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Apply the steady state energy balance between (1) and (2) gives
h2 h1 + g(z2 z1) +
h2 = h1 +
W
1 2
Q
V2 V12 ) =
s =0
(
m
m
2
1 2
V1 V22 )
(
2
m2
s2
1 kJ
1N
= 2993 kJ/kg
3
2
1 kg m/s 10 N m
Moran, M. J. and Shapiro H. N., Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley, 2008, pg. 162
4-21
1
2
Temp Pressure
C
MPa
400
4
280.1
1.5
Specific
Volume
m3/kg
0.07341
0.1628
Internal Specific
Energy Enthalpy
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
2920
3214
2749
2993
Specific
Entropy
kJ/kg/K
6.769
6.839
Quality
Phase
Dense Fluid (T>TC)
Superheated Vapor
mv2
(2 kg)(0.1628 m3 /kg)
A2 =
=
= 4.9
10-4 m2
V2
665 m/s
Example 4.3-24. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state with a mass flow rate of 4600 kg/h. The
turbine develops a power output of 1000 kW. At the inlet, the pressure is 60 bar, the
temperature is 400oC, and the velocity is 10 m/s. At the exit, the pressure is 0.1 bar, the
quality is 0.9, and the velocity is 30 m/s. Calculate the rate of heat transfer between the
turbine and surroundings, in kW.
Solution ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apply the steady state energy balance between (1) and (2) gives
h2 h1 + g(z2 z1) +
Solving for
W
1 2
Q
V2 V12 ) =
s
(
m
m
2
Q
with g(z2 z1) = 0,we obtain
m
W
1
Q
= s + h2 h1 + (V22 V12 )
m
m
2
Properties of steam for states (1) and (2) are listed in Table E4.3-2
4
Moran, M. J. and Shapiro H. N., Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley, 2008, pg. 165
4-22
1
2
Temp Pressure
C
MPa
400
6
45.81
0.01
Specific
Volume
m3/kg
0.04739
13.21
Internal Specific
Energy Enthalpy
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
2893
3177
2213
2345
Specific
Entropy
kJ/kg/K
6.541
7.4
Quality
Phase
1 2
m2
2
2
2
V
V
=
0.5(30
10
)
(2 1)
2
s2
1 kJ
1N
= 0.4 kJ/kg
3
2
1 kg m/s 10 N m
kg
1 h 1 kW
(831.6 kJ/kg)
= 62.6 kW
h
3600 s 1 kJ/s
Example 4.3-35. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at a pressure of 1 bar, a temperature of 290
K, and a velocity of 6 m/s through an inlet area of 0.1 m2. At the exit, the pressure is 7 bar,
the temperature is 450 K, and the velocity is 2 m/s. Heat transfer from the compressor to its
surroundings occurs at a rate of 180 kJ/min. Employing the ideal gas model, calculate the
power input to the compressor, in kW.
Solution ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Moran, M. J. and Shapiro H. N., Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley, 2008, pg. 168
4-23
Apply the steady state energy balance between (1) and (2) gives
h2 h1 + g(z2 z1) +
W
1 2
Q
V2 V12 ) =
s
(
m
m
2
V12 V22
Ws = Q + m ( h1 h2 ) +
2
The mass flow rate is given by
m =
AV
1 1
v1
v1 =
( R / M )T
p1
8314 N m
(290 K)
28.97 kg K
= 0.8324 kg/m3
5
2
10 N/m
Pressure
MPa
0.1
0.7
1 2
m2
2
2
2
V
V
=
0.5(6
2
)
( 1 2)
2
s2
1 kJ
1N
= 0.02 kJ/kg
3
2
1 kg m/s 10 N m
4-24
Ws = Q + m ( h1 h2 ) +
Ws =
V12 V22
2
180 kJ
+ (0.7209 kg/s)(161.7 + 0.02) kJ/kg = 119.6 kW
60 s
Hot fluid
Cold fluid
Wall separates streams
Noncondensible
bleed
Warm water
Steam
Cold water
Figure 4.4-2 Direct contact type heat exchanger.
We will briefly discuss two types of tubular heat exchangers: concentric tube and shell-andtube heat exchangers. A concentric tube or double pipe heat exchanger is the simplest heat
exchanger for which the hot and cold fluids move in the same or opposite directions as
shown in Figure 4.4-3.
4-25
Hot fluid
Hot fluid
Cold fluid
Cold fluid
Counter flow
Parallel flow
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger is the most common configuration. There are many different
forms of shell-and-tube heat exchangers according to the number of shell-and-tube passes. A
common form with one shell pass and two tube passes is shown in Figure 4.4-4. Baffles are
usually installed to increase the heat transfer coefficient of the fluid by introducing
turbulence and cross-flow in the shell side.
Baffles
Shell inlet
Tube oulet
Tube inlet
Shell outlet
Figure 4.4-4a Shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell pass and two tube passes.
4-26
Example 4.4-1. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Saturated steam at 99.63oC condenses on the outside of a 5-m long, 4-cm-diameter thin
horizontal copper tube by cooling liquid water that enters the tube at 25oC at an average
velocity of 3 m/s and leaves at 45oC. Liquid water density is 997 kg/m3, cp of liquid water is
4.18 kJ/kgoC. (a) Determine the rate of heat transfer to water. (b) If the rate of heat transfer
to water is 200 kW, determine the rate of condensation of steam
Solution -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Condensing steam Q
Te
Ti
(a) The rate of heat transfer to water is given by
Q = m cp(Te Ti)
(b) If the rate of heat transfer to water is 200 kW, determine the rate of condensation of
steam.
We need the enthalpy for saturated liquid and saturated vapor
Temp
C
99.63
99.63
Specific
Pressure Enthalpy
MPa
kJ/kg
0.1
2675
0.1
417.5
Quality
Phase
1
0
Saturated Vapor
Saturated Liquid
msteam =
msteam =
Q
hg h f
200 kJ/s
= 0.0886 kg/s
(2675 - 417.5) kJ/kg
4-27
Example 4.4-2. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------A light oil is to be preheated before being fed to a distillation tower. The preheating is to be
accomplished in a heat exchanger in which the heating medium is hot oil. The following data
are available:
Light oil
Hot oil
Mass flow rate, kg/hr
160,000
120,000
1.7
1.8
Heat capacity, kJ/kgK
300
500
Entry temperature, K
1) If the light oil leaves the heat exchanger at 360 K, determine the temperature of the
exit hot oil.
2) If the two fluids flow co-currently through the heat exchanger, determine the
maximum attainable temperature of the light oil.
3) If the two fluids flow counter-currently through the heat exchanger, determine the
maximum attainable temperature of the light oil.
Solution -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1) Determine the temperature of the exit hot oil.
Q = mc cpc(Tce Tci) = mh cph(Thi The)
The = 500 K
The = Thi
mc c pc
mh c ph
(Tce Tci)
(160, 000)(1.7)
(360 300) K = 424.4 K
(120, 000)(1.8)
2) If the two fluids flow co-currently through the heat exchanger, determine the
maximum attainable temperature of the light oil.
For cocurrent flow, the maximum attainable temperatrue of the light oil is Tce = The
mc cpc(Tce Tci) = mh cph(Thi Tce)
Tce =
Tce =
mc c pcTci + mh c phThi
mc c pc + mh c ph
(16)(1.7)(300 K) + (12)(1.8)(500 K)
= 388.5 K
(16)(1.7) + (12)(1.8)
3) If the two fluids flow counter-currently through the heat exchanger, determine the
maximum attainable temperature of the light oil.
Since mc cpc = (160,000)(1.7) = 272,000 kJ/hrs > mh cph = (120,000)(1.8) = 216,000 kJ/hrs
The = Tci
Tce = 300 K +
Tce = Tci +
(120, 000)(1.8)
(500 300) K = 458.8 K
(160, 000)(1.7)
4-28
mh c ph
mc c pc
( Thi Tci)