C V HIU KIN TRC

MC LC
Trang
Li m u 11
PHN 1: C KIN TRC 15
CHNG 1: KIN TRC V N KIN TRC 17
1. Kin trc 17
1.1. Khi nim Kin trc bin i theo Thi gian 17
1.2. Khi nim Kin trc bin i trong Khng gian 18
1.3. Ni hm Kin trc M rng 19
2. Nhng yu cu c bn ca Kin trc 20
2.1. Kin trc - K thut v M thut 21
2.2. Kin trc v Thin nhin 22
2.3. Kin trc v Vn ha 22
2.4. Kin trc v Cc loi hnh ngh thut to hnh 24
2.5. Kin trc v Kin trc hc 25
3. tng ca Kin trc s 26
3.1. tng trong mt n kin trc 26
3.2. nh ca Ch u t 28
3.3. Tham kho kin ngi s dng 29
4. Nhng phc tho u tin 30
4.1. Phc tho l s chuyn ng ca nhng tng thnh hnh v 30
4.2. Bt u t hnh khi bn ngoi hay khng gian bn trong 32
5. Sau nhng s phc u tin 34
5.1. Kt ni cc vn k thut 34
5.2. Th hin n kin trc 35
CHNG 2: CNG NNG V K THUT TRONG KIN TRC 37
1. Ba c im quan trng ca Ch ngha Cng nng 37
1.1. S tin dng 37
1.2. Tnh hp l 38
1.3. S mch lc trong t chc khng gian kin trc 39
2. Cng nng v Hnh thc 41
2.1. Cng nng xc nh Hnh thc kin trc 41
2.2. i khi Hnh thc li xc nh Cng nng 43
3. Vt liu v K thut xy dng 45

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3.1. Vt liu xy dng 45

3.2. K thut xy dng 46
3.3. K thut v Vt liu xy dng: t Truyn thng ti Hin i 47
CHNG 3: HNH THC TRONG KIN TRC 49
1. Ba yu t quan trng l gii s a dng ca Hnh thc 49
1.1. Yu tt ct li 49
1.2. Yu t b sung 50
1.3. Yu t h tr 51
2. Hnh thc trong nguyn tc thm m C in 53
2.1. T xch, ln v thm m C in 53
2.2. Cc quy nh v t l, t l vng, modulor l nguyn tc th hai 53
2.3. T l l cn thit ngay c trong kin trc hin i 55
3. Hnh thc kin trc thi Phc Hng 56
3.1. B cc chia ba trong tng hp Mt ng 56
3.2. Ng php Mt ng 58
4. Hnh thc trong kin trc hin i 58
4.1. S t do, khng g b trong cc nim lut 58
4.2. Trng hp m rng bo tng Louve ca
KTS ngi M gc Hoa Ieoh Ming Pei 58
CHNG 4: MT S XU HNG KIN TRC NG I
TRN TH GII V VIT NAM 61
1. Kin trc Cng ngh cao v nhng ngi tin phong 61
1.1. Kin trc s Santiago Calatrava 61
1.2. Kin trc s Renzo Piano 64
1.3. Kin trc s Norman Foster 66
2. Tnh n d, dang d v a ngha trong hnh thc kin trc 68
2.1. L lun v s phc tp v mu thun ca Robert Venturi 68
2.2. Xu hng gii phng kt cu khi hnh thc kin trc
(Decontructivisme) 69
2.3. Xu hng gc r qu hng - ci ngun vn ha (Nostalgie) 70
3. Xu hng xanh trong th v kin trc 71
3.1. Khi nim 71
3.2. Quan nim th xanh 73
3.3. Tiu ch Kin trc xanh 74

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4. Xu hng bo tn v pht huy Kin trc Bn a 75

4.1. Khi nim 75
4.2. c im ca Kin trc Bn a 75
4.3. Yu t a l - Cnh quan v Vn ha a phng 77
4.4. Tnh biu tng 80
4.5. Vt liu a phng v cng ngh xy dng truyn thng 81
4.6. Tri nghim v mt chu trnh sng mang tnh a phng 82
5. Yu t Vn ha Bn a v Cu trc th 82
5.1. Khi nim 82
5.2. Cu trc Mng c khng hon chnh 83
5.3. Cu trc Tp trung hng tm 83
5.4. Cu trc Tuyn tnh 84
6. Mt s cng trnh Kin trc ng i Vit Nam 86
6.1. Nhn mnh tnh biu tng trong gii php t hp 86
6.2. Gii thng Kin trc Xanh Vit Nam 90
CHNG 5: KIN TRC V KHNG GIAN TH 93
1. Kin trc v khng gian cng cng 93
2. Kin trc v ng cnh bao quanh 94
3. Kin trc Vn v cng vin 96
3.1. Ngh thut vn Chu u 96
3.2. Trng hp cng vin La Villette 97
4. Mi trng cnh quan v hnh thi th 103

PHN 2: HIU KIN TRC 105

CHNG 1: HIU V T HP KIN TRC 107
1. Khi nim t hp 107
1.1. nh ngha T hp 109
1.2. T hp kin trc 110
2. T hp trong lch s 111
2.1. T hp kin trc thi C i 112
2.2. T hp kin trc Chu u thi Trung i (Th k X-XVI) 114
2.3. T hp kin trc mang Phong cch Phc Hng
(Th k XVI XVII) 115
2.4. T hp kin trc mang Phong cch C in
(Th k XVIII XIX) 115

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3. T hp theo tinh thn trit hc Phng ng 116

4. T hp trong kin trc hin i 117
4.1. Khi qut v tnh hnh pht trin 117
5. Mt s nt v kin trc ng i Vit Nam 122
5.1. Hiu v khi nim Kin trc ng i Vit Nam 122
5.2. Cc giai on pht trin 122
5.3. Kin trc Vit Nam thay i din mo 125
CHNG 2: HNH THC TRONG T HP KIN TRC 127
1. Khi nim 127
2. Ngn ng T hp c bn 127
2.1. Din (mt) l yu t c dng nhiu nht trong t hp hnh thc 131
2.2. Khi trong Kin trc 133
3. Trc trong T hp 134
3.1. Khi nim v phn loi 134
3.2. Trc T hp v Gii php t hp 135
3.3. Trc thc v Trc o 135
4. Phn tch mt s trng hp 136
4.1. Qung trng v Nh th Saiut-Peter 136
4.2. Trc T hp Cng ln 138
CHNG 3: PHP PHT TRIN T HP KIN TRC 141
1. Khi nim 141
1.1. Pht trin T hp 141
1.2. iu kin lp ghp pht trin t hp 141
2. S t hp l c s pht trin t hp 142
2.1. X l khng gian linh hot 142
2.2. X l hnh khi linh hot trong mt s t hp gc 144
3. Mt s phng thc pht trin t hp 145
3.1. Hnh ng dng v mng li 146
3.2. Pht trin t hp vi cc yu t in hnh v c bit 146
3.3. Trng hp nghin cu: Bo tng lch s qun i Dresden, c 148
CHNG 4: PHP BIN TH TRONG T HP KIN TRC 149
1. Khi nim 149
2. iu kin lp php bin th 1497

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3. Phn loi bin th 150

3.1. Bin th hnh hc 150
3.2. Bin th hu c 151
4. Hnh dng bin th 151
4.1. Bin th dng Tuyn 151
4.2. Bin th dng Din 152
4.3. Bin th dng Tuyn - Din 153
4.4. Bin th dng Khi 154
5. Mt s trng hp bin th 154
5.1. Ta nh Torso vn mnh, Thp nghing ca Malmo 154
5.2. Ta nh CCTV - Chaoyang, Beijing, Trung Quc 155
5.3. Khch sn Hang ng - Thng Hi, Trung Quc 157
CHNG 5: HNH HC FRACTAL TRONG T HP KIN TRC 161
1. Khi nim 161
2. Ngn ng 161
2.1. ng Von Koch 161
2.2. ng Minkowski 162
2.3. B khung Minkowski 163
2.4. Bng tuyt Von Koch 163
2.5. Tam gic Sierpinski 163
2.6. Tm thm Sierpinski 164
2.7. T din Sierpinski 164
2.8. Hnh cu Sierpinski 164
2.9. Bt bin Menger 164
3. c trng ph bin ca cc hnh Fractal 165
3.1. T ng dng 165
3.2. Th nguyn s 165
3.3. ng cong Peano 166
3.4. Kt lun 166
4. Mt s t hp kin trc thi C i 167
4.1. Khu nh c Ba-Ila 167
4.2. Ngi nh Bamileke 167
4.3. n cha n , ng Nam 168
5. Cc cng trnh Trung - Cn i 169
5.1. Kiu kin trc Gothic 169

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5.2. Nh th, lu i Chu u 169

5.3. Ta nh Arkhitectonics 170
5.4. Ngi nh Con c ca KTS Bruce Goff 171
6. Cc cng trnh hin i da trn nn l thuyt hnh hc Fractal 171
6.1. Thp Eiffen 171
6.2. Trng Galinski (c) v Khoa M thut H Cinitatini (M) 172
6.3. Bnh vin cng ng Kitwe - Zambia 173
6.4. Khu k thut cao Calpoly Plaza 174
6.5. Nh xon c 175
7. Fractal trong trang tr ni tht 175
7.1. ng dng Fractal trong thit k ni tht 175
7.2. ng dng Fractal trong sn phm ni tht 176
7.3. Kt lun 177

PHN 3: HIU V KHNG GIAN KIN TRC 179

CHNG 1: KHNG GIAN KIN TRC 181
1. Khi nim 181
1.1. Khng gian thin nhin 182
1.2. Khng gian ngh thut 182
2. Khng gian v s cm nhn thng qua: cm gic, th gic,
thnh gic, xc gic, s dch chuyn, s tn to 182
2.1. nh sng 183
2.2. Mu sc 184
2.3. m thanh 184
2.4. Hng v 185
2.5. Cht cm 185
2.6. Nhit 185
2.7. Thi gian 186
CHNG 2: KHNG GIAN V HNH KHI 187
1. Hnh khi kin trc 187
2. S n nu ca khng gian trong mt hnh khi kin trc 188
3. Khng gian bn ngoi v khng gian bn trong 189
4. Nhng khong h - khng gian thm nhp 191
CHNG 3: PHN LOI KHNG GIAN 195
1. Khng gian Thc - o 195

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1.1. Khi nim 195

1.2. Hiu qu o trong t chc khng gian 196
1.3. Pht trin khng gian thc theo chiu ng 197
1.4. Pht trin khng gian thc theo chiu ngang 198
2. Khng gian ng - M 199
2.1. Khi nim 199
2.2. Hnh thi kin trc xc nh tnh cht m ca cng trnh 199
2.3. Khng gian ng - M v chiu cao cc bc tng 201
2.4. Khng gian ng - M v s sp xp cc bc tng 202
3. Khng gian thng ngy v khng gian t bin 202
3.1. Khng gian thng ngy 202
3.2. Khng gian t bin 203
4. Cc khng gian kin trc lin h 204
4.1. Khng gian bao cha 204
4.2. Khng gian k cn 210
4.3. Khng gian giao thoa, ha nhp 211
4.4. Khng gian lin h bng kt ni 212
CHNG 4: CC HNH THC T HP KHNG GIAN KIN TRC 214
1. T hp khng gian kiu tp trung (hng tm) 214
1.1. Khi nim 214
1.2. Hnh thi khng gian 215
2. T hp khng gian kiu tuyn tnh 218
2.1. Khi nim 218
2.2. Hnh thi 218
3. T hp khng gian kiu tn x 220
3.1. Khi nim 220
3.2. Hnh thi 220
4. T hp khng gian kiu n nguyn 222
4.1. Khi nim 222
4.2. Hnh thi 222
5. T hp khng gian mng li 223
5.1. Khi nim 223
5.2. Hnh thi 223
5.3. S ph hp vi cc th loi cng trnh kin trc 225

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CHNG 5: BN V CCH THC SN XUT KHNG GIAN

KIN TRC 228
1. Cht lng khng gian kin trc 228
1.1. Sng to khng gian hay ch to khng gian 228
1.2. X l khng gian linh hot to nn hnh thc mi 228
1.3. Tng gim chiu cao v m rng khong trng 229
1.4. Thay i hnh thc trong khng gian lm thay i nhn thc
thng qua im nhn, gc nhn 229
1.5. X l phn c v phn Rng trong khng gian 230
2. Bn v phng php sng to kin trc 230
2.1. S tng tng 230
2.2. S linh cm 231
2.3. Nhng cm nhn ch quan v phn tch khch quan
trong sng tc kin trc 232
2.4. Phm cht ngh nghip v cc hnh thc t duy 233
3. Thit k l mt qu trnh 3 bc: Phn tch - Tng hp - nh gi 233
3.1. Phn tch 233
3.2. Tng hp 234
3.3. nh gi 234
4. Truyn thng v i mi trong sng to 235
4.1. i mi 235
4.2. Truyn thng v nhng bi hc ca qu kh 235
4.3. Bnh sng ch hnh thc ngy nay 236
5. Cc phng php tm kim v hnh thnh tng 236
5.1. Phng php lin tng 236
5.2. Phng php bin i 237
5.3. Phng php o nghch 237
6. Kt lun 238
LI KT 239
TI LIU THAM KHO 240

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LI M U

K in trc l mt b mn nm ranh gii mng manh gia mt bn l

ngh thut v mt bn l khoa hc k thut. T bao i nay khi tip cn vi
kin trc xy dng, con ngi ng chm ti ci ranh gii ny, lc th thin
v tng tng - to hnh, lc th nng v tnh ton - k thut. Cc sn phm
c to ra, v th, cha ng trong n s hp l tin dng, ng thi li th
hin mt v p mang n cho ta nhng cm xc. Con ngi ta, ai cng c t
nhiu tm hn ca ngi ngh s.
Ngh kin trc l mt ngh i hi lao ng nng nhc v t nguyn. Thnh
cng khng dnh cho nhng ngi khng bit am m, khng c s trn tr
ngh, khng c s tn ty v qun mnh trong lao ng sng to.
V vy tc gi mun gi ti ngi c nhng trao i, t nht c th coi nh
vic cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v nng cao hiu v Kin trc. Cun
sch s c ba phn:
- Phn 1: C KIN TRC
- Phn 2: HIU v T HP KIN TRC
- Phn 3: HIU v KHNG GIAN KIN TRC 12

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Trong phn 1 - C KIN TRC, tc gi trnh by 3 vn nh nhng k

t c bn v s khai c th hiu c kin trc mt cch nm na nht. l
cc vn Kin trc v n Kin trc (1), Cng nng, K thut (2) v Hnh
thc kin trc (3). y thc s l nhng k t c bn c v dch m c
nhng tng ca ngi sng to th hin trong mt tc phm kin trc. Ging
nh khi c mt cun truyn, ngi ta phi hiu cu t, ng php, th trong kin
trc mun hiu c chn gi tr ca mt tc phm th t nht cng phi nm c
nhng ngn ng v c php dng trong kin trc. Sau l gii thiu mt s xu
hng kin trc ng i ca phng Ty v Vit Nam (4) vi cc KTS tiu
biu l th lnh ca cc xu hng, trng phi. n y, cn phi hiu rng ra
rng, kin trc khng ng mt mnh. N tn ti trong khng gian th. V vy
chng cui ca phn 1 s bn v kin trc trong khng gian th (5).
i tng cho phn th nht dnh cho nhng ngi ngoi ngh mun tm
hiu kin trc v ngh kin trc hoc cho cc sinh vin ngnh kin trc v ngh
thut bt u nhp mn kin trc. N cng c ngha i vi cc nh doanh
nghip, ch u t, thm ch c cc nh qun l, chnh quyn th - h c
c mt ci nhn tng th v kin trc, hiu c ngh kin trc v kin trc
s l ai. bit rng, ng sau ci v ngoi lng ly ca kin trc, l c mt ni
dung phong ph m ngi kin trc s phi vt ln vi ci mun v ci khng
th. t nht cng c th tm c s cm thng.
Trong phn 2 - HIU v T HP KIN TRC tc gi s trnh by 5 vn
, bt u c nhng hiu bit su hn ca cng vic sng to kin trc.
Trc ht phi hiu th no l t hp kin trc, din bin ca cc hnh thc t
hp theo trc thi gian, t c ti kim (1). Sau l cc phn tch cc yu t xc
nh t hp hnh thc. Cng ging nh cc ngnh ngh thut, mun xy dng
mt t hp kin trc th cn phi nm bt cc yu t ngn ng kin trc v cc
trc t hp (2) pht trin t hp (3) hay bin th t hp (4). Cui cng l gii
thiu v hnh hc Fractal ng dng trong t hp kin trc (5). iu mun
chng t rng, t hp c nhng mi lin h vi c mn Hnh hc. Phn ny
c m t nh nhng cu trc v ng php c th hiu su hn v cch
thc to nn mt tc phm kin trc.
Trong phn 3 - HIU v KHNG GIAN KIN TRC, l phn rt quan
trng ca ngh kin trc. Khi nim Khng gian Kin trc s c bn lun mt
cch hn lm v m rng hn, ta c th hiu rng trong thi i ngy nay,
KTS phi gii mt bi ton phc tp hn ngy xa. Ni hm ca kin trc,
mt kha cnh ny th ngy cng m rng, nhng mt gc khc, c v nh
b tc trong vic to ra nhng sng to c o (1). Vn T hp hnh thc v
to dng khng gian s c phn tch qua cc trch dn v minh ha ca cc
tc gi v cc cng trnh c thi gian tha nhn l tc phm, hiu rng
gia hnh khi v khng gian kin trc c mt mi lin h hu c v bin chng

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(2). Sau , tc gi s bn v vn th 3 l Phn loi Khng gian kin trc. (3)

y l mt kha cnh su v tinh t ca ngi lm ngh kin trc. Suy cho cng
khng gian khng ch to iu kin cho cc hot ng mt cch hp l cho
ngi ta nhng xc cm thm m. to ra cc hnh thc, cc kiu khng gian
khc nhau s l cng vic ca nh t hp. H s tm nhng dng khng gian
thch ng vi Th loi kin trc (4). Trong thut ng to dng khng gian kin
trc, ngi ta mnh dn dng t Ch to, hay sn xut Khng gian kin trc
(Fabrication, Production de lespace) thay cho t Sng to (Creation). iu
c th hiu rng vic to dng khng gian khng n gin l s tng tng,
m cn em li phi kt hp vi nhiu tnh ton khc mi c th to nn mt
khng gian hon chnh. V chnh l yu t ngh ca Kin trc s (5).
nhng trang cui ca phn ny, tc gi cp ti vn t duy sng to v
phng php sng tc kin trc. y cng l mt phn trong ngh va dy hc
va nghin cu v lm kin trc, cng cc ng nghip v hc tr. Hy vng
cng l nhng trao i mang tnh ngh nghip, da trn nhng n kin trc
v, nhng cuc thi tuyn kin trc chm chn, v nhng tri nghim ca
chnh tc gi. Mi bit rng, c c kin trc tht khng n gin, phi hc
mi c c. Nhng c cha chc hiu, v hiu c kin trc cha chc
bit lm. iu quan trng l ng nn nng vi nu mun lm kin trc tht
s. i hi iu ny vi anh em tr tht l kh khn. Hnh nh mi ngi rt
vi, v cuc sng khng cho php h mt thi c. Kin trc ngy nay ang thiu
s ngng t, s trm lng, ci m ngi Nht lm c trong qu kh, v
ngy nay vn cn , nhng khng gian trn y nng lng.
Xin cm n cc ng nghip ng vin v gip . Xin cm n cc hc
tr thp la cho tnh yu dy hc. Mt s bi tp ca cc em trong qu trnh
dy i hc v cao hc c tc gi nghin cu trch dn. Hy vng s mang
li nhng iu tt p vi mi ngi khi bt u tm hiu v kin trc v sng
cng vi n

TC GI

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