0065 0,0074 0,0093 0,0090 0.0160 0,0109 0,0117 0,0125 0,0132
Ghi ch :
Bng tr s k (tip theo)

a
0,0
0,2
0.4
0,6
3,4
0,250
0,250
3,e
4,0
5.0
8,0
7,0
8,0
0,250
0,250
0.0
10,0
i
0,2492
0,2443
0,2340
0,2198
0,250
0,250 0,250 0.250

0,2492 0.2492 0.2402 0,2432 0,2492
0,2443 0.2443 0.2443 0,2443 0,2443
0,2340 0 2341 0,2341 0,2341 0,2342
0.2199 0,2199 0.2200 0,2200 0,2202
0.250 0,250
0,2492 0,2492 0,2492 0,2402 0.2492
0,2443 0,2443 0,2443 0.2443 0.2443
0,2342 0.2342 0,2342 0,2342 0.2342
0,250
1,2
0.2202 0,2202 0 2202 0.2202 0.2202

0.2039 0.?040 0 2041 0.2042 0,2044 0.2045 0,2045 0.2046 0.2046 a204
0,1873 0 1078 0.1078 0.1880 0,1882 0,1887 0,1807 0,1808 0.1688 o .ie e e 0.1688
M
1.6
0,1718 0,1722 0.1725

0,1574 0,1580 0.1584
0.1587 0,1590 0 1598 0,1601
0 1602 0.1603
0 1739 0.1740
0.1604 0.1604
1.0
2.0
0,1443 0,1450 0.1455 0,1460 0.1473 0,1474 0,1478

0,1324 0,1332 0,1339 0 1345 0 1350 0,1364 0.1368
0,1480 0,1481
0,1482 0.1482
0.1371
0.1372
0.1373 0.1374
2.2
2,4
0,1210 0,1227 0,1235

0,1122 0,1133 0.1142
0,1242 0,1242
0,1264 0.1271
0,1274 0,1270
0.1277 0 1277
0,1150 0,1150
0,1175 0.1194 0,1168 0 1190 0,1191
2,e
0,1035 0,1047 0.1058
0.1068 0,1073 0 1095 0,1106 0,1111
0,0
1,0
57
3.2
020 37
0.1720 0,1730 0,1735 0,1738 0.1739 0.1739
0,1113
0,1115
0,1192
0,11 te
\. u
32
3.6
3.8
4,0
5.0
6.0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
0,0982
0.0918
0 0850
0 0793
0 0741
0.0694
0.0650
0.0610
0,0574
0.0540
0,0509
0,0480
0,0366
0 0285
0.0228
0,0186
CX0154
0.0991
0,0923
0,0861
0 0804
0 0753
0 0706
0 0663
0.0623
0 0586
0 0553
0 0522
0.0493
0,0377
0296
0,0237
0.0194
0 0162
0,0999
0 0931
0,0870
0,0816
0 0798
0.0747
0,06/4
0.0634
0 0597
0.0561
0 0533
0 0504
0.0388
0.0306
0 0246
0 0202
0 0177
0.1024
0 09^9
0 0900
0,0847
0 0799
0 0753
0.0712
0,0674
0,0639
0,0606
0 0576
0,0547
0.0431
0.0346
0 0283
0 0235
0 0198
0,1036
0,0973
0,0916
0,0864
0,0816
0 0773
0 0733
0 0696
0,0662
0 0630
0,0601
0,0573
0.04 GO
0,0376
0.0311
0 0262
0,0222
0.1041
0 0980
0 0923
0,0873
0.0826
00784
0 0745
0 0709
0 0678
0 0644
0 0616
0 0589
0.0479
0 0396
0 0332
0,0282
0 0242
0.1045
0.0983
0.0928
0,0877
0,0832
0 0790
0,0752
0 0716
0 0684
0 0654
0,0626
0 0599
0,0491
0 0411
0,0348
0.0298
0 0258
0,1047
0.0986
0.0930
0 0880
0,0835
0 0794
0 0756
0,0721
0 0689
0,0659
0,0631
0 60G
0,0500
0^0421
0 0359
0.0310
0 0270
0,1048
0,0987
0 0933
0 0882
0 0837
0,0796
0.0758
0 0724
0 0692
0 0663
0 0635
0 0610
0.0506
CX0428
0.0367
0,0319
0.028D
3.4
2,8 0,0957
3.0 0 0887
3 2 0 0823
3 4 0,0765
3 6 0 0717
3 8 0,0664
4 0 0 0620
4,2 0,0581
4,4 0,0514
4 6 0 0510
4,8 0,0480
5 0 0.0451
6,0 0,0340
7,0 0 0263
8.0 0,0209
9 0 0.0169
10.0 0 0140
0 0970
0 0901
0.0838
0,0760
0.0728
0.0680
0 0636
0,0596
0,0560
0.0526
0.0495
0.0466
003 5 3
0,0275
0,0219
0,0178
0,0147
___
Tli cl \ '/..
P-60 T
Tim nc sul ti M
60000
y = k t
,
/.-
y = 0 ,2 7 3 3
= 0 ,2 7 3 3
X
2 00
1,5 = 0,41 kih nr
Tli d VI.4
M ^_l
1m
200
6m
e
(N i
--------3 k q /c m
Tnh ne xut ti M v N
Ti M > = k:p
a
a =
3m
6
= 3 ;
p= -
15
7 = 0,5
3 = 1,5 ki/cnr
y = k,p
Tai N
k , = 0 ,2 0 3 4
/ = 0 ,2 0 3 4
3 = 0,61 kcnr
VI.2.3. TI PHN H TAM GIC TRONG HNH CH NHT

Ti inh M
> = k4p
Ti ui N
7 = k5p
M
-4-
4 -
Chiu a c p k hn s i,
Chiu h c p thay i
Bn i tr s k4
0,00
0,25
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
3,00
5,00
0,250
0,136
0.101
0,025
0,012
0,008
0,005
0,001
0,250
0,186
0,116
0.051
0.026
0,017
0,010
0.004
0,024
0,007
a
0,15
0.30
0,60
0,250
0,206
0,160
0,085
0,050
0.031
1,00
0,250
0.209
0,170
0,108
0,069
0,045
0,015
0,009
1,50
0.250
0,210
0,173
0,113
0,030
0,056
0,033
0.014
2,00
0,250
0.211
0,175
0,117
0,087
0.0G4
0.041
0,019
3,00
0,250
0,211
0,175
0,119
0,090
0,071
0,047
0,025
6.00
0,250
0,211
0,176
0,120
0,092
0,075
0,051
0,029
10.00
0,250
0.212
0.177
0,121
0,093
0,076
0.052
0,032
20,00
0.250
0,212
0,177
0,121
0,093
0,076
0.052
0,033
Bng ir s k5
0,00
0,25
0,50
1.00
1,50
2,00
3,00
5,00
.15
0 30
0,60
1.00
0 00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0 020
0 021
0 037
0.C53
0.015
0 029
0 051
0.010
0,007
0,004
0.031
0.035
0.020
0,013
0.039
0.029
0,007
0.015
0,001
0,003
0 006
0 036
0.060
0.068
0,009
0.00
0,037
0 061
0,029
2.00
0.00
0 037
0.0G2
3,00
6,00
0,00
0,00
0,037
0.037
0.063
0.063
0,075
0.078
0.078
0.079
0,039
0.049
0.022
1,50
0053
0.063
0.068
0,071
0.071
0,055
0,059
0.035
0.041
0.012
0,017
0,022
0,026
,00
0,00
0.038
0.038
0,064
0,062
0,063
0,046
10,00
20.00
0,047
0.063
0,048
0,028
0,030
0 064
0,080
0,080
0.072
0,072
Th du VI. 5
Tm ng sut ii M v N
2 - k^p
ti M :
a =
2,4
k4 = 0,16
2
0,6;
/? = - = 0.5
4
3 = Q,4ft kQlcm2
J = 0,16
Ti N
(1, = ksp
k5 = 0,053
z 0,053 X 3 = 0,16 kgcm~
159
VI.2.4. TI PHN B U TRONG HNH TRN
t = k<;p
Hnh trn
Hnh vnh khuyn :
z = p
R|
Rj bn knh ngoi vnh khuvn

R 2 bn knh trong vnh khuyn
tv,
R,
N*
Q
N
Q
11
II
7T
II
7T
7T
^1
-b
H
>
"b
ca
><
z
o
0 )0 1 A w w - - - - O O O O
" q Q Q Q V i U r o Q V j K> q
o o o o o u o i o u o a i o
CT i N
cr I N
<J - u c o PO
o o o -si <J rv
8 8
o o o o o I
o
-* o o o o
o -Nj t n r o
o i o i 8
(X l *<
0 .9 6
1 ,0 0
0 ,1 8
0 ,4 5
0 ,0 2
0 8 2
0 .6 7
0 ,5 5
0 ,0 1
0 ,5 1
0 ,6 1
o
o
o o o
o o o
r o o
o o o
o o o
4^ > -si
co
i co o
o o o
b i co o>
o w s
0 .4 1
0 ,4 5
o o
^ *1
CD o
o o o o o
o o o o o
r o <A> -Ck >
o
o
o o o o
r o 0J cn
c cn o
o o o o o
o o Q o
ro co > 03 o
ro
iD
o
o
o o o o o
-* ro r o c*> co
cr> o CT o ro
o
o
o
c
Nl
o
M
i
l* <
Q
fsj
-* -* o>
U o <> co 8
0 9 0
0 ,2 8
2 ,0 0
o o o
o o o
- O Q
0 ,2 0
-5
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o
-*
'o o Q
U O U -U O C O O -^ O O S ^ O
o o o o Q o o ' o o ' p "o q o
Cn u o i - ^ C D C D - S i - N i t n k r o o o
0 ,3 1
Q O
c 5 a q n o o
0 ,1 5
O o o o
0 ,1 0
0 .1 2
< 5 o o
o
o
o o
o "o
Xk 00
o o -
V i <D o
o o
1,50
O O O O O O O O O O O O Q
o o o
b > ^ 4*.
O lO )
o o o o o o o o
1 * _*
r o 0J c o w "x*
^ 0 3
o G> >
o o o o o o o o o o o
o o -* ' *'-
b 'o o o
c n - ^ o o o o o ^ ^ - ^ o
Q Q " *'-* *Q o
0 ,2 1
*-!
3
o o o P o o o o o o o o o
'-*
7 t '-* "-*
-* 'o o o o Q
o o o o
-*
o o
r o c o -N io o ro ^ -^ ro ^ o
0 ,1 6
0 ,1 1
o O *-*
*-*
o
C0>0* 0 j^ ) ) 0 j0 0
1,00
o " o o 'q 'q
'-* ro ro
Q
- * r o c n < n o - * K 3 - ;* - ^ o
0 ,1 3
1 - 4 . r o "ro 'ro r o
o o o
O I O ^ S O ^ - O O O O I V O
Q
tvj
o
UI
VI.2.6. TI PHN B TAM (iIC THEO HNH BNG
Bi ton phng > Ob

o, = kgp
iO'o
b
Bng tr s kg
\
v
\ * -1,5
I \
b
\
-1,0 -0,5
0,0
0,25 0,50 0,75
1 ,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,250 0,500 0 , 7 5 0 1,000 0,000 0 . 0 0 0 0,000

0,25 0,000 0,000 0,001 0075 0256 0,480 0.643 0 4 2 4 0^015 0,003 0 0 0 0
0.50 0,002 0,003 0,023 0 , 1 2 7 0,263 0,410 0.477 0,353 0 , 0 5 6 0 , 0 1 7 0 , 0 0 3
0 .0 0
0 ,7 5
0 .0 0 6
0 .0 1 6
0 .0 4 2
0 ,1 5 3
0 ,2 4 8
0 ,3 3 5
0 ,3 6 1
0 ,2 9 3
0 108
0 ,0 2 4
0 ,0 0 9
1.00
0 .0 1 4
0 ,0 2 5
0 ,0 6 1
0 ,1 5 9
0 ,2 2 3
0 ,2 7 5
0 ,2 7 9
0 ,2 4 1
0 ,1 2 9
0 .0 4 5
0 ,0 1 3
1,50 0.020 0.048 0,096 0.145 0 178 0,200 0 2 0 2 0,185 0,124 0,062 0,041
2,00 0.033 0,061 0.092 0,127 0,146 0,155 0.163 0,153 0,108 0,069 0 0 5 0
3.00 0.050 0.064 0,080 0.096 0.103 0.104 0.108 0,104 0,090 0,071 0,050
4,00 0.051 0.060 0,067 0.075 0,078 0.085 0 0 8 2 0.075 0,073 0,060 0,049
5 0 0 0.047 0.052 0 0 5 7 0,059 0.062 0 063 0.068 0.065 0,061 0,051 0,047
6,00 0 0 4 7 0.04! 0,050 0.051 0.052 0.053 0.053 0.053 0,050 0,050 0,045
161
Th d VI. 6
Bi ton phng : tm ng sut ti M, N, K
Tra bng k7
z = 0,48
2 = 0,96 kg/cm2
= 0,23
2 = 0,46 kg/cm2
Zy = 0,26
bs 4*r*
i m
1m im
2 = 1,48 kg/cm
= 0,19
2 = 0,38 kglcm2
= 0,16
2 = 0,32 kg/cm2
z = 0,82
2 = 1,64 kglcm2
= 0,18
2 = 0,36 kg/cm2
= 0,00
2 = 0,00 kg/cm2
i
l cE
K
2 = 0,52 kg/cm"
z = 0,74
p, 5 2 .* 9 /c m a
VI.3. SC CHU CA T
VI.3.1. SC CHU TI CA T ST. ST, CT
Cn c theo h s rng
cng
khi
do
khi
f v trngthi :
w < 1,2 Wj
w > 1,2 w t
Sc chu Rkg/cm~ tra theo bng sau
Tn t
H B rng t
Trng thi c n g
Trng thi do
ct
0,5
0,7
3.0
2.5
3,0
20
st
0.5
0,7
1.0
3,0
2,5
2,0
2.5
1,8
1.0
0,5
0,6
0,8
6,0
5,0
3,0
2,5
4,0
3,0
2.0
1,0
St
1,1
VI.3.2. SC CHU TI CA T CT
Cn c theo h s rng e xc nh cht ng thi
xc nh m theo :
m nu
G < 50%
ul nu
50 <
G < 80%
no nc ncu
80 <
G < 100%
Sc
chu
ktikm
tr;i
the o
bng SUI
Tn dt
Cht
Cht va
Ct sn ct to khng k d m
45
3.5
Ct trung khng k m
3.5
Ct nh
30
2.5
2.0
Ct bi
m
ut v no nuc
2H
- m
2.5
ut
2.0
1.5
- no nuc
1.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
VI.3.3. HIU CHNH s c CHU TI CA T

Sc chu
ghi trong haibtnj Irn
ng vi h rng mn
b < \m v b su h t 1,5 dn Im. Trong Ihc l
nu chiu
rng v chiu su khc th hiu chinh Ihco

Rlt = m.n.R
R, l sc chu tnh ton
m l h s diu chnh then b rng

b < 5/7! th
b -
m = 1 + --------- a
4
a = 0,2 cho st v st, Gt

<J = 0.5 cho ct
b > 5m th
m = 1,2 cho st, st, ct

m = 1,5 cho ct
162
n l h ie u c h n h
h < 1.5!
h >
bn
i h e o be. s it
Ih n = |0.5 + 0,033h
( h n
d(h
1 +
2(K))|
mR
d = 2,5 cho ct
d = 2,0 cl, st
d = 1,5 cho sl
Y l dung Irng i lnh Ihco kg/c.m3.

VI.3.4 CC HM TNC QUAN
D tin ni suy v ngoai suy, trong trng hp t yu
ta c th tnh sc chu nn dl theo cc hmtng quan sau:
HM TNG QUAN CA CT
Hm
tuortg
quan
Tn ct
1
nonc
1
CO
II
1
\f)
CH
Ct san ct to
Ct trung
Ct bi
10
5f H1
"
II
3
R = s----5 c - ^2
cr
Ct nh
8 f - 2,4
3
8 - 3,6
3
R = 5 f - 1r
163
HM TNG QUAN CA ST
Trng thi t
Tn
dt
Do
Cng
A' ct
6
2r + 1
A' st
6
R = ^------7
2f + 1
n -
1
R = ---------- 5--------------------------1,407 f 2 - 0,911 e + 0.505
1.3046f 1
St
5 f - 0,5
1.4836 c?-0.3869 f +0,0146
*
2.778^3-5,270 2-4.111 e+0,834
VI.3.5. BNG TNH s c CHU CA T R kg/cm2 CIO

H
Trng
U n H
th i
rng
0.5
0.55
0,8
0,*s
0,7
0,8
1.1
1,5
2,0
5 33
4 50*
4.0
35
3.5
2.92
2.5
1.75
1.70
1.09
1.23
0.73
0.89
4.38
3.?
2.19
2 67
Ct trung
Bt k
Bf k
Ct nh
1.5
0.86
0.54
0.30
3
2.5
2.4
Ct nn
1 88
1.5
1.07
0.50
0.36
Ct bi*
fT)
4
3.75
2 67
25
235
2.22
1.54
1.10
o,fl
0,6
0.46
0,33
CI to
7.5
2,06
74
1 85
1.71
No nc
2.18
1.71
Ct b
15
1 33
1.2
1,5
1
1.09
067
Ct D
0.51
0.24
0.91
ct
Cng
2.86
2,73
2,61
2,5
2,31
1,88
1.5
12
ct
Do
2,67
2A
2.18
0,63
Cng
2,86
1.5
1,2
2.5
233
10
1 48
0 03
0,43
0.23
St
Do
Cng
2.81
1 90
2,5
st
2.73
2,16
1.2
1,08
0.88
st
1.71
2.31
5 43
4,66
<t 5
2.5
1.83
1.37
St
Do
342
2.69
2.44
0,35
0,12
Ghi ch : Sc chu in kcm du (*) l theo quy nh
VI.3.6. NG BIU DlN s c CHU TI CA T
165
VI.3.7. TNH SC CHU CA T THEO L LUN NN

RIN DANG TYN TNH
Khi d hii dung trng y T /m \ gc ma st trong ip, lc
dnh c Tlm~. h rng bm v b su hm ta ) th tnh thng sc
chu ca t Iheo :
Mng trung tm P = (Ab + Bh) Y + )C
Mng lch tm P| = (Ajb + Bh) y + )C
A, A|, B. D tra theo bng sau (theo <p)
A,
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
0
0
0,1
01
0^2
0
0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
3,0
3,3
35
3,7
3,9
42
24
26
28
30
32
34
12
14
16
18
20
22
0.2
03
0,4
0,4
05
0,6
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
08
1.9
22
2.4
2,7
3,1
3.4
4,4
47
5,0
53
5^6
6,0
36
38
oo
42
44
45
3,9
4.4
1.0
1.2
1.4
1,6
1,0
1,1
1.3
1.5
1,8
2,1
4.9
5,6
6,3
72
6.5
6,9
74
80
85
9.2
1.8
2,1
25
29
3,4
3,7
2,4
2,8
33
3,8
4,5
49
8,2
9,4
10,8
12,7
14,5
15 6
10,0
10.8
11.8
12,8
14,0
14 6
0,7
0,8
Trng hp ct, khng th nhim dc uoc <p. (.'(' Ih ly

- Tnh h s nn a = ---------------
theo hng sau :
P2 -
Pi
v lin (tn vi a0 = -
1 + e
-
Tnh
- Tnh
d ln tni k'rp
(J ln tng
S| =
a, Pj hj
s = 2a, p, hj
cng
Th du V. 7
Tnh ln vcri a = 4/>i, b = 4 m, p = 2,64, h = 2ni dt 2
VI.4. BIN DNG V LN CA T
lp : lp 1 Y =
VI.4.1.TNH LN THEO 1HU'NG PHP CHA LP

LY TNG
Trnh t tnh nh sau :
- Chia t thnh tng lp h = (),25b.

- V biu d nu sul tha) im tm
- nh phm vi nh hng | = (),2w
- Xc nh Pi = |X; p2 = + tx cho tng lp (ly s'
truni bnh gia lp)
- Theo biu nn tra ra [, e2 ng vi Pi, p->
166
1,7; lp 2 7 =
1,6
Biu ' lin nhtr
Lp 1
<
0.76
0 63
0,62
0 57
0 53
4
0,81
0,70
0,61
9,54
0,50
Lp 2 p
SiMi
Clin b dy h, = 0.25
Tr;i h i u d l<3 VTT a
4 =
= 1
p0 = 2.65 - 0.34 = 2.3 kg/cm2B r iKini linh nh sau :

tm
05
1.0
0 1752
1.5
0.1215
2.0
2,5
0.0840
0.0605
0.77
0.56
1 17
0 41
0.32
1 49
0 2315
2 13
1.61
0 51
0 68
Phm
VI
1.12
0,85
1.01
30
3.5
0.0447
0.0343
4.0
0.0270
1.33
0.25
1 65
nh hn dng (V dim 7 v (V d 0.2lx = 0.29N
so vi CT| = 0.32 lli chnh lch di 0.05 k/cmZ

v P 2. Iheo bni! sau :
Xc dnh
P-I
p1
0.4.2
0 60
0.77
0.93
1.09
"<x B
2.22
2.6-4
1 87
1.37
0.95
0.67
1.25
0.49
1.41
p? - P
0,37
I TB
2.47
2.14
1,88
1 76
1.74
1.78
"TB
Tng h|> bnng lnh ln nhu sau :
Lp
<<
1
l
P
p<
II
3o
hi
to
1.88
6
?
0 58
0 59
0 77
0,72
0,71
0 69
0 93
0 71
0 62
1.76
1.09
0 69
0,63
1.74
1.25
0 67
0,63
1,78
141
066
0,02
0,60
0,14 0,063 0,037 100

0,12 0,064 0,037 100
o,oa 10.05S
100
0,09 0.095 0,056 :oo
0,06 0,090 C.053 100
0,04 0,08-; 0.C49 100
0,04 0 ;l0006> . 00
o
0.42
2.64
2.47
2 14
0.6 1
2.22
82
8.2
1,87
15.1
1,37
69
49
0,95
53
25.3
0 ,6 7
35
2.4
2,4
28,8
31.2
33.6
0.49
37
20,0
Lp I ln 2V/, I1 2 ln 1 3 . D. 1UI1> cnt! ln 33.6 an.
VI.4.2.TNH !.N THEO PHlKrNC PHP Len* TNC

mr(TN(;
Ni lunl plnrornu php l bicn hiu d tam gic Ihnh
biu d ch nhi lng din lch (c ngha lii hin ti irnii phn
b cc h thnh li irim v hn). Nh vy cn lm b dy h,,
ta l(jp l n g n v ln li ln t h e o s = a h s p
la
h5
A l l' S('i
(b
r rm
m n i)
ln h sn ci cc b ng sau
/ \ v,,
irn!vi lim mong mm (Bini CI
thp)
/ \ vc
nuV (i 1C mng mm ( Blng CI
thp)
A^vn
ngvi tm mnu cni (gch )
/ \ v ng vi tm mn! tuyt di cnu (b- tng)
167
CUI
v ct
a =~
n = 0,10
1,0
1.5
2.0
3.C
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
1 0,0
/< = 0,2
Ko
^wm
1,13
1,37
1,55
1,81
1,99
2,13
2,25
0.96
1.16
1,31
1,55
0,89
1,09
1,23
1,46
1,63
1.74
2,35
2,43
2,51
2,58
2.06
2.14
2,21
2,27
1.72
1,85
1,96
A'
1,20
1,45
1,63
1,90
2.09
2,24
2,37
2,47
2,56
2,64
2.15
A' st
ct
Av*
1.37
1,17
1,5
2.0
3,0
4,0
5,0
60
7.0
8.0
90
10,0
1,66
1,68
2.18
2,41
2,58
2,72
2,84
2,94
1,40
1,60
1,89
2,09
2,25
2.41
2,51
2,61
2,69
2.77
3,03
3 12
1,08
1,32
1.49
1.76
1,97
2,11
2,06
= 0,25
Av
Awo
Ayvm
Aw
1 01
1.23
1 39
1,63
1.81
1.95
2.09
0.94
1.15
1.30
1.54
1.26
1.53
1.72
2.01
2,21
2,37
2.50
1.07
1.30
1.47
0.99
1.72
1.84
2.61
2.70
2.79
2,26
, St do
2.80
*wm
1.21
1,37
1,62
1.81
1.94
1.73
1.92
2.07
2,21
2,72
2.31
2.40
2.47
2.54
2,38
A' st , St ctng
/( = 0,35
Aw
1,0
^w m
2.18
2,26
2.34
2.40
2,71
II
o
u
o
a
a =
b
A ct
-----
// = 0,40
K,
V ,
^wm
Aw
2.02
2.44
2,76
3.21
3,53
1.71
2.07
2.34
2.75
3,06
3.79
4.00
4,18
4,32
4.46
4.58
3,29
3,53
3,79
3,82
3,92
4.05
1.58
1,94
2.20
2,59
2.90
3.10
1,58
1,34
1.24
1,91
2,16
2,5.1
2,77
2,98
3,14
3,26
3,38
3,49
3,58
1,62
1,83
2.15
2,39
2.57
2.70
2.87
2,98
3.08
3,17
1.52
1.72
2.01
2,26
2.42
2.98
3 82
T rn h t tnh nh sau :
- Da vo l l kch thc mng a = -, ft ca dt v

b
loi mng, ira ra A, v lnh hs = A^b
a
- Tnh ra a = -------- v p gy ln bng
1 +
- Tnh ra ln theo lp lng ng
'= a(> hs p.
Bng tra Awc tnh ln (V gc mng mm (htng

\
58
CI
Ihp)
0,10
0.20
0.25
0,30
\
1.0
0,568
0.687
0,790
1.010
0.595
0.598
0,627
0.631
1.1
0.662
0,720
0.828
1.2
1.3
0.621
0.644
0,654
0,690
0 751
0,863
1.059
1 104
0,679
0.716
0,780
1.4
1.5
0,667
0.687
0.702
0,724
0.740
0.764
0,806
0,896
0.927
1.146
1.185
0,832
0.956
1.222
1.6
0.707
0.745
0.785
0,855
0.983
1.257
1.7
0.725
0.764
0.806
0,878
1.009
1.289
1,8
0.743
0,783
0,825
0.899
1,9
0.769
0,800
0,844
0,919
1.033
1.057
1.321
1 350
0,938
0.957
0,35
0,40
2.0
0,775
0.817
0.862
2.1
2,2
0.791
0,833
0.805
0,848
0,878
0.895
0,974
23
0.819
0.863
0.910
0.991
2.4
0.832
0,877
0,925
1,007
1.158
1 480
1,097
1.379
1.100
1.120
1 406
1.431
1,139
1.456
0,10
0,20
0,25
0,30
0.35
0,40
2.5
26
0.845
0.857
0.890
0.939
0 953
1.022
1,037
1.176
1,193
1.502
1,524
2.7
0.869
0.903
0.916
0.966
1,052
1.209
1.546
2,8
0,881
0.928
0.979
1,066
1 566
2.9
0,892
0,940
.991
1.079
1.225
1.241
30
0,903
1.003
0.923
0,942
1.092
1.117
1,256
1,284
1.605
3,2
3.4
0,951
0.972
1.140
1 311
1.675
3.6
1,586
1 641
0.993
1 026
1 047
0.961
1.012
1 067
1,16?
1.336
1,708
3.8
0.978
1,086
1,183
1.360
1,738
4,0
0,994
1,030
1.047
1,105
1,203
4,2
. 1,009
1,064
1.122
1.222
1,383
1.404
1,795
4.4
1,015
1,079
1,039
1,094
1.139
1,154
1,239
1.257
1,425
4.6
4,8
5,0
1,052
1,065
1,109
1,169
1,184
1,273
1,641
1,289
1.482
5,5
1.096
1,155
1,326
1.524
1,948
60
1,12 4
1,568
6,5
1,150
1,173
1,184
1 211
7,0
1.122
1,218
1.249
1,445
1 767
1,821
1,847
1 871
1,894
1.277
1,360
1,391
1,599
1^998
2,044
1,236
1,304
1,420
1,632
2,086
7,5
8,0
1,195
1,259
' 328
1,446
1,663
2,125
1,216
1.281
1,J.51
1,472
1,692
2,162
85
1,236
1,302
1.321
1.719
1.744
2 197
1,254
1,373
1,393
1,495
9,0
9,5
1,272
1,288
1.340
1,357
1,413
1,431
1,538
1,558
1.769
2.261
1,792
1,?90
1,389
1,465
1 595
1,834
12 0
1 319
1,347
1,419
1.496
1 629
1,875
1,344
1,394
13,0
1.372
1,446
1,525
1,661
1 909
1,440
14,0
1,396
1,471
1.551
1 689
1,942
1,482
10,0
11.0
1,517
2,230
0,10
0.20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
15,0
1,418
1.494
1,576
1,522
1.439
1.516
1.599
1,716
1,741
1,973
16,0
2002
17.0
1.537
1,621
1,765
2,029
18.0
1 459
1.477
1,559
1,594
1.556
1,641
1,787
2.055
1,626
19.0
1.495
1.575
1.661
1,808
2,079
1,657
20
1 51 1
1.679
1 828
2 687
25
1.583
1,592
1.668
1.759
1,915
2.102
2,202
30
1.642
1.730
1.824
1,986
2,284
2,919
35
1.692
1.782
1,880
2,047
3007
1,927
2.099
50
1.735
1.807
1,827
2 353
2,413
1,903
2.007
2.186
2,513
3,212
60
1,865
1,965
2,072
2,257
3 316
70
1 915
2,017
2.128
2,317
2,594
2664
80
100
1,958
2,063
2,139
2,176
2,256
2,369
2,524
2,723
2,824
3,481
3,569
40
2,030
2814
3 084
3404
Th du VI. 8
Dng phng php lp tng
ng tnh ln mng sau :
a = b = 4/71, p = 2,64 kg/cm2
h = 2; a = 0,062;
= 0,71; x = 0,35
Chia mng ra lm 4 phn cnh 2 x 2 . Dim tm mng
ln bng 4 im gc mng nh vi a = 1, tra ra Avvc = 0,79.
H = 2hs =
I Im. p0 = 2.64 - 0,34 = 2,3

X
0.037
9.5 + s
0,056
30,25
2.X45
= - - - = 0,047
60,5
s
= 0.047
550
2,3 = 59.4o>.
VI.4.4. TNH U.N THEO Y PHM

n in
bn
la
p h a n g p h p chia k p ly in n g n h n g k h n g
dn biCiu nn m Uiing h s unii binh ca hc s nn a

v h s.rni f theo cnp thc :
s = Ip i
hj
P'
0,76 cho eat
0,72 cho ct
vi
0,57 cho A' st

0,43 cho Scl
* Tnh li
th d
V.7
Lp 1
y = 1.7 a
= 0,062
c = 0,71
= 0.4.<
Lp 2
Y = 1,6 a
= 0,090
= 0,68
( = 0,57
Chn bdy lp
hj = 1m.
Biu ng su, ph;im vi Im nh tb J VI.7

E| = - 21 X 0,43 = 11,X5
0,062
' 1|8
E: =
X 0.57 = 10,65
0,09
()-43
s , = 100 X - [1,15 + 2,13 + 1.61 + 0.56 *= 19,7rw
11.85
11,57
S-, = 1(K) X
|(),56 + 0,77 + 0,56 + 0,41 + (),16|
10,65
= 13.1cw
s = S| + s 2 = 19,7 + 13,1 = tt.Xcm
VI,4.5. TNI LN DO MNG BN CNH
Khi tnh ti ln ca mng dn m E < 75 kg/cm2. V
khong cch gia cc tm mng L = 2
p l tng lc
V tx
dc ca mng bn tnh hng tn. * t ng sut thng xuyn
Tm2 ti mt y chu nn ca mng dang nghin cu, th phi
tnh nh hng ca mng bn tnh.
-
Nu tnh theo phng php chia lp l lng th tc
dng ca mng bn cng Ihm vo biu a,.
170
hs = 2 X 0,79 = !,5X/; = I58-m.
0,062
a(, = - = 0.03626; p = 2.64 - 0.34 = 2,30
1.71
s = -4a0 lis p = 4 X 0,03626 X I5X X 2.3= 52.7t m
* Tnh 1/ieo im
tm
; . - A ^ = 1,58
6Mcm
h,
= 1,5X * 4 = 6.32 =
a(,
= 0,1)3626; p 2,3 kg/cm2
s = i(,
hs
p = 0,03626
X f)32 X 2,3
= 5,lcm
Hai cch tnh kt qu nh nhau.

V.4.3.TNH I.N HEO LP TNC; CTNG T
KHNG NG NHT
Khi l c nhiu lp khc nhau th ta di ra mt lp
dlng nhi.
- Ta coi ng sui phn bo theo tam gic
- Chiu su tinh lon ly H = 2hs (mhs = A^v-h
theo lp l no ln nht)
H s a<,m tnh nh sau
<*om =
h 1a0|7. + h?a,,2Z2+
,
2hs2
da
:
hAviz?
171
- D ln ton b
s ~ 3om
Th d V 9.
Tnh
1 I1
theo
tng
l p
dng ng nh! : a = h = 4/7!

h =
2r>; p = 2,64
kg/cm
Lp I Si : // = 0.35
an = 0,037, y = 1,7
Lp 2 st .t 0,30
a = 0,056, y = 1,6
\\) 2 chim nhiu nn ly

= 0,3
a = 1, tra ra /Vvc = 0,687.
hs = 0 .6 8 7 X 2 X 4 =
5,5/71
- Nu tnh theo phng php lp tirngdang th cng

thm lc dng mng bn theo h s gc Av/C
Th d VI. 10 :
Tnh ln mng A c k nh hng camng
B bng hai
phang php ; bit t ng nh! 11 = 0,3; y = 1.8; a = 0,018;

= 0,68; Pi = 2; p2 = 1,5
I. Phurmg php chia lp ly tng.
- B dy lp hj = 1m
- Phm vi chu nn dng im 8 vi | = 0,30 so vi
X 1,71 = 0,342 chnh lch nh hn 0,05 kg/cm2.
0,2 K = 0,2
- Nghim li 2 icu kin

1,68
E =
0,018
L =
0,72 = 61 < 7 5 kg/cm2
= 2 ^ 3,51 = 3,75
V 17,1
Bng tnh nh sau :

im
tx
0,45
0,63
1,53
1.71
1,89
0,81
0,99
1,17
1,35
k3
0,20
0,12
0,07
0,05
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,014
0,011
th
1.38
0,83
0.48
0,35
0,21
0.14
0,12
0,10
0,08
0,204
0,136
0,094
0,071
0,055
0,043
0,035
0,028
0.024
k 3
0,203
0.131
0,087
0,060
0,044
0,033
0,025
0,020
0,016
0,001 0,005 0,007 0,011

0,27
0,03
0,12 0,17
1.41
0,95 0,65
0,62
0,011
0,27
0,48
0,010 0,010 0,008 0,008

0,25 0,25
0,20
0,20
0.28
0,39 0,37 0,30
k3~ k 3
ih
"I
100x0,018
1,73
+ 1,41 + 0,95 + 0,65 + 0,62 +
1,68
+ 0,48 + 0,39 + 0,37 +
0,30'
2 .
172
= 6,3cm
2. Phtm php lp rng dng
Ln do A :
a =
0,018
. ,
2
= 0.0107; a =
= 2; n = 0,3
1,68
= 0,938; hs = 4
0,938
X.
1 = 3,744
Po = 2,0 - 0,18 X 1,5 = 1,73

S] - 0,0107
Ln do B
374,4 X 1,73 = 6.94cm
= 5 - A r = 1,289
AA^c = 0,197
a
Ks = 2
Awc = 1,092
X
0,197
1 = 0,394
p0 = 1,50 - 0,188 X 1,5 = 1,23

'S2 = 0,0107
39,4
1,23 = 0,52cm
D ln tng cng : s = S] + S2 = 6.94 + 0.52 = 7,46cm
Ghi ch : Tnh ln theo phng php lp tng ng

ln hrn phng php chia lp ly tng vl phng php sau ny
hm ch phm vi chu nn mt tr s n nh.
V.4.6. TNH LUN THEO THI GIAN

Trong qu Irnh dt chu nn, nc v ht chu nn theo
quy lul sau :
173
t = 0 chi c nc chu nn
t
= t] nc chu mt phn, ht chu mt
phn
= t2 > t) nc thot i, ht chu nhiu
ln
= 00 ton b p lc do ht chu.
Bin thin ln ph thuc vo bin thinlng thot ninVc.

Kt qu nghin cu phng trnh vi phn nn Ihm hay
trinh t ln theo thi gian :
ln cui cng s = ao hs p
St
T cho cc nn cht Q(t) =
s
Tra bng tm ra cc h s N
Tnh ra h s
_
il
_ 25k[(1 + m)
4h2
ynah2
k l h s thm (n v : cm/nm)
a l h s nn cm2/kg
6] + e2
2
yn = 0,001 kg/cm3 (ung trng nc)
h = ng thm di nht (cm )
_
N
Tm ra thi gian ln t = (nm)
Thi gian ln hi, tc ! Q(t) = 1 th S(t) = s.
N = 6 th T = 1 .
Cc trng hp khc nhau
mc nn cht
V?
Trng hp 0
- Nc thot 2 chiu
yJ H
H
H
2
- Biu ng sut ch nht:

mng bn ln, chiu dy nh
0 = 1 -
e'No
Trng hp 1
- Nc thot 1 chiu
- Biu ng sut lam gic
thun (ln do t trng)
o = 1-1,03 e
NI
27
,-9N l
Trng h p 2
- Nc thot 1 chiu
- Biu ng sut tam gic
nghch (mng thng)
Q = 1-0,59^ e N2+0,37e'9N2...
Trng hp o.
- Biu ng sut thang thun
- ng vi irng hp t p
cha n nh xy ct
Noi = N0+ (N ! - N0)J
Pa
J ph thuc V =
Pb
Trng hp 0.2
- Biu ng sut Ihang ngc
- ng vi trung hp mng ln
v t cha n nh hoc cng
trnh nh xy trn cng trnh ln
N02 = N 2 + (N0 - N2) J
Pa
J ph thuc V =
Pb
174
BNG TR S N NG VI D NN CHT Q(t)

Q(t)
A/,
N,
Q(t)
No
N,
n2
0,05
0.005
0,060
0,002
0,55
0,590
0,840
0,320
0,10
0,020
0,120
0,60
0,710
0,950
04 20
0,15
0,040
0.180
0,005
0,010
0,65
0840
1,100
0 540
0,20
0,080
0.250
0,70
1^000
025
0,120
0,310
0,020
0,040
0,75
1,180
1,240
1,420
0,690
0,880
CV30
0 170
0,390
0,060
0,80
1,400
1 640
1 080
035
0,210
0,470
0,090
085
1 690
1,930
1 360
0,40
0,310
0^550
0,130
090
2 090
2 350
1,770
045
0,390
0,630
0,180
09 5
0,50
0.490
0,730
0,240
1,00
2,800
oo
3 170
00
2,540
00
BNG TR S J
V
0,0
1,00
0,1
0,84
0.2
0,69
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,56
0,46
0,36
0,27
0,19
0,8
0,12
0,9
1.0
0,06
0,00
BNG TR S J
V
1.0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
J'
1,00
0,83
0,71
0,62
0,55
0,50
0,45
0,42
5,0
7,0
0,30
9,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
0,39
6,0
0,34
8,0
J'
0,27
0,25
0,23
0,18
0.13
Th d V. 11
Tnh ln Iheo thi gian ca mng chu ti u v hn :
175
= 0,015 cm /kg
= 0,8015
m = 0,80;
C t
in
s \
k( = 10'8 cmS
II
-C
= 30 cmlnm
s k k bon
p.h =
0,015.2.500
1 + e
'//// / / /
= 8,32 cm
1,8015
2,5
30
1,80
0,355
=
0,001
0,015
(500)
Nn
t =
No tra trn. Khi Q = 1 th N0 = 6
ln theo thi gian nh sau :

Q(t)
0,1
0,2
0.3
0,5
0,8
0,9
1.0
No
0,02
0,06
0,83
0,08
0,23
1,66
0,17
0,48
2,50
0,49
1,38
4,16
1,40
3,95
6,66
2,09
5,9
7,50
6,0
16,9
B.32
*nm
St
Th d VI. 12
Tnh ln theo thi gian cng trnh sau :
Pa
= 3 kg/cm2
Pb
= 2 kgcm2
BIU QUAN H GIA s, V T

a = 0,010 cm /kg;
k| = 1 cm/nm
m = 0,59;
2,5
I
= 0,60
1
1,59
347
0,001.0,01.(800)
6,4
=
= 0,62
0,01
s =
2,5
800 = 12,5cm
1,60
- Thuc trng hp 0.2
V = - = 1,5 ; J = 0,83
2
- Lp bng tnh nh sau

Q,
"o
0.1
0,020
0,005
n - n 2 0,015
J '(No -N ) 0,012*
0,01 7
N o
0,028
fn*n
1,25
N
s,
0.2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,08
0.02
0,06
0,05
0,07
0,17
0,06
0,11
0,03
0,15
0,31
0.13
0,18
0,15
0,49
0,24
0,25
0,21
0,45
0,71
0,42
0,29
0,24
0,66
0,11
2,50
0,24
0,45
5,00
0,83
1,06
6,25
7,50
3,45
0,18
0,7
0,8
1,00 1,40
0,69 1,08
0,31 0,32
0,26 0,265
0,95 1,345
1,53 2,17
9,75 10,0
0,9
1.0
2,09
1,77
0,32
0,265
2,045
6.0
3,3
9,7
11,25 12.5
176
>t 5t(cm )
Trn th :
Ikhi s t = Hkm th t = 2,17 nm
khi t = 0,5 nm th s t = 5,5cm
T 6 nm tr ln S( = 12,5cm
VI.4.7. QUY NH V H s P LN a
< 0,01 cm2/kg
t t ln
0,01
< a < 0,10 cnr/kg
dt ln va
0,10
<
t ln nhiu
Vi bn cc loi, ct
thng a > 0,10
biri bo ha, dt st nho Ih
VI.4.8. LN CHO PHP NH DN DNG V

CNG NGHIP
S
Kiu kt cu nh v mng
TT
1
Tr 8
Tnh
ln
cht
[cm l
ln
Nh c tng, khng ct thp, xy trn mng

don v
mng bng
vn
t l gia chiu di L
v chiu cao H ca tung.

Khi
7
L/H >
Khi L/H
(H t d mng ln)
2,5
ln
1,5
10
b)nh
qn
Nh tung gch c ging btng ct thp
hoc gch
ct thp (khng ph thuc H)
15
177
S
TT
3
Kiu kt cu nh v mng
Nh ton b kt ou khung
- Mng ton khi bting ct thp: Thp
- Mng nh cng nghip mt tng
ric.ng khi, sil, l cao

Khong cch ct 6m
Khong cch ct li m
Tr t
ln
[cm]
Tnh
cht
Nn
10
30
8
12
C
ln
tuyf
di
VI.4.9.IIIU LN CHO PHP NH DN ONG V

CNG NGHIP
S
TT
1
2
Tn kt cu
dc ng cu chy, my ti
Ct
v
St do
st
a in g
0.003
0,003
0,0021
Hiu ln gia mng ct nh d&n dng v cng

nghip.
- Kt cu khung btng ct thp
- Hng ct ngo xy gch
0,0071
- Kt cu khng pht sinh lin g sut phu thm
0,0051
0,002 1
0,001/
0.005/
0,0003
0,0005
0,0004
00007
khi mng ln khng u (I khong ccb cc

trc mng).
ln tng i cc tng gch

Nh dn dng nhiu tng
Khi L ; H s 3
Khl L : H 5
Ct v
Tn kt cu
TT
St cng
St do
L l chiu di tng
H l chiu cao lung t mng
- Nh xng 1 tng
4
0,001
0,001
0,004
0,004
nghing mng khi hay vnh

khuyn ca cng trinh c cng ln
vi t hp bt li nht ca ti trong
V.5. TNH MNG

VI.5.1. MNG TRN NN THIN NHIN
VI.5.1.1. Mng cm trng tm
Din lch :
F =
N
R -h
N" : Ti irnc tiu chun n

nn (T)
R : Sc chu ca dl (Tm2)
y : Dung trng dl ( Tm3)

h : su mnj (/)
C F tm ra cc cnh F =
hoc F = ab
M ng dn CHU to n h sau :
Mng tiiyt di CW> : gch. (J.
b t n g
khng
CI
Ihp.
Mng hon lon chu nn.
b = b + 2hm tga
b - b
2tga
BNG TR S Igcr
Vt liu lm mng
CL to
tg
I
- Gach xy va XM
0,67
- BtSng ngho
0,75
0,50
- Gaeh xy va tam hp
- B tng tnng
1,00
/ J\ z
A
1
Mng c cng hu hn : b tn c ct tiip.

Mng chu kco l chnh, chiu cao mng phi m j>o
cho ct khng chc thng mng.
178
N
'im n n g
Mm =
'2(ac
l\.)R c
9
_
R(b * hc) (ac + 2a) - F;,n =
24
T h e o kinh nihim :
0,9h().ma.R;,
C Ih tnh gn ng bng cch ei ly chiu rng lm v

tnh nh con sn :
hmng ac + 20.
Ncu mng t lai th :
R(a - a^)
h| =
CR
M =
Rc
R(a - a;c)
T l hai cnh mng
Fa =
7,2.ho.ma.Ra
a
3
<
b
1
VI.5.1.2. Mng om lch tm

Din lch :
Ty h dy hm m chn s cp phi rit.

c t thp khrm dc nh han lOrtni vi c ly t 1(X)
dcn 2()t()mw.
R - yh
Lp ho h l 3,5cni dcn lem.
Kim tra lng st di

(l mng.
T h p CI phi dt st vi mng.
N
Pm.-I.x _
Tnh ct thp :
1
1M|| = Ru - ac)"(bc + 2h)
4
NH
F >
M II
F*| =
179
n .
1,2R p
IC
+ h > 0
Prno
P(U =
Pmax
Pmin
+ yh =
< R
Cu to : cho p mjn > 0 th a > 6c hay a < 3b

Tnh ct thp : nh mng trng lm.
M|| =
(a - ac) (bc + 2b)

24
Vi
Pc
Pmax
M II
w
F al =
0.9h.m il.R l
M m =
o(fr - hc)2(ac + 2a)

24
Vi
N
Mun
= v Fa|] =
ab
0,9ho.ma.Ra
<7
Qity nh :
-
Mng c cu trc 757, hoc mng l thin > cu trc
157 v R < lJ5kg/cm2 th ng sut bt buc hnh thang vi

Pmin
> 0,25.
Pmax
- Nu mng khne c cu trc th ) Ih ly pmm < I)

3c
nhng phi m ho > 0,75.
a
VI.5.1.3. Cc loi mng khc.
Mng bng :
Ct ra 1m di
b =
II
Rc
M =
R - yh
M
0,9maRah()
Mni trn, vnh khuyn

N
F > ^ ;
R - yh
m
Pmin
N 1.. IM
w ,trn
.L
} h
32
;rDt;ib
w,vnh
180
khuycn -
D?b +
b2
D lb + b
Nu Fm(-,ng < Fri^r cnu trnh th mi dng mng vnh

khuyn.
Mt C ti trnt> nitim :
Lc ngang H do gi hcc
lc hm cu chy sinh ra.
Cn kiin tra chng trt.
f.N
> 1,3 + 1.5
VI.5.2. MN<;
cc
VI.5.2.1 Khi nim chung :

Mng cc gm x: dn v
di, c hai tch gi :
- Nn cc (t diii tr xung).
- Mn ci;)c : gm i,
cc,
t.
Mng cc chu lc do lc
chng R(. (V mi cc v lc ma st
Rf (V thn cc.
Phn l i i C(K.
- Cc xuyn dt mctn n i
cng gi l cxx: chng
l c m a t
- Cc chi xuyn di rrm lii cc ma sii, nhni \5n c l

chng mi :
R = Rj. + R
- Theo v! liu . CC' , L\K thp, x: bing.
- Theo thi cng : cc xoan, cc dng.
Phn l<kii nuK

- Mne i (hp
c x: v di nam irong dl.
- Mng i cao : i nm trn mu i thin
Cn lio cuc
.
Cc g
phi nji;m trong nc,
khng chu dc mc nc ln xung:

u c cy th tt I - ( ~
=
16 --2xi. Nu
cchi 2.5!
phi
ni : mi nni
v mi
ni (V hai cc
tch nhau i),75m. inh x; ca hng,

bji dai thp cho khi lc. Mi cc vi
nhn, ncu di si phi bi thcp. C Ih
lin kt bng g nh v bulng 1<S
cch nhau 0,5 n \m.
Cc b tng : d t
kh
Ih i
cng. Dng cho tng trnh nng, mc

nc ngm khni! rtn nh. Thng dni
cc vung, trn hoc ng. Thp dc
chu lc. Thp dai phn b v chng
v khi ng.
181
nhin.
Dinh thni c 1 n 2 li Ihp. Mi u) th hi Ilip.

Ct Irn thp ai thng cun l xo. )t (J(.K' chu lc Ihi cn li
v vn chuyn. Theo kinh nghim c th chn nh sau :
Si dml_f
^ CSn9
rhjj v n
l t
- r r r r r r - r - r T-rrnT T ^ rv * d m nqana
e o - 3 0 c tf
Oi btng duni ph bicn cho c x: g v btnt.

- Ccn vo di 2( )-3()cm.
- h! lnh nh mng sao
cho lc cl < Rc.
- Khon cch K' 3-5d.
- T mp i dn cc
l,5d.
VI.5.2.2. Sik chu ti ctia cnc on.

Hin itnni xi' ru k h i nt CCK.
Dt chia ra 4 vng :
-
Vne 1 : 2 dn
10// i nn ri chi thnh
;o hao Ihn )C- Vnu 2 : 0,7 n 3d

du bj phn huai hon ton,
hi tri ln.
- Vng 3 : 3 n 6<J
dt khnu bi ph hoi nhn
m liini do nc vn l I
VI 2 dn san l.
- Vnu 4 : s Jcn I2d
khnu h ph hoi x: cng
iu Ih vnu ny cni rn li.

Nu di st th khi clnti d chi c tnu v L'( d nhn
ilo mnrc thot di khnt kp; ntih mt Ihi gian Ih d 'hi tim.
Nu dil ct, nc thoi nlianh. it nn clil CK' lin
chi _m. nuhi m t th i lian cc hi Ciii I|u an h U.K.' ii chuvn
dch nn cJ choi ln!: nhanh.

Mi cc ey ru ni! sul phn h theo hnl panhole. Nu
ihu U.K.' Ih |
182
>
M un cho |
fT ,
nuhid l c ln ca
nhm cc nh 1 cc Ihi kh(x'mj! cch ha, -\-r u.,ig
Nu l cc b tn II :
thc
4
1 = 0,7m.RFb + RaF
ly 3-5d. Thng chn khong cch cc rheo bng sau :

Chiu su
cc
(m)
chi tnh cho x: chorm
Khong cch hai cc

d = 30cm
BNG H S m :
d = 40cm
Theo m
Theo d
Theo m
Theo d
1.32
4,4
1.52
3.8
10
1.86
6.2
2.14
5.4
15
2,28
7.6
2.64
6.6
20
2.64
8.8
3.04
7.6
Oi
1-5 coc
6-10
1 1 -2 0
> 21
Cao
0,48
0,51
0.54
0.60
Thp
0,51
0,54
0,60
0.60
* Theo l lun co hc tnh :
Lc chng mi
Lc ma sl
P = F.
P| = 2 uiMi
ii|l|f| + Vo
Tnh st chu cc dem :

* Theo sc chu vt liu :
Ptl = m.R.F
183
f, ph Thuc chi s st B V1 d su c lp t : ,
Lc ma st f, = T/m? theo chiu su (m)
Loi dt
Ct,
st,
A' ct
st
10
15
20
25
30
35
B > 0.6
0.5
0.7
0.9
11
B = 0.6
1.0
1,2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1,9
2.0
0.5
2.3
2.7
2.9
3,1
3.3
3,4
3.5
Bui
0.4
?.e
34
3.8
4.1
4.4
4.7
5.0
Nh
0,3
3,9
4,6
5.1
5.6
6,0
6.5
7.0
Trnng. to
0,2
5.5
6.5
7.3
8,0
8.7
9.4
10.0
ph thuc chi s st B v su ca lp dt.

Lc chng T/m2 d su (m)
Loi t
A' ct,
A1 st,
st
10
15
B = 0.6
32.5
35
Bui
0,5
120
Nh
0,4
Ttung
20
25
30
35
37,5
38
40
40
40
150
160
170
180
190
200
180
240
275
310
340
370
400
0.3
290
360
415
455
500
550
600
Nhiu c
0,2
290
490
550
620
680
740
800
To
0.1
530
670
760
840
890
950
1000
Si. d
< 0.1
840
1030
1170
1270
1350
1430
1500
Ct
Th d YI.I. Tnh sc chu cc bn

Bne tnh lc ma st
Lp
h,
f,
ul,
ul,f,
Ct to
0.9
5,35
5,5
1.08
5,94
st
1.1
6.35
2.4
1,32
3.17
Ct trung
2.0
7.90
6,2
2.-10
14.88
St
1.4
9,60
4,6
1.68
7,73
x/jfi = 3I.72T
Lc chng mi x: lp si
B =-0,3. h = 10.5; = 365
F
= 0,3
0,3
365
= 32.85T
Cho cc n, i thp
m = 0.51
p.nh lon
= 0.51131.72 + 32,851
= 32.93T.
Vl.s.2.3. Th nghim ti trng tnh

-
Sau khi tnh sc chu ca cc thng phi th ntiliim
li irng tnh kim tra li sc chiu ca cc.
184
- Thurnt! dni 1 nhm 5 cc :

hn cc b na lm doi Irim th ct
iia
- Dng kch du lt) sc nn.

1
1
- Cp ti trng ba D! cn
10
15
P it .
Dt ct d na gi, st I ii.
ln khng I|u ),lwi; Ihl (lc.
Vbiu S(P) xc dnh sc chu
li ph hoi Ihcu :
p ng vi s = 4(W;w
p m S| = 5Sj.|
pj m Sj = 2Sj I nhung S khng
chm dt theo thi gian.
p gis' hn (Pgt,) l cp trc: ca
p ph hoi (Pph).
p tnh ton (Pi) = mPgh; m nh
trn.
Nu P M ny ln hn ptiiif k
rt bt >c, ncu ngi;
li 1hi phi lnii s xr hoc dng C(X.' di hn. Th tnh cho

ki qu dnt tin cy nhi. Nu lni s lni thict k trn 200
cc th nht nh phi Ih lnh.
185
VI.5.2.4. Thi nilm ti trong ng

Trc khi
duc C(K.'
di tr. thni! c 1/o s lng
'il ti irni dn i theu cng thc sau :
nF
p =
n2Fz
nF
o + k2 (q + qi)
+
Q H ---------- ------- -4
2
Q + q + q.
m
p sc chu x. (T)
qi
F tit in ct (cm~)
c chi (cm)
m hs
trng lni bua (T)
hs cch nII v vi liu x.\
4 trng lng ct (T
hs phc
trng lirna m (T)
ieu
kin lm vic
nh bine di,
hi lc dng.
H chiu ri ca ba (cm).
Bt h s nt
m theo s lng cc
Oi
1 - 5
6-10
11-20
> 21
Cao
2,00
1,95
1.85
1.65
Thp
1,95
1.85
1,65
1,65
..... .....
Bn tri s n T/cm" theo cc v m

Cc
Coc
G c dm
0,008
- Thp m g6
0,02
- G khng m
0.010
Thp, mu m thp
0.03
- Btng c m
0.015
- Thp, m khng dm
0,05
Chiu ri H (cm) ph Ihuc H |(c m ) chiu ri thc tc ca

ba v dng lnt: W(k!im).
Kiu ba
Cc dng
- Ba treo v n ng
H = H,
Ba Disel. sonc dng
0,1. w
H = Q
l
o
-r
x
"
i
i
i
X i
I 1
1
Cc xin 3:1
k2 thng lv 0,20.
* Thc t thng kim tra chi eniî
n.F.Q.I
^ h ic l
< e(hlC (.
Q-^(q + qi)
x
ml(mP + nK)
Q + q +
VI.5.2.5. Thit k mng cc
Xc dnh s lng cc :
T chn tict din v chicu di cc.
Tnh ra sc chiu ti ca cc p.
Xc dinh s ing cc.
Trng lm
N
n =
p
Lch lm
n = [
p
/< = 1,1 = 1,2
Ch : t cc di li han nhiu cc ngn.
C||
B ir C(K :
- Ti trnu trng tm : b (r cc- du khp din Iicli
mng, dm bo khonu ccli cc cc ln hn 3.
- Ti trng lch tm chia biu
tch
Mng trn lm
186
ng smt rn Cc din
nhau v b tr cc dnn trnti lm tng din lch (lo.
Mrii lch lm
Kim tra p l t rinh ton trn mi cc :
- Trni lm :
1 't h ic l
n
n : s cc
N : tng lc dc.
.
- Lch tm
p = W
vi
N
M
=
+
z
F
: ticl din >c; cni! cl p lc l trn cc.
F : lng in tch cc F = n\v,

J : momenl qun tnh chnh ca tt c cc cc di vi
tirc qun tnh chnh ca (li.
Thng ly
(b qua
nA
_
64
V ta r :
I = w
MZ
MZ
nW
w z*
^ Ih i l
k.
Kim tra st chu ca nen d :

Coi abcd l khi thng nht.
F = (A + 2L0tga)(3 4- 2L0lga)
187
tp
Neu c mt lp dat : a =
2
Ncu ) nhiu lp t :
'P\b
f l h l + y?2h 2 + P 3h 3
2(h| + h2 + h-)
h-t
%
%
li2
Tnh d hin mn C(K

Tnh
nh m n ?
thng, su l ad.
Chia lp [y tnu.
s = X^th.p,
Lp lirng ng :
s
= a(|hsp
Vi hs = A^h
b = B + 2/()lg<
Th d VI. 14.
Thit k mng cc.
(ru mt xng N = 2607':
M = M)m; h = 3.5;;/;
a = b = 3/m; nn st do
mm B = 0,35.
ng sut :
N
M
-
260
3.3
30.6
= 27,9 ft
3.32
Tnh ra pmax = kglcm2: pmin = IMkglcm2.
Chn C ( K : 30 X 30 di S.5m
,3w n vo i cn /0 = 8,2m.
0,00
Tnh theo c hc tnh
0.3
B = 0.35; h = 7,6 ni suy fj = 3,7
8,2
B = 0,35; z = 11,7 ni suy = 315

p = 0,54 1.,2.8,2.3,7 + 0,09
3I5
'H 7
= 0,54 136,408 + 28,350| = 3577cc

So cc
n=
N
f t -
260
= 1,1 X
= 8.18 chn 9
35
B tri cc : theo hnh vc

Bi <16 ng &ut
188
LC.
s u = 3.P.0.9 + 3.F.I.95 = 8.55 F

X.55F
X r,
nF
= 0,95
9F
N = I5D - 135 = \5cm
V Iri
M o m c n t (V m ii :
M = 30 - 260 X 0.15 =
Kihi
/ra ri iroii
coc
0,952
z2
+ 0.052 + 1.rx)2
27,9 + 1.6 = 29,5T
9
260
= 5,Xm
260
P max =
-VTm
5.<s
l) X
o . y s
= 27.J - 1.5 = 26,4T
min
5,8
So vi pn = 35T/CC th Iha.
C th ri i mt ec (V gia.
B tri ctch khc : s v cch u
p
1 m.ix =
260
1()
(Sm2
X
0,1 - 30
(-1
189
pnm = 32.5 + 0,7 = 33.2T/CC.
pmin = 32.5 - 0,7 = 31.8T/CC.
vn nh hn Ptt = 35T/CC.
*
i cc phi dy chng
lc ct 260T tp trung cV gia.
VI.6. TNH MNG TRN NN N H i

Mng cng trnh t trn n&n t l ml dng iruyn ti
c bit : phn trn ta thy ti trng ca cng trnh ûa mt
tip xc ca mng, phn b ng sut trong nn t theo mi
quy lut nht nh. Nguc li t tc dng vo mng ca cng
trnh
nh
th no, th cha c mtquy
lut xc nh.
Nhiu tc gi nghin cu vn ny v phnra hai

trng phi : trng phi mt h s nn v trng phi irhiu
h s nn.
i vi dt nc ta, a s l nn t yu, nn dng mt
h s nn theo VVinkler l ph hp.
Vl.6.1. NI DUNG 1'HNC; PH! MT H s NEN

Xr mt cng trnh t trn nn dt t(Tnj l nlur xl
mt m dt lrn nn n hi m phng trnh vi phn C0 bn
l :
d4y
+ ky = <1
dx
E.J l cnt; cim cng (rnh hay dm.
y l dng dan hi ca cni! trnh hav dm.
q l ti phn b.
k l h s nn.
Xc dinh dc y, bng cch ly d hm lin tip la tm
dc 0, M. Q v tm irc phn lc ca nn t vo mng cng
1rnh theo p = ky.
Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn irn c nhiu dng, trong
ngh im hm Krlp l thun tin cho dm hu hn.

Da theo C-auchy la dl :
V =
C |A (x )
A.B.C.D l
1) A ( 0 )
C 2B ( x ) + C ,C (x )
C 4D (x)
hm Krlp c hai tnh cht sau :

];
B(0)
C(0)
D (0 )
0.
2) A' = -4mD; C" = mB; D = tnC; B = mA.
c, l cc h su xc nh theo iu kin bin hay thne

s ban du.
Di vi dm dt trn nn dn hi la c :
( _
4nr
_
4m _ _
y = yA + B 4-VM.C + -- - ?.D
m
k
k
4m3
4m2
M .B +
Yp.c - 4mv.D
k
k
e = A +
1
ky
k
M = 2M .A + ^P.B c - .D
m
m
m'
ky0
Q = ?.A - B m
V(T
kty,
c - 4mVM.D
m2
V aic hm Krlp nh sau :

A = chmx.cosmx
B =
chmx.sinmx + Shmx.cosmx
c = - Shmx.sinmx
2
chmx.sinmx - Shmx.cosnxx
D =
4
190
yi.6.2. H s NN k
Loi t
kg/cm 3
a Ct bui. cat ngm nc, st
nho, ct chy, bn
b Ct th. d ba lt, si. st m.
ct trm tich. bt phong ha
c, Ct to. si. d dm, sot m t
ct si nh
. ct, st, 5t p m cht,
st cng
0. vi, ri. ct ri hat ln,
dip thach
T/m 3
0.1 + 0,5
100
500
0,5 -r- 5
500 - 5000
5 -r 10
5000 -r 10000
10 4- 20
10000 - 20000
20 -
100
20000 4- 100000
Th d V. 15.
Tnh ni lc ca
dm b t n g bh =
I X 0,75m chu li I007'
dt trn nn <13! ) k =
_ _
_
2 5 0 Tm
bit
Eh
=
100
4--------- =-------
+,5m
2 ,l .l0 677nj...
(),753
EJ = 2,1.10 X
_ ____
= 73.82STm
12
\ I 251)
m = \ V -- = 0,170575.
\ 4
73828
V h d i xn i. ta l n h n a d im v i h c c a X l ( ) , 4 5 m
191
T ra hm Krlcip ta c bng sau

X
0,45
0,90
1,35
1.80
2 25
mx
0,077
0,154
0.230
0.307
0.384
1,000
0,9999
0,9995
0,99856
0,9963
0,0770
0,1540
0.22995
0.3069
0,3837
0.0030
0,0180
0.02645
0,04713
0,07374
0,000085
0,00061
0,0020
0,004815
0.00945
Ti gia dm 8 = 0 v Q = 50T (mt na ngoi li) thuy

vo hai phng trnh trn la ) :
0 = ,9963k() - O,()()6448ky0
50 = -2,534384k0 - 2,249450kyo
Gii ra ta c :
k(90 = -0,142810 v = -0,000571
ky0 = -22,066843 v y0 =: -0,088267
Thay k$0 v kv0 vo 4 phng trnh trn. ch rng pha
tri ca dm khng c M v p, ta c bng sau :
X
0,00
0.45
0,90
1,35
1,80
2.25
9,976
20.011
29,978
39,934
50,000
2,278
13,669
20,118
35,883
56.1 S7
-0,000571 -0,000566 -0,000534 -0,000451 -0.000280
-0,088267 -0,088525 -0,088783 -0,088993 -0,089168 -0,089226
22,067
22,131
22,196
22,248
22,292
0.000
22,307
+ 0,000571
56,197
^ r r
1 -Q 0 0 0 5 7 '!
Vi
. i i ^ o
.. r r : : : i
Th li phn lc t nn cho mt nii dm :

=
Im
0.45
11.033 + 22.131 + 22.I9G + 22.248 +
22.292 -- i 1. 153]
= 0,45
111.053 = 4 ' W 4 T
j
Sai S 0.026/50 = 0.052% l rit nh.
Th d V.
I 0 .6 | <T
-i,6
1T0,6
Tnh ni lc ciui t vt htm hh = 1

nn t k = 25i)T/m'1 bicl E|, = 2 , \.\0(Titn [
EJ = 2,1 X 10* X
! X 0,23
] 4 0 7 /; i-
12
- i ,
H di xni ta cng lnh cho na d.rim.
192
0.2//1 il trn
Tra hm Krlp ta c bing snu :

X
0,28
0,60
0.84
1.12
1.40
mx
0.1285
0.2754
0.3850
0.5142
0.6427
0.9999
0,99905
0.9963
0 9882
0.9716
0.1285
0.2754
0.3853
0.5138
0.6390
0.00826
0.0380
0.0741
0.1321
0.2061
0.00953
0,022646
0.0491
0.0003425 0.003472
Ti i a m 0 = 0 = 0 la ) hai p h ng nh
),9716k - (),()9()ky0 = +0.173
0.977970k() + l,39i953ky0 = -0,9716
Gii ra la c :
k = +0,107062 - d0 = +0,000428
k;y = -0,773232 -* y0 = -0.003093
Thay vo 4 pbng trnh c bn :
y = -0,(K)3093A + 0,000932B - 0,(K)7345D
e = +0,000428A - 0,0033720 + ().(K)5679D

M = - 2 ,1 7 8 . W B + 3.669082C - 1.106636D
Q = - A + 1,684355B - 0.508020C
Thay ABCD bn l tr s ti cc im ta c :
193
0.00
0.28
0,84
0.60
0 4-15
1.12
1.40
0.385
-0,van
0.000
0.212
0.030
0,136
-0,578
-0.660
-0.690
0.000428
0.000430
0,000444
0.000231
0,000107
0,000
-0.003093 -0.002973 -0,002833 -0.002792 -0,002743 -0,002770
0.773
0 555
0.743
0.708
0,698
0.686
0,693
Da kt qu trn (a c th lp cc biu d sau :
________________r
^ rrrrrm
>
-0,5S
0,690' rm
/r r
0 ,1 3 6
' '
T p^
445
T IT k
0,136
0,0 0 0 + 4 4
-T T t t t t ^
-0,00044-4-0,003
y r n T T i T M i M m M i i r u i M M i i i i i m m T TTi
-0 ,0 0 2 7 7
0,773 T/ mi
0,693
-0 ,0 )3
0,7 73
Xt hai phni trnh t v Q ta c :
0,75ft8k - 0.0405 lky = 0

-28l,7<>16ktf - 22,76fvSky = HK)
Gii ra la c :
ky = -2.64.M05 -* y() = -0,010569
ko = -0,141437 -* 0 = -0,000566
Thay vo
4phng trnh c bn:
Q=
57.4X3B + 66,941C;M= 1250C
+ I0296D
8=
|)A + 0.(Xn943D: y = y0A -0,012308B
Kcl qu tnh ton Ihco hng sau :

X
12
18
24
19
42
70
100
87
476
1407
3012
tf(13)
-0.566
-0.558
-0,503
-0.336
0.000
y(K )3)
-10.57
-14,61
-17,16
-19.78
-20,88
2P = 2
200T. u khng ti, khng c nc ngm :
V s di xng ti eia 6 = Q = 0, ta r :
0,75AXk - 0.040505kyn = 1.006069
281.7OI6k0 + 22.7666ky = -151,36
Gii ra :
194
kyII = -13.895281
y = -0.0555S1
k0 = 0,585683
-* e = 0.002343
y = yA + 0.050972B - 0.147091'D
6 = 0OA - 0.006761C + 0.0102I9D

M = -4351B + 6576.5c - 6030D
Q = -200A + 302.295B - 277.20C
Kt qu tnh lon theo bng sau :
X
12
18
-200
-126
-73
-32
-982
-1560
-1873
0(1 3)
2.343
2.114
1.570
0.813
y o a 3)
-55,581
-41,797
-30,882
-23,539
-21 I26
M = lOOTm. khn, li,
cnc
nm :
V i xng ti gia 0 -
Q = (K
ta ) :
(),7568k - (),04O5()5kyo = -0,447203

281,7016k0 + 22,7666ky0 = -44,555763
Gii ra :
ky,) =
3,221298
k0 = -0,418506
V
- y0 =
0.0128X5
- = -0,(X)1674.
y = yA - 0,036419B + 0.037187C
8 = 0A + 0,(X)1709B - ().(X)2369D
167
Kim li phn lc d~t nn vo^mt na t vt
m =
*i
p = 1
0,28
250
4.14. 106
= 0,045966
0,3365 + 0,743 + 0.70S + 0,698 +

S(T tn h
om
+ 0,3465
= 0,28
ton nh sau :
3,568 = .0,W904T
Sai s cha (ln mi phn nnhn.
Th u VI. 17.
d i xvrnu n n ta tn h
mi
na tu.
Tra hm Krlp ta c hng s
'Thit k tu blni ct thp E|, = 2,0. U^T/m2,

0167. Nn dt yu k = 25077*.
P = H = Q = m )T , M = 11007
EJ = 2.10
12
18
24
mx
0.276
0,552
0,827
1.103
0,9990
0,9847
0,9210
0.7568
0,2800
0,5484
0.8169
1.0465
0.0392
0,1511
0,3427
0,5952
0,0037
0,0279
0,0951
0,2203
Q = 200T, Tu vo U khng c nc ngm :
4,35
= 14.10"
D tin l hp ti trng bt li, ta tch ra 3 trng hp

chu ti (Q, p v M) tnh.
IMi mt di ca chu :
sau :
V s i xng, ti gia B - 0 v Q = 1(X)F
12(1 - 0,167 )
195
M = 11D0A - 1524,6 C .+ 4309.15D

o
= -70.0XB 4- 198.075C - 202,25D
K t qu lnh loan theo hng sau :

12
18
24
-13
-14
-9
1100
1055
973
901
874
(103)
-1,674
-1.202
-0,777
-0.371
y (1 03)
12 885
4.133
-1,665
-5,140
-6,227
X o s
.1
K (Ui l trp c Q + p + M
0
12
18
24
do Q
19
42
70
100
do p
-200
-126
-73
-32
do M
-13
-14
-9
-200
-120
-45
29
100
do Q
87
476
1407
3012
do p
-982
-1560
-1873
-1967
do M
1100
1055
973
901
874
110 0
160
-111
435
1919
do Q
-0.566
-0,558
-0,503
-0,336
0,000
do p
2.343
2 .114
1.570
0,813
0,000
do M
-1,674
-1,202
-0,777
-0,371
0,000
0,103
0.354
0,290
0.106
0,000
t o 3)
12
18
24
do Q
-10,57
-14.61
- 17 .16
-19,78
20,88
do p
-55.58
-41,80
-30.88
-23.54
-21.13
do M
12.89
4 .13
-1.6 7
-5.14
-6,23
-53.26
-52.28
-49.71
-48.46
-48.24
y(1 3)
Kim ta phn lc t ncn la c
= 301.XT.
Sai s 0,6%. Ta lp c cc biu sau :

200
T
iV H
Q
ilU H T
no
200
00 T
-111
Mi
M
m oo
1100
-3
0 1 0 5 .1 0
1919 m
L M n rn E m
0,103 10
53,26.10
.3
-5
4 8 ,2 4 .1 0
53,2.6.10
1
15 3151/^ ,
1 2 .,0 6 V m l
^ ,5 1 5 T /m4
Sau y l cc hm Krlp lnh mng trn nn dn hi.
196
BNG VI.1 HM KRLP
mx
0.000
0.001
0 002
0 003
0.004
0.005
0006
0.007
0,008
o!09
0.G10
0 011
0.012
0 013
0^014
0 015
0.016
0.017
0^018
0,019
0,020
0.030
0,040
0.050
0,060
0.070
0080
0,090
0J00
0.110
1 oooo
1,0000
1.0000
1.0000
1,0000
1 0000
1.0000
1,0000
1.0000
1 0000
1,0000
1.0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1 0000
1 0000
0.0000
(X0010
0.0020
0.0030
0 0040
0 0050
0^0060
0,0070
0,0080
0,0090
0,0100
0,0110
0,0120
0 0130
0,0140
0.0150
0,0160
0.0170
0,0180
0,0190
0,0000
0 0000
0.0000
0000005
0 00001
0 000015
0 00002
0,000025
0 00003
0,00004
0.00005
0^00006
0,00007
0,000085
0,00010
0,000115
0.00013
o!c00145
0 00016
0,00018
0.0000
0,0000
0.0000
o!oooo
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
o!oooo
0,0000
0,0000
0.0000
0 0000
0,0000
0,0000
0,0000
o!oooo
0,0000
(X0000
1,0000
1,0000
1.0000
1,0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1!oooo
1 !oooo
0,0200
0.0300
0,0400
0.0500
0.0600
0.0700
0.0800
0.08995
0 1000
CU100
0.00020
0^00045
0.00080
0,00125
0,0018
0,00245
0,0032
0.00405
0.0050
000605
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.00005
0,00005
0.0001
0.0001
0 00015
CM3002
rnx
0.120
0.130
0.140
0.150
0 160
0.170
0 J80
0 190
0,200
0^210
0.220
0,230
0,240
0 250
0,260
0,270
0,280
0,290
0,300
0,310
0.320
0,330
0,340
0,350
0,360
0.370
0.380
0.390
0,40
0,41
0.42
1,0000
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0^9999
0 9999
0.9998
0 9998
0 9997
0.9997
0.9996
0.9995
0.9995
0.9993
0,9992
0,9991
0,9990
0,9988
0.9987
0.9985
0,9983
0,9980
0.9978
0.9975
0,9972
0,9970
0,9965
0.9961
0,9957
0.9953
0,9948
B
0 1200
0.1300
0.1400
0.1500
CU 600
0,1700
0.17995
0.1900
0.2000
0^2100
0.21995
0.22995
0.2400
0.2500
0.25995
0,26995
0.27995
0.28995
0.2999
0,3099
0,3199
0,32985
0.33985
0.3498
0.3598
0.3698
0.3797
0.3897
0 .3 9 9 6 5
0,4096
0,4196
c
0.0072
0.00845
0 0098
0,01125
o!oi 28
0^01445
0^0162
0,01805
0.0200
0.02205
0,0242
002645
0.0288
0.03125
0,0338
0 .0 3 6 4 5
0,0392
0,04205
0.0450
0 ,0 4 8 0 5
0.0512
0.05445
0.0578
0,06125
0.0648
0,06845
0.0722
0,07605
0.0800
0,0840
0.08815
D
0.0003
0 00035
0,00045
0.00055
0 0007
0^0008
0^0010
CX00115
0,00135
0,00155
0.0018
0,0020
0.0023
0.0026
0,0029
0,0032
0.0037
0.0041
0,0045
0.00495
0,00545
0.0060
0.0066
0.00715
0,00775
0,00845
0 ,0 0 9 1 5
0,0099
0.0107
0.0115
0,01235
mx
0,43
0.44
0.45
0,46
0,47
0,48
0,49
0.50
0.51
0.52
0,53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0 70
0.71
0.72
A
0.9943
0.9938
0.9932
0.9925
0,9919
0.9911
0.9904
0.9895
0 9887
0,9878
0.9869
0.9858
0.9847
0.9836
0.9824
0.9811
0.9798
0.9784
0.9769
0.9754
0.9738
0.9721
0 9703
0 9684
0 9664
0.9644
0,9623
0.9600
0.9577
0 9552
B
0.4295
0.43945
0.4494
0,95935
0.4692
0.4791
0.48905
0.49895
0.50885
0.51875
0,5286
0.53845
0.54835
0 5582
0,5680
0.5778
0,5876
0.59745
0,6072
0 .6 1 6 9 5
06267
0,6364
0 64615
065585
0.6655
0 .6 7 5 1 5
0.6848
0 6944
c.70395
0,71355
c
0.0924
0.09675
0.1012
0.10575
0.1104
0,11515
0.11995
0.1249
012995
0.1351
0.14035
0.14565
0 1511
015665
0.16225
0.1680
0,1738
0.17975
0.18575
0.1919
0.1981
0 2044
0.21085
0.21735
0.22395
0.23065
0.23745
0 24435
0.25135
0.2584
D
0.01325
0.0142
0,0152
0.0162
0,0173
0.0184
0.0196
0.0208
0.0221
0.0234
0.0248
0.0262
0.0277
0.02925
0.03085
0.0325
0,0342
0,0360
0,0378
0.0397
0.04165
0.04365
0.0457
0.0479
0.0501
0,0524
0.0547
0.0571
0.0596
0.0621
mx
I
I
0.73
0.74
0.75
0,76
0.77
0.78
0,79
0.80
0.81
0,82
0.83
0,84
0.85
0.86
0,87
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.91
0,92
0.93
0,94
0,95
0.96
0.97
0.98
099
1,00
1.01
1.02
1 03
A
0.9527
0,9501
0.9473
0.9444
0.9415
0.9384
0.9351
0.9318
0,9283
0.9247
0.9210
0,9171
0.9131
0.9090
0,9047
0.9002
0,8956
0.9831
0,8859
0.8806
0.8753
0.8701
0,8645
0.8587
0.8528
0.8466
0.8334
0.8337
0.8270
0.8201
0.8129
B
0.7231
0.7326
0.7421
0.74055
0.7610
0.7740
0.77975
0.7891
0.7984
0,8077
0,81685
0.8261
0.8351
0.84435
0.8534
0.8624
0,8714
0,88035
0,88925
0,89805
0,90685
0.91555
0.9242
0.93285
094145
0.9499
0,95355
0.96675
0.9750
0.98325
0.9914
0.2656
0.2729
0.28Q25
0.28775
0.2953
0.30296
0,3107
0.31855
0.3265
0,3345
0.06475
0.06745
0,0702
0.0730
0.07595
0.07895
0,0820
0.08515
0.0884
0.0917
0.0951
0.09855
0,1021
0,1957
0.10945
0,11325
0,11715
0.1211
0.1252
0.1243
0.1331
0,1379
0.14235
0.1469
0,1515
0.1562
0.1586
0,1659
0.17085
0 1760
0.18115
0 34265
0,35085
0.35915
0.36755
0,37605
0.3646
0,3933
0.40205
0,4109
0,41985
0.42885
0,43795
0,44715
0.45645
0,46585
0.4753
0.48485
0.49445
0,50115
0,51395
0,5238
mx
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1,08
1,09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1,13
1.14
1,15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1,20
1 21
1,22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
0.8056
0,7980
0.7902
0.7822
0.7740
0.7655
0.7568
0.7479
0.7387
0.7293
0.9995
1.00755
1.01545
1.0233
1.0311
1.0388
1.04645
1.05395
1.0613
1.0687
0.7
0.7097
0.6995
0.6891
0.6784
0,6674
0.6561
0,6446
0,6330
0.6206
0.6082
0.5955
0,5824
0.5691
0,5555
0.5415
0.5272
0.5126
0,4977
0.4824
1.07595
1,0831
1,09015
1.0971
1.10395
1.11065
1.1173
1.1238
1.1306
1.13645
1.1426
1.1480
1.1545
1.1602
1.1659
1,17135
1.1767
1,1819
1.1870
1.19185
0.53375
0.5438
0.55395
0,5641
0.5744
0 58475
0.59515
0 60565
0,61625
0 6269
0.6376
0 6484
0.6543
0.6702
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0 18645
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0 36945
0 3778
0 3863
mx
1 34
1.35
1 36
1 37
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1.39
1.40
1 41
1.42
1 43
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1 46
1.47
1.48
1.49
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1.51
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1.57
0.5 7
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1,59
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1.6;
1.62
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0 4668
0 4508
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0 3289
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0,2907
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1.2012
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1 2402
1 2426
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1 2468
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097645
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1.18725
1.1990
1 .2 5 1 4 5
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1.2534
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1.25445
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mx
1.63
1,64
1.65
1.66
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1.68
1.69
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1.71
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1.75
1.76
1.77
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1 25005
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1.0117
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mx
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1,97
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2,02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2,06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2,16
2.17
2.18
2,19
2,20
2.21
2.22
20 0
1 5785
1.58895
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1 1998
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1 2325
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1.4720
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mx
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--5,084q
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1 8288
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t .8462
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mx
2.53
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2 63
2.64
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7 .6 7 1 4
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1,3210
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2,82
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5.2593
5 3477
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2.80
2.1833
2.2012
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223665
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2 4882
2.5037
2,5191
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mx
2 83
2,84
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2.90
2.91
2,92
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2,9.7
2,98
2,99
3.00
3,01
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3,06
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3.08
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3.10
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8 9598
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1,2383
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3,133
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2.6608
2.6736
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2.6984
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3.11
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3 13
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3.15
3,16
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320
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3.22
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3,24
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2.86325
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2.783855
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2 7577
2.7434
2.7282
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3.38
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3.40
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3,66
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2.69535
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mx
3.68
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3,94
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-8.14525
-8,3171
-8,4909
-8.66635
-8,8437
-9.0227
-9.20365
-9,3863
.9.57075
-9.75205
-9.94505
1.7092
1,7006
1.60485
1.5506
1,49495
1,43790
1.3793
1.3194
1,2579
1.1949
1.1305
1,06445
0,9969
0,92775
0.85705
0.7847
0,7108
0,6852
0,5579
0,4791
0.39845
0.3161
0,2321
014635
0,0587
-0.0305
-0.1217
-0.2172
-0.3095
-0,4061
-0,5045$
-1 7 ,7 9 4 3
-17.8245
-17,8513
-17,8751
-17,8960
-17,9135
-17.9277
-17.9387
-17.9464
-17.9504
-17.9511
-17.9480
-17,9412
-17,9307
-17,9165
-17,8983
-1 8 ,1 7 7 8 5
-18.3572
- 1 8 ,5 3 6 5 5
-18.71565
-18,8949
mx
3 99
4.00
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4 07
4.08
-17.8761
-1 7 8498
-17.8172
-17.7850
-17.7461
-17.7029
-17.6551
-17,6030
-17,5461
-17.4846
-17.4185
-17.3472
-17 2 7 12
-19 0738
-19 25P35
19 4307
-19.60875
-19.7865
-19.96375
-20 1405$
-2 0 3169
-20 4925
-20.6677
-1 0 13495
-10.3265
-10.51995
-10.7151
-10.91215
-1111095
-11.31145
-11.51375
-11.7178
-11.92355
-12.1311
-12.3404
-0 60495
-0.7073
-0.8115
-0.9176
-1.0258
-1.1359
-1,2481
-1.36215
-1.4783
-1.59655
4.09
4.10
4.11
4.12
4,13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4,17
4,18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4,22
4,23
4,24
4.25
4,26
4,27
4,28
4,29
-1 7 .1 9 0 0
-17.1040
-17,0126
-17.9160
- 1 6 .8 1 3 9
-16,7064
-16.5934
-16.4748
-16.3505
-16.2203
-16.0842
-15,9423
-15.7939
-15.6398
-15,4793
-15,3122
-15,1387
'-14.9587
-20.84225
-21 0160
-21.18905
- 1 2 .5 5 1 3 5
-21.3614
-12.76415
-21.5329
-21.70345
-21,8731
-12.97785
-13.1948
-13.41265
-13.6322
-13 85355
-14.0765
-2 2 ,0 4 1 7
-22.2094
-22.3754
-22,54125
-22.70545
-22,86815
-23,02985
-23.18995
-23,3485
-23,50585
-23,66155
- 2 3 ,8 1 5 3
-23,96765
-24.11805
-1 4 .3 0 1 0 5
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.-14,75505
-14.9847
-15.21575
-15.44835
-15.6827
-15.91665'
-16,1509
-16.3949
-16.63525
-1,7168
-1,8392
-1,9636
-2.0902
2 2189
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2.4828
-2,6180
-2.7555
-2,89515
-3.0870
-3.1812
-3.3275
-3.4763
-3,6272
-3.78055
-3.9362
-4,0942
-4.25455
-4.4174
-4.5825
204
mx
4.30
4.31
4.32
4,33
4.34
4.35
4.36
4,37
4,38
4,39
4.40
4,41
4.42
4,43
4.44
4.45
4.46
4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
4,51
4,52
4.53
4,54
4.55
4,56
4,57
4,58
4.59
4,60
-14,7722
-14, 5 782
-1 4 3786
-14,1 714
-13,0570
-13.7357
-13,5070
-13.2712
-13 0276
-24,26685
-24,4136
-24,5584
-12.7766
-12 5180
-12.2517
-1 2 9776
-11.6625
-11.4051
1.1069
-10.8003
-10.4851
-10 1615
-9.8295
-9.4890
-9.1392
-8,7805
-8,4133
-8.0368
-7.6509
-7.2556
-6,8510
-6,4366
-6.0137
-5.5791
-24,7012
-24,8417
-24 98015
-25,11635
- 25,2500
-25 38185
-25,51075
-25,63725
-25,7612
-25,88235
-26,00065
-26,1461
-26,20735
-26 3384
-26,4448
-26.S480
-26,6479
-26.7447
-26.8377
-26.9272
-27 0132
-27,0957
-27,1740
-27.2485
-27,3192
-27,3855
-27,4477
-27,0557
D
-16,8773
-1 7,12065
-17,3655
-1 7.61185
-17 85345
-18,10855
-18,35305
-18,6110
-18,36415
-19,1185"
-19,37425
-19,6313
-19,88745
-20,14885
-20,4095
-20,6712
-20,9341
-21,1981
-21,4630
-21,7289
-21,9959
-22,2639
-22,5327
-2?,8023
-23,0730
23.3442
-23,6164
23,8892
-24.1628
-2 4 4383
4.7117
-4.7501
-4.9200
-5 09245
-5.26735
-5.4447
-5.6245
-5 8069
-5 99155
-6.1792
-6 3690
-6.5615
-6.75655
-6 9541
-7.1543
-7.3571
-7.5511
-7.7705
-7.9812
-8.1945
-8.4104
8.6290
-8,8504
-9.0744
-9.3010
9,5304
-9.7624
-9 9973
-10.2348
-10,4750
-10,7181
-10,9638
rmx
4.S1
4.S2
4.f53
4.(54
4.55
4.56
4.(57
4.168
4.(59
4,,70
4.71
1.!5.7
4,72
4.73
4.74
4. 75
4.76
4. 77
4. 78
4. 79
4.'80
4,<81
4.-82
4.183
4.;84
4,85
4.(86
4,!67
4,-88
4. 89
A
-51358
-4.8237
4.2189
-3.7450
-3,2607
-2.7663
-2.2611
-1.7449
-1.2187
0.6612
-0.132/
0
0.4268
0.9976
1.5799
2.1731
2.7782
3.3951
4 0236
4.6638
5.3164
5.9811
6.6574
7.3466
8 0477
8.7623
9.4890
10.2282
10 980fi
1 1.7-458
-27.5593
-27.6086
-27.6531
27,6928
-27.7277
-27.7581
-27.7831
- 27.8032
-27.8181
-27,8274
- 24 9870
-29.2630
-25.5392
-25,8159
-26 0929
-26 3705
-26.6481
- 26 9262
^27.204?
- 27.4823
-2 !. 7608
- 27.8.?72
-2S.C390
-28.31 72
-28 5955
-28 8734
-29.1514
-29 4288
-29,7061
-29.98?8
-30 2589
-30 53<5S
-30 8102
31.0845
-31 3584
31 6314
31.9035
32.1 747
32.4443
32,7-137
-11.2123
-11.4636
-11.7175
-11,9743
-12.2338
-12.4962
-12.7612
-13.0293
-13.2998
-13.5732
-13.8495
-14.0159
-14.1284
-14,4102
-14 6948
-14.9821
-15 2723
-15 5652
-15 8609
16.1593
16.4604
-16.7645
-17.0712
17.3806
-17.6928
18 0079
18 3257
18 6460
-18 9691
19.2948
27,8317
-27,831 7
-27,8301
-27,8228
-27 8101
-27,7913
-27,7663
-27,7357
-27,6988
-27,6553
-27,6052
-27,5488
27,4859
-27,4156
27,3389
27,254 7
27,1634
-27,0650
26,9589
26.8452
2(
mx
4.90
4.91
4,92
4.93
4,94
4,95
4.96
4.97
4.98
4,99
5,00
5.01
5.02
5,03
5,04
5.05
5,06
5.07
5,08
5,09
5,10
5,11
5.12
5,13
5 14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5 19
5.20
)5
A
12.5239
13,3158
14.1202
14.9388
15.7704
16.6157
17,4750
18.3478
19.2348
20.1356
21.0504
21,9800
22,8474
23,8815
24.8537
25.8407
26.8427
27.8598
28.8914
29,9377
30.9997
32,0766
33,1687
34,2762
32.3991
36,5377
37.6913
38,8617
40.0474
41.2485
42.4661
-26.7239
-26,5946
-26,4578
-26.3123
-26.1588
-25,9967
-25,8262
-25.6472
-25.4594
-25.2623
-250565
-24.8413
-24,6170
-24.3827
-24.1392
-23,8860
-23,6225
-23,3489
-23,0651
-22 7711
-22.4661
-22,1509
-21,8246
-21,4874
-21,1391
-20.7795
-20.4084
-20,0254
19,6310
-19.2248
-18,8057
-32.9814
-33.2482
-33.5135
-33,7774
-34.0397
-34,3003
-34.5595
-34.8168
-35.0726
-35.3259
-35.5775
-35.8272
-36.0745
-36.3193
36.5619
-36.8023
-37.0398
-37,2748
-37.5068
-37.7360
-37.9619
-38,1852
-38.4051
-38,6216
-38.8348
-39.0445
-39,2502
-39.4525
-39.6509
-39.8453
-400350
-19.6232
-19,9545
-20,2882
-20.6248
-20.9638
-21 3054
-21.6498
-21.9966
-22.3462
-22.6981
-23,0525
-23.4097
-27.7691
-24.1311
-24.4954
-24,8623
-25.2315
-25.6033
-25,9771
-26,3533
-26,7317
-27.1126
-27.4955
-27.8106
-28,2679
-28.6574
-29.0486
-29.4423
-29,8379
-30,2354
-30.6346
mx
5.21
5 22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5,28
5,29
5 30
5.31
5,32
5.33
5,34
5,35
5,36
5,37
5,38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5,42
5,43
5.44
5,45
5.46
5.47
5,48
5,49
A
43.6994
44.9486
46.2148
47.4958
48,7949
50.1091
51.4399
52.7876
54,1511
55,5317
56,9296
58,3433
59.7745
61.2218
62,6869
64,1678
65,6657
67,1818
68.7140
70,2637
71.8308
73,4144
75,0158
76.6338
78.2687
79.9216
81,5916
83,2786
84,9829
-18.3754
-17.9322
-17.4758
-17.0073
-16,5258
-16.0317
-15.5240
-15.0030
-14,4684
-13.9201
-13.3574
-12.7808
-12.1903
-11,5856
-10,9660
-10.3321
-9.6823
-9,0184
-6,3390
-7.6440
-6.9336
-6,2076
-5,4652
-4 7072
-3.9328
-3,1418
-2,2340
-1,5095
-40.2214
-40.4028
-40,5796
-40.7521
-40.9197
-41.0826
-41.2404
-41.3932
-41,5405
-41.6826
-41,8187
-41,9493
-42,0742
-42.1932
-42.3061
-42,4127
-42^5124
-42,6060
-42.6928
-42,7727
-428459
-42.9117
-42,9700
-43 0210
-43.0642
-43,0997
-43 1268
-31.0361
-31.4391
-31.8440
-32.2504
-32.6590
-33.0690
-33.4806
-33.8989
-34.3084
-34,7246
-35.1421
-43.1459
-4 2 .3 9 2 6
-0.6683
-43,1568
-42.8241
-35.5609
-35.9810
-36.4023
-36.8250
-37.2485
-37.6731
-38.0986
-38.5251
-38.9324
-39.3808
-39.8096
-40.2390
-40.6691
-41.0993
-41.5303
-41,9613
mx
5.50
5.51
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
5,57
5.58
5.59
5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64
5.65
5,66
5.67
5.68
5,69
5 70
5.71
5,72
5.73
5.74
5.75
5,76
5.77
5.78
A
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93.7637 ' p95.5716
97.3960
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99.2383
101.0984
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106.7790
108.7074
110.6512
112.6133
114.5922
116.5866
118,5994
120.6277
122,6730
124,7352
126.8144
128.9091
131,0207
133.1478
135.2903
137,4497
139.6260
141.8144
B"
--0,1901
1.0656
1,9589
2.8693
3,7984
4.74535.7096
6.6927
7.6S50
8.7148
9,7544
10,8125
11,8903
12,9865
14.1029
15.2390
16.3950
17.5706
18.7666
19,9835
21.2199
22.4785
23.7571
25.0568
26,2810
27.7192
29.0832
30,4693
31.8755
-43.1593
-43 1531
-43.138*1
-43.1141
-43,0807
-43.0378
-42.9858
-42.9238
-42.8516
-42.7695
-42.6775
-42 5744
-42.4609
-42.3366
42.2013
-42.0547
-41.8959
-41.7268
-41.5449
-41,3507
-41.1454
-40.9265
-40.6952
-40,4514
-40.1365
-39.9238
-39.6396
-39.3416
-39.0304
-43.2557
-43.6879
-44,1189
-44.5500
-44.9812
-45.4117
-45.8418
-46.2714
-46,7002
-47.1281
-47.5558
-47,9818
-48.471
-48,8309
-49.2538
-49.6752
-50.0944
-50.5130
-50,9292
-51.3434
-51.7563
-52.1666
-52,5746
-52,9806
-53,3359
-53.784?
-54.1819
-54.5770
-54.9689
mx
5,79
5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84
5.85
5.86
5,87
5.88
5.89
144.0228
146.2448
148.4819
150.7340
153.0028
155.2847
157.5988
159.8947
162.2208
164.5613
166.9145
33.3053
34,7564
36.2301
37,7256
39.2449
40.7859
42.3504
43,9378
45,5484
47.1825
48,8394
-38.7041
-38.3640
-38,0089
-37.6395
,37,2545
-36.8546
-36.4385
-36.0077
-35,5601
-35,0964
-34,6161
5.90
5.91
592
5.93
5,94
5.95
5.96
5.97
5.98
5,99
6.00
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
- 6,05
6,06
6.07
6.08
169.2837
171.6653
174.0609
176.0704
178.8917
181.3266
183.7730
186.2326
188.7034
191.1870
193.6813
196.1881
198,7051
201,2322
203.7710
206,3194
208.8770
211.4435
' 214.0209
50.5203
52,2255
53,9542
55.7067
57,4833
59.2852
61,7303
63.3087
64,8347
66.7344
68,6578
70,6079
72.5822
74.5817
76,6067
78.6547
80.7331
82.8350
-34,1198
-33.6055
-33,0748
-32.5268
-31.9609
-31,3764
-30.7751
-30.1546
-29.5155
-28,8575
-28,2116
-27,4846
-26.7689
-26.0330
-25.2774
-24,5009
-23,7041
-22,8855
-22.0469
84.9622
D
-55,3574
-55.7429
-56.1246
-56.5029
-56.8776
-59.2481
-57.6143
-57 9772
-58.3349
-58 6882
-59.0363
-59,3805
-59,7187
-60.0521
-60,3806
-60,7030
-61,0195
-61,0201
-61.4608
-61,9332
-62 2251
-52^5106
-62,7889
-63,0603
-63,3241
-63,5810
-638299
-64,0708
-64,3032
...-64.5282
mx
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6,14
6,15
6,16
6.17
6.18
6.19
216.6066
219.2004
221,8019
224.4109
227.0292
229.6542
232.2833
234.9208
237,5639
240,2122
242,0654
245.5231
248.1847
250 8499
253.5208
256,1917
258.8649
261,5398
264,2159
266,8926
2677468
272,2487
298.8909
324,7861
349,2554
371,4244
390,2947
404,7145
413,3762
414,8263
407,4216
87,1150
89,2947
92,4992
93,7300
95,9871
98 2709
100.5538
1oa,9168
105.2793
107.6680
110,0832
112.5249
114.9934
117,4888
120.0113
122,5599
125.1346
127,7369
130 3657
133 0195
133.8725
138,4120
166,9722
198,1637
231,8801
267,9374
306 0558
347,3499
386.8072
428,2849
4694772
-21,1870
-20.3043
-19.4005
-18.4743
-17,5263
-16 5551
-15,5602
-14.5425
-13,5016
-12,4376
-11,3485
-10.2356
-9.0980
-7 9352
-6,7481
-5,5350
-4 2969
-3,0321
-1,7414
-0,4257
0
2,2886
17.5362
35,7713
57,2528
82 2255
110.9087
143,4927
180,1191
220 8718
265,7664
6,20
621
6,22
623
6,24
6,25
6,26
6.27
6.28
2.1
6.30
6,40
6 50
6,60
6.70
6,80
6,90
7,00
7,10
7,20
D
-64,7447
-64,9518
-65 1503
-65,3394
-65,5200
-656906
-65,8372
-66,0010
-66 1413
-66,2711
-66.390
-66,4981
-66.5947
-66,6796
-6,7538
-66.8150
-66 8642
-66,9005
-66,9242
-669354
-66,9362
-66.9175
-65,9486
-63,2105
-58 6871
-51,7430
-42,1190
-30,1819
-13,2842
6.7296
31,0281
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0,5
0,6
0,7
0,0
0,9
1,0
209
T t s gia cng ) xu trn cng d') m ginii

xung mn vuni. ch nht hav rrnn t>3ng, ko sang ngang '
hd
l so m =
hd
m.b
- Nu m cc h hd = m(b + 0,4hd) - ht) =
I - 0,4m
- Nu m (tn h h j = m(h
4-
m.b
O.iShd) - hd =
0 ,6 m
VI.7.2. GING CT
Khi
xy
dnt>
nhng cng trnh r bn

y ln trn nn bn hay
than bn thng gia c
pha trn hng m ct.
Pha di hng ging ct.
Bin php ny lm
cho nc Irong nen t
thot c ihco ba chiu, nh vy m t dt: c kt li, chu
ti rl tt.
Cc nc tin licn thng h ging bnu my v c gia
ti bn trn cho de'\ khi ln dt fi()9? ln tnh ton mi
xy dP" cng n ih. Php th nghim ging ct
3()cm :ch
nhau 3m su 8m irn c gia ti bng lp dl p tao
8m
rn
30m . sau mi thni ln bni S()% d ln lnh tin.

Vl.7.3. CC CT
x: ci chnh l ging cl nh b tr dy hn. Bin php
ny c hai lc d n g c h n h :
- Tng nhanh tc c kcl ca l nn.

- L m c h o i n n c n n cht li.
Nc ta s dng cc ct rt ph bin.
Thit b chuvn dni ll my ba rung ca Lin X c, k hiu
BBjrC-20/l 1 hoc R/I-I v BBjt- 2M (do Vil Nam ci lin).
Kch thnc cc ph bin l <1>3(M) <Jn 400, di n 12m .
Vi loi cc ny s t chu li CU1 nn d! lng t 2 n 3 ln.
Phm vi ng dnj! ca ct' ct lt nbl l khi hm lng
st irong dl < 30o. Vi dt st th khng nn dng cvc ct.
Trnh l lnh ton nh sau :
1. X c clnh Enc t c l h S r n g n c n
cht
(sau
k hi
ng cc ct) : Theo kinh nghim vi rng ban u l ro

th Cc = 0.45fo, c th Iheo ng cong nn ly
nc
ni vi
p = 1.
2. Xc nh din tch cn phi nn cht. Vi d mng c
kch thc a X h th F nc = l,4b(a + 0,4b).
3. Xc inh s lng C(,K ct ng knh dt .

Q F nc
n
4.
e n<:
vi Q =
: rc
/r d
Xc nh khong cch gia cc cc : b tr theo lam
gic'u tt hn h tr vung.
5. Tnh ln cho cc ct :
Ph
s = p vi p = 0,8 v
Eo
dt nn c cc ct
Ho
o
s =
f p
d c
------------ -
1 + e0
h.
Vl.7.4 CC N P
T nm 1960 tr li dy ng rt ph bin.
Phm vi ng dng :
dt ri.
Di
(Il (lp, dl c l rng ln,
vi t hn,
mun
di cl.
p dng phi tm bin php cho
nc thot i v gi dc thnh l nhi ci (thng nhi ct

(V trn, khi n ct st xung lp l).
Khi n, (lt chia lm 2 vng :
- Khong 50cm trn b ph.
210
- Khong di c nn
ch -
k p n 8 V ^ C !2 :
Kinh nihim nc kn
^h9 ' A
l khi nrt c thm p lc thy
lnh lm cho t nn cht hn.

mt nhn h(Tn.
i'
3 E,
,- 3
I 4
1 nn
'
\j 4 ^ '7 0 r -1 0 0 " n
Lnu thuc n cho Im di

l :
C| = k.tt.R
k l h
50
Ilmc nrt.
Thuc n
Olnamit
Amonit 6
Amonit B3
Amonlt 9
1.00
1,17
1.20
1.40
l h s nn l.
-------------------------------- ......... .
ot
Bn do chy
Bn do mm
t do
0.7 T 1.5
1.5 - 2.5
2.5 + 3,5
R l bn knh l sau khi n fm)..

q It.rng Ihuc n (kg).
y Ih cnn thc kinh nghim nn Ihng cho n th 3
l d xc dnh k v .
ThuC n Ihnu chia thnh bnh 5(], ni nhau hng
giy n. kp vo thanh tre h xung l, trn cng l kp n
ni ngun din.
211
Sau 3 ci nfi phi lp h ngay, dni ci iruni! l ltnht.

VI.7.5. TR VT LIU RI ( BA LT)
Nhng nm gn y, nhiu nc dng tr vi liu ri
hng ha lt d gia c nn cho nhng cng trnh l(n.
Trung qu trnh chu
l. tr c xem nh mt
mng cng
I* *
cc c in :
- Khng b
phnh
qui.
thng vo t.
- C ln cho php.
Phm vi ni (lng tr vt liu ri :
- Lp t yu c chiu dy hu hn h < HA. HA l chiu
dy vng chu nn di cn? trnh.
- Khi h > H a phi ) bin php gia ti cho dl c kl
ri mi h tr vt liu ri.
- Khi !p i yu c sc chu 0,2 n (),5 -tf/c7 / th nht
thit khng dni Ir vt liu ri.
Thit b : bm runu B;rl v Bn2 h;i x. 12/H, my khoan
Y rB 5 0 -M h cc (m .
VI.7.6 CC b t n ; c t t h p
Hin nay dc ilnt! ph bin (V nc ta.
Phn lnh ton, cu to xem chuni mng cc.
Hin nay a')n dni cc hin mini tit din 12 X 12 ic
15 X 15 gia co mm; th o nhng rng trn h xy chen.
VI.7.7. CC NHI
Nhicu cng Irnh xy chcn, khnn th dng ba my
(lng c h tng ct thcp c sn nn phi dng cc nhi. y
l mng cc btng c li ch.
Do vic thi cng ti ch nn thng ri ngn chicu su,
tni Ihm chiu rni to thnh nhng ging trn chu lc.
gia c th c c hoc nhi .
Vic thi cng >c nhi hin nav hon lon hng C<T i>j(Vi.
V I.7 .8 .
CC NM
C c
nm
dc
th
nghim tV nc ta. Khi chu ti,

cc truyn p lc qua mi hng
vo nn dt vi p
] ,5k/cnr.
0,7
H-
it phn ra hai vni : vni bin dng v vim nn cht
Ct hnh Ihp vung : Cnh y 70 n SOcm.

Q i n h mi thong nhil
10 X KV/n. C h iu cao l
6 0fk m . Sc chu ti c th i t 307' n
Phm vi p dng :
ct, .si. st y > 1,5.
CI
150 dn
1507' ly lcxi <J!.
ih. ct hi Y > 1.35 e;'t- p .
Vl.7.9. CC TRE, c TRM

y l bin php dn tian irc ilne khp mi min
dt ntrc. Du kin p dnn l * phi nam trimu vni nc
nuim rtn dinh. Vi gin cch 2,5d hin nay thnii dng 10 c
<>l() hoc 25 c <18 cho Im
mnu.
Vic lnh lon cc tre c trm nh sau :

- Khi tlni c phn c ca dt nn lni, phn rn tiim
v h s rnt gim.
- Vi quy inh ng nh trn Ih pln dit trnni m 3
tang ln l)A25m3 v phn rni tim di U :25m3. H s mni
gim di cn bny 60% h s rng ban du.
- Do h s rng gim nn sc chu li cii dl nn tang
ln theo h so sau :
M *
H so rng f
212
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6 .
1.8
2.0
H s
St
2.33
3.00
4.07
4.60
5.00
5.94
6.67
tng Stic
st
2,16
2,46
2,70
2,79
2.84
3.00
3.13
chiu ti
ci
1,60
1.78
1.74
1.72
1.75
1.72
1,76
Ni chun vi cr v cl lany 1.75 n. vi sl-v si

linu
2,00
G c n u i 51'it iih i (lrtt v niit titm in c lin ii
ln.
T r o n i i - l n h
lo n
th c
tt
V I .8 . P
LC
CA
' r
VI.8.2. P LC CHU t)N(
+)C T R N G CA UT
Trni hp 1 : q. f. . (' v (I # 0.
c ; t njh t nhin .

2
4
30 dn 35"
Ci m
4()"
Ct irt
25
S t kh
4 0 iln 4 5
Sl m
2 0 dn 25
G c mii s t trong g i a ct hat p

Ci n h
20 dn 3 0
Ct va
30 dn ao"
Ct th. si. cui
40 n 4 5
C<)S.COS
Trong : h|) = -- :
D i ci pha st
15 dn 3 0
t -tht
K)1 dn 3 0
cos(f- a )
K,
D l ct c th ly
= r
213
sin p + )
a is(f + )K|
g is (/3 -f)
K =
(1 +
COs( + )
K<|.K|)c()Sf
8 = .hoK^K;
y =
b = y-K (h + hoKt);
z<) =
; ' . K ( y
h o K , , )
2:. + b
3
Trinrt h(T 2 : e =
o. + b
0: p v q * 0.
l n g +tftfng c h n
4--------- E g
K = - y.hh + 2h(|)tg 2(45
ho
: Kq =
I:
lg 2(4 5 - -
):
- - )
K | = sin/); K,) =
h
K =
l + 3h
z<, =
3 h + 2h||
'
;1
= hotg^-IS 0 - -
):
y = y(y + h)lg 2 (45" - ^
Trti lhrj 3 : e = = ( = ( = (>: p * 0.
K| = sirv>: K,, = I:'K = l g 2 |45" - ): z,, = 1
y = yyl}T(45(' - -
<xb =
7 .h.li; 2(450
Trtnm h(/ 4 : p htc CIUI tlti ilitm nirtk.
- }:
2
):
p lc nc :
p
0\
e # 0
Y = b = t irnc nc: h = H
w = -1 hH,2V 1
2
ho
0:
K<)
COSE
Ki = 0:
0;
K =
C(S
w b = yb.H,-
Wy = yb.>v
a>Sf
C O S
H
Z = 3
p lc t :
p
y = )',) = ti irng
n
l l k h(V irong t.
1(K)
E = - .h2.K
0;
tr k h thtn nc,
KM)
ro = Y - Yb
sirys
h(i = 0: K| = - : y = Xn.y.K: = y.h.K: z = ci)Sf

3
_
^
1/
\ I n (p + )
\ ^ f r Ji K,
:K"
c u s ( /? - f )
(I + K()K|)c()Sf
co s(e+ d )
VI.8.3. I LC R )N(;
Mun lm
E 'q
la chi vic
thay f) bng -p v hng -

trong cc cng thc eh dng
Irn.
(V
K(1 = - )'h
K*I
h + 2h|,K<1 K
s in (-/9- )
COS.COSrt
( f a )
co s(f- )
sin ( - p
Ko
+ )
cos(f + )K
cos(/9 +c)
K' =
(I
+ K 'o .K |)ct)S
h + hoKq
215
cs(f-)
Z- =
2 'a + i5
\ + a \
CH NG VU
THIT K TI
VII. TH IT K TI
uu TRONG
BI TON KT CU
ra mi s liu thun li u tronii kt cu: nh ne CI <-'h vn
dni cho mt s thanh m cha bao hcl cc Ihanh a u ki diu.

VI1.I. M f)AU
4.
Bi Hxin thil k ti u c nuhin cu l lu. Th

k
17 Gallilc cl thil k Consn ti u.
nhiu
nh uxin hc.K.' d XI
p lu r a n !
L thuyl quv hoch ton hc : p ng t nam
v phi trin rt nhanh. Phng php nv a dir: cc rng
n du Ih k 20,
buc, b( dang
irnu lnii liu ca ki cu theo
php Irii liu do hm.
thc V1 ii dc cc
bi
toi) nhiu hin
hp vi phirni! php ri rc ha ki 1U ca phn U hu hn,
d dnu lp trnh a vo my vi lnh.
n nay. nh ton hc pht trin hnh (hnh 4 phung
Di dv l phng php IUV hoch ton hc.
php thiel k li u.
1. L thuyi lnh kt
d
cu c Ih tchti Ihiu do Maxwel!
Ti mi : l kinh t nht (r tin nht, tn t
ra nam 1954: phtrni> php ny dan gin, d hiu, nhnu
cha xt li cc rni: hu ()0 hnh hc.
2.
L Ihuyi ph hy ng thi ca lt c cc Ihanh. phi
nht). th tch
nh nht, kch thc
ho Kn chc v
6n
lin
vt liu
nhl nhirni vn<J
nh.
Bin thit k : l nhnii n in tm. l nchitm ca bi
trin rl nhanh vo nhni nam 1940-5-1950, hnh thanh mt
ton (lem li hiu qi toi u.
nhnh Ihit k theo bn njj du. Phirnn php ny rt kh

thc hin, mi chi eii dc cho nhng kl cu tln lin vi
Hm ri hu<K l nhnu iu kin thc t pli ), nhng
mt plurni! n i ti.
hn ch ht bu(V ca cc bin cho hi (rn c ninia. Trony

kf cu thrm la iu kin bn v iu kin n dinh.
3. L thuyi tiu chuiin ti u, pht trin mnh t nm
\% 0
VU.2. NH N(HA
Irn c s nuuvn l cc tr trona c hc; nmri ta d
216
H m m c liu
l di lni! cn tm cc tr tron l qu
trnh thii k loi u. Thng l tiiim v hiVnu ca cc hin thit

k v l c
S dchn plurni!
ngiri thit k n
n Ihii k. Hiim mc liu do
dinh : c the l uii thnh. n o ne lng,
Ih
tch ...
Khi hm rng buc v hm mc licu l bc nht di vi
cc bin th hi lon Iji l tuvn tnh. Nuc li khi hm rne
bu(x: hoc hm mc tiu l bc hai UIT ln Ih bi ton gi l
phi tuyn.
Hm mc tiu t th biu din hnh h()c :
- C 2 bin
th hm mc tiu l h dng thng.
- C 3 bicn
th hm mc liu l h mt phng.
- C nhiu bin th hm mc tiu l h siu phng.

M rng cho hm phi tuycn ta c h nc cong, h ml
cong v h siu mi.
Gradem ct hm mc liu
l vect vung gc vi h
dng (mt), m theo hng nv hm mc tiu bin i (tng

hoc gim) nhanh nht. T h ng k hiu :
Tng l nh vy cc ham rng buc cng c th biu

din hnh hc. Tp h p cc rnu buc l tnin cha nihim.
Theo thicu ciui vecKr eradient AZ ta s lm dc nghim ti u
cho bi tin.
VI 1.3. PHT BIU BI TON THIT K T i u
M hnh bi ton thit kc li u nh sau :
T
X,. x2
- Tm n bin thit k {x} =
- T h a mn cc iu kin rng buc :

gj(x) > 0
vi
i e
- Lm c c tiu ho c cc (li hm mc tiu.
z = f(x)
Bi ton thn c vit tt di dng :
min z = f(x) vi X G E n
7K Gj(x) {<
,= , >} bj vi (i = I, m)
Hay vict gn hn :
min
f(x) I Gj(x) { < , = , > } bi
Phng php gii bi (rn thit k ti u
- Bi lon luyn tnh c th gii hn hnh hc (2 ;in)

bani! dn hnh (nhiu n) quy hoch ng (nhiu n).
- Bi lon phi tuycn c Ih lii banl do hm (I n),
nhn t Lagranic. phtrnn php mi cl. phirnn php uradienl.
phirarm php chi , phne php hm ph!, quy hoch nu.
quy hoch hnh h;x.'.
VII.4. MT S TH
Th d VU. .
n VE IHT K
TI
Cho mi cy u irn bn knh R xIhnh
h|>sao cho chu un

Mun chu un
lt nhai.
tt nht Ih modul chng
un w phi
ln
nhi. Ta c :
- ----- sin
6
6
Nh vy bin thit k y l gc a.
Hm mc liu z
w,
la phi tm maxZ.
Rng buc dy khng ).

Dy l bi lon phi luyn nhng c ml n nn ta c th
dng phcng php trit tiu o hm tm cc tr :
z = R sin rtcost
3
2 sinacos2
- sinJa
2cos 2a
- sin It
Z' =
R sin
Z = 0 khi
sin = {) - a =
= - R sin
,w :r - I
3 u k 2a - 1 = 0 - U)Sf< =
hay
rt = 54 44
Nghim ti u l a = 5444' vi sin a = 0.81 f.

cosa = 0,577 v hm mc tiu cc di.
4
, 6
MaxZ = -z R \. - .
3
9
3
= 0 ,5 13 2R \
Th d VU.2
Cho mt cy g trn bn knh R x Ihnh h(n sao cho
ba bp loi di (t nhi.
So vi bi ton trn th hm mc tiu d;i thay (Ji. ta phi
tm max ca din tch ch khnt phi ca mcxlul chng un.
218
F = hh = 4 R sinacos.
Ta c
F = Z R 2 s in 2 cr
Ta thy lng khng cn phi ly do hm v F l max khi

in2a = I hay 2 = 90 -* oc = 45. Nh vy
trn x hp
vung l lci t ba bap nhr.

Th riu VII.3.
Thii k li u sn b l n g CI th p chu
un. Vi s liu c th nhu sau :

Bini s hiu 2(H), thp CT3 chiu moment un M)()kn.
Trong tnh ton thng liy
Im d i i
tn h :
Cc bc lnh nh sau :
M
Tnh A =
tra ra u
t>h?.
A
Theo kinh n g h i m // =
M
-
20
20 bh()
bh 0
Tnh ct thp
Ly b = KMk-m
100
M
=
-----------
2()h
h0 = h - 2 ( c m )
Trnu lng btng = 24(h() + 2) k
M
Trng lng thp = 78.5 . ------ k\>
2()h
Hm mc tiu l t( W trng lng.
z = 24(2 +
ho)
78.5 .
2000
20 h
785
z = 48 + 24h + ho
Dy l bi ton phi tuyn nhng c 1 n nn ta c Ih

p dni> phng php trit tiu do hm d. Um cc tr ca Z:
Ta c Z ' = 24 -
7850
2h ,
Cho Z = 0 ta c h = 163,54 -* h,) = 12,79cm

Chn ho = 13 v h = I5cm
Dy l nghim ti u ca bi
ton.
* Tnh thun ta c h = l.v
= 1<W
2000
A = 1 =11,84
169
,11 = = 0,592%
20
Fa = 0,592 X 13 = 7,7cm l chn <J> 12 a 150.
219
Thi du 1/11.4.
t h u gn cc h s ta c lc hai ton nhu sau :
Mt XI nghip btni! sn xut hai loi cu
s.
.5
kin b lnt c sn vi î rhtnh 5()().()()(Vf/rn
loi btng 100
maxZ = 5X| + Sx2
Hm M T :
v SOO.OOrr? loi brng 300 vi mc liu th nh sau :

Loi btng
XM (kg>
Ci (m3)
(m3)
CT3 (kg)
CT5 (kg)
100
200
0.4
09
120
300
500
05
0.8
Trong kho hin cn 30T ximiinu; 40m
Hm RB :
2X| +
4
160
5X2 -
+5X2
3X|
300
41,(1
<
1X0
4x 2 < 200
ct vn li: 7,2T tlp
CT3 v XT thp CT5. khng hn ch. Tm phng n sn
Bi lon luyn tnh c 2 n nn gii buni hnh hoc; chuyn
xut li u (nhn c&ng va ph liu nh nliau).
cc rng buc thnh dng thng :
y l bi ton kinli t. c lin quan n kt cu, cn
X2 - 0,4X| +
60
\z <
80
nuhin cu d nm cch gii :

- 0,8X| +
Phi biu bi ton li u :
X| n 60 v
^ 50
- C hn bin thit k : X| khni lni bctng 100, X2 khi

Biu din irn h ta ta thy O A B C D E ! n i n cha
lng btrm 300.
nghim.
- Hm mc (iu : maxZ = 5()n0()0X] + 80()00(>X1
Hm mc ticu : z = 5x +
- Cc rim buc :
20X|
+ 50()x2
< 30000
0.4xj
+ 0,5 x
< 40
120x,
8 x2
ehuycn Ihnh
x 2 = - - Xj +
VeciiT erudienl A Z c Ihnh pln 5.8 h dng z vung
< 7200
gc vi AZ qua im c l l(in nht nn c l nihim ti v

maxZ = 5
16X? < 8000
220
50 +
.s X
40 = 570.
Th d
V.5.
max z
Vi
-X]
Tm nghim ti u :
=
X|
+ 2x
x2
X] + 0,5X2
X|
3x 2
X] > 0
! -5
2,5
x2 > 0
Bi (on ny c gii bng hai cch :

Phng php hnh hc :
Rng buc 1 l tha, 4 rng buc sau xc nh min cha

nghim OABC.
Tm li sn xur 5(m:i btng
100
v 4(br^ btng 300
ta s c tng thu hoch li a l 57 triu dng.
221
T hen vecttt gradieni AZ th B l nehim li u :

MaxZ = 2,1.
Phng php an hnh :
Ph a n g php ny chi tlm cc i lirng li thiu nn la

di (lu hm mc tiu trn thnh m inZ =
-X|
2\1
(khi c p
s la di li du thnh maxZ = X + 2x
Cc rng bu()c ny phi l ni> thc nn la phi thm
cc bin ph x3, x4, X5 v bi ton Ir Ihnh :
Tim min z =
Vi
-X|
-X
2 X2
(^3
,>x-4
^5
2x2 + Xt = 5
X|
+ 0,5x 2 +
X|
3xi
x4
= 1.5
=
2,5
Ta lp bng dn hnh th nhl :

C
S
c,
A3
A*
A5
-1
-2
^3
A4
A5
A,
-1
-2
1.5
0,5
2,5
<
Zo - 0
C h i clu i :
H n g Ir n cn l cc h 50 h m m c tiu .
- CI A l cc s hn 11 t do ca 3 rng bufK.
- C c CI A | n A 5 l c c h s c a X| n
- V n d m u
c h t l ln h h n g cu i cng :
z<) = V C A (r dy
= 11 nn z = 0
Zj = V C|Aj - Cj, la ly lng Cj nhn vi tng A. cni

li ri tr i Cj trn cng.
* Tiu uhun i c a S(V : xt hng z ncu Zj no dun
vln th Aj phi vo r s. Li
xt ct Aj nu c h sf> no
d n g l n th Aj y (h n g n g a n g ) p h i ra C(J s .
* Theo hng dirn hnh th nht. Z z = 2 l kin nh! vy A 2

p h i vo. T ro n g ct A 2 th h s 3 l l n n h l vy A 5 p h i ra.
Ta lp bng d(n hnh th hai :

-2
A,
-1/3
^2
0
^3
1
2/3
3,25/3
( 5/ 3 )
-0.5/3
2,5/3
1/3
1/3
-2/3
C|
a3
20/3
a4
0
-2
z 0 = -5/3
222
-1
C
s
A5
G hi ch :
Bng a n hnh 2 lp da theo hng 1.
- -u tin di l hni: A 5 phi ra thiy banli A 2.

- H s Cj thay bng -2 (troni hm mc tiu).
- Chia tt c cc h s irong hhnu cho 3 (phn
1 xoay)
cho xut hin a m I ct Az- Kh cc h s khc (V ct A 2 bng cch nhn h n cui

vi
s d i ri c n g li.
- Khi hng dn hnh y d th tnh z.

^
,
y z<) - 2
2 -5
3
2,5
do Z | > 0 ncn A| vo v
; Z| =
; TLc, -
> 0 nn A 4 ra.
Ta lp bng n hnh th ha :
C
s
A3
A,
^2
Ci
0
-1
-2
21,3/3
-1
A,
z = - 2,1
1.3
0.4
0
1
0
0
-2
a2
0
0
1
0
a3
1
0
0
0.4
1.2
A5
0.6
- 0.2
-0.4
-0.4
0.4
- 0.6
1
i
223
C hi ch : Cch lp hng 3 ini! l nh hng 2.

- Thay A| \ o
v uhi -I vo CI Cj.
- Chia hni 2 cho
2,5
cho xut hin s 1.
3
- Kh rip
cc h s k h c (V
- Khi lnh
(V
CI
A |.
hng cui cni ta Ihy khng c
no
(lnu c, tt c Zj < 0, nh vy l la d d t nghim li u.

* Nhn vo hng 3 ta thy rang
X| = 1,3 v X2 = 0,4 ( ct A)
V Z m in = -2,1, i du li ta t :
Zmax = X| +
2 X2
= 2,1.
i chiu hai cch gii ta rt ra nhng nhn xt c tnh

l lun ca phng php n hnh nh u sau :
1. Tp hp cc nghim ca bi ton ti u l mt a gic
li m mi cnh
l m! rng buc, mi inh l mt
2. Qu trnh thav
c s.
bni dn hnh l qu trnh thay c s,
tc l chuyn l dinh n qua dinh k hn.
1 l
Bng itn
hnh
xul phi l inh 0(0,0).
Bng dn
hnh 2 l inh c , ()j ; z
1,67.
Bng dan hlnh 3 l (V dml

Th du vn.(>.
Diu kin :
'3(0,4: 1.3); z =
.10.
Tim min z = \ + \ i + V,
X| + Xi + X* = 2
X| - Xi + 2.X} = 3
X|. x-> v X} > 0
y l mt hi on phi tuyn m hm muc liu l Ivic

..d i
v cc rng bu(x: l bc nhi.

Trni hp ny ta ) th dung nhan l Lagiange v cho
t ll liu tl c cc do hm ricng phn bc nht, ta s lm c

cc tri ca hm mc liu :
C Ih la Jl nh sau :
(x, A) ==
+ X2 + X + I
- X] - x2 -x 3
+ -
V trii ticu 5 do hm ring phn

'1!
Xi
01
2x2 - A^ 2 =
0X2
3 - X| -t- x2 - 2x3
f"JL
= 2x - - 2: = 0
(')L
T = 2 - XI - x2 -
= 3 - XI + XT -
Ta c h
X1
11
11\
V14/
Th du VU. 7.
E = Ukglcm~\ R u =
,
+
trnh 5n
2x3
5phng
16
= ; x2 = : X,
14
14
m in z =
= 0
12
= ;
14
x
V 14 /
Thit k ti u
s,giira:
A,
1(
14
2 378
/ 16 \
+
V 14 /
1,929.
196
dm g chu un.
1(){)kglcm~
Diu kin :
1 <
h
- < 2
p = 75
1
lz 4 '
250
Chn bin Xi = b; X2 = h.
224
1 ,4
Hm mc tiu : min z =
M =
105 X 400
p/
bh"
w
10500
X|X2
= \05W k^/cm
= < Ru
X|.XT
100
hay XX2^ ^ 630 v
x2
< <
X|
X|*2
p I2
105 X 16 X 104 X 12
42
48EJ
48.10\x,x2
X|X2
hay
Tm li lm min z
vi
2.
250
10500
=
X|Xt
XjX22 ^ 630
X|X2? s
I <
10500
< 2
*1
Dy l bi ton phi tuyn, nhng c hai n nn c th

gii bng hlnh hc.
225
inh A(/>,12) l ti u; m inZ = 12cm2.

Th d VI1.8.
Thit k ti u h bn.
L = lOOcm;
p = lO.OOOArg
E = 2.10% / c m 2
Bin F v Fo
Hm mc tiu :
m inZ = F + F 2
Rng bu(jc :
N2
N,
.....
< 2100:
F2
F,
< 2 1()0:
10 ''ci;
<
Gii thvo phong php chuyn v.

Ma trn cng
Thanh 1.2
K,
F,
F,
-F ,
-F ,
F|
F,
-F ,
-F ,
10
F|
-F ,
-F ,
F|
Thanh 2.3
-F
F2
- f
- f
10
- f
-F 2
F2
F2 - F
f
- f
2
2
10
'cm.
Ma trn cng ton h :
F|
F|
-F|
-F|
F,
f-'i
-F .
-F|
I)
-F|
-F|
,+ f 2
- f2
f2
-F.
-F
,- f 2
F ,+ F ,
F2
- f\
- f2
F2
- f2
^2
-f2
f2
,- f 2
-^2
F,
F,
-F ,
-F ,
F|
F|
_j)
Phng trinh chnh tc ca h KA = p.

0
P|
-F ,
P;
Pj
- f2
P4
<*5
p5
-F , f ,+ f 2 f , - f 2 - f 2
-F , -F |
F j- F 2 f , + f 2
- f2
f2
F2
-F 2
f2
-f2
-F 2
f2
Diu kin bin hnh hc
= i = 5 = (> = 0
iu kin bin lc hc
p3 = PcosO = KMKX3
p4 = -PsinO = -10000
226
0,5 = 5000 kg
X
X
0,866 = -8660 kg
p*
a iu kin bin vo h chnh lik con hai phinini> trinh

gia :
icr
F, + F2
F, - F2 ' ;
5000
F, - Ft
F, + Fz
^4
-XMSO
Gii ra ta c :
0.500 F | + F2
().<S6(F | F2
I..W iF| - 0.366F2
, =
4 F ,F 2
F| + F
4F, F2
0,500
F| -
0,866
I ,.166F I +
4 F ,F 2
4 F ,F 2
Nh vy 4 < 0 c chiu di xung.

Da cc rng buc vo ta ) :
_
F| =
KKKXKinlS
,2588
F|
I(K)( KkxS 15
f2
f:
< 2100 -
F. > 1,23.
< 2100 -
F 2 > 4,60.
F,
9659
F2
227
1,366F| 0.36()F->
---------------------------- < n r 1 4 F |p 2
IJ 6 F |
F 2 >------
--------0,4F I + 0.366
1,366F| + 0,366F 1
------------ ----------
4 F |F i
U 66P|
< 10 1 -
F 2 > ----------------
0,4F| - 0,366
H c hai bin nn gii bini hnh hc.
Hm mc liu l h dng Ihng F2 = -F + z

Tip im vi rng bufx: 4 Ihco hng - 1 s chu nghim
ti uu. Ly o hm F2 ta c :
1,366(0,4F - 0,366) - 0,4.1,366FI
(0,4F) - 0,366)
Phng trnh thu v 0,16Ff - 0,2928Fi - 0,366 = 0
Gii ra v ly nghim dng : Fj = 2,685
Tnh ra F2 = 5,180
Min z = Fi + F 2 = 7,865cm2
C F| v Fi tnh ra
3,66 <>3 =
1,90
-3 ,6 6 4
= 0,03167cm.
55,573
1,90
55,573
Tha vo phng trnh chnh tc :
pl
-2,685
-2,685
?2
, -2,685
-2,685
0,03167
X
p5
-5,180
5,180
p6
5,180
-5,180
0,10000
Tnh ra P| = p 2 = 1830 k
ps = -6830 kg
p 6 = 6830 k
Dng php chiu c th tm ra P|, p2, lv P(r

Nhn xt cc rng buc :
- Rng buc 3 lun dm bo v rl
nh.
- Rng buc 1 v 2 m bo cng chu ng ca vt

liu, nu khng khng ch chuyn vi th y l l thuyt ca d
bn ng (lu v ta c :
min z = F] + F 2 = 1,23 + 4,60 = 5,83c n r
Thng do cu to ta ly Fj = F 2
v
mim z = 2 X 4,6 = 9,2cm2.
- Rng bucx; 4 y c ngha quyt inh v thng i

vikt cu thp n nh cn tng cng han cng . Do cu
to
228
ta thngchn F| = F2 nn min z = 10,36c/?r.
CH N G
VUI
TNH TIN CY CA KT CU TRONG CNG TRNH

VIII. TIN CY CA CNG TRNH
cy d dc vn dng d dnh gi cht lng v kim tra sn

phm cng nuhip nh : hng ha, my mc, radi, tivi, 1, xe
Hin nav chng ta lnh kct cu cng trnh theo quan nim
tin nh : chnu ta ly gi tr cnh trc cho lng loi li trni!
v ti bn thni qiui ml sf h s an ton k, n, m v trong lnh
lon mi giii quvt hai vn d l cng (l v 6n tnh.
my ...
Mi dcn nhng nm 1960, l thuvt tin cy mi c

nghin cu da vo tnh lon kt cu cng trnh xy dng. S
d c s chm tr ny ! do nhng dc 1h ring ca rng trnh
Quan nim tin nh hin nay khng cn ph hp vi

Ihc trng cng trnh nm trong mi ni thin nhin do :
xy dng :
- Quan nim tin nh khng nh m tlc d tin iy

ca cng trnh.
- Khng th ly mu cng trnh th m phi th ngay

trn cng trnh.
- Quan nim tin inh khng l gii dirc nhng h hng
- Cng trnh xy dng gi thnh cao, tin cy cao, khng

th c sn phm hng m chi ) sn phm khng hng.
thng xy ra i vi cng nh. Mc (l khi Ihit k ta

chn phng n cho gi tr trung hnh ca d bcn vt liu
ln hn gi 1r trung bnh ca ng sut gy ra; nhng hir hna
vn xy ra do lnh ngu nhicn ca ni> sut v bin, khi gi
tr ca ng sui ) th ln han gi tr ca hn.
VIII.l.
S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN
- Cng trnh xy dng a (lng v phc tp, khng ci

no giong ci no.
- Cng trnh xy dng chu tc ng ca nhiu yu t
ngu nhin trong sut vng i ca cng trnh : t thai nghn
ca
(lun chng, thit k) n ra i (thi cng xy lp) ri pht
L THUYT i ) TIN CY
trin (khai thc, s dng) v o thi (h hng, d b). Ngay
L thuyt (in cy hnh thnh v phi trin da trn l
yu t con ngi cng ) tc ng n cht lng chg trnh
thuyt xc sut v thng k lon hc. T lu, l Ihuyl lin
trong c bn khu ni trn.

229
V nhirim l do trn, cht lng cng rrinh phi dcrc 1.01

trng, nii Ihil k phti (lnh gi c tin cy ca cnu inh
Nhiu nc d xy dnc quy phm lnh ton d rin cy cn cnu
irnh v i crm vic nh gi tin cy ca cni! rrnh Ihanh
chin lc quc gia. dm bo i sng cn ci) x hi.
VII.2. C S NH GI )(> TIN CY CA CNG TRNH
tin cy ciui cni! (rnh irc d;inh lii hnii xo iut
khng hng ca cnt trnh.
R (t) = P(T > t)
hay xc sui d? lui Ih T khng

nh han Ihi gian 1 da cho. hav
xc sui cng trnh khng hng
trc Ihi gian t.
Tnh chi ca d tin cy.
1. 0 < R (t) !| hm (ln diu uim.
R (l|) > R(ti)
hng.
t chi ciui cng nh bng xc sut hng ca cne trnh

Q(I) = P (T < t) =
dy l hm
(Tn
I - R (l)
diu tng.
230
QCt)
Tui th cii cnj> trnh : T = /,* P(l)di

Ba dc trng trn c quan h sau :
R ( t)
I - -
Q ( t)
Trong lnh vc ry dng, nhng i lni riiu nhin lin

Ic thni c ri rc ha hng nhrt! s liu do c. th
nihim nu troni cm nang ny chi licri thiu bi tcn xc sul
cho nhng i lng ngu nhin ri rc.
ni! sui v hn l nhng i lng niu nhin c
hm phn phi F(x) v hm mt f(x) Ihto nhng lut nhi
nh :
Tuyt di da s d bn ciui vi liu c lut phn phoi
chun dng di xng nh : gii hn bn, lii hn chy, gii hn

mi ... Tr cc hp kim ) lut phn phi loga chun; tc hp
kim gc si ) lut phn phi NVeibull.
V mt- nii sut. i a s cac li trn l l ra ti c

lur phn phi chun d;mg i xni. nht l lc y cs dni
ctr phn lc, p lc kh ca ni t di tront!
Mi i lnt! nu nhin (Ju di din bnti k Ih;im s
hoc c Irng xt siKr sau y :
K m ((ln hc
n
H- =
E(X) = I
XiP,
I= I
X l gi tr c a i
l n g v i xc su 3t Pj.
n l s gi Ir do dc ca dyi lng X.
P h m r t
S (I
<7^ =
D (X ) =
E(x -
A.)2
(x. - .'0 2p,
I
D lch lin chith
hay
lch
q un phcTnu.
= VrD(Xj
Mun (lnh gi dc tin cy ca cng trnh, ngi Ihii
k phi c s liu v phn phi neu nhin ca li trng v
bn. t kt hp vi nh hnc ciui cc yu l bcn ngoi, lin
hnh phn phi xc sitt v nh gi tin cy ca cng trnh
theo
SCT
sau :
231
............L
_________ ,
Tinh ton d tin cy
Ch phn liao nh;iu ca hm ml d ni sul V1 hm

mt hn. li dy Ihnu xy ni h hni cni trnh.
VIII.3. TH DI TNH TIN CY
Th d V .
trn chu ko vi
l. Tnh tin cy ca ml Ihanh thp

liu,'V sau :
Ti irn : 20 s liu theo phn phi chun

1 ln 2l()(Vrtf
ln 23 0 0 ^'
3 ln 276Ukg
2 ln 2200%
8 ln 25 0 ^'
I ln 2900/^'
ben : 50 sf) liu theo phn phi chun

2 ln 2400kf>/cnr
X ln 280()A('',cm2
3 ln OCki/cnP
4 ln-'26(){Wf/cw^
10 ln yOlk/cm2
4 ln iA())klcn2
6 ln llSkglcm2
9 ln Xlk/cm1*
2 ln MOOkcm2
D lch liu chun bn knh Ihp trn :

r = 0.05//r
2. Tnh c trng xc sut ca ti trng

s
ln
Tl
trng
p,
XiPi
2100
0.05
105
-359
128881
6444
2200
0.10
220
-259
67081
6708
2300
0,25
575
-159
25281
6320
2500
0.40
1000
41
1681
673
2760
0.15
414
301
90601
13590
2900
0,05
145
441
194481
9.724
X, -
/<p
[Xi
K vng //p = 2459; Phng sai

D lch tiu chun p = 208,468
IX,Tpl2 P'
= 43.459
3. Tnh c trung xc sut ca K6n

s
l n
bn
Pi
XiPi
X, -
. 0
[X , -
/'B
[ X ^ ' 0 ] J P,
2400
0 .0 4
96
-6 0 4
3 6 4 .8 1 6
'4 . 5 9 3
2600
0 .0 8
208
-4 0 4
1 6 3 .2 1 6
1 3 .0 5 7
2750
0 ,1 2
330
-2 5 4
6 4 .5 1 6
7 .7 4 2
2800
0 ,1 6
448
-2 0 4
4 1 .6 1 6
6 .6 5 9
10
3000
0 .2 0
600
-4
16
3200
0 .1 8
576
196
36.416
6915
3300
0,10
330
296
87.616
8762
3400
0,08
272
396
156.816
12 5 4 5
59S
355.216
14.209
3600
K vng
0.04
f<f
144
3004; Phng sai
84.485
lch tiu chun = 290,663.
4. Tnh ct thp chu ko v tin cy

Di vi bi ton ko nn ca thanh thp trn
tiu^chun bn knh r = au Ih
/'B _
Jtfi
232
lch
y l cni Ihc Ihun nuhich :

* Nu chn bn knh /(, la tnh dc Z(). Ira bng Vlii.2
la dc xc suit khng hng
la
* Nu ! cho xc suit khni hng <J}(Zo). tra bng VIII,2

v lnh ra ,/p
z<)
Theo cch Ih nht, cho ,r 4 tr s theo cng thc trn

tnh ra 4 ir s z<), tra bng 8.2 ta c 4 (r s tin cy theo
bng sau :
11,
(c m )
0 ,5 5
0 ,6 0
0 ,6 5
Zo
1 .1 1
2 .3 6
3 ,4 3
4 ,3 3
K 2o)
0 ,8 6 6 5
0 ,9 9 0 9
0 ,9 9 8 8
0,9999
0 ,7 0
Ta thy c! thp cng ln th lin cy cng cao.

Vi thcp <P12 th (l tin cy l 0,99
Vi thp
th tin cy l 0,9999.
*
Km theo y c hng VIII. 1 v hm mt v bng
V 1.2 v hm phn phi.
Th du W /.2
Trc chu xon thun
ty. MI trc trn
chu momcnl xon M bicn i ngu nhin vi K vng

/<M = 113()0()/cm v lch M = 1130CMfgcm. Gii hn
bn ct ca vt liu phn phi vi k vng /U = 3450kg/cm2
v cl lch B = 345kglcm2. Xc nh ng knh trc
l d tiri cy bng 0,999.
233
n sui (ip ln nhi irn.til din rc l :
= -Ml1 _
2Jp /rc!'1
T rr'
Trong il Jp l mnment qun lnh cc, (1 ! ng knh,

r l hn knh 1rc.
Gi tri trung bnh ca ng sut tip l :

2/'M 2,26. II)5
/<u = 7 = -------- kgcm-
n-
nt-;
Cho ch ca hn knh do ch to bng : 3r = aT

V(T a = 0,03 ta c :
,u
23595
n)
nu l X =
1000
th u = 23,595x
j ?
i t
Vi tin cy 0,999 tra bng VIII.2 ta c z<) = 3,09

3450 - 226x
Rt gn ta c : X2 - 34x + 235 = 0
Gii ra ta c 2 nghim X dng.

X| = 24,35
//, = 2.356<w
X-I = 9,65
//r = 3,207ci
Ta thy
fir
= 3.207c m l Ihch hp.
* Nu l cho//,.. tnh ra z<) ri ira hng v u 1.2 ra tin

cy ta c kr I|u sau :
n ,
(cm)
-Zo
m
2.540
3.048
3,556
4.064
4,572
5,080
+ 1 640
-2,086
-4,824
-6.555
-7.621
-8 736
0.05050
0.98169
0.99999
0,99999
0.99999
1.00000
Th d 17//..?.
p
Mt dm thp chu un (heo

hnh bn. Cc di lng p. /, a v
m'(Ti hn bn ca thp u l cc
,---------------- !----------- 1
c
a
;;
i lung ngu nhin phn phi

chun nh sau :
i lng
K vng
D lch
Ti trong
,u0
= 2700
Chiu di nhp
nI
= 305
cm
; = 1
cm
= 183
cm
oa
= 1
cm
Khong cch
Gii hn bn
/Ig = 11720
kg
k g lc m 2 .
p = 89
g = 328
kg
k g lc m 2
Chn dm thp ch sao cho lin cy R(t) = 0,999.
p_(/a)
M
max ti c
M =
/
M h
I 1 sut
l i d o
m ax
Jx 2
Khui trin Tiiylor la
= l9752(Mrgt7H: M = 65(M%C1
S(T b ta thn 110 c kch thc 100 X 68 X 4,5, vi lx =

24 ' rna vii Wx = 4 9cm^, ta c :
fiw = 0.049j' . cho h = 0,0 lj(h

th
\f
0 . 0 0 14 7 / / ^
n g sul trunt! Wnh v <J lch ca n ! :
19520
4.031 . 10'
0.1)49/1*
,M
~ )
W<w
'
+ ( )
x ,"w '
1 1/2
r\
. ....
Vi tin cy o.yy ira bnli VII 1.2 ta c
1 / II I
10J
t X = c u i c n u ta c :
/<h
11720 - 4031X
Zo =
3 ,0 7 =
] z + 107584
234
1.795I I . l5
<4
.
z<)
= 3,09, nu
RI in ta c : X2 - 5,9272x + S.552 = (I
Gii ru ta c 2 niihim X (J(Tii!
X,
3.4442
\2 = 2.4X30 -
/Ih
6.222cm
= 7.3S5o
Ta chn [10 l dm bo <J tin cy

*
Trong cng thc tnh Z<| la Ihy
mu vy nu nH
lmg th Z(( gim v d tin cy gim Iheo hAnj! sau

oB
kg/cm2
344,75
482.65
620.55
758.45
896.35
1034.25
Zo
R(t)
3.035
2.604
2.239
1.945
t ,709
1.519
0,998797
0,995393
0.987418
0.974110
0,956276
0 935614
VIIII.4. r u i TH CNG TRNH

Mun tnh c lui th ca cng trnh la phi c Ihm
yiu l th i g ian :
235
V l i trnj> :
Phi c s li u v t h u k hol n g ca ti ir n i;:
i IIT s d un j! th e o ca. th e o niiv; s xe chy rn i gi. ni>y,

Ih in i. nm ; c n m ira ti th e o tr n . gi , ney. m a. thn g,
nm IC tranl
thi
bin theo gi, ngy. thng, miui, nm ... t
d ' xc d in h d a c dc tr n g ng sul Ih e o th i eian.

V hn :
Ui l n
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BNG VIII.1. GI TR HM MT PHN

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0.00
0,01
0.02
0.03
0.0
0.1
0,39894
0.39695
0^39104
0,38139
0.36827
0.39892
(X39654
0.39024
0.38023
0.36678
0,39886
0.39608
0,38940
0,37903
0.36526
0.39876
0.39559
0^38853
0,37780
0^36371
0.35207
0.35029
0.33121
(X31006
0,28737
0.26369
0,34849
0.32918
0^30785
0.28504
0,26129
0,34667
032753
0 30563
0^28269
(X25888
0.23955
(X21546
0.23713
(X21307
0,18954
0.16694
0.14556
0,23471
0,21069
0.2
0.3
OA
0.5
06
0,7
0.8
(X9
0,31225
0 28969
0,26609
1.0
1.1
12
1.3
1.4
0,24197
0.21785
c u 9419
CU 7137
0.14973
1.5
1.6
1,7
1.8
1.9
0.12952
0.11092
0,12758
0,09405
0.Q9246
0,07754
0,06438
0.33222
0,07895
0.06562
0,19186
0,16915
0,14764
0.10915
0,12566
0.10714
0.18724
0,16474
0.14350
0,12376
0,10567
0.09089
0 ,0 8 9 3 3
0.07614
0^06316
0,07477
0.05186
0^04217
0.03394
0,05082
0^06195
2,0
2.1
0.053S9
0,05292
0,04398
2.2
2.3
(X03547
0^04307
0,03470
0^02833
0.0 223 9
0,0 213 6
0,02705
0,02134
0,0 412 8
0.0 331 9
0^02643
(X02083
2,9
0.01753
0,01358
0,0 104 2
0,00792
0,00595
0,0 170 9
0,0 132 3
o!o i 0 1 4
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0,0 057 8
0,01667
0,0 128 9
0.0 098 7
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0 ,0 125 6
0,00961
0,0 072 7
0^00545
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0,0
0,00443
0,1
0,0 032 7
0,2
0,00238
0,3
0,0 017 2
2.4
2,5
2,6
2.7
2.8
0,02768
0,04
0,05
0,06
0.07
0.06
0.09
0.39862
0 39505
0 38762
0.37654
0 36213
0,39844
CL39448
0.39822
0.39387
0,38568
0.37391
0 35889
0.39797
0 39324
0 38466
0.37255
0 35723
0,39767
0.39253
0,38361
0,37115
(X35553
0.39733
0 39181
0.3825
0.36973
0.35381
0.34428
0,32506
0,30339
(X28034
0,25647
0.34294
0^32297
0,34105
(X32086
0,29887
0,27562
0,25164
0.33912
0^31874
0.29659
(X27324
CT24923
0,33718
0.31659
0^29431
0^27086
0.24681
0.33521
0.31443
0 29200
0 26848
0,24439
0.23230
0 20831
0.18494
0.16256
0,14146
0.22988
0,20594
0,18265
0,16038
0,15943
0.22747
0.20357
0,18037
0.2 250 6
(X20121
0,15822
CX15608
0,13742
a 13542
0,22265
CU 9886
o! 17585
o! 15395
0,13344
0.22025
0,19652
0 ,17360
r u 5183
CU 3147
0,12188
0,10396
0,08780
0^07341
0^06077
o! 10226
0,08628
0,07206
0,05959
0,11816
0.10059
0^08478
0.07074
(X05844
0.11632
0,09893
0,08329
0,06943
0^05730
0,11450
0,0972e
0.08183
0,06814
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0.11270
0,09566
0.08038
0.03246
0,02582
0,02033
0,04879
(X03955
0,03174
0.02522
0,01984
0,04780
0,03871
0.03103
0,02463
0.01936
0,04682
0.03788
0,03034
0,02406
0.01889
0,04586
0,03708
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0.01824
0,01585
0.01223
0^00935
0.00707
0^00530
0,01545
CU31191
0,00909
0,00687
0,00514
0,01506
0.01160
0,00885
0.00668
0,00499
0,01468
0.01130
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0,00123
0,5
0,00087
0,6
0.00061
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0.37524
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0,25406
0,12001
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0.00485
0.02349
0.01431
0,00837
0,00631
0.00471
0.7
0.8
0,00042
0,00029
0,0 668 7
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0,03626
0,02898
0.02294
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0,00613
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BNG VIII.2. GI TR HM PHN PHI C H l \ N CHU/

0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0^4
0,500000
0,539828
0.579260
0^617911
0.655422
0,503389
0.543795
(X583166
0,621720
0659 0 9 7
0.507978
0,547758
0 587064
0.625516
0,662757
0,511966
0,551717
0,595954
0,629300
0,666402
u ,5 15953
0.55567C
0,594835
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0,67003'
0,5
0.6
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,691462
0.725747
0758036
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0,815940
0,694974
0,729069
0761148
0.791030
0,818589
0,698468
0,732371
0764238
0 7 9 3892
0 821214
0,701944
0,735653
0,767305
0,796731
0,023814
0.705402
0.738914
0,770350
0.799546
0,82639
1.0
11
1 ,2
1.3
1.4
0.841345
0,864334
0,884930
0.903200
0.919243
0,843752
0.866500
0886861
0,904902
0,920730
0,846136
0,868643
0,888768
0,906582
0,922196
0.848495
0.870762
0390651
0,908241
0,923642
0.850830
0,872857
0,892512
0.909877
0.925066
1,5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
0.933193
(X945201
0,955434
0,964070
0,971283
0.934478
0.946301
0.956367
0,964852
0.971933
0.935744
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0,957284
0,965620
0,972571
0,936992
0948449
0.958185
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0.973197
0,938220
0 949497
0,959070
0,967116
0,973810
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2,1
0.977784
0,978308
CI982571
0,982997
0,978822
0,983414
2 ,2
2 ,3
0,977250
0,982136
0,986097
0,989276
0.986447
0,989556
0.987126
0.990097
0.990358
2,4
0.991802
0,992024
0,986791
0,9 898 30
0,9 922 40
0.983823
0 987454
0,992451
0992656
2,5
2,6
2.7
2^8
2.9
0,993790
0,995339
0,996533
0^997445
0,998134
0.993963
0^995473
0 96636
0,997523
0,998134
0,994132
0.995604
0^996736
0^997599
0.998250
0,994297
0,995731
0,996833
0,997673
0.998305
0.994457
0,0
0,1
0,2
3,0
0,998650
0 ,9 9 9 0 3 2
0,999313
0,3
0,999517
0.4
0,999663
0.979325
CX995855
0.996928
0.997744
0,998359
In HA4>(Z)
0.05
0,06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.519938
0.559618
0.598706
0,636831
0.673645
0,523922
0.563560
(X602568
0.640576
0,677242
0,527903
0,567495
0,606420
0,644309
0,680822
0,531881
0,571424
0,610261
0^648027
(X684386
0.535856
0,575345
0,614092
0^651732
0,687933
0,708840
0742154
0.773373
0!e02338
0^828944
0.712260
0745373
0,776373
0,805106
0,831472
0,715661
0,748571
0,779350
0.807850
0,833977
0,719043
0,751748
0.782305
0^810570
0836457
0.722405
0 ,1 54903
0.785236
0^813267
0.838913
0.053141
0.874928
0,894350
0,911492
0,926471
0,855428
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0^896165
0,913085
0,927855
0,857690
0,879000
0.859929
(X881000
0,889727
0,916207
0,930563
0,862143
0,882977
(X901475
0,917736
0,931889
0 ,9 3 9 4 2 9
0,940620
0,942947
0.950528
0^959941
0,951543
0,944083
0,954486
0,963273
0,970621
0,976704
0,897958
0,914656
0,929219
0,960796
0,968557
0,975002
0,941792
0,952540
0,961636
0,969258
0.975581
0,962462
0,969946
0,976148
0,980774
0,984997
0,988396
0,991106
0,993244
0.981237
0.985371
0.988696
0 ,9 9 1 344
0.993431
0.981691
0,990613
0,992857
0,980301
0,984614
0.988089
0,990862
0,993053
0,994614
0,995975
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0,997814
0,998411
0,994766
0.996093
0,997110
0.997882
0.998462
0,994915
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0,997948
0,998511
0,995060
0,995319
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0,998559
0.995201
0,996427
0,997365
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0,999767
0,6
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0,7
0,999892
0,8
0.999928
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0,967843
0.974412
0,979818
0,984222
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PHN
BNG 1. CC HM CA s T NHIN
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
V ,
8
27
64
125
216
343
512
729
1000
1.000
1,414
1.732
2,000
2,236
2,449
2.646
2.828
3,000
3.162
1.710
1.817
1.913
2.000
2,080
2.154
3.317
4,464
3.606
3,742
3873
4,000
4.123
4,243
4.359
' 4.472
4,583
4,690
4 796
4,899
5,000
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
169
196
225
256
289
324
361
400
1331
1728
2197
2744
3375
4096
4913
5832
6859
8000
21
22
23
24
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441
484
529
676
625
9261
10648
12167
13824
15625
121
144
3
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0.477
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0.699
0.778
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6.283
9.425
12.570
15.710
18.860
21.990
25,130
28.270
31.420
0.785
3.142
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28.27
38.48
50.27
63.62
78.54
2.224
2,289
2,351
2,410
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0.0833
0,0769
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1.176
1.204
1.230
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34.560
37.700
40,840
43,980
47 120
50,270
53,410
56.550
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132.70
153.90
176.70
201.10
227.00
254.50
283,50
314.20
2.759
2802
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2.884
2.924
0,0476
0,0455
0.0435
0,0417
0,0400
1.322
1,342
1,362
1,380
1.398
65.970
69,120
72,260
75,400
346,40
380.10
415.50
452.40
78,540
490.90
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PH LC
1
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to
26
27
28
29
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676
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784
841
900
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21952
5.292
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31
32
33
34
35
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115 6
1225
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32768
35937
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42875
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5,657
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1521
1600
54872
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0.0303
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100.53
103,67
106,81
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131.95 1385,44
1661.90
1734.94
1809,56
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51
52
53
54
55
56
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58
59
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7056
7225
7396
7569
592704
614125
636056
658503
88
7744
681472
89
7921
90
8100
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
/I'1
Ig n
.7 n
.7 n2
4
9,000
9.055
9 ,110
9 165
9,220
9277
4,327
4,344
4.362
4.380
4.397
4,414
0.0123
1,9085
254,47
5153,0
00122
1,9138
5281.0
0 0120
0,0119
0,0118
0.0116
1.9191
1,9243
1,9294
1,9345
257.61
260,75
5410,6
263.89 5541,8
267^04 5674 5
270.18 5808,8
9.327
4.431
0.0115
1,9395
273,32
5944,7
9,381
4,448
0,0114
1 9445
27646
6082,1
704969
s 434
4.465
0 0112
1,9494
279.60
6221.1
729000
9,487
4,481
0.0111
1,9542
282,74
6361,7
753571
8464 778580
8649 804357
8836 830584
9025 57375
9216 884736
9409 912673
9604 941192
9801 970299
10000 100000C
9,539
4,498
0,0110
1,9590
285.88
6503,9
9,592
9644
9,695
9747
9.798
9,849
9,899
9,950
10,000
4,514
4,531
4^547
4.563
4,579
4,595
4,610
4,626
4,642
00109 1,9638
0,0107 1.9685
0,0106 1,9731
0 0105 1 9777
0,0104 1,9823
0,0103 1,9868
0,0102 1,9912
0,0101 1,9956
0,0100 2,0000
289,03
292,17
295,31
29845
301,59
304,73
307,88
3 1 1 02
314 16
6647.6
6792,9
69398
7088,2
7238 2
7389,8
7543 0
7697,7
78540
8281
531441
551368
571787
BNG 2. SIN
A
12
18'
24
30'
36'
42'
48'
54'
1' 2' 3'
60'
0.0000 90
0.0000 0017 0035 0052 0070 0087 0105 0122 0140 0157 0.0175 89
0.0175 0192 0209 0227 0244 0262 0279 0297 0314 0332 0.0349 88
0,0349 0368 0384 0401 0419 0436 0454 0471 0488 0506 0.0523 87
0.0523 0541 0558 0576 0593 0610 0620 0645 0663 0680 0,0698 86
0,0698 0/1 5 0732 0750 0767 0785 0802 0891 0837 0854 0.0872 85
0.0872 0889 0906 0924 0941 0958 0976 0993 1011 1028 0.1045 84
0.1045 1063 1080 109? 1115 1132 1149 1167 1164 1201 0 .1 2 1 9 83
0 . 1 2 1 9 1236 1253 1271 1288 1305 1323 1340 1357 1374 0.1392 82
0.1392 1409 1426 1444 1461 1478 1495 1513 1530 1547 0.1564 81
0.1564 1582 1599 1616 1633 1650 1660 1683 1702 1719 0,1736 80
10 0.1736 1754 1771 1788 1805 1822 1840 1857 1874 1891 0,1908 79
11 0.1908 1925 1942 1959 1977 1994 2011 2028 2045 2062 0,2079 78
12 0 . 2 0 7 9 2096 2113 2130 2147 2164 2181 2198 2215 2233 0,2250 77
13 0.2250 2267 2284 2300 2317 2334 2351 2368 2385 2402 0.2419 76
14 0,2419 2436 2453 2470 2487 2504 2521 2538 2554 2571 0.2588 75
15 0.2588 2605 2622 2639 2656 2672 2689 2706 2723 2740 0.2756 74
16 0.2756 2773 2790 2807 2823 2840 2857 2874 2890 2907 0.2924 73
17 0.2924 2940 2957 2974 2990 3007 3024 3040 3057 3074 0.3090 72
18 0.3090 3107 3123 3140 3156 3171 3190 3206 3223 3239 0,3256 71
8
8
19 0.3256 3272 3289 3305 3322 3338 3355 3371 3387 3404 0.3420 70
3437 3453 3469 3486 3502 3518 3535 3551 3567 0.3584 69
3600 3616 3633 3649 3665 3681 3697 3714 3730 0.3746 68
3/62 3778 3795 3811 3827 3843 3859 3075 3891 0.3907 67
3923 3939 3955 3971 3987 4003 4019 4035 4051 0,4067 66
4083 4099 4115 4131 4147 4163 4179 4195 4210 0.4226 65
0.4384 64
0.4540 63
0.4695 62
61
4863 4879 4894 4909 4924 4939 4955 4970 4985 0.5000 60
20 0.3420
21 0,3584
22 0.3746
23 0.3907
24 0,4067
25 0.4226 4242 4258 4274 4289 4305 4321 4337 4352 436fl
26 0.4384 4399 4415 4431 4446 4462 4478 4493 4509 4524
27 0.4540 45U5 4571 4586 4602 4617 4633 4648 4664 4679
28 0.4695 4710 4726 4741 4756 4772 4?B7 4802 4818 4833
29
0 ,4 8 4 8
.CUSM.
0.4848
S IN
A
0'
1' 2
30 0.5000 5015 5030 5045 5060 5075 5090 5105 5120 5135 0.5150 59
31 0.5150 5165 5180 5195 5210 5225 5240 5255 5270 5284 0.5299 58
32 0.5299 5314 5329 5344 5358 5373 5388 5402 5417 5432 0.5446 57
8
7
33 0.5446 5461 5476 5490 5505 5519 5534 5540 5563 5577 0.5592 56
34 0.5592 5606 5621 5635 5650 5664 5678 5693 5707 5721 0.5736 55
7
7
35 0,5736 5750 5764 5779 5793 5807 5821 5835 5850 5064 0.5878 54
36 0,5878 5892 5906 5920 5934 5948 5962 5976 5990 6004 0.6018 53
37 0.6018 6032 6046 6060 6074 6088 6101 6115 6129 6143 0.6157 52
38 0.6157 6170 6184 6198 6211 6225 6239 6252 6266 6280 0.6293 51
2 5 7
39 0,6293 6307 6320 6334 6347 6361 6374 6388 6401 6414 0,6428 50
40 0.6428 6441 6455 6468 6481 6494 6508 6521 6534 6547 0.6561 49
41 0.6561 6574 6587 6600 6613 6626 6639 6652 6665 6678 0.6691 48
42 0.6691 6704 6717 6730 6743 6756 6769 6782 6794 6807 0,6020 47
43 0.6820 6833 6845 6858 6871 6884 6896 6909 6921 6934 0.6947 46
44 0.6947 6959 6972 6984 6997 7009 7022 7034 7046 7059 0.7071
45
45 0.7071 7083 7096 7108 7120 7133 7145 7157 7169 7181 0.7193 44
46 0.7193 7206 7218 7230 7242 7254 7266 7278 7290 7302 0.7314 43
47 0.7314 7325 7337 7349 7361 7373 7385 7396 7408 7420 0,7431 42
48 0,7431 7443 7455 7466 7478 7490 7501 75)3 7524 7536 0.7547 41
49 0,7547 7559 7570 7581 7593 7604 7615 7627 7638 7649 0.7660 40
50 0.7660 7672 7683 7694 7705 7716 7727 7738 7749 7760 0.7771 39
51 0.7771 7782 7793 7804 7815 7826 7837 7848 7859 7869 0.7680 38
52 0,7880 7891 7902 7912 7923 7934 7944 7955 7965 7976 0,7986 37
53 0 7986 7997 8007 8018 8028 8039 8M 9 8059 8070 8080 0.8090 3S
2
2
2
2
5
5
54 0,8090 8100 8111 8121 8131 8141 8151 8161 8171 8181 0.8192 35
55 0,3132 8202 8211 8221 8231 8241 8251 8261 8271 8281 0.8290 34
56 0,8290 8300 8310 8320 8329 8339 8348 8358 8368 8377 0.8387 33
57 0.8387 8396 8406 8415 8425 8434 8443 8453 8462 8471 0.8480 32
58 0.8480 8490 8499 8508 6517 8523 8536 8545 8551 8563 0.S572
59 0.8572 8581 8590 8599 8607 8616 B625 3634 8643 8652 0.8660 .10
60'
6'
54'
12'
48'
18'
42'
24'
36'
30'
30'
36
24'
42
18'
C O S IN
240
48
12'
54'
6'
60
0'
1' 2 3'
s [N
42'
4K'
54'
8712
8796
8878
8957
9033
8721
8805
8886
8965
9041
8729
8813
8894
8973
9048
8738
8821
8902
8980
9056
60
0,8746
0 8829
0,8910
0 8988
0 9063
29
28'
27"
26'
25
1 :
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
8695
8780
8862
8942
9018
30
8704
8788
8870
8949
9026
9085
9157
9225
9291
9354
9092
9164
9232
9298
9361
9100
91/1
9239
9304
9367
9107
9178
9245
9311
9373
9144
9184
9252
9317
9379
9121
9191
9259
9323
9835
9128
9198
9265
9330
9391
0,9135
0.9205
0 9272
0 9336
0 9397
24
23"
22
21'
20'
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
3
3
3
9409
9466
9521
9573
9622
9415
9472
9527
9578
9627
9421
9478
9532
9583
9632
9426
9483
9537
9588
9636
9432
9489
9542
9593
9641
9438
9494
9548
9598
9646
9444
9S00
9553
9603
9650
9449
9S0S
9558
9608
9655
0,9455
0,9511
0,9563
0 9613
0 9659
19"
18
17
16'
15'
1 2
1 7
1 7
1 2
1 2
3
3
3
2
2
9664
9707
9758
9785
9820
9668
9711
9751
9789
9823
9673
9715
9755
9792
9826
9677
9720
9759
9796
9829
9681
9724
9763
9799
9823
9686
9728
'9767
9803
9836
9690
9732
9770
9806
9839
9694
9736
97/4
9810
9842
9699
9740
9778
9813
9845
0 9703
0 9744
0,9781
0 9816
0 9848
14"
13
12'
11"
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
0 9848
0,9877
0.9903
0 9925
0.9945
9851
9880
9905
9928
9947
9854
9882
9907
9930
9949
9857
9885
9910
9932
9951
9860
9888
9912
9934
9952
9863
9890
9914
9936
9954
9866
9893
9917
9938
9956
9869
9895
9919
9940
9957
9871
9898
9921
9942
9959
9874
9900
9923
9943
9960
0.9877
0.9903
0,9925
0,9945
0 9962
9
8
7
6
5
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
85 0,9962
0.9976
0,9986
0 9994
89 0,9998
90 1 0000
60
9963
9977
9987
9995
9999
9965
9978
9988
9995
9999
9966
9979
9989
9996
9999
9968
9980
9990
9996
9999
9969
9981
9990
9997
0000
9971
9982
9991
9997
0000
9972
9983
9992
9997
0000
9973
9984
9993
9998
0000
9974
9985
9993
9998
0000
0,9976
0 9986
0.9994
0 9998
0 0000
4"
3"
2
1"
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
4 (
4:
r,'V
30
24
12-
(>
A
60
61"
62
63
64
0
0.8660
0 8746
0,8829
0.8910
0 8988
<v
8669
8755
8838
8918
8996
12'
8678
8763
8846
8926
9003
IS
8686
8771
8854
8934
9011
65"
66
67
68"
69
0 9063
0.9135
0 9205
0,9272
0 9336
9070
9143
9212
9278
9342
9078
9150
9219
9285
9348
70
/1
72
73
74
0.9397
0.94b>
0 9511
0 9563
0.9613
9403
9481
9516
9568
9617
75
76
77
78
79
0,9659
0,9703
0 9744
0 9781
0.9816
80
81
82
83
84
CO
co
00
'Nl
24
co
co
"*
4
4
4
4
4
(' <) s I N
241
I! N <; 3. T A N c;
A
'
Ir
I K
24'
30
3(i'
42'
48
54
60
") 3'
0 ,0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 3 5 0 0 5 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 7 01 0 5 0 1 2 2 0 1 4 0 015 7 0 .0 0 0 0 90
0 ,0 1 7 5
0 1 9 2 0 2 0 9 0 2 2 7 0 2 4 4 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 9 02 9 7 0 3 1 4 033 2 0 ,0 1 7 5 89
0 ,0 3 4 9
03 6 7 0 3 8 4 0 4 0 2 0 4 1 9 0 4 3 7 0 4 5 4 04 7 2 0 4 8 9 0507 0 ,0 3 4 9 88"
0.0524 0542 0559 0577 0594 0612 0629 0647 0664 0682 0 0 5 2 4
0,0699 0717 0734 0752 0769 078 7 080 5 08 2 2 084 0 0857 0,0699
0 0875
87
86
4"
85
6" 0 1051 1069 1086 1104 1122 1139 1157 1175 1192 1210 0.1228 83 3 6
T' n 1?28 1246 1263 1281 1299 1317 1334 1352 1370 1388 0,1405 82 3 6
8 V 1405 14?3 1441 1459 1477 1495 151? 1530 1548 1566 01584 81 3 6
9 0.1584 1602 1620 1638 1655 1673 1691 1709 1727 1745 0,1763 80 3
10' 0.1763 1781 1799 1817 1835 1853 1817 1890 1908 1926 0,1944 79" 3
11 0,1944 1962 1980 1998 2016 2035 2053 2071 2089 2107 0,2126 78 3
12 0.2126 2144 2162 2180 2199 2217 2235 2254 2272 2290 0,2309 77" 3
13 0,2309 2327 2345 2364 2382 2401 2419 2438 2456 2475 0.2493 76 3
6
6
14" 0,2493 2512 2530 2549 2568 2586 2605 2623 2642 2661 0,2679 75 3
15 0.2679 2698 2717 2736 2754 2773 2792 2811 2830 2849 0.2867 74" 3
16
17
18
19
0,0875 0 8 9 2 0 9 1 0 0 9 2 8 0 9 4 5 0 9 6 3 0981 099 8 1016 1033 0.1051 84
0.2867 2886 2905 2924 2943 2962 2981 3000 3019 3038 0.3057 73 3
0.3057 3076 3096 3115 3134 3153 3172 3191 3211 3236 0.3249 72 3
0,3249 3269 3288 3307 3327 3346 3365 3385 3404 3424 0,3443 71 3
0.3443 3463 3482 3502 3522 3541 3561 3581 3600 3620 0,3640 70 3
9
9
6 9
6 10
6 10
7 10
20 0,3640 3659 3679 3699 3719 3739 3759 3779 3799 3819 0,3839 69 3
21 0.3839 3859 3879 3899 3919 3939 3959 3979 4000 4020 0,4040 68" 3
7 10
7
10
22 0,4040 4061 4081 4101 4122 4142 4163 4183 4204 4224 0,4245 67 3
23 0.4245 4265 4286 4307 4327 4348 4369 4390 4411 4431 0,4452 66 3
24 0,4452 4473 4494 4515 4536 4557 4578 4599 4621 4642 0 4 6 6 3 65 4
10
10
11
3'
60
4X'
-tr
3(1'
30
:-T
c () T A N <;
ir
TANC
-
2 3
4013 4834 4856 0.4877

5029 5051 5073 0.5095
5250 5?72 5295 0.5317
64
63
4
4
4
7 11
7 11
7 11
5430 5452 5475 5490 5520 0.5542

5658 5681 5704 572? 5750 0.5774
61
4
4
8 11
0 12
59
58
57
8
0
32
33
5890 5914 5938 5961 59R5|0.600y

6128 6152 6176 6200 6224 0.6249
0 .6 2 4 9 6273 6297 6372 6346 6371 6395 6420 6445 6469 0.6494
0.6494 6519 6544 G569 6b94 G619 6644 6669 6694 6720 0.6745
56
34
0.6745 6771 6796 6822 6047 6873 6899 6924 6950 6976 0.7002
55
9 13
35
0 .7 0 0 2
7028 7054 7080 7107 7133 7159 7186 721? 7239 0 .7 2 6 5

7454 7481 7508 0 .7 5 3 6
54
36
53
52
5
5
9 14
9 14
51
39
0.7265 7292 7319 7346 7373 7400 74 27

0.7536 7563 7590 7618 7646 7673 7701
0.7813 7841 7869 7898 7926 7954 7983
0.8058 B127 8156 0185 8214 8243 6273
40
41
42
43
44
0.8391
0,8693
0 9004
0,9325
0.9657
8421 8451 84B1

8/24 0754(6785
9036 9067 9099
9358 9391 9424
9 6 9 1 9725 9759
45
46
47
48
49
1.0000
1.0355
1.0724
1 1106
1.1504
0035
0392
761
1145
1544
0070
0428
0799
1184
1585
50
51
52
53
54
1.1918
1.2349
1.2799
1.3270
1,3764
1960
2393
2046
3319
3814
2002 2045 2088

2437 2482 2527
2r.92 2938 2985
3367 3416 3465
3865 3916 3968
60
54'
A
25
26
27
2S
29
30
31
37
38
36
0
.0.4663146841470614727 4748 4770 4791
0.4RT7 1899
4942 4964 4986 5008
0.S09L' 31 ' 51^9 5161 5184 5206 5228
12
18
24
0 5 3 1 ? '340 536215304 5407

0.S543 5566 5589 5612 5635
0.5774 5797 5B20 3844 58 67

0.6009 6032 6056 6080 6104
40
8541
8847
9163
9490
9827
42
7729
8601
8910
9228
9556
9896
0105 0141 0176 0212

0464 0501 0538 0575
0837 0875 0913 0951
1224 1263 1303 1343
1626 1667 1708 1750
0247
0612
0990
1383
36
2131 2174
2572 2617
3032 3079
3514 3564
4019 4071
30'
24
48
54
60
7757 7785 0.7813
8012 8040 8069 0.8098

8302 8332 8361 0.8391
8571
8878
9195
9523
9861
42'
8511
0816
9131
9457
9793
30
60
50
0283 0319 1.0355

0649 0686 1.0724
1028 1067 1.1106
1423 1463 1 1504
1792 1833 1875 1.1918
44
43
42
41
2261
2708
3175
3663
4124 4176
2305 1.2349
2753 1.2799
3222 1 3270
3713 1 3764
39
38
4229 1.4281
18
COTANG
12'
0'
12
13
13
9 14
5 10 15
5
5
6
6
6
2210
2662
3127
3613
12
4 8 12
0.8693 49
0.9004 48
0.9325 47
0.9657 46
1.0030 45
8632
C941
9260
9590
9930
8662
8972
9293
9G23
9965
62
10
10
11
11
11
15
16
16
17
17
6
6
6
7
12
12
13
13
7 14
18
18
19
20
21
14 22
15 23
16 24
35
7
6
6
8
9
1' 2
40
37
36
16 25
17 26
3
TANG
A
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
6'
12
18
24'
30'
36
42
54
60
8 11
4550 4605 4659 (715 770 ,48?6 34 9
29
19
10
33
1.0399
5340
5282
5108 516R 5224
30
5697 5757 5818 830 5941 1.6003 32 10 20
32
11
21
1.6643
31
5577
6447
5512
6319 6383
30 11 23 34
1,6643 6709 6775 684? 6909 6977 7045 71137182 7251 1.7321
j
1 n 4
1 804 29
1.732 1.739 1.746,1.753 1 760 1.767 1,775 1.782 1.789 1.797
1 3 4
28
1 B04 1.811 1.819 1.827 1.834 1.842 1.849 1.857 1.865 1 873 1 8B1
27
1 3 4
1.963
1.954
1.881 1^889 1 897 1 905 1.913 1.921 1.929 1.937 1.946
1 3 4
1 963 1.971 t980 1.98811.997 2.006 2.014 2.023 2.032 2.041 2.050 26
3 5
25
2
2
145
2135
2.050 2 059 2.069 2.078*2.08712.097 2 106 2.116 2.125
1 4281 4335 43P8 442 4496

1 4826 4B82 4938 1994 5051
1.5399 5458 5517 5577 5637
1.5003 6066 6128 6191 6255
2.184 2 194 2.204 2.215 2.225 2,236 2.246
24
2.289 2.300 2.311 2.322 2.333 2.344 2.356

2.402 2.414 2 426 2 438 2^450 2.463 2.475
23
22
2.526 2^539 2^552 2 565 2.578 2592 2.605

2 660 2.675 2689 270 3 2 718 2.733 2.747
21
20
19
18
72
2.747 2.762 2.778 2.793 2.808 2.824 2,840 2,856 2,872 2.888 2.904
2.904 2.921 2937 2^954 2971 2989 3,006 3.024 3^042 3.060 3 078
3 078 3.096 3^115 3^133 3 152 3.172 3^191 3211 3 230 3^251 3.271
17
10
73
3.271 3.291 3.312 3.333 3.354 3,376
10
7 11
12
13
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
74
75
? 14?) 2,154 2.164 2174

2 246 2.257 2 267 2.278
2 356 2.367 2^379 2 391
2,475 2 488 2.500 2.513
2.605 2.613 2 ,633 2.646
3,398 3.420 3.442 3.465 3.487
16
3.630 3,655 3.681 3.706 3 732
15
3,895 3.923 3,952 3.981 4.011
14
9 13
5 10 14
1' 2
3.487 3.511 3,534 3,558 3.582 3.606
3.732 3,758 3,785 3.812 3.839 3.867
60
54
48'
42
36'
30
24'
18'
COTANG
242
48'
12
0'
3'
BNG 4. TANG CC GC GN 90
A
___
9
- _ 8_
016 4.021 4.026 4.031 4.036 4,041 4,046 4.051 4.056

4 066 4.071 4.076 4 082 4.087 4 092 4.097 4,102 4.107
7620 4.113 4.118 4.123 4.128 4.134 4 139 4 144 4.149 4.155 4.160
7 6 % 4.155 4 171 4.176 4.161 4.187 4.192 4.198 4.203 4.208 4 214
4.061 ^ '
76% 4.219 4.225 4 230 4.236 4 241 4 247 4 252 4.258 4.264 4.269
4,275 1310'
4.011
7610 4 061
76^0' 4 275
4.113 1340
4.165 1 3 ^ 0 '
4,219 13^20
4.280 4 286 4.292 4 297 4 303 4 309 4.314 4 320 4.326 4.331
4.337 4.343 4.349 4.355 4.360 0 6 6 4.372

7 7 % 4 390 4 396 4 402 4.407 4 413 4,419 4,425 4.431
7720 4 449 4 455 4.462 4.468 4,474 4 480 4,486 4.492
77^0 4.511 4.517 4 523 4,529 4.536 4.542 4,548 4.555
7740 4.574 4,580 4.586 4 593 4.599 4.606 4.612 4.619
77%0 4 638 I 4 645 4 651 4 658 4.665 4.671 4,678 4.685
7 7 % 4.331
"vi
C
>ci=
78%0 4.705 4,711 4.718 4.725 4.732 4.739 4.745 4.752

7810 4 773 4,780 4.787 4.794 4.801 4.808 4.815 4 822
7B20 4,843 4.850 4.857 4 864 4 872 4.879 4 886 4.893
4,915 4.922 4 930 4.937 4.945 4,952 4.959 4.967
4.378 4.384 4,390

1437 4.413 4.449
4.498 4.505 4.511
4.561
4.567 4,174
4 625 4,632 4.638

4 691 4.698 4.705
4.759 4.766 4.773
4,829 4^836 4^643
4,901 4908 4,915
4.974 4.982 4.989

78 40' 4,989 4.997 5.005 5.012 5.020 5.027 5 035 5.043 5.C50 5 058 5,066
78%0 5066 5 074 5 081 5.089 5 097 5.105 5 113 5 121 5.129 5.137 5.145
79V
5 145 5.153 I 5.161 5.169 5,177 5.185 5,193 5,201 5.209 5.217 5.226
5.226 5.234 5.242 5.250 5.259 5.267 5 276 5 284 5,292 5.301 5.309
7910
7920' 5 309
79 j0' 5.396
7940 5.485
79%0' 5,576
5 3 ie
5.326 5.335 5 343 5.352 5.361
5.369 5.378 5.387 5.396
5.404 5.413 5.422 5.431 5,440 5 449 5.458 5.466 5 475

5.494 5,503 5.512 5.521 5.530 5 539 5.549 5,558 5.567
5.435
5.576
5 586 5.595 5,605 5.614 5.623 5^633 5,642 5 652 5^662 5^671
/
5.681 5.691 5.700 5.710 5.720 5,730 5,740 5.749 5,759 5,769
5.769 5.779 5.789 5.799 5 810 5.820 5.830 5 840 5 850 5,861 5^871
8020 5.871 5.881 5.892 5 902 5912 5.923 5 933 5 944 5.954 5.965 5^976
80%0~ 5 671
8010
80Q30 5,976 5.986 5.997 6 008 6 019 6.030 6 041 6,051 6062 6 073 6.084
8040' 6.084 6,096 6,107 6118 6,129 6 140 6,152 6.163 6,174 6,186 6 197
80%0' 6.197 6 209 6.220 6 232 6.243 6 255 6.267 6.278 6 290 6.302 6,314
7,
COtANG
13^0'
TA N C
A .
,6
10'
6.338 6.350
6.362
6.386
6.398
6.410
6.423
6.435
8^0'
8110' 6.435
6.447
6.460 6.472
6.485
6.497 16.510
6 522
6.535
6.548
6^561
840'
8120' 6.561
6.573
6 586 6.599
6.612
6.625
6,638
6.651
6^665 6.678
6,691
8^0'
81^0
6,691
6.704
6.718 6.731
6.745
6.758
6.772
6.786
6 79 9
6^813
6,827
8%0'
8140
6,827
6.841
6,855
6.869
6.883
6.897
6 911
6.925
6,940
6.954
6,968
8 10'
81 *%0
6.968
6,983
6.997
7.012
7,026
7.041
7 056
7,071
7.085
7.100 7.115 8 %
8 V
6.314 6.326
82%0
7.115
7.130
7 14 6
7,161
7,176
7.191
7,207
7.222
7,238
7.253
7,269
A o'
8210
7.269
7.284
7.300
7.316
7.332
7.348
7 364
7^380
7 396
7412
7.429
740'
8220' 7.429
7.445
7,462
7.478
7.495
7.511
7.528
7.545
7,562
7.579
7.596
n '
8230
7,596
7.613
7.630
7.647
7,665 i 7.682
7.700
7.717
7.735
7.753
7,770
7%
8240' 7! 770
7.788
7.806
7.824
7,842
7.861
7.879
7.897
7916
7.934
7.953
n '
S2%0' .7.953 7.972
7.991
8.009
8.028
8.048
8.067
8,086
8,105
8,125
8,144
8 3 ^ 0 ' 8,144
8.164
8.184
8.204
8.223
8.243
8,264
8.284
8,304
8.324
8,345
50
10'
8.345
8.366
8.386
8.407
8,428
8,449
8,470
8,491
8.513
8.534
8,556
40'
20'
8.556
8 577 8.599
8,621
8.643
8,665
8.687
8,709
8.732
8.754
8.777
30'
30
8.777
8.800
8.823
8.846
8,869
8.892
8.915
8.939
8,962
8.986
9.010
20'
40'
9,010 9 0 3 4
9.058
9,082
9 .106 9.131
9,156
9.180
9,205
9.230
9.255
50'
9.255
9.306
9.332
9,357
9.383
9.409
9.435
9,461
9,488
9.514
'
6W
9.568 9,595
50'
9.281
84%0' 9,514 9,541
9.622
9,649
9.677
9.704
9.732
9.760
9.788
10'
9.788 9.816
9845
9^873 9,902
9.931
9^960
9^989
10.02
10.05
10,08
40'
20'
10.08
10,11
10.14
10,17
10.20
10.23
10.26
10,29
11X32
10,35
10,39
30'
30'
10.39
10,42
10.45
10,48
10,51
10.55
10,58
10,61
10.64
10.68
1071
20'
40'
10,71
10.75
10,78
10,81
10,85
10.88
10.92
10.95
10.99
11.02
11.06
50'
11,06
11,10
11.13
11.17
11.20 11.24 11.28 11.32 11.35 11.39 11.43 5 * t o
85^X1' 11,43
11.47 11,51 11.55 11,59 11.62 11.66 11.70 11.74 11,79 11,83
40'
12.80
12.43 1 24 7 12.52 12.57 12,61 12.66 12.71

12! 85 12.90 12,95 13.00 13.05 13.10 13.15 13.20
20'
13.25
13,30
13.35
13,40
13,46
13,51
13,56
13.62
13,67
1337
p'
13,78
13.84
13,89
13,95
1401
14.07
14,12
14,18
14,24
14,30
(W
11.83
11,87
11.91
11.95
20'
12,25
12.29
12.34
12.38
30
12.71
12.75
40'
13.20
50
13.73
11.99
12.03
12^08
12.12
12.16
12.21
50'
12,25
10'
COTANG
'2 4 3
7'
6.374
30'
TA N G
8 6 *w
14,30
14,36
14,42 14.48
14.54
14,61
6'
7'
14.67 14.73
8'
9'
10
14.80
14,86
14,92
50'
10'
14.92
14,99
15,06
15.12
15.19
15,26
15,33 15.39
15^46
15.53
15.60
40'
20'
15.60
15,68
15,75
15,82
15.89
15,97
16.04
16.12
16,20
16.27
16.35
30'
30'
16,35
16,43
16,51
16,59
16,67
16.75
16,83
16,92
17.00
17.08
17,17
20'
40'
17.17
17.26
17,34
17,43
17.52
17.61
17.70
17,79
17,89
17,98
18,07
50
18,07 18,17
18,27
10,37
18,46
18.56
18,67 18.77
18,87
18.98
19,08
10'
3 u0'
19,19
19.30
19,41
19.52
19.63
19,74
19,97
20,09
20.21
50
20.33
20.45 20.57
20.69
20 82
20,95 21,07 21,20
21,34
21,47
40'
22,16 22,31 22,45 22.60 22.75 22.90

23,37 23.53 23.69 23.86 24.03 24,20 24.37 24,54
25,08 25.26 25,45 25.64 25.83 26,03 26.23 26,43
30'
8 7 ^ 0 ' 19,08
10'
20.21
20'
21.47 21,61
21,74
30'
22.90 23.06
23.21
40
24,54 24.72
2 49 0
50
26,43 26,64 26,84 27,06
8 8 ^ 0 ' 28,64 28.88
21,88
19.85
22,02
27,27
27,49 27,71
27.94 28,17
28 40 28,64
20'
10'
2W
29.12 29,37
29,62
29.88 30,14 30,41
30,68
30.96
31.24
34,37
38,19
42,96
49,10
31.53
34,72
33f2
43,51
49,82
31.82
35,07
39,06
44.07
50,55
32.12
35,43
39,51
44.64
51,30
37.42
35,80
39,97
45 23
52.08
32,73
36.18
40,44
45,83
52.88
33,05
36,56
40,92
46,45
53,71
33,57
36.96
41,41
47,09
54,56
33,69
37,36
41.92
47.74
65,44
34,03
37,77
42.43
48.41
56,35
34,37 40'
38.19 30'
42,96 20'
49,10
L'
57,29 1 W
89^0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
57,29
68,75
85.94
114,6
171.9
343,8
58,26
70,15
88,14
118,5
180,9
382.0
59.27
71,62
90,46
122.8
191.0
429,7
60.31
78,14
92,91
127,3
202,2
491.1
61.38
74.73
95.49
132,2
214,9
573.0
62,50
76,39
98,22
137,5
229.2
64.86
79,94
104,2
149.5
264,4
1146
66,11
81,85
107,4
156.3
286,5
1719
67,40
83.84
110,9
163.7
312,5
3438
68.75
85.94
114.6
171.9
343,8
687.5
63,66
78,13
101,1
143,2
245.6
859,4
00
ow
10'
6'
4'
3'
1'
0'
10'
31,24
20'
30'
40'
50-
8 '
COTANG
244
50'
50'
40'
30
20'
L'
BNG 5. C TRNG CC KHI HNH HC
245
246
247
BNG 6. DIN T c h c c h n h
248
HNH
CNG THC TNH DIN TCH
DNG
QUT
"0
VIN PHN
s
y+
BNG 7. C TRNG HNH HC CC HNH
249
7tR2.a
360
R2 r KXX.
=
----2 L 180
sina
250
BNG 8. TI TRNG NG V TNH

Cng trnh xy dng chu 4 loi li Irng
I : Ti trni thnu xuyn hay liii 1 rni tnh. Tc l irng
lni! vu litu to dne cnu (rnh.
f) : Ti Iron<z s
dnuhay t;i Hns dng.
! : Ti irni ph XLI hin dnh k nh gi.ma. tuyct,
ti trni! c;'in trc khi lap my. nhil khni kh thav (Irti.
I : Ti irn dc hii, xul hin hn hu nh : dnt dt,
p lc nc khi h| lt. li trni! do kt cu h ph htii, nh
hng nhit do tng c S c, nhit <J eim do thil hi hng
(I hng ch xl mt ironj cc ycu t ny. V t khi c hai yu
t .xy ra cng mt lc).
T hp ti trng
Khi lnh kt cu
cnj>Irnh phi xt ha t h p sau :
T hp li trng chnhlm T, T + ,T
ngoi h s qu ti Ihm h s k = 1,0.
P .T + B
T' hp li mm ph : gm TDP. TB. TPB ngoi h s

qu ti thcm h sf k = 0.9.
T hp li trng iltic bit : gm TDPB ngi h s qu
ti Ihm h s k = 0,8.
251
T TRNG TNH
TT
'
Vt liu
T ro n g l n g k g /m '!
t thi&n nhin
G cc loai
800
Thp cc loai
7850
Tng gch dc
1800
Tng gach rng
1500
Va t
Btng thng
2400
Btng ct thp
2500
cc loi
1.800
2000
T I TRNG
DNG
Ti trng
H s qu ti
kg/m J
- Sn thng (khng k kt nc, my in. thng thng gl)
75
14
- Nh . bnh vin (khng k ca chinh, snh) vn tr. lp mu gio (k c thit bi ph thng)
150
14
Nh tp th, phng lm vic, lp hoc. gian sinh hot ca bung my (k c thit bj ph thng)
200
14
- ung i nh tp th, phng lm vic v gian sinh hot nh tp th.
300
13
- Nh n, phng tic, l& ng (k c thit b ph thng)
300
13
- Kch vin, rp chiu bng, cu lac b. trng hc, nh ga, ca chnh v ng i ca cc l i.
400
12
- Nh xng, kho tng, bo tng, ca hng bch ha u tinh theo thc t nhng khng dc nh hn.
400
1.: *
- Th vin, bung lu tr, sn dan di dng xe nglm u tnh theo thc t. nhng khng c nh hn
500
12
- Bung my cng xng, ng v ca bng chuyn vn chuyn kiu nh tnh theo thc t, nhng khng dc
nh hn.
200
1,: *
- Thang gc. ca chinh, b ln v ban cng :

. Cng trnh mc 2 v mc 3 trn.
. Co cng trnh khc.
300
400
14
14
TT
Loi ti trng
A. Ti trng sn dm
1
2
10
B. Nhng ti trng khc

11
- Ti trng thng dng v ngang ca cu trc
Tnh theo
13
12
- p lc ca th lng
thc t
11
13
- p lc ca th ri rc
'
1.: *
14
- p krc ca th hi
1.: *
15
- Trng lng bn thn ngoi mc 16
11
16
- Trng lng bn thn tm gi nhit v vt liu nhi
12
Ghi ch : H s qu ti n c du * khng dc nh hn 1,2 (>).

252
BNG 9. TI TRNG GI
Tc tiu chun :
Tc liu chuan ca I!i l lc lnnht trung bnh
ironii 1D pht ca gi o cao 20m khiu l\(m/sec).
p lt' tiu chun :
p lc tiu chun cua gio tnh Iheo
n
v
qH =
16
Tf)c J v* p ic ca gi cho tng vng :

Vng
Tc m /sec
p lc kg /m ?
Hi o. ven bin
44
120
ng bng
40
100
Trung du
36
80
M in ni
31
60
* Di vi thit k dinh hnh ly qi = 120 kg/m~

p lv tnh ton :
p lc tnh ton ca ui i vi cng irnh cho tng vng
tnh llico cng thc sau :
q =
c . T.
( ;. m . n . K . qB
{k/m')
253
c l h s can ca cng trinh kin mc. Tnh theo bng

sau ty theo cao Hm.
H
0.62
20
1.00
70
1.37
140
1,63
240-
1,86
0.66
30
1.11
80
1.41
160
1,68
260
1.90
0,74
40
1,19
90
1,46
180
1,73
280
1,93
10
0,00
50
1,26
100
1,50
200
1,78
300
1.97
15
0.91
60
1,32
120
1.57
220
1,82
310
1.98
T l h s lu bn ca cng trnh kin trc. Trih theo bng

sau :
Thi hn
(nm)
H s T
Ph
Quan trng
Cng trnh
Tm th i
thng
500
200
100
60
40
20
15
1,21
1,13
1,04
1,00
0.98
0,92.
0,87
G l h s chng ngi di vi cng trnh kin trc. Ty

(heo khong cch vt cn dn cng trnh.
Khong cch vt cn Cng trinh
H s G
6H
7H
8H
10H
0.50
0,60
0,70
0,80
m l h s chn ng ca cng trnh kin trc.

Khi chu k chn ng > 0,5 sec
, i vi kr cu thp m = 2,0
. Di vi ki iu khc m = 1,5
/I l h s qu ri ca gi n = 1.3
K l h s ng lc. linh theo bng sau :
254
H 80 K
H'Kh dng cng trinh
o*
< 15
30
> 60
0.5
0.0
0.8
< 15
30
> 60
0,5
0.0
0.8
30
> 60
'-* o I
>AW*W
0.0
0.6
1.2
0.6
1
-0.8
< \
I
-
^
e
I?
I
o' I
I
I
0,8
0,2
30
> 60
0.0
0.6
1.2
30
> 60
K,
0.0
0.6
1.2
K2
1.2
J r 1 s
I
I
1.2
0.6
30
> 60
K,
0.0
0.6
1.2
K,
1.2
0,6
0,2
0.2
> 1
'Z ,c
-<
1 - 10 ; a2 - 30
/ k ^ y
/* k ^ /
x k z ?
L
J
J
- H ------- x
'l
0,1
0,5
-0 .8
-1 ,3
> ,
chi gi

K - 1,4
T/ng r o
*
Sau khi tnh, tng cc h s, p lc tnh ton ca
gi khng c nh hon 80 v ln hn 300 k g /m 2.
255
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. s . T im oshenko : Rsistance des matriaux
Pars et Liges 1947.

2. H Cross : Momertt Distribution Method
1950.
3. v .l. Skatynoki : Manny spravochnik stroiteia
Kiev, 1960.
4. Bui r T in : cm nang thit k'
Cc Doanh tri - qun di NDVN 1961.

5. PTS. N guyn Vn Ph : L thuyt thit k' t! v
Gio trnh trn i hc 1987.

6. GS.TS. N gu yn Trm : Phng php s'
Gio trnh tr.n di hc 1987.

7. GS.PTS. Phm Khc H ng : L thuyt tin cy v d bo
tui ti.j cng trnh

Gio trnh trn ai hc 1987.
M C LC
Li ni
du
Li ni
du
Chng I.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
Chxmg II.
II. 1.
11.2.
11.3.
11.4.
Chng III.
III. 1.
111.2.
111.3.
111.4.
111.5.
111.6.
56
ln xut bn th hai
Nhng phtrong php tnh
gii bi ton kt cu
Tnh nhm - tnh tay
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh
theo phutmg php Gauss
Gii h phircmg trnh tuyn tnh
theo ma trn nghch o
5
5
7
9
Nhng phirng php lp v

gii bi ton kt cu
Phcmg php gii tch
Phirng php lc
Phng php chuyn v
Phng php phn phi moment
12
12
23
35
50
Tnh
Tnh
Tnh
Tnh
Tnh
Tnh
Tnh
65
65
67
69
75
76
88
kt cu mi
kt cu g
kt cu thp
cc b phn m i
v ko chung
v ko g
v ko thp
Chircmg IV.
IV. 1.
IV.2
IV.3.
IV.4
Chutmg V.
v .l.
V2
Chng VI.
VI. 1.
VI.2.
VI 3.
VI.4.
VI.5.
VI.6,
VI.7.
VI.8.
Chirng VII.
VII. 1.
VII.2.
VII.3.
VII.4.
kt cu sn
kt cu btng
sn btng
dm b tng ct thp
ct btng
101
101
113
132
143
Tnh kt cu tung
Tnh kt c'u gch
Chiu di, chiu cao tng
146
146
152
Tnh kt cu mng
Bn cht vt l ca t
Phn b' ng sut trong t
Sc chu ca dt
Bin, dng v d ln ca, dt
Tnh mng
Tnh mng trn nn n hi
Gia c' nn t
p lc ca d't
153
153
155
162
166
178
189
208
213
Thit k ti u trong bi ton kt cu

M u
nh ngha
Pht trin bi ton thit' k ti u
Mt s th d v thit k' ti u
216
216
216
217
218
Tnh
Tnh
Tnh
Tnh
Tnh
257
Chutmg VIII. Tnh tinh cy ca kt cu

trong cng trnh
VIII. 1. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca
l thuyt tin cy
VIII.2. C s nh gi tin cy ca
cng trnh
VIII.3. Th d tnh tin cy
VIII 4. Tui th cng trnh
230
231
235
Phn ph lc :Nhng bng s

1. Cc hm ca s t nhin
2. Sin v cosin
3 Tang v cotang
4. Tang ca gc gn 90
5. c trng cc khi hnh hc
6. Din tch cc hnh
7. c trng hnh hc cc hnh
8. Ti trng ng v tnh
9. .Ti trng gi
238
238
240
241
243
245
248
249
251
253
Ti liu tham kho
256
Mc lc
256
258
t c
gi
229
229
Thc s BI C TlN
CM NANG KT CU XY DNG
(Ti bn)
Chu trch nhim xut bn :

TRNH XUN SN
Bin tp :
HONG H
Sa bn in :
BI C TIEN
Trnh by ba :
HS. BU SINH

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Thc s

NHNG PHUDNG PHP TNH GII BI TON KT CU

1.1. TNH NHM - TNH TAY

D ngy nay c my vi tnh, vic da s liu vo v s

cng nhanh v chnh xc c hai cch nh sau :

CNG THEO LIN HIP CA 10 V 20.

- Bc 2 : Cng dn s d ca php chia cho 5, ta c 28.

Lin hip ca 10 l 1 + 9, 2 + 8, 3 + 7, 4 '+ 6,

3: Nhm 4 s cui ta c 40 + 20 + 3 = 63.

Cng theo lin hip 10 v 20 thng nhanh v chnh xc

- Nhn vi 5 l thm s khng ri chia 2.

- Nhn vi 11 l nhn 10 ri cng thm s

. Khi s nhn c 2 con s th chi cn cng 2 s d li

. Khi hi s nv nhn nhau vt mi

14 X 18 = (14 + 8)1(4 X 8) = 252

- Bnh phutmg m t s' tn cng l 5

- N hn hai s lin hip (a + b) (a - b)

- Thu gn s" khi nhn :

- Chia cho 0,25 l nhn s' d vi 4.

- Chia cho 2,5 l nhn 4 chia 10.

* Cn tn dng k t qu nhn nhm trong chia nhm.

1.2. GII H PHNG TRNH TUYEN

Trong c hc k t cu ta thng phi gii h n phng

C nhiu phng php gii nhung c bn l phutmg

Chung trnh m u gii trn my vi tnh n h sau :

B, X : array [1..n, 1..m] of real;

Writeln ('giai hepttt1);

a 0, k] - c*a [i, ki'

Begin vvriteln ('x [', i, phay, j, '] -

Ni theo ton hc, phrnmg php GAUSS l cch tam

Kh X2 bng cch chia phircmg trnh 2 cho 2,5

H thu v 0 ,6x 3 = 1,2 v ta c X3 = 2. Tnh ngc ln

X] = 4,5 + 0,5x2 - X3 = 4,5 + 0,5 - 2 = 3

u . GII H PHNG TRNH TYN

Ta c hphng trnh tuyn tnh :

Vit di dng ma trn :

ca ma trn h s A v lm php nhn ma trn A _1.B = X.

phng trnh tuyn tnh c n n s6 theo ma trn nghch o

Nhng bn c hiu c phng php ma trn nghch

Vit dng ma trn A . X = B ta c :

Tm A ' theo trnh t sau :

Tnh chi tit ra la c :

y l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh.

NHNG PHUNG PHP LP V GII BI TON KT CU

II.l. PHNG PHP GII TCH

- gc xoay ln trn l dng.

Phng php gii tch l phng php l thuyt gii

chnh xc cc h kt cu loi dm.

Dng bin khng th nguyn - la ln it gii cc loi

Qua kho st l thuyt mt on dm ta c :

dm t dn gin n phc tp.

Nh vy khi bit ti ng, bng bn php tch phn

-2,505 -2,166 -1,859

II. 1.3. DM NGM MT U

iu kin bin Mo = yo = 0 >

l . 1.4. DAM NGM HAI U

-0,263 -0.353 -0.7

-0,092 -0,091 -0.0125

-0.234 -0,253 -0.500

(x " a)' " 3a 2

Kt quii tnh ton :

II.1.5. DM HAI NHP U

V l thuyt dm hai nhp u lhai