BO XAY DNG

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP. HO CH MINH

---oOo---

BAI GIANG MON HOC

CHUYEN E X LY NEN MONG

30 tiet
Bien soan : TS. To Van Lan

Nam 2007
1

MUC LUC

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO :................................................................................................................................ 4

CHNG 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
NHNG AC IEM CUA AT YEU............................................................................................................. 5
1.1
KHAI NIEM VE AT YEU. ......................................................................................................... 5
1.1.1
Ve nh tnh. ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.2
Ve nh lng. ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.2
AC IEM CUA MOT SO LOAI AT YEU. .............................................................................. 6
1.2.1
at set yeu............................................................................................................................ 6
1.2.1.1 Hat set va cac khoang vat set. .............................................................................................. 6
1.2.1.2 Lien ket cau truc va sc chong cat cua at set. .................................................................... 7
1.2.1.3 Cac ac iem khac cua at set yeu. ..................................................................................... 9
1.2.2
at cat yeu. .........................................................................................................................10
1.2.3
Bun, than bun va at than bun. ............................................................................................11
1.2.4
at ap. ...............................................................................................................................12
1.3
CAC GIAI PHAP XAY DNG CONG TRNH TREN AT YEU. ............................................12
1.3.1
Giai phap ket cau.................................................................................................................12
1.3.2
Cac bien phap x ly nen. .....................................................................................................12
1.3.3
Cac giai phap ve mong. .......................................................................................................13
CHNG 2 ....................................................................................................................................................13
BIEN PHAP KET CAU KHI XAY DNG CONG TRNH TREN NEN AT YEU...........................................13
2.1
LA CHON S O KET CAU. ....................................................................................................13
2.1.1
Loai ket cau tuyet oi cng. ................................................................................................13
2.1.2
Loai ket cau mem. ...............................................................................................................14
2.1.3
S o ket cau co o cng gii han. ......................................................................................14
2.2
BO TR KHE LUN. .......................................................................................................................15
2.3
THIET KE GIANG MONG VA GIANG TNG. ......................................................................17
2.3.1
Tnh toan cot thep giang theo phng phap n gian. .........................................................17
2.3.2
Tnh toan cot thep giang theo phng phap cua B.I. almatov. ..........................................19
2.4
CAU TAO GOI TA CNG. ........................................................................................................22
2.5
CHON LOAI MONG VA CHIEU SAU CHON MONG. ..............................................................22
2.5.1
Chon loai mong. ..................................................................................................................22
2.5.2
Chon chieu sau chon mong. .................................................................................................22
CHNG 3 ....................................................................................................................................................24
CAC PHNG PHAP GIA CO, CAI TAO AT NEN ...................................................................................24
3.1
EM CAT. ....................................................................................................................................24
3.1.1
Pham vi ap dung. .................................................................................................................24
3.1.2
Tnh toan em cat. ...............................................................................................................25
3.1.3
Thi cong em cat. ................................................................................................................27
3.1.4
Trnh t thiet ke mong s dung em cat. .............................................................................28
3.2
COC CAT. .....................................................................................................................................28
3.2.1
ac iem va pham vi ng dung. ..........................................................................................28
3.2.2
Tnh toan va thiet ke coc cat................................................................................................29
3.2.3
Thi cong coc cat. ..................................................................................................................30
3.3
COC XI MANG TRON AT. .......................................................................................................31
3.3.1
Pham vi ap dung. .................................................................................................................31
3.3.2
Mo ta ve cong nghe. ............................................................................................................31
3.3.3
V du ve cong trnh x ly coc xi mang at. ..........................................................................34
3.4
NEN TRC BANG TAI TRONG TNH. ...................................................................................38
3.4.1
ac iem va pham vi ng dung. ..........................................................................................38
3.4.2
ieu kien ve a chat cong trnh. .........................................................................................39

3.4.3
Tnh toan gia tai trc. .........................................................................................................39
3.4.4
Bien phap thi cong. ..............................................................................................................40
3.5
GIENG CAT. ................................................................................................................................40
3.5.1
ac iem va pham vi ng dung. ..........................................................................................40
3.5.2
Tnh toan va thiet ke gieng cat. ...........................................................................................41
3.5.3
Thi cong gieng cat. ..............................................................................................................43
3.6
GIA CO NEN BANG BAC THAM. ..............................................................................................43
3.6.1
Pham vi ap dung. .................................................................................................................43
3.6.2
Mo ta ve cong nghe. ............................................................................................................43
3.6.3
ng dung trong thc te. .......................................................................................................44
3.7
GIA CO NEN BANG VAI A KY THUAT. ..............................................................................45
3.7.1
Gia c nn ng..................................................................................................................45
3.7.2
Gia c tng chn t. ..........................................................................................................46
CHNG 4 ....................................................................................................................................................48
NGUYEN TAC THIET KE MOT SO LOAI MONG COC ................................................................................48
4.1
THIET KE MONG COC KHOAN NHOI.....................................................................................48
4.1.1
ac iem pham vi ap dung. .................................................................................................48
4.1.2
Thiet ke mong coc khoan nhoi.............................................................................................49
4.1.3
Thi cong mong coc khoan nhoi. ...........................................................................................57
4.1.4
Kiem tra chat lng coc khoan nhoi. ...................................................................................67
4.1.5
Cac s co thng gap va cach x ly. ...................................................................................73
4.2
THIET KE MONG COC BARET. ...............................................................................................74
4.2.1
Khai niem. ...........................................................................................................................74
4.2.2
Khao sat a chat cho thiet ke va thi cong mong coc baret. .................................................75
4.2.3
Sc chu tai cua coc baret. ...................................................................................................76
4.2.4
Thiet ke coc baret. ...............................................................................................................78
4.2.5
Thiet ke ai coc. ..................................................................................................................81
4.2.6
Thi cong coc baret. ..............................................................................................................83
4.3
TNG TRONG T (TNG C - TNG CC BN). ......................................................86
4.3.1
Khai niem. ...........................................................................................................................86
4.3.2
Pham vi ap dung. .................................................................................................................86
4.3.3
Mo ta cong nghe. .................................................................................................................88
4.3.4
Thiet ke tng trong at. .....................................................................................................89
4.4
THIET KE MONG COC TRAM. .................................................................................................92
4.4.1
Vat lieu coc tram. ................................................................................................................92
4.4.2
ac iem, pham vi ap dung. ................................................................................................93
4.4.3
Thiet ke mong coc tram. ......................................................................................................94
CHNG 5 ....................................................................................................................................................98
CONG TAC KHAO SAT TRONG XAY DNG ..............................................................................................98
5.1
MUC CH, NOI DUNG CUA CONG TAC KHAO SAT A CHAT. ......................................98
5.1.1
Muc ch. .............................................................................................................................98
5.1.2
Noi dung chnh cua cong tac khao sat a chat. ...................................................................98
5.1.3
Yeu cau ky thuat (do ngi chu tr ket cau lap). ..................................................................98
5.2
KHAO SAT CHO THIET KE VA THI CONG MONG COC. .....................................................99
5.2.1
Phng an ky thuat khao sat. ...............................................................................................99
5.2.2
Noi dung khao sat. ...............................................................................................................99
5.2.3
Khoi lng cong tac khao sat............................................................................................. 100
5.3
KHAO SAT CHO THIET KE NHA CAO TANG. ..................................................................... 101
5.3.1
Th nghiem hien trng. .................................................................................................... 101
5.3.2
Th nghiem trong phong. .................................................................................................... 102
5.4
X LY SO LIEU KHAO SAT A CHAT VA TH NGHIEM. ................................................. 102
5.4.1
Nguyen tac chung. ............................................................................................................. 102
5.4.2
Xac nh tr tieu chuan va tr tnh toan cua at. ................................................................. 103

5.4.3

Yeu cau ve so lng th nghiem cac ac trng cua at. ..................................................... 105

Tai lieu tham khao :

1. Hoang Van Tan, Tran nh Ngo, Phan Xuan Trng, Pham Xuan,
Nguyen Hai; Nhng phng phap xay dng cong trnh tren nen
at yeu. NXB Khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha Noi, 1973.
2. Nguyen Van Quang; Nen mong nha cao tang. NXB Khoa hoc va
ky thuat, Ha Noi, 2003.
3. TCXD 45 : 1978, Tieu chuan thiet ke nen nha va cong trnh.
4. TCXD 205 : 1998, Mong coc Tieu chuan thiet ke.
5. TCXDVN 326 : 2004, Coc khoan nhoi Tieu chuan thi cong va
nghiem thu.
6. TCVN 4419-1987, Khao sat cho xay dng.

Chng 1
NHNG AC IEM CUA AT YEU
1.1 KHAI NIEM VE AT YEU.
Ve at yeu hien nay co hai quan iem da vao nh tnh va nh lng
:
1.1.1 Ve nh tnh.
at yeu la loai at ma ban than no khong u kha nang tiep thu tai
trong cua cong trnh ben tren nh cac cong trnh nha ca, ng xa, e ap
Khai niem nay noi chung khong chat che va khong co c s khoa hoc.
1.1.2 Ve nh lng.
at yeu la loai at co sc chu tai kem, de b pha hoai, bien dang di
tac dung cua tai trong cong trnh da tren nhng so lieu ve ch tieu c ly cu
the.
Khai niem nay c the gii chap nhan va co c s khoa hoc.
+ Da vao ch tieu vat ly, at c goi la yeu khi :
- Dung trong :
W 1,7T/m3.
- He so rong :
e 1.
- o am :
W 40%.
- o bao hoa :
G 0,8.
Lu y : + Dung trong, (dung trong t nhien), at cang yeu th dung trong cang
nho do cha nhieu nc hoac bun, hu c
+ He so rong : e la ty so gia the tch rong va the tch hat (V r / Vh). He
so rong cang ln th at cang yeu. Cach xac nh :
e = ( h / ) 1 trong o : h la trong lng hat at hay ty
trong ; la trong lng 1 n v the tch trang thai kho.
+ o am : W - nh ngha la ty so gia trong lng nc va trong lng
hat (Gn / Gh )x 100%. o am cang ln th at cang co nhieu nc.
+ o bao hoa G c nh ngha la ty le nc chiem trong lo rong cua
at, xac nh nh sau :

G n
r

Khi G = 1 goi la at bao hoa, nc chiem toan bo lo rong trong at.

+ Da vao cac ch tieu c hoc :

- Modun bien dang :
- He so nen :
- Goc ma sat trong :
- Lc dnh (oi vi at dnh):

E0 50 kG/cm2.
a 0,01 cm2/kG.
100.
c 0,1 kG/cm2.

Lu y : + Eo cang nho th o lun cua at cang ln : S

i

p
i

e e
+ He so nen a ( a p1 p2 ) vi e1; e2 la he so rong cua at ng vi ap lc
1
2
nen p1, p2. T cong thc cho thay khi a cang nho th at cang chat hn
hay he so rong thay oi t.

1.2 AC IEM CUA MOT SO LOAI AT YEU .

Trong thc te xay dng, chung ta thng gap nhng loai at yeu sau
ay : at set yeu; at cat yeu; bun; than bun va at than bun va at ap.
1.2.1 at set yeu.
1.2.1.1 Hat set va cac khoang vat set.
Trong at set gom co 2 thanh phan :
- Phan phan tan tho (goi la nhng hat set) co kch thc > 0,002mm.
Chu yeu co cac khoang chat nguon goc luc a nh thach anh, fenspat,
- Phan phan tan mn (goi la khoang chat set) bao gom nhng hat co
kch thc rat be (2 0,1m) va keo (0,1 0,001m). Nhng khoang chat
nay quyet nh tnh chat c ly cua at set. Cac khoang chat set thng gap
nhat la 3 nhom ien hnh : kaolinit(1), monmorilonit(2) va ilit :
+ Kaolinit :
Cong thc hoa hoc la Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O; c tao thanh do phong hoa
a phun trao, a bien chat va a tram tch trong ieu kien moi trng axit
(pH = 5-6).
ac iem cua mang tinh the kaolinit la tng oi ben, on nh va
trng n t.
+ Monmorilonit :

(1)
(2)

Ten lay theo ten cua day nui cao Trung Quoc la Kaulinh.
Ten lay theo ten cua mo Montmorilon Phap.

Cong thc hoa hoc la (OH)4Si8Al4O20.nH2O; c thanh tao do phong

hoa a macma giau Mg va cac bien oi th sinh khac) c tao thanh do
phong hoa a phun trao kiem trong ieu kien moi trng kiem (pH = 7-8,5).
Montmorilonit co mang tinh the kem ben vng va de say ra hien tng
trng n di day mong khi co mat loai set nay. Loai nay thng de gap
vung ven bien.
+ Ilit :
ai bieu cua nhom ilit la hyromica, co cong thc la K,Al2[Al,Si3O10](OH)2 c tao thanh t nhieu ieu kien khac nhau nhng chu
yeu la trong moi trng kiem. Loai nay khong co kha nang trng n hoac
trng n rat t.
1.2.1.2 Lien ket cau truc va sc chong cat cua at set .
Trong t nhien, at loai set luon ton tai 3 dang lien ket cau truc, o la :
dang chay, dang deo va dang cng (hnh 1.1). Ngi ta chia thanh hai loai :
- Lien ket mem : lc lien ket chu yeu la lc lien ket phan t, t tnh.
Lien ket nay mem deo va co the hoi phuc sau khi b pha hoai (lien ket thuan
nghch).
- Lien ket cng : lc lien ket chu yeu la lien ket ion, ong hoa tr. Lien
ket nay cng, gion, khong hoi phuc c khi b pha hoai bang c hoc (lien
ket thuan nghch).
Ve lc dnh cua at set, mot so nha khoa hoc a kien ngh chia lc dnh
tong cong thanh hai thanh phan : lc dnh mem va lc dnh cng (lc dnh
cau truc)(3) : va
CW = W + cc
(1.1)
Trong o :
CW : lc dnh tong cong.
W : lc dnh mem (lc dnh co nguon goc keo nc).
cc : lc dnh cng (lc dnh cau truc).

(3)

Maxlop la ngi e xuat viec chia lc dnh lam 2 thanh phan vao nam 1933 1935, c viet
thanh sach vao nam 1941. Tiep theo Ivanop cung e xuat vao nam 1936. Denhixop e xuat vao
nam 1947, vi c = cn + cy. Hvorlev e xuat nam 1956, chia lam 2 thanh phan : c = c c + cr..

HAT AT
NC T DO
NC T DO

LK DANG CHAY

LK DANG DEO

LK DANG CNG

Hnh 1.1 : Cac dang lien ket trong at dnh

Phng phap phan tch W, cc :

a. Cat mau nguyen dang va mau che b cung o am o chat :
Xay dng c bieu o theo hnh 1.2, va :
cc = cnd - ccb
(1.2)
Trong o :
cnd : lc dnh theo ket qua cat mau nguyen dang.
ccb : lc dnh theo ket qua cat mau che b.
Theo Maxlop th lc dnh cng ch ton tai at nguyen dang cng.
Sw

.
Cw
Cc
.
w

MAU NGUYEN DANG

MAU CHE B

Hnh 1.2 : Ket qua cat mau xac nh lc dnh cng cc .

b. Phng phap cat theo ban phang :

Cat mau cng nguyen dang, sau o ep lai, e mau hoi phuc va cat lan
th 2 (thi gian e phuc hoi khoang 20 phut).
cc = cnd - cban phang
(1.3)
c. Phng phap trung lap :
- Lan au cat mau nguyen dang theo chieu t trai sang phai.
- Cat tiep lan th 2 theo chieu ngc lai.
- Co the cat tiep lan 3,4 theo chieu ngc lai cho en khi bieu o on
nh.
8

d. Phng phap cat theo o am :

Vi cung 1 loai at, lay nhieu mau th nghiem vi o am khac nhau.
Trong 4 phng phap tren, thng chon PP th 2 v th nghiem n
gian, tren cung 1 mau va cho ket qua kha chnh xac.
T nhng ket qua nay, cac tac gia kien ngh rang vi nhng cong
trnh co quy mo nho, tam thi, thanh phan lc dnh co the lay toan bo
(cW), nhng oi vi cong trnh vnh cu, co quy mo ln th ch nen lay
thanh phan lc dnh cng cc ma thoi.
Bang 1.1 gii thieu cac thanh phan cua lc dnh e tham khao.
Bang 1.1 : C cau thanh phan cua lc dnh at loai set.
Cau truc cua at

T nhien

Nhan tao

o set B
B<0
0 0,25
0,25 0,5
0,50 0,75
0,75 1,00
> 1,0
B<0
0 0,25
0,25 0,5
0,50 0,75
> 0,75

Mc o the hien cua cac thanh phan lc dnh

cc = %cW
W = %cW
80
20
70
30
50
50
20
80
10
90
0
100
70
30
40
60
30
70
10
90
0
100

1.2.1.3 Cac ac iem khac cua at set yeu.

Hien tng hap thu :
Hien tng hap thu la kha nang hut nc t moi trng xung quanh va
gi lai tren chung nhng vat chat khac nhau : cng, long va hi, nhng ion,
phan t va cac hat keo. S hap thu cua at set co ban chat phc tap va
thng gom mot so qua trnh say ra ong thi.
Tnh deo :
Tnh deo la mot trong nhng ac iem quan trong cua at set. Tnh
chat nay bieu th s lu ong cua at set mot o am nao o khi chu tac
dung cua ngoai lc va chng to rang ve mc o bien dang at set chiem v tr
trung gian gia the cng va the long hoac chay nht. o deo phu thuoc vao
nhieu nhan to : mc o phan tan va thanh phan khoan g vat cua at, thanh
phan va o khoang hoa cua dung dch nc lam bao hoa at.
9

Gradien ban au :
at set co ac tnh tham thau khac thng : ch cho nc tham qua khi
gradien cot nc vt qua mot tr so nhat nh nao o. Tr so o goi la
gradien ban au. Gradien ban au la o chenh lech toi thieu nao o cua ap
lc cot nc, ma thap hn no toc o tham giam xuong nhieu, rat be va co the
coi nh khong tham nc.
ac iem bien dang :
Tnh chat bien dang cua at set yeu do ban chat moi lien ket gia cac
hat cua chung quyet nh. Co the chia bien dang cua at set yeu ra cac loai
sau ay :
- Bien dang khoi phuc, gom bien dang an hoi va bien dang cau truc
hap phu.
- Bien dang d, ch gom bien dang cau truc.
Bien dang cua at set yeu la do s pha hoai cac moi lien ket cau truc
va bien dang cac mang hap phu cua nc lien ket gay nen. Cac loai bien
dang chu yeu cua at set yeu la bien dang cau truc va bien dang cau truc
hap phu.
Tnh chat lu bien :
at set yeu la mot moi trng deo nht. Chung co tnh dao (t bien)(1)
va co kha nang thay oi o ben khi tai trong tac dung lau dai. Kha nang nay
goi la tnh chat lu bien.
Hien tng dao trong at set yeu lien quan en s ep thoat nc t do
khi nen chat. Do vay hien tng nay lien quan vi s thay oi mat o ket cau
cua at do ket qua chuyen dch, cac hat va cac khoi len nhau, cung nh
nhng thay oi trong s nh hng cua cac hat va cac khoi o vi phng
tac dung cua tai trong.
1.2.2 at cat yeu.
Cat c hnh thanh tao bien hoac vung, vnh. Ve than h phan khoang
vat, cat chu yeu la thach anh, oi khi co lan tap chat. Cat gom nhng hat co
kch thc 0,05 2mm.
Cat c coi la yeu khi c hat thuoc loai nho, mn tr xuong, ong thi
co ket cau ri rac, trang thai bao hoa nc, co the b nen chat va hoa long
ang ke, cha nhieu di tch hu c va chat lan set. Nhng loai cat o khi chu

(1)

o la bien dang t t, phat trien rat cha m theo thi gian.

10

tac dung rung hoac chan ong th tr thanh trang thai long nht, goi la cat
chay.
ac iem quan trong nhat cua cat la b nen chat nhanh, co o tham
nc rat ln. Khi cat gom nhng hat nho, nhieu hu c va bao hoa nc th
chung tr thanh cat chay, hien tng nay oi khi rat nguy hiem cho cong
trnh va cho cong tac thi cong.
Can lu y 2 hien tng nguy hiem oi vi cat yeu :
- Bien loang.
- Cat chay.
1.2.3 Bun, than bun va at than bun.
Bun la nhng tram tch hien ai, c thanh tao chu yeu do ket qua
tch luy cac vat lieu phan tan mn bang c hoc hoac hoa hoc ay bien, ay
ho, bai lay Bun ch lien quan vi cac cho cha nc, la cac tram tch mi
lang ong, no nc va rat yeu ve mat chu lc.
Theo thanh phan hat, bun co the la cat pha set, set pha cat, set va cung
co the la cat, nhng ch la cat nho tr xuong.
o ben cua bun rat be, v vay viec phan tch sc chong cat (SCC)
thanh lc ma sat va lc dnh la khong hp ly. SCC cua bun phu thuoc vao toc
o phat trien bien dang. Goc ma sat co the 0. Ch khi bun mat nc, mi co
the cho goc ma sat.
Viec xay dng cac cong trnh tren bun ch co the thc hien sau khi a
tien hanh cac bien phap x ly nen.
Than bun la at co nguon goc hu c, thanh tao do ket qua phan huy
cac di tch hu c, chu yeu la thc vat, tai cac bai lay va nhng ni b hoa
lay. at loai nay cha cac hon hp vat lieu set va cat (2.
Trong ieu kien the nam thien nhien, than bun co o am cao 85 95%
hoac cao hn tuy theo thanh phan khoang vat, mc o phan huy, mc o
thoat nc
Than bun la loai at b nen lun lau dai, khong eu va manh nhat. He
so nen lun co the at t 3-8, tham ch 10 kG/cm2. Khong the th nghiem nen
than bun vi mau co chieu cao thong thng la 15-20cm, ma phai t 4050cm.

(2)

Theo QP cua Lien Xo cu : than bun cha tren 60% di tch thc vat, con at than bun cha 10 60% di tch thc vat.

11

Khi xay dng nhng vung at than bun, can ap dung cac bien phap :
lam ai cot thep, khe lun, cat nha thanh tng oan cng rieng re, lam nen
coc, ao hoac thay mot phan than bun.
1.2.4 at ap.
Loai at nay c tao nen do tac ong cua con ngi. ac iem cua
at ap la phan bo t oan va co thanh phan khong thuan nhat.
Theo thanh phan co the chia thanh 4 loai sau :
- at gom hon hp cac chat thai cua san xuat cong nghiep va
xay dng.
- at hon hp cac chat thai cua san xuat va rac thai sinh hoat.
- at cua cac nen ap tren can va khu ap di nc (e tao
bai).
- at thai ben trong va ben ngoai cac mo khoang san.
Nhn chung, cac loai at ap hau het eu phai co bien phap x ly trc
khi xay dng.
1.3 CAC GIAI PHAP XAY DNG CONG TRNH TREN AT YEU.
1.3.1 Giai phap ket cau.
Bao gom cac bien phap sau :
- Chon kieu ket cau t nhay lun, lam khe lun, lam giang BTCT; d tr
o cao bang o lun d kien cua cong trnh.
- La chon o sau chon mong va kch thc mon g hp ly, s dung vat
lieu, cac lp cach nc ngan nga nc dang mao dan theo cac khe h trong
at.
- Quy nh va chap hanh nghiem ngat ve quy trnh ao ap at.
1.3.2 Cac bien phap x ly nen.
Muc ch : cai thien thanh phan, trang thai cua at, t o lam cho cac
tnh chat c hoc, vat ly cua at nen ap ng c yeu cau trong xay dng. e
lam tang o ben va lam giam o nen lun cua at, co the chon nhng giai
phap lam giam o ron g hoac tang lc dnh. Trong mot so trng hp khac,
muc ch cua gia co la lam cho at a t cho tham nc tr thanh cach nc.

12

1.3.3 Cac giai phap ve mong.

La chon cac giai phap ve mong cho phu hp nh : mong n, mong
bang (1 hoac 2 phng), mong be, mong coc, tuy theo tai trong tac dung va
ac iem cua cong trnh, tng loai at cu the.

Chng 2
BIEN PHAP KET CAU KHI XAY DNG CONG TRNH TREN
NEN AT YEU
2.1 LA CHON S O KET CAU.
Khi thiet ke cac cong trnh tren nen at yeu, can phai nam c cac
hnh thc ket cau chu lc phan tren cong trnh cung nh tnh nhay cua no oi
vi o lun cua nen at. o nhay lun cua cong trnh chu yeu phu thuoc vao o
cng. Tuy theo o cng co the phan chia ket cau thanh ba loai nh sau :
2.1.1 Loai ket cau tuyet oi cng.
Nh ong khoi, thap nc, ket cau khung nhieu tang tren ban mong lien
tuc, mo cau Loai ket cau nay co o cng khong gian rat ln do vay cong
trnh khong b uon, ch co kha nang lun eu hoac nghieng.
oi vi ket cau nay, tnh nhay lun kem, khong yeu cau nhng bien
phap x ly ve phng dien ket cau. Trong trng hp nay, ch can giam bt
o nghieng neu co cua cong trnh.

13

2.1.2 Loai ket cau mem.

Cac loai ket cau nay nh ban ay mong cua cac be cha, cong, au
thuyen va nhng cau kien oc lap khp nh cot tren mong n lien ket t do
vi dan hoac dam ngang
Cac cong trnh thuoc loai nay co the b uon cong cung cap vi kha
nang bien dang cua at nen, do o khong gay nen nhng noi lc phu trong
ket cau va khong anh hng en viec s dung cong trnh. ac iem cua loai
ket cau nay la co tnh nhay lun kem khi nen at bien dang khong eu.
2.1.3 S o ket cau co o cng gii han.
o la cac khung sieu tnh tren cac mong n, dam lien nhieu nhp,
vom khong khp Cac cong trnh thuoc loai nay thng hay gap trong thc
te.
Khi nen at co bien dang khong eu, ong thi di e mong co s
phan bo lai ng suat tiep xuc th trong ket cau mong va ket cau chu lc se
xuat hien noi lc phu cuc bo. Neu ket cau khong co kha nang tiep thu noi lc
phu th cac tiet dien yeu se co vet nt. nhng tiet dien nay, o cng cua
ket cau giam ang ke. ac iem cua loai ket cau nay la co tnh nhay lun ln
do o can co nhng bien phap x ly thch hp.
Di ay la nhng bien phap lam giam o lun khong eu cua at nen
thng c ap dung trong thc te :
Cat cong trnh bang khe lun : se c trnh bay trong phan II di a y.
Thay oi kch thc, do sau chon mong : S dung khi nen at co chieu
day cac lp khac nhau, khong ong nhat. Bien phap nay nham muc ch lam
cho chieu day vung chu nen cua lp at di e mong nh nhau. Co the
thiet ke ay mong co chieu rong thay oi lam cho bieu o phan bo ng suat
di ay mong co gia tr khac nhau tai cac iem di e mong.
S dung cac loai mong hp ly : Dung mong bang, mong bang giao
thoa, mong be, mong coc tuy theo tnh hnh thc te cua cong trnh. Neu
chieu day lp at yeu khong ln lam co the dung lp em cat hoac em cac
vat lieu khac e thay the. Khi chieu day lp at yeu la ln, e giam bt o
lun va kha nang lun khong eu, co the x ly bang mong coc hay cac phng
phap gia co nhan tao nh coc cat, gieng cat
Hnh 2.1 en 2.3 gii thieu mot so bien phap thng dung hien nay :
cau tao mong co chieu sau khac nhau (2.1); e mong co chieu rong thay oi
(2.2) va s dung nhng loai mong khac nhau (2.3).
14

LP AT YEU

LP AT TOT

Hnh 2.1 Cau tao cua mong vi nhng chieu sau khac nhau.

LP AT YEU

LP AT TOT

Hnh 2.2 Cau tao cua mong vi nhng chieu rong khac nhau.

LP AT YEU
LP AT TOT

Hnh 2.3 Dung mong coc nhng oan lp at yeu co chieu day ln.

2.2 BO TR KHE LUN.

Bo tr khe lun la mot trong nhng bien phap rat co hieu qua khi xay
dng nhng cong trnh co tai trong khac nhau tren nen at co tnh nen ln va
tnh nen khong eu.
Khe lun phai c bo tr sao cho bao am cho nhng bo phan cua cong
trnh co kha nang lam viec oc lap, co u cng o va o c ng khi chu lc,
khong gay ra nhng vet nt khi nen at co bien dang ln va bien dang khong
eu.
15

V tr at khe lun can c vao s phan bo cac lp at di e mong va

hnh thc ket cau cua cong trnh.
Hnh 2.4 di ay gii thieu mot so cach bo tr khe lun cho cong trnh
khi gap nen at yeu hoac cong trnh co chieu dai ln.
KHE LUN

LP AT TOT

KHE LUN

LP AT YEU

LP AT YEU

LP AT TOT

KHE LUN

KHE LUN

Hnh 2.4 Bo tr khe lun.

Chieu rong khe lun tuy thuoc vao tnh chat bien dang cua cong trnh va
s phan bo lp at yeu di e mong.
Chieu rong toi thieu cua khe lun co the tnh theo cong thc sau ay :
= K.h(tgp - tgtr)
(2.1)
Trong o :
h : khoang cach t e mong en o cao ma o xac nh khe h.
tgp : o nghieng cua mong cong trnh phan ben phai.
tgtr : o nghieng cua mong cong trnh phan ben trai. Neu cac
phan cong trnh nghieng vao nhau th tgtr lay tr am.
K : he so ke en tnh khong ong nhat cua at nen, k = 1,3 1,5.
Trong nhieu trng hp, khe lun c ket hp vi khe co dan. Tuy vay,
khe lun cung gay nhieu kho khan phc tap trong xay dng va s dung, ton
kem them tng, mong ngang, v vay ch lam khe lun khi that can thiet :
- Khi at nen co tnh nen lun ln.
- Khi cong trnh co hnh dang phc tap, tai trong, chieu cao tang
chenh lech.
- Khi cong trnh qua dai va co kha nang say ra lun khong eu (thong
thng khi cong trnh co chieu dai tren 60m).

16

2.3 THIET KE GIANG MONG VA GIANG TNG.

- Tac dung :
Tiep thu noi lc keo xuat hien khi lun khong eu .
Lam tang them cng o va o cng khong gian cua ket cau .
- Thiet ke giang mong va giang tng bao gom cac cong viec :
Xac nh v tr cua cac giang trong tng va mong.
Tnh toan lng cot thep can thiet trong giang.
- V tr cua cac giang phu thuoc vao tnh chat bien dang cua cong trnh
(cong trnh co the b vong len hoac vong xuong :
Bo tr pha tren hoac pha di cua tng.
Giang tng co the bo tr cao trnh ngan gia cac tang nha,
lanh to ca so
- e am bao o cng khong gian, giang nen c bo tr lien tuc tren
suot cac tng hoac phan mong ben di e tao thanh khung kn
khong gian.
Kch thc va so lng giang co the xac nh da vao tnh chat khong
ong eu cua nen at va ac tnh lam viec cua ket cau cong trnh :
- Khi cot thep bo tr 1 hang, chieu day giang khong nho hn 75mm.
- Khi cot thep bo tr 2 hang, chieu day giang khong nho hn 150mm.
Khi giang trong tng gach cot thep ng knh 6-8mm, cach khoang
3-6 hang gach bo tr 1 lp. Chieu day mach thng t 3-4cm. Mac va khong
nho hn 75.
Neu dung cac giang uc san th cac moi noi phai co mac be tong
mac cua giang. e tnh toan cot thep cho giang co the s dung 1 trong 2
phng phap sau :
2.3.1 Tnh toan cot thep giang theo phng phap n gian.
a. C s tnh toan :
Gia thiet c ban cua PP nay la tng doc cua nha c xem nh 1 dam
at tren nen at co o cng thay oi. Tnh nen khong eu cua nen at c
ac trng bang s thay oi tr so modun bien dang E0 cua at tai cac iem
doc theo chieu dai cua nha.
b. Noi lc trong giang co the tnh toan n gian nh sau :
- Moment uon ln nhat :
M max

11qL2

16 2
1

(2.2)

- Lc cat ln nhat :
17

Qmax

Trong o :

nha.
nha.

1 qL
5,2 2

(2.3)

E
1 E0 max
0 min

(2.4)

E0max : modun bien dang ln nhat cua nen at di hai au tng

E0min : modun bien dang nho nhat cua nen at di hai au tng
q : tai trong cua tng nha hoac cong trnh c xem la phan bo eu.
L : chieu dai cua tng nha hoac cong trnh.
- o vong tuyet oi ln nhat :

331 1 qL4
Ymax
5760 2 EJ

(2.5)

- o vong tng oi ln nhat :

f0

ymax
L

(2.6)

Trong o :
E : modun an hoi cua khoi tng xay : oi vi tng gach co the lay
bang 5.000-10.000 kG/cm2, phu thuoc vao mac gach va va xay.
J : moment quan tnh tiet dien tng co xet en s giam yeu cua cac lo
ca.

bt H3
(2.7)
12
bt : chieu day tng ng cua tng, b t = 0,6b
(2.8)
b : chieu day thc cua tng.
c. Dien tch cot thep can thiet trong giang c tnh nh sau :
J

Fct M max
R h

(2.9)

ct 0

Trong o :
Mmax : moment uon ln nhat tnh theo cong thc 2.2.
Rct : gii han chay cua cot thep.
H0 : chieu cao tnh toan cua tng nha; H 0 = (0,8 - 0,9)H.
ng suat tiep trong khoi tng xay do lc cat gay nen :
QFmax
(2.10)
n
Trong o Fn : dien tch tiet dien nguyen cua mong va cac giang gia
cac tang nha cua khoi xay.
18

Fn = bHi
(2.11)
Tr so ng suat tiep tnh theo cong thc 2.10 trong moi trng
hp khong nen vt qua 2,5 kG/cm2. Neu tr so fo tnh toan theo cong thc
2.6 khong vt qua cac tr so gii han cho trong bang 2.1 th cho phep khong
phai bo tr cac giang tng.
Bang 2.1 : Tr so o vong tng oi gii han
Tr so 1
5
4
3

Tr so L/H
1,5
0,00025
0,00030
0,00045

2
0,00030
0,00035
0,00040

3
0,00035
0,00045
0,00055

4
0,00045
0,00060
0,00070

5
0,0005
0,0007
0,0008

6
0,0006
0,0005
0,0010

2.3.2 Tnh toan cot thep giang theo phng phap cua B.I. almatov.

qmin
qmin

2p

c)

qmax q

b)

a)

qmax q

Theo B.I. almatov, di tac dung cua tai trong phan bo eu q cua
tng, bieu o ng suat tiep xuc p di e mong theo hng doc se co mot
trong nhng dang nh hnh 2.5a,b.

Hnh 2.5 Cac dang bieu o ng suat tiep xuc p di e mong : a) khi tng nha b uon
cong len, b) khi tng nha b uon cong xuong, c) bieu o ng suat tiep xuc tnh toan trong
trng hp a.

Tr ng suat tiep xuc p di e mong va dien tch cot thep can thiet Fct
trong trng hp 2.5a co the tnh nh sau :

160.1,2ymax bt Ek
L 7 2 16

8.1,2ymax bt Ek
Fct
L 7 2 10 m k m ctRct

(2.12);

(2.13)

19

Trong o :
1,2 : he so vt tai.
ymax : o vong ln nhat.

y max (1 n) SL ()
2

(2.14)

n : he so, phu thuoc vao thi gian cng cua va, toc o xay dng va toc
o tang o lun theo thi gian, co the lay bang 0,25 0,75, oi vi khoi xay
gach bang va hon hp, lay n = 0,50 0,75, vi nha panen ln dung va xi
mang, lay n = 0,25 0.50.
S : o khong ong eu tng oi cua bien dang nen.
S
S
min
S max
(2.15)
0,5L
Smac, Smin : o chenh cua bien dang nen, xac nh theo tnh toan o lun;
oi vi tng dai 60 100m, lay s bo bang 0,4 0,5 tr so o lun trung bnh.
L : chieu dai cua tng.
() : ham so phu thuoc vao lay theo bang 2.2.
Bang 2.2 : Tr so cua ham so ()
L
H

1,5

2,0

4,0

()

0,90

0,80

0,70

0,50

bt : chieu day tng ng cua tng co xet en s giam yeu do ca so.

Ek : modun bien dang lau dai cua khoi xay.
Ek E 1
(2.16)
1i
E : modun an hoi cua khoi xay.
t : ac trng t bien, xac nh bang thc nghiem hoac co the lay gan
ung bang cach can c vao ket cau cua tng, theo bang 2.3.
L
(2.17)
H
Bang 2.3 : Tr so gan ung cua ac trng t bien t
Ket cau tng
Tng panen ln
Tng khoi ln
Tng gach, a vun

t
2-3
3-4
4-5

H : chieu cao cua tng nha xac nh nh sau :

- Neu tng co kha nang b uon cong len theo chieu doc th lay H t
20

ay mong en giang tren cung.

- Neu tng co b uon cong xuong th lay H t mai hat en giang di
cung.
mk va mct : he so ieu kien lam viec cua khoi xay tng va cua cot
thep.
Rct : gii han chay cua cot thep.
Khi co nhieu giang bo tr tren chieu cao cua tng, neu gia thiet dien
tch tiet dien cot thep trong moi giang eu nh nhau th tnh nh sau :
Ha
(2.18)
Fct1 Fct2 ... Fctn Fct
n

1 H a
i 1

d)

>75

b)

2
30-40

c)

>150

a)

>150

Trong o :
Fct : tnh theo cong thc 2.13.
a = 0,1H.
n : so giang lam viec ong thi.
Cac loai giang tng va giang mong trong thc te thng c thiet ke
theo s o trong hnh 2.6 va 2.7 di ay.

Hnh 2.6 Bo tr cot thep trong giang tng : a,b,c)

Giang BTCT, d) giang cot thep

Hnh 2.7 Bo tr cot thep trong giang mong : 1)

giang BTCT; 2) giang cot thep

Sau khi tnh toan dien tch cot thep can kiem tra lai ieu kien :
p b(o - h)
(2.19)
Trong o :
p : ng suat tiep xuc di e mong, xac nh theo cong thc 2.12.
b : chieu rong e mong.
o : ng suat trung bnh di e mong do tai trong tnh toan.
h : ng suat do trong lng ban than cua at cao trnh e mong.
ng suat tiep trong khoi xay can c thoa man ieu kien sau ay :
21

 7pb R kk
t

(2.20)

Trong o :
bt : chieu day tng ng cua tng co xet en s giam yeu do ca.
Rkk : sc khang tnh toan cuakhoi xay khi chu nen.
2.4 CAU TAO GOI TA CNG.
Vi cac cong trnh cao tang xay dng tren nhng vung at co bien
dang lun ln va bien dang khong eu th ngoai viec thiet ke cac giang tng,
giang mong nh tren, trong nhieu trng hp, e lam tang o cng khong
gian, ngi ta con bo tr cac goi ta cng bang be tong cot thep.
nhieu nc, ngi ta a thiet ke nhng goi ta cng giong nh nhng
mong hop ln bao gom ban ay, ban tren va cac vach ngan lien ket cng vi
cac tng ngan va tng bien. Ngoai ra con ket hp vi viec bo tr them cac
loai cot thep xien, cot thep doc co sc chu keo cao trong cac tng vach
ngan, ban ay, ban tren cua mong. Bo tr them cac cot thep phu cac lo ca
so, ca i
Bien phap cau tao goi ta cng di nha va cong trnh la mot phng
hng tien bo e x ly oi vi nen at yeu va a c ap dung nhieu nc.
ay la bien phap co hieu qua oi vi nha va cong trnh cao tang.
2.5 CHON LOAI MONG VA CHIEU SAU CHON MONG.
2.5.1 Chon loai mong.
oi vi nen at yeu, viec chon loai mong co y ngha quan trong ca ve
ky thuat va kinh te. Chon loai mong can c vao nhng ac iem sau ay :
- Hnh thc ket cau cua cong trnh, tnh chat truyen tai trong.
- S o bo tr cac cong trnh ngam (tang ham, ong dan).
- Tnh hnh a chat khu vc xay dng.
- ieu kien XD mong (phng tien thi cong, thi gian XD).
2.5.2 Chon chieu sau chon mong.
Viec la chon o sau chon mong phu thuoc vao cac yeu to sau ay :
a. ieu kien a chat cong trnh, a chat thuy van khu vc xay dng.
ieu kien a chat va a chat thuy van khu vc xay dng cong
trnh la yeu to co anh hng nhieu nhat en viec la chon o sau chon mong;
trong o v tr cua lp at chu lc la ieu kien quan trong nhat. Tuy thuoc

22

vao cac s o pho bien trong thc te e la chon o sau chon mong va cac
loai mong cho phu hp.
Ve ieu kien thuy van cua khu vc xay dng can phai c xem xet
than trong ve bien o dao ong cua mc nc ngam, dong chay ngam co the
gay ra hien tng cat chay ay la mot trong nhng yeu to lam c s cho
viec la chon phng an mong, o sau chon mong, bien phap thi cong mong
Khi mc nc ngam nam cao hn e mong, do tac dung ay noi cua nc, se
lam giam tr so ng suat tac dung len nen va han che kha nang chong trt
khi chu lc ngang. V vay, trong moi trng hp nen co gang at mong
ben tren mc nc ngam.
b. Anh hng cua tr so va tnh chat truyen tai trong cua cong trnh.
Khi cong trnh chu tai trong ln th mong can at sau e giam bt dien
tch e mong va han che kha nang lun va bien dang khong eu cua at nen.
Khi cong trnh chu tai trong ngang va moment uon ln, mong cung
phai co chieu sau u ln e am bao on nh ve trt va lat.
c. Anh hng cua ac iem va yeu cau s dung cong trnh.
Chieu sau chon mong con phu thuoc vao s co mat cua cac cong trnh
nh tang ham, ng giao thong, ng ong dan nc cung nh cac cong
trnh lan can a xay dng.
ay mong phai c at sau hn tang ham t nhat 40cm va mat tren
cua mong phai nam di san tang ham. Khi cong trnh tiep can vi cac
ng giao thong ngam th e mong can at sau hn cac v tr tren toi thieu
20 40cm.
Viec xem xet tnh hnh xay dng va ac iem mong cua cac cong
trnh xay dng lan can la het sc quan trong. Khi cao trnh ay mong mi va
cu khac nhau th phai am bao ieu kien toi thieu ve khoang cach va goc
truyen lc e cac mong khong anh hng lan nhau.
d. Anh hng cua bien phap thi cong mong.
Chieu sau chon mong co lien quan en phng phap thi cong mong.
Neu la chon chieu sau chon mong mot cach hp ly th co the rut ngan thi
gian xay dng mong va bien phap thi cong khong oi hoi phc tap. Co the e
xuat ra nhieu phng an mong, o sau chon mong e la chon phng an cho
phu hp.

23

Chng 3
CAC PHNG PHAP GIA CO, CAI TAO AT NEN
3.1 EM CAT.
3.1.1 Pham vi ap dung.
em cat thng s dung khi lp at yeu trang thai bao hoa nc nh
set nhao; cat pha bao hoa nc, set pha nhao; bun; than bun co chieu day
khong ln lam (nho hn 3m). Ngi ta boc bo cac lp at yeu nay va thay
the bang lp cat co kha nang chu lc ln hn.
em cat co cac tac dung sau ay :
- Lp em cat ong vai tro nh mot lp chu lc tiep thu tai trong cong
trnh truyen xuong lp at thien nhien. Lam tang sc chu tai cua at nen.
- Lam giam o lun cua mong; giam o lun lech cua mong do co s
phan bo lai ng suat do tai trong ngoai gay ra trong at nen di tang em
cat.
- Giam chieu sau chon mong t o giam khoi lng vat lieu xay mong.
- Tang nhanh toc o co ket cua nen, do o lam tang nhanh sc chu tai
cua nen va rut ngan qua trnh lun.
Tuy nhien, khi s dung bien phap em cat can phai chu y en trng
hp sinh ra hien tng cat chay, xoi ngam trong nen do nc ngam hoac hien
tng hoa long do tac dung cua tai trong ong.
Nhng trng hp sau ay khong nen s dung em cat :
24

- Lp at phai thay the co chieu day ln hn 3m, luc nay em cat co

chieu day ln, thi cong kho khan, khong kinh te.
- Mc nc ngam cao va co ap. Luc nay ha mc nc ngam rat ton
kem va em cat khong on nh.
Kch thc em cat c xac nh bang tnh toan nham thoa man 2
ieu kien : on nh ve cng o va am bao o lun cua cong trnh sau khi co
em cat nam trong gii han cho phep.
3.1.2 Tnh toan em cat.
Kch thc em cat c xac nh t ieu kien :
1 + 2 Ry
(3.1)
Trong o :
1 : S thng xuyen do trong lng ban than at tren cot ay mong
va cua em cat tac dung tren mat lp at yeu di ay em cat.
2 : S do cong trnh gay ra, truyen tren mat lp at yeu ay em cat.
2 = Ko(otc - hM)
(3.2)
Trong o :
Ko : he so phu thuoc vao m = 2z/b va n = l/b, c tra bang.
otc : ng suat tieu chuan trung bnh di ay mong xac nh nh sau :
a. Trng hp mong chu tai trong ung tam :
No

tc

otc

= .h F
tb
M
b. Trng hp mong chu tai trong lech tam :
tc
tc
otc = max min
2

No

tc

Trong o :

tc
max, min

.h
tb

M tc

(3.3)
(3.4)
(3.5)

tc
N 0 : tong tai trong tieu chuan thang ng cua cong trnh tac du ng

len mong;
tc
M : tong moment do tai trong cong trnh tac dung vao mong;

F : dien tch ay mong;

W : moment chong uon cua tiet dien ay mong;
tb : dung trong trung bnh cua mong va at ap len mong.

25

otc=hM

hM

N0tc

b
1

Hnh 3.1 S o tnh toan em cat.

R
y

Cng o tnh toan tai mat lp at yeu, di ay lp em cat xac nh

theo cong thc :
Ry =

mm
1
2
(AbyII + BHyII + DcII - IIho)
K

(3.6)

tc

Trong o :
A,B,D : tra bang phu thuoc vao II;
by : be rong mong quy c, xac nh nh sau :
+ oi vi mong bang :
tc

by =

No

(3.7)

2 .l

+ oi vi mong ch nhat :
by = 2 Fy ; = lb
2

N
F 2 o
y

(3.8)

tc

(3.9)

e n gian, chieu day em cat co the c tnh toan theo cong thc :
h = K.b
(3.10)

26

R1
R2
6,0
l =1
b

5,0

4,0
l =2
b

3,0

2,0

1,0
0,0

l =x
b
0,5

1,0

K
1,5

Hnh 3.2 Bieu o xac nh he so K.

Trong o :
K : he so phu thuoc vao ty so l/b
va R1/R2 tra tren bieu o hnh 3.2.
R1 : cng o tnh toan cua em
cat, thng c xac nh bang th
nghiem nen tnh tai hien trng hoac
theo cong thc quy pham.
R2 : cng o tnh toan cua lp at
yeu nam di em cat, thng c xac
nh bang ban nen tai hien trng hoac
tnh toan theo CII; II.
Chieu rong em cat xac nh nh
sau :
b = b + 2h.tg
(3.11)
: goc truyen lc cua cat hoac co
the lay trong khoang 30 45o.

Kiem tra ve o lun :

S = S1 + S2 Sgh
(3.12)
Trong o : S1 : o lun cua em cat; S 2 : o lun cua cac lp at nam
di em cat trong vung chu nen; S gh : o lun cho phep.
3.1.3 Thi cong em cat.
Hieu qua cua em cat phu thuoc phan ln vao cong tac thi cong, do
vay phai am nen am bao u o chat va khong lam pha hoai ket cau cua
lp at ben di. Trng hp khong co nc ngam, cat c o tng lp day
khoang 20cm, lam chat bang am lan, am rung khi co nc ngam cao, phai
co bien phap ha mc nc ngam hoac dung bien phap thi cong trong nc.
o am am nen tot nhat cua cat lam vat lieu lp em xac nh theo
cong thc sau ay :
W
tn

0,7.e.n
s

(3.13)

Trong o :
e : he so rong cua cat trc khi am nen;
n : trong lng rieng cua nc = 10 KN/m 3;
s : trong lng rieng cua cat.
Sau khi am nen can kiem tra lai o chat cua em cat bang cach s
dung xuyen tieu chuan; xuyen tnh hoac xuyen ong.
27

3.1.4 Trnh t thiet ke mong s dung em cat.

a. Chon o sau chon mong :
Can c vao ieu kien a chat cong trnh va tai trong tac dung, phan
tch e la chon phng an, t o chon o sau chon mong (o sau nay co the
ieu chnh trong qua trnh tnh toan chi tiet).
Thong thng o sau chon mong tren em cat c chon bnh thng
giong nh at tren nen at tot (s o so 1).
b. Xac nh kch thc mong va kiem tra ieu kien ap lc :
Gom cac bc sau :
- Xac nh cng o tnh toan quy c cua cat lam em (theo cong
thc quy oi cua quy pham).
- Xac nh dien tch e mong va xac nh kch thc mong.
- Xac nh chieu day cua em cat : e n gian, chieu day thng
c chon trc sau o kiem tra lai, neu khong at co the tang
chieu day em, nhng em khong nen day qua 3m, luc nay co the
chuyen sang phng an mong khac).
- Kiem tra ieu kien ap lc tai nh lp at yeu (ay em cat).
- Tnh toan o lun cua mong.
- Tnh toan cac kch thc cua em cat (theo mat bang).
- Tnh toan o ben va cau tao mong (giong nh mong nong tren nen
thien nhien).
Cung nguyen tac vi em cat, con dung em at, em a soi tuy theo
kha nang cung cap tng khu vc xay dng.
3.2 COC CAT.
3.2.1 ac iem va pham vi ng dung.
Coc cat c s dung trong cac trng hp sau ay : Cong trnh chu tai
trong ln tren nen at yeu co chieu day > 3m.
Nhng trng hp sau ay khong nen dung coc cat :
- at qua nhao yeu, li coc cat khong the len chat c at (khi he
so rong nen chat nc > 1 th khong nen dung coc cat.
- Chieu day lp at yeu di ay mong > 3m, luc nay dung em cat
tot hn.
Tac dung cua coc cat :
- Lam cho o rong, o am cua nen at giam i, trong lng the tch,
modun bien dang, lc dnh va goc ma sat trong tan g len.
- Do nen at c nen chat, nen sc chu tai tang len, o lun va bien
28

dang khong eu cua at nen di e mong giam i mot cach ang

ke.
- Di tac dung cua tai trong, coc cat va vung at c nen chat
xung quanh coc cung lam viec ong thi, at c nen chat eu
trong khoang cach gia cac coc. V vay s phan bo ng suat trong
nen c nen chat bang coc cat co the c coi nh mot nen thien
nhien.
- Khi dung coc cat, qua trnh co ket cua nen at dien ra nhanh hn
nhieu so vi nen thien nhien hoac nen gia co bang coc cng. Phan
ln o lun cua cong trnh dien ra trong qua trnh thi cong, do vay
cong trnh mau chong at en gii han on nh.
S dung coc cat rat kinh te so vi coc cng (so vi coc be tong gia
thanh giam 50%, so vi coc go giam 30%), khong b an mon, xam thc. Bien
phap thi cong n gian khong oi hoi nhng thiet b thi cong phc tap.
3.2.2 Tnh toan va thiet ke coc cat.
a. He so rong cua nen c gia co bang coc cat :
T ieu kien :
I
d

e
e

max

max

ta co : enc = emax ID (emax emin)

nc

(4.1)

min

Trong o :
emax : he so rong cua cat trang thai xop nhat.
emin : he so rong cua cat trang thai chat nhat.
ID : o chat tng oi = 0,7-0,8.
b. Xac nh nen c nen chat :
Fnc = 1,4b (l + 0,4b)
(4.2)
Trong o :
b : chieu rong ay mong (m).
l : chieu dai ay mong (m).
(Kch thc pham vi nen chat m rong ve moi pha 0,2b).
Ty le dien tch cua tat ca cac coc cat F c oi vi dien tch at nen c
nen chat Fnc c xac nh nh sau :
F

Fnc

1 e

nc

(4.3)

c. So lng coc cat can thiet la :

n=

nc

(4.4)

29

Trong o : fc - dien tch mat cat ngang cua moi coc cat (lay bang dien
tch mat cat ngang cua ong thep tao lo coc cat).
0,2b

0,2b

A
Fmong

Fnen chat

Hnh 4.1 Bo tr coc cat e nen chat nen

Hnh 4.2 S o e xac nh khoang cach gia

tim cac coc cat

d. Bo tr coc cat :
Coc cat thng c bo tr theo hnh tam giac, o la s o co li nhat
ve mat lam chat at khoang gia cac coc cat. Khoang cach gia cac coc la
:
L 0,95d

nc

(4.5)

nc

Trong lng rieng cua at sau khi nen chat bang coc cat :
nc

1 nc

(1 W)

(4.6)

Trong o :
W : o am cua at trang thai t nhien.
o : trong lng rieng cua at trang thai t nhien.
D : ng knh coc cat.
3.2.3 Thi cong coc cat.
Coc cat c thi cong bang may chuyen dung. S dung ong thep tao lo
va nhoi cat vao trong ong. Can lu y khi ao ho mong khong ao sau en cao
trnh thiet ke ma e lai khoang 1m, sau nay khi thi cong mong mi ao tiep
v cat oan au tren cua coc thng khong chat. Ong thep c ha xuong
bang chan ong en o sau can thiet, nhoi cat va rut ong len t t.
Sau khi thi cong can kiem tra lai bang cac phng phap sau ay :
- Khoan lay mau at gia cac coc cat e xac nh trong lng rieng
cua at c nen chat nc, he so rong nen chat enc va c, sau khi nen chat. T
o tnh ra cng o cua at nen sau khi nen chat.
- Dung xuyen tieu chuan e kiem tra o chat cua cat trong coc va at
30

gia cac coc cat.

- Th ban nen tnh tai hien trng, tren mat nen coc cat. Dien tch ban
nen phai ln e trum qua c t nhat 3 coc cat.
Thong thng, neu coc cat c thi cong tot, sc chu tai cua at nen
co the tang len gap 2-3 lan so vi ban au.
3.3 COC XI MANG TRON AT.
3.3.1 Pham vi ap dung.
Ph-ng php ny mi -c gii thiu vo n-c ta nh-ng iu kin s
dng rng ri cn hn ch. y l bin php c ngha kinh t cao, nn -c th
im nhiu nh hn na c kt qu nhn rng din s dng.
Loi gia c nn theo cng ngh ny c th lm mng cho nh c cao
ti 12 tng.
3.3.2 Mo ta ve cong nghe.
Dng my o kiu gu xoay, b gu v lp l-i khuy t kiu l-i chm
ngang lm ti t trong h khoan m khng ly t khi l khoan. Xoay v n
cn xoay n su y cc. Ta -c mt cc m bn trong t -c khuy
u. Khi mi khuy y cc th bt u bm sa xi mng -c dn trong lng
cn khoan n mi khoan. t li -c trn vi sa xi mng thnh dng xn xt
c xi mng. Va rt va bm sa xi mng v trn. Cui cng khi cn khoan
nng mi ln n mt t, ta -c cc t trn xi mng. Xi mng s pht trin
c-ng nh- tnh ton.
Nhng cc xi mng t trn -t th-ng b tr st nhau d-i chn mng
bng, -ng knh cc n st cc kia. L-ng xi mng dng cho 1 m 3 cc t 250
kg n 350 kg. T l N-c/Ximng l 60% n 120% vi sa xi mng bm
xung cc. Sau 28 ngy, khoan ly mu trong cc cc ny c-ng t 17
kG/cm2 vi l-ng xi mng l 250 kg/m3 v hn na tu thuc loi t ti ch.
Ph-ng php ny -c cc n-c Hoa k, Anh, Php, c v nhiu
n-c chu u khc s dng. N-c Nht cng xy dng nhiu nh vi loi cc
ny. Vi cc ny c th xy dng nh t 8 tng n 10 tng.
Gn y cc hng ca c gii thiu vo n-c ta loi my do Hercules
Grundlgging sn xut lm cc xi mng t. Loi ny c th lm -c nhng
cc t trn xi mng -t -ng knh 600 mm, su bnh qun 4,4 mt hay hn
na. Thay cho xi mng n thun, ta c th trn xi mng vi vi thnh cc
vi - xi mng vi l-ng hn hp vi v xi mng cho 1 mt su ca cc l 26 kg
nh- trnh by trn.
Nht bn gii thiu vi th tr-ng n-c ta loi my lm cc loi ny l
TENOCOLUMN.
Cc ch tiu khi s dng my TENOCOLUMN nh- sau:
31

Loi t ti ch
Ct
Bn,st
ct
t ln hu c
Than bn

L-ng ximng/m3
250
226
250
350
325

T l N/X
%
120
100
60
60
60

C-ng mu
KG/cm2
41,8
30
17,1
15,7
16,4

Vi nhng ch tiu trn y, ph-ng php t ra hu hiu khi qui i sc

chu ti d-i nn thnh tr s ng nht dng khi tnh ton mng bng d-i cng
trnh. Vi sc chu ca cc khong 15 kG/cm2 c th qui i sc chu y mng
bng thnh bnh qun 5~7 kG/cm2 l iu c ngha khi thit k mng.

Vat lieu
tron

Khoan pha ket

cau at

Phun vat lieu

lien ket va tron
vi at

Tron eu at va
vat lieu tron

Tron eu va
am chat

Hng xoay
mui khoan
Hng i vat
lieu

Hnh V.1. Quy trnh tao coc at tron vi voi hoac xi mang

32

Hnh IV.2. cac dang li khoan tron at vi voi xi mang

Hnh IV.3 Cac trng hp ng dung coc at tron voi xi mang hieu qua

33

Hnh IV.4 Dang coc at tron voi va xi mang sau thi gian ninh ket
3.3.3 V du ve cong trnh x ly coc xi mang at.
a. S v thit k mng xi l
Ti Nh B, cc xi l c ng knh 32.2m, cao 14m, cha 10.000 m3
Ti Tr Nc, cc xi l c ng knh 34.0m, cao 14m, cha 12.500 m3
Cc cc c b tr nh sau: t tm ra 12.5 m b tr xen k cc 7m v
20m theo li vung vi khong cch gia cc tim cc l t 75-115 cm. T
12,5 m ra n ht ng knh ca mng c b tr cc 10m v 20 m xen k
theo dng r qut vi khong cch gia cc tim cc l 50 cm.
Ton b khi mng c thit k v tnh ton cho ln S = S1 + S2 < 50 cm
trong 15 nm. Theo cc nh thit k tnh ton ln tc thi s kt thc ngay khi
th ti bng nc l 5.7 cm v ln phn di khi mng l 40.6 cm. Ti
trng lm vic ca mng khi a vo s dng ti Nh B l 1.3 kg/cm2, ti Tr
Nc l 1.5 kg/cm2.

34

b. Tnh cht c l ca t nn.

Khu vc Nh B.
Lp 1: t p c b dy 0.8 - 1.2 m - s bc b khi xy dng.
Lp 2: Bn st trng thi chy c b dy t 27 - 28m, y l lp t c
x l lm mng cho xi l.
Lp 3: Than bn ang phn hu mu xm nu, dy t 1 - 1.8 m.
Cc lp bn di gm st v ct c sc chu ti ln khng cn x l.
Khu vc Tr Nc.
Lp 1: t p c b dy 1.0 - 1.1 m - s bc b khi xy dng.
Lp 2: St mu xm nu, xm en trng thi do cng, b dy 0.6 m.
Lp 3: Bn st trng thi chy c b dy t 10.8 - 13.0 m, y l lp t
c x l lm mng cho xi l.
Lp 4: Bn st xen kp ct, dy t 16.0 - 16.9, y l lp t c x l
lm mng cho xi l.
Cc lp bn di gm st v ct c sc chu ti ln khng cn x l.
35

c. Cht lng cc t - xi mng.

Trong qu trnh kho st, ly mu t su t 0 - 25 m lm th
nghim thit k Mac cho cc vi hm lng xi mng thay i khc nhau v
chn ra t l xi mng v t tch hp nh sau:

Hnh 3a: Sau 14 ngy cng t 8.41 kG /cm2

Hnh 3b: Sau 28 ngy cng t 8.67 kg/cm2
Cc th nghim trn cc th ngay ti hin trng bng phng php xuyn
ct tiu chun (SCPT) u cho kt thc kt qu sau 22 ngy v 27 ngy.
V cht lng cc xi mng l rt tt, chng t t trong cc c gia
c tt, kh nng lm mng cho cc kt cu c ti trng ln c xy dng
bn trn.
d. C s l thuyt tnh ton.
Kim tra sc chu ti ca lp t yu cn c x l bng cng thc:
Rn = 1 (0.5DN + HNq + CNc)
FS
Trong : - Dung trng t nhin ca lp t
Rn: Cng chu ti ca t nn
D- ng knh mng
C - lc dnh ca t nn
H - chiu dy tng t yu
FS - H s an ton (ly FS = 2)
N, Nq, Nc Thng s sc chu ti ph thuc vo gc ma st trong
ca t nn.
Kim tra cng chu ti ca cc t xi mng sau khi c gia c :
36

Rc = 2c + 3h
Vi: Rc: Cng chu ti ca cc
c : cng khng ct ca cc d kin l 17.5 Tn/m2
h: Gi tr ng sut ngang tc dng ln thnh cc (th nghim nn
ngang).
Cng chu ti ca ton khi mng c gia c :
Rn = 1 (0.5DN + HNq + CNc)
FS
Trong : - Dung trng t nhin ca lp t
Rn: Cng chu ti ca t nn
D- ng knh mng
C - lc dnh ca t nn
H - chiu dy tng t yu cn x l (H= 20m v H = 25m)
FS - H s an ton (ly FS = 2)
N, Nq, Nc Thng s sc chu ti ph thuc vo gc ma st
trong ca t nn
Cc kt qu sau khi tnh ton c ghi trong bng 2 di y:
Bng 2: So snh ng sut tc dng v cng chu ti ca t nn v cc

Phn t
Phn cc t - xi mng

ng sut tc dng
(tn/m2)
1.006
26.36

Cng chu ti
(tn/m2)
2.1
37.19

e. Qu trnh thc hin.

Phng php x l bng cc t - xi mng kh n gin: bao gm mt
my khoan vi h thng li c ng knh thay i tu thuc theo ng knh
ct c thit k v cc xi l cha xi mng c gn my bm nn vi p lc ln
ti 12 kg/cm2. Cc my khoan ca Thu in v Trung Quc c kh nng khoan
su t n 35 m v t ng iu chnh nh v cn khoan lun thng ng.
Trong qu trnh khoan li c thit k trn u t v xi mng, xi mng
kh c phun nh lng lin tc v trn u to thnh nhng cc t - xi
mng ng knh 60 cm. Thi gian khoan cho mt bn c ng knh 34 m t
45 - 60 ngy.
Sau khi khoan xong ton b din tch mng, cc cc t c o h u
ct v lm bng phng. Vi a k thut c tri ln trn phn b ti trng
u cho mng. Xy dng cc mc chun v cc mc o theo di ln.
Qu trnh tip theo l cht ti. Vic cht ti nn trc v theo di ln tun
th theo quy trnh quy phm tiu chun xy dng ca Vit Nam.
Phng php gia ti nn trc nhm cc mc ch:
- Tng cng sc chu ti ca t nn v khi mng

37

- Tng nhanh qu trnh c kt ca t nn v ton b khi mng c

ln n nh trong thi gian ngn.
f. Gia ti nn trc.
Giai on 1: Cht ti th tm mng vi ng knh 12m, chiu cao ti
7.8 m tng ng vi ti trng 14.04 tn/m2 vt khong 8% so thit k. B tr
5 im o theo di ln, ln trung bnh 57.4 cm. ln vt so vi tnh ton
ca thit k. Do phi thc hin cht ti giai on 2.
Giai on 2: Cht ti ton b din tch mng vi chiu cao ti 7.8 m. B
tr 13 mc o theo di ln. Kt qu sau thi gian cht ti v theo di ln ko
di 4 thng, ln trung bnh ca ton khi mng l 103.65 cm. n khi kt thc
theo di ln th tc ln gim xung cn 1.9 mm/ngy m.
g. Nhn xt v kh nng p dng.
Vic thit k mng mm trn cc khu vc t yu cho cc cng trnh ln
cho php chuyn v ln lu di cn phi kt hp phng php x l mng bng
cc t xi mng vi cht ti nn trc.
V hiu qu kinh t: nu s dng phng php cc b ong p hoc cc
khoan nhi th rt tn km do tng t yu bn trn dy gn 30m. S dng
phng php cc- t xi mng tit kim cho mi mng xi l khong 600 triu
ng.
Phng php x l t yu bng cc t xi mng s dng cho t yu
c kt hp gia ti nn trc l ph hp v nht l trong t yu c xen kp cc
lp ct mn nh khu vc Tr Nc. Tuy nhin cn phi theo di v nghin cu
a ra phng php tnh ton hp l trong thit k.
3.4 NEN TRC BANG TAI TRONG TNH.
3.4.1 ac iem va pham vi ng dung.
Nen trc bang tai trong tnh s dung trong trng hp gap nen at yeu
nh than bun, bun, set va set pha deo nhao Muc ch cua gia tai trc la :
- Tang cng sc chu tai cua at nen.
- Tang nhanh thi gian co ket, tc la lam cho lun on nh nhanh hn.
Muon at c muc ch tren, ngi ta dung cac bien phap sau ay :
- Chat tai trong bang cat, soi, gach, a bang hoac ln hn tai trong
cong trnh d nh xay dng e cho nen chu tai trc va lun trc
khi xay dng.
- Dung gieng cat (bien phap phan tren) hoac ban giay tham e
thoat nc lo rong, tang nhanh qua trnh co ket cua at nen.

38

3.4.2 ieu kien ve a chat cong trnh.

e at c muc ch nen chat at va nc trong lo rong thoat ra, ieu
kien c ban la phai co cho cho nc thoat ra c. Nhng s do ve a chat
sau ay c xem la phu hp cho phng phap nay :
a. S o theo hnh 4.5a : khi b ep, nc se b ep xuong lp cat ben di.
b. S o theo hnh 4.5b : khi b ep, nc se b ep theo hai hng len tren
va xuong lp cat ben di.
c. S o theo hnh 4.5c : khi b ep, nc se thoat theo hng len lp cat
pha tren.
e at c hieu qua tot, chieu day lp at yeu nen c han che hy
3m.
q (KPa)

a)

at ap. at
trong trot
at yeu
Cat

q (KPa)

b)

Cat

c)

q (KPa)
Cat

at yeu

at yeu

Cat

at set

Hnh 4.5 Cac ieu kien a chat cong trnh e dung phng phap gia tai nen trc khong
dung gieng thoat nc.

3.4.3 Tnh toan gia tai trc.

La chon ap lc nen trc nh sau :
+ Dung ap lc nen trc bang ung tai trong cong trnh se xay dng.
+ Dung ap lc nen trc ln hn tai trong cong trnh (khoang 20%) e
tang nhanh qua trnh co ket, khong nen chon qua ln se lam cho nen at b
pha hoai.
o lun d tnh cua nen at yeu di tac dung cua tai trong nen trc
c xac nh theo cong thc kinh nghiem sau :
S S t
(4.19)
t
t

Trong o :
St : o lun d tnh trong thi gian t nao o;
t : thi gian nen trc;
: he so kinh nghiem xac nh theo cong thc :
39

 S .t 1 t 1
S

(4.20)

Trong o :
S : o lun on nh trong qua trnh nen trc, xac nh theo quan trac
thc te.
S

t t

t
S

(4.21)

ay, St1 va St2 la o lun quan trac thi iem t1 va t2.

3.4.4 Bien phap thi cong.
Co hai cach gia tai nen trc :
- Chat tai trong nen trc ngay tren mat at, tai v tr se xay mong, i
mot thi gian theo yeu cau e o lun on nh, sau o d tai va ao ho thi
cong mong.
- Co the xay mong, sau o chat tai len mong cho lun en on nh, sau
o d tai va xay cac ket cau ben tren.
Lu y chat tai tang dan theo tng cap. Moi cap khoang 15 20% tong
tai trong. Can tien hanh theo doi, quan trac o lun e xem o lun co at yeu
cau khong, neu khong at can co bien phap tch cc hn e nc tiep tuc
thoat ra.
3.5 GIENG CAT.
3.5.1 ac iem va pham vi ng dung.
Gieng cat la mot trong nhng bien phap gia tai trc c s dung oi
vi cac loai at bun, than bun cung nh cac loai at dnh bao hoa nc, co
tnh bien dang ln khi xay dng cac cong trnh co kch thc va tai trong
ln thay oi theo thi gian nh nen ng, san bay, ban ay cac cong trnh
thuy li
Gieng cat co hai tac dung chnh :
- Gieng cat se lam cho nc t do trong lo rong thoat i di tac dung
cua gia tai v vay lam tang nhanh toc o co ket cua nen, lam cho cong trnh
nhanh at en gii han on nh ve lun, ong thi lam cho at nen co kha
nang bien dang ong eu.
- Neu khoang cach gia cac gieng c chon thch hp th no con co
tac dung lam tang o chat cua nen va do o sc chu tai cua at nen tang len.
Nhng iem giong va khac nhau gia gieng cat va coc cat :
40

- Kch thc (ng knh va chieu dai) tng t nh nhau, nhng

khoang cach gia cac gieng cat th ln hn coc cat.
- Nhiem vu cua chung khac nhau :
+ Coc cat lam chat at la chnh, lam tang SCT at nen, thoat nc lo
rong la phu.
+ Gieng cat e thoat nc lo rong la chnh, tang nhanh qua trnh co
ket, lam cho o lun cua nen nhanh chong on nh. Lam tang sc chu tai cua
nen la phu.
3.5.2 Tnh toan va thiet ke gieng cat.
Cau tao cua gieng cat gom co ba bo phan chnh (hnh ve) la he thong
cac gieng cat, em cat va lp gia tai.
a. em cat :
Co nhiem vu tao ieu kien cho cong trnh lun eu, Chieu day lp em
cat tnh theo cong thc kinh nghiem :
h = S + (0,3 0,5m)
(4.12)
Trong o :
h : chieu day lp em cat;
S : o lun tnh toan cua nen at.
Cat lam lp em thng s dung cat hat trung hoac hat to.
q
em cat

at yeu

Gieng cat

L
Tang khong tham nc

Cau tao gieng cat tren mat bang.

Hnh 4.4 S o cau tao gieng cat.

b. Lp gia tai :
Xac nh chieu cao cua lp gia tai :
h=

(4.13)

Trong o :
: ap lc do tai trong ngoai.
Va : Rtc hay qat
41

Rtc tnh vi at yeu = 0 va at ap ngay tren mat nen h = 0; v vay R tc

= c. Neu ieu kien tren khong thoa man th phai ap lp gia tai nhieu lan
hoac dung be phan ap.
Qat =

( h 2c.ctg )
h
ctg -
2

(4.14)

c. Gieng cat :
ng knh gieng cat tot nhat d c = 35 - 45cm, chieu dai cua gieng
thng lay bang chieu sau chu nen cc han cua at nen di mong :
+ Mong n : lg 2 3b (b : chieu rong mong).
+ Mong bang : lg 4b.
+ Mong be :
- Neu nen at yeu co goc la at loai set, th : lg 9m + 0,15b.
- Neu nen at yeu co goc la at loai cat, th : lg 6m + 0,10b.
Khoang cach gia cac gieng cat : Khoang cach gia cac gie ng cat phu
thuoc vao ng knh gieng cat cung nh toc o co ket cua nen at. Theo
kinh nghiem, khoang cach gia cac gieng trong khoang 1,0 5,0m.
d. Tnh bien dang cua nen :
- o lun cua nen at yeu khi cha co gieng cat :
e e
S 1 2 h
1e1

(4.15)

Trong o : e1; e2 ; he so rong cua at xung quanh gieng cat trc va

sau khi co tai trong.
h : chieu day lp at yeu co gieng cat.
Khi nen at co nhieu lp khac nhau th dung phng phap tong o lun
e xac nh.
- o lun cua nen at yeu khi co gieng cat co the xac nh theo cong
thc kinh nghiem cua Evgenev :
e e d2
Sgc 1oe p c2 h
(4.16)
o
L

Trong o :
eo : he so rong cua nen at trang thai t nhien;
ep : he so rong cua nen at khi co tai trong ngoai;
dc : ng knh gieng cat;
L : khoang cach gia cac truc gieng cat;
h : chieu day lp at co gieng cat.
- o lun theo thi gian :
42

St

mv

1e1
- Mc o co ket :

hq Pn (z, r, t)

U t St 1 S

Pn (z,r,t)
1 - M z .M r
q

(4.17)
(4.18)

Trong cac cong thc tren :

mv : he so nen cua at;
e1 : he so rong ban au cua at;
q : tai trong phan bo eu cua cong trnh;
Pn(z,r,t) : ap lc nc lo rong;
h : chieu day lp at co gieng cat.
3.5.3 Thi cong gieng cat.
Qua trnh thi cong gieng cat noi chung giong nh coc cat. Co the ha
ong thep xuong bang may ong hoac may rung. Gieng cat noi chung cha
c s dung pho bien nc ta.
3.6 GIA CO NEN BANG BAC THAM.
3.6.1 Pham vi ap dung.
y l bin php mi -c s dng n-c ta v vi nhng cng trnh
-c thot n-c theo ph-ng thng ng ca bc thm chng t tc c kt
ca nn t yu l nhanh so vi cc ph-ng php khc. Bin php ny c th s
dng -c rng ri v theo kinh nghim n-c ngoi, y l bin php hu hiu
trong bi ton gii quyt tc c kt ca nn t yu.
Cng ngh ny thch dng cho vic xy dng nh c s tng c s tng
3 ~ 4 tng xy dng trn nn t mi lp m d-i lp t lp l lp bn su.
3.6.2 Mo ta ve cong nghe.
Nn t snh ly, t bn v st bo ho n-c nu ch lp t hoc ct
ln trn, thi gian lp snh ly c kt rt lu ko di thi gian ch i xy
dng. Cm xung t cc ng c bc thot n-c thng ng xung t lm thnh
l-i vi khong cch mt l-i l 500 mm. V tr ng c bc nm mt l-i.
ng thot n-c c bc th-ng cm su khong 18 ~ 22 mt.
ng thot n-c c bc c -ng knh 50~60 mm. V ng bng nha c
rt nhiu l chm kim n-c t do qua li. Trong ng bc bng si plime
dc theo ng n-c dn theo bc ln, xung, trong ng.
Ph-ng php ny -c gi l ph-ng php thot n-c thng ng (vertical
drain).
Vic cm ng xung t nh loi my cm bc thm.
Khi nn t -c cc lp ct bn trn nng cao ng thi dng
lm lp gia ti gip cho s cht bt n-c lp d-i su lp t ny c kt
kh nng chu ti, n-c trong t b p lc ca ti lm n-c tch ra v ln cao
43

theo bc, t c kt nhanh. Khi gim ti, n-c cha trong ng c bc m khng
hoc t tr li lm nho t. Kt hp s dng vi a k thut tip tc cht n-c
trong t v ct bn trn s ci thin tnh cht t nn nhanh chng.
Va qua ti Vng Tu B Ra nhiu nh my -c gia c bng ph-ng
php s dng bc thm v kt qu cho thy rt ngn -c thi gian n nh nn
t l ng k. -ng quc l s 5 ni H ni vi Hi Phng, nhiu on nn
t cng -c gia c bng bc thm. Bc thm -c dng nhiu trong vic xy
dng -ng i qua vng ng bng sng Hng , ng bng sng Cu Long. Bc
thm lm cho nn t n nh nhanh hn ch n nh t nhin -c nhiu thi
gian. Bc thm -c s dng n-c ta trong vng 5 nm tr li y.
3.6.3 ng dung trong thc te.
a. Trong n-c :
Vic s dng bc thm n-c ta mi xut hin khong 15 nm tr li y.
Nhng cng trnh s dng bc thm vi s l-ng nhiu tp trung cho cc cng
trnh nn -ng nh- -ng quc l 5 - H ni - Hi Phng, nhiu on trn
-ng quc l 1A, nht l nhng -ng xa l ti ng bng sng Cu Long nhcc -ng thuc cc tnh min Ty Nam b v nhiu con -ng thuc tnh C
Mau. Cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip s dng bc thm -c dng rng ri
cc khu cng nghip B Ra-Vng Tu nh- ti cc nh my in Ph M,
nh my Ho cht ...
b. N-c ngoi :
Bin php s dng bc thm -c s dng cng khng qu lu so vi s
xm nhp ph-ng php cng ngh ny vo n-c ta. Ti Philippines, Indonxia l
nhng o c nhiu vng trng xnh ly, vic s dng bc thm kh ph bin.

HnhI V.5 Cam bac tham vao nen set yeu

44

3.7 GIA CO NEN BANG VAI A KY THUAT.

3.7.1 Gia c nn ng.
i vi nn t p, vic t vo 1 hoc nhiu lp vi a k thut s lm
tng cng chu ko v ci thin n nh ca nn ng chng li s trt
trn. Mt khc, vi a k thut cn c tc dng lm cho ln ca nn t p
c ng u hn.

Phm vi p dng : x l cc b s mt n nh ca nn t p, s dng

nhiu trong cc cng trnh giao thng hoc nn gia c bng m ct, ging ct,
gia cng cho tng chn,
Mt s lu khi gia c nn ng :
Nn s dng cc vt liu a k thut tng hp (vi a k thut, li k
thut) c cng cao, bin dng nh, lu lo ha lm lp thm tng cng cho
nn t p. Hng dc hoc hng c cng cao ca lp thm phi thng
gc vi tim ng.
Vic s dng vt liu a k thut khng b hn ch bi iu kin a cht,
nhng khi nn tcng yu th tc dng cng r. S lp thm tng cng phi
da vo tnh ton xc nh, c th b tr 1 hoc nhiu lp, cch nhau khong
15 30cm.
Phi b tr chiu di on neo gi, trong chiu di on neo, t s ca
lc ma st vi mt trn v mt di ca lp thm Pf v lc ko thit k ca lp
thm Pj phi tha mn iu kin :

Pf
1,5
Pj
j

Gc ma st gia lp thm v vt liu p f nn da vo kt qu th

nghim xc nh, nu khng lm c th nghim, c th xc nh theo cng
thc sau :

tg f 2 tg q
3
Trong q l gc ma st trong xc nh bng th nghim ct nhanh ca
vt liu p tip xc vi lp thm.
45

3.7.2 Gia c tng chn t.

Hin nay ngi ta chn phng php gia c phn t p sau lng tng
bng vi a k thut hay cc li kim loi to ra cc tng chn t mm
do nhm thay th cc loi tng chn thng thng bng tng cng. Cc lp
vi a k thut ny s chu p lc ngang t khi t sau lng tng.
Cu to tng chn nh sau :

Ghi ch :

Pa1 = KaH;
Pa2 = Kaq;
Sv : khong cch gia cc lp vi (chiu dy lp t);
Le : chiu di on neo gi cn thit, Le 1m.
Lr : chiu di lp vi nm trc mt trt;
Lo : chiu di on vi ghp chng.

Tng chiu di :

L = Le + Lr + Lo + Sv

Chiu di thit k :

L = Le + Lr

Tnh ton khong cch v chiu di lp vi :

Xt p lc ngang tc dng ln 1m di tng :

Pa Sv T
FS

46

- Tnh ton c khong cch gia cc lp vi :

Sv T
P FS
a

Trong : FS - h s an ton ly bng 1,3 1,5;

T : cng chu ko ca vi (T/m; KN/m), c cung cp
t nh sn xut ty theo mi loi vi.
- Tnh ton chiu di neo gi cn thit :

Le

S P FS
v a
2(C Ztg ) 1m.
a

- Tnh ton chiu di lp vi nm trc mt trt :

Lr = (H-Z)tg(450-/2)
- Tnh ton chiu di on vi ghp chng :

Lo

S P FS
v a
4(C Ztg ) 1m.
a

Ngoi ra cn kim tra v iu kin chng trt v chng lt ca tng

chn nh cc loi tng chn thng thng.

Hnh IV.6 Tng vai a ky thuat

47

Chng 4
NGUYEN TAC THIET KE MOT SO LOAI MONG COC
4.1 THIET KE MONG COC KHOAN NHOI .
4.1.1 ac iem pham vi ap dung.
- Mong coc khoan nhoi la loai mong o tai cho, thi cong bang phng
phap thu cong hoac c gii tuy theo ieu kien ve trang thiet b.
- Mong coc khoan nhoi co the ap dung rong rai trong cac nganh cau
ng, thuy li, xay dng dan dung va cong nghiep. ac biet la cac cong
trnh co tai trong ln nh cau, nha cao tang, nha xay chen cac o th vv...
- nc ta coc khoan nhoi c s dung t nhng nam 80, t hnh thc
tao lo bang thu cong cho en nay a co nhng thiet b hien ai e tao lo va
o be tong bang cac quy trnh khac nhau.
(V du : + Thap truyen hnh Tokyo at tren 8 coc khoan nhoi, co ng
knh D = 3,5m.
+ Cau My Thuan s dung khoan nhoi co ng knh D = 2,4m,
dai 96m. Moi tru co 16 coc sc chu tai moi coc la 6.307 tan.
+ Cau Can Th nhp 500m, tru co 6 coc khoan nhoi D = 2,5
3,0m, sau 100 120m).
- Nhng u iem chnh cua coc khoan nhoi :
+ Co sc chu tai ln, vi ng knh ln va chieu sau ln co the ti
hang nghn tan.
+ Thi cong khong gay ra chan ong oi vi cac cong trnh va moi
trng xung quanh khac phuc c nhc iem nay cua coc ong.
+ Co the m rong ng knh va tang chieu dai coc en o sau tuy y
(ng knh pho bien hien nay t 60 - 250cm. Chieu sau en 100m). Khi ieu
kien a chat va thiet b thi cong cho phep, co the m rong mu coc hoac m
rong than coc e lam tang sc chu tai cua coc.
+ Lng thep bo tr trong coc thng t hn so vi cac loai coc lap ghep
(vi coc ai thap ).
- Nhng khuyet iem cua coc khoan nhoi :
+ Viec kiem tra chat lng coc khoan nhoi rat phc tap, gay ra ton
kem trong thi cong.

48

+ Ma sat thanh coc vi at giam i ang ke so vi coc ong va coc ep

do qua trnh khoan tao lo.
+ Viec s ly cac khuyet tat cua coc khoan nhoi rat phc tap (trong mot
so trng hp phai bo i e lam coc mi).
+ Cong nghe thi cong oi hoi ky thuat cao e tranh cac hien tng
phan tang khi thi cong be tong di nc co ap, coc i qua cac lp at yeu co
chieu day ln.
+ Gia thanh cao hn so vi cac phng an coc ong va coc ep khi xay
dng cac cong trnh thap tang (theo thong ke : khi cong trnh di 12 tang gia
thanh phng an coc khoan nhoi co the cao hn 2 - 2,5 lan so vi phng an
khac nhng khi xay dng nha cao tang hay cac cau ln, th phng an coc
khoan nhoi lai hp ly hn).
4.1.2 Thiet ke mong coc khoan nhoi.
Trnh t thiet ke mong coc khoan nhoi gom cac bc sau :
- Xac nh tai trong xuong mong.
- Chon o sau chon mong (coc ai thap).
- La chon coc : ng knh, chieu dai coc .
- Tnh toan sc chu tai cua coc.
- Xac nh so lng coc, bo tr coc.
- Kiem tra ap lc tren at nen ve ieu kien bien dang (tnh lun ).
- Tnh toan ai coc.
- Kiem tra kha nang chu tai ngang.
4.1.2.1 Xac nh tai trong tac dung xuong mong.
Can c vao ket qua tnh toan phan ket cau ben tren, xac nh tai trong
tac dung xuong mong. Can phai lu y iem at cua cac thanh phan tai trong
nay e xac nh tong moment khi kiem tra ieu kien ap lc tai ay mong
(ay chnh la v tr khi xac nh chieu dai tnh toan cua tang di cung khi
giai khung).
4.1.2.2 La chon chieu sau chon mong.
e la chon o sau at ay ai lam ket hp cac yeu to : Quy mo cong
trnh, o ln cua tai trong; ac iem ve a chat cong trnh, a chat thuy van;
ac iem cua cac cong trnh ha tang va nen mong cac cong trnh lan can.
e thoa man ieu kien tnh toan theo mong coc ai thap, can kiem tra
ieu kien :
49

h hmin x 0,7.

0
h

tg(45
) 2H
Trong o : min
2 B

: Goc ma sat trong cua lp at at ay ai.

H : Tong lc ngang tac dung nen mong.
: Dung trong trung bnh cua at t ay ai tr len.
Bm : Chieu rong cua ai coc (gia thiet sau o kiem tra lai).
4.1.2.3 Chon ng knh coc, chieu dai coc.
Can xem xet ky mat cat a cha t, a tang, v tr xay dng cong trnh
tng ng vi mat cat a chat e chon v tr at mui coc; t o sau at ay
ai a chon, ta co c chieu dai coc.
La chon ng knh coc can tng ng vi chieu dai coc.
4.1.2.4 Xac nh sc chu tai cua coc khoan nhoi.
a. Sc chu tai theo vat lieu lam coc :
Pv = (m1.m2.Rb.F + Ra.Fa)
Trong o :
: He so uon doc cua coc.
Khi coc ai thap xuyen qua cac lp than bun, at set yeu, bun, coc ai
cao -> c tra bang, phu thuoc ltt/b va ltt/ d
Khi coc ai thap, xuyen qua cac lp khac vi cac lp tren th = 1.
Bang tra he so uon doc
ltt /b
Ltt/ d

14
12,1
0,93

16
13,9
0,89

18
15,6
0,85

20
17,3
0,81

22
19,1
0,77

24
20,8
0,73

26
22
0,66

28
24,3
0,64

30
26
0,59

Rb : Cng o tnh toan cua betong khi nen mau hnh tru.
Fb : Dien tch tiet dien ngang cua betong.
Ra : Cng o chu nen tnh toan cua cot thep .
Fa : Dien tch thiet dien ngang cua cot doc
m1 : He so ieu kien lam viec, khi coc nhoi qua ong chuyen dch thang
ng m1 = 0,85.
m2 : He so ieu kien lam viec ke en anh hng cua phng phap thi
cong coc :
Thi cong trong at set, khong can chong vach, mc nc ngam
thap hn mui khoan : m2 = 1,0.
50

 Thi cong trong cac loai at can phai dung ong chong vach mc
nc ngam khong xuat hien trong ho khoan - m2 = 0,9.
Thi cong trong at can chong vach va o betong di huyen phu
set - m2 = 0,7.
* Lu y : Co the s dung cong thc sau :
Pv = Ru.Fb +Ran.Fa
Trong o :
Ru : Cng o tnh toan cua betong c xac nh nh sau :
oi vi coc o be tong di nc hoac huyen phu set th : R u =
R/4,5 nhng khong ln hn 60 kg/cm2.
oi vi coc o be tong trong ho khoan kho th : Ru = R/4,0 nhng
khong ln hn 70 kg/cm2.
R : Mac thiet ke cua be tong coc.
Ran : Cng o chu nen tnh toan cua cot thep :
Khi thep 28mm th Ran = Rc/1,5 nhng khong ln hn 2.200
kg/cm2.
Khi thep > 28mm th Ran = Rc/1,5 nhng khong ln hn 2.000
kg/cm2.
Rc : Gii han chay cua cot thep .
b. SCT theo ch tieu c ly (TN trong phong) :
Theo Phu luc A (TCXD 205 : 1998) sc chu tai tnh toan cua coc c
xac nh theo cong thc :

Qa

Q
k

tc

tc

Trong o :
ktc : He so tin cay phu thuoc vao ket qua th nghiem coc hien trng,
ai thap hoac cao, coc chu nen hoac nho.... Nhng thng k tc 1,25 (quy
nh cu the theo tieu chuan).
Qtc = m(mR.RF+u mfi.fsi.li)
Trong o :
m : He so ieu kien lam viec cua coc trong at, lay =1
mR ,mf : He so ieu kien lam viec cua at mat phang mui coc va than
coc, mf tra bang :
mR = 1, khi coc khong m rong ay.
mR = 0,9, khi coc m rong ay bang phng phap o be tong
di nc.
mR = 1,3 Khi coc m rong ay bang no mn.
51

R : Sc khang tnh toan cua at di mui coc tra bang.

Bang tra he so mf
Loai coc va phng phap thi cong coc
- Coc nhoi khi ong ong rong co mui
- Coc nhoi rung ep
- Coc nhoi trong o ke ca m rong ay o be tong :
a. Khi khong co nc trong ho khoan
b. Di nc hoac dung dch set

Cat
0,8
0,9
0,7
0,6

mf khi ha trong at
Cat pha
set pha
0,8
0,8
0,9
0,9
0,7
0,6

0,7
0,6

set
0,7
0,9
0,6
0,6

u : Chi vi ngoai cua dien tch ngang coc .

fsi : Cng o tnh toan cua ma sat thanh lp at th i vi be mat xung
quanh coc (tra bang).
li : Chieu day lp at th i coc i qua.
* Sc chu tai cua coc nhoi chu nho theo at nen :
Pnh = m.n mfi.fi.li
Trong o :
m : he so ieu kien lam viec :
- Khi coc cam vao at < 4m m = 0,6;
- Khi coc cam vao at 4m m = 0,8.
Cac he so khac nh tren.
c. Sc chu tai cua coc theo ket qua xuyen tnh :
Theo TCXD 205 : 1998 (Phu luc C) :
P
x

Trong o :

mui

2-3

xq

Pmui = qp.F
Pxq = U qsi.hi
ay :
qp : sc can pha hoai cua at than coc :
qp = k.qc
qc : sc khang trung bnh cua mui xuyen trong pham vi 3d pha
tren va 3d pha di mui coc.
k : he so phu thuoc vao loai at va phng phap thi cong coc.
qsi : thanh phan ma sat thanh cua thiet b xuyen khi i qua lp at
th i :

52

q
si

ci

i : He so tra bang phu thuoc vao loai at

Bang tra he so k va vi coc khoan nhoi
Loai at
at loai set chay, bun
at loai set cng, va
at loai set cng va rat cng
Bui hoac cat chay
Cat chat trung bnh
Cat chat en rat chat
a phan mem
a phan phong hoa manh
vun

qc
(KPa)

0 2000
2.000 5.000
75.000
0 2.500
2.500 10.000
710.000
75.000
75.000

0,40
0,35
0,45
0,40
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,20

He so
Coc khoan
thanh be tong
30
40
60
120
180
150
100
60

Coc khoan
ong tron
30
80
120
150
250
200
120
80

d. Sc chu tai theo ket qua xuyen tieu chuan.

- Sc chu tai theo ket qua xuyen tieu chuan c tnh theo cong thc :
P = mNF + n N .Fs
Trong o :
m = 120 vi coc khoan nhoi; m = 400 vi coc ong.
n = 1 vi coc khoan nhoi; n = 2 vi coc ong.
N : so SPT cua at chan coc.
N : so SPT trung bnh cua at trong pham vi chie u dai coc.
F : dien tch tiet dien ngang chan coc.
FS : dien tch mat xung quanh coc.
- Sc chu tai tnh toan cua coc :
P' P
k

tc

ktc : he so an toan; k = 2,5 3,0

T cac gia tr :
- PV : sc chu tai theo vat lieu;
- P : sc chu tai theo th nghiem trong phong;
- Px : sc chu tai theo xuyen tnh;
- P : sc chu tai theo xuyen tieu chuan.
Chon ra gia tr Pmin e thiet ke
Can lu y rang : Theo kinh nghiem, khi chon chieu dai coc, mac be
tong va loai cot thep sao cho sc chu tai tnh toan theo vat lieu ung vi
sc chu tai theo cac ket qua th nghiem la tot nhat.
53

4.1.2.5 Xac nh so lng coc, bo tr coc.

a. Khoang cach cac coc tren mat bang :
Khoang cach gia cac coc phu thuoc vao phng phap thi cong va kha
nang chu tai cua nhom coc :
- oi vi coc ma sat : L 3d;
- oi vi coc chong :
L 2d;
- oi vi coc m rong ay : L 1,5D khi D < 2m hoac L D + 1m
(Khi D > 2m). (D la ng knh coc m rong).
b. Xac nh so lng coc :
- Ap lc tnh toan au coc tac dung tren tren ay ai khi khoang cach
cac coc la 3d :
p tt

tk

3d 2

Ptk : sc chu tai thiet ke cua coc .

- Dien tch s bo ay ai :
F

N tt
0

tt

tb

N 0tt : tai trong tnh toan do tai trong ngoai ;

n : he so vt tai = 1,1;
h : o sau at ay ai;
tb : trong lng trung bnh ai va at tren ai = 2T/m3.
- Xac nh trong lng ai va at tren ai :
N = F x tb x n
- So lng coc s bo :
n

N tt
0

N tt

tk

: he so ke en anh hng cua moment = 1,2 1,5

- Bo tr coc tren mat bang.
- Xac nh trong lng tnh toan cua ai va at tren ai theo kch thc
thc te a bo tr coc.
- Kiem tra ieu kien ap lc tren au coc :
tt
Pmax,
min

tt
N
n

tt
M .x

max
2
x
i

Trong o :
54

N tt N ott N tt
M tt M ott Q ott h

ieu kien :
tt
Pmax
Ptk
tt
Pmin
0

: coc u sc chu tai;

: coc khong b nho.

4.1.2.6 Kiem tra ieu kien ap lc tai mat phang mui coc.
ieu kien :
tt
max
1,2R M
tt
tb
RM
tc
Trong o : Pmax,
min

1 6e

L
M M
M

N tt
L B

LM, BM : kch thc cua ay mong khoi quy c tai mat phang mui coc.
tc

e M
N tc

RM : cng o tieu chuan cua at nen tai ay mong khoi quy c .

4.1.2.7 Tnh toan kiem tra o lun cua mong coc.
- Tnh toan o lun theo phng phap tong o lun cac lp phan to cua
vung chu lun tnh t mui coc tr xuong.
- ieu kien :
S < [S]
4.1.2.8 Tnh toan va cau tao ai coc.
- Chon chieu cao ai coc va ve thap choc thu ng.
- Xac nh moment va cot thep cho ai coc theo hai phng tai cac mat
cat (v tr ngam) mep cot.
4.1.2.9 Kiem tra kha nang chu tai ngang.
Noi dung cua viec kiem tra nham muc ch tnh toan ve ieu kien chu
uon cua coc. Khi co thanh phan lc ngang tac dung len au coc. T o tnh
toan va bo tr cot thep cho coc.
Viec tnh toan bao gom cac bc :
- Xac nh chuyen v ngang cua au coc
- T cac gia tr chuyen v, tnh toan va ve ban o moment, lc cat cua
coc theo o sau Z.
- Tnh toan cot thep doc theo ieu kien chu vi cot ai theo lc cat ln
nhat tai au coc.
55

Tuy nhien, e n gian chieu dai cot thep trong than coc co the tnh
toan va xac nh gan ung bang tr so 4/, trong o c xac nh theo
bieu thc sau ay :
mb
tt

EJ
Trong o co he so m va b tt tra theo bang di ay.
Trng hp chieu dai coc nho hn gia tr 4/ th bo tr thep doc suot
chieu dai coc
He so m (KPa/m2)
Ten va trang thai at
- Bun khi IL1
- at set (0,75< IL1)
- at cat mn ri, at ap ri
- at set (0,25<IL0,75)
- at cat mn chat va, hi chat, at bot,
at ap chat va, hi chat
- at set (0<IL0,25) IL0, cat to chat, at
ap chat va
at soi chat, chat va, a dam

Chu vi ngang cua coc n tren mat at <

6mm
(5 7,5) x 103
(7,5 12) x 103

(12 25) x 103

(25 65) x 103
(65 200) x 103

Gia tr btt
Chieu rong b hoac ng
knh tiet dien (m)
>1
1

Coc hnh tron

Coc hnh vuong

0,9 ( + 1)
0,9 (1,5 + 0,5)

b+1
1,5b + 0,5

4.1.2.10 Yeu cau cau tao trong thiet ke coc khoan nhoi.
a. Betong :
Be tong o coc khoan nhoi la be tong thng, nhng phai co o sut ln
e am bao tnh lien tuc cua coc va tranh b phan tang (thng chon o sut t
12 16cm). Mac be tong thng ln hn 200.
b. Cot thep :
- Cot thep doc cua coc c xac nh theo tnh toan (coc ai cao),
nhng phai thoa man ieu kien cau tao :
+ Khi chu keo : Thep bo tr suot tren chieu dai coc, cot doc noi phai
dung phng phap han. Khi lc nho nho thep doc phai bo tr en o sau can
thiet e lc keo c triet tieu hoan toan do lc ma sat.
56

+ Khi chu nen doc truc, ham lng thep toi thieu 0,2 0,4%,
ng knh thep 10mm va bo tr eu tren chu vi coc. oi vi coc chu tai
trong ngang, ham lng thep 0,4 0,65%.
- Cot ai 6 10 va khoang cach a = 20 30cm, co the dung ai xoan
oc hoac ai vong n, han vi thep doc.
Khi chieu dai long thep > 4m e tang cng o cng bo tr them thep
ai 12 cach khoang 2m, cac cot ai nay c gan cac cuc ke, tao lp be
tong bao ve cho cot thep. Trong qua trnh thi cong, co the bo tr cot thep tang
cng e cau lap va tang o cng cua long cot thep.
- Chieu day lp be tong bao ve thng > 5cm.
- Bo tr cac ong e kiem tra bang sieu am coc.
4.1.3 Thi cong mong coc khoan nhoi.
a. Khoan to l.
- Thiet b khoan : co the s dung cac thiet b sau :

Tn dng cc b my v c cu quay ca ca cc my khoan a

cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn m n-c ta nhp t tr-c nm 1990. Khi
s dng nhng my ny cn c nhng b phn chuyn dng cho cng tc khoan
ca cc khoan nhi nh- mi khoan v gu khoan c -ng knh ln.

S dung cc thit b, my chuyn dng : Loi ny -c thit k

chuyn dng cho cng ngh khoan cc nhi. Khng phi ch to thm cc ph
tng phc v m s dng ngay, trc tip.
- u khoan, th-ng s dng 3 loi sau :

Mi khoan gn kim loi rn hoc bnh xe quay : Nhng loi ny

th-ng dng khi khoan qua lp cng hoc qu trnh khoan gp phi lp nhiu
cui si trm tch lng l (trm tch y ao h) thnh dng thu knh ch-a n
su t mng theo thit k. Loi mi khoan ny dng kh ph bin trong
khu khoan bn mn ph trong cc m khai thc .

Mi khoan cnh xon : Th-ng dng loi mi khoan ny khoan

t st, khoan t lp trn c nhiu r cy nh, gch v, mnh snh, c rc. Khi
gp lp ct ln cui kh cht, mng, c th dng loi mi khoan ny o
xuyn hoc xi ti cho gu vt tip.

57


Gu khoan thng : Gu kiu thng c np kim l-i ct t y.
Np gn vi thn thng bng bn l. np y c hai hoc ba rnh ct t
(ming ct) b tr h-ng tm np. C gn rng o ca ct t ny. Loi gu
ny thch hp vi t tht, t st dng bn, ct ht nh, ht trung hoc ct c
hm l-ng si khng qu nhiu trong mi tr-ng sng n-c.

58

- ng chng vch :

ng vch c -ng knh ln hn -ng knh cc l 100 mm. Chiu

di ca ng vch t 3 mt n c chiu su cc nu cn. Th-ng lm ng vch
di 4~8 mt . Chiu dy tm thp cun thnh ng vch t 10 ~ 20 mm. Nhim
v ca ng vch l chng gi cho vch khoan lp trn ngay t mt t xung
khng b xp, st v gi cho t chung quanh lp trn ca h khoan khng
chui vo h khoan lm nh h-ng xu n cng trnh hin c chung quanh ni
ang thi cng.

Th-ng ng vch ny rt ln ngay sau khi b tng va xong

s dng cho nhiu h. Rt ln ngay sau khi b tng lm cho b tng vng
c vch to nn p lc nn trc tip vo thnh t v to ra mt khng phng,
lm tng ma st bn ca cc ln, tng an ton cho cc. Khi cc nm qu st
59

cng trnh lin k th nn gi vch li m khng rt ln vi mc ch khng lm

rung ng cng trnh lin k.

C th lm vch bng v b tng ct thp ri li lun cng vi

cc. S dng vch bng b tng ct thp rt yn tm trong khu chng sp vch.

- Vic s dng dung dch bn khoan bentonite :

Bentonite l loi t st c kch th-c ht nh hn so vi ht t st

kaolinite. Nn dng t st bentonite ch to bn khoan. Khi him t st
bentonite c th dng mt phn t st a ph-ng (kaolinite) nh-ng t ny
phi c ch s do khng nh hn 0,2 v cha ht c kch th-c ln hn 0,05
khng qu 10% v cc ht nh hn 0,005 khng t hn 30%.

Dung dch st c thnh phn v tnh cht m bo s n nh ca h

o trong thi gian xy dng v lp y h.

Dung dch st bentonite c hai tc dng chnh :

+ Lm cho thnh h o khng b sp nh dung dch chui vo cc khe ct,
khe nt quyn vi ct d sp l gi cho ct v cc vt th vn khng b ri v
to thnh mt mng n hi bc quanh thnh vch h gi cho n-c khng thm
thu vo vch.
+ To mi tr-ng nng nng nhng t , vn khoan, ct vn ni ln mt
trn tro hoc ht khi l khoan.

60

- Thi ra h khoan khi t chiu su :

Khi khoan t su, ng-ng cho ct lng ng trong thi gian 30

pht, ly gu vt cho ht lp ct lng ng ri bt u thi ra cho sch nhng
mn khoan v ct ln trong dung dch.

Nu dung trng ca bn v-t qu nhng ch s c tr-ng nu,

khi b tng, b tng khng n ht -c bn khi l khoan chim ch ca
n, gy ra nhng ti bn trong b tng. Nu khng vt sch ct lng ng d-i
y h khoan s to ra mt lp bn m gia cc v nn y cc, khi chu tI
cc s b ln qu mc cho php.
b. t lng ct thp.
Ct thp trong cc khoan nhi su t ngha chu ti m ch c tnh cht
cu to. Tu ng-i thit k qui nh nh-ng th-ng thp t khi t n y cc.
Thanh thp hin nay bn trn th tr-ng di 11,7 mt nn cc khoan nhi hay
chn chiu su c bi s ca 11,7 mt. Mng cc nhi ca cc tr cu hay lm
c chiu su ti y.
Ct thp khuych i thnh cc lng tng on 11,7 mt. Sau khi -c
php th thp s mc vo cn trc th xung h. Th xong mt khoanh, nu ni
th ngng g qua u trn ca lng ni vi on trn. Khi ni chc s tho rt
thanh g h tip cho n khi su. Trn cng, c 3 thanh thp to mc
vo ming ng vch gi lng thp.

61

62

63

c. b tng.
- B tng -c khi kim tra sch ca h khoan v vic t ct
thp. Th-ng lp li ng trmie dng khi thi ra lc tr-c dng lm ng dn
b tng.
- Cc yu cu b tng :

ng dn b tng -c nt bng bao ti hoc ti nylon cha va

ximng ct 1:2 hay bt xp dng ht trnh nhng ti kh trong lc b tng
ban u. Nt ny s b b tng y ra khi .

Ming d-i ca ng dn b tng lun ngp trong b tng ti thiu l

1 mt nhng khng nn su qu 3 mt.
64


Khi b tng, b tng -c -a xung su trong lng khi b
tng, qua ming ng s trn ra chung quanh, nng phn b tng xung lc
uln cao dn, b tng -c nng t y ln trn. Nh- th, ch c mt lp b
tng trn mt ca b tng tip xc vi n-c bentonite cn btng trong lng cht
l-ng vn rt tt.

B tng phi lin tc cho n cao. Khi rt m cui cng,

lc nng rt vch -c 1,5 mt nn thm b tng b vo ch b tng chy
lan vo nhng hc quanh h -c to nn, nu c khi khoan su.

65

66

4.1.4 Kiem tra chat lng coc khoan nhoi.

Kim tra cht l-ng
cc khoan nhi

Trong qu trnh thi

cng
Cc qu trnh:
* Chun b
* Khoan to l
* Hon thnh khoan
* Ct thp
* b tng
* Ph u cc
* i cc

Khi lm xong
cc
Kim tra cht l-ng nn:
* Cc ph-ng php tnh
* Th cc kiu phn tch
ng lc (PDA)
Kim tra cht l-ng cc:
* Khoan ly mu
* Th nghim cc ton vn
(PIT) hoc m di (PET)
* Th nghim siu m, v
tuyn, phng x, hiu
ng in - thu lc, o
sng ng sut.
67

Cht l-ng cc khoan nhi l khu ht sc quan trng v chi ph cho vic
ch to mt cc rt ln cng nh- cc phi chu ti ln. Ch cn s xut nh trong
bt k mt khu no ca qu trnh kho st a cht, khu thit k nn mng hay
khu thi cng cng lm nh h-ng n cht l-ng cng trnh. Vic kim tra
cht l-ng cng trnh cc khoan nhi -c khi qut trong s :
a. Kim tra tr-c khi thi cng:
- Cn lp ph-ng n thi cng t m, trong n nh ch tiu k thut
phi t v cc b-c cn kim tra cng nh- s chun b cng c kim tra. Nhng
cng c kim tra -c c quan kim nh kim v ang cn thi hn s
dng. Nht thit phi th-ng trc nhng dng c kim tra cht l-ng ny k
vi ni thi cng v lun lun trong tnh trng sn sng phc v. Ph-ng n thi
cng ny phi -c t- vn gim st cht l-ng tho thun v i din Kin trc
s-/K s- l ch nhim d n ng .
- Cn c ti liu a cht cng trnh do bn khoan thm d cung cp
cho thit k ngay ti ni thi cng s dng i chiu vi thc t khoan.
- Kim tra tnh trng vn hnh ca my thi cng, dy cp, dy cu, b
phn truyn lc, thit b hm, cc ph tng my khoan nh- bp chut, gu, rng
gu, cc my ph tr phc v khu bn khoan, khu lc ct nh- my bm khuy
bn, my tch ct, sng ct.
- Kim tra l-i nh v cng trnh v tng cc. Kim tra cc mc khng
ch nm trong v ngoi cng trnh, k c cc mc khng ch nm ngoi cng
tr-ng. Nhng my o c phi -c kim nh v thi hn -c s dng ang
cn hiu lc. Ng-i tin hnh cc cng tc v xc nh cc c tr-ng hnh hc
ca cng trnh phi l ng-i -c php hnh ngh v c chng ch.
b. Kim tra trong khi thi cng :
Qu trnh thi cng cn kim tra cht ch tng cng on yu cu kim
tra :
- Kim tra cht l-ng kch th-c hnh hc. Nhng s liu cn -c khng
nh: v tr tng cc theo hai trc vung gc do bn v thi cng xc nh. Vic
kim tra da vo h thng trc gc trong v ngoi cng tr-ng. Kim tra cc cao
trnh : mt t thin nhin quanh cc, cao trnh mt trn ng vch. thng
ng ca ng vch hoc nghing cn thit nu -c thit k cng cn kim
tra.
- Kim tra cc c tr-ng ca a cht cng trnh v thu vn. C khoan
-c 2 mt cn kim tra loi t v tr thc a c ng khp vi bo co a
cht ca bn kho st lp tr-c y khng. Cn ghi chp theo thc t v nhn
xt nhng iu khc nhau, c nhng iu chnh nu cn thit.
- Kim tra dung dch khoan tr-c khi cp dung dch vo h khoan, khi
khoan su v khi xc ra lm sch h khoan xong.

68

- Kim tra ct thp tr-c khi th xung h khoan. Cc ch tiu phi kim
tra l -ng knh thanh, di thanh ch, khong cch gia cc thanh, sch
du m.
- Kim tra y h khoan: Chiu su h khoan -c o hai ln, ngay sau
khi va t su thit k v sau khi lng v vt li. Sau khi th ct thp v
th ng trmie, tr-c lc b tng nn kim tra xc nh lp cn lng. Nu
cn c th ly thp ln, ly ng trmie ln vt tip cho t sch y h.
y h khng sch s gy ra ln d- qu mc cho php.
- Kim tra cc khu ca b tng tr-c khi vo h. Cc ch tiu kim tra
l cht l-ng vt liu thnh phn ca b tng bao gm ct liu, xi mng, n-c,
cht ph gia, cp phi. n cng tr-ng tip tc kim tra st, c mu
kim tra s hiu, s b nh gi thi gian s ninh.
- Cc khu cn kim tra khc nh- ngun cp in nng khi thi cng, kim
tra s lin lc trong qu trnh cung ng b tng, kim tra thng ca mng,
m-ng n dung dch tro t h khi b tng ...
c. Cc ph-ng php kim tra cht l-ng cc nhi sau khi thi cng :
Nh- ta thy s cc ph-ng php kim tra cht l-ng cc nhi,
th-ng c hai loi bn khon: cht l-ng ca nn v cht l-ng ca bn thn
cc.
Sau khi thi cng xong cc nhi, vn kim tra c hai ch tiu ny c
nhiu gii php -c thc hin vi nhng cng c hin i.
Tuy chng ta mi tip cn vi cng ngh cc khoan nhi ch-a lu nh-ng
v kim tra, chng ta ban hnh -c TCXD 196:1997 lm c s cho vic
nh gi cc nhi. Tiu chun ny mi cp n ba loi th: nn tnh, ph-ng
php bin dng nh PIT v ph-ng php siu m. Tnh hnh cc cng ngh kim
tra cc nhi trong n-c v th gii hin nay l v cng phong ph.
C th chia theo cc ph-ng php tnh v ng. Li c th chia theo mc
ch th nghim nh- kim tra sc chu ca nn v cht l-ng cc.
Ngy nay c nhiu cng c hin i xc nh nhng ch tiu m khi
tin hnh kim tra kiu th cng thy l ht sc kh.
C1. Kim tra bng ph-ng php tnh :
Ph-ng php gia ti tnh :
Ph-ng php ny cho n hin nay -c coi l ph-ng php trc quan, d
nhn thc v ng tin cy nht. Ph-ng php ny dng kh ph bin n-c ta
cng nh- trn th gii. Theo yu cu m c th thc hin theo kiu nn, ko dc
trc cc hoc y theo ph-ng vung gc vi trc cc. Th nghim nn tnh -c
thc hin nhiu nht nn ch yu cp y l nn tnh.
C hai qui trnh nn tnh ch yu -c s dng l qui trnh ti trng khng
i (Maintained Load, ML) v qui trnh tc dch chuyn khng i (Constant
Rate of Penetration, CRP).

69

Qui trnh nn vi ti trng khng i (ML) cho ta nh gi kh nng chu

ti ca cc v ln cu cc theo thi gian. Th nghim ny i hi nhiu thi
gian, ko di thi gian ti vi ngy.
Qui trnh nn vi tc dch chuyn khng i (CRP) th-ng ch dng
nh gi kh nng chu ti gii hn ca cc, th-ng ch cn 3 n 5 gi.
Nhn chung tiu chun th nghim nn tnh ca nhiu n-c trn th gii t
khc bit. Ta c th so snh tiu chun ASTM 1143-81 (Hoa k), BS 2004 (Anh)
v TCXD 196-1997 nh- sau :
Qui trnh nn chm vi ti trng khng i
Ch tiu so snh ASTM D1143-81
BS 2004
TCXD 196-1997
Ti trng nn ti
150%Qa~200%Qa
a, Qmax
200% Qa*
200%Qa
ln cp tng
25% Qa
ti
25% Qa
25%Qmax
Tc ln n
nh qui -c
0,25 mm/h
0,10mm/h
0,10 mm/h
Cp ti trng c
200%Qa v
100%Qa,
(100%&200%)Qa
bit v thi gian
150% Qa
= 24h
12 t 24h
gi ti ca cp
vi t 6h
ln cp h ti
Qa = 25%Qmax
50%Qa
25%Qa
Qui trnh tc chuyn dch khng i
Ch tiu so snh ASTM D 1143-81
BS 2004
TCXD 196-1997
Tc chuyn 0,25-1,25mm/min Khng th qui Ch-a c qui nh
dch
cho cc trong t nh c th
cho loi th kiu
st
ny.
0,75~2,5mm/min
cho cc trong t
ri
Qui nh v dng t ti trng gii t ti trng gii
th nghim
hn nh tr-c hn nh tr-c
Chuyn dch tng
trong khi lc
khng tng hoc
Chuyn dch t gim
trong
15%D
khong 10mm
Chuyn dch t
10%D
Ghi ch: Qa = kh nng chu ti cho php ca cc
V i trng gia ti, c th s dng vt nng cht ti nh-ng cng c th s
dng neo xung t. Tu iu kin thc t c th m quyt nh cch to i
trng. Vi sc neo kh ln nn khi s dng bin php neo cn ht sc thn trng.
70

Ph-ng php gia ti tnh kiu Osterberrg :

Ph-ng php ny kh mi vi th gii v n-c ta. Nguyn tc ca ph-ng
php l mt lp b tng dy d-i y ri th h hp kch (O-cell) xung
, sau li tip phn cc trn. H iu khin v ghi chp t trn mt t.
S dng ph-ng php ny c th th nghim ring bit hoc ng thi hai ch
tiu l sc chu mi cc v lc ma st bn ca cc. Ti th nghim c th t
-c t 60 tn n 18000 tn. Thi gian th nghim nhanh th ch cn 24 gi,
nu yu cu cng ch ht ti a l 3 ngy. su t trang thit b th nghim
trong mng c th ti trn 60 mt. Sau khi th xong, bm b tng xung lp h
kch cho cc -c lin tc.
Tin s Jorj O. Osterberg l chuyn gia a k thut c tn tui, hin sng
ti Hoa k. ng v h-u nm 1998 nh-ng l gio s- danh d ca Northwestern
University, Vin s Vin Hn lm K thut, 1985 l ging vin tr-ng Tersaghi,
nm 1988 l thnh vin Vin nn mng su. Nm 1994 ph-ng php th tnh
Osterberg ra i vi tn O-Cell, -c cp chng ch NOVA. Chng ch NOVA
l dng -c coi nh- gii Nobel v xy dng ca Hoa k.
Ph-ng php th tnh O-Cell c th dng th ti cc nhi, cc ng, t-ng
barettes, th nghim ti hng cc, th nghim cc lm kiu gu xoay (Auger
Cast Piles).
C2. Ph-ng php khoan ly mu li cc :
y l ph-ng php th kh th s. Dng my khoan khoan, c th
ly mu b tng theo -ng knh 50~150 mm, dc sut su d nh khoan.
Nu -ng knh cc ln, c th phi khoan n 3 l nm trn cng mt
tit din ngang mi tm c khi nim v cht l-ng b tng dc theo cc.
Ph-ng php ny c th quan st trc tip -c cht l-ng b tng dc
theo chiu su l khoan. Nu th nghim ph hu mu c th bit -c cht
l-ng b tng ca mu. u im ca ph-ng php l trc quan v kh chnh
xc. Nh-c im l chi ph ly mu kh ln. Nu ch khoan 2 l trn tit din
cc theo chiu su c cc th chi ph xp x gi thnh ca cc. Th-ng ph-ng
php ny ch gii quyt khi bng cc ph-ng php khc xc nh cc c
khuyt tt. Ph-ng php ny kt hp kim tra chnh xc ho v s dng ngay l
khoan bm pht xi mng cu cha nhng on hng.
Ph-ng php ny i hi thi gian khoan ly mu lu, qu trnh khoan
cng phc tp nh- phi dng bentonite tng mt khoan ln b, phi ly mu
nh- khoan thm d v tc khoan khng nhanh lm.
C3. Ph-ng php siu m :
Ph-ng php ny kh kinh in v -c dng ph bin. Ph-ng php th
l dng k thut nh gi kt cu khng ph hu mu th (Non-destructive
evaluation, NDE). Khi th khng lm h- hng kt cu, khng lm thay i bt
k tnh cht c hc no ca mu. Ph-ng php -c Chu u v Hoa k s dng
kh ph bin. Cch th thng dng l qut siu m theo tit din ngang thn cc.
Tu -ng knh cc ln hay nh m b tr cc l dc theo thn cc tr-c khi
71

b tng. L dc ny c -ng knh trong xp x 60 mm v l l ng nha hay

ng thp. C khi ng-i ta khoan to l nh- ph-ng php kim tra theo khoan l
ni trn, nu khng l tr-c.
u thu pht c hai kiu: kiu u thu ring v u pht ring, kiu u
thu v pht gn lin nhau.
Nu -ng knh cc l 600 mm th ch cn b tr hai l dc theo thn cc
i xng qua tm cc v nm st ct ai. Nu -ng knh 800 mm nn b tr 3
l. -ng knh 1000 mm, b tr 4 l... Khi th, th u pht siu m xung mt
l v u thu l khc. -ng qut kim tra cht l-ng s l -ng ni gia
u pht v u thu. Qu trnh th u pht v u thu cn m bo hai u ny
xung cng mt tc v lun lun nm cng su so vi mt trn ca cc.
Phc tp ca ph-ng php ny l cn t tr-c ng th u thu v u
pht siu m. Nh- th, ng-i thi cng s c ch tr-c nhng cc s th v lm
tt hn, mt yu t ngu nhin trong khi chn mu th. Nu lm nhiu cc c
ng th siu m qu s l-ng yu cu s gy ra tn km.
Ph-ng php th bng phng x (Carota):
Ph-ng php ny cng l mt ph-ng php nh gi khng ph hu mu
th (NDE) nh- ph-ng php siu m. Cch trang b th nghim khng khc g
ph-ng php siu m. iu khc l thay cho u thu v u pht siu m l u
thu v pht phng x. N-c ta sn xut loi trang b ny do mt c s ca
qun i tin hnh.
Ging nh- ph-ng php siu m, kt qu c biu thu phng x c th
bit -c ni v mc ca khuyt tt trong cc.
C4. Ph-ng php o m di :
Ph-ng php ny th nghim kim tra khng ph hu mu bit cht
l-ng cc, cc nhi, cc barrettes. Nguyn l l s dng hin t-ng m di (Pile
Echo Tester, PET). Nguyn tc hot ng ca ph-ng php l g bng mt ba
300 gam vo u cc, mt thit b ghi gn ngay trn u cc y cho php ghi
hiu ng m di v my tnh s l cho kt qu v nhn nh cht l-ng cc.
Vi s tin li l chi ph cho kim tra ht sc thp nn c th dng ph-ng
php ny th nghim cho 100% cc trong mt cng trnh. Nh-c im ca
ph-ng php l nu chiu su ca cc th nghim qu 20 mt th chnh xc
ca kt qu l thp.
C5. Cc ph-ng php th ng:
Cc ph-ng php th ng ngy nay v cng phong ph. Vi khi
nim ng lc hc ca cc, th tr-ng cng c th nghim c rt nhiu trang
thit b nh- my phn tch ng cc th theo ph-ng php bin dng ln
(PDA), my ghi kt qu th theo ph-ng php bin dng nh (PIT), my ghi
saximeter, my phn tch hot ng ca ba (Hammer Performance Analyzer,
HPA), my ghi kt qu gc nghing ca cc (angle analyzer), my ghi kt qu
72

ng cc ( Pile installation recorder, PIR), my phn tch xuyn tiu chun (SPT
analyzer) ...
* My phn tch cc theo ph-ng php bin dng ln PDA c loi mi
nht l loi PAK. My ny ghi cc th nghim nng cho mi tr-ng xy dng c
nghit. My ny ghi kt qu ca ph-ng php th bin dng ln cho cng trnh
nn mng, cho thm d a k thut. Phn mm s l rt d tip thu. S liu
-c t ng l-u gi vo a s dng v sau. Ch-ng trnh CAPWAP ci t
-c vo PAK nn vic nh gi kh nng ton vn v kh nng chu ti ca cc
rt nhanh chng.
* S dng ph-ng php th Bin dng nh (PIT) l cch th nhanh cho s
ln cc. Php th cho bit cht l-ng b tng cc c tt hay khng, tnh ton vn
ca cc khi kim tra cc khuyt tt ln ca cc. Cc loi my phn tch PIT dung
ngun nng l-ng pin, c ng nhanh chng v s dng n chic. Dng c ca
ph-ng php PIT dng tm cc khuyt tt ln v nguy him nh- nt gy, tht c
chai, ln nhiu t trong b tng hoc l rng.
C6. Ph-ng php tr khng c hc :
Ph-ng php ny quen thuc vi tn gi ph-ng php phn tch dao ng
hay cn gi l ph-ng php truyn sng c hc. Nguyn l -c p dng l
truyn sng, nguyn l dao ng c-ng bc ca cc n hi. C hai ph-ng
php thc hin l dng tr khng rung ng v dng tr khng xung.
Ph-ng php tr khng rung s dng m t in ng -c kch hot do
mt my pht tc ng ln cc. Dng mt my ghi vn tc sng truyn
trong cc. Nhn biu sng ghi -c, c th bit cht l-ng cc qua ch tiu
ng u ca vt liu b tng cc v tr .
Ph-ng php tr khng xung l c s cho cc ph-ng php PIT v PET.
Hai ph-ng php PIT v PET ghi sng m di. Ph-ng php tr khng xung ny
ghi vn tc truyn sng khi p ba to xung ln u cc.
S khc nhau gia ba ph-ng php ny l my ghi -c cc hin t-ng vt
l no v phn mm chuyn cc dao ng c l hc y d-i dng sng ghi -c
trong my v th hin qua biu nh- th no.
4.1.5 Cac s co thng gap va cach x ly.
a. Ri gu khoan.
Nu n v thi cng khng th ly gu ln -c, cn thng bo ngay
cho bn A v t- vn thit k cng thng nht cc gii php x l.
Ty thuc vo c tnh ca nn a cht m c thi gian ch ly gu
mt cch hp l. Tuy nhin khng nn ko di thi gian ch ly gu
ca nh thu qu lu.
b. Ri lng thp.
73

 Cng x l t-ng t nh- trn.

c. Thi ra qu lu vn khng t yu cu.
Cn kim tra li thit b thi ra v p lc thi xem c t qui nh nh ni trn khng. Kim tra ng thi c tc khng?
Kim tra cht l-ng Bentonite cp vo.
Kim tra chiu di ng thi.
Nu cc iu kin trn vn m bo, nn t chc vt lng li v c th
xy ra sp thnh vch khi h lng thp v lp ng thi ra.
d. Tc ng b tng.
Khn tr-ng ko ng ln thng ng, sau lp li nh-ng khi tip
tc li, phi m bo -a -c ng xung ngm trong b tng
-c ti thiu 2m 3m theo ng tiu chun v lp b tng xu bn
trn vn -c y ln trn mt cc, sau p dng cc bin php kim
tra pht hin khuyt tt sau khi thi cng xong cc nh- PDA, siu m,
PIT v.v... ; iu ny l rt kh thc hin, i hi nh thu phi rt c
kinh nghim. Nu nh thu khng thc hin -c vic ny, phi bn
bc vi cc bn lin quan nh- BQLDA, t- vn thit k cn nhc kh
nng s l cc .
e. B tng khng t st thit k.

Thng th-ng, st ca b tng cc nhi theo thit k l 182 cm. Trong

tr-ng hp kim tra st ca b tng khng t yu cu phi c bin php
x l.

B tng st thp qu (kh qu): C th s dng ph gia ha do ti

ch, nh-ng ch nn cho php nh thu s dng cng mt loi ph gia
dng ti trm trn, tuy nhin tng l-ng dng phi m bo khng v-t
qu liu l-ng max ca loi ph gia . Nu phi s dng loi ph gia
khc, phi m bo khng c cc t-ng tc xu gia 2 loi ph gia .

B tng c st cao qu (nho qu): C th trn thm mt l-ng xi

mng kh nht nh (liu l-ng xi mng khng -c v-t qu liu l-ng
max -c qui nh trong tiu chun). Nu khng kim sot -c vic
trn thm xi mng , tt nht l t chi chp nhn xe b tng .

4.2 THIET KE MONG COC BARET.

4.2.1 Khai niem.
4.2.1.1 nh ngha.
Coc baret la mot loai coc nhoi, khong thi cong bang mui khoan hnh
tron, ma bang loai gau ngoan hnh ch nhat.
Tiet dien coc hnh ch nhat :
74

+ Chieu rong t 0,6 1,5m.

+ Chieu dai t 2,0 6,0m.
Cac loai tiet dien khac tuy theo v tr mong, co the la ch thap, ch T,
ch I, L, Y ....
o sau : Tuy theo ieu kien tnh chat cong trnh va tai trong coc co the
at ti o sau t vai chuc m en 100m.
0,6
2,2~2,8
2,2~2,4m
2,2~2,8m
2,2~2,4 m

2,2 ~ 2,8m
4.2.1.2 Pham vi ap dung.
Coc baret thng dung lam mong cho nha cao tang, cac thap cao, cau
vt... v du nh :
- Thap oi Petronas (Malaysia) cao tren 100 tang, 450 met vi tang
ham nhieu tang sau ti 20m, dung coc baret tiet dien 1,2m x 2,8m, sau 125m.
- Cong trnh Sai Gon Center, 25 tang lau, 3 tang ham dung coc baret
0,6m x 2,8m; 1,2 x 6,0m sau 50m.
- Cong trnh Vietcombank Ha Noi, 22 tang va 2 tang ham, s dung
mong coc baret 0,8 x 2,8m sau 55m.
4.2.2 Khao sat a chat cho thiet ke va thi cong mong coc baret.
Thc hien theo quy nh trong tieu chuan Khao sat a ky thuat phuc
vu cho thiet ke va thi cong mong coc TCXD 160 : 1987.
4.2.2.1 Bo tr cac iem khao sat.
- Cac iem khoan, xuyen, cat canh, nen ngang phai bo tr trong khu
vc xay dng cong trnh.
- Khoang cach gia cac iem khao sat 30m.
75

- Chieu sau ho khoan :

+ Chieu sau ho khoan phai ln hn vung chu nen cc han cua
cac lp at di mui coc toi thieu la 2m (qua vung tnh lun 2m).
+ Phai tm c lp at a tot e at mui coc .
- Ch tieu lp at tot at mui coc co the tham khao sau ay:
+ Modun bien dang Eo 300 kG/cm2.
+ at co goc ma sat trong 40o.
+ Ch so xuyen tieu chuan N 50.
+ Cat chat co s dung khoan xuyen tnh q c 110 kG/cm2.
+ Set vung co s dung khoan xuyen tnh q c 50 kG/cm2.
+ Neu gap a, can khoan vao a 3 iem vi o sau 6m.
4.2.2.2 So lng cac iem khao sat.
- Trong moi hang muc cong trnh khoan 3 iem cho moi loai khao
sat.
- Neu o sau mui coc <30m nen khao sat bang xuyen tnh (CPT).
- Neu o sau mui coc >30m nen khao sat bang xuyen tieu chuan
(SPT).
4.2.3 Sc chu tai cua coc baret.
Tng t nh sc chu tai cua coc khoan nhoi, ch khac dien tch, hnh
dang mat cat ngang cua coc.
Mot so phng phap tnh sc chu tai thng dung hien nay :
+ Sc chu tai theo phng thang ng cua coc n theo vat lieu.
+ Sc chu tai cua coc chong.
+ Sc chu tai cua coc ma sat (theo ket qua TN trong phong).
+ Sc chu tai theo ket qua th nghiem xuyen tnh.
+ Sc chu tai theo ket qua th nghiem tieu chuan.
+ Sc chu tai theo nen tnh tai hien trng (do coc thng co sc
chu tai ln nen ch s dung cho coc baret co SCT nho 700 tan).
+ Sc chu tai theo Osterberg (th nghiem hien trng).
4.2.3.1 Sc chu tai theo vat lieu lam coc.
Pv : ( m1m2RbFb + RaFa)
m1 : he so ieu kien lam viec khi o be tong.
m2 : he so o be tong trong bentonite = 0,7.
4.2.3.2 Sc chu tai cua coc chong.
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Khi mui coc at vao lp at, a co modun bien dang Eo 500 kG/cm2
coc c coi la coc chong :
Pc = mRF
Khi coc ngam vao at, a 0,5m; R (cng o tnh toan cua at a
di chan coc) xac nh nh sau :
R h

R n n 1,5

k d
n

Rn : Cng o tieu chuan cua mau a nen doc truc bao hoa nc.
k : He so an toan oi vi at = 1,4
hn : o sau ngam coc vao a
dn : ng knh ngoai cua phan coc ngam vao a , bang chieu rong
hay canh ngan cua coc.
4.2.3.3 Sc chu tai cua coc theo th nghiem trong phong.
P = m(mR.RF+U mfi.fi.li)
Tng t nh coc khoan nhoi.
4.2.3.4 Sc chu tai theo ket qua xuyen tnh (CPT).
- Sc chu tai cua coc : Px = P mui + Pxq
- Sc chu tai cho phep :

Pmui Pxq
3
2
P mui = qp .F : sc chu tai mui coc
Px
n

pxq = n q fi h i : sc chu tai mat ben coc

i 1

qp : Sc can pha cua at than coc : q p = kqc

q
qsi ci :
i

lc ma sat n v cua thanh coc lp at th i,

chieu dai hi.

qci
: Sc can mui xuyen lp at th i.
k; i : he so tra bang (1-6 trang 14).
4.2.3.5 Sc chu tai theo ket qua xuyen tieu chuan (SPT).
Cong thc hay dung nhat la cong thc di ay cua Nhat Ban :
1
PSPT = NF + (0,2NSLS + cLc).2(a+b)
3
Trong o :

77

 : he so phu thuoc vao phng phap thi cong coc : = 15 oi

vi coc nhoi, = 15 oi vi coc ong.
N : So SPT cua at di than coc.
Ns : So SPT trung bnh cac lp ct coc cam qua.
Ls : Chieu day cac lp at cat coc i qua
C : lc dnh trung bnh cua cac lp at set.
Lc : Chieu day cac lp at set coc i qua.
a : Canh dai cua tiet dien coc, b : Canh ngan cua tiet dien coc.
F : Dien tch tiet dien ngang di chan coc.
--> La chon gia tr nho nhat e thiet ke coc.
4.2.4 Thiet ke coc baret.
4.2.4.1 Vat lieu lam coc.
- Betong : Coc beret dung betong mac 250 400.
- Cot thep : Thep coc : loai CII. Thep ai : loai CI, CII.
4.2.4.2 Bo tr cot thep.
Coc baret thng dung cho cac cong trnh cao tang (nha cao tren 40m,
cau vt cau dan) co M,N va Q ln, thong thng coc baret bo tr thep suot
theo chieu dai coc.
Yeu cau ve cau tao cot thep :
- Thep doc :
ng knh : 16 - 32. Khi thep cang dai nen chon ng knh
cang ln va ngc lai. Khoang cach thep doc 20 cm.
Ham lng thep 0,4 0,65%.
Thep doc c bo tr suot chieu dai than coc.
- Thep ai :
ng knh 12 16. Khi tiet dien coc cang ln th ai ng
knh cang ln va ngc lai. Khoang cach thep ai 30 cm.
- Thep gia cng :
ng knh 12 at vuong goc vi canh dai e tang o cng cho
long cot thep, khoang cach 30 cm theo chieu dai coc.
at cot gia cng can chu y sao cho thuan tie n khi o betong.
- Cot thep coc cau tao thanh long thep, chia thanh tng oan tuy theo
kha nang cua can cau, chieu dai cay thep ....
- Lp betong bao ve : Chieu day lp betong bao ve cot thep 7cm.
Dung cac cuc ke e tao khoang cach vi thanh ho khoan. Khi nc trong at
78

co tnh an mon th tang lp betong bao ve len 10 12cm ket hp vi s dung

ximang chong an mon.
- Bo tr cac ong ng knh 60mm dung e tai au phat va thu cua thiet
b sieu am kiem tra chat lng coc. Khoang cach cac ong sieu am 1,5m
theo chieu dai coc.

Bo tr thep trong than coc baret.

79

S o bo tr cot thep trong mong coc baret.

80

Mat bang mong coc barrette (thap oi Petronas (Malaysia)

4.2.5 Thiet ke ai coc.
Do coc co nhieu loai tiet dien nen ai coc co nhieu hnh dang, nhieu
loai. Tuy theo vao so lng coc, yeu cau cua cong trnh (co the ket hp vi
cac chc nang khac).
Cac loai ai coc thng co trong thc te :
- ai coc n : Cho 1 coc
- ai coc cua nhom coc.
- ai cho to hp toan bo cac coc trong cong trnh (dang mong be tren
coc beret).
Yeu cau vat lieu :
- Betong mac 250 400.
- Cot thep 16 - 32 loai CII.
Knh thc ai coc :
- Chieu cao ai h 1,5b; (b : Chieu rong tiet dien coc baret);
- Kch thc tiet dien ai coc :
+ Canh dai A a+2 (250 300mm);
+ Canh ngan B b+2 (250 300mm).
Trong o a la canh dai, b la canh ngan.

81

82

4.2.6 Thi cong coc baret.

Thi cong coc Baret ve nguyen tac cung giong nh coc khoan nhoi, ch
khac ve cac tao ho va hnh dang long cot thep . o mng barrette nh gu xc
kiu hai mnh nh- cc kho vt liu ri hay s dng. Ci c bit ca gu ny l
lm thm khung dn h-ng khi o h o -c thng ng. Khung bao cao
khong 3 mt bc quanh phm vi o ca l-i gu. o nhng mt u tin,
cn lm d-ng to h-ng cho gu tr-t theo. Khi c vch t, gu s tr-t
theo vch t.
C o tng on 2,2 ~ 3 mt theo chiu di t-ng -c mt panen li t
thp v b tng. Chiu rng ca gu c bn l 600 mm.
Qu trnh o phi s dng dung dch bn st bentonite nh- phn cc
nhi gii thiu.

83

Khi o n su thit k, kim tra cht l-ng dung dch, ngng 30 pht
ct lng ng, vt ct bng gu y t-ng i phng. Sau c th th ct
thp v xc ra nh- nu phn cc nhi.

84

85

4.3 TNG TRONG T (TNG C - TNG CC BN).

4.3.1 Khai niem.
Trong cng ngh thi cng nn, mng nh dn dng v cng nghip t khi
phi o h su hoc nu c o h su th mt bng thi cng li thoi mi
m lm mi dc chng xp thnh vch t o. Gn y do phi lm nh cao
tng, h mng su v xy chen trong thnh ph nn vn chng vch o thng
ng -c t ra nghim tc.
T-ng trong t c th bng g, bng thp v b tng ct thp c ti ch
hoc lp ghp, sau lin kt li vi nhau bng cc giong chng thm to thnh
mt bc t-ng lin tc trong t.
4.3.2 Pham vi ap dung.
T-ng trong t ngai chc nng bo v cc h o su khi thi cng cc
cng trnh ngm, cn c th -c s dng lm t-ng tng hm ca nh cao tng;
cc cng trnh ngm nh- cng thot n-c, -ng xe in ngm, gara t ngm
d-i t; ...
Vi cc cng trnh thy c th dng lm k, cu cng, t-ng chn t,

Hnh IV.1 Tng coc ban thep co neo

86

Hnh IV.2 Chi tiet coc ban thep

Hnh IV.3 Tng coc ban be tong d ng lc

87

4.3.3 Mo ta cong nghe.

a. T-ng c vch h o bng g la ngang :
Bin php ny -c s dng nhiu do vt t- lm c khng i hi chuyn
dng m l nhng vt t- ph bin. My ng nhng dm I thp hnh xung t
cng l nhng my ng cc thng th-ng. Quanh thnh h o -c ng
xung nhng thanh dm I thp hnh c su hn y h o khong 3~4 mt.
Nhng dm I ny t cch nhau 1,5 ~ 2,0 mt. Khi o t su th la nhng tm
vn ngang t dm I n n dm I kia, tm vn ng theo chiu cnh, la gia
hai bng ca dm I. Vn -c p mt t vo cnh ca dm I. Khong h gia
vn v cnh kia ca dm I -c n g cho cht.
Nu t o khng c n-c ngm th bin php ny chng thnh h o
n gin. Cn kim tra lc y ngang v c bin php vng chng bin dng u
dm I phn trn. Nu khu vc thi cng c n-c ngm th bin php t ra c
nh-c im l n-c ngm s chy vo h o theo khe gia cc thanh vn v
em theo t mn hoc ct chung quanh vo h o v gy nguy him cho
cng trnh k bn.
Gii php ny rt ph thuc vo mc n-c trong t v kt qu khng n
nh, rt tm b. Ch nn s dng trong phm vi cng trnh nh.
b. T-ng c bng thp :
T-ng c bng nhng tm thp ch sn t nh my. C nhiu loi tit din
ngang ca tm c nh- c phng, c khum, c hnh ch Z gi l c Zombas, c
hnh ch U gi l c Lacsen. Nhng tm c ch to t nh my c chiu di 12
mt, chiu dy tm c t 6 ~ 16 mm. Chiu rng ca tit din ngang ca mt tm
th-ng t 580 mm n 670 mm. Chiu su ca tit din th mng nht l c
phng, ch 50 mm v su nht l c Lacsen khi ghp i n 450 mm.
c im ca c l hai mp tm c c mng khi la nhng tm c li
vi nhau lc ng xung t, mng c c kht n mc n-c khng thm qua,
khng di chuyn -c t pha mt c ny sang pha mt c bn kia.
C th-ng ng xung t tr-c lc o v mt pha ca t-ng c khi
o chng -c t x v n-c chy vo h o theo ph-ng ngang.
T-ng c -c kim tra s chu p lc ngang nh- dng t-ng chn t
theo s t-ng mng (mm) ng t do. Cn kim tra bin dng ca t-ng,
khng cho php t-ng c di chuyn gy xp l hoc lp cng trnh o trong
lng h.
D-i tc ng ca cc lc ngang, t-ng mm ng t do, lm vic nhmt cng sn c ngm n hi trong t. Do lc ngang l p lc t ca mt bn
mt c y vo c sau khi o hng bn trong, tm c s quay quanh mt im
88

no . T im xoay ny m xc nh su cm c sao cho to -c p lc

cn bng ch ng v b ng. Thng th-ng phi thm h thng vng gi v
neo h tr chng li cc tc ng ca p lc ln t-ng. Nu mt t c khng
chng -c p lc, cn to nhiu lp c theo kiu dt cp, lp ngoi bao bc
h rng , cc lp trong din tch bao bc s hp dn. Chiu rng mt bc cng
-c tnh ton sao cho cung tr-t khng ph hu ton b h thng.
Cc c th-ng -c s dng nhiu ln. Ngay ti n-c ta cng c nhng
cng ty chuyn cung cp hoc cho thu cc c qua s dng nhm h gi
thnh cho cc gii php s dng cc c.
Thit b h cc c xung t cng l cc my ng cc thng th-ng. Nu
s dng h cc c kiu rung, c th ghp nhiu tm cng rung h cho tn
dng sc my. Th-ng dng my ng cc diesel ng cc c .
Khi s dng t-ng c phi kim tra bin dng gy ra s chuyn dch t-ng
c vo pha trong h o. Nu c kh nng chuyn v phi thit k cc t chng
bng cc khung nm ngang. Nhng t chng ny l nhng thanh thp
hnh ch I, U khng nh, to thnh khung kn khp bn trong tit din h o, c
cc thanh cho gc v cc thanh vng ngang c tng p cht vn c
thnh vo t. Nu cn m bo khng gian thi cng bn trong h o khng
th lm h vng ngang m phi neo nhng thanh thp hnh khung vn c
xuyn qua vn c thnh m neo vo t bn ngoi h o. Vic to dy neo bng
cch khoan vo t theo my khoan perforateur, sau -a dy cp vo trong h
khoan ny ri bm va xi mng ti mt s im lm u neo.
c. T-ng c bng b tng ct thp ng lc tr-c:
Hin nay Nh my B tng Xun Mai bn cnh H ni ang ch to t-ng
c bng b tng ct thp ng lc tr-c s dng trong vic thi cng cc tng
hm. Tm c lm bng b tng ct thp c kch th-c dy 120 mm, rng 750
mm v di t 6 n 8 mt. B tng s dng c mc 300, thp ng sut tr-c.
Loi ny h xung t c th ng, c th rung p.
C b tng ct thp -c thun li l nu li t-ng s s dng ngay lm
t-ng tng hm, ch cn bc thm cho chiu dy t 100 ~ 150 mm b tng sau
khi thi cng lp chng thm s gim -c chi ph cho thi cng t-ng tng hm.
4.3.4

Thiet ke tng trong at.

Thit k t-ng trong t bao gm cc cng vic sau :

- Kim tra sc chu ti ca nn t d-i chn t-ng.
- Tnh ton t-ng chn ty theo cc tr-ng hp :
T-ng chn khng neo;
T-ng chn c 1 hng neo;
T-ng chn c nhiu hng neo.
89

a. Kim tra sc chu ti ca t nn d-i chn t-ng.

T-ng trong t ch yu chi ti trng ngang. Tuy nhin, trong t-ng hp
tng qut, t-ng chn phi m bo sao cho sc chu ti ca nn t d-i chn
t-ng phi ln hn ti trng ca cng trnh v bn thn t-ng tc dng xung.
iu kin kim tra ging nh- cc mng thng th-ng :
Ptc Rtc
b. Tnh ton t-ng khng neo.
p dng cho nh c tng hm su nh hn 4m, t-ng -c tnh tan nh1 cngxon trong t.
Ti trng tc dng gm p lc ngang ca pha trong tng hm, pha ngai
l p lc t, p lc n-c.
Xc nh -c biu moment un, t Mmax tnh ton -c ct thp cho
t-ng theo cc ph-ng php c hc kt cu thng th-ng.

S tnh ton t-ng chn khng neo :

a) S t-ng; b) S p lc t; c) Biu moment.

Trnh t tin hnh :

- Xc nh cc h s p lc ch ng v b ng ca t vo l-ng t-ng :

2
0
H s p lc ch ng : a tg 45

H s p lc b ng :

tg 45
2

2
2

- Xc nh cc p lc gii hn ca t nn d-i chn t-ng :

qgh = [(h1 h2) h2a]
- p lc ch ng ca t sau l-ng t-ng :
Q1

h2.
2

; Q2 = Zca
90

- Lc y ngang ln nht vo chn t-ng :

h 2 . 2 Q Q
2
1
2

max

h . 2Q
3
2

h 3h2 3Q2 2h2 Zc

1 1

h 2 .

- Chiu su ngm ca bc t-ng vo t cn thit cho t-ng -c n

nh khi m bo iu kin :
qmax qgh
- Moment un ln nht Mmax ca t-ng, v tr cch y h o mt khang
Zo l :
h
Z 2

1
M max Q1
Z 0 Z 02
2
0
h
6
1

Z 0 h1 a 1 1

c. Tnh ton t-ng c 1 hng neo.

S tnh ton t-ng chn c 1 hng neo : a) S t-ng; b) Biu moment.

Tnh ton cho nh cao tng c t 2 tng hm tr ln.
Trnh t tnh ton t-ng t nh- t-ng chn khng neo.
- Phn lc ca neo l :

N = Q 1 Q2 ;

Trong : Q1 : p lc ch ng ca t;
Q2 : p lc b ng ca t
- im tc dng ca moment un ln nht vo t-ng l im cch mt t
mt khong Z0 :

91

Z0

2N

Trong : : dung trng ca t;

a : h s p lc ch ng ca t.
- Moment un ln nht trn thn t-ng :
M max N Z 0 a

Z 03

T Mmax tnh ton -c ct thp theo ph-ng php thng th-ng.

d. Tnh ton t-ng c nhiu hng neo.
Khi t-ng chn c nhiu hng neo, ngha l c nhiu gi ta. Moment un
torng t-ng v phn lc gi -c xc nh nh- nhng dm mt nhp c khong
cch bng khong cch gia cc gi. Phn trn cng tnh nh- dm conxon c
chiu di bng khong cch t nh t-ng n hng neo th nht.

S lc tc dng vo t-ng chn khi c cc neo ng sut tr-c.

4.4 THIET KE MONG COC TRAM.
4.4.1 Vat lieu coc tram.
Coc tram c s dung rong rai va rat quen thuoc ong bang Nam bo
giong nh coc tre mien Bac.
So vi coc tre, go tram co ng suat keo ch bang khoang 34% va ng
suat nen ch bang 75% va kha nang chu uon cung kem hn. Nhng tram co
tiet dien ac nen dien tch chu tai ln hn tre.
Cau tao mat cat ngang cua coc tram.
Coc tram gom 3 phan : loi, than va vo.
- Loi la phan go cng.
92

- Than : thng co o am nho hn o am ngam nc. Than co tac dung

hut nc khi ong vao nen at yeu.
- Vo : co tac dung nh nhng mang mong, hut nc t ben ngoai vao
va dan thoat nc ra ngoai doc theo than coc.
Kch c coc tram thong dung hien nay :
Chieu dai
(m)
C 3m
C 4m
C 5m

ng knh goc
(cm)
4,5 6,0
67
7 - 10

ng knh ngon
(cm)
3
3 3,5
3,5 5

ng knh T.bnh
(cm)
4 4,5
4,5 5
5 7,5

4.4.2 ac iem, pham vi ap dung.

Coc tre, tram nhn chung co kha nang chu nen va chu keo tot. Cac
ac trng ve sc ben cua coc tram co the tham khao theo bang di ay :
ng suat trung
bnh (kg/cm2)
Rnen
Rkeo
Ruon

V tr tren than coc

Gia
374
513
81

Goc
260
369
57

Ngon
290
296
79

Sc khang tnh toan cua at di mui coc :

Tr so Rc (t/m2)

Chieu
sau mui
coc tram
ke t
mat at
t nhien
(m)

Soi
0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

750

660
400

300

310
200

200
120

110

60

830

680
510

380

320
250

210
160

125

70

880

700
620

400

340
280

220
200

130

80

970

730
690

430

370
330

240
220

140

85

Cac loai at ri trang thai chat va

Cat to

Cat trung

Cat nho

Cat bui

Cac loai at dnh vi o set B

93

10

1050

770
730

500

400
350

260
240

150

90

Ghi chu : Cac gia tr trong bang tren, t so ng vi at ri, mau so ng vi at dnh.

Pham vi ap dung :
- Nhng loai at phu hp vi s dung coc tram la : cat nho, cat bui
trang thai ri bao hoa nc, cac loai at dnh nh : cat pha, set pha va set
trang thai deo mem, deo chay va chay, cac loai at bun, than bun va bun.
- nh coc tram khi thiet ke phai am bao luon luon di mc nc
ngam thap nhat va nc ngam khong co tnh xam thc. nhng ni co thuy
trieu len xuong, nh coc phai di mc nc thap nhat (lu y ay la ieu
kien bat buoc, am bao cho coc tram khong b muc trong qua trnh s dung).
- Tuoi cua cay tram lam coc t nhat la 6 nam tr len. Khi khai thac,
ng knh ngon khong c nho hn 4cm vi coc dai hn 4m va khong nho
hn 5cm khi coc co chieu dai nho hn 4m.
- Coc tram ch c s dung cho mong coc ai thap, chu tai trong
thang ng la chnh, khong thch hp vi mong coc ai cao khi co tai trong
ngang tac dung.
- Khong nen dung coc tram nhng vung co hien tng ong at hoac
at hoang tho co tnh lun t.
4.4.3 Thiet ke mong coc tram.
Coc tram c s dung trong xay dng nen mong cong trnh vi hai
phng dien :
Dung nh mot loai vat lieu gia co nen : luc nay so lng coc
tram c xac nh da vao he so nen chat yeu cau (tng t
nh tnh toan coc cat).
Dung nh mot loai mong coc : coc tram se tiep thu tai trong t
ay mong truyen xuong cac lp at tot ben di.
a. La chon chieu dai coc.
Can c vao a tang cua khu vc xay dng va ac iem ve thuy van
(mc nc ngam), la chon lp at at mui coc, t o chon o sau chon
mong va chieu dai coc. Can lu y nh sau :
Co gang la chon lp at tot e at mui coc (lam tang thanh phan sc
chu tai do phan lc mui cua coc.

94

Linh hoat trong viec la chon o sau chon mong sao cho chieu dai coc
phu hp vi kha nang cung ng ngoai th trng, mat khac co gang e coc
nam di mc nc ngam, tranh coc b muc do kho nc.
b. Trng hp tnh toan coc theo phng dien lam chat at.
S dung cho at yeu co he so tham ln K > A.10 -5 (A = 0,1 9,9) nh :
bun cat pha set, bun set pha cat, than bun, at lun sup : trng hp nay coc
tram ong vao at nen co tac dung nh nhng nem nen chat at.

- T ieu kien ve nen chat at (he so rong yeu cau e yc), khi at b lun
xuong mot khoang S, e can bang vi dien tch n v F, th FS chnh la the
tch can bo sung vao trong at.
Ta co :
e o e yc
S
.H
1 eo
95

- The tch hat trong khoi at ban au V (V = FH) la :

1
Vhat FH
1 eo
H : chieu cao vung at can gia co;
1
: the hat cua mot n v the tch at.
1 eo

- Trc va sau khi nen chat the tch at V hat la khong thay oi nen :
1 e yc
FH
FH'

H'

1 e o 1 e yc
1 eo
- T o xac nh c so lng coc tram can thiet e nen chat 1 n v
dien tch at :
4(e o e yc )
S.1m
4S e o e yc 4S
n 2 2
. 2 2
1 e o d
d /4 d
d (1 e o )
Trong cong thc tren, d la ng knh coc tram, tnh bang m. Khi
ng knh tnh bang cm th so lng coc tram la :
40000(e o e yc )
n
(coc/m2)
2
d (1 e o )
T o se bo tr coc, thong thng mat o cac coc thng chon la 16
cay/m ; 25 cay/m2 hoac 36 cay/m2 tng ng vi khoang cach gia cac coc la
25x25cm; 20x20cm hoac 17x17cm.
2

c. Tnh toan coc tram nh mot loai mong coc.

- Sc chu tai cua coc tram theo vat lieu :
Pvl = 0,6RngFc
Trong o :
Rng : Cng o chu nen tnh toan doc th cu a coc tram tra bang tren.
Fc : dien tch tiet dien ngang cua cay tram.
96

- Sc chu tai tnh toan cua coc theo at nen :

n

R F
Pd c c
k1

d c fi l i
i 1

k2

Trong o :
Fc : dien tch tiet dien ngang cua cay tram mui coc.
Rc : Sc khang tnh toan cua at di mui coc tra bang tren.
dc : ng knh coc (ng knh trung bnh);
fi : ma sat n v gia at va thanh coc;
li : chieu day lp at th i ma coc xuyen qua;
k1; k2 : he so an toan, lay bang 1,5 2.
fi co the xac nh nh sau :
f i xi tg I ci

xi 01 zi
zi i hi

xi , zi : thanh phan ng suat ngang va ng suat thang ng do lp at

th i, do trong lng cua at nen xung quanh coc gay nen (lay gia tr trung
bnh cua lp at th i)
01 : he so nen ngang cua lp at th i (tra bang di ay).
He so nen ngang cua at
Ten at
Cat
Set cng
Set pha
Set deo

He so
0,33 0,43
0,28 0,40
0,49 0,59
0,61 0,82

fi xac nh da vao sc khang xuyen cua at (Rcx) xac nh

bang th nghiem hien trng :
fi = 0,01 Rcx
khi Rcx 25 kg/cm2.
fi = 0,005 Rcx
khi Rcx 100 kg/cm2.
Cac gia tr gia co the xac nh bang cach noi suy.
- Co the ke en hieu ng nhom coc tram theo cong thc Labarre :
d (m 1).n (n 1).m
Ce 1 arctg c .
lc
90.m.n
97

Trong o : d c : ng knh coc ; lc : khoang cach gia cac coc

m : so hang coc; n : so coc trong moi hang.

Chng 5

CONG TAC KHAO SAT TRONG XAY DNG

5.1 MUC CH, NOI DUNG CUA CONG TAC KHAO SAT A CHAT .
5.1.1 Muc ch.
- Nghien cu, anh gia ieu kien a chat cong trnh cua vung, khu vc
xay dng cong trnh bao gom :
+ a hnh, a mao.
+ Cau truc a chat.
+ Thanh phan
+ Trang thai va tnh chat cua at a.
+ a chat thuy van, cac hien tng a chat...
- D bao s bien oi ieu kien a chat cong trnh va a chat thuy van
khi xay dng va s dung cong trnh.
5.1.2 Noi dung chnh cua cong tac khao sat a chat.
- Thu thap phan tch va tong hp cac so lieu, tai lieu va ieu kien t
nhien.... a khao sat trc ay.
- o ve a chat cong trnh.
- Nghien cu a hnh, a vat ly.
- Khoan tham do lay mau at, a, mau nc lam th nghiem trong
phong.
- Tien hanh th nghiem hien trng e xac nh cac tnh chat c ly cua
at a.
- Chnh ly tai lieu, so lieu, lap bao cao tong ket ve a chat cong trnh.
5.1.3 Yeu cau ky thuat (do ngi chu tr ket cau lap).
Yeu cau ky thuat cho cong tac khao sat phai neu c cac noi dung
chnh sau ay :
98

- Xac nh muc ch khao sat phuc vu cho cac giai oan thiet ke : thiet
ke c s, thiet ke ky thuat, ban ve thi cong.
- Neu ac iem ket cau va nhng thong so chnh cua cong trnh se xay
dng; cac loai tai trong va tac ong len nen mong.
- D kien loai mong; cao o san nen, o bien dang cho phep oi vi
cong trnh.
- Nhng yeu cau ac biet oi vi cong tac khao sat, mc o chnh xac
yeu cau.
- Cac ban ve, s o can thiet.
- Thi han giao nop bao cao, thi gian, thi iem khao sat.
Cac noi dung tren do c quan thiet ke (ngi chu tr thiet ke ket cau
lap). Tuy theo mc o yeu cau co the la p cho tng giai oan thiet ke.
T yeu cau tren, c quan khao sat lap phng an ky thuat, e cng
khao sat.
5.2 KHAO SAT CHO THIET KE VA THI CONG MONG COC.
Ngoai cac yeu cau chung ve cong tac khao sat noi chung, oi vi thiet
ke va thi cong mong coc can bo sung cac yeu cau sau :
5.2.1 Phng an ky thuat khao sat.
Tren c s nhiem vu ky thuat khao sat do c quan thiet ke lap, c quan
khao sat phai lap phng an khao sat bao gom cac noi dung sau :
- D kien chieu sau at coc (ai coc, chieu dai coc).
- Xet en moi quan he gia chieu day tang chu nen ti s bo tr khoi
coc tren mat bang, kch thc cua coc.
- S anh hng cua sc chu tai va o lun vi at nen va cac cong trnh
xung quanh.
- Hien tng ma sat am (neu co).
- Cong nghe thi cong mong.
- Th nghiem coc tai hien trng.
5.2.2 Noi dung khao sat.
- Khoan lay mau at, a, nc e th nghiem trong phong; xac nh lp
at at mui coc. Mui khoan phai i vao lp at at mui coc t nhat 1,5m va
phai co 3 ho khoan i sau vao 3m.?
- Th nghiem xuyen ong e xac nh chnh xac lp at at mui coc va
chon phng phap ong coc.
- Th nghiem a vat ly (neu can thiet) xac nh cau truc khoi at a,
phong hoa, hang ong, a chan...
99

5.2.3 Khoi lng cong tac khao sat.

Can c vao cap at, tnh chat cua at oi vi coc, quy nh khao khoi
lng khao sat nh sau :
5.2.3.1 Nha di 9 tang.
Tai di tng len mong 50 T/m; Tai di cot khung 300 tan.
- Khoan :
at cap 1 : li ho khoan 70x70m, moi nha phai co t nhat 1 ho
khoan.
at cap 2 : li ho khoan 50x50m, moi nha phai co t nhat 2 ho
khoan.
at cap 3 : li ho khoan 30x30m, moi nha phai co t nhat 2 ho
khoan.
- Th nghiem trong phong : Moi n nguyen a chat, moi ch tieu phai
co t nhat 6 gia tr.
- Th nghiem xuyen tnh :
at cap 1 : li xuyen tnh 35x35m, t nhat 2 iem/nha.
at cap 2 : li xuyen tnh 25x25m, t nhat 3 iem/nha.
at cap 3 : li xuyen tnh 15x15m, t nhat 5 iem/nha.
5.2.3.2 Nha di 16 tang.
Tai di tng len mong 300 T/m; Tai di cot khung 2.000 tan.
- Khoan :
at cap 1 : li ho khoan 50x50m, moi nha phai co t nhat 2 ho
khoan.
at cap 2 : li ho khoan 40x40m, moi nha phai co t nhat 3 ho
khoan.
at cap 3 : li ho khoan 30x30m, moi nha phai co t nhat 5 ho
khoan.
- Th nghiem trong phong : Moi n nguyen a chat, moi ch tieu phai
co t nhat 6 gia tr.
- Th nghiem xuyen tnh :
at cap 1 : li xuyen tnh 25x25m, t nhat 5 iem/nha.
at cap 2 : li xuyen tnh 20x20m, t nhat 7 iem/nha.
at cap 3 : li xuyen tnh 15x15m, t nhat 10 iem/nha.
- Th nghiem nen ngang : t nhat 6 ch tieu / n nguyen a chat (e
xac nh modun bien dang ngang).
5.2.3.3 Nha t 16 en 28 tang.
100

Tai di cot khung < 2.000 tan.

- Khoan :
at cap 1 : li ho khoan 40x40m, moi nha phai co t nhat 3 ho
khoan.
at cap 2 : li ho khoan 30x30m, moi nha phai co t nhat 4 ho
khoan.
at cap 3 : li ho khoan 20x20m, moi nha phai co t nhat 5 ho
khoan.
- Th nghiem trong phong : Moi n nguyen a chat, moi ch tieu phai
co t nhat 6 gia tr.
- Th nghiem xuyen tnh :
at cap 1 : li xuyen tnh 20x20m, t nhat 6 iem/nha.
at cap 2 : li xuyen tnh 15x15m, t nhat 8 iem/nha.
at cap 3 : li xuyen tnh 10x10m, t nhat 10 iem/nha.
- Th nghiem nen ngang : t nhat 6 ch tieu / n nguyen a chat (e
xac nh modun bien dang ngang).
- Th nghiem coc tai hien trng : xac nh sc chu tai cua coc bang
th tai trong tnh va tai trong ong. Khong t hn 2 th nghiem / 1 n nguyen
a chat.
5.3 KHAO SAT CHO THIET KE NHA CAO TANG.
- Cong tac khao sat phai cung cap ay u so lieu tin cay cho thiet ke
va thi cong
- Do tnh chat quan trong cua nen mong nha cao tang, can bo sung cac
cong tac sau :
5.3.1 Th nghiem hien trng.
- Khoan lay mau nguyen dang cua at dnh, th nghiem SPT, lay mau
xao tron. Chieu sau ho khoan phai am bao yeu cau toi thieu sau ay :
5m sau khi tr so khang xuyen N SPT at 50 bua/ 30cm, trong
khoang tiep theo N > 50.
Khi nha ln hn 10 tang, yeu cau nh tren nhng N SPT > 100.
Trng hp khong at yeu cau tren pha i bao cho thiet ke biet e
e xuat bien phap can thiet.
So lng ho khoan 3 ho / cong trnh.
- Tien hanh tren cac th nghiem neu can thiet : xuyen tnh (vi at ri)
cat canh (vi at yeu), quan trac nc (e thiet ke tang ham, tham). o ap
lc nc theo o sau, tham, o ien tr.
101

- Trng hp ac biet : xac nh tui kh, thau knh bun, ...

5.3.2 Th nghiem trong phong.
- Xac nh cac ch tieu vat ly, e nhan dang va phan loai at anh
gia nhng hoat ong a chat co the xay ra
- Xac nh cac ch tieu cng o thong qua ket qua nen 3 truc, nen 1
truc hoac nen trc tiep - dung e thiet ke cac phan ngam cua cong trnh.
- Th nghiem nen co ket xac nh tnh bien dang cua at nen, xem xet
kha nang hnh thanh ma sat am.
- Th nghiem xac nh he so tham : Co the xac nh t th nghiem nen
co ket, tnh toan lu lng nc e thiet ke giai phap thi cong ho ao , coc
nhoi.
5.4 X LY SO LIEU KHAO SAT A CHAT VA TH NGHIEM.
5.4.1 Nguyen tac chung.
Thong thng trong thc te xay dng, e am bao o tin cay cua cac
so lieu khao sat a chat cong trnh, chung ta phai tien hanh khoan ao
nhieu iem khac nhau vi so lng mau th nghiem ap ng theo quy nh
cac phan tren ay. Tuy nhien, do nhieu nguyen nhan, nhng so lieu ve cac
ch tieu c ly cua at thng phan tan, khong giong nhau, tham ch ngay
cung mot mau at nhng co the cho nhng ket qua khac biet.
Nhng sai so co the do nhng nguyen nhan sau ay :
- S khong ong nhat va khong lien tuc cua nen at.
- Anh hng cua qua trnh lay mau, van chuyen va bao quan mau
lam cho mau b xao tron so vi ban au.
- Sai so do o chnh xac cua may moc, thiet b va s chu quan cua
ngi lam th nghiem.
e am bao o chnh xac va mc o tin cay cua cac ch tieu, tnh chat
cua at, tuy thuoc vao mc o nghien cu va giai oan khao sat, loai cong
trnh va cap cong trnh, can phai tien hanh mot so lng th nghiem nhat
nh e xac nh cac ch tieu cho phu hp.
giai oan thiet ke s bo va thiet ke c s ch yeu cau cac ch tieu
tong hp. giai oan thiet ke chi tiet can khao sat bo sung va xac nh cac
ch tieu tnh toan phuc vu cho thiet ke nen mong theo cac trang thai gii han.

102

5.4.2 Xac nh tr tieu chuan va tr tnh toan cua at.

Tr tieu chuan cua tat ca cac ac trng cua at (tr lc dnh n v va
goc ma sat trong) la tr trung bnh cong cac ket qua th nghiem rieng re. Tr
tieu chuan cua lc dnh n v va goc ma sat trong la cac thong so tm c
bang phng phap bnh phng be nhat t quan he ng thang gia sc
chong cat va ap lc nen.
Tr tieu chuan Atc cac ac trng cua at t ket qua th nghiem trc tiep
trong phong va ngoai hien trng xac nh theo cong thc :

1 n
A Ai
n i 1
tc

Trong o : A tr so rieng biet cua cac ac trng.

n so lan th nghiem cac ac trng.
X ly cac ket qua th nghiem cat trong phong nham xac nh tr tieu
chuan cua lc dnh n v Ctc va goc ma sat trong tc tien hanh bang phng
phap bnh phng be nhat :
Sc chong cat cua mau at :
= ptg + c
Trong o p la ap lc phap tuyen truyen len mau at .
Tr tieu chuan Ctc va tgtc c tnh toan theo cong thc :
n
n
n
1 n

2
c i pi pi i pi
i 1 i 1
i 1
i 1

tc

n
n
1 n

tg n i pi i pi
i 1
i 1
i 1

tc

Trong o :

n p pi
i 1
i 1
n

2
i

n so lan th nghiem ai lng

Tieu chuan thiet ke nen nha va cong trnh quy nh rang, trong moi
trng hp, khi tnh toan nen phai dung tr tnh toan cac ac trng cua at A,
xac nh theo cong thc :

Atc
A
kd
103

Trong o k la he so an toan ve at.

Khi xac nh cac gia tr tnh toan cua c, va dung dung trong t nhien
th he so an toan k phu thuoc vao s thay oi cua cac ac trng, so lan th
nghiem va xac suat tin cay . oi vi cac ac trng khac cho phep lay k = 1,
ngha la tr tnh toan cung la tr tieu chuan.
Xac suat tin cay quy nh nh sau :
= 0,95 khi tnh nen theo sc chu tai, luc nay cac gia tr c, va ky
hieu la cI , I va I.
= 0,85 khi tnh nen theo bien dang. Luc nay cac gia tr c, va ky
hieu la cII , II va II.
H so an toan k xac nh theo cong thc :

kd

1
1

Trong o : ch so o chnh xac anh gia tr trung bnh cac ac trng

cua at c quy nh nh sau :
e xac nh c va tg : = t.v
e xac nh Rn (cng o gii han ve nen mot truc) va :

k d

t v
n

Trong o :
t - he so tra bang tuy thuoc vao xac suat tin cay a cho () va so bac
t do (n 1) khi xac nh tr tnh toan Rn va (n-2) khi xac nh tr tnh toan c
va .
v he so bien oi cua cac ac trng : v

Atc

Trong o : - sai so toan phng trung bnh cac ac trng tnh toan
theo cac cong thc di ay :
oi vi c va tg :

1 n 2
c
Pi
i 1
104

 tg

Trong o : n so lan th nghiem ai lng ;

n
1
( i tg tc Ctc i )2
n 2 i1

oi vi Rn :
Rn

n
1
(R tcn - R ni )2
n 1 i 1

oi vi :

n
1
(tc - i )2
n 1 i1

5.4.3 Yeu cau ve so lng th nghiem cac ac trng cua at .

So lan th nghiem n e xac nh tr tieu chuan va tr tnh toan cac ac
trng cua at phu thuoc vao mc o ong nhat cua at nen, o chnh xac yeu
cau cua tnh toan cac ac trng va loai cong trnh.
So lng toi thieu cua mot ch tieu th nghiem nao o oi vi moi n
nguyen a chat cong trnh can phai am bao la 6. ong thi e tm tr tieu
chuan va tr tnh toan c va can phai xac nh khong nho hn 6 gia tr oi
vi moi tr so ap lc phap tuyen p.
So lng th nghiem xac nh tr tieu chuan modun bien dang E bang
phng phap nen tnh hien trng t nhat la 3. Trng hp ac biet cho phep
han che bi 2 gia tr E neu cac gia tr o chenh lech nhau khong qua 25%.

105

Phu luc 5-1

He so t dung e xac nh ch so o chnh xac tr trung bnh ac trng cua at
So bac t do (n-1) oi
vi Rn va , (n-2) oi
vi c va
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
30
40
60

He so t= ng vi xac suat tin cay

0,85
1,34
1,25
1,19
1,16
1,13
1,12
1,11
1,10
1,10
1,09
1,08
1,08
1,08
1,07
1,07
1,07
1,07
1,07
1,06
1,06
1,05
1,05
1,05

0,90
1,89
1,64
1,53
1,48
1,44
1,41
1,40
1,38
1,37
1,36
1,36
1,35
1,34
1,34
1,34
1,33
1,33
1,33
1,32
1,32
1,31
1,30
1,30

0,95

0,98

0,99

2,92
2,35
2,13
2,01
1,94
1,90
1,86
1,83
1,81
1,80
1,78
1,77
1,76
1,75
1,76
1,74
1,73
1,73
1,72
1,71
1,70
1,68
1,67

4,87
3,34
3,02
2,74
2,63
2,54
2,49
2,44
2,40
2,36
2,33
2,30
2,28
2,27
2,26
2,25
2,24
2,23
2,22
2,19
2,17
2,14
2,12

6,96
4,54
3,75
3,36
3,14
3,00
2,90
2,82
2,76
2,72
2,68
2,65
2,62
2,60
2,58
2,57
2,55
2,54
2,53
2,49
2,46
2,42
2,39

Buoi cuoi cung (3 tiet) :

106

HE THONG LAI MON HOC, KIEM TRA 45 PHUT

107