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Design of Small Canal Structures - USBR PDF
Design of Small Canal Structures - USBR PDF
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STRUCTURES
1978
Engineering
Technology
Primarily
Canal
to
the
Pertaining
Design
Structures
of
of
Small
Less
Than
100-Cubic-Feet-Per-Second
Capacity
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT
OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU
OF
RECLAMATION
A. J. Aisenbrey,
R. B. Hayes
H. J. Warren
D. L. Winsett
R. B. Young
Denver,
Colorado
Jr.
REVISED
UNITED
STATES
REPRINT
GOVERNMENT
DENVER
1978
PRINTING
OFFICE
: 1974
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
and the Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, Attention:
922,
Stock Number 024-003-00126-l
IV
Preface
PREFACE
VI
Contents
Page
Preface
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sectiot2
1-8.
REQUIREMENTS
SW riotI
l-l.
l-2.
l-3.
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structures . . . . . . . . . . .
(a) Conveyance structures . .
(b) Regulating structures
. .
(c) Water measurement structures
(d) Protective structures : : :
(e) Structure components and
appurtenances . . . . .
0 ther requirements
. . . . . .
(a) Canal . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Other structures . . . . .
(c) Soils exploration
. . . .
(d) Hydrology
(e) Sedimentation : : : : : :
(f) Operation and maintenance . . . . . . . .
B. DESIGN
l-4.
l-5.
l-6.
l-7.
General
.
.
.
.
:
2
2
.
.
.
.
l-l 1.
1- 12.
1-13.
l-l 4.
:
.
CONSIDERATIONS
. . . . . . .
1. Loads
General . . . . . . .
Dead load weights . .
Operating deck uniform
loads
. . . . . . .
. .
. .
. .
live
. .
6
. .
7
7
7
8
8
8
3, Hydraulics
l-l 5. Hydraulic control
........
1- 16. Hydraulic head losses ......
(a) Friction ..........
(b) Transitions and bends
1-17. Discharge coefficients
......
(a) Orifice
..........
(b) Weir ...........
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
...
4. Structural Considerations
l-l 8. Reinforced concrete .......
(a) Allowable stresses .....
10
10
VII
VIII
CONTENTS
l-20.
l-21.
l-22.
l-23.
l-24.
Page
Section
Section
l-l 9.
Minimum reinforcement
requirements
(c) Minimum wall thickness
(d) Fillets
. . .
. . . .
(e) Cutoffs . . . . . . . .
Structural steel and welding
5. Cunul
Freeboard . .
. . . . . . .
Winter operation
. . . . .
Profile sheet . . . . . . . . .
6. Forms ji~r Structures
Monolithic concrete . .
. .
Precast concrete
. . . . . .
11
11
14
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
26
26
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
29
29
32
32
C. BIBLIOGRAPHY
D. BENCH
l-25.
Bibliography
. . . . .
17
2-l.
Purpose . , . . . . . _ . . .
B. ROAD
2-2.
2-3.
2-4.
2-5.
2-6.
2-7.
2-8.
2-9.
CROSSINGS
19
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
: :
. .
. .
. .
. .
: :
19
19
21
21
21
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
SIPHONS
24
24
26
AND
ELEVATED
FLUMES
38
38
38
38
39
39
39
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
CONTENTS
IX
Chapter II-Conveyance
Continued
Structures-
Chapter II-Conveyance
Continued
Structures-
Scctiofz
E. DROPS
Page
Section
2-19. Function
. . . .
. . .
2-20. Hydraulic design . . . . . .
2. Rectungular Inclined Drops
2-21. Purpose and description
. . .
2-22. Advantages and disadvantages
2-23. Structure components
. . .
(a) Upstream transitions
.
(b) Inlet to drop
. . . .
(c) Rectangular inclined
channel . . . . .
.
(d) Stilling pool . . . . . .
(e) Outlet
. . . . . . . .
2-24. Percolation
.
. . . . . . .
2-25. Design example of R. I. drop
with control inlet and stilling pool outlet . . . . . . .
(a) Given . . . . . . . .
(b) Determine control inlet dimensions . .
(c) Determine hydraulic
setting for stilling
pool by using table
2-1
(d) Alternative method for
determining stilling
pool invert elevation .
. . . . . .
2-26. Design example of R. 1. drop
with check inlet and stilling pool outlet . .
. . . .
(a) Given
. . . . . . . .
(b) Determine check inlet
dimensions
(c) Determine hydraulic
.
setting for stilling
pool
.
. . . . . .
(d) Determine additional
dimensions
. . . . .
.
. .
48
50
. .
. .
.
50
59
59
59
59
. .
.
.
. .
61
61
61
61
62
62
62
Page
63
. .
. .
63
64
64
64
.
. .
65
65
65
65
65
65
.
. .
. .
.
66
67
67
67
96
: 1
. .
. .
96
98
98
98
98
98
. .
. .
. .
98
99
99
. . . . .
101
: :
. . . .
104
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
1
.
.
.
104
104
105
105
106
108
115
116
. . . .
121
1
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
2. Pipe Chute
: :
66
66
66
66
66
F. CHUTES
.
. .
.
.
. .
. . . .
G. BIBLIOGRAPHY
2-38. Bibliography
. .
. . . . .
131
CONTENTS
Chapter Ill-Regulating
Structures
A. GENERAL
secrion
3-1.
Page
Regulating structures
. . . . .
133
B. CHECKS
3-2.
3-3.
3-4.
3-5.
3-6.
. .
. .
. .
: :
134
134
135
136
136
. .
. .
.
136
136
136
C. CHECK-DROPS
3-7.
3-8.
3-9.
3-l 0.
. .
. .
. .
. .
139
139
140
140
D. TURNOUTS
.
.
.
.
.
146
146
146
146
146
146
. .
. .
. .
146
146
149
149
. .
150
. .
150
151
154
.
.
.
.
.
.
F. CHECK
AND
PIPE
Page
AND
PIPE
.
.
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
168
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
168
168
168
168
168
168
169
169
. . .
. . .
. . .
170
170
170
. . .
. . .
. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
170
171
171
171
171
171
171
171
171
173
173
173
. . . . .
178
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
INLETS
H. BIBLIOGRAPHY
. .
. .
3-29. Bibliography
STRUCTURES
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . .
Chapter IV-Protective
E. DIVISION
INLETS
Set lion
. . . . .
A.
162
4-l.
Structures
GENERAL
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . .
179
CONTENTS
XI
Chapter IV-Protective
StructuresContinued
Chapter IV-Protective
Continued
Structures-
SECtion
B. WASTEWAYS
See tion
4-2.
4-3.
4-4.
4-5.
4-6.
4-7.
4-8.
4-9.
4-10
PZgC
Description
. . . . . . . .
. .
(a) Wasteway inlets ......
(b) Wasteway outlets
.....
(c) Wasteway channel and
channel structures ....
(d) Appurtenant canal
structures ........
Location and number
......
Wasteway capacity considerations
(a) Spillway : : : : : : : : :
(b) Wasteway turnout gate ...
(c) Wasteway outlet ......
(d) Natural drainage channels ...........
Limitations
...........
1. Side Channel Spillways
General .............
Design considerations
......
(a) Overflow crest .......
.......
(b) Side channel
(c) Wasteway turnout gate ...
(d) Pool ...........
(e) Pipe
...........
(f) Wasteway outlet structure ...........
........
(g) Percolation
(h) Protection
........
(i) Operation .........
Design example .........
(a) Assumptions
.......
(b) Solution
(c) Check of hydraulics : : : :
179
179
180
180
181
181
181
181
181
181
182
182
182
182
182
184
184
184
184
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
187
P+?tT
192
4-l 1. Lifts and hoists .........
(a) Manually operated
192
lifts ...........
(b) Power-operated lifts
or hoists
........
192
(c) Hydraulically controlled
.........
192
192
4-l 2. Miscellaneous considerations ...
(a) Protection
........
192
(b) Percolation
........
192
(c) Operation .........
192
192
4-l 3. Design example .........
192
(a) Assumptions
.......
.........
193
(b) Solution
3. Siphon Spillways
4-14. General .............
195
(a) Usage ...........
195
........
(b) Description
195
(c) Function
195
(d) Appurtenances . : : : : : : 196
196
4- 15. Design considerations
......
196
(a) General ..........
196
(b) Capacity
.........
(c) Head ...........
196
197
(d) Entrance
.........
(e) Crest ...........
197
197
(f) Throat
..........
(g) Downstream leg ......
197
......
197
(h) Siphon breaker
(i) Pool
197
(j) Outlet transition 1 1 1 1 1 1 197
(k) Protection
........
197
(1) Percolation
........
198
4-l 6. Design example .........
198
(a) Assumptions
.......
198
(b) Solution
.........
198
4. Check Inlet Wasteway
Turnouts
201
4-17. General .............
202
4-l 8. Design considerations
......
C. CROSS-DRAINAGE
STRUCTURES
202
202
202
XII
CONTENTS
Chapter IV-Protective
StructuresContinued
Page
(c)
Cross-drainage capacity
203
1. Culverts
4-20. General .
. . . . . . . .
4-2 1. Alinemen t
. . . . . . . .
4-22. Profile
.
. . . . . . . .
4-23. Conduit
. . . . . . . .
4-24. Inlet
(a) Type1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) Type 2 . . . . .
(c) Type 3 . .
. . . .
(d) Type 4 . .
. . .
(e) Precast concrete transitions
(f) Earth transitions : : .
4-25. Outlet
. . . .
. . . . .
(a) Concrete transitions
.
(b) Outlet energy dissipators .
. . .
. .
4-26. Hydraulics
. . . . .
. .
(a) Design capacity
.
(b) Pipe velocity
. . .
(c) Pipe diameter
. . .
(d) Hydraulic control
. .
(e) Determination of inlet
or outlet control . .
(f) Inlet control hydraulics
(g) Outlet control hydraulics . . . . . . . .
4-27. Pipe collars . . . . . . . .
4-28. Protection
. . .
. .
.
4-29. Design example . . . . . .
(a) Assumptions
. . . .
(b) Solution
. . . .
.
(c) Verification of hydraulics by the Bernoulli
method . . . . . .
4-30.
4-3 I.
4-32.
4-33.
4-34.
4-35.
4-36.
2. Overchutes
General . . . . . . . .
Alinemen t
. . . . .
Profile
. . . . . . . .
Capacity
. . .
. . .
Conduit . . . . . . . .
(a) Rectangular conduit
(b) Pipe conduit
. .
Inlet types
. . . . .
Outlet types . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
_ .
. .
Chapter IV-Protective
Continued
SWrim
203
203
203
204
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
206
206
206
207
207
207
207
207
209
209
209
210
210
210
211
211
213
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
215
216
216
216
216
216
218
218
218
Structures-
(a)
(b)
4-37.
4-38.
4-39.
4-40.
Concrete transitions
....
Outlet energy dissipators ...........
Pipe overchute hydraulics
....
(a) Inlet transition
......
(b) Pipe velocity
.......
(c) Pipe diameter .......
(d) Pipe outlet
........
Concrete overchute hydraulics
. .
(a) Rectangular section ....
(b) Critical flow ........
(c) Inlet transition
......
(d) Chute hydraulics
.....
(e) Stilling pool ........
Other considerations .......
(a) Bank heights
.......
(b) Protection
........
(c) Percolation
........
Design example .........
(a) Assumptions
.......
(b) Solution
.........
3. Druin In lets
4-41. General .............
(a) Location
.........
(b) Types ...........
(c) Design capacity
......
(d) Canal bank ........
4-42. Pipe drain inlets .........
(a) Inlet
...........
(b) Conduit ..........
(c) Outlet
(d) Percolation : : : : : : : :
(e) Protection
........
4-43. Rectangular concrete drain
inlet to earth section ......
(a) Inlet
...........
(b) Flume
..........
(c) Chute ...........
(d) Outlet pool ........
(e) Percolation
........
(f) Protection
........
4-44. Other types of drain inlets ....
(a) Rectangular concrete
drain inlets to a
concrete-lined canal ...
(b) Gravel blanket drain
inlet
..........
Page
218
218
218
218
220
220
220
221
221
221
221
221
222
224
224
224
224
224
224
225
230
230
231
231
232
232
232
233
233
233
234
234
234
236
236
236
237
237
237
237
237
CONTENTS
XIII
Chapter IV-Protective
StructuresContinued
Chapter V-Water
Measurement
Structures-Continued
Section
Pap
Sectiorl
PLlgCY
237
237
238
5-14.
5-l 5.
5-l 6.
5-l 7.
5-l 8.
5-19.
260
261
26 1
262
262
D. BIBLIOGRAPHY
4-46. Bibliography
. . . . . . . . .
Chapter V-Water
24 1
Measurement
Structures
A. GENERAL
5-1.
5-2.
5-3.
5-4.
5-5.
5-6.
5-7.
5-8.
PARSHALL
. .
. . .
. . .
.
244
245
245
245
. .
246
. .
247
. . .
. . .
248
248
. . .
. .
248
248
F. WEIR
FLUMES
5-9. Description
. . . . , . . . . .
5-10. Determination of upstream
canal water surface . . . . . .
D. STILLING
243
FLUMES
Description
. .
.
.
Advantages . . . . . . .
Disadvantages .
. . . .
Size selection . .
. . .
Design example with freeflow discharge . . . . .
Design example with
submerged-flow discharge
Use of tables and figures
for discharge and free-flow
determinations
. . . . .
(a) Free-flow discharge
(b) Submerged-flow discharge
. . , .
(c) Head losses . . .
C. MODIFIED
. .
259
259
WELLS
5-I 1. Description
..........
5-l 2. Design criteria .........
260
260
E. WEIRS
266
266
266
266
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
BOXES
291
291
29 1
291
291
291
METERS
295
295
295
295
295
295
296
296
H. BIBLIOGRAPHY
. .
260
5-29. Bibliography
..........
297
XIV
CONTENTS
Chapter VI-Energy
Dissipators
Chapter VI-Energy
DissipatorsContinued
Section
A. GENERAL
Section
6-1.
6-2.
6-3.
6-4.
Page
Energy dissipators
. . . . . . . .
B. BAFFLED
DROPS
General . . . . . . . . . . . .
(a) Usage . . . . . . . .
.
(b) Inlet control features
. .
(c) Miscellaneous features . .
Design considerations
. . . . .
(a) General . . . . . . . . .
(b) Capacity
. . . . . . . .
(c) Inlet
. . . . . . . . . .
(d) Baffled apron dimensions
. .
(e) Uplift stability . : : 1 . .
(f) Sliding stability
. . . . .
(g) Miscellaneous considerations
Design example . . . . . . . .
(a) Assumptions
. . . . . .
(b) Solution
. . . . . . . .
C. BAFFLED
6-5.
6-6.
6-7.
6-8.
6-9.
6-10.
APRON
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
299
299
299
300
300
301
301
301
301
.
.
.
302
303
303
304
304
304
304
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
308
309
321
321
321
321
321
321
322
D. VERTICAL
SLEEVE
VALVE
STILLING
WELLS
6-l 1. General . . . . . . . . . .
(a) Description
. . . . .
(b) Types of vertical sleeve
valves . . . . . . .
(c) Usage of vertical sleeve
valve stilling wells .
(d) Limitations
. . . . .
6-12. Design considerations
. . .
322
322
323
.
.
.
325
325
326
.
.
.
326
327
327
328
330
330
330
330
330
331
. .
333
. .
. .
.
. .
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
E. BIBLIOGRAPHY
6- 14. Bibliography
.
.
.
OUTLETS
Page
. . . . . . .
Chapter VII-Transitions
Erosion Protection
and
A. TRANSITIONS
1. General
Purpose
and
description
.....
7-l.
..............
7-2. Types
(a) Inline canal structure
transitions ........
(b) Cross-drainage pipe
structure transitions
...
2. Design Considerations for Pipe
Structure Transitions
7-3. Hydraulic design .........
(a) Pipe submergence .....
(b) Head losses ........
(c) Water surface angle ....
(d) Channel erosion ......
7-4. Cutoffs
.............
7-5. Standardization
.........
7-6. Type 1 transitions (brokenback) .............
7-7. Type 2 transition
........
7-8. Type 3 transitions ........
7-9. Type 4 transitions ........
7-10. Type 5 transitions ........
7-l 1. Earth transitions .........
B. EROSION
335
335
335
336
336
336
336
342
342
3 42
342
342
343
344
344
345
345
PROTECTION
. . . . .
345
xv
CONTENTS
.
.
.
Section
C. BIBLIOGRAPHY
7-16 Bibliography
. . . . . . . .
347
8-l.
8-2.
GENERAL
349
349
6. PIPE
8-3.
8-4.
8-5.
8-6.
8-7.
8-8.
8-9.
8-14.
8-l 5.
8-l 6.
8-l 7.
8-l 8.
3.59
.
.
359
359
359
.
.
.
.
.
.
359
361
362
8-19. Bibliography
362
364
9-1.
9-2.
9-3.
364
365
. .
365
. .
371
. .
. .
.
371
371
371
. . .
. . .
372
. . .
373
. . .
373
. . .
373
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
371
. 373
. 373
. 375
. 375
379
379
382
Chapter IX-Safety
. .
. .
371
. . . . . . . . . .
General . . , . . . . . . . . . .
Hazard exposure classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. SAFETY
. .
. . .
D. BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPURTENANCES
Pdge
(a)
345
347
347
383
383
DEVICES
Types . . . . . . .
Fencing . . . .
Guardrails . . .
Warning signs .
Pipe safety barrier
Safety nets . .
Safety cables .
Safety racks . .
Safety ladders .
. . . . . .
. . .
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
. .
.
. . .
.
. . .
.
. . .
.
. . .
.
383
. . . . . . . . . .
3 98
384
384
393
393
393
394
394
396
B. BIBLIOGRAPHY
9-4.
Bibliography
CONTENTS
XVI
Appendix A-Glossary
of Terms
Page
SCCtiOtl
See tion
C-l.
Program 223-E3WSP . . . . . . .
Page
413
401
LIST OF TABLES
Table
2-l.
2-2.
2-3.
2-4.
2-5.
2-6.
2-7.
3-1.
3-2.
5-1.
Page
Table
5-2.
.
53
5-3.
56
70
5-4.
81
124
127
5-5.
5-6.
130
5-7.
155
6-1.
8-l.
156
9-l.
Page
253
254
275
281
288
290
301
350
384
252
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
l-l.
l-2.
l-3.
Page
Figure
l-4.
l-5.
2
l-6.
3
3
l-7.
Page
. .
. .
. .
. .
CONTENTS
XVII
Page
Figure
1-8.
1-9.
1-I 0.
l-1 1.
l-l 2.
l-l 3.
1-14.
2-l.
2-2.
2-3.
2-4.
2-5.
2-6.
2-7.
2-8.
2-9.
2-10.
2-11.
2-l 2.
2-13.
2-14.
2-l 5.
2- 16.
2-l 7.
2-18.
2-l 9.
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12
. .
15
. .
16
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16
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16
17
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17
19
20
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21
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25
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26
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26
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30
31
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36
39
39
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39
39
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45
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46
47
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Figure
Page
48
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49
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49
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49
50
50
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51
52
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68
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69
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80
96
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97
102
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103
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103
107
.
.
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109
110
111
_ .
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111
112
112
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112
113
. .
114
. .
115
XVIII
CONTENTS
Page
Figure
.
.
.
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.
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.
115
117
121
123
.
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134
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138
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139
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140
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142
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144
147
149
149
149
150
151
151
151
152
152
152
153
157
Figure
Page
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158
159
160
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162
163
163
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166
167
172
176
180
180
182
183
185
186
187
189
190
191
192
193
195
XIX
CONTENTS
Figure
Figure
196
198
198
199
201
203
204
.
204
205
205
206
207
.
.
.
.
.
208
210
211
2 14
2 15
2 16
217
219
. 222
_ 225
. 226
231
Pafit2
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231
232
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.
233
234
235
236
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238
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243
243
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244
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248
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259
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262
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263
xx
Figure
Page
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
291
292
293
294
295
296
300
301
301
301
305
306
307
308
309
3 10
3 11
3 12
3 13
3 14
3 15
3 16
3 17
3 18
Figure
CONTENTS
. . .
6-l 9. Type 9 baffled outlet
(i-20. Type 10 baffled outlet . . .
6-2 1. Sleeve valve stilling well
arrangements
. . .
. .
6-22. Typical sleeve valve installation for pipe turnout
. .
6-23. Typical vertical sleeve valves
6-24. Thrust forces on bend . . .
6-25. Orifice of the standard sleeve
valve . . . . . . . . . .
6-26. Head loss coefficient for the
standard sleeve valve . . .
6-27. Vertical sleeve valve stilling
well dimensions
6-28. Typical sleeve valve and still-.
ing well . . . . . . . . .
.
7-l. Type 1 concrete transition
7-2. Concrete transitions-type
1
7-3. Concrete transitions-type
5
7-4. Concrete transitions-type
2
7-5. Concrete inlet transitionstype 3
. . . . .
.
.
7-6. Concrete inlet transitionstype 4
. .
. . . . . .
7-7. Type 4 inlet concrete transition .
. . . . . . . .
7-8. Erosion protection . . . . .
8-l. Head loss coefficients for
pipe bends
. . . . . . .
8-2. Precast reinforced concrete
pressure pipe in trench
prior to backfilling . . . .
8-3. Precast reinforced concrete
pressure pipe used for
inverted siphon
. . . . .
8-4. Corrugated-metal pipe used for
road crossing
. . . .
.
8-5. Installation of corrugatedmetal-pipe road crossing .
8-6. Welded steel pipe flume
. .
8-7. Overhead welded steel pipe
crossing . .
. _ .
.
8-8. Pipe collars . . . . . . . .
8-9. Forms for thrust block on
54-inch-diameter precast
concrete pipe .
. . . .
8-10. Precast concrete pressure pipe
bends . . . . . .
, .
8-l 1. Precast concrete culvert pipe
bends . . . . . . . . . .
8-l 2. Asbestos-cement pressure pipe
bends . . . . . . . . . .
Page
. . .
. . .
319
320
. . .
323
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324
325
327
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329
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335
337
338
339
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346
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361
362
.
.
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362
363
. . .
364
. . .
366
. . .
367
. . .
368
CONTENTS
XXI
Figure
Figure
9-7.
. .
369
370
. .
372
9-l 0.
. .
. .
373
374
9-l 1.
9-8.
9-9.
9-12.
.
376
. .
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.
. .
3 77
378
380
381
9-13.
9-14.
9-15.
9-16.
382
9-17.
.
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.
.
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382
385
386
387
388
389
9-18.
9-19.
9-20.
9-2 1.
9-22.
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390
Page
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395
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398
. . .
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398
399
< Chapter
General
Design
Requirements
and
Considerations
A. J. AISENBREY,
JR.
A. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
l-l. Purpose.-To fulfill a project purpose
o f p reducing crops or increasing crop
production, water delivery to the land must be
provided by a reliable and efficient irrigation
system. A sun-drenched, parched soil may need
only water to change it from a sparsely
vegetated, thirsty desert to a high-yield crop,
farmland oasis as illustrated in figure 1-l. An
increased crop yield of premium quality is very
likely if the proper amount of moisture is made
available to the crop when needed. (See fig.
l-2).
A canal is frequently used to convey water
for farmland
irrigation.
In addition
to
transporting irrigation water, a canal may also
transport water to meet requirements for
municipal, industrial, and outdoor recreational
uses. A variety of recreation is provided by
reservoirs as shown in figures l-3 and 1-4.
The conveyance canal and its related
structures should perform their functions
efficiently and competently with minimum
maintenance, ease of operation, and minimum
water loss.
l-2. Structures. -Many
different types of
canal structures are required in an irrigation
system to effectively and efficiently convey,
regulate, and measure the canal discharge and
also to protect the canal from storm runoff
damage.
The design capacity of the conveyance,
regulating, and water measurement structures
Civil Engineer,
Reclamation.
Hydraulic
Structures
Branch,
Bureau of
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Several
types of water measurement
structures or devices are used. Parshall flumes,
weirs, weir boxes, open-flow meters, and
constant head orifices are the more common
types.
The
constant
head orifice,
although
sometimes used as an inline canal water
measurement structure, is more commonly
used in conjunction
with a turnout and
therefore is discussed in detail with regulating
structures.
Selection of the type of structure best suited
for a particular installation is discussed in
chapter V.
(d) Protective Structures.-Provisions
must
be made in an open irrigation system to
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
AND
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
I
4
externally protect the canal on the uphill side
from damage by storm runoff water, and
internally protect the canal from excess canal
flows caused by storm waters entering the
canal, or by misoperation of the canal system.
Cross-drainage
structures and wasteways
provide this protection.
Cross-drainage structures are used to direct
storm runoff flows under the canal through
culverts, over the canal in overchutes, or into
the canal by drain inlets.
Wasteways evacuate excess canal flows over
side channel spillways., through radial gated
spillways, or through siphon spillways.
(e)
Structure
Components
and
Appurtcnamzs. -Nearly all canal structures are
made of several different structural parts which
together make up the complete structure.
These parts, (components and appurtenances)
include:
(1) Pipe.-Pipe is commonly used for
placed
that
part
of a structure
underground and which may or may not
be subjected to internal hydrostatic
bursting pressure. Pipe is made from one
of several different materials such as
reinforced
concrete, asbestos cement,
metal, or
welded
steel, corrugated
reinforced plastic mortar. Selection of the
appropriate pipe material is dependent on
several considerations discussed later in
chapter VIII.
(2) Pipe
app ur tenawes. -Appurtenances include such items as pipe collars,
air vents, blowoffs, manholes, and are
discussed later in chapter VIII.
(3) Tratzsitions. -Transitions connect a
canal or natural channel to a structure
inlet or structure outlet. Several different
transition configurations
of reinforced
concrete are used. Earth transitions are
used as required to vary base widths and
invert slopes. See chapter VII for a
detailed discussion of transitions.
(4) Etzergy
dissipators.
-Energy
dissipators are used at the outlet ends of
drop or chute structures to dissipate
excess energy. Energy dissipation may be
achieved by a hydraulic jump in a stilling
pool or by impact in a baffled outlet.
Excess energy may also be dissipated by a
hydraulic jump within a pipe; by impact
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
AND
DESIGN
~'"
Figure
1-6.
Sprinkler
irrigation
in the Coachella
Valley,
California.
LC830
CONSIDERATIONS
Figure
J -7.
Irrigating
Washington.
Project,
C-33-IOO-80
operational flexibility,
and economics. The
need for canal lining and selection of the type
of lining are also determinations which must be
made.
SMALL
determine
water-soluble
sulfate
ion
concentrations.
Soil material to be excavated has one of two
classifications: rock or common (soil). The
materials remolded
and used for canal
embankment construction should ideally be
nonexpansive,
possess adequate remolded
shearing strength, be relatively impervious, and
relatively erosion resistant if hard-surface canal
lining is not used. The soil in its natural state
should also possess these qualities. It is
somctimcs necessary to locate a source of
borrow material for canal embankment, for
backfill
adjacent to structures, and for
foundation pads under the structures.
The reaches of a canal which travcrsc low
density
soils
highly
susceptible
to
hydrocompaction should be well delineated. In
addition, the depth to subsurface water levels if
present in any exploration hole should be
rccordcd.
Canal structures discussed in this publication
are relatively
small and consequently
foundation pressures are quite low. Therefore,
structure settlement caused by foundation
consolidation
will usually be small in
magnitude. Foundation treatment however,
may be required to protect the structure from
expansive soils or from undesirable settlement
of low-density material.
Sulfate concentrations in the soil samples
and water samples indicate the relative degree
of potential sulfate attack on concrete [ 21.
Specifying the appropriate type of cement used
in the concrete mix is usually all that is
required to safeguard the concrete. Fly ash is
also sometimes used in the concrete mix for
sulfate resistance [ 31 .
Although a well planned and executed soils
exploration program may be conducted, an
CANAL
STRUCTURES
B. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
l-4. General. -Canal structures which have
been standardized in this publication, show
concrete dimensions and reinforcement steel,
and are appropriately sized to provide for
hydraulic,
structural,
and stability
design
considerations.
Ifydruzrlic
desiglz provides:
( 1) adequate
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
AND
DESIGN
adequate
structural
proportioning
and
appropriate hydraulic setting of structures to
permit excess energy dissipation with minimum
water turbulence at the downstream ends of
the structures, and (4) structural proportioning
of certain transitions to minimize hydraulic
head loss.
Structural
design provides: appropriate
concrete thicknesses and reinforcement steel
patterns for structural members to resist
bending moment, thrust, and shear stresses
imposed by reasonable loads on the structure.
Stability
design
pro vidcs: adequate
structure dimensions so that for most soil
foundation materials, the structure will: (1)
resist sliding and overturning, (2) prevent
percolating water from removing foundation
materials, and (3) provide foundation pressures
less than the maximum allowable bearing
pressure.
Design examples for structures which have
not
been
standardized
illustrate
a
recommended hydraulic design procedure, but
exclude structural design and stability analysis.
1. Loads
l-5. General.-Loads which canal structures
must capably resist include dead load weights,
live loads on operating decks, lateral pressures,
bursting and uplift pressures, and wheel loads.
l-6. Dead Load Weights.-Commonly
used
dead load weights for small canal structures are
presented in the following tabulation:
Load
Water
Backfill
Dry
Saturated
Compacted backfill
Dry
Saturated
Concrete
Weight,
(Ibs./cu. ft.)
62.4
100
125
120
135
150
CONSIDERATIONS
Loads.-Operating
decks for structures using
stoplogs are designed for a uniform live load of
150 pounds per square foot; otherwise a
uniform live load of 100 pounds per square
foot is used. Decks for radial gate hoists require
special structural design considerations which
are not included herein.
1-8. Lateral Pressures. -Lateral
pressures
from several different sources are imposed on
walls of structures. Resultant forces from these
pressures must be adequately resisted by the
reinforced concrete.
(a) Water. -A fluid pressure of 62.4 pounds
per square foot (psf) per foot of depth is
caused by water. The pressure diagram is
triangular with the resultant force acting at
one-third the height above the base of the
pressure diagram.
(b) Eurtk.-Active
earth pressures may be
determined
using Rankines solution
of
Coulombs equation [ 51 . The pressure diagram
is assumed to be triangular, the same as for
water, with the resultant force acting at
one-third the height above the base of the
pressure diagram. Because of this similarity
with the fluid pressure of water, the pressure
caused by earth is sometimes referred to as an
equivalent fluid pressure.
Standardized canal structures have been
structurally
designed to resist moist earth
active lateral pressure equal to 30 psf per foot
of depth and saturated earth active lateral
pressure of 85 psf per foot of depth. Unless
unusual soil properties exist, these values are
considered adequate for design of small canal
structures. For a detailed discussion of earth
pressures on concrete retaining walls, see
bibliography reference [ 5 1.
(c) Construction a17d Operutirzg Equipment
Wheel Surcharge. -Walls of structures should be
designed to withstand
construction
and
operating equipment wheel loads which are
transmitted through the earth adjacent to the
structure. An additional lateral load equivalent
to 2 feet of earth surcharge is usually used.
This results in an additional
uniformly
distributed
lateral pressure (rectangular
pressure diagram) of 60 psf from the backfill
surface to the bottom of the wall. Standardized
canal structures are designed to withstand this
additional load.
(d) /cc.-Ice loads on structures should be
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Officials
[6]
(AASHO).
The following
tabulation shows total equivalent earth cover
for various heights of earth cover over the top
of the pipe with H-15 and H-20 truck wheel
loads.
Height of
earth cover,
feet
2
11.8
1.5
6.9
1.3
8.0
8.7
9.4
9.1
7.8
8.1
8.6
9.2
9.9
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
AND
DESIGN
2. Stability
1-l 1. Bearing
Capacity. -Foundation
bearing pressures for small structures are of
small magnitude and will ordinarily be less than
allowable bearing pressures for the various soil
types [51.
0.35
where:
CH = summation of lateral forces acting
parallel to the assumed sliding
plane, and
EN = summation of forces, reduced by
uplift, acting normal to the
assumed sliding plane.
CONSIDERATIONS
3. Hydraulics
1-15. Hydraulic Control-In
the competent
hydraulic design of any hydraulic structure it is
necessary to first determine the location of the
water surface control.
Hydraulic control is at the downstream end
of a structure if the downstream water surface
influences the height to which the upstream
water surface must rise. If the downstream
water surface does not influence the upstream
water surface, the control is at the upstream
end of the structure.
Upstream control for example will usually
exist for a relatively short culvert conveying
storm runoff under a small canal where the
outlet channel water surface is several feet
below the upstream pipe invert. In this
instance, the downstream water surface does
not control
the upstream water surface;
instead,
the upstream water surface is
controlled at the inlet end. The upstream pipe
invert elevation, the size of pipe, and the
10
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Ko
0.6
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.82
1.78
1.04
0.78
0.56
0.50
suppressed
contracted
Weir equation
Q = 3.33 L H3i2
Q = 3.33 (L - O.TH) H312
Q = 3.367 L H3 2.
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
AND
DESIGN
thicknesses
and size and spacing of
reinforcement
bars, were designed by the
working stress method based on a ccncrete
strength of 4,000 pounds per square inch (psi)
at 28 days (fb ), and reinforcement steel having
a specified minimum yield strength of 60,000
psi (f,). Allowable working stresses used were
1,800 psi compression (f,) for concrete and
24,000 psi tension (f,) for reinforcement steel.
For
many of the smaller standardized
structures,
nominal
minimum
concrete
thicknesses and minimal reinforcement steel
patterns control the design. In these cases the
concrete and steel strengths indicated could be
reduced
without
jeopardizing
structural
integrity.
Reinforced precast concrete pressure pipe
was designed by the ultimate strength method
using fb = 4,500 psi, fY = 40,000 psi, and an LF
= 1.8 as a load factor.
( b ) M i 11i m u m Reinforcement
Requirements. -The minimum reinforcement
used for canal structures should be No. 4 bars
(l/2-inch
diameter) at 12-inch spacing when
reinforcement is placed in a single layer, or
where exposed faces of concrete are reinforced.
In unexposed faces of concrete having
two-layer
reinforcement.
the minimum
reinforcement should be No. 4 bars at 18
inches.
The following criteria should be used to
the
cross-sectional area for
determine
temperature or minimum reinforcement. The
percentages of reinforcement steel areas listed
are percentages of the gross cross-sectional area
of the concrete to be reinforced:
(1) Single-layer reinforcement.-For
slabs
with joint spacing not exceeding 30 feet
and:
Not exposed to freezing
temperatures or direct
sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 percent
Exposed to freezing
temperatures or direct
sun . . . . . .._.........
0.30 percent
CONSIDERATIONS
11
Exposed to freezing
temperatures or direct
sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.40 percent
Walls and other structural
members
should have a total percentage of horizontal
reinforcement
equal to the sum of the
percentages required for both faces as
determined for double-layer reinforccmcnt.
(2)
Douhlc-laycr
reinforcement.-For
joint spacing not exceeding 30 feet and
with:
Face adjacent to earth . . . . 0.10 percent
Face not adjacent to earth
nor exposed to freezing
temperatures or direct
sun . . .
. . . . . . . 0.15 percent
Face not adjacent to earth
but exposed to freezing
temperatures or direct
sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 percent
If a structural member exceeds 30 feet in
any direction parallel to the reinforcement, an
additional 0.05 percent of reinforcement steel
area is required in that direction.
If a slab is fixed along any line, the
dimension from the line of fixity to the free
end
is doubled
to determine
if the
reinforcement requirement should bc based on
a length not exceeding 30 feet or a length
greater than 30 feet.
Reinforcement spacing should not exceed
three times the thickness of the member for
reinforcement
and twice the
temperature
thickness of the member for stress bars.
Other minimum requirements and general
notes for designing, showing, and detailing
reinforcement steel are indicated on figure l-8.
When using the illustrations of standardized
canal
structures
presented
herein as
construction drawings, figure l-8 should be
used for
general notes and minimum
requirements for detailing reinforcement.
(c) Minimum Wall Thickness.--To provide
ease of concrete placement and insure good
bond between the reinforcement and concrete,
the minimum concrete thickness of cantilever
walls should be 1 inch per foot of height (5
inches minimum) for walls up to 8 feet high.
For walls exceeding 8 feet in height, the
minimum concrete thickness should be 8
inches plus 3/4 inch for each foot of wall
height greater than 8 feet.
12
SMALL
coocrete
Figure I-8.
Strctrei,Acl
CANAL
STRUCTURES
ifs,
requirements
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
AND
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
FILLET
13
IPOR
TYPICAL
TYPICAL
OFFSET
GREATER
BLOCKOUT
RECESS
:Secod r*ope concrete Shown )
Figure l-8.
ES.5
DETAILS
DETAILS
SECTION
TYPICAL
FILLET
CORNER
A-A
DETAILS
requirements
THAN
/P
14
SMALL
Freeboard. Xanal
lining
and canal
CANAL
STRUCTURES
ooucn
OcKm
0009
$61 r-a-r01
oooc
ODOI
009
00,
0002
I
oo+
002
001
09
anoqo 6u!u1l au
6-I J.&II
09
00
OS
0t
01
SO
SMALL
16
Concrete. -If
sufficient
CANAL
STRUCTURES
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
AND
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
17
c. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1-25.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Bibliography.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Chapter
A.
II
GENERAL
B. ROAD CROSSINGS
R.
B.
YOUNG
2-2. Purpose
and
Description. -Road
crossings are used to convey canal water under
roads or railroads (fig. 2-1). Pipe conduit is
generally
used for these purposes. In
accomplishing
these objectives the road
crossing conduit may have a straight line
profile (see fig. 2-2), as discussed in these
sections, or a profile like that shown in figure
2-4 with vertical bends as discussed later in
subchapters II C, II E, and II F. Road crossings
which have vertical bends in their profile
function either as inverted siphons, drops, or
chutes.
The straight line profile conduit (road
crossing) is designed for flow with little or no
internal hydrostatic
pressure; that is, the
hydraulic gradient is near or below the top of
the pipe.
2-3. Application. -Available hydraulic head
and cost considerations usually determine the
1 Civil
Reclamation.
Engineer,
Hydraulic
Structures
Branch,
Bureau
of
Figure
2-1.
Road
crossing.
feasibility
of using pipe for conveying water
under a roadway or using a bridge over the
waterway. Generally, for capacities up to 100
19
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
21
see
All
pipe subjected
to internal
pressure
should have rubber gasket joints
to insure
positive watertightness. Under some roadways,
watertight joints may be necessary irrespective
of internal pressure. Precast concrete pressure
pipe with type R joints (rubber gasket joints)
or asbestos-cement pressure pipe with rubber
gasket joints is used to insure watertightness.
The minimum pressure pipe class permitted for
each is B 25 [ 4]
[ 5] .Selection
of the
appropriate pipe class is explained later in the
discussion of Inverted Siphons, subchapter II
C.
The hydraulic design of a road crossing pipe
consists of selecting a pipe diameter that will
22
result in either: (1) a maximum allowable
velocity of 3.5 feet per second for a pipe with
earth transitions or, (2) a maximum allowable
velocity of 5 feet per second for a pipe with
concrete transitions or other concrete inlet and
outlet structures. The maximum upstream
invert elevation of the pipe is then determined
by subtracting the pipe diameter and 1.5 times
the velocity head of the pipe flowing full
(diameter + 1.5 hvp) from the upstream normal
water surface elevation in the canal. The pipe is
set on a minimum slope of 0.005 from this
upstream invert elevation. This provides a low
point at the end of the pipe to facilitate
draining should it become necessary.
The pipe hydraulic
design should be
examined to determine if the resulting earth
cover from the top of the roadway to the top
of the pipe meets the following minimum
requirements:
(1) At all railroad and road crossings
(except farm roads) a minimum of 3 feet of
earth cover should be provided. If roadway
ditches exist and are extended over the pipe,
the minimum distance from the ditch invert
to the top of the pipe should be 2 feet.
(2) At farm road crossings a minimum
earth cover of 2 feet should be provided for
both the roadway and the ditches. Farm
roads are frequently ramped using 10 to 1
slopes (10 percent grade) when necessary to
provide minimum earth cover requirements.
Another alternative available to the designer
for achieving minimum cover requirements is
to set the upstream pipe invert a distance
greater than the pipe diameter plus
1.5
11,
P
below the upstream normal water surface
elevation. However, the maximum vertical
distance from the canal invert to the pipe
invert should not exceed one-half the pipe
diameter, except where a control structure is
required. Pipe with bends in its profile to
provide the required earth cover, or sagged for
any other reason, is discussed with Inverted
Siphons, subchapter Ii C.
Roadway widths and side slopes at the
crossings should match existing roadway
widths and side slopes, or as otherwise
specified. Side slopes should not be steeper
than l-1/2 to 1.
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
23
STRUCTURES
vP
V2 3.06
= velocity head in pipe zZ = 64.4
= 0.15 ft.
( >
l-16
24
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
C. INVERTED SIPHONS
R. B.
cit.,
p.
19.
YOUNG
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
Figure 24.
26
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
2-5.
Inverted
siphon
under
construction,
P-328-701-7259A.
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
27
The following
siphons require either a
concrete inlet transition or some type of
concrete inlet control structure, and a concrete
outlet transition:
All siphons crossing railroads and state
highways.
All 36-inch-diameter
and larger siphons
crossing roads.
All siphons in unlined canals with water
velocities in excess of 3.5 feet per second
in the pipe.
Standardization of concrete transitions is a
means of reducing costs. This is accomplished
by having a single transition cover a range of
canal and structure conditions. The base width
and invert of standardized transitions will
seldom match those of the canal. Additional
transitioning is then accomplished with an
earth transition where earth canals are involved
and with a concrete lining transition where
concrete-lined canals are involved.
For relatively short structures, such as
siphons crossing roads, it is frequently more
economical to omit concrete transitions even
though the length of pipe will increase and size
of pipe and protection may also increase. For
further discussion on Transitions see chapter
VII.
If there is a need for controlling the water
surface elevation upstream from the siphon, a
check and pipe inlet or a control and pipe inlet
is used. (See discussion of Check and Pipe Inlet
and Control and Pipe Inlet, subchapters III F
and III G.)
(c) Pipe Collars.-Pipe
collars are not
normally required on siphons but they may be
needed to reduce the velocity of the water
moving along the outside of the pipe or
through
the surrounding
earth thereby
preventing removal of soil particles (piping) at
the point of emergence. Pipe collars may also
be necessary to discourage rodents from
burrowing along the pipe. A detailed discussion
for design of pipe collars and cutoffs as related
to percolation may be found in chapter VIII.
(d) BlowofT Structures. -Blowoff structures
are provided at or near the low point of
relatively long inverted siphons to permit
draining
the pipe for inspection
and
shutdown.
maintenance
or wintertime
Essentially the blowoff structure consists of a
28
valved steel pipe tapped into the siphon barrel.
Blowoffs may also be used in an emergency in
conjunction with wasteways for evacuating
water from canals. Short siphons are usually
dewatered when necessary by pumping from
either end of the siphon. If annual wintertime
draining is not required, breaking into pipe
smaller than 24-inch diameter for emergency
draining is an economical alternative to
providing a blowoff.
A manhole is often included with a blowoff
on long siphons 36 inches and larger in
diameter to provide an intermediate access
point for inspection and maintenance.
A detailed discussion for design of blowoff
structures and manholes may be found in
chapter VIII.
(e) CaauI
Freehourd
urzd Erosion
Protection-The
canal bank freeboard
upstream from siphons should be increased 50
percent (1.0 foot maximum)
to prevent
washouts at these locations due to more storm
runoff
being taken into the canal than
anticipated or by improper operation. The
increased freeboard should extend a distance
from the structure such that damage caused by
overtopping the canal banks would be minimal;
but in any event a minimum distance of 50 feet
from the structure.
Erosion protection is often used adjacent to
siphons in earth canals. A discussion of
Protection is presented in chapter VII.
(f) Wustewuys. --Wasteways are often placed
upstream from a siphon for the purpose of
diverting the canal flow in case of emergency.
For design of wasteways see the discussion on
Wasteways, subchapter IV B.
(g) Sufkty Features. -Safety measures must
be taken near siphons to protect persons and
animals from injury and loss of life. Safety
features are discussed in chapter IX.
2- 11. Hydraulic
Design Considerations. Available head, economy, and allowable pipe
velocities determine the size of the siphon pipe.
Thus, it is necessary to assume internal
dimensions for the siphon and compute head
losses such as entrance, pipe friction, pipe
bend, and exit. The sum of all the computed
losses should approximate the difference in
energy grade elevation between the upstream
and downstream ends of the siphon (available
head).
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
29
30
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
SECTION
, I
FREE
FLOW
,
y,
r;
i,
C
s
SIPHON
A-A
INLET
Velociry
for free flow, Feit/sec
: Water depth for free flow, feet
Surface
width for free flow. feef
: Hydraulic
radius for free flow, feet
: Diameter
of pipe. feet
z Siooe of oioe
Fxperfmentol
curves
of cri+icol
Froude
numbers
see A SC E lronscct:on
,943
Enro,nment
of Air rn F:owrnq Waler-Closed
Condrts
page ,435
NOTES
54"
26"
535
264
24:
Cl3
367
349
895
24"
016
208
378
543
54'
54'
54*
54-
72>
So?Diego
Sta
1hi3+50
Id
012
010
Cl0
010
OS0
010
010
010
0'0
010
010
o/2
010
010
010
010
48"
54'
48
48"
48"
48"
48"
48"
48"
tt
61
P60
1490
0033
567
029
,T
305
i 25
10
10 0
/I 90
4
194
171
2716
,935
134
3053
POP
185
2198
9 95
iz 15
10 95
13 70
Ii 35
3643
192
2563
PI2
3714
104
19
211
262
0336
355
377
190
I3
15
3114
c v;
1383
ii
20
733
17
80
00
CONVEYANCE
ST RIJCTIIRFS
Ossots
6f*OS1=
1
= H I3
,SZI
1,
=p
H .VlS
P
$
Lo
-2
w
-0
GIll
IESOPS = 3 .I3
f9+6tl=
3 2715
ZS~9OPS = v I3
LP+6PI = v VlS
z
,SZI =P
(1
31
32
SMALL
STRUCTURES
callal).
CANAL
= 4.77 f.p.s.
V2 4.77
11 = velocity head in pipe ==m
vP
&
= 0.35 ft.
whcrc g = gravitational acceleration.
wp = wetted perimeter = 71dia.
= 6.28 ft.
r = hydraulic radius =$=-- 3.14
6.28
= 0.5 ft.
n = assumed roughness coefficient3
= 0.013
sf = friction slope of pipe
section
1 -I 6
CONVEYANCE
33
STRUCTURES
=os=
2.04 ft
Ht-!?v
cos a2
2.00
= A 2 00 ------=
cos 12O - 0.978
2.04 ft.
not exceed
head loss.
SMALL
34
Pipe length scaled = about 72 feet.
Pipe bend angles scaled = about 12
(assume single angle bends).
Approximate total head loss H, = 1.1 (hi
+ h,- + h, + h,) where hi is inlet loss, h, is
pipe friction loss, h, is pipe bend loss, and
h, is outlet loss.
H, = I. I[ 0.4nh, + pipe length x sf
+ Ch, x 2 + 0.7nh,]
H, = 1.1,0.:(0.35
~ 0.07) + 72 x 0.0044
+ (0.04 x 0.35) 2
+ 0.7(0.35 ~ 0.07)]
= 1.1 [ 0.1 1 + 0.32 + 0.03 + 0.201
= I. 1 (0.66) = 0.73 foot
STRUCTURES
and downstream
identical
upstream
transitions, the column for water surface
angle of 25 should be used.
The relationship of pipe diameter D to
normal depth d in the canal is determined
for use in the table and is equal to
3.00
--x
D= 1.25
d= 1.6d.
$,,:,D
= 1.8D +++(0.5D)
= 1.9D
CANAL
- 1.8D)
= 1.8D + O.lD
( 17)
Trarlsitiorl
dirnerlsion,
(jig.
Trallsition
dinwmiolz
(jig.
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
35
Here again the difference between the given
and computed values for station H is small
and will not require any canal invert profile
changes.
Stations D and E are selected to insure
that a 2-foot minimum of earth cover on the
pipe is provided at the roadway ditches. The
inverts of the V-ditches are located 15.25
feet from the roadway centerline. Therefore,
the pipe bend inverts should be located
about 16 feet from each side of the
centerline of the roadway.
Then Sta. D = Sta. J - 16.00 ft.
= Sta. (150+00) - 16.00 ft.
= Sta. 149+84
El. D is determined by subtracting the pipe
diameter, the shell thickness, and the
minimum cover from the elevation of the
ditch invert.
El. D = (5407.00 - 1.5 ft.) - (2.00 ft.
s1 =
36
SMALL
60lOtS
91+051=
7
-25
= 3 13
3 VlS
3
c
F
I
IESOPS= 3 13
S9+6W = 3 VlS
-0
d
zS90tS= v 13
v VlS
6P+6*1=
f
--
I
,SZI -P
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
37
STRUCTURES
= 3.41 ft.
15 ft.
= 0.228
Angle of the slope is the angle whose
tangent is 0.228,
012
= 1251
15.4 ft.
3%
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
2- I 4. Purpose and Descriptiorr. -(a) Germcrul.--Flumes are used to convey canal water
along steep sidehill terrain, or to convey canal
water over other waterways, or natural
drainage channels. Flumes are also used at
locations where there is restricted right-of-way
or whcrc lack of suitable material makes
construction of canal banks undesirable or
impracticable.
Flumes supported on a bench excavated into
a hillside are called bench flumes (figs. 2-l 0
and 2-l 1). Flumes supported above the ground
with reinforced concrete, structural steel, or
timber are called elevated flumes (figs. 2-I 2
and 2- 13).
(b) BcJtlchfl~r?ze.s.--A bench flume is usually
rectangular in shape and made of reinforced
concrete (fig. 2-l 7) with inlet and outlet
transitions to the adjoining canal. Excavation
into the hillside to form the bench should be of
sufficient width to provide for an access road
along the downhill side unless other provisions
have been made for a road.
Some reasons for using a bench flume along
steep sidehill terrain rather than a canal or
pipeline, could be economy or practicality of
construction and maintenance.
Where there is a possibility of falling rock
damaging the flume, protective backfill should
Op.
cit.,
p. 19.
CONVEYANCE
Figure
STRUCTURES
2.10.
Concrete
bench
39
Figure 2.12.
Figure
Early
flume.
2-13.
day
elevated
flume.
P42-D-45751
in regard to hydraulic
1. Hydraulic Considerations
2-1 S .Flume
most hydraulically
Section. -(a)
Ratio ~-
The
equal to 2 [ 6] .
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Compacted
backf i 1I
103-D-1258
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
41
SMALL
42
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
43
For
Use
R2/3
Sll2
~;0.0018)~~
106.1 x 0.48d2 3
= 2.16d23
also
+JB
By
equating
d2
the two expressions for
velocity, 2. 16d2 I3 = y
100
Q = m=
v, = xc
9.1 1 f.p.s.
s, = 3 q;413
d13 = 46.29
d = 4.21 ft.
Then
A = d2 = 17.72 ft.2
and
100
V= m=
ft. and-=b
d
b= 4.21 ft.
= 0.33d and
dz4.21
5.64
44
SMALL
,,4R2
13
S 12
AR213 (0.0018)2
0, = 27-l/2
A, sq. ft.
wp, ft.
(4.25d)
(2d+4.25)
4.20
4.15
17.85
17.63
12.65
12.55
STRUCTURES
and velocity
therefore,
CANAL
max.
tan 0 1 = p
= 0.52057
1
7.38
L, = o.52057 = 14.2 feet
Use L, = 15 feet
O2 = 22-1/2O max.
tan 0 2 = y=
0.41421
2
R 213
1.41
1.41
1.26
1.26
Q, cfs
(4.50 AR23)
101
100
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
Inlet
45
transltton
Figure
2-1.5. Transition
lengths. 103-D-1259
46
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
NWS
NWS
n ws 0 Outlet
\
dn= 4.W
dn = 3.00)
sb =0.0018
Bench
Figure
El 1001.80
Z-16.
Schematic
profile
Flume ~
of bench
flume.
103-D-1260
I-
Outlet
transition
Canal -
CONVEYANCE
47
STRUCTURES
then :
A = 44.85 ft. *
V = 2.23 f.p.s.
h, = 0.08 foot
Substitute the above appropriate values in
the energy balance equation to determine if
a balance exists:
d + h, - 0.3(h,, - h,) = 3.02
3.07 + 0.08 - 0.3(0.50 - 0.08) = 3.02
3.02 = 3.02
Since a balance does exist the assumed canal
depth of 3.07 feet is also the actual canal
water depth.
This means the canal depth is 3.07 feet
instead of the normal depth of 3.00 feet.
Assume in the design example that there is a
long reach of canal between this flume and
the next upstream structure and the depth in
the canal will have returned to normal,
Original
ground surface
3,
/
les
Compacted wshlon of
selected moterlal
48
SMALL
E.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
DROPS
1
R.
I.
B.
YOUNG
General
Figure
2-19.
Rectangular
notch
inclined
drop
with
inlet.
lOp.cit..p.19.
Figure
2-20.
Rectangular
inclined
drop.
control
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
49
Figure
2-22.
Rectangular
inclined
p 222-116-53590
drop
in operation.
50
SMALL
Figure
2-24.
Pipe drops.
PX-D-31406
CANAL
STRUCTURES
2-21. Purpose
and
Description.-A
rectangular inclined (R.I.) drop (figs. 2-26 and
2-27) is a rectangular shaped structure with
constant width that conveys water from a
higher elevation to a lower elevation. This drop
in elevation may be any amount between 3 and
about 15 feet. The R.I. drop not only conveys
water, but it also stills the water after it has
reached the lower elevation resulting in excess
CONVEYANCE
51
STRUCTURES
F&we 2-26.
1. 103-D-1262
52
SMALL
t
m
TYPICAL
SLIDE
ASSEHBLl
SAT
2. 103-D-1263
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
and lateral
rectangular
S INGLE
Si
H
HAX.
Q
#AX.
inclined
LP
drop
(Sheet
dimensions
and reinfbrccrnent
1 of3).
103-D-1264-1
TYPE
REINFORCEMENT
LAYER
LB
LF
53
IN
HP
dz
+
hvz
t'
/"
65
5; "
with
N 3. OF
W EEP
HCILES
POOL
POOL
fks.
l-
QUANTITIES
FLOOR
REINF
-0NGIT
REINF
4ALLS
3~ 8
12
5. 0
,. 7
I 28
50
7- 8
14
6- 0
2. 9
I 41
70
3: 8
15
6- 0
!. ,/
54
90
I~ 0
16
6- 6
j - 0
/ 63
II
1. 4
/ 7
7-0
3- ,
, 71
I3
+- 8
/ 7
,-0
3 - p
I 77,
15 0
5-O
18
7~ 6
3- 3
I 84
61
"
2
64"
6; "
6; "
6; "
6; "
30
IO
3. 8
16
$o
L/O
I 70
50
IO
3- IO
18
7-6
I 8Y
70
IO
4~ 3
20
8 ~0
2 03
90
10
q-
PI
8-6-
3 - 4
2 IS
ii 0
IO
5-
22
9~ 0
3 - 5
2 25
13 0
IO
5-
23
9-6
3. 6
2 33
15 0
IO
5-IO
3. 7
2 42
30
15
4-
l9,,
860
3- 4
50
15
I-
PI
8~ 6
70
is
4- IO
23
946
90
I5
5- 4
24
II 0
I5
r- g
15
6;~
15 0
15
30
TO
50
20
70
20
5-6
90
20
/I 0
20
I3
20
15 0
20
7-6
*. 5
30
25
5-2
22
5 0
25
24
70
25
90
25
ONC.
J YDS
R
I-
EINF
S TEEL
1LB.5
l/SC
ETA1
LBS..
47
470
I65
55
560
165
6 I
630
/6 5
68
7/o
iG5
75
790
I65
Hi
860
65
88
940
I65
59
600
?05
61
"
2
6; "
6t "
69
700
105
78
800
?05
96
900
PO5
t;,L "
94
990
PO5
IO 3
1090
205
II
1190
205
36
6; 8
710
210
3 ~ 7
2 18
8,
8 /
830
210
3.IO
? 34
If
2
6;
93
960
210
10 0
2 48
6;
IO 4
IO80
Pi0
IO ~6
2 58
II
I220
?f3
2,-z
II
4~ 3
2 69
1; 4
1330
20
8,
0
L 3
If-0
4~4
2 77
7 I
13 2
1440
210
20
8-6
j- 6
2 15
6:;
83
830
250
?3
9- 6
3-10
2 39
(jf
9:
980
? 50
6f
10 7
/i/O
250
24
z-
Co
10~ 0
4&l
2 56
6 -0
24
2- p
,I~0
4. 4,
2 70
12 2
1300
250
6-
If-6
4~ 6
2 83
Y,
13 3
1470
250
12 ~0
4-
2 94
14 4
1630
250
$0
3 03
15 4
1740
250
Y-0
3 IO
2 29
6;
92
920
255
IO-0
4. 2
2 53
6i
IO 6
/ 100
255
2s2
//CO
4&t
2 72
6;
12
1310
25.:
2.4
/-6
4- 8
2 87
13 4
15oc
255
2 -5
12~ 0
4,-/o
3 00
14 6
164C
255
2,-6
l2-6
5,-o
3 I/
IO
7,
I6 3
1780
2.5 5
P-7
13-0
5- 2
3 22
IO
7;
17 8
i98C
255
Y-6
4- 0
2 41
61
6;
IO 2
103c
?6C
I/
1236
76i
If 0
25
I3
25
7-R
I5
25
30
30
56,
50
30
:-Ii:
70
30
6-
90
30
7- 0
lose with
30
(for
23
5
-
2.
IO-6
4. 4
2 66
2-
If-0
2 85
9,,
I!
143c
26C
/2,-o
4,-/o
3 00
I4
164G
26C
2-5
SMALL
Table 2-I.-Canal
SINGLE
TYPE
I
REINFORCEMENT
LAYER
IN
H
MAX
Q
MAX
dz
F
LP
HP
N 0 OF
HYEEP
H OLC ;
STRUCTURES
POOL
1
iTt?UCT
NO.
CANAL
FLOOR
POOL
RElNF,
EINF
TEEL
L8S.l
I ZA:
FLOORS
5-2
1 3 26
IO
Ii
I I
/ /
7
/
MlSC
ETAL
LBSI
I M1
1800
260
#4@9
1990
260
#4@8
2200
260
qE7
iz30
295
#4@6
1500
295
+T
1710
295
#4@8
1970
295
+-
2150
295
2400
295
2600
295
%jic
/4/o
310
IO
QUANTITIES
TRANSV
%
-4@71
-*
7,
6,i
IO
7,
#4@/0
1700
310
IO
#4@8
2010
310
/I
#4@7i
2240
310
#4@
2530
310
7i
IO
7j
12
12
/ I
6,
7
7
7
7;
8
8
8
IO
7 I
8
8
IO
10
10
IO
10
IO
IO
IO
IO
IO
IO
10
IO
10 -A
7itf
2
6f
3 46
10
3 80
i2
4 06
12
4 27
1.3
3 56
ii
7;
6
1
6,
7f
#4@
6;
7
4@6;
2770
310
ft4@8
#
4@38
1610
345
1950
345
2230
345
4@7
345
#4@6
2510
-.
2880
#4@io
1740
350
-8
21.50
350
qi?T
7500
350
*4@
yixt
I #4(as
I 24
f4@7$
345
7900
350
3060
350
*4@
1930
355
*4&s
2350
355
#4@
2730
355
*4&J
3020
355
2100
395
395
#4@8
tf4@7i
#4@8
196
#4@7
f4@
*4(&v
22
2530
4@6j
4t4@
#4g7
26
3010
#4@6j
395
#44@62
ft4@7
29 3
3360
395
#4@7j
#4@7;
*44gs
208
2270
400
#4@6
#4@
*44gs
24 0
2600
400
4@5i
3330
400
#44@5j
3710
400
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
Table 7-I.-Canal
55
DOUBLE
LAYER
LF
LE
,d-5
3.3
IO- I
3. 4
/O-IO
3.5
POOL
FLOOR
REINE
STEEL
fLBS.I
d6
3.5
II- 3
3. 7
to- /
3. 7
IO -10
7
ii -8
3. 8
3.IG
IO- 6
3. a
I/-
3.IC
iP- I
3.II
II-3
3.I(
,9.0
f-2,
4 85
15
12. I
4.0
pO.g
7-4
5 02
15
13- 0
4.2
20~6
776
5 17
16
IN
1*4@5;
t4@
*4=
4@16
#4@
31 9
4@5
4@6
4@
34 2
4@6
*4 ($15
+4@/6
37.8
IO
*4@5
+%@I6
4@7
331
8;
/o
*%$6
tt4@15
*4@6
374
8;
IO
4@$
64@t5
*4@6
396
i?g
5 JANDARO
DIMENSIONS
CHECK
MISC.
NETIP
I fL9S.I
33.6
INLET
1 TYPE
I ONLY
+
MIN.
Lo
Ho
M/N
HS
GA TE
SIZE
LT
IRAML
T
_I I_:
2 I
2 4
10
24
2. ,
15
24
2. i
3.o
2. 7
3. 6
4-o--
3. 7
3rm,
2.6
12
20
5. o
16
~
20
24
5. 0
6. 0
36X 12
2.IO
~~7
3-2
42~ 16
7ylj
48;2oy
j-6
5. 6
54,;
22
5. 6
60;
24
5! 6
,Y
-~~
2-2
20
24
25
24
8. 0
8. 0
30
24
g. 0
66;27
6~o
40
24
g- o
72;
6. 0
50
2&X
60
$6
70
80
3 0
78; 33
6. 0
84;36
6~o
3-0
IO- 0
7
,,
IO 0
,,To
90,x39,,
6-6
30
/I- 0
90142
6.6
90
3~6
P-0
96;45
6.6
100
JL6
12.0
96;45
6.6
DESIGN
CRITERIA
Structure
No
5-3
rndrcotes
Q = 5 c f s
H = 3 ft
The djmensrons
of the control
notch
ot the
#n/et
of the structure
0 and 20% of
desrgn
0 wrth
control
notch
graphs
OS shown
,n
should
be determrned
des,gn
example
The
b = $$$
base
wrdth
of
the
The
m,n,m~m
downstream
assumed
n
value
H
is the vert~col
gradlent
d,
IS
formula
d,
The
the
height
d,
=-$+
structure
LS determjned
from
the
energy
grodrent
for
full
desrgn
for
the channel
by 20% ond comput!ng
fall
from
the normal
upstream
energy
of
j*
th
downstream
or
end
from
figure
of
the
hydrouljc
formula
copoc~ty
IS determrned
by
the depth
gradlent
to the m~n!mum
tump
and
may
be
for
reducrng
der,gn
the
downstream
determrned
from
energy
the
2-37
moy be determrned
by usrng
figure
Z-37,
then
from
d, ,
,nvert
El
of the strll!ng
pool
IZ found
by subtroctrng
gradlent
The m,n,m~m
strllrng
pool
length
IS 4d,
The m,n,mum
freeboard
for
the strll,ng
pool
IS obtolned
by
The m,n,mum
drstonce
between
chute
blocks
and floor
blocks
Rernforcement
steel
desrgn
IS based
on corkrng
stresses
of
m,n,mum
ylefd
strength
of 60.000
P s ,
Monol,th,c
concrete
des,gn
based
on o compress,ve
strength
o working
stress
of 1.800
P
s ,
o gate
When o gate
with
o speclfled
herght
IS not
ovorlable,
herght
should
be red
with
oppropr~ote
frame
height
A,
and
d,+hVp
urrng
IS Ed
24,006
of
4,000
w,th
V,
con be
from
the
figure
P
2-33
os
with
*.I
next
determrned
downstream
greater
at
energy
o guide
o speclfred
28
days
ovorloble
wrth
SMALL
56
Table 2-2.~ Was1ewa.v and drain rectangular inclined drop diwlensions and reinforcement
/Sheet I of3,!. 103-D-I 265-l
SINGLE
I
LAYER
TYPE
REINFORCEMENT
CANAL
STRUCTURES
figs. 2-26 and 2-27)
I
IN
_.-
POOL
FLOOR
POOL
--
4@
12
REINF
*4407;
OUANTlTlES
6.7
12.9
680
( 205
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
57
Table 2-2.- Wasteway and drain rectangular inclined drop dinlensions and reinforcement
(Sheet 2 of.?/.-Continued.
103-D-1 265-2
SINGLE
LAYER
TYPE
REINFORCEMENT
I
IN
POOL
FLOOR
58
SMALL
Table 2-2.- Wastewa) and drain rectangular inclined drop dimensions and reinforcement
(Sheer 3 of3/.-Continued.
103-D-1265-3
DOUBLE
TYPE
2
REINFORCEMENT
LAYER
de
h:,
FLOOR
POOL
OUTER
H,:,,
TRAINS.
RElNF
STRUCTURES
POOL
NO. OF
IN
CANAL
REINF
LAYER
QUANTITIES
ONSIT
REINF.
FLOOR
1 WALLS
CONC
(
s;:E:
Oy
1LBS.J
310
I
345
345
350
4 44
14^
4 46
14
4 63
14
4 77
15
8 ~. -.-~
I- ~. *Gi;. .
llfq;,6
8
IO
z
8
IO
*4@6
4@6
8;
IO
Iy 4 (a 5; f4 ($15
0
,__
II
4 75
14
-7
4 90
15
8;
]@5j
4@6
1 -L
~~~
t4@7
28.2
3360
4@7
30.1
3650
32.3
3990
30.9
3840
t@
If4@7
IO
350
355
355
355
395
395
395
10
400
400
400
STANDARD
CHECK
DIMENSIONS
DESIGN
base
w#dlh
of
the
structure
1s
delerm,ned
The
from
of
the slructure
os shown
rn
the
m!n#mum
downstream
energy
grodjent
for
full
desrgn
assumed
n value
for
the
channel
by 20% ond computing
charges
Into
an uncontrolled
channel.
o control
must
crrt~cal
deoth
ot the control
sectfon
should
be used
Ii
1s the vertrcol
foil
from
the
normal
upslreom
energy
gradrent
d, I1 IS the herghl
of the dowstreom
end of the hydroultc
d2
=--$+
$-+$
or
from
f,gure
1 TYPE
I ONLY
CRITERIA
Structure
No
5-3
rndlcotes
Q = 5 cfs
H = 3 fl
The d,mens,ons
of the
control
notch
ot the
rnlet
0 and 20% of desrgn
0 w!th
control
notch
graphs
The
INLET
formula
should
be
desrgn
example
3609%
b = h+350
delermlned
for
desrgn
copoc~ty
1s determIned
by reducrng
the
When the strllrng
pool
dlsthe depth
be provrded
by the ovtlel
structure
and
to determrne
the downstream
energy
gradrent
grodrent
lo the rn~n~nwm
downstream
energy
jump
ond
moy
be
determlned
from
the
formula.
2-37
d, may be deiermrned
by us,ng
figure
2-37
then
from
d, ,
The
invert
El
of the strll~ng
pool
IS found
by sublroctrng
srodrent
Th;
m,n,mum
strlllng
pool
length
IS 3d,
The m,n,mum
freeboard
for
the strllrng
pool
,s obtolned
by
The m,n,mum
drsionce
between
chute
blocks
ond floor
blocks
Rernforcement
steel
design
1s based
on working
stresses
of
yreld
strength
of 60.000
P s
I
Monolrthrc
concrete
design
based
on o compressive
strength
*ire**
of 1.800
p s I
When o gate
wrth
o specrf,ed
herghi
IS not
avorloble,
o gale
should
be used
with
oppropr~oie
frame
height
A, and
d,+h,*
V,
con
from
us!g
figure
IS
8d,
24,000
p s
of
4.000
with
next
be delerm#ned.
the downstream
2-33
os
wllh
I
greater
ot
energy
o gurde
o speclfred
28
days
oval
minimum
wrth
fable
o worklng
herght
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
59
SMALL
60
notch. Expressed differently, elevation B is
set low enough to prevent the flow into the
inclined section from controlling the canal
water surface.
The inlet structure also has wingwalls and
cutoffs for the purpose of retaining canal
earthwork and for reducing seepage from the
canal.
(2) Cllec~li.-Check structures are often
combined with the inlet to drops. The
checks in such cases are utilized as a control
to prevent racing of the water upstream
from the inlet, in addition to their usual
function of raising the water surface to
permit diversion through upstream turnouts
during periods of partial flow in the canal.
Checks may also be used to shut off the
canal flow if there is some provision such as
an upstream wasteway to allow the canal
flow to go elsewhere. This inlet closure
could provide for isolation of a canal reach
in case of canal embankment failure or for
maintenance purposes.
The area of the inlet opening should be
proportioned
to limit the design flow
velocity to about 3.5 feet per second. This
velocity is considered as the maximum
desirable for ease of stoplog handling. The
width is usually the same as that detcrmincd
by the width requirement for the stilling
pool. If the width of the inlet is greater than
6 feet and stoplogs are used, a center pier
with stoplog guides should be added so
shorter stoplogs can be used. Stoplogs longer
than 6 feet are difficult to handle. Without a
center pier, the opening has two gate frame
guides for installation of a gate or for use as
stoplog guides. The elevation of the inlet
opening should be the same or lower than
the invert of the canal, never higher. Slide
gates may be operated automatically. The
gate sizes in the table of dimensions (tables
2-l and 2-2) cause the top elevation of the
gates, when closed, to be approximately the
same elevation as the top of the side
overflow walls. If these gate sizes are not
available and the next greater available
height is used, the taller gate may cause the
canal freeboard to be less than 0.5 foot
when the gate is closed and all of the normal
canal flow is spilling over the sidewalls and
gate. If this freeboard is much less than 0.5
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
61
SMALL
62
velocity sufficiently great to move the soil
particles with consequent hazard to the
foundation of the structure.
The length of the percolation path along the
structure,
as computed
by Lanes
weighted-creep method, should bc such that
the phreatic line does not intersect the tops of
the inclined channel or stilling pool walls. The
type of soil will govern the choice of the
maximum allowable slope of the assumed
percolation lint. In general, the slope of the
percolation line along the backside of the walls
should be held to a slope not steeper than 3.5
to 1 (horizontal to vertical) from the canal
water surface at the cutoff to any point at the
top of the inclined channel or stilling pool
walls. A slope of 5 to 1 is common. See
subchapter VIII C for discussion on Lanes
weighted-creep
ratio,
sometimes called
percolation factor.
The need for cutoff collars and the length of
the portion of the inlet between the inlet
cutoff and the incline may be decided by the
susceptibility to percolation and seepage. It is
sometimes necessary to lengthen the inlet
structure or provide cutoff collars to lengthen
the path of percolation on the standard R.1.
drops, figures 2-26 and 2-27.
2-25. Desigu Example of R.I. Drop With
Control I&et arid Stilling Pool Outlet (see figs.
2-26 and 2-27 arid tables 2-1 arld 2-2). -The
topography for the canal alinement is assumed
to be such that the general ground drops
abruptly at this point and a drop structure is
the feasible way to convey the water to the
lower elevation.
(a) Give/~.~
(1) Type of waterway = earth canal.
(2) Hydraulic properties of the canal at
inlet and outlet of structure:
Q=
s=
n=
E=
50 cfs
0.0005
0.025
2.89 ft.
b = 5.0 ft.
s~ = 0.02235
v = 1.91 f.p.s.
d, = 2.83 ft.
s:s = l-1/2: 1
h, = 0.06 ft.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
63
STRUCTURES
Settitg
for Stilliqq
zz
Qn
1.486 S *
= 30.1
= 50 x 0.8 x 0.025
1.486 x 0.02235
section from
I-2.50
2.53
I---
d2,
sq. ft.
----.~-~-.
6.25
6.40
sq. ft.
lSd*,
b,
ft.
9.37
9.60
5.0
5.0
db
sq. ft.
12.50
i2.65
-
equation
depth
in
pool
d, = 0.3 1433q 3,
critical
d, = 1.22 ft.
A = db+l.5d2,
sq.ft.
3.606d,
ft.
wp = b+3.606d,
ft.
R =$
21.87
22.25
9.01
9.12
14.01
14.12
1.560
1 s7s
~-
ft.
R23
SMALL
64
H
(2) Determine 42
values 2
and 4
by using
1
d,
d, = o.184
dz
d, = 17.43
(4) Determine d,
d, = 0.184 x d, = 0.184 x 1.22
= 0.224 foot
(5) Determine d,
d, = 17.43 x d, = 17.43 x 0.224
= 3.92 feet
(6) Determine A, V, and 11, for depth, d,
A, = b d2 = 6.5 x 3.92 = 25.45 ft.
v2+
= &=
Vi
h v2 zr-=
22
(7) Determine
elevation (El. C).
1.96 f.p.s.
1.96
-64.4 = 0.06 foot
stilling
STRUCTURES
zzyL2$ = 1.7
.I
(3) Obtain
CANAL
pool
invert
Q=
s=
n=
E=
50 cfs
0.0005
0.025
2.89 ft.
b = 5.0 ft.
s * = 0.02235
v = 1.91 f.p.s.
d, = 2.83 ft.
s:s = l-l/2: 1
h, = 0.60 ft.
,=36m
Q + 350
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
3. Pipe Drops
2-27. Purpose
and Description. -A
pipe
drop conveys water from a higher elevation to
a lower elevation. This drop in elevation may
be any amount between 3 and about 15 feet. A
pipe drop not only conveys water but it must
also dissipate the excess energy and still the
65
water after it has reached the lower elevation.
The two general types of closed conduit drops
are type 1 and type 2.
(a> Type I.-The
type 1 pipe drop (figs.
2-28, 2-29, 2-30. and 2-3 1j is a practical and
economical drop and is used as an inline canal
structure where the possibility of clogging is
minimal. Another type of drop structure
should be used for cross drainage. The pipe is
sumped an amount required to create a
hydraulic jump in the pipe which dissipates the
excess energy.
The type 1 pipe drop should have a check
inlet or a control inlet, but may have only an
earth outlet transition if the full pipe velocities
are not greater than 3.5 feet per second. If this
drop has a reinforced concrete outlet transition
the full pipe velocities may be as high as 5 feet
per second.
(b) Tvpe 2.-The type 2 pipe drop figure
2-32 is a practical and economical drop and is
used as an inline canal structure or as a
cross-drainage structure. It is generally used in
preference to the type 1 pipe drop if sediment
and debris is carried in the water. With a type 2
pipe drop the excess energy dissipation must be
accomplished at the outlet with either a baffled
outlet or a stilling pool. However, if there is a
possibility of having weeds in the water, a
stilling pool should be used because of the
difficulty with weeds clogging a baffled outlet.
The type 2 pipe drop should have a check inlet
or a control inlet if the drop is an inline canal
structure. If the type 2 pipe drop is a
cross-drainage structure
it may have a
reinforced concrete inlet transition.
2-28. Advarltages
and Disadvantages. -Pipe
drops are easily designed, built, and operated.
The inlets can be readily adapted to either an
earth or a lined waterway and the outlets can
be easily adapted to an earth or a lined canal or
to a waterway where there is no downstream
water surface control. The inlets can be made
to incorporate a control notch, a check, or a
weir. If there is a control or a check inlet there
should be side overflow walls for emergency
flows. A pipe drop can easily be taken under
another waterway or a roadway. Pipe drops are
economical, especially for small discharges.
Pipe drops require very little maintenance,
provided they are constructed of durable pipe
66
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
67
profile can bc designed using these figures and
accompanying tables 2-3 and 2-4. There are
standard designs for type 1 pipe drops with a
concrete downstream transition for capacities
up to 50 cfs (fig. 3-30) and standard designs for
type 1 pipe drops with an earth outlet
transition with capacities up to 22 cfs (fig.
2-29). Type 1 pipe drops can be designed and
built for flows greater than 50 cfs but
ordinarily it will be more economical to use ;I
rectangular inclined drop for larger capacities.
(a) BcJ/zds.-Changes in pipe grade and
alinemcnt (bends) may be made with special
fittings, by miter cutting pipe, with beveled
end pipe or by pulling joints where grade and
alinement can be established on a sufficiently
large radius. See chapter VII1 for detailed
information on bends.
(b) Pip COIVV.--At all railroad and road
crossings except farm roads a minimum of 3
feet of earth cover should be provided for pipe.
Farm roads require 2 feet of earth cover and
are frequently ramped using 10 to 1 slopes ( 10
percent grade) when necessary to provide a
If roadway
minimum
cover requirement.
ditches exist and are extended over the pipe,
the minimum cover from the ditch to the top
of the pipe should be 2 feet.
(c) Pwcolutiorz. -Water has a tendency to
flow through soil or along a structure to reach
a lower elevation. The velocity the water will
attain in passing to the lower elevation will
depend upon the difference in elevation, the
length of the path, and the soil itself.
Obviously, it is possible for percolating water
to attain a velocity sufficiently great to move
the particles of the material through which it is
passing, with consequent hazard to the
foundation of the structure or possibility of
the water developing an unrestricted channel
around it. The location of the inlet structure
may be decided by the susceptibility to
percolation and seepage. The weighted length
of the percolation path along the structure or
through the surrounding material as computed
by Lanes weighted-creep method, should be
great enough to dissipate the difference in
water surface elevations using an appropriate
assumed weighted-creep ratio.
Pipe collars may be required to reduce the
velocity of the water moving along the outside
SMALL
68
NWS-,
CANAL
STRUCTURES
EG-,
-TheoretIcal
values
2. Compute
b][7]
full.
Concrete
El.E
tronsltlon
to determine
cross
section
orea A,
of i
d, and A, from
$ andjfound
in hydraulic
tables
@] c73
3. v, = ;
4. A,=irea
Of full
pipe
5. v,= $
6. Comp&e
7. Solve for
8. SOIW
10.
F
and error,
Elevotlon
repeat
until computed
E G -h,
K=d2-B
+A,% =A,Y,
A2g
F=d,+hv,-d,-hV
Figure 2-28.
F =Actual
= A2E + y
d =m+!i-+&
2
b] D]
d,
for
9. By trial
tobles
A, y,
nv = v, -v,
2
P
Determination
VI
v, = qof sump elevation for type 1 pipe drop. 103-D-1266.
tronsltlon
Earth
Check
and
control
tran>\t
\on
structure
lenqth
Earth
out
L2
p,pe
and
MItered
LONGITUDINAL
p,pe
bends
SECTION
NOTES
Per
Thee
itandsrd
dwgni
are for
fla.&
1~~3 than
23 cubic
feet
For flow\
qreater
than
22 cubic
feet
pr
second
It IS
iecond.
probably
rare
ccon~n~cal
to USE a concrete
out let transItton
and J ir~ill ler p,pe Fiqure
2-30.
For flows
greater
than 22 cubic
,,er second
haglnq
an earth
outlet
transition,
design
of the PIPE
structure
wst
be perforw.
Ordinarily
the rrux,mum
water
surface
drop
for d pipe drop
htructure
15 15 feet.
Ha*wer.
itandard
dwqn
tablei
extend
il~qhtly
beyond
thii
wax ~mum.
let
q - ad!d,o
SEOZ
05'9t
M'E
8L'O
Of-,ZZ
00'9
OS'91
OO'EP
6PZ
80'0
6L'LI
S8'SI
ZE'ZI
os'sz
$1 E
IL'0
Of-,zz
OO'P
OO'EI
OYEZ
99' I
90'0
9L.6
OL'8
SE'OZ
OS'9b
IZ'E
ZL'O
.o-$1
00'9
OO'EI
96'20
99'1
LO'0
6L'LI
EL.91
ZE'ZI
os'sz
9s'z
8s'O
.o-,SI
OO'f
OS01
9SEZ
LO1
SO'0
9L.6
I!='6
ra1aureyJ
-- hj - Eq + dAq + zp1.1
= a3uaaauqng
L6'61
OSS*
16'E
SL'O
6S'6b
OS'PP
88'E
ZL'O
OZ.61
OS&$
es'&
L9'0
28'81
OS'Zb
OE'E
EYO
tV81
OSIC
LL.&
09'0
90'81
OS'Of
EL'&
sso
L9'LI
OS6f
OL'E
IS.0
6Z'LI
OS'8E
99'E
LP'O
16'91
OS'LE
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Table 2.3.-Type
PIPE
Check
Q = 5 cir
F
h2
h3
ha
L2
L3
f-4
S3
Submergence
2
d, + hv;
F
b2
b3
h4
f-2
L3
l-4
S3
Submergence
dL2
d, + hr;
hameter
F
L23
b4
f-2
L3
f-4
S3
Submergence
P
dl+hv;
F
h2
b3
b4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
d2
LX
dl + hv,
VP = 2 83 fps
5.88
6.31
0.05
0.81
15.20
10.50
3.00
6.22
6.70
0.05
1.07
16.20
1100
4.00
6.55
7.08
0.05
1.07
17.10
11.00
4.00
6.89
7.46
0.05
1.07
18.00
11.00
4.00
7.22
7.84
0.06
1.07
19.00
11.50
4 .oo
7.57
8.23
0.06
1.07
19.90
11.50
4.00
7.90
8.61
0.06
1.07
20.80
11.50
4 .oo
8.24
8.99
0.06
1.34
21.70
12.00
5 .oo
8.59
9.38
0.06
1.34
22.60
12.00
5 .oo
0.63
2.31
10.50
6.58
0.5 1
2.46
13.50
1.73
0.56
2.51
14.50
8.lI
0.6 1
2.56
15.50
8.49
0.67
2.61
16.50
8.87
0.46
2.65
17.50
9.26
0.51
2.70
18.50
9.64
0.55
2.74
19.50
10.02
0.61
2.78
20.50
10.40
0.65
2.82
21.50
10.79
0.70
2.86
22.50
11.17
0.47
2.90
23.50
11.55
0.51
2.94
24.50
11.94
10.98
12.05
0.06
I .66
29.10
13.00
4.00
11.33
12.44
0.06
I 66
30.00
13.00
4.00
11.67
12.82
0.07
1.66
31.00
13.50
4.00
12.02
13.20
0.07
1.66
31.90
13.50
4.00
12 36
13.58
0.07
1.66
32.80
13.50
4.00
12.71
13.97
0.07
1.66
33.70
13.50
4.00
13.05
14.35
0.07
1.66
34 70
14.00
4.00
13.40
14.73
0.07
1.66
35.60
14.00
4.00
13.74
15.11
0.07
1.66
36.50
14.00
4.00
14.09
15.50
0.07
1.66
37.40
14.00
4.00
14.44
15.88
0.07
2.07
38.40
14.50
5.00
14.78
16.26
0.07
2.07
39.30
14.50
5.00
15.13
16.64
0.07
2.07
40.20
14.50
5.00
15.48
17.03
0.07
2.07
41.10
14.50
5.00
15.82
17.41
0.07
2.07
42.00
15.00
5.00
0.47
3.19
31.50
14.61
0.5 I
3.23
32.50
15.00
0.56
3.26
33 50
15.38
0.59
3.29
34.50
15 76
0 63
3.33
35.50
16.14
0.67
3.36
36 50
16.53
0.71
3.40
37.50
16.91
0.74
3.43
38.50
11.29
0 78
3.46
39.50
17.67
0.82
3.50
40 50
18.06
0.44
3.53
41.50
18.44
0.48
3.56
42.50
18.82
0.5 1
3.59
43.50
19.20
0.55
363
44.50
19.59
0.59
3.66
45.50
19.97
0.62
2.07
6.50
5.05
0.43
2.14
7.50
5.43
050
2.20
8.50
5.81
0.58
2.26
9.50
6.20
9.27
10.14
0.06
1.34
24.50
12.00
5.00
lS0-O
0.59
3.01
26.50
12.70
9.60
10.52
0.06
1.34
2S.40
12.50
5.00
9.96
10.91
0.06
1 34
26.30
12.50
5.00
0.63
3.05
27.50
13.08
0.67
3.08
28.50
13.47
10.30
11.29
0.06
1.34
27.30
12.50
5 .oo
15O-0
0.71
3.12
29.50
13.85
10.64
11.67
0.06
1.66
28.20
13.00
4.00
22.30
0.43
3 15
30.50
14.23
of p,pe = 18 Inches
VP = 3.40 ipr
2.66
2.87
0 05
0.52
100
9.50
4.00
70.30
0 73
2.35
7 50
5.43
2.97
3.25
0.05
0.81
7.90
10.00
3 00
150.0
052
2.42
8.50
5.81
3.29
3.64
0.05
0.81
8.80
10.00
3.00
3.59
4.02
0 05
0.81
9.70
10.50
3.00
3.89
4.40
0.05
1.07
10.60
10.50
4.00
4.21
4.78
0.05
1.07
11.60
11.00
4.00
4.54
5.17
0.05
1.07
12.50
11.00
4.00
4.85
5.55
0.06
1.07
13.40
11.50
4.00
5.16
5.93
0.06
1.34
14.30
11.50
5 00
5.49
6.31
0.06
1.34
15.20
12.00
5.00
5.81
6.70
0.06
1.34
16.20
12.00
5.00
6.14
7.08
0.06
1.34
17.10
12.00
5.00
0.59
2.48
9.50
6.20
0.66
2.55
10.50
6.58
049
2.63
11.50
6.96
0 55
2.68
12.50
7.34
0.61
2.74
13so
7.73
0.68
2.80
14.50
8.11
0.49
2.86
15.50
8.49
0.54
2.91
16.50
8.87
0.61
2.97
17.50
9.26
9.13
10.52
0.07
1.66
25.40
14.00
4.00
9.47
10.91
0.07
2.07
26.30
14.00
5.00
9.80
11.29
0.07
2 07
27.30
14.OD
5.00
10.12
11.67
0 07
2.07
28.20
14.50
5.00
10.46
12.05
0.07
2.07
29.10
14.50
5.00
10.80
12.44
0.07
2.07
30.00
15.00
5.00
11.14
12.82
0.07
2.07
31.00
IS.00
5.00
11.47
13.20
0.07
2.07
31.90
15.00
5.00
11.80
13.58
0.08
2.07
32.80
15.50
5.00
12.14
13.97
0.08
2.49
33.70
15.50
6 00
12.47
14.35
0.08
2.49
34 70
15.50
6.00
0.80
3.43
27.50
13.08
0.44
3.47
28.50
13.47
0.49
3.52
29.50
13.85
0.55
3.57
30.50
14.23
0.59
3.61
31.50
14.61
0.63
3.65
32.50
15.00
0.68
3.69
33.50
15.38
0.73
3.74
34.50
15.76
0.79
3.78
35.50
16.14
0.42
3.83
36.50
16.53
0.47
3.87
37.50
16.91
F=(d,+hv,)-(1
ld2+hvp)
R = 2.50 feet
5.55
5.93
0.05
0.81
14.30
10.50
3.00
3.92
4.02
0 05
0.52
9.70
9.50
4.00
0 65
2.27
6.50
5.05
Inlet
5.23
5.55
0.05
0.81
13.40
10.00
3.00
3.59
3.64
0.04
0.52
8.80
9.00
4.00
8 79
10.14
0.07
1.66
24.50
13.50
4.00
22.30
0.76
3.39
26.50
12.70
4.90
5.17
0.05
0.81
12.50
10 00
3.00
3.27
3.25
0.04
0.52
7.90
9.00
4.00
2.37
2.49
0.05
0.52
6.00
9.00
4 00
BENDS
4.57
4.78
0.05
0.81
1160
10.00
3.00
150.0
0.45
2.41
12.50
7.34
2 96
2.87
0.04
0.52
7 00
8.50
4.00
2.07
2.10
0 05
0.52
5.10
9.00
4.00
70.30
0.56
2.19
5.50
4.66
MITER
Transition
103-D-l 268-2
4.24
4.40
0 05
0.52
10.60
9.50
4.00
70.30
0.69
2.36
11.50
6.96
2 65
2.49
0 04
0.26
6.00
8.50
2.00
D,m,eter
WITH
Outlet
of p,pe = 18 Inches
2.35
2.10
0.04
0.26
5.10
8.00
2.00
70.30
0.53
1.99
5.50
4.66
Q = 6 cis
DROP
Earth
dl+hvl=R+h2+0.06
Inlet
7.13
8.23
0.06
1.66
19.90
12.50
4.00
7.47
8.61
0.06
1.66
20.80
13.00
4.00
7.81
8.99
0.06
1.66
21.70
13.00
4.00
8.13
9.38
0.07
1.66
22.60
13.50
4.00
0.66
3.02
18.50
9.64
6.80
7.84
0.06
1.66
19.00
12.50
4.00
22.30
0.44
3.11
20.50
10.40
0.50
3.16
21.50
10.79
0.54
3.20
22.50
II.17
0.58
3.24
23.50
I1 55
0.65
3.30
24.50
11.94
12.81
14.73
0.08
2.49
35.60
16.00
6.00
13.14
15.11
0.08
2.49
36.50
16.00
6.00
13.49
15.50
0.08
2.49
37.40
16.00
6.00
13.83
15.88
0.08
2.49
38.40
16.50
6.00
14.15
16.26
0.08
2.49
39.30
16.50
6.00
14.49
16.64
0.08
2.49
40.20
16.50
6.00
14.83
17.03
0.08
2.49
41.10
17.00
6.00
15.17
17.41
0.08
2.90
42.00
17.00
7.00
0.51
3.91
38.50
17.29
0.55
3.95
39.50
17.67
0.60
3.99
40.50
18.06
0.64
4.03
41.50
18.44
0.70
4.08
42.50
18.82
0.74
4.12
43.50
19.20
0.79
4.16
44.50
19.59
0.42
4.20
45.50
19.97
= l.ld2
+ bvp + h3
h4
D,ameter
16.17
17.79
0.07
2.07
43.00
15.00
5.00
22.30
0.62
3.69
46.50
20.35
R = 2.50 feet
6.47
7.46
0.06
1.34
I8 00
12.50
5.00
d-0
0.71
3 06
19.50
10.02
Submergence
8.92
9.76
0.06
1.34
23.60
12.00
5 .oo
150-O
0.56
2.98
25.50
12.32
of prpe
hv
8.45
9.76
0.07
1.66
23.60
13.50
4.00
22.30
0.70
3.35
25.50
12.32
15.49
17.79
0.08
2.90
43.00
17.00
7 .oo
22.30
0.47
4.25
46.50
20.35
Table
2-3.--T)~pe
I pipe
drop
with
earth
orrtlct
PIPE
Q = 7 cfs
k
2
h3
h4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
d2
L
d, + hv,
1.
Suhmergencc
2
h3
h4
L2
L3
L4
S3
d2
LX
d, + hv,
Dlamcter
2.57
2.10
0.05
0.26
5.10
9.00
2.00
7O-30
0.57
2.24
5.50
5.16
2.89
249
0.05
0.26
6.00
9.50
2.00
3.20
2.87
0.05
0.52
7.00
9.50
4 00
0.64
2.30
6.50
5.55
0.45
2.36
7.50
5.93
9.5 I
10.14
(1.06
1.34
24.50
13.00
5.00
15O-0
0.60
3.24
26.50
13.20
9.84
10.52
0.07
1.34
25.40
13.50
5.00
0.64
3.28
27.50
13.58
3.52
3.25
0.05
0.52
7.90
10.00
4.90
Suhmergencc
2
b3
h4
L2
L3
L4
S3
d2
LX
d, + hv,
F
h2
hi
h4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
d2
LA
d, + hv,
DROP
Earth
WITH
Outlet
of p,pe = 2, mchcs
3.84
3.64
0.05
0.52
8.80
10.00
4.00
4.16
4.02
0.05
0.52
9.70
10.50
4.00
0.5 1
2.42
8.50
6.31
0.58
2.48
9.50
6.70
10.19
10.91
0.07
1.34
26.30
13 50
5.00
lSO~O
0.70
3.32
28.50
13.97
10.52
11.29
0.07
I .66
27.30
13.50
4.00
22.30
0.43
3.36
29.50
14.35
3.28
3.25
0.05
0.81
7.90
10.50
3.00
150.0
046
2.60
8.50
6.31
3.59
3.64
0.05
0.81
8.80
II.00
3.00
3.91
4.02
0.05
0.81
9.70
11.00
3.00
0.54
2.67
9.50
6.70
Q = 8 cfs
F
tramitior?
MITER
Transition
.fig. I?-ZY).-Continued.
103-D-1268-3
BENDS
V,=29lfps
hP
= 0.13 foot
Inlet
R = 3.00 feet
4.81
4.78
0.05
0.81
11.60
10.50
3.00
l5O-0
0.46
2.64
12.50
7.84
5.14
5 17
0.05
0.81
12.50
II.00
3.00
5.48
5.55
0 05
0.81
13.40
11.00
3.00
5.81
5.93
0.06
0.81
14.30
II.50
3.00
6.14
6.31
0.06
0.8 I
15.20
11.50
3.00
6.47
6.70
0 06
1.07
16.20
11.50
4.00
6.81
7.08
0.06
1.07
17.10
12.00
4.00
7.13
7.46
0.06
I .07
18.00
12.00
4.00
7.47
7.84
0.06
1.07
19.00
12.00
4.00
7.81
8.23
0.06
I .07
19.90
12.50
4.00
8.14
8.61
0.06
I.34
20.80
12.50
5.00
8.48
8.99
0.06
1.34
21.70
12.50
5.00
8.82
9.38
0.06
1.34
22.60
13.00
5.00
0 64
2.54
10.50
7.08
4.40
4.40
0.05
0.52
10.60
10.50
4.00
70.30
0.70
2.59
11.50
7.46
0.50
2.69
13.50
8.23
0.56
2.73
14.50
8.61
0.63
2.78
15.50
8.99
0.67
2.82
16.50
9.37
0.47
2.87
17.50
9.76
0.51
2.91
18.50
10.14
0.57
2.96
19.50
10.52
0.61
3.00
20.50
10.90
0.67
3.05
21.50
11.29
0.44
3.09
22.50
11.67
0.48
3.13
23.50
12.05
0.53
3.17
24.50
12.44
IO.86
11.67
0.07
1.66
28.20
14.00
4.00
1120
12.05
0.07
1.66
29.10
14.00
4.00
11.55
12.44
0.07
1.66
30.00
14.00
4.00
II.89
12.82
0.07
1.66
31.00
14.00
4.00
12 24
13.2C
0.07
I .66
31.90
14.50
4.00
12.57
13.58
0.07
1.66
32.80
14.50
4.00
12.93
13.97
0.07
1.66
33.70
14.50
4.00
13.27
14.35
0.07
I .66
34.70
1500
4.00
13.61
14 73
0.07
1.66
35.60
15.00
4.00
13.95
15.11
0.07
1.66
36.50
15.00
4.00
14.30
15.50
0.07
2.07
37.40
15.00
5.ocI
14.64
15.88
0.08
2.07
38.30
15.50
5.00
14.99
16.26
0.08
2.07
39.30
15.50
5.00
15.32
16.64
0.08
2.07
40.20
15.50
5.00
15.68
17.03
0.08
2.07
41.10
16.00
5.00
16.02
17.41
0.08
2.07
42.00
16.00
5.00
0 47
3.40
30.50
14.73
0.5 I
3.44
31.50
15 II
0.55
3.47
32.50
15.50
0.59
3.5 1
33.50
15.88
0.62
3.54
34.50
16.26
0.67
3.58
35.50
16.64
0.70
3.61
36.50
17.03
0.74
3.65
37.50
17.41
0.78
3.68
38.50
17.79
0.82
3.72
39.50
18.17
0.44
3.75
40.50
18.56
0.50
3.79
41.50
18.94
0.53
3.82
42.50
19.32
0.58
3.86
43.50
19.70
0.61
3.89
44.50
20.09
0.65
3.93
45.50
20.47
4.22
4.40
0.06
0.81
10.60
11.50
3.00
4.55
4.78
0.06
1.07
II.60
11.50
4.00
4.87
5.17
0.06
1.07
12.50
12.00
4.00
5.19
5.55
0.06
1.07
13.40
12.00
4.00
5.51
5.93
0.06
1.07
14.30
12.00
4.00
5.83
6.31
0.06
1.34
15.20
12.50
5.00
6.17
6.70
0.06
1.34
16.20
12.50
5.00
6.50
7.08
0.06
1.34
17.10
13.00
5.00
6.83
7.46
0.06
1.34
18.00
13.00
5.00
7.16
7.84
0.06
1.34
19.00
13.00
5.00
8.49
9.38
0.07
1.66
22.60
14.00
4.00
0.68
2.79
11.50
7.46
0.47
2.84
12.50
7.84
0.54
2.90
13.50
8.23
0.60
2.95
14.50
8.61
0.66
3.01
15.50
8.99
0.45
3.06
16.50
9.37
0.50
3.11
17.50
9.76
0.55
3.15
18.50
10.14
0.60
3.20
19.50
10.52
0.65
3.25
20.50
10.90
7 83
8.61
0.07
1.66
20.80
13.50
4.00
22.30
0.44
3.34
22.50
11.67
8.15
8.99
0.07
I .66
21.70
13.50
4.00
0.60
2.73
10.50
7.08
7.50
8.23
0.07
1.34
19.90
13.50
5.00
150.0
0.71
3.29
21.50
11.29
0.50
3.39
23.50
12.05
0.55
3.44
24.50
12.44
Dnmeter
of p,pe = 2, mches
VP = 3.33 fps
Inlet
2.61
2.49
0.05
0.52
6 00
10.00
4.00
0.60
2.46
6 50
5.55
2.97
2.87
(I.05
0.52
7.00
10.50
4.00
70.30
0.68
2.54
7.50
5.93
9.14
10.14
0.07
I .66
24.50
14.50
4.00
22.30
0.66
3.54
26.50
13 20
9.41
10.52
0.07
1.66
25.40
14.50
4.00
9.82
10.91
0.07
I .66
26 30
14.50
4.00
10.15
11.29
0.07
1.66
27.30
15.00
4.00
10.49
11.67
0.07
2.07
28.20
15.00
5.00
10.82
12.05
0.07
2.07
29 IO
15.00
5.00
II.15
12.44
0.08
2.07
30.00
15.50
5.00
11.49
12.82
0.08
2.07
31.00
15.50
5.00
11.81
13.20
0.08
a.07
31.90
16.00
5.00
12.15
13.58
0.08
2.07
32.80
16.00
5.00
12.49
13.97
0.08
2.07
33.70
16.00
5.00
12.83
14.35
0.08
2.07
14.70
16.00
5.00
13.16
14.73
0.08
2.07
35.60
16.50
5.00
13.49
15.11
0.08
2.49
36.50
16.50
6.00
13.83
15.50
0.08
2.49
37.40
17.00
6.00
14.16
15.88
0.08
2.49
38.30
17.00
6.00
14.49
16.26
0.08
2.49
39.30
17.00
6.00
14.82
16.64
0.09
2.49
40.20
17.50
6.00
15 17
17.03
0.09
2.49
41.10
17.50
6.00
15.49
17.41
0.09
2.49
42.00
17.50
6.00
0.71
3 58
27.50
13.58
0.75
3.62
28.50
13.97
0.80
3.66
29.50
14.35
0.43
3.70
30.50
14.73
0.48
3.75
31.50
15.11
0.55
3.80
32.50
15.50
0.59
3.84
33.50
15.88
0.65
3.89
34.50
16.26
0.69
3.93
35.50
16.64
0.74
3.97
36.50
17.03
0.78
4.01
17.50
17.41
0.82
4.05
38.50
17.79
0.46
4.10
39.50
18.17
0.52
4.15
40.50
18.56
0.56
4.19
41.50
18.94
0.61
4.24
42.50
19.32
0.67
4.28
43.50
19.70
0.71
4.32
44.50
20.09
0.77
4.37
45.50
20.47
Submergence
= l.ld2
+ hvp + h3 - h4 - Diameter
16.36
17.79
0.08
2.07
43.00
16.00
5.00
22.30
0.69
3.96
46.50
20.85
R = 3.00 feet
2.35
2.10
0.05
0.52
5.10
10.00
4.00
70.30
0.53
2.40
5.50
5.16
dl+hv,=K+h2+0.06
9.16
9.16
0.06
1.34
23.60
13.00
5.00
150.0
0.57
3.21
25.50
12.82
of pipe - hr
8.81
9.76
0.07
1.66
23.60
14.00
4.00
22.30
0.61
3.49
25.50
12.82
15.82
17.79
0.09
2.90
43.00
18.00
7.00
22.30
0.41
4.42
46.50
20.85
I pipe drop with earth outlet transitiorz (to hcrls~d with .fig. Z-ZYI. -Continued.
Table 2-3.-7)~pe
PIPE
Check
Q = 9 CfS
F
h2
h3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d,+hvl
d2
LX
F
h2
h3
h4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d2
LX
d, + hvl
3.33
2.81
0.05
0.26
7.00
10.00
2.00
3.64
3.25
0.05
0.26
7.90
10.50
2.00
3.95
3.64
0.05
0.52
8.80
10.50
4.00
4.27
4.02
0.05
0.52
9.70
11.00
4.00
4.60
4.40
0.05
0.52
10.60
11.00
4.00
0.50
2.40
6.50
5.80
0.58
2.47
7.50
6.18
0.65
2.54
8.50
6.56
0.47
2.61
9.50
6.95
0.53
2.66
10.50
7.33
0.58
271
11.50
7.71
961
10.14
0.07
1.34
24.50
13.50
5.00
ISO-0'
050
3.37
26.50
13.45
9.95
10.52
007
1.34
25.40
14.00
5.00
10.29
1091
0.07
1 34
26.30
14 00
5.00
10.63
11.29
0.07
1.34
27 30
14.00
5 00
10.97
11.67
0.07
1.34
28.20
14.50
5 .oo
0.55
3.41
27.50
13 83
0.60
3.45
28.50
14.22
0.64
3.49
2950
14.60
068
3.53
3050
14.98
11 31
12.05
0 07
1.34
29 10
14.50
5 00
15O-0'
0.72
3.56
31.50
15.36
11.66
12.44
0.07
1.66
30.00
1450
4.00
22'.30'
0.44
360
32.50
15.75
h2
h3
h4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
dL+hv,
d2
LX
F
h2
"3
h4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d2
LX
dl + hvl
lhmeter
2.51
2.10
0.05
052
5.10
10.50
4.00
70.30
0.37
249
5.50
5.41
2.81
2.49
0.05
0.52
6.00
10.50
4.00
3.09
2.87
0.05
0.52
7.00
10.50
4.00
3.42
3.25
0.05
052
7.90
11.00
4 00
046
2.57
6.50
5.80
0.56
2.66
7.50
6.18
9.34
10.14
0.07
1.66
24.50
14.50
4.00
22'.30'
0.46
3.59
26~50
13.45
9.68
10.52
0.07
1.66
25.40
14.50
4.00
0.50
3.63
27.50
13.83
F=(dl+hvl)-(l.ld2
of pqx
MITER
Transition
BENDS
andPipelnlet
Control
A" values are m feet unless otherwse
and P~pelnlet
noted
VP = 2.86 fps
3.03
2.49
0.05
0.26
6.00
10.00
2.00
IOcfr
WITH
Outlet
of pipe = 24 Inches
2.72
2.10
0.05
0.26
5.10
9.50
2.00
70-30
0.42
2.33
5.50
5.41
Q=
F
hameter
DROP
Earth
103-D-12684
bP
0.13 foot
4.92
4.78
0.05
0.52
11.60
11.00
4.00
70.30
0.64
2.16
12.50
8.09
5.25
5.17
0.06
0.81
12.50
11.50
3.00
15O-0
0.42
2.82
13.50
8.48
5.58
5.55
0.06
0.81
13.40
11.50
3.00
5.91
5.93
0.06
0.81
14.30
12 00
3.00
6.24
6.31
0.06
0.81
15.20
12.00
3.00
6.58
6.70
0.06
081
16.20
12.00
3.00
6.92
7.08
0.06
0.81
17.10
12.50
3.00
7.24
7.46
0.06
1.07
18.00
12.50
4.00
7.58
7.84
0.06
1.07
19.00
12.50
4.00
7.92
8.23
0.06
1.07
19.90
13.00
4.00
8.26
8.61
0.06
1.07
20.80
13.00
4.00
a.59
8.99
0.06
1.07
21.70
13.00
4.00
0.47
2.86
14.50
8.86
0.52
2.91
15.50
9.24
0.57
2.95
16.50
9.62
0.62
3.00
17.50
10.01
0.66
3.04
18.50
10.39
0.46
3.09
19.50
10.77
0.50
3.13
20.50
11.15
0.55
3 17
21.50
11.54
0.59
3.21
22.50
11.92
0.63
3.25
23.50
12.30
12.00
12.82
0.07
1.66
31.00
15 00
4.00
12.33
13.20
0.07
1.66
31.90
15.00
4 00
12.67
13.58
0.07
166
32.80
15.00
4.00
13 01
13.97
0.07
1.66
3370
15.00
4 00
13.35
14.35
0.08
1.66
34.70
15.50
4.00
13.69
14.73
008
1.66
35.60
15.50
4.00
14.03
15.11
0.08
1 66
36.50
15.50
4.00
14.39
15.50
0.08
1.66
3740
16.00
4 00
14.74
15.88
0.08
1.66
38.30
16.00
4.00
15.08
16.26
0.08
2.07
39.30
16.00
5.00
15.43
16.64
0.08
2.07
40.20
16.00
5.00
15.79
17.03
008
2.07
41.10
16.00
5.00
0.48
3.64
33.50
16.13
0.53
3.68
3450
16.51
0.57
3 72
35.50
16.89
0.62
3.76
36.50
17.28
0.67
3.80
37.50
17.66
0.71
3.84
38.50
18.04
0 75
3.87
39.50
18.42
0.78
3.90
40.50
18.81
0.81
3.93
41.50
19.19
0.44
3.96
42.50
19.57
0.47
3.99
43.50
19.95
0.50
4.02
44.50
20.34
= 24 Inches
VP = 3.18 fp,
hvp=
016faot
Met
R. 3.25 feet
4.06
4.02
0.06
0.81
970
11.50
3.00
150.0
0.46
2.83
10.50
7.33
4.37
4.40
0 06
0.81
10.60
11.50
3.00
470
4.78
0.06
0.81
11.60
12.00
3.00
5.03
5.17
0.06
081
12.50
12.00
3 00
5.37
5.55
0.06
0.81
13.40
12.50
3.00
5.69
593
0.06
1.07
14.30
12.50
4.00
602
6.31
0.06
1.07
15 20
1250
4 00
6.35
6.70
0.06
1 07
16.20
13.00
4.00
6.68
7 08
0.06
1.07
17.10
13.00
4.00
7.00
7.46
0.07
1.34
18.00
13.50
5.00
7 33
7.84
0.07
1.34
19.00
13.50
5.00
7.67
8.23
0.07
1 34
19.90
13.50
5.00
8.01
8.61
0.07
1.34
20.80
14.00
5.00
a.33
8.99
0.07
1.34
21.70
14.00
5.00
0.61
271
850
6.56
3.74
3.64
0.05
0.52
8.80
11.00
4.00
7O-30'
0.68
2.77
9.50
6 95
0.53
2.89
11.50
7.71
0.58
294
12.50
8 09
0.64
2.99
13.50
8.48
0.68
3.03
14.50
8.86
048
3.08
15.50
9.24
0.53
3.13
16.50
9.62
0.59
3.18
17.50
10.01
0.64
3.23
18.50
10.39
0.44
3.28
19.50
10.77
0.49
3.33
20.50
II.15
0.54
3.37
21.50
11.54
0.58
3.41
22.50
11.92
064
3.46
23.50
12.30
1002
10.91
0.07
1.66
26.30
15.00
4.00
10.35
11.29
0.07
1.66
27.30
15.00
4.00
10.68
11.67
0.07
1.66
28.20
15 00
4.00
11.01
12.05
0.08
1.66
29.10
15.50
4.00
11.36
12.44
0.08
1.66
30.00
15.50
4.00
11.69
12.82
0 08
1.66
31.00
15.50
4.00
12.03
13.20
0.08
2.07
31.90
16.00
5.00
12 36
13.58
0.08
2.07
32.80
16.00
5.00
12.71
13.91
0.08
2.07
33.70
16.00
5.00
13.05
14.35
0.08
2.07
34.70
16.50
5.00
13.38
14.73
0.08
2.07
35.60
16.50
5.00
13.72
15.11
0.08
2.07
36.50
16.50
5.00
14.06
15.50
0.08
2.07
37.40
17.00
5.00
14.40
15.88
0.08
2.07
38.30
17.00
5.00
14.73
16.26
0.08
2.07
39.30
17.00
5.00
15.07
16.64
0.09
2.49
40.20
17.50
6.00
15.42
17.03
0.09
249
41.10
17.50
6.00
0.55
3.67
28.50
14.22
0.60
3.12
29.50
14.60
0.65
3.76
30.50
14.98
0.71
3.81
31.50
15.36
0.15
3.85
32.50
15.75
0 80
3.89
33.50
16.13
0.43
3.93
34.50
16.51
0.48
3 97
35.50
16.89
0.52
4.01
3650
17.28
0.56
4.05
37.50
17.66
0.61
4.09
38.50
18.04
0.65
4.13
39.50
18.42
0.71
4.17
40.50
18.81
0.74
4.21
41.50
19.19
0.79
4.25
42.50
19.57
0.42
4.29
43.50
19.95
0.46
4.33
44.50
20.34
= Lld2+
hv,,+
+hqJ
dl+hvl=
R+h2+0.06
Submergence
h3 - h4 - Diameter
ofpipe
hv
Table 2-3.-Type
PIPE
DROP
Earth
WITH
Outlet
MITER
Transition
103-D-1268-5
BENDS
dl+hvl
F
2
4
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
9
LX
dl+hvl
Submergence
dl+hvl
h2
3
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
d2
LX
F
h2
3
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
dl+hvl
d2
LX
Diameter
of pipe = 24 inches
VP = 3.50 fps
2.38
2.10
0.05
0.52
5.10
10.50
4.00
7930
0.54
2.62
5.50
5.41
2.68
2.49
0.05
0.52
6.00
11.00
4.00
70.30
0.62
2.69
6.50
5.80
2.96
2.87
0.05
0.81
7.00
11.00
3.00
ls-0
0.41
2.75
7.50
6.18
3.26
3.25
0.06
0.81
7.90
11.50
3.00
3.56
3.64
0.06
0.81
8.80
12.00
3.00
3.88
4.02
0.06
0.81
9.70
12.00
3.00
4.20
4.40
0.06
1.07
10.60
12.50
4.00
4.5 1
4.78
0.06
1.07
11.60
12.50
4.00
4.84
5.17
0.06
1.07
12.50
12.50
4.00
5.16
5.55
0.06
1.07
13.40
13.00
4.00
5.47
5.93
0.06
1.34
14.30
13.00
5.00
5.80
6.31
0.07
1.34
15.20
13.50
5.00
6.12
6.70
0.07
1.34
16.20
13.50
5.00
6.4s
7.08
0.07
1.34
17.10
14.00
5.00
0.49
2.83
8.50
6.56
0.58
2.91
9.50
6.95
0.63
2.96
10.50
7.33
0.44
3.02
11.50
7.71
0.5 1
3.08
12.50
8.09
0.57
3.14
13.50
8.48
0.63
3.19
14.50
8.86
0.43
3.25
15.50
9.24
0.49
3.30
16.50
9.62
0.56
3.36
17.50
10.01
9.07
10.14
0.08
1.66
24.50
15.50
4.00
22.30
0.74
3.81
26.50
13.45
9.39
10.52
0.08
2.07
25.40
15.50
5.00
9.74
10.91
0.08
2.07
26.30
16.00
5.00
10.07
11.29
0.08
2.07
27.30
16.00
5.00
10.40
11.67
0.08
2.07
28.20
16.00
5.00
10.73
12.05
0.08
2.07
29.10
16.50
5.00
11.07
12.44
0.08
2.07
30.00
16.50
5.00
11.40
12.82
0.08
2.07
31.00
16.50
5.00
11.73
13.20
0.08
2.07
31.90
17.00
5.00
12.06
13.58
0.08
2.49
32.80
17.00
6.00
12.40
13.97
0.08
2.49
33.70
17.00
6.00
12.73
14.35
0.09
2.49
34.70
17.50
6.00
0.39
3.86
27.50
13.83
0.43
3.90
28.50
14.22
0.48
3.95
29.50
14.60
0.53
3.99
30.50
14.98
0.58
4.04
31.50
15.36
0.63
4.08
32.50
15.75
0.68
4.13
33.50
16.13
0.73
4.17
34.50
16.51
0.78
4.22
35.50
16.89
0.41
4.26
36.50
17.28
5.72
5.17
0.06
0.26
12.50
11.50
2.00
6.07
5.55
0.06
0.26
13.40
12.00
2.00
0.50
2.88
13.50
8.98
Q=
F
11 cfs
12cfs
Dmmeter
of p,pe = 30 Inches
Inlet
R = 3.25 feet
7.09
7.84
0.07
1.66
19.00
14.00
4.00
22.30
0.41
3.52
20.50
11.15
7.41
8.23
0.07
1.66
19.90
14.50
4.00
7.74
8.6 1
0.07
1.66
20.80
14.50
4.00
8.06
8.99
0.07
1.66
21.70
15.00
4.00
8.4 1
9.38
0.07
1.66
22.60
15.00
4.00
0.61
3.41
18.50
10.39
6.76
7.46
0.07
1.34
18.00
14.00
5.00
15OxI)
0.68
3.47
19.50
10.77
0.48
3.58
21.50
11.54
c.53
3.63
22.50
11.92
0.59
3.68
23.50
12.30
0.63
3.72
24.50
12.69
13.06
14.73
0.09
2.49
35.60
17.50
6.00
13.39
15.11
0.09
2.49
36.50
18.00
6.00
13.74
15.50
0.09
2.49
37.40
18.00
6.00
14.06
15.88
0.09
2.49
38.30
18.00
6.00
14.40
16.26
0.09
2.49
39.30
18.50
6.00
14.72
16.64
0.09
2.49
40.20
18.50
6.00
15.07
17.03
0.09
2.91
41.10
18.50
7.00
15.39
17.41
0.09
2.91
42.00
19.00
7.00
0.47
4.31
37.50
17.66
0.5 I
4.35
38.50
18.04
0.57
4.40
39.50
18.12
0.61
4.44
40.50
18.81
0.67
4.49
41.50
19.19
0.71
4.53
42.50
19.57
0.77
4.58
43.50
19.95
0.39
4.62
44.50
20.34
0.45
4.67
45.50
20.72
15.73
17.79
0.09
2.91
43.00
19.00
7.00
22.30
0.49
4.71
46.50
21.10
6.40
5.93
0.06
0.26
14.30
12.00
2.00
6.74
6.31
0.06
0.26
15.20
12.00
2.00
7.09
6.70
0.06
0.26
16.20
12.50
2.00
7.42
7.08
0.06
0.52
17.10
12.50
4.00
7.76
7.46
0.06
0.52
18.00
12.50
4.00
8.01
7.84
0.06
0.52
19.00
12.50
4.00
8.46
8.23
0.06
0.52
19.90
13.00
4.00
8.80
8.61
0.06
0.52
20.80
13.00
4.00
9.15
8.99
0.06
0.52
21.70
13.00
4.00
0.53
2.91
14.50
9.36
0.57
2.95
15.50
9.74
0.62
2.99
16.50
10.12
0.66
3.03
17.50
10.51
0.45
3.07
18.50
10.89
0.49
3.11
19.50
11.27
0.52
3.14
20.50
11.65
0.56
3.17
21.50
12.04
0.60
3.21
22.50
12.42
0.63
3.24
23.50
12.80
9.50
9.38
0.06
0.52
22.60
13.00
4.00
70.30
0.67
3.27
24.50
13.19
9.84
9.76
0.07
0.81
23.60
13.50
3.00
150.0
0.43
3.31
25.50
13.57
17.22
17.79
0.08
1.34
43.00
16.00
5.00
HO-0
0.56
3.90
46.50
21.60
VP = 2.44 fps
Inlet
R = 3.7s feet
3.05
2.10
0.05
3.38
2.49
0.05
3.71
2.87
0.05
4.03
3.25
0.05
4.37
3.64
0.05
4.70
4.02
0.05
5.10
10.50
6.00
10.50
7.00
10.50
7.90
11.00
8.80
11.00
9.70
11.00
5.04
4.40
0.06
0
10.60
11.50
0.46
2.62
7.50
6.68
0.52
2.67
8.50
7.06
0.57
2.72
9.50
7.4s
0.62
2.76
10.50
7.83
0.67
2.80
11.50
8.21
5.38
4.78
0.06
0.26
11.60
11.50
2.00
70.30
0.45
2.84
12.50
8.59
10.53
10.52
0.07
0.81
25.40
13.50
3.00
10.88
10.91
0.07
0.81
26.30
14.00
3.00
11.23
11.29
0.07
0.81
27.30
14.00
3.00
11.57
11.67
0.07
0.81
28.20
14.00
3.00
11.92
12.05
0.07
0.81
29.10
14.00
3.00
12.28
12.44
0.07
0.81
30.00
14.50
3.00
12.62
12.82
0.07
1.07
30.10
14.50
4.00
12.97
13.20
0.07
1.07
31.90
14.50
4.00
13.32
13.58
0.07
1.07
32.80
14.50
4.00
13.69
13.97
0.07
1.07
33.70
15.00
4.00
14.04
14.3s
0.07
1.07
34.70
15.00
4.00
14.39
14.73
0.07
1.07
35.60
15.00
4.00
14.74
15.11
0.07
1.07
36.50
15.00
4.00
15.10
15.50
0.07
1.07
37.40
15.00
4.00
15.45
15.88
0.08
1.07
38.30
15.50
4.00
15.81
16.26
0.08
1.34
39.30
15.50
5.00
16.16
16.64
0.08
1.34
40.20
15.50
5.00
16.52
17.03
0.08
1.34
41.10
15.50
5.00
16.87
17.41
0.08
1.34
42.00
15.50
5.00
0.50
3.37
27.50
14.33
0.54
3.41
28.50
14.72
0.57
3.44
29.50
15.10
0.61
3.47
30.50
15.48
0.64
3.50
31.50
15.86
0.67
3.53
32.50
16.25
0.45
3.56
33.50
16.63
0.48
3.59
34.50
17.01
0.51
3.62
35.50
17.39
0.53
3.64
36.50
17.78
0.56
3.66
37.50
16.16
0.59
3.69
38.50
18.54
0.62
3.72
39.50
18.92
0.65
3.75
40.50
19.31
0.69
3.77
41.50
19.69
0.44
3.79
42.50
20.07
0.47
3.82
43.50
20.45
0.50
3.85
44.50
20.84
0.53
3.87
45.50
21.22
0.35
2.52
5.50
5.91
10.19
10.14
0.07
0.81
24.50
13.50
3.00
150.0
0.46
3.34
26.50
13.95
0.4 1
2.57
6.50
6.30
F = (d, + hvl)
- (l.ld2+
hvp)
d, + hvl
= R + h2 + 0.06
Submergence
= l.ld2
+ hvp + h3
h4 - Diameter
8.73
9.76
0.08
1.66
23.60
15.50
4.00
22.30
0.70
3.77
25.50
13.07
of pope
hv
Table 2-3.-Type
DROP
Earth
Check
Q=
F
2
h3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
dl+hv,
d2
LX
F
h2
h3
4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d2
LX
d, + hvl
13 cfs
Diameter
h2
h3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d2
LX
dl + hvl
F
h2
3
4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
8.28
8.23
0.07
0.81
19.90
13.50
3.00
8.61
8.61
0.07
0.81
20.80
13.50
3.00
8.95
8.99
0.07
0.81
21.70
14.00
3.00
9.30
9.38
0.07
0.81
22.60
14.00
3.00
0.62
3.21
18.50
10.89
0.46
3.32
21.50
12.04
0.51
3.36
22.50
12.42
0.55
3.40
23.50
12.80
0.59
3.44
24.50
13.19
9.63
9.16
0.07
0.81
23.60
14.00
3.00
ISO0.64
3.48
25.50
13.57
14.16
14.73
0.08
1.34
35.60
15.50
5.00
14.51
15.11
0.08
1.34
36.50
lb.00
5.00
14.87
15.50
0.08
1.34
37.40
16.00
5.00
15.22
15.88
0.08
1.34
38.30
16.00
5.00
15.57
16.26
0.08
1.34
39.30
lb.00
5.00
15.93
16.64
0.08
1.34
40.20
lb.00
5.00
0.52
3.85
37.50
18.16
0.56
3.88
38.50
18.54
0.59
3.91
39.50
18.92
0.62
3.94
40.50
19.31
0.65
3.96
41.50
19.69
0.68
3.99
42.50
20.07
0.70
4.01
43.50
20.45
16.30
17.03
0.08
1.34
41.10
lb.50
5.00
150.0
0.72
4.03
44.50
20.84
16.64
17.41
0.08
1.66
42.00
lb.50
4.00
22'.30
0.44
4.06
45.50
21.22
16.99
11.79
0.08
1.66
43.00
lb.50
4.00
22'.30
0.47
4.09
46.50
21.60
6.42
6.31
0.06
0.52
15.20
13.00
4.00
70.30
0.69
3.25
lb.50
10.12
6.76
6.70
0.07
0.81
lb.20
13.50
3.00
15O-0
0.45
3.29
17.50
10.51
7.10
7.08
0.07
0.81
17.10
13.50
3.00
7.43
7.46
0.07
0.81
18.00
13.50
3.00
7.77
7.84
0.07
0.81
19.00
14.00
3 00
8.12
8.23
0.07
0.81
19.90
14.00
3.00
8.45
8.61
0.07
0.81
20.80
14.00
3.00
8.19
8.99
0.07
1.07
21.70
14.50
4.00
9.13
9.38
0.07
1.07
22.60
14.50
4 00
0.49
3.33
18.50
10.89
0.54
3.37
19.50
11.27
0.58
3.41
20.50
11.65
0.62
3.45
21.50
12.04
0.67
3.49
22.50
12.42
0.45
3.53
23.50
12.80
0.50
3.57
24.50
13.19
9.47
9.76
0.07
1.07
23.60
14.50
4.00
15O-0
0.54
3.61
25.50
13.57
13.61
14.35
0.08
1 34
34.70
16.50
5 00
150-O'
0.73
4.02
37.50
18.16
13.96
14 73
008
166
35.60
lb 50
4.00
22'.30'
0.45
4.05
38.50
18.54
14.30
15.11
0.08
166
36.50
lb.50
4.00
14.66
15.50
0.08
1.66
37.40
16.50
4.00
15.00
15.88
0.08
166
38.30
17.00
400
15 34
lb 26
0.08
1.66
39.30
17 00
4.00
15.69
16.64
0.08
1.66
40.20
17.00
4.00
16.05
17 03
0.08
1.66
41.10
17 00
4.00
lb.39
17.41
0.09
1.66
42.00
17.50
400
0.48
4 08
39.50
18.92
0.5 1
4.11
40.50
19.31
0.55
4 15
41.50
19.69
0.59
4 18
42.50
2007
0.62
4.21
4350
20.45
0.65
4.24
44.50
20.84
070
4.27
45.50
21.22
6.51
6.31
0.06
0.52
15.20
12.50
4.00
6.91
6.70
0.06
0.52
16.20
13.00
4.00
7.25
7.08
0.06
0.52
17.10
13.00
4.00
0.65
2.71
8.50
7.06
0.49
2.85
10.50
7.83
0.54
2.90
11.50
8.21
0.60
2.95
12.50
8.59
0.64
2.99
13.50
8.98
0.43
3.04
14.50
9.36
0.48
3.08
15.50
9.74
0.53
3.13
16.50
10.12
0.58
3.17
17.50
10.51
10.66
10.91
0.07
1 .a7
26.30
14.50
4.00
11.04
11.29
0.07
1.07
27.30
14.50
4.00
11.36
11.67
0.07
1.07
28.20
15.00
4.00
11.70
12.05
0.07
1 .a7
29.10
15.00
4.00
12.06
12.44
0.07
1.07
30.00
15.00
4.00
12.41
12.82
0.07
1.07
31.00
15.00
4.00
12.75
13.20
0.08
1.07
31.90
15.50
4.00
13.09
13.58
0.08
1.34
32.80
15.50
5.00
13.47
13.97
0.08
1.34
33.70
15.50
5.00
13.82
!4.35
0.08
1.34
34.70
15.50
5.00
0.50
3.59
28.50
14.72
0.53
3.62
29.50
15.10
0.56
3.65
30.50
15.48
0.60
3.68
31.50
15.86
0.63
3.71
32.50
lb.25
0.66
3.74
33.50
16.63
0.71
3.77
34.50
17.01
0.46
3.79
35.50
17.39
0.49
3.82
36.50
17.78
3.12
2.49
0.05
0.26
6.00
11.00
2.00
7O-30
0.41
2.77
6.50
6.30
3.43
2.87
0.06
0.26
7 00
11.50
2.00
3.75
3.25
0.06
0.26
7.90
11.50
2.00
4.09
3.64
0.06
0.26
8.80
12.00
2.00
4.41
4.02
0.06
0.26
9.70
12.00
2.00
4.75
4.40
0.06
0.52
10.60
12.50
4 00
5.08
4.78
0.06
0.52
11.60
12.50
4.00
5.42
5.17
0.06
0.52
1250
12.50
4.00
5.75
5.55
0.06
0.52
13.40
13.00
4.00
6.09
5.93
0.06
0.52
14.30
13.00
4.00
0.49
2.84
7.50
6.68
0.55
2.89
8.50
7.06
0.60
2.94
9.50
7.45
0.66
2.99
10.50
7.83
0.44
3.03
11.50
8.21
0.49
3.07
12.50
8.59
0.54
3.12
13.50
8.98
0.59
3.16
14.50
9.36
0.63
3.20
15.50
9.74
10.14
10.52
0.07
1.01
25.40
15.00
4.00
10.49
10.91
0.07
1.07
26.30
15.00
400
10.83
11.29
0.07
1.07
27.30
15.00
4.00
11.18
11.67
0.08
1.34
28.20
15.50
5.00
11.53
12.05
0 08
1.34
29.10
15.50
5.00
11 87
1244
0.08
1.34
30.00
15.50
5.00
12.22
12.82
0.08
1.34
31.00
lb.00
5 00
12.56
13.20
008
I34
31.90
16.00
5.00
12.88
13.58
0.08
1.34
32.80
lb.00
5.00
13.06
13.97
0.08
1.34
33.70
16.00
5.00
0.63
3.69
27.50
14.33
0.67
3.73
28.50
14.72
071
3.76
29.50
15.10
0.48
3.79
30.50
15 48
0.51
3.82
31.50
15.86
0.56
3.86
32.50
lb.25
0.59
3.89
33.50
16.63
0.63
3.93
34.50
17.01
0.67
3.96
35.50
17.39
0.70
3.99
36.50
17.78
7.90
11.00
0.47
2.61
5.50
5.91
0.54
2.67
6.50
6.30
0.59
2.72
7.50
6.68
9.98
10.14
0.07
0.81
24.50
14.00
3.00
15O-0
0.67
3.51
26.50
13.95
10.32
10.52
0.07
1.07
25.40
14.50
4.00
0.46
3.55
27.50
14.33
F = (dl + hv,)
Diameter
(l.ld2
+ hvp)
of pope = 30 Inches
VP = 2.85 fps
dl+hvl=R+h2+0.0b
R = 3.75 feet
7.93
7.84
0.07
0.81
19.00
13.50
3.00
15O-0
0.42
3.28
20.50
11.65
6.24
5.93
0.06
0.52
14.30
12.50
4.00
7.00
11.00
Inlet
7.59
7.46
0.06
0.52
18.00
13 00
4.00
70.30
0.66
3.25
19.50
11.27
5.91
5.55
0.06
0.52
13.40
12.50
4.00
6.00
11.00
9.81
10.14
0.07
1.07
24.50
15.00
4.00
lS0-0
0.58
3.65
26.50
13.95
5.58
5.17
0.06
0.26
12.50
12.00
2.00
5.10
10.50
0.60
2.71
5.50
5.91
3.90
3.25
0.05
103-D-1268-6
BENDS
4.91
4.40
0.06
0.26
10.60
12.00
2.00
3.58
2.87
0.05
5.10
11.00
MITER
Transition
4.59
4.02
0.06
0.26
9.70
11.50
2.00
3.25
2.49
0.05
2.80
2.10
0.05
WITH
Outlet
4.25
3.64
0.06
0.26
8.80
11.50
2.00
70.30'
0.44
2.81
9.50
7.45
2.93
2.10
0.05
Q = 14 cfs
F
of pipe = 30 mches
Inlet
Submergence
= l.ld2
+ hvp + h3 - h4
D~ametcr
R = 3.75 feet
of pipe
hv
lb.74
17.79
0.09
166
43.00
17.50
4.00
22'.30'
0.73
4.30
46.50
21.60
2
?
z
xl
Table 2-3
Check
Dmneter
Q = 15 cfs
F
2
h3
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
dl+hvl
d2
LX
F
h2
h3
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
d2
LX
dl + hvl
b2
3
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
d2
LX
dl + hv,
F
2
h3
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
dl+hv,
d2
LX
of p,pe = 30 mchci
3.33
2.87
0.06
0.26
7.00
12.00
2.00
3.65
3.25
0.06
0.26
7.90
12.00
2.00
3.98
3.64
0.06
0.52
8.80
12.00
4.00
4.29
4.02
0.06
0.52
9.70
12.50
4.00
4.62
4.40
0.06
0.52
10.60
12.50
4.00
4.94
4.78
0 06
0.52
11.60
13.00
4.00
0.54
2.86
6.50
6.30
0.59
2.91
7.50
6.68
0.65
2.96
8.50
7.06
0.45
3.02
9.50
7.4$
0.52
3.08
10.50
7.83
0.57
3.13
11.50
8.21
9.63
10.14
0.08
1.34
24.50
15.50
5.00
15O-0
0.50
3.79
26.50
13.95
9.97
10.52
0.08
1.34
25.40
15.50
5.00
10.31
10.91
0.08
1.34
26.30
15.50
5.00
10.65
11.29
0.08
1.34
27.30
16.00
5.00
10.98
11.67
0.08
1.34
28.20
16.00
5.00
11.33
12.05
0.08
1.34
29.10
16.00
5.00
0.54
3.83
27.50
14.33
0.59
3.87
28.50
14.72
0.63
3.91
29.50
15.10
0.67
3.95
30.50
15.48
0.71
3.98
31.50
15.86
11.68
12.44
0.08
1.66
30.10
16.50
4.00
22.30
0.43
4.02
32.50
16.25
Diameter
MITER
Transition
103-D-1268-7
BENDS
VP = 3.05 fps
3.00
2.49
0.06
0.26
6.00
11.50
2.00
16cfs
WITH
Outlet
2.67
2.10
0.06
0.26
5.10
II.50
2.00
7O-30
0.48
2.81
5.50
5.91
Q=
F
DROP
Earth
Met
R = 3.75 feet
5.59
5 55
0.07
0.81
13.40
13.50
3 00
150-O
0.47
3.29
14.50
9.36
5.92
5.93
0.07
0.81
14.30
13.50
3.00
6.25
6.31
0 07
0.81
15 20
13.50
3.00
6.60
6.70
0.07
0.81
16.20
14.00
3.00
6.93
7.08
0.07
0.81
17.10
14.00
3.00
7.11
7.46
0.07
1.07
18.00
14 00
4.00
7.59
7 84
0 07
1.07
19.00
14.50
4.00
7.94
8.23
0.07
1.07
19.90
14.50
4.00
8.27
8.61
0.07
1.07
20.80
14.50
4.00
8.59
8.99
0.07
1.07
21.70
15.00
4.00
8.94
9.38
0.07
1.07
22 60
15.00
4.00
0.63
3.18
12.50
8.59
5.27
5.17
0.06
0.52
12.50
13.00
4.00
lo-30
0.69
3.24
13.50
8.98
0.52
3.34
15.50
9.74
0.57
3.38
16.50
10.12
0.61
3.42
17.50
10.51
0.66
3.46
18.50
10.89
0.45
3.5 1
19.50
11.27
0.50
3.55
20 50
11.65
0.54
3.59
21.50
12.04
0 59
3.64
22.50
12.42
0.65
3.69
23.50
12.80
0.68
3.72
24.50
13.19
12.01
12.82
0.08
1.66
31.00
16.50
4.00
12.35
13.20
0.08
1.66
31.90
16.50
4.00
12.68
13.58
0.08
1.66
32.80
15.50
4.00
13.04
13.97
0.08
1.66
33.70
17.00
4.00
13.38
14.35
0.08
1.66
34.70
17.00
4.00
13.72
14.73
0 08
1 66
35.60
17.00
4.00
14.05
15.li
0.09
1.66
36.50
17.50
4.00
14.40
15.50
0.09
1.66
37.40
17.50
4.00
14.73
15.88
0.09
2.07
38.30
17.50
5.00
15.07
16.26
0.09
2.07
39.30
18.00
5.00
15.40
16.64
0.09
2.07
40.20
18.00
5.00
15.75
17.03
0.09
2.07
41.10
18.00
5.00
16.09
17.41
0.09
2.07
42.00
18.50
5.00
0.48
4.06
33.50
16.63
0.52
4.10
34.50
17.01
0.55
4.13
35.50
17.39
0.60
4.17
36.50
17.78
0.64
4.21
37.50
18 16
0.68
4.25
38.50
18.54
0.74
4.29
39.50
18.92
0.78
4.33
40.50
19.31
0.42
4.37
41.50
19.69
0.46
4.41
42.50
20.07
0.50
4 45
43.50
20.45
0.55
4.49
44.50
20.84
0.59
4.53
45.50
21.22
4.82
4.78
0.06
0.81
11.60
13.00
3.00
15O-0
0.46
3.27
12.50
8.59
5.15
5.17
0.07
0.81
12.50
13.50
3.00
5.47
5.55
0.07
0.81
13.40
13.50
3.00
5.79
5.93
0.07
0.81
14.30
14.00
3.00
6.11
6.31
0.07
1.07
15.20
14.00
4.00
6.46
6.70
0.07
1.07
16.20
14.50
4.00
6.78
7.08
0.07
1.07
17.10
14.50
4.00
7.12
7.46
0.07
I.07
18.00
14.50
4.00
7.45
7.84
0.07
1.07
19.00
15.00
4.00
7.79
8.23
0.07
1.34
19.90
15.00
5.00
8.11
8.61
0.07
1.34
20.80
15.00
5.00
8.44
8.99
0.08
1.34
21.70
15.50
5.00
8.79
9.38
0.08
1.34
22.60
15.50
5.00
0.53
3.33
13.50
8.98
0.59
3.38
14.50
9.36
0.65
3.44
15.50
9.74
0.45
3.49
16.50
10.12
0.49
3.53
17.50
IO.51
0.55
3.58
18.50
10.89
0.59
3.62
19.50
11.27
0.64
3.66
20.50
11.65
0.42
3.71
21.50
12.04
0.48
3.76
22.50
12.42
0.54
3.81
23.50
12.80
0.58
3.85
24.50
13.19
of pope = 30 inches
VP = 3.26 fps
Met
2.90
2.49
0.06
0.26
6.00
12.00
2.00
3.20
2.87
0.06
0.52
7.00
12.00
4.00
3.52
3.25
0.06
0.52
7.90
12.50
4.00
3.86
3.64
0.06
0.52
8.80
12.50
4.00
4.18
4.02
0.06
0.52
9.70
13.00
4.00
0.64
2.94
6.50
6.30
0.46
3.01
7 50
6.68
0.52
3.06
8.50
7.06
0.57
3.11
9.50
1.45
0.63
3.16
10.50
7.83
4.51
4.40
0.06
0.52
10.60
13.00
4.00
70.30
0.68
3.21
11.50
8.21
9.45
10.14
0.08
1.34
24.50
16.00
5.00
150.0
0.68
3.94
26.50
13.95
9.18
10.52
0.08
1.34
25.40
16.00
5.00
ls-0
0.73
3.98
27.50
14.33
10.12
10.91
0.08
1.66
26.30
16.50
4.00
22.30
0.46
4.03
28.50
14.72
10.45
11.29
0.08
1.66
27.30
16.50
4.00
10.79
11.67
0.08
1.66
28.20
16.50
4.00
11.13
12.05
0.08
1.66
29.10
17.00
4.00
11.47
12.44
0.08
1.66
30.00
17.00
4.00
11.81
12.82
0.08
1.66
31.00
17.00
4.00
12.14
13.20
0.09
1.66
31.90
17.50
4.00
12.46
13.58
0.09
1.66
32.80
17.50
4.00
12.83
13.97
0.09
2.07
33.70
17.50
5.00
13.16
14.35
0.09
2.07
34.70
17.50
5.00
13.50
14.73
0.09
2.07
35.60
18.00
5.00
13.82
15.11
0.09
2.07
36.50
18.00
5.00
14.17
15.50
0.09
2.07
37.40
18.00
5.00
14.50
15.88
0.09
2.07
38.30
18.50
5.00
14.84
16.26
0.09
2.07
39.30
18.50
5.00
15.17
16.64
0.09
2.07
40.20
19.00
5.00
15.51
17.03
0.09
2.07
41.10
19.00
5.00
15.85
17.41
0.09
2.49
42.00
19.00
6.00
0.5 1
4.07
29.50
15.10
0.55
4.11
30.50
15.48
0.59
4.15
31.50
15.86
0.64
4.19
32.50
16.25
0.68
4.23
33.50
16.63
0.74
4.27
34.50
17.01
0.78
4.31
35.50
17.39
0.41
4.35
36.50
17.78
0.46
4.39
37.50
18.16
0.50
4 43
38.51.
18.54
0.56
4.48
39.50
18.92
0.60
4.52
40.50
19.31
0.65
4.56
41.50
19.69
0.69
4.60
42.50
20.07
0.74
4.65
43.50
20.45
0.79
4.69
44.50
20.84
0.41
4.73
45.50
21.22
- (l.ld2
+ hvp)
dl+hvl=R+h2+0.06
Submergence
= l.ld2
+ hvp + h3
h4 - Dnmeter
16.42
17.79
0.09
2.07
43.00
18.50
5.00
22.30
0.64
4.57
46.50
21.60
R = 3.75 feet
2.51
2.10
0.06
0.26
5.10
11.50
2.00
70.30
0.58
2.88
5.50
5.91
F = (d, + hvl)
9.29
9.76
0.07
1.34
23.60
15.00
5.00
150.0
0.44
3.75
25.50
13.57
of pipe - hv
9.12
9.76
0.08
1.34
23.60
15.50
5.00
150-O
0.63
3.89
25.50
13.57
16.18
17.79
0.10
2.49
43.00
19.50
6.00
22.30
0.47
4.77
46.50
21.60
~~~~~ 2-3.-r~pc
I pipe drop with cart/z outlet transitio/z (to be used with fig. 2-29). -Continued.
PIPE
Check
Q=
F
h2
Submergence
d,+hvl
h3
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
d2
LX
F
h2
b3
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
d2
LX
dl + hv,
17cfs
Dnmeter
2.47
2.10
0.06
0.52
5.10
12.00
4.00
70.30
0.41
2.95
5.50
5.91
2.80
2.49
0.06
0.52
6.00
12.00
4.00
3.10
2.87
0.06
0.52
7.00
12.50
4.00
3.41
3.25
0.06
0.52
7.90
12.50
4.00
0.48
3.01
6.50
6.30
0.56
3.08
7.50
6.68
9.26
10.14
0.08
1.66
24.50
16.50
4.00
22.30
0.55
4.09
26.50
13.95
9.59
10.52
0.08
1.66
25.40
16.50
4.00
0.60
4.14
27.50
14.33
h2
h3
ha
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
d,+hv,
d2
LX
F
h2
h3
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
dl+hvl
d2
LX
WITH
MITER
Earth
Outlet
Transition
Control
of pope = 30 inches
VP = 3.46 fps
4.43
4.40
0.07
0.81
10.60
13.50
3.00
4.69
4.78
0.07
0.81
11.60
13.50
3.00
5.02
5.17
0.07
0.81
12.50
14.00
3.00
5.34
5.55
0.07
1.07
13.40
14.00
4.00
5.66
5.93
0.07
1.07
14.30
14.50
4.00
5.98
6.31
0.07
1.07
15.20
14.50
4.00
6.31
6.70
0.07
1.07
16.20
15.00
4.00
8.63
7.08
0.07
1.34
17.10
15.00
5.00
6.96
7.46
0.07
1.34
18.00
15.00
5.00
7.28
7.84
0.08
1.34
19.00
15.50
5.00
7.62
8.23
0.08
1.34
19.90
15.50
5.00
0.62
3.14
8.50
7.06
4.05
4.02
0.06
0.81
9.70
13.00
3.00
15O-0
0.47
3.26
10.50
7.83
0.54
3.32
11.50
8.21
0.60
3.37
12.50
8.59
0.66
3.43
13.50
8.98
0.46
3.48
14.50
9.36
0.52
3.54
15.50
9.74
0.58
3.59
16.50
10.12
0.64
3.65
17.50
10.51
0.43
3.70
18.50
10.89
0.48
3.75
19.50
Il.27
0.55
3.80
20.50
11.65
9 93
10.91
0.08
1.66
26.30
17.00
4.00
10.25
11.29
0.08
1.66
27.30
17.00
4.00
10.59
11.67
0.09
1.66
28.20
17.50
4.00
10.92
12.05
0.09
2.07
29.10
17.50
5.00
11.26
12.44
0.09
2.07
30.00
17.50
5.00
11.60
12.82
0.09
2.07
31.00
18.00
5.00
11.94
13.20
0.09
2.07
31.90
18.00
5.00
12.24
13.58
0.09
2.07
32.80
18.00
5.00
12.61
13.97
0.09
2.07
33.70
18.50
5.00
12.93
14.35
0.09
2.07
34.70
18.50
5.00
13.27
14.73
0.09
2.07
35.60
18.50
5.00
13.59
15.11
0.09
2.07
36.50
19.00
5.00
13.94
15.50
0.09
2.49
37.40
19.00
6.00
0.65
4.18
28.50
14.72
0.70
4.23
29.50
15.10
0.76
4.27
30.50
15.48
0.40
4.32
31.50
15.86
0.45
4.36
32.50
16.25
0.49
4.40
33.50
16.63
0.53
4.44
34.50
17.01
0.59
4.49
35.50
17.39
0.63
4.53
36.50
17.78
0.69
4.58
37.50
18.16
0.73
4.62
38.50
18.54
0.79
4.67
39.50
18.92
Diameter
of pope = 36 mches
VP = 2.54 fps
0.45
4.00
8.94
9.76
0.08
1.66
23.60
16.50
4.00
22.30
0.49
4.04
24.50
13.19
25.50
13.57
14.26
15.88
0.09
2.49
38.30
19.00
6.00
14.60
16.26
0.10
2.49
39.30
19.50
6.00
14.93
16.64
0.10
2.49
40.20
19.50
6.00
15 27
17.03
0.10
2.49
41.10
20.00
6.00
15.60
17.41
0.10
2.49
42.00
20.00
6.00
0.41
4.71
40.50
19.31
0.45
4.76
41.50
19.69
0.52
4.80
42.50
20.07
0.57
4.85
43.50
20.45
0.62
4.89
44.50
20.84
0.67
4.94
45.50
21.22
15.93
17.79
0.10
2.49
43.00
20.00
6.00
22.30
0.72
4.98
46.50
21.60
Inlet
8.60
9.38
0.08
1.66
22.60
16.00
4.00
R = 4.25 feet
6.81
6.31
0.07
0.26
15.20
13.50
2.00
7.16
6.70
0.07
0.26
16.20
14.00
2.00
7.49
7.08
0.07
0.26
17.10
14.00
2.00
7.83
7.46
0.07
0.52
18.00
14.00
4.00
8.18
7.84
0.07
0.52
19.00
14.50
4.00
8.54
8.23
0.07
0.52
19.90
14.50
4.00
8.88
8.61
0.07
0.52
20.80
14.50
4.00
9.24
8.99
0.07
0.52
21.70
14.50
4.00
9.60
9.38
0.07
0.52
22.60
14.50
4 .oo
0.67
3.25
13.50
9.48
0.52
3.33
15.50
10.24
0.56
3.37
16.50
10.62
0.60
3.41
17.50
11.01
0.64
3.45
18.50
11.39
0.43
3.49
19.50
11.77
0.46
3.52
20.50
12.15
0.49
3.55
21.50
12.54
0.53
3.58
22.50
12.92
0.55
3.60
23.50
13.30
0.58
3.63
24.50
13.69
12.74
12.82
0.08
0.81
31.00
16.00
3.00
13.09
13.20
0.08
0.81
31.90
16.00
3.00
13.43
13.58
0.08
0.81
32.80
16.00
3.00
13.79
13.97
0.08
1.07
33.70
16.00
4.00
14.14
14.35
0.08
1.07
34.70
16.50
4.00
14.49
14.73
0.08
1.07
35.60
16.50
4.00
14.84
15.11
0.08
1.07
36.50
16.50
4.00
15.20
15.50
0.06
1 07
37.40
16.50
4.00
15.55
15.88
0.08
1.07
38.40
16.50
4.00
15.91
16.26
0.08
1.07
39.30
17 .oo
4.00
16.25
16.64
0.08
1.07
40.20
17.00
4.00
16.61
17.03
0.08
1.07
41.10
17.00
4.00
16.97
17.41
0.08
1.34
42.00
17.00
5 00
0.60
3.90
33.50
17.13
0.63
3.93
34.50
17.51
0.67
3.96
35.50
17.89
0.44
3.99
36.50
18.28
0.47
4.02
37.50
18.66
0.50
4.05
38.50
19.04
0.53
4.07
39.50
19.42
0.56
4.10
40.50
19.81
0.59
4.13
41.50
20.19
0.61
4.15
42.50
20.57
0.65
4.18
43.50
20.95
0.68
4.21
44.50
21.34
0.43
4.23
45.50
21.72
3.80
2.87
0.06
4.13
3.25
0.06
4.46
3.64
0.06
4.80
4.02
0.06
5.13
4.40
0.06
5.47
4.78
0.06
5.81
5.17
0.06
5.10
12.00
6.00
12.00
7 .oo
12.00
7.90
12.50
8.80
12.50
9.70
12.50
10.60
13.00
11.60
13.00
12.50
13.00
0.27
2.88
5.50
6.41
0.32
2.93
6.50
6.80
0.37
2.98
7.50
7.18
0.42
3.03
8.50
7.56
0.47
3.08
9.50
7.95
0.53
3.12
10.50
8.33
0.58
3.16
11.50
8.71
0.62
3.20
12.50
9.09
10.29
10.14
0.07
0.52
24.50
15.00
4.00
70.30
0.65
3.69
26.50
14.45
10.64
10.52
0.07
0.52
25.40
15.00
4.00
70.30
0.68
3.72
27.50
14.83
11.00
10.91
0.07
0.81
26.30
15.00
3.00
15O-0
0.42
3.75
28.50
15.22
11.34
11.29
0.08
0.81
27.30
15.50
3.00
11.69
11.67
0.08
0.81
28.20
15.50
3.00
12.04
12.05
0.08
0.81
29.10
15.50
3.00
12.39
12.44
0.08
0.81
30.00
15.50
3.00
0.47
3.78
29.50
15.60
0.50
3.81
30.50
15.98
0.53
3.84
31.50
16.36
0.57
3.87
32.50
16.75
+ hvp)
8.26
8.99
0.08
1.66
21.70
16.00
4.00
22.30
0.39
3.95
23.50
12.80
6.48
5.93
0.07
0.26
14.30
13.50
2.00
3.48
2.49
0.06
(l.ld2
0.60
3.85
21.50
12.04
7.94
8.6 1
0.08
1.34
20.80
16.00
5.00
150-o
0.66
3.90
22.50
12.42
6.14
5.55
0.07
0.26
13.40
13.50
2.00
70.30
0.48
3.29
14.50
9.86
3.14
2.10
0.06
D = (dl + hvl)
BENDS
3.74
3.64
0.06
0.52
8.80
13.00
4.00
70.30
0.69
3.20
9.50
7.45
Q = 18 cfs
F
DROP
103-D-1268-8
dl+hvl=R+h2+0.06
Submergence
= l.ld2
+ bvp + h3
h4
Dmmeter
of pipe
hv
9.94
9.76
0.07
0.52
23.60
15.00
4.00
70.30
0.62
3.66
25.50
14.07
17.31
17.79
0.08
1.34
43.00
17.00
5.00
15O-0
0.48
4.26
46.50
22.10
C
n
Table 2-3.-~vpc
I pipe
drop
with
earth
PIPE
o=
I
L2
3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
S"b~llCUXilW
d2
LY
dl + h"]
I
Subnlcrgence
d,+hv,
h2
h3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
d2
L,
3.05
2.10
0.06
outlet
DROP
Earth
transition
WITH
Outlet
MITER
Transition
103-D-l 268-9
BENDS
191s
3 39
2.49
0 06
,llh!I
373
2.87
0.06
4 05
3 2s
0.06
4.39
3.64
0.06
7 "0
12.50
051
4.71
4 02
0.06
5 05
4.40
0 06
9.70
13 00
10.60
13 00
5.38
4.78
0.07
0 26
II.60
13.50
2.00
7D-30
046
3 21
5 72
5.17
I, 07
0.26
12.50
I3 5u
2.00
6.05
5.55
0.07
0.26
13.4U
13.50
2.00
6.39
5.93
0.07
0.26
14 30
14.00
2 00
6 73
6 31
0 07
0.26
15 20
14 00
2 00
7 07
6.70
0 "7
0.52
1620
14.00
4 00
741
7.08
0 07
0.52
17 IO
14.00
4.00
7.74
746
0.07
0.52
18 00
14 50
4 00
808
7 84
0.07
0.52
19.00
I4 50
4.00
844
X23
0 07
052
19.90
14.50
4.00
051
3.32
13.50
948
0.56
3.36
1450
9 X6
0.60
3.40
15.50
1024
0.64
3.44
l6.5U
10.62
0.43
3.48
17.50
II 01
0.47
3.52
18.50
11.39
I1 52
3.56
1950
0.56
3.60
20.50
II 71
12 15
13.30
1358
0 08
I 07
32 XC,
16.50
4.00
13 66
13.97
0.08
IO7
33.70
1650
4.00
14 00
14 35
0 08
1.07
34.70
16.50
4.m
14.34
14.73
0.08
I .07
35.60
17 on
4 00
14 69
15.11
0 ox
IO7
36.50
17 00
4.00
15.05
15.39
15.50
(1.08
I 34
37.40
17.00
5 00
0 51
sutmcrgcnce
d, +hv,
9.49
9.38
0.07
0.81
22.60
15.0(1
3.00
0.59
3.63
2150
1254
9 13
899
0 07
0.81
21 70
15.00
3.00
15".0
0.37
369
23.50
13 30
15.88
(I.08
1.34
38.40
17.00
5.00
15 74
16 26
0 09
I34
39 30
17 50
5 .oo
16.09
lb.64
0.09
1.34
40.20
17.50
5.00
16.45
17.03
0.09
I 34
41.10
17.50
5 .oo
16.79
17.41
0.09
1.34
42.00
17.50
5.00
0.48
4.26
4150
20 19
0 52
4.29
42.50
20.57
0.55
4.32
43 50
20.95
0.58
4.35
44.50
21.34
0.62
4.38
45 50
21.72
9 32
9.38
0.08
0.81
22.60
15.50
0.36
2.95
5.50
6.4 I
0.41
3.00
6.50
680
0.45
3.04
7.50
7 18
3.09
8.50
7.56
0.56
3.14
9.50
7.95
0 62
3.19
10.50
8.33
0.66
3.23
II so
8.71
IO.17
IO.14
0.08
0 81
24.50
15.50
3.00
150-O
0.49
3.79
26.50
14.45
1052
IO.52
U.08
0.81
25.40
15.50
3 00
1088
IO.91
0 08
0.81
26.30
16.00
3.00
11.22
II.29
0 08
0 XI
27 30
16.00
3.00
11.57
11.67
0 OX
0 XI
28.20
16.00
3.00
11.92
12.05
0.08
0.81
29.10
16.00
3.00
12.27
IL.44
O.08
IO7
30.00
16 00
4 00
I? 62
t 2.82
0.08
I .07
3 I 00
16.00
4.00
I2 96
13.20
0.08
I 07
31 90
16.50
4.00
0.52
3.X2
27 50
14.83
0.55
3 85
28 SO
15 22
0.59
3.88
29.50
lS.hO
0.62
391
30.50
I5 98
0.65
3 94
3150
16.36
0.43
3.91
32.50
16.75
0.46
4.00
33.50
17.13
0.50
4.04
34 50
17 51
0.54
4.07
35.50
17.89
4 10
36.50
18.28
0 61
4 I4
37.50
18.66
0 65
4.17
38.50
19.04
II.68
4.20
39.50
19.42
0.44
4.23
40.50
19.81
4.95
4.40
0.07
0.26
10.60
I3 50
2.w
5.27
4.78
0.07
0.26
II.60
13.50
2.00
5.60
5.17
0.07
0.26
12.50
14 0"
2.on
5 92
5.55
0 07
0.26
13.40
14.00
2.00
6 27
5.93
0.07
0.52
14 30
14.00
4.00
6.61
6.31
0.07
0.52
IS.20
14.50
4.00
6.95
6 70
0.07
0.52
16.20
14.50
4.00
7.29
7.08
0 07
0.52
17.10
14.50
4.00
7.62
7.46
0.07
0.52
7.96
7.84
0.07
0.52
8 31
8 23
0.07
0 81
8.64
X.61
0.08
0.81
898
x.99
0.08
081
18.00
15 00
4.00
21.70
15.50
3.00
0.57
3 36
12.50
9 09
063
342
13.5c
948
0.69
3.47
14.50
9.86
0 46
3.50
15.50
10.24
0.50
354
16.50
10.62
0.55
3.58
17.50
11.01
0.59
3.62
18.50
11.39
0.64
3.66
1950
il.77
19 90
IS ou
3.00
15O~O
0.43
3.74
21.50
12.54
20.x0
15.50
3 00
051
3 31
II.50
871
19.00
15.00
4 "0
7O~30'
0.68
3 70
20.50
12 15
049
378
2250
12.92
053
3.82
23.50
13.30
0.58
3 X6
24.50
13.69
12.71
13.82
14 35
0.09
14.51
15.11
0.09
1.34
36.50
17 50
5.00
14.87
15 50
II 09
1.34
37.40
17.50
5 .oo
15.22
15 88
0.09
I34
38 40
I8 00
5 00
16.62
1741
0.09
1.66
4200
18.50
4.00
063
4 38
4050
19.81
0.66
4.41
41.50
20.19
15.91
16 64
0.09
166
4020
18.00
4 00
22".30'
0.41
4.47
43.50
20.95
16.27
17.03
0.09
1.66
41.10
18 on
4 00
060
4.35
3950
19.42
15.57
16.26
0.09
1.34
39.30
18 00
5 00
150.0'
069
4.44
42.50
20.57
0.44
4.50
44.50
21.34
0.47
4.53
45 50
2172
12 SO
9 (19
S"binerI!ence
Inlet
1'2
'13
"4
l-2
L3
L4
s3
2.98
2.10
0.06
3 31
2.49
0 06
3 64
2.87
0 06
3.96
3 25
0.06
4.30
364
0 06
5.10
12.00
6 00
12.50
7 0"
1250
7.9U
13.00
R 80
I3 00
d2
L,
0.43
301
5.50
6.41
0.49
3.06
650
6.80
0.54
3.1 I
7.50
7.18
0 60
3.16
8.50
7.56
0.65
3.21
9.50
7.95
4.62
4.02
0.06
0.26
9.70
13.00
2 00
7v-30
0.45
3.26
10.50
8.33
IO.01
IO.14
0.08
0.81
2450
16.00
3.00
150.0
0.65
3.93
26.50
14.45
l(1.35
IO.52
0.08
O.RI
25.40
I6.01,
3.00
IO.71
10.9 I
008
1.07
26.30
16.00
4.00
11.06
11.29
0.08
1.07
27.30
16.50
4.00
11.39
II 67
008
1.07
28.20
16.50
4.00
11.73
I2 OS
0.08
107
29 IO
16.50
400
12.08
1244
0.08
107
30 00
17.00
4 00
12.42
12.x2
0.08
IO7
31.00
17.00
4 00
13.20
0.08
1.34
11.90
17 00
5.00
13 12
13.58
0 OR
I34
32 80
17.00
5.00
13.47
1397
0.08
1.34
33.70
1700
5.00
1.34
34.70
17 50
5.00
14.17
14 73
0 09
1.34
15.60
17.50
5 00
0.69
3 96
27 50
14.83
0.46
3.99
28.50
15.22
0.49
4.02
29.50
15.60
0.54
4.06
30.50
15 98
0.58
4.10
31.50
16.36
0.62
4.14
32.50
16 75
0.66
4.17
3350
17.13
0.42
4.20
34.50
17.51
0 45
4.23
35.50
17 89
0.49
4.26
36.50
I8 2x
053
4.29
37.50
18 66
0
4
38
19
I
62
3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
dL2
d, + hv;
ICC,
8.78
8.6,
0.07
0.52
20.80
15.00
4.00
70.30'
0.63
3 66
22.50
12.92
0 = 20 ct\
r
R = 4.25
d,+hv,=R+h2+0.06
56
32
50
04
Submergence
= I Id2
+t,v,,
+ h3
h4
D~mctcr
R = 4.25
ot ppc
0.40
3.72
24 50
13.69
9.82
9 16
O.08
0.81
23.60
15.50
3.00
15".0
0.45
3.76
25.50
14.07
I7 15
17.79
0 09
1.34
43.00
18.00
5.00
15%
0.64
4.40
46.50
22.10
rrrt
hv
3.00
966
9.76
0.08
0.81
23.60
16.00
3.00
15O-0
0.62
3.90
25.50
14.07
16.96
17.79
0.09
1.66
4300
18.50
4.00
22'.30'
0.51
4.56
46.50
22.10
Table
2-3.-Type
I pipe
drop
with
eurth
outlet
transitio!i
(to
103-D-1268-10
m
I
2 RY
1'2
"3
"4
L?
L3
L4
Si
2 IO
0 Oh
Submrrpcn&
d,
L;
d, + h",
I
Submcrgcncc
E23
"4
L2
L3
L4
%
d2
L,
d , + In ,
3 23
249
0 06
355
287
0 06
63
17
50
18
0 69
323
8 50
7 56
lO2l
10.52
II.08
I U7
25 40
16.50
4 uu
IO 57
IOYI
0 08
1.07
26 30
16 50
4 00
1092
11 29
008
1.07
21 30
16 50
4.00
0 57
401
27.50
1483
U60
4 10
28.50
15 22
0 63
4 13
2950
I5 hU
0 52
3 Ul
5.50
64,
0 57
3 i2
6.50
6 80
988
IO.14
(I.08
I (17
24 50
16 50
4.00
,5"-(I
0 52
403
26 50
1445
0
3
7
7
387
3 25
0.06
4 20
364
0.07
026
8 80
13.50
2 00
452
402
II 07
0.26
Y 70
13.50
2 00
4
4
0
i)
1I,
14
2
x4
40
07
26
60
00
00
5 17
47x
007
0 26
Ii 60
14 00
2 00
551
5 17
007
0 52
1250
I4 00
7"~3U
0 50
3 28
Y 50
7 95
056
3 34
IO 50
8 33
062
3 39
II 50
87,
067
344
I? 5(,
Y 09
0.46
348
13.50
948
0 08
I 07
0 08
1 07
u.ou
I2 30
12.82
0 OH
I34
3 I 00
17.""
5 00
12.64
13 20
0.09
134
31.911
,750
5 00
28.20
29 10
1.34
30 0"
0
4
30
I5
0
4
31
16
047
423
32 50
I6 75
67
16
50
98
70
19
50
36
4 00
5 84
555
0 07
iJ.52
1340
,450
4 00
6
5
0
0
I4
14
4
17
93
lJ7
52
3u
5U
/,I,
6 50
631
0.07
0 52
15 20
I4 50
4 00
h
h
0
0
16
I5
4
84
70
07
52
20
00
00
7 18
7 08
IJ 07
U 52
17.10
15.UO
4.00
7"~30
0 61
3h2
,650
10.62
0.66
3 66
17 50
I, 01
II JO
3 70
1850
II 39
14 02
14 73
0 09
I34
35 60
IX 00
5.01,
15%
0 71
444
38.50
19.04
I4 35
15 I,
0 09
I66
36 50
lX.lJO
4 00
22".30
0 44
448
39 50
1942
1299
1358
0 09
I34
32 80
1750
5 00
13 33
13.97
II.09
I34
33 7u
1750
5 00
136X
14.35
0 09
I 34
34 71,
I x.uo
5 00
059
4 33
35 50
17.89
064
4.31
36 50
18.28
Oh7
4.40
37 50
1866
0 = 22 it\
2.82
2.10
I1.M
3 14
249
0 06
5.lU
I2 50
6 00
I3 (IO
Submergcncr
d, +'I",
"2
"3
114
L2
L3
L4
s3
"2
J-L
3 79
25
07
2h
90
50
00
4 13
3 64
(I (17
0 26
X.80
13 50
2 ",I
445
4 02
0 07
0 26
Y 70
14.w
2 00
4 76
4.40
0.07
0.26
IO 60
14 uo
2.00
5 09
418
0 07
0.52
,160
14 00
4.UC
5 I7
0 07
0 52
12.50
14.50
4 00
5 42
5.15
5 55
0 07
II.52
1340
14 50
4.00
b
5
0
0
14
15
4
0 52
3 29
8.50
7 5h
u 57
3 34
Y 51,
7.95
0 63
339
1050
8.33
0 70
3 45
II 50
H 71
04Y
3 50
12.50
Y 09
0 55
355
13 51,
948
0 60
3 60
14.50
Y 86
59
13
50
41
0 66
3 19
6 50
6.80
347
287
0 06
U.?h
7 00
I3 wi
2 00
7<'~30
0 45
3 24
7.50
7 18
9.19
I U.14
11.08
1.07
24 50
16.50
4.00
15%
0 6 I
4.10
26.50
14.45
IO.14
IO 52
(I.08
I 07
25.40
1650
4.00
1048
IO.9 I
0.08
I 07
26.30
I7 00
4.00
IO 83
II 29
0 08
I .(I7
27.311
1700
4.00
II 17
II67
0.08
I 07
2x.20
17.00
4 00
II.51
1205
0.09
1.34
29 10
17 50
5 00
II87
12.44
0 09
I34
30.00
17.50
5.00
1221
12.x2
u 09
I34
3, 00
17.50
5.00
12.64
13 20
0.09
I 34
31 90
17 50
5.00
IZ.K7
13 58
0 0')
1.34
32.80
LB no
5 00
0 64
4.13
27 50
14.83
0.69
4.1,
28.50
15 22
0 72
4.20
29 50
15.60
0.76
4 24
30.50
I5 98
0.54
4 21
31.50
16 36
057
4 30
32.50
16 75
".hl
4.34
33 50
17 13
0.66
4.38
34 50
17 5,
0 70
442
35.50
17 89
0
3
5
6
I
llrp
3
0
,I
7
13
2
d,
ftw, =
K + 11~ + 0 Oh
07
93
07
52
30
00
00
= ,,.,5
752
746
0.07
0x1
I8 00
15 00
3 00
15o-u
0.45
3.74
1950
I, 17
8 ?(I
8 23
O.08
URI
IY 90
15 50
3 00
0 51
3 78
20.50
I? 15
14 70
15 50
0 09
I66
37 411
,850
4 uu
954
Y 76
0.08
I (17
23.60
,600
4 00
15O~O.
0 48
X86
8 YY
0 08
0 XI
?I 71)
16 U,,
3 00
9 20
Y 38
0 08
,I 8,
22 611
16 00
400
,I 71)
3.95
24.51)
13.69
3 YY
25 50
14 07
16.18
17 79
0 09
1.66
43 nu
19.00
4 00
22".30'
0 69
4 7,
4650
22.10
0 55
3x2
21.50
12 54
0 6,
3 x7
2250
,292
0.65
3.91
2350
13 30
15 39
I6.2h
IJ UY
1.66
39.30
18.50
4 00
15 14
lb64
o.u9
I66
40 20
1x50
4 00
16.05
17 03
Cl.09
I66
4 1.10
19 00
4 ur,
0 48
452
40 50
1981
0.52
4 5S
41 50
20 19
0 55
458
42 50
20.57
0 5x
4.61
43.50
21195
0.63
4 65
44 5v
21 34
0 66
4.68
45 5U
2, 72
X.09
,001
6 i6
6.71)
0 07
0.x1
I6 20
15.00
3 00
15".0'
,I 45
3 73
17 50
11.01
7 08
7.0x
0 ,,?I
0 XI
11 IIJ
15 so
3 00
742
7.46
,I OX
0.x I
:8 00
15 51~
3 00
7 85
7.84
0.0x
//RI
19 00
15 50
3 00
8 23
0.08
0 81
19 90
16 00
3 00
842
R61
Il.08
0 81
20 80
ih.Ui)
3 ,,,I
8 76
899
0.08
0 XI
21.70
ih 00
3 00
Y 3x
0 08
1.07
226O
1650
4.00
Oh6
3 h5
I5 5(1
IO 24
6.41
631
0 07
0 52
15.20
15.00
4.00
7".30
1J 70
3.69
16.50
1062
9.12
0 52
3 78
IX 50
11.39
0
3
19
,I
56
x2
50
77
0.6 I
3 X6
20.50
12.15
0 66
3Yl
21 51)
12.54
1x7 I
3 95
22.50
12 Y?
0 7.1
3.9')
23 50
13.30
0 52
4 112
24 5U
I369
13 22
1397
0.09
, 34
3370
18.W
5.00
15%
0.75
4.46
36511
1828
1356
14.35
0 09
1.66
34 70
IX.00
4 00
22~~-30
U47
4.50
3750
1866
17.89
1473
0 09
166
35.60
I8 51)
4 00
14 24
15 11
0 09
I66
36 50
18 50
4.00
14.60
15 5U
0.09
I66
37.40
18 50
4 UIJ
14 94
15 88
0 09
I66
38 40
19 00
4 00
15 28
I6 26
u 09
1.66
39 30
1Y.00
4.00
15.b?
16 64
" UY
I.66
40.20
19.00
4.0,1
15.Yh
17 03
0.09
1.66
41.111
19.00
4 00
16.31
17.41
0.10
1.66
42.00
1950
4.00
0.50
453
38.50
19 04
0 55
457
39.50
1942
0 58
4 60
40.50
1981
0 62
4.64
4, 50
20.19
066
467
12 50
2057
0 70
471
43 50
20 9s
0 75
4.75
44 50
?I 34
0.79
4.7R
45.5U
21 72
945
9.16
0 08
107
23 60
16.50
4 00
15%.
057
4 06
25 50
14 07
16.66
17.79
II 10
1.66
43.w
19.50
4 00
22O~30
0.82
4.81
46.50
22 IO
z
;D
length
Check
and
cantro
/El
and
-Concrete
LONGITUDINAL
tranwtion
SECTION
NOTES
The pipe slopes
used WIII
allow
the subitltutlon
of 7%
preczst
concrete
elbcws
for
the mltered
p!pe bends.
The max,mum
velocity
II. the pipe at the outlet
equali
5 feet
per
second
for
p,pe
flowlnq
full.
lydraul,c
head IOSSES due to entrance,
frlctlon,
bends,
and exit
have
beer. neg!ected.
Precast
concrete
pressure
pope wth
mitered
pope bends
shown. AC
or RPM ray
be substituted.
These
standard
designs
are
for
flows
less
than 50 cubic
feet
per
second.
For flows
greater
than
49 cubic
feet
per second
It is
probably
more economical
to use a rectangular
lncllned
drop
Ftgures
2-26 and 2-27
If It should
be desirable
to have a
p,pe drop
with
a flow
greater
than 49 cubic
feet
per
second,
It ~111 be necessary
to actually
design
the pipe drop.
Ordinari
Iy the ~wzx!rnum water
surface
drop
far
a pipe
drop
strucm
ture
IS I5 feet.
However,
standard
design
tables
extend
slightly
beyond
this
n~aximun.
.G
PIPE
0
I
112
sutmerpcnce
"3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
d2
L,
d , + hV ,
I'
Suhmer~rnce
d, tllv,
h2
h3
h4
L2
L3
L4
s3
d2
L,
2 bH
2.10
0 u3
0.26
5.10
5.uc
2.00
7O-30
0.43
1.72
5.50
4.66
10.46
IO.91
0.04
IO7
26.30
7.00
4 00
15"
0.63
2.65
2850
13.41
DROP
Concrete
WITH
Outlet
MITER
BENDS
Transition
1 if\
1 34
7.4b
0.w
0.80
18.00
J UU
3.00
7.69
7 84
0 "4
0.80
19.00
7.00
3 00
n 04
8.23
0 04
OR,,
19.90
7.00
3 uu
838
861
0.04
0.80
20 80
7.00
3 00
8.12
8.99
u 04
0.80
21.70
7.00
3.00
9.08
9.38
0.04
1.07
22.60
7.00
4.00
9.4,
9.76
0.04
1.07
23.60
7.00
4.00
9.76
10 14
0.04
1.07
24.50
7.00
4 00
on7
2.24
I6 5U
8.87
7 08
0.04
u 80
17.10
7 00
3 00
15')
II.52
2.31
18 50
964
0.57
2.35
19.50
10.02
0.60
2 38
20.50
10.40
U 64
242
21.50
1079
068
245
22 50
I, 17
0.72
249
2350
11.55
0.48
2.52
24.50
11.94
0.53
2.56
25.50
12.32
0.56
2.59
26.5U
1270
13.94
14 73
u u4
I 34
35 60
7.00
5 00
14 29
15 II
u "4
1.34
36.50
7 00
5 00
14.64
I5 50
0 04
1.6,
37 40
7.00
6 00
14.98
I5 88
UW
1.61
38.40
7 "0
6 00
15 33
16.26
0.04
I61
39.30
7 00
h.UO
I5 69
16.64
0 04
161
40.20
7 .uo
b 00
16.04
17.03
OW
1.6 I
41.10
7 00
6.OU
lb.31:
17.41
0.04
I61
42.0"
7 00
6 00
16.73
17 79
0.04
1.61
4300
7.ou
6.00
071
2 97
38.50
17 29
0 74
3 uu
39 50
1767
0 5u
3 03
10.50
18 06
0 54
3 06
1150
1844
u 57
3 UY
4250
18.82
U 6O
3 I2
43.50
19.20
064
3 15
44.50
19.59
067
3.18
45 50
,997
0.70
3.21
46.50
20 35
1743
18.56
0.05
1.86
44 80
9.50
4.50
22".30'
0.47
3.21
48 50
21.12
17.78
In.94
0.05
1.86
45.70
950
450
0.67
2 94
37.50
,691
17.09
18 18
0.04
1.61
43.90
7.00
6.00
15"
073
3 24
47.50
2074
4.79
5.17
0.04
1.07
12.50
7.00
4.00
150
0.56
2.52
13.50
7.13
5.10
5.55
u 04
107
13.40
7.00
4 00
5.43
5.93
0 04
1.07
14 30
7 uu
4 00
5.75
6.3,
0.04
107
15 20
7 00
4 00
6.08
6.70
u 04
1.07
16 20
7 00
4.00
640
7.08
0.04
1.34
17.10
7.00
5.00
6.73
7.46
0.04
1.34
18.00
7 00
5 00
7 04
7 n4
0.04
I 34
lY.UU
7.00
5.00
7 38
8.23
0 04
1.34
1990
7 uu
5.00
7.70
861
0.04
L.34
20.80
7.00
5.00
8.04
8.99
0.03
1.74
21.70
650
650
8 37
9.38
0.03
1.74
22.60
650
6.50
870
9 76
0.03
1.14
23.60
6.50
6.50
9.03
10.14
0.03
24.50
6.50
6.50
0.63
258
1450
8.11
068
2.63
15 50
8.49
0.74
2 68
16 50
8 87
0.80
2.74
1750
9.26
0.59
2.79
18.50
964
064
2 84
19.50
IOU2
0.71
2 90
20.50
10.40
0 77
i 95
21.50
,019
0 R2
3.00
22.50
11.17
0 45
3 04
23.50
II 55
0.5 I
3.09
24.50
11.94
0.5b
3.14
25.50
12.32
0.61
3.18
26.50
12.10
4 78
u 03
0.39
11.60
6.00
3 00
5 30
5 17
0.03
0 39
1250
6 UU
3 uu
5 64
5.55
u 03
0.39
,340
b.UU
3.00
5 YH
5 93
u 03
0.39
14.30
6.00
3 uu
b 32
6.31
0.03
(1.39
15.20
6.00
3 00
0.12
1.98
,050
6.58
u.64
2 03
I I.50
b 96
Oh9
2 07
12.50
7.34
0.14
2.12
1350
7.73
0 79
2 I6
14.50
8.11
0.83
2 20
15.5"
849
II.84
12.44
0 04
1.34
30.00
7 00
5 00
12 19
12.82
0.04
1.34
3 1.00
7.00
5.00
12.54
1320
0.04
1.34
31.90
7.00
5 00
12.89
13.58
u.04
1.34
32 80
7.00
5.00
13 24
13.97
0 04
1.34
33.70
7 00
5.uu
13.60
14.35
u.04
1.34
34 70
7 00
5 00
05I
2.79
32.50
15.00
(1.54
2.82
3350
15.38
0 58
2.85
34.50
15.76
0.61
2 88
35.50
I6 14
0 64
291
36.50
16 53
3.33
287
1LO3
0 26
7 0"
6 UU
2.00
3.65
125
u.u3
0 26
7 90
6.00
200
3.98
3 64
0.03
U 26
8.80
b 00
200
(1.49
Ill
6.50
5 05
0 55
I83
7 50
5.43
0.61
18X
8.50
5.81
0 66
193
9.50
6 20
1080
11.29
0.04
, 07
27.30
7 "0
4.00
11.15
II.67
0.04
1.07
28 20
7 00
4.00
11.49
12 05
0.04
1.34
29.10
7.00
5.00
067
2.69
29.50
13.85
0.70
272
30.50
1423
048
2 76
31.50
14.61
4.3,
4 02
0 u3
0.26
9.70
b UU
2.00
4.97
7 0,
6 bb
6 7U
(1.03
0 53
16 20
6.00
4 00
7".30,
0 78
2.28
17.50
9.26
4 64
4 40
0.03
0.39
1060
6 00
3 00
3 01
249
0.03
0.26
6.UU
6 00
2 ou
0 = 4 CfL
I
Subrnergcncr
h?
h3
h4
L?
L3
L4
s3
d2
L,
d, + hv,
I
Submcrgcnce
dl +llv,
"2
h3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
dz
LX
lnlct
0.50
3 30
49.50
2150
2.59
2.49
0.03
0.53
6.00
5.00
4.00
2.90
2 87
0.03
0.53
7 00
5.00
4.00
320
3.25
0.03
0.53
7.90
5 00
4.00
3.52
3.64
0.03
0.66
8.80
5.00
5.00
3.82
402
003
0.66
970
5.00
5.00
4.15
4.40
0.03
066
10.60
5.00
5 00
0.64
2.08
6.50
5.05
0.72
2.15
7.50
543
0.79
2.22
8.50
5.81
0.73
2.28
9.50
6.20
0.81
2 35
10.50
658
0.86
2.40
11.50
6.96
4.46
478
003
U 66
116U
5.00
5 00
70.30'
0.93
2.46
12.50
7.34
9 70
10.91
0.04
1.88
26.30
7.00
1.0"
15C'
0.58
3 27
28.50
13.47
IO.04
II 29
0.04
1.88
27.30
7.00
7 00
,038
11.67
0.04
1.88
28.20
7.00
7.00
1071
12.05
0 04
I.88
29.10
7.00
7.00
11.06
1244
0.04
1.88
30.00
7.00
7.ou
11.39
12.82
0.04
1.88
31 00
7.00
7.00
12.76
14 35
11.05
2.07
34.70
10.00
5 00
13.09
1413
0 05
2 07
35 6U
1o.ou
5.00
1343
15.11
0.05
2 07
36 50
lU.00
5 00
13.79
15 50
0 105
2 07
37 40
10.00
5 00
14.12
15.88
0 05
248
38.40
1000
6.00
14 47
16.26
0.05
248
39.30
I 0.00
6.00
14.81
16.64
u 05
2.48
40 20
10 00
6 00
15 15
,703
o.u5
2.48
41.10
lUO0
6.UO
15.50
1741
005
2.48
42 00
IO.OU
600
15.85
17.79
0.05
248
43.00
lO.UO
6 "0
16.19
18.18
0.05
2.48
43.90
lU.00
6 00
16.54
18.56
0.05
2.69
44.80
10.50
650
16.89
In.94
0.05
2.69
45.70
10.50
6.50
067
3.35
30.50
14.23
071
3.39
3150
14.61
0.75
3.43
32.50
15.00
0.80
347
33.50
15.38
12.08
1358
0 05
2.01
32.80
10.00
5.00
22'~3U
0.63
3.54
35.50
16.14
1242
13.97
0.05
2 07
33 70
lO.UU
5.00
0.62
331
29.50
13 85
I, 74
13.20
0.04
I88
31.9u
7 00
7 00
15"
0 83
3.50
34.50
15.76
068
3.58
36.50
16.53
0.72
3.62
37.50
1691
0.77
3 66
38.50
17 29
0.81
370
39.50
1167
0 84
3 73
10.50
18.06
0.48
3.7,
41.50
18.44
051
3.80
42.50
18.82
0.55
3.84
43.50
19.20
060
3 88
44 50
19 59
0 63
3.91
45.50
19.97
0.66
3.94
4650
20.35
0.7 I
3.98
47.50
20.74
0.53
4 01
48.50
21.12
0.56
4.04
49.50
21.50
d, + hv,
= R + h2 + 0.06
(l.ld2+hv,,,
Submeieencc
= 1 Id2 + hv,, + h3
h4
d,amefer
ofpqe
18.13
19.32
005
1.86
4670
9.50
4.50
22'.30'
0.53
3.33
50.50
21.88
R = 2.50 fret
2.28
2.10
003
0.53
5.10
5.00
4.00
7O-30
056
2.01
5.50
4.66
I =(d,+hv,j
10.12
10.52
0.04
1.07
25.40
7.00
4.00
ISO
0.59
2.62
27.50
13.08
hv
1.14
9.37
10.52
0.03
1.74
25.40
6.50
6.50
150
0.65
3.22
27.50
13 cl8
17 22
19.32
0.05
2.69
46.70
10.50
650
22'.30'
0.6 I
4.08
50.50
21.88
Table
SblllUgL%X
d, +tlv,
d2
L,
1.
11,
5
4
L2
L3
2
Sbrcrgec3u
d, +ilv,
*2
LX
L2
L3
3
SuhmcrgcnL3e
*2
L,
d, + hvl
1:
h2
h3
4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d, thr,
*2
L,
3.50
2 48
2 87
0 03
I 7
7.0
6.0
4 00
2.11
3.25
(1 3
I.21
7.90
6.50
4 50
3 07
3 64
0 3
I.21
R RU
h.50
4.5
3 36
4.02
0.03
1.21
9.7
6.5
4.50
3 65
4 40
0 3
1.47
lo.60
6.50
5 50
3 96
4.78
0 3
1.47
II 6
6 5
5.50
4 26
5.17
0.03
147
12.50
6.50
5.5
4.56
5.55
0.03
I47
,340
6 50
5.5
4 86
5 93
0 3
I 74
14.30
6 50
6 50
5 18
6.31
0 03
1.74
15.2
6.5
6.5
6.70
0 03
1.74
16.20
6.50
6.51)
0 57
2 45
7 5
5.43
05,
2.53
8.5
5 81
0.60
261
9.50
6 20
0.69
2.69
10.5
6.58
0.52
2 17
11.51)
6.96
0.59
2 84
I2 5
7 34
0.68
2.9?
13 5
1.13
0.76
2.99
14.5
8.11
0.57
3 6
15 50
R 49
0.63
3 12
16.5
8.87
9.01
IO.91
0.05
2.49
26.30
10.0
6.0
22O-30
0.61
3.82
28.50
13.47
9 33
I, 29
0.05
2.49
27.3
1000
6 00
9 66
I,.67
0.05
2.49
28 20
10.0
6.00
9.97
12.05
0 05
2 49
29 10
10.31
12.44
0.05
2.90
30.00
10.63
12.82
0.05
2.90
31.00
6 0
7.0
7.00
lo96
13 20
0 05
2 9
31.90
1 oo
7 00
II 28
13.58
0 05
2 9
32 8
10.00
7 0
II b2
13.97
0.05
2.90
33.70
10.00
7 0
11.94
14 35
0 5
3 II
34.70
10.50
7.5
I? 28
14 73
0 5
3 1,
35 bU
10.50
7.5
0 67
3.87
29.50
13 85
0.72
3.92
3 50
14 23
0.79
3.98
31.5
14.61
0.43
4 03
32 5
15 00
0 49
4.08
33.50
15.38
0 54
4.13
34.50
15.70
0.6
4.18
35.50
16.14
O 65
4 23
36.5
16.53
0 5
4 28
37 50
16.91
0.54
4.32
38.5
17 29
lametci
of p,pe = 15 mch
4.1 I
5 55
0.05
2 07
,340
9.00
5.00
22c-30
0.57
3.3
14 50
8.1 I
IO.00
10.00
103-D-l
co
N
270-2
lnlct R = 2.50tcet
2.19
2.49
0.03
1.07
6.00
h.oo
4.00
15
0.47
2.36
6 50
5 05
10.0"
Continued.
VP = 4 7 tp<
1.91
2.10
0.03
II 66
5.10
5.00
5 00
70.3
0 8
2 26
5.50
4.66
0 = 6 cf,
r
hz
3
4
Lhrrnetcr01p&l= 15lChCI
Q = 5 Cf\
h2
3
4
L2
L3
L4
s3
24.-i)yx
7.4
6.12
1.46
0.05
2 07
18.0
9 0
5.00
2?-30
0.47
3.31
19.50
10.02
6 44
7 x4
II 05
2.07
19.00
9 00
5.00
6.76
8 23
0.05
2 7
19.9
9 00
5 00
7 8
8.61
0.05
? 07
20.80
9.00
5 00
8.99
0.05
2 28
21 70
9.50
5.50
7 72
9 38
0 05
2.28
22.60
9 50
5 50
8.03
9 76
0 5
2.28
23.60
9.50
5.5
8.36
IO.14
0.05
2.28
24.50
9.50
5 50
0.70
3 I8
17 50
9 26
5.8,
7.08
0.03
1.74
17 IO
6.50
6.50
150
0.78
3.?5
18.5
9.64
0.53
3.3b
20.5
,040
0.6
3.43
21.50
IO.79
0.66
3.48
22.5
11.17
05,
3 54
23.50
I,.55
0.58
3.6U
24.50
11.94
0.65
3 66
25.5
12.32
0.70
3.7 I
26.50
12.70
12.60
IS.11
0.05
3 II
36.50
10.50
7.50
I2 94
15 50
0 5
3.1 I
37.40
10 50
150
13 26
15.88
0.05
?.I,
38.40
IO.50
7 50
13.6
I6.26
0.06
3.31
39 30
II 00
8 00
13 92
16.64
0 6
3 3,
40.20
11.0
x.00
14
17
II
3
4,
II
8
27
3
6
31
1
0
0
14 6,
174,
0 06
3.31
42.00
Il.00
8.
14.94
17.79
0 6
15.28
18.18
0.06
15.61
18.56
0.06
15 94
18.94
0.06
3 73
43.
1 I .O
8.0
43.90
I I .oo
8.
44.80
,I 00
9 00
0.6
4 37
39.50
17 67
0 65
4.42
40.50
18.06
071
4 47
I, 50
1844
0.56
451
42 50
18 82
0.62
4.56
43 5
19.2
0.66
4 60
44.50
19.59
10.7
4 64
45.50
1997
0 75
4.68
46.5
20.35
0.8
4.73
47 5
20 74
0.43
4.77
48 50
21.12
0.4x
4.82
49.50
21 5
4 40
5.93
0 5
2 07
14 30
9 0
5 0
4 69
6.31
0.05
2 07
15 2
9 0
5 0
5 0
6 70
0 05
2.49
16.2
9.00
6.
5 29
7 08
0 05
2 49
17.10
9 0
6 0
5 58
7 46
0.05
2 49
IX.0
9.00
6 0
5 88
7.84
0 5
2.69
19.0
9.5
6.5
6 20
8.23
0.05
2 69
19 90
9 5
6.5
6 50
8.61
0.05
2.69
20.8
9.5
6.5
b 80
8 99
0.05
2 69
2, 70
9.5
6.5
7 IO
9 38
0.05
2 90
22.6C
10.
7.
?.42
9.76
0 05
2 90
23.60
10 0
7 .oo
7 72
10.14
2.90
24 50
IO.0
7.00
0.66
3 38
15 50
8.49
0 75
3 46
16.50
8.87
11.41
3 54
17.5
Y 26
0 5
3 62
18.5
9.64
0
3
19
10
0 47
3.77
20.5
,040
0.54
3.84
21.50
10.79
0.62
3.91
22.50
II 17
0 7
3 98
23 5
11.55
0 58
4.06
24.50
11.94
0.64
4 12
25.50
12.32
0.72
4.19
26.5
12.7
14 73
18.56
0.06
4.35
44 80
1150
10.5
15.06
18.94
0.06
4.56
45 70
,200
1100
0.69
5.47
48.5
21 I2
53
5.52
49 50
21.50
1.88
2 49
0 03
I 34
6 0
6 00
5.00
2 13
2.87
0.03
I 34
7 0
6.UlJ
5 0
2.4
3 25
0 03
Ib,
7.9
6 0
6.00
2.68
3.64
0.03
I61
8.80
6.00
6.0
2 97
4.02
0.03
1.61
9.70
6.011
6.00
3.?5
4.40
0 03
1.74
I60
6.50
6.50
3.53
4 78
0 3
1.74
11.6
6.50
6 5
U.52
2 55
6 5
5.05
0 b4
2.66
7.50
5.43
48
2 76
8 50
5 81
0.59
2.86
9.50
6 20
0.69
2 95
10.50
6.58
0 65
3 04
II 50
6.96
0.75
3.13
12.50
7 34
3.82
5.17
0.03
1 74
1250
6.50
b 50
150
0 85
3 22
13.50
7.13
8.34
IO.91
0.05
3.1,
26.30
10.50
7.5
22.3
0.66
4.33
28.5
13.47
8.65
11.29
0.05
3 II
27 30
10.50
7 5
8.95
II 67
0.05
3.11
28.20
10.50
7.50
9.27
12.05
0.05
3 52
29 10
10.50
8.50
9.59
12.44
0.05
3.52
30.00
10.50
8.50
9.91
12.82
0.05
3.52
31.00
10.50
8.50
1 22
13.20
0.05
3.52
319
10 5
8.50
10.54
13.58
0.05
3.52
32.80
10 50
8 50
lo.87
13.97
0.06
3.73
33 70
11.00
9 00
II 18
14 35
0.06
3 73
34 70
I I on
9 0
11.51
14.73
0.06
3.73
35 60
II 0
9 00
11 82
15.1,
0.06
3 73
36 50
I1 00
9 00
12.15
15.50
0.06
4.14
37.4
Il.00
10 oo
,247
15 88
0 6
4.14
38 4
110
IO.00
12 80
16 26
0 6
4.14
39 30
11.00
10.0
li.ll
16.64
0.06
4 14
4 2
II 0
1
13 44
17.03
0.06
4.14
41.10
11.00
10 00
13.77
17.41
11.06
4.35
42 00
II 50
IO 50
14.10
17.79
0.06
4.35
43 oo
1 50
14.42
18.18
0.06
4.35
43.9
I1 50
1050
0 73
4 39
29.50
13.85
0.81
4.46
3c1.50
14.23
0.46
4.52
31.50
14.61
0 53
4 58
32.50
15.
0.59
4 64
33 5
15 38
0.66
4.70
34.50
15 76
0
4
35
16
0.58
481
36.50
16.53
0 65
4 87
37 50
16.91
0.7
4 92
38 50
17 29
o
4
39
17
42
5.04
40 50
18.06
O 48
5 .9
415
La.44
053
5.14
42.5
I8 82
0
5
43
19
0.66
5.25
44 50
19 59
0 5
5 3
45 50
19.97
0
5
46
20
0 62
5.41
47 50
20 74
I =,d,+hv,,
(I Id2+hvpl
dl+hv,=K+h2+6
16.27
19.32
0.06
3.73
46.7
I I .oo
9 0
72L3
-0.53
4.86
50.50
21.88
,nlet It = 2 50 tcrt
VP = 4 89 tpi
1.61
2.1
0.03
I.21
5 IO
5.5
4.50
150
0.52
2.44
5.50
4.66
72
75
5
14
8.67
IO.52
0 U5
2.49
25.4
,o.oo
6.00
22O-3
0.56
3.71
21.50
13 8
77
98
50
67
Submcrynce
59
7
511
02
6
2
50
20
= 1 Id2 + hv,, + hi
h4 - dumetrr
11.5
01 ,vr
56
35
50
35
8.02
10.52
0.05
3.1 I
25.40
10.5
7.50
22.30
0.59
4.26
27 50
13.08
15.38
19.32
0.06
4.56
46 70
12.00
,I 00
22.30
059
5 57
5050
21.88
cn
zi
D
7
r?
A
r
hv
?
Table 2-4.-Type
I pipe drop
with
corwete
outlet
PIPE
trmsitiofz
DROP
Concrete
WITH
Outlet
103-D-1270-3
MITER
BENDS
Transition
0=7cs,
F
2
h3
h4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Sulmlergcnce
d,+hv,
d2
LX
1
h2
h3
he
L2
L3
L4
%
S"blTWg~"C~
d,+hv,
9
LX
,n,ct
182
2.10
003
0.66
5 10
5 00
5.00
70.30'
0.64
2.36
5.50
4.66
2 I2
249
003
0.66
6 00
5 00
5.00
70.30
0.74
2.45
650
5 05
241
2 81
0 04
1 07
7 00
7.00
4 00
150
038
2.53
750
543
8.96
1"91
0.05
2.28
26.30
10.50
5.50
22'.30
0.60
3.88
28.50
13 47
9 28
II 29
0 05
2.20
27 30
,050
5.51)
2 71,
325
004
I"7
790
1.00
4 00
3 00
3.64
004
I07
880
7 00
4 00
3 30
402
004
107
9.7"
8 00
4 00
36"
440
004
I ."7
,060
8.00
4.00
39"
478
004
I34
11.60
7 00
5 00
4 21
5.1-l
0 04
I34
,250
7.00
5.00
453
5.55
0 04
147
1340
7.5"
5.5"
483
5 93
0 04
1.47
14 30
7.50
5.50
5 14
631
0.04
I47
15 20
7.5"
5.50
5 46
6 70
0 04
1.47
16 20
7.50
5 50
5 77
7 U8
0 04
I74
17.10
7.50
650
6 "8
7.46
0 04
I74
18 00
7 50
65"
6 4"
7 84
0 04
1 74
19 00
7.51)
65"
6 72
8.23
0 04
I 74
19.90
750
6.50
7 "4
861
0 "4
2.01
20.80
150
75"
7 35
8.99
0 04
2 01
2, 7"
7.50
7 50
7 67
9.38
0.04
201
22.6"
7.50
750
0.47
2.61
8.50
5.81
056
2.69
950
6.20
0 64
2.76
10.5"
6.58
0 72
2 84
11.5"
6.96
053
2.91
12 50
7 34
0.6,
298
13.50
7 73
"54
3.04
1450
8 II
062
3.11
15 50
8 49
069
3.17
16.50
8.87
0.76
3 24
17 50
9 26
"56
3 30
I050
9 64
0.63
3 36
19.50
10 02
0.69
342
20511
IO.40
0 76
3.48
2150
,079
055
3 54
22.50
/I 17
0.62
3.6"
23 50
II 55
960
II 67
0.05
2 28
28 20
10.50
5.50
9.93
1205
0.06
2.49
29.10
11.00
6 00
10.26
1244
006
2.49
3" 00
11.00
6 00
10.59
12 82
0.06
2.49
3100
II 00
6 00
LO 91
13.20
0.06
249
319"
II 00
6 "0
11.25
1358
0.06
249
32 80
11.00
6 "0
II58
13.97
0.06
290
3370
II 00
7 00
II 92
14.35
0.06
2.90
34 70
11.00
7 0"
1225
14.73
006
2.9"
35.60
11.00
7 00
1258
IS.1 I
0 06
2.9"
36 5U
II 00
7 on
1291
15 50
0.06
290
37 40
Il.00
1 00
13.25
15.88
0 06
290
38.40
I! 0"
1 00
13.58
16 26
0 "6
3.1 I
39.30
11.50
7.50
13.92
1664
006
3.11
40.20
II 50
7 5"
14 26
,703
0.06
3 I,
41 10
11.50
7.50
14.59
17.4,
0 06
3.11
4200
II 5"
7 5"
0.66
3 94
29 50
13 85
0 72
3 99
30.5n
14 23
"57
4 04
3150
14.61
0.63
4 09
32.50
15.00
0.68
4.14
33 50
15.38
0 74
4.19
34.50
15 76
0 78
423
35.50
16 14
0 43
4.28
36 50
16.53
0.47
4.32
37 5U
16.91
"52
4 36
38.50
11.29
0 57
4.41
39.50
17.67
0.63
446
405"
18.06
067
450
11.50
1844
052
455
425"
18.82
0 55
4.58
43.5"
19 20
060
4.63
445"
1959
0.65
4.67
45 50
19 97
I58
2.10
0.04
1.07
5.10
7 00
4.00
15O
044
2.5 I
5.50
4.66
I.86
249
0 04
1.07
600
7 00
4.00
2 14
2.87
0.04
IO7
7 00
7 00
4 00
2.42
3.25
0.04
I34
7.90
7.0"
5 00
2 71
3.64
0.04
1.34
8 80
7 00
5.00
2.99
4.02
0.04
1.34
9.10
7 00
5 00
3.28
440
0.04
1.61
10.60
7.00
6.00
35x
4 78
0 04
I61
I, 60
7.""
6.""
3.x7
5 17
004
1.61
12.50
7.00
6.00
4 16
555
0.04
1.88
13.40
7.00
7 0"
4.46
5.93
0 04
I88
14.30
7 00
7 00
4.77
6.31
0 04
I88
15.20
7 no
7 00
5.08
6 7"
0 04
2 01
16.20
7 50
7 50
5 38
7 08
0.04
2.01
17 IO
75"
750
568
7 46
0.04
2 01
,800
750
7.50
6.92
8.99
0 05
2 28
21 70
,050
5 50
0.65
2.70
7.50
5.43
0.48
2.79
8.50
5 81
058
2.88
9.50
6 20
068
2.97
LO.50
658
0.50
3.05
1150
6 96
058
3.13
I250
134
068
3 22
,350
1.13
050
3.3"
14.50
8.11
058
3.37
L5.50
849
0.65
3.44
16 50
8.87
0 60
351
17 50
9.26
"68
358
,850
964
0.76
3 65
19 50
10 02
6 29
8.23
0 05
2 28
19 90
IO50
5.5"
22"~3"
059
3.80
21.50
10 79
6.6"
8.61
0 05
2.28
2080
1050
5.50
055
2.61
6.50
5.05
5 99
7.84
0.04
20i
19.0"
750
75"
Ii0
"83
3.72
205n
1040
0 66
3 86
2250
II 17
8.49
1091
0.05
2.69
26.30
10.5"
650
22O-3"
0.66
4 24
28.5"
13.47
8.8"
11.29
006
290
27.3"
11.00
7 00
9.11
11.67
006
2.90
28.20
II 00
7.0"
9.43
12 05
006
2.90
29.10
11.00
7 00
9 76
1244
0.06
2.90
30.00
11 00
7.00
10.09
1282
0.06
3.11
31.00
11.50
7.50
1040
13.20
0.06
3.11
31.90
II 50
7.50
10.12
13.58
0.06
3 IL
3280
11.50
7.50
I, 04
13.97
006
3.11
33 70
11.50
7.50
II.36
14.35
0 06
3.11
34 70
II 50
150
II 69
14 73
0.06
3.52
35 60
II 5"
8 50
I202
15.11
006
352
36.5"
,I 5"
8.50
I2 35
15 5"
0 "6
3.52
37 40
II 50
x so
1268
15 88
0.06
3 52
38 40
11.5"
8 50
13.00
16.26
0 of'
3.52
39 3U
II 5"
85"
13 32
16.64
0 06
3 73
40.2"
12.0"
9 00
1366
17 03
oO6
3 13
41 10
12.00
9 00
0.53
4.30
29.50
13.85
0.60
4 36
30.50
14.23
066
4.42
31.50
14.61
0.72
441
32.51)
15.00
0.56
4.52
33 50
I5 3n
063
4.58
34.50
15.76
0.69
4.64
35 50
16.14
0 76
4 70
36.50
1653
0.82
4 75
37 50
1691
0.46
4.80
38 51)
17.29
0.52
4.85
39.50
17.67
11.57
4 9"
40.50
18 "6
0.63
4 95
11.50
18.44
!I 68
5 00
425"
18.82
0.53
5 "5
43.50
19 20
D,anetcr
Q=Bds
lh2
h3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
S"blll.Xg~"C~
dl+hv,
d2
LX
F
h2
h3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d,+hv,
d2
LX
K = 2 5" fCCl
oiplpr
= 18 mchcr
0.69
3.66
24.50
II 94
7.98
9 76
0 04
2.01
23.60
7.50
750
I5V
0.76
3.73
25 50
1232
8 3"
IO.14
0 05
2.28
24.50
10.50
5.50
22O-30'
0.49
3 78
26.50
12 7"
863
1052
0 "5
2 28
25.40
105"
5.50
22'.30
"54
3.83
27 5"
13 "8
14 93
17 79
0 06
3 11
43 "0
11.50
7 50
15 26
18.lB
0.06
3 31
43.90
12.00
800
15 60
1856
0.06
3.31
44.80
12.00
8.00
15 94
18.94
0 06
3 31
45 70
!2.""
8 no
069
411
46.5"
20 35
0.55
4.76
47.5"
20 74
(1.59
48"
48.5"
2, I?
0.63
4.84
49.5"
21 50
16 27
1932
0 06
3.31
46.7"
12.00
8 00
22'.30'
068
4.88
5050
2188
7.23
9.38
0 05
2.28
22 6"
IO.50
5.50
753
9.76
0.05
2.69
23 61)
10.5"
6.50
7 85
1" 14
0.05
2.69
24 50
I050
6.50
"72
3 92
23.50
II.55
0.8"
3 99
24 5"
11.94
11.47
4.96
25.50
1232
0 53
4.12
265"
,?.70
13 98
17.41
0.06
373
42 00
12.0"
9.00
14.31
17.79
0 06
373
43 "0
12.0"
900
14 64
18.18
0.06
3.73
43 9"
12.0"
900
14.97
18.56
006
3.93
44.80
12.50
950
15.31
18.94
0.06
45 70
12.50
9.50
0 58
5 10
44.50
1959
0.64
5.L5
45 5"
1997
0 69
5 2"
4650
20.35
0.75
5.25
4150
20 74
0.60
5 3"
48.50
21 12
0 64
5 34
495"
21 50
h4
d,anietcr<,t
v,=453sps
d,+hv,=R+h2+o.06
,n,et R = 2 50fcet
Submei~ence
= I Id, + hvp + h3
p,pc
hv
8 16
10.52
0.05
269
25 4"
105"
6.5"
220.3"
0.6"
4.18
2750
1308
15.64
1932
0.06
3.93
46 70
1250
9.50
22O-3"'
"69
5.38
50.5"
?I 88
84
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Wiill
couwte
PIPE
Q=
1:
2
L34
LZ
L3
Sutmlergrncc
d,+hv,
L4
s3
d2
LY
1:
k23
h4
L2
L3
L4
s3
S"bIll~rge"C~
d,t
d2
LA
hv,
"2
"3
h4
L2
L3
L4
s3
S"bTllUp~"C~
d,+hv,
d2
L
F
h2
h3
h4
L2
L3
L4
s3
S"bmeigence
dlfhv,
3
4
Ilumctrr
DROP
Concrete
WITH
Outlet
1 p,pc = 2, mho
hvp = 0 33 ,OOf
vp=457tp\
2 07
16.2"
II 5"
5.00
62,
7 84
0.06
2 "7
19 00
12.50
5 00
6.53
8 23
0.06
2.07
19 90
,250
6.84
861
0.07
249
20 80
13 "0
7 14
8.99
0.07
249
21.70
13 no
7.47
9.38
0.07
2.49
2260
13.00
7.78
9.16
0.07
2.49
23.60
13.50
R.IlI
,014
0.07
2.49
24.50
13.50
8.41
10.52
0.07
1.49
25.40
14 00
5.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
0.83
368
16.50
9.37
0 50
3 76
17.50
9.76
0.58
3.83
18.50
10.14
0.66
390
1950
10.52
"73
3.96
20.50
1090
0 80
4 03
21 50
11.29
0.46
4.09
22.50
11.67
0.54
4 16
23.50
12.05
0.60
4.22
24.50
,244
0.67
4 28
25.50
12.82
0.74
4 34
26.50
13.20
6.00
22'.30
0.81
440
27.50
13.58
11.94
14 73
0.08
331
35.60
16 00
8 00
I2 26
15 I,
0.08
3.3,
36 50
I6 00
8.00
1260
15.50
0 08
3.31
37.4"
l6.00
8 ""
12.92
15.88
0.08
3 73
3840
16 00
9 00
13 24
16.26
0.08
3 73
39 30
16.00
9.00
13.57
16 64
0.08
3 73
40.2"
16.00
9.00
13.9,
17.03
008
3.73
41 10
16.50
9.00
14.23
17 41
0 08
3.73
42 00
,650
9.ou
14.56
17 79
0.08
3.73
43 00
16.50
900
14 89
18.18
0.09
373
43.90
17.""
9.""
15.22
18.56
0.09
373
44.80
17 00
9.00
15 54
18.94
0.09
4.14
45.70
17.00
IO.00
067
5 "2
385"
17 79
0 12
5 07
3950
18 17
0.78
5.12
40.50
18 56
042
5.17
4150
18.94
048
5 23
4250
19.32
0.53
5 27
43 50
19.7"
059
5 32
4450
20.09
0.64
5.37
45 53
2047
0 7"
5.42
46 50
20.85
0 75
547
47 5"
21.24
0.81
5.52
48.50
21.62
0.45
5.57
49.50
22.00
4.43
593
006
2.07
14.30
,* 50
5.00
4.73
631
0.06
2.07
15 20
,I 5"
5 .O"
5.04
6.70
0 06
2 "7
lb.20
12 00
5.00
5 32
7 08
U.06
2.49
I7 IO
12.00
6 00
5 62
7.46
0 06
2.49
18.00
1200
6.00
5 91
7.84
006
249
19 00
12.00
6.00
6.24
8.23
0 06
2.49
19.90
,250
6.00
6.53
8.6,
0.06
249
20.80
12.50
6 00
6.83
8.99
0.07
2.90
21.70
13.00
7 .oo
7 14
9.38
"07
2.90
22.6"
13.00
1 uo
7.46
9.76
0.07
2.90
23.60
13.00
7.00
7 lb
10.14
0.07
2.90
24.50
13.50
7 0"
0.5"
3 70
14 50
8.61
0.60
3 79
15.50
8 99
0 68
3.86
,650
9 37
0
3
17
9
78
94
50
76
0.44
4.03
I8 5"
10.14
0.52
4 1"
19.50
,052
061
4 18
20 5"
1090
0.67
4 24
21.50
1, 29
016
4 32
22 50
II 67
cl44
4 39
23.50
1205
052
4.46
245"
,244
0.58
452
25.50
,282
066
4.59
2650
13 20
1091
13 97
008
373
33.70
15.00
9.00
1122
14.35
0.08
3 73
34.70
15 00
9.00
1155
14 73
0.08
3 73
35 60
15.50
900
II X6
15.11
008
3.73
36 50
15.50
9.00
I2 19
15.50
"08
3.73
37 40
16 00
9 "0
,251
15.88
" 08
4 14
3840
16""
IO.00
1282
16.26
0.08
4.14
39.30
,600
1000
13.15
,664
0.08
4 14
411 20
16 00
1000
1347
1703
0 OR
4 14
41.1"
,600
1000
13.80
,741
"OX
4.14
42.0"
16 50
,000
14 12
,779
"08
4 14
43 00
16 50
IO.00
,445
18 18
009
4.14
4390
17.""
,000
1477
18.56
0.09
456
44 80
17 00
II "0
15.10
I8 94
0.09
456
45 70
I7.Ol.I
,100
052
5.21
36.50
17 03
"59
5.27
37.50
17.4,
064
5 32
3850
17 79
0.7 I
5 38
39.50
18 17
078
5 44
10.50
18 56
042
549
4, 5"
18.94
049
5 55
42.50
19 32
054
5 60
43.5"
197"
Cl.61
5.66
44.50
20.09
0 66
5 71
45.50
2041
0 12
5 76
46.50
20x5
079
5 82
47 50
2, 24
1) 43
5.87
4850
2162
048
592
49.50
22 uo
3 50
4 40
0 115
I66
IO.60
10.50
4.0"
3 79
4 78
lU.05
166
11.60
10.50
4.00
4 09
5 17
0 06
1.66
12 50
11.00
4.00
4 39
5 55
006
166
13.40
II.00
4.00
468
593
0.06
1.66
14.30
,I "0
4 00
4 99
6.3,
0.06
1.66
I5 20
I,.50
4 00
0.68
2.95
7.50
593
073
3.22
1050
7 08
0.40
330
Il.50
746
0.49
3 38
12.50
7 84
058
3.46
13 50
8.23
0.67
3.54
14.50
8.6 I
0.76
362
15.50
8 99
9.05
11.29
0.07
2.90
27.30
14.00
7 00
936
11.67
0.07
2.90
28.20
14 00
7.00
968
12.05
0 07
2.90
29 ,U
14.50
7 on
10.01
12.44
0.07
290
30.00
14.5"
7 00
10.33
12.82
0.08
2 90
31.00
15.00
7.00
10.65
13.20
0.08
3.31
31.90
15.0"
8.00
10.96
13.58
0.08
331
328"
15 00
800
Il.29
13.97
0.08
3.31
3310
15 50
X.00
Il.61
14.35
0 08
3 3,
34 7"
15.50
8.00
052
4.52
295"
14.35
0.59
4.58
3050
14.73
0.66
4 64
31.50
15 I,
0 7,
4.69
32.50
15.50
0.78
4.75
3350
15.88
0.42
4.80
34.50
16.26
0.49
4.86
35.50
16.64
0.56
4 92
36 50
17 03
061
4 97
37.50
1741
Diameter
0, p,pe = 1, Inche,
I64
2.10
0.05
1.07
5.10
9.00
4.0"
19
063
2 85
5 50
5.16
1.90
2.49
0.05
1.07
6.00
9.00
4 00
15u
0 75
2.96
6.50
5 55
2.17
2 87
0.05
I24
7.00
10.00
3.00
22'.30
0.62
3.06
7.50
5.93
244
3.25
0 05
1.24
7.90
1000
3.00
2.12
3.64
0.05
I66
8.80
10.00
4.00
299
4 "2
OJS
166
970
10.00
4 00
3 28
440
0 05
1.66
10.60
1000
4.00
1.57
4.78
006
I66
11.60
I, 00
4.00
3.86
5 17
0.06
1.66
12.50
II "0
4.00
4 I5
5.55
006
2.07
1340
11.00
5.00
0.73
3 16
8.50
6.31
042
3.26
950
6.10
053
3 36
10.5"
7.08
063
3.45
,I 50
7.46
0.72
3.53
12.50
7.84
0 83
3.62
13 50
8.23
8 39
IO.91
0 07
2.90
26.30
14.00
7 00
22"~30
0.80
412
285"
13 97
870
11.29
007
3.3,
27 30
,400
8.00
902
11.67
0.07
3 3,
28 20
14.00
8 00
9.33
12.05
0.07
3.31
29.10
14 00
8.00
965
12.44
0.07
3.31
3000
14.50
8 00
9 97
12.82
0.07
3 3,
31.""
14.50
8.00
I" 28
13.20
"07
3.31
31 90
14.50
8 00
10.60
13.58
0 ox
3 73
3280
15.00
9.00
0.45
478
29.50
14.35
052
4.84
30.50
,4 13
059
49u
3150
15 ,I
0.65
496
32.50
15 50
0.72
5 02
33.50
,588
0.78
5.08
34.50
1626
045
5 14
35.50
16 64
058
2.86
6.50
5.55
8.73
,091
0.07
2.90
26.30
14.00
7.00
22O-30
0.46
4.46
28.50
13.91
12cfs
I: = (d, + hv,,
(1 ld2 + hvp)
5 90
746
0 06
2.07
18 00
12.00
5.0"
3.21
4 02
0.05
1.24
970
10.00
3.00
2.3b
2 87
0.05
I .(I7
7.00
950
4.00
5.6
7 08
0.06
207
17 1"
12.00
5.00
2.92
3 64
0 05
I 24
R80
10.00
3.00
22'.30'
0.64
3 14
95"
6.70
2.07
249
0.05
1.07
b 00
9.00
4.""
103-D-1270-5
MITER
BENDS
Transitwn
2 64
3.25
0 05
1.07
790
9.50
4.00
150
078
3.w
8.50
6.3,
I.81
2.10
0.05
(I.80
5.10
9.0"
3.0"
150
0.73
2.75
5 50
5.16
Q=
F
II,,
outlet trarfsitiott
5 29
b 70
d,+hv,=R+h2t006
,n,rt
VP = 4.99 fpps
Submc~pencc
= 1 Id2 + hvp + hi
h4
dmnerer
ofplpr
15.88
19.32
0.09
4.14
46.70
L7.00
10.00
22'.30
0.49
5.61
50.50
22.38
R = 3 00 feet
hv
8.08
LO.52
0.07
2.90
25.40
13.50
7 00
m0.m.
U73
4.65
2150
13.58
._ -I
15 42
19.32
009
4.56
4670
17 "0
II 00
22'.30'
054
5.97
50 50
22.38
cn
-I
z
o
--I
c
33
SMALL
?43ul--??C
*vl=N
--
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
87
r&k
2-4.-Type
PIPE
Q = 16 cfr
F
h2
3
4
LZ
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
dl+hv,
dz
LX
F
h2
3
4
L-2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
d2
LX
dl +hv,
Dumcter
h2
h3
h4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
d,+hvl
d2
LX
F
"2
h3
h4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
d,+hv,
d2
LX
= 24 mcho
WITH
Outlet
103-D-1 270-S
MITER
BENDS
Transition
VP = 5 09 fp,
lhp = 0 40 IO,,,
1.64
2.10
0.04
1.21
5.10
8.50
4.50
150
0.47
3.06
5.50
5.41
1.91
2.49
0.04
I.21
6.00
8.50
4.50
2 18
2 81
OW
1.47
7.00
8.50
5.50
245
3.25
0.04
1.47
7.90
8.50
550
2.72
3.64
0.04
I47
8.80
8.50
5.50
3.0,
4.02
0.04
1.74
9.70
850
6.50
3.28
440
0 04
I74
10.60
8.50
6.50
3.58
4.78
0 04
1.74
II.60
8.50
6.50
3 Rh
5.17
0.04
2.01
12.5"
850
7.50
4 I5
5.55
0.04
201
1340
85"
75"
443
593
0 06
2.07
14.30
12.00
5 0"
471
6 3;
0.06
2.07
15.20
1200
5.00
5.03
6.7"
0.06
2.07
16.20
12.00
5.00
5 33
7.08
0 06
2 07
I7 1"
12.00
5.0"
5.62
146
U "6
249
18 00
12.w
6.00
592
184
0.06
2 49
19.00
I? "0
6.0"
6 22
8.23
0.06
249
19.90
12.00
6.""
6.54
861
0.06
2 69
20 8U
12.50
6.50
6 84
8.99
0.06
2.69
?I 70
125"
6.50
7.14
9.38
0.06
2.69
22.61)
,250
6.50
7.46
9 76
0 "6
2.69
23.60
12.50
6.5"
7.77
,".,4
0.06
3.11
24 5"
1250
7 59
0.59
3.17
6.50
5.80
0.44
3 27
7.50
6.18
0.55
3 37
8.50
6.56
0.67
3.48
9.50
6.95
049
3.56
10.50
7.33
0.60
3.66
11.50
7.71
0.68
3.74
I2 50
8.09
0.52
3.84
13.50
8.48
061
3.92
14.50
8.86
0.58
401
I5 50
9.24
0.66
4 08
16 50
962
0.75
4.16
17.50
IOU1
0.83
4.24
I8 50
IO.39
0.50
4 32
19.50
1" 77
,I 58
4.39
20.50
II.15
067
4.47
2150
II.54
0.53
4.53
22.50
11.92
0.61
4.60
2350
12.30
0.70
4.68
24 5"
12.69
U 76
4.14
25 50
:3.07
0.4,
4.80
26.50
13.45
8.40
10.91
0.06
3.11
26.30
1250
7.50
22'.30
0.55
4.93
28.50
14.22
8.70
11.29
0.06
3 II
27.30
12.50
150
9.01
11.67
007
3.31
28.20
13.00
8.00
9.33
12.05
0.07
3.31
29 IO
13.00
8.00
9.65
12.44
0.07
3.31
30.00
13.00
8.00
P.97
12.82
0.07
3 31
31 00
13.00
8.00
10.28
13.20
007
3.52
31.90
13.50
8.50
1058
13.58
0.07
3.52
32.80
I3 50
8.50
1090
13.97
0 07
3.52
33.70
13.50
8.50
II21
14.35
007
3.52
34.70
13.50
8.50
11.53
I4 73
0 "7
3.93
35.60
13.50
950
11.85
I5 I,
0.07
3.93
36.50
13.50
9.50
12.17
15.50
0.07
3.93
37.40
I3 50
9.50
12.50
15 88
0.07
3 93
3840
I3 50
9.50
12.81
16.26
0.07
4.14
39.30
14.00
I" 00
I3 13
16.64
0.07
4.14
40 20
14.00
IO 00
13.45
17.03
0.07
4 14
41 10
14.00
10.00
13 72
17.41
007
4 14
42 "0
14.00
10.00
14.10
17 79
0 "7
4.14
43.00
14.00
IO.00
1442
18.18
0.01
4.35
43.90
14.50
IO.50
14.75
18.56
u.07
4.35
44 80
I4 50
1050
15.07
18.94
0.07
4.35
15.70
14.50
10.50
0.63
5.00
29.50
14.60
0.5 1
5.06
30.50
14.98
0.57
5.12
31.50
15 36
0.64
5 18
32.50
15.75
0.70
5.24
33 50
16.13
0.56
5.30
34.50
16.51
0.64
5.37
35.50
16.89
0.7 I
5.44
36.50
17.28
0.78
5.50
31.50
17.66
0.43
5.55
38.50
18.W
0.49
5.6,
39.50
18.42
"56
5.67
4050
18.81
0.61
5.72
41.50
19.19
047
5 7s
42.50
19.57
0.53
5.84
43.50
19.95
0.60
5.90
44.50
20.34
0.61
5.96
45.50
20.72
0.71
6.00
46.50
21.10
0.57
6.06
47.50
21.49
0.62
6.11
48.50
21.87
0.68
6.16
49.50
22 25
Dmmeter
ofp,pe
2.5 I
2.10
0.05
0.39
5.10
9.00
3.00
7O-30
0.48
2.92
5.50
5.91
2.83
2.49
0.05
0.39
6.00
9.00
3.00
3.15
2.87
0.05
0.46
7.00
9.50
3 50
3.46
3.25
0.05
0.46
7.90
950
3.50
3.77
3.64
0.05
0.46
8.80
9.50
3.50
5.03
5.17
0.06
0.80
12.50
II 00
3.00
5.35
5.55
0.06
0.80
13.40
II.00
3.00
5.68
5 93
0.06
0.94
1430
II50
3.50
6.00
6.31
0.06
0.94
I5 20
II 50
3.50
6.33
6.70
U "6
0.94
16.20
II.50
3.50
6.65
7.08
0.06
0.94
17.10
II.50
3 5"
6.98
1.46
0.06
0 94
18.00
11.50
3.50
7 30
7 84
0.06
1.21
I9 00
11.50
450
7.63
8 23
0.06
1.21
19.90
11.50
4.50
7.95
8.61
0.06
1.21
20.80
II.50
450
8.28
8.99
0.06
1.21
21.70
11.50
450
0.62
3.11
8.50
7.06
069
3.17
9.50
7.45
0.50
3.36
12.50
8.59
0.56
3.42
13.50
8.98
0.62
3.41
14.50
9.36
0.53
3.52
15.50
9.74
0.59
3.57
16.50
10.12
0.65
3.63
17.50
10.51
0.71
3.68
18.50
10.89
U.76
3.73
19.50
II.27
0 56
3.79
2050
11.65
0.6,
3.84
2150
12.04
0.67
3.89
22 50
12.42
U.72
3.94
23.50
12.80
8.61
9.38
0.06
1.21
22.60
11.50
4.50
l5O
0.78
3.99
24.50
13.19
8.94
9.76
0.07
1.45
23.60
13.50
3.50
22'.30
0.48
4.04
25.50
13 57
9.27
10.14
0.07
1.45
24.50
l3.5U
3.50
0.54
3.M
7.50
6.68
4.39
4.40
0.06
0.80
10.60
il.00
3.00
150
0.43
3.30
II.50
8.21
4.71
4.78
0.06
0.80
11.60
11.00
3.00
0.55
2.98
6.50
6.30
4.08
4.02
0.05
0.46
9.70
9.50
3.50
70.30.
0.75
3.23
10.50
7.83
9.95
10.91
0.07
1.45
26.30
13.50
3.50
22'.30
0.62
4.16
28.50
14.72
10.28
11.29
0.07
1.45
27.30
13.50
3.50
1062
11.67
0.07
1.45
28.20
13.50
3.50
10.95
12.05
0.07
1.66
29.10
14.00
4.00
11.29
12.44
0.07
1.66
30.00
14.00
4.00
11.62
12.82
0.07
1.66
31.00
14.00
4.00
11.96
13.20
0.07
1.66
31.90
14.00
4.00
12.29
13.58
0.07
1.66
32.80
14.00
4.00
12.63
13.97
0.07
1.86
33.70
14.50
4.50
12.97
14.35
0.07
1.86
34.70
14.50
4.50
13.31
14.73
0.01
1.86
35.60
14.50
4.50
13.65
15.11
0.07
I 86
36.50
14.50
4.50
13.99
15 50
0.07
1.86
37.40
14.50
4.50
I4 33
15.88
0 07
1.86
38.40
14.50
4.50
14.68
16.26
0.07
1.86
39.30
14.50
4.50
15.02
16.64
0.07
2.28
40 20
I4 50
5.50
15.37
I7 03
0.07
2.28
41.10
14.50
5.50
15.72
,741
0.07
2.28
42.00
14.50
5.50
16.07
17.79
0.07
2.28
43.00
14.50
5.5"
16.42
18.18
0.07
2.28
43.90
14.50
5.5"
16.76
18.56
0.07
2.28
44.80
14.50
5.50
17.1"
18.94
0.07
2.28
15.70
14.50
5.50
0.67
4.21
29.50
15.10
0.72
4.25
30.50
15.48
0.55
4.29
31.50
15.86
0.60
4.34
32.50
16.25
0.65
4.38
33.50
16.63
0.69
4.42
34.50
17.01
0.75
4.41
35.50
17.39
0.59
4.51
36.50
17.78
0.64
4.55
37.50
18.16
0.68
4.59
38.50
18.54
0.71
4.62
39.50
18.92
0.76
466
40.50
19.31
0.80
410
11.50
19.69
0.83
4.73
42.50
2007
0.45
4.76
43.50
20.45
0.48
4.19
44 50
20.84
0.52
4.83
45.50
21.22
0.56
4.86
46.50
21.60
4.89
47.50
21 99
0.63
493
48.50
22.37
0.6,
4.96
49.50
22.75
h4
dwneicrofp,pe
Q=,7cfs
F
ofp,pe
DROP
Concrete
F=(d,+hvl)-(I.ld2+hvp)
= 30mches
Vp = 3.46 fps
dl+hvl=R+h2+006
Submergence
= I Id2 +hvp
8.07
lO.5?
0 06
3.11
25.4"
12.5"
7.50
22"~30
0.49
4.87
27.50
13.83
15.39
19.32
0.07
4.35
46 70
I4 50
10.50
22'.30
0 74
6.22
50.50
22.63
+ h3
hv
0.53
4 08
26.50
13.95
9.61
10.52
0.07
1.45
25.40
13.50
3.50
22'.30
0.57
4.12
27.5"
14.33
17.46
19.32
0.07
2.28
16.70
14.50
5.50
220.30
0.69
4.98
SO.50
23.13
Table 2-4..-Type
Q=
P
h2
S"bllKrge"W
h3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
d2
LX
d, +hv,
F
"2
h3
"4
l-2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d2
LX
dl +hv,
h2
h3
h4
l-2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d,+hvl
d2
LX
F
h2
h3
h4
L2
L3
l-4
s3
Submergence
d,+hvl
9
LX
lhmetrr
MITER
BENDS
Transition
4.77
5.11
0.06
1.07
12.50
1100
4.00
5.08
5.55
006
1.07
13.40
,100
4.00
5.40
5.93
0.06
1.07
14.30
11 00
4.00
5.7,
6.31
0.06
1.21
15.2"
,150
4.50
6.03
6 70
0 06
1.21
16 20
1150
4.50
6.35
1 08
006
1.21
17 10
Il.50
450
667
7 4b
0.06
I.21
18 00
11.50
450
6.98
7 84
0.06
147
19.00
,I 50
5.50
7.30
8.23
0.06
I .41
19.90
1150
5 50
7.63
8.61
0.06
1.47
20.80
,150
5.50
1.96
8.99
0 06
1.47
21.70
,150
5.50
073
342
,050
7.83
055
3.62
1350
8 98
0.62
3.68
1450
9.36
0.68
3 74
15 50
9.74
0 6,
3.80
lb.50
10 12
068
3.86
1750
10.51
0 74
3.92
,850
10.89
0.80
3.97
1950
II 27
061
4 04
2050
II 65
0 68
4 10
2150
12.04
0 74
4.l5
2250
1242
10.92
12.44
0.07
2 07
30.00
14.00
5 00
11.25
12.82
007
2.07
31.00
14.00
5 00
II.59
13.20
0 07
2.07
31.90
,400
5 00
11.92
13.58
0.01
2.28
32 80
1450
5.50
12.26
13.97
0.07
2.28
33.70
14.50
5.50
12.60
14 35
0.07
2.28
34 70
14.50
550
12.92
14 73
2.28
35 60
14.50
5 50
13.25
15.11
0.07
2 28
36.50
1450
5.50
13.59
15 50
0 01
2.28
3740
14.50
5.50
13.92
15 88
0.08
2.49
38 4"
15.00
6 "0
14.26
1626
0.08
249
39 30
15 00
600
14 60
16.64
0.08
249
40.20
,500
6 00
14 93
17 "3
008
2.49
41 10
I5 00
6.00
0.56
4 64
32.50
lb.25
0.61
468
33.50
lb.63
0 65
4.12
3450
17.01
0.50
4 77
35.50
17.39
054
481
36 50
17 78
0.59
4 85
37.50
18.16
0.64
4 90
38.50
18.54
070
4.95
39.50
18 92
0 74
4.99
40.50
19 31
0.58
5.03
41.50
19.b9
0.63
5 07
4250
20 07
067
5 11
4350
2045
3.89
440
0.06
1.07
1060
11.00
4 00
4.19
4.78
0.06
107
,160
1100
4 00
4.49
5.17
006
1.34
,250
11.00
5 00
4.79
5.55
0.06
I34
,340
1100
5 00
5 10
593
0.06
I34
14.30
11.00
5 00
5.42
63,
0 06
1.61
15 20
II 00
6.00
5.74
670
006
I61
16 20
11.00
6 00
6.06
1.08
0.06
I61
11 10
!I 00
6.00
058
3.60
10.50
7.83
0.66
3 67
,150
8.21
0 75
3.75
1250
8.59
0.55
382
13.50
8 98
064
3 90
14.50
9 36
071
3 96
15 50
9 74
0
4
lb
10
0.57
4 08
17 50
,051
3 22
3.25
0.04
0.72
7 90
8.50
5.50
3.53
3 64
0.04
0.72
8.80
8.50
5.50
055
3.14
6.50
6 30
0.63
3.21
7 50
6.68
0.58
3 28
850
7.06
0.66
3.35
9.50
7 45
9.59
,091
0.07
1.66
26.30
14.00
4.00
22'.30'
0.77
445
28.50
14.12
9.92
11.29
0.07
1.66
27 30
14.00
4.00
10.25
11.67
0.07
2.07
28.20
14.00
5.00
10.58
12.05
007
2.07
29.10
14.00
5.00
0.82
450
2950
15 10
0.47
4.55
30.50
,548
0.52
4.60
3150
15 86
3.30
3.64
0.06
1.07
8.80
II 00
4.00
150
0.49
3.52
9.50
7.45
359
4.02
0.06
1.07
9.70
Il.00
4.00
Dlametei
3.84
4.02
0.04
0.72
9 JO
8.50
5.50
ofpqx
= 30 inches
O.OJ
2.42
2.49
0.04
0.72
6.00
850
5.50
2.7,
2.87
0.04
0.72
7.00
8.50
5 50
0.62
3.21
6.50
6.30
0.72
3 36
7.50
6.68
3 00
3 25
0.04
0.72
7 90
8.50
550
70.30'
080
3.44
8.50
7.06
9.24
10.91
0.06
2.14
26.30
II 00
8.00
150
0.75
4.13
28.50
14.72
9.56
II.29
0.07
2.28
27.30
14.50
5.50
22'.30
0.56
4.78
29.50
15.10
9.89
11.67
0.07
2.28
28 20
14.50
550
10.21
12.05
0.07
2.28
29.10
14 50
5.50
10.54
12.44
0.07
2.28
3000
14.50
5 50
10.86
12.82
0.07
2.28
3100
14.50
5.50
11.19
13.20
0 07
2 69
31.90
1450
6.50
1152
13.58
0.07
2.69
32 80
14.50
650
11.85
13 97
0.07
2.69
33 70
14.50
6.50
12.17
14.35
0.07
2 69
34 70
14.50
650
12 50
14 73
0.07
2.69
35.60
L4.50
650
,283
15.1,
008
2.90
36.50
15 00
7 00
13 I6
15 50
0 08
2.90
3140
15.00
7.00
0.61
4.83
30.50
15.48
067
4.88
3150
15.86
073
4.94
32.50
16.25
0.79
4.99
33.50
16.63
0.43
5.04
34.50
17.01
0.48
5.08
35.50
17.39
054
5 14
36.50
17 78
0.60
5 19
37 50
18.16
O.b5
5 24
38.50
18.54
05,
5.29
3Y50
18.92
0.56
5.34
40 50
19.31
- (l.ld2+hvp)
dl+hv,=R+h2+0."6
50
IO2
50
I2
R = 3 75 feet
893
10.14
0.07
1.66
24.50
14.00
4.00
0 19
4 20
2350
12.80
8 29
9.38
0.06
147
22.60
1150
5 50
l5"
0.85
4.25
2450
13.19
8.61
9.16
0.07
1.66
23.60
I4 00
4 00
22'.30
0.60
4.30
25.5"
1357
15.26
17.41
0 08
2.49
42.00
15 00
6.00
15.60
17 79
0 08
249
43.00
15 00
6.00
15.93
18 18
008
2 90
43.90
15 00
7.00
18.5b
0.08
290
44.80
15.00
7.00
lb.60
18.94
008
2.90
15.70
15.00
7.00
073
5.16
44 50
20.84
0 78
5 21
45.50
21.22
083
5.25
46.50
21.60
047
5.30
47.50
2199
0.5 l
5.34
48.50
22.37
056
5.38
19.50
22.15
hbp= 0 28 foot
2.13
2.10
0.04
0.72
5 10
7.50
5.50
70.30'
0.52
3.18
5.50
5.9,
+hv,)
ln,ct
hvp = 0 23 Iout
VP = 3.87 fp\
4.46
4.78
0.06
1.07
11.60
11.00
4 00
l5O
0.48
3.55
12.50
859
292
2 81
0.04
0.59
7 .oo
850
4.50
F=(d,
103-D-1270-9
4 15
4.40
0.04
0.72
10.60
3.50
5.50
7O-30.
0 80
348
1150
8.21
2.62
2.49
0.04
0.59
6.00
8.50
4.50
21 cfs
WITH
Outlet
of p*pc = 30 Inches
2.30
2.10
0.04
0.59
5.10
8.50
4.50
70.30
0.48
3.07
5.50
5 91
Q=
F
19cfx
DROP
Concrete
lnlei
lb.27
0.67
4 36
2650
13.95
6 70
7.84
006
I61
19.00
,100
6 00
7.02
8 23
0.06
I.88
1990
Il.00
7 00
733
8.61
0.06
I88
20.80
il.00
7 00
7.64
8.99
006
1.88
21.70
11.00
7 00
7.96
9.38
006
1.88
22 60
Il.00
7.00
8 28
9 76
0 06
2 14
23.60
I,.00
8 00
8.60
10 14
006
2.14
24.50
Il.00
8.00
0 b3
0 69
4.14
,850
10 89
4.19
19.50
II 27
0 76
4 25
2O50
,165
0.55
4.31
2, 50
12.04
0.62
4.31
22 50
,242
0.69
4.44
235"
12 80
0 76
4.5"
2450
13.19
0.57
456
25.50
1357
11.62
4.61
26.50
13.95
,348
15.X8
0 08
290
38.40
15.00
7 00
13.8,
16 26
0 08
2.90
39.30
15.00
7.00
14 14
lb 64
0.08
2 90
40.20
15.00
7 00
14.48
17 03
008
3.11
41.10
15.50
7 50
1481
17.41
0.08
3 I,
4200
15.50
7.50
15 15
17.79
0.08
3 I,
43.00
15 50
7 50
15 49
18.18
008
3 II
43.90
15 50
7 50
I5 82
18.56
008
3.11
44.80
15 50
750
16 15
1894
0.08
3.11
45.70
15.50
75"
0.62
5.39
4150
19 69
11.67
5 44
4250
20.07
072
5 48
4350
2045
055
5.52
44 50
20 84
061
5 51
45 50
21.22
0.65
5bl
46.50
21b"
0 70
5 65
47.50
2199
0 75
5 70
4x.50
22 37
0.8,
5.75
49.50
22 75
= l Id2
+ hvp+
h3
h4
d~"etcr
01 WC
16.95
1932
0 08
2.90
16.70
15 00
1.00
22'.30'
0 60
5.42
50.50
23 13
R = 3 15 rcct
6 38
7 46
0 06
I61
18.0"
Il.00
6 00
Submer&wcr
9.2b
,052
0.07
I.66
25.40
14.00
4.00
22'.30
071
440
2750
14 33
hv
8.92
10.52
0 Oh
2.14
25 40
1, 00
8 00
l5O
0 69
4.67
27.50
14 33
,648
19.32
0 08
3.52
46.7"
15.50
850
22O 30
045
5.K
50.5"
23 13
Table 2-4.-Tvpe
r
h2
h3
4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d2
d, + hv,
F
"2
h3
"4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
9
LX
d, + hv,
1.94
2 IO
0.05
0.94
5.10
10.50
3.50
150
0.43
3 3"
5.50
5.91
8.89
10.91
9.07
2.49
26.30
14.00
6.0"
22'.30
0.64
4.99
28.50
14.72
2.22
2.49
0.05
0.94
6.00
105"
350
2.49
2.87
0 05
0.94
7.00
10.50
3.50
2.77
3.25
0.05
1.21
7.90
10.50
4.50
3.06
3.64
0.05
I.21
8.80
1050
450
054
340
6.50
6.30
0.65
350
7.50
6.68
0.49
3.60
8.50
7.06
0.58
3.68
950
7.45
9.21
952
1167
10.16
1244
30.00
14 50
650
10.47
12.82
0.08
290
31.00
15.00
5.23
32.50
16 25
0.57
5.29
33.50
16.63
hameter
of p,pe = 30 Inches
2.69
27 30
14.50
6.50
269
28.20
14.50
6.50
9.84
12.05
0.07
2.69
29.10
14.50
6.50
0.5 1
5.05
29.50
15.10
0.57
5.11
30.50
15 48
0.64
5.17
31.50
15.86
2 30
2 87
0.06
1.07
7.00
2.51
3.25
0 06
1.07
7 90
11 29
0 7
0 07
Q = 25 cfs
P
h2
h3
he
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d,+hv,
d2
LX
F
b
h3
4
L2
L3
L4
s3
ShElCIgeCX
9
LY
dl+hv,
1.75
2.10
0.05
1.07
5.10
2 03
2.49
0.06
1.07
6.00
10.00
11.00
4.00
0.07
2 69
0.70
3 35
4 02
006
134
9.70
DROP
Concrete
WITH
Outlet
4 54
3.65
4.40
0 06
I34
1060
3 95
478
0.06
1.34
II 60
4 25
5.17
0 "6
I 34
12.5"
5.55
0 06
161
13 4"
11.00
11.00
II 00
5.00
5.00
5.00
I I 00
5 on
1100
6.0"
055
3.76
10.50
7.83
0.62
383
II 5"
8 :I
0.7 I
0 80
0.62
4 07
14.5"
Y 36
7.00
3.91
12.50
859
3 99
1350
8.98
10 79
II
1320
(1.08
2 90
31.90
15.00
7.00
13.58
0.08
290
32 80
15 00
7.00
II.42
13.97
064
5.35
34 50
17.01
10
0.08
2 9"
33 70
15.00
7 00
6.00
II "0
6 "0
II 0"
7 00
0.7 I
0.79
4.15
15 50
9.74
4.23
16.5U
IO.,2
11.75
12.08
14 35
0 08
12.42
15 II
3.31
34 7"
15 "0
14.73
O 08
331
35 60
15 00
331
36 50
15 0
8 0"
8.00
0.46
5.56
38.50
18.54
071
0.77
547
36.50
17 78
0.40
551
37.50
18.16
I I .oo
7 on
11.00
7 00
11.0
7.0
0.60
4 30
17 50
1051
0.67
4.36
18 5"
lo.89
0 13
8.00
12.76
15.50
"08
3 31
37 40
15.0"
8 00
13 08
15 88
0 08
331
38.4"
15.00
8.00
050
5 60
39.50
1892
0.56
5 65
40.50
1931
0.61
5.7"
41.50
19.69
5 18
6.70
0 "8
0.56
5.60
34.53
17.01
0.63
5 66
35.50
17 39
0.69
055
5.78
5.12
36.50
17.78
dl+hv,=R+h2+0.06
37.50
18.16
0.61
5.84
38.50
18.54
0.69
5.91
39.50
18.92
0.76
5.91
40.50
19.31
Subrncrgencc
0.63
0.47
4.78
21.50
12.04
0 55
4.85
22.50
12.42
0.63
4 93
23 50
,280
0.70
4.99
24.50
13.19
0.57
5.05
25.50
13.57
0.64
5.12
26.50
13.95
13.28
16.64
0.08
3.73
40.20
16.00
13.95
1741
0.08
3.73
42.00
16 00
9.00
14 27
17.79
0 "8
4 14
43.00
16 00
14.60
18.18
0.08
4.14
439"
16.0"
14.92
18.56
0.08
4 14
44.80
16.00
15.24
18.94
0.08
4.14
45.7"
16.00
9.00
13.62
17.03
0.08
3 73
41.10
16.00
9.00
10 00
10.00
1000
10.00
IO.00
0.75
6.15
43.50
20.45
0.80
6.20
44.50
20.84
0.86
6.25
45.50
21.22
050
630
46.50
21.60
"56
6.35
47.50
21.99
0.62
641
4850
22 37
0.68
6.46
49.50
22.15
22'.30'
0.72
6.50
50.50
23.13
0.68
6 09
42.50
20.07
0.49
5.54
33.50
16.63
0.58
6.05
48.50
22.31
0.81
4.71
20.50
11.65
0.61
6.03
41.50
19.69
0.84
5.48
3250
16 25
0.73
6 00
47.50
21.99
2.07
19.00
14.00
5.0"
12 97
1626
077
542
31.50
15.86
0.68
5.95
4650
21.60
1.92
10.14
12.66
15.88
0.08
3.73
38.40
16 "0
9 00
0.71
5.36
3050
15.48
15.50
850
15 70
1894
008
373
45.70
16.00
9.00
16.03
19 32
352
43.90
15 50
8 5"
15 36
18.56
008
3.73
44 80
16.00
9.00
7.61
9 76
0.07
269
23.60
14.50
6.50
12.34
0.64
5 30
29.50
15.10
18.,X
0 08
7.30
9.38
0.07
2.49
22.60
14.00
6.00
12.02
15.ll
3.52
36.50
15.50
8.50
,503
17 79
0 OX
3 52
43 0
6.98
8.99
0.07
2.49
21.70
14.00
6.00
11.71
15.5"
0.08
352
3740
15.50
8.50
14.71
6.68
8.61
007
2.49
20.80
14.00
6.00
0.62
4 54
18.50
10.89
0.08
-0 51
6.38
8.23
0.07
2.49
19.90
14.00
6.00
0.77
4.48
17.50
10.51
14.73
0.08
352
35 60
15.50
8.50
0.5 I
4.87
26 50
1395
0.62
5.90
45.50
21.22
0.68
440
16.50
10.12
11.40
14.35
0.08
3.52
34 70
15.50
850
0.43
4.80
25.50
13.57
058
5.86
4450
20 84
060
433
15.50
9.74
11.09
13.97
008
3 31
33 70
15 00
8.00
0.78
4 74
24 50
13 19
(1.52
5.81
43.50
20.45
0.72
4.25
14.50
9.36
10.76
13.58
0.08
3 31
32.80
15 00
8.00
5.00
2.49
23.60
14.00
6.""
0.47
5.16
42.50
20.07
0.62
4.16
13.50
8.98
0.07
8.57
111.52
o.o7
?.49
25 4U
14.00
6 00
72".30
0.07
2.49
24 50
14.00
6.00
352
4" 20
15.5c
8.50
0.53
4.08
12.50
8.59
10.44
13.20
0.08
3.31
31.90
15.00
8.00
14 38
1741
0.08
3.52
42 00
15.5,)
8.50
8 25
10 14
3.52
39.3"
15 50
8.50
0.64
4.00
11.50
8.21
10.14
1282
0.08
3.31
31.00
15.00
800
072
468
23.50
12.80
0 07
14 05
17.03
0 08
352
41 10
15.50
850
053
3 90
1050
7.83
9.82
12.44
0.08
2.90
30.00
15 00
7.00
0.64
4.61
22.50
12.42
7 94
Y.76
0.08
I86
16.20
13 50
450
950
12 II5
0.08
2.90
29.10
15 00
7.00
2.07
21.70
14.00
5.00
07
07
6
14 00
13 72
1664
5.49
7.08
0.07
2.07
17.10
14.00
5.00
9.18
11.67
0.08
2.90
2R.20
15.00
i.00
14.00
5 00
22'.30'
058
4 55
21.50
I2 "4
7.63
38
9
0
2
22
0.08
4.88
6 31
0.07
1.86
15 20
13.50
4.50
8.87
11.29
0.08
2.90
27.30
15.00
7.00
8 99
0.07
13.4"
16 26
4.58
5.93
0.07
1.86
14.30
13.50
4.50
8.55
10.91
0.07
2.69
26.30
14.50
6.50
22'.30
0.77
5.24
28.50
14.72
7.32
861
0 07
2 07
2 8"
14 0
5 00
h* = 0.40 fOf
VP= 5 09 fps
4.00
150
083
3.12
8.50
7 06
7 I
0.07
2 07
19.90
44?
1950
11.27
4 29
5.55
0 07
1.66
13.40
1300
4.00
0.72
3.62
7.50
668
6.69
8 23
150
081
4.49
20.50
II 65
4 0
5 17
0.07
1.66
12.50
13.00
4.OG
4.00
(l.ld2+hvp)
6 37
7 84
0 "6
I88
19 0
3 70
4.78
0.07
1.66
11.60
13.00
4 00
0.61
3.52
6.50
6.30
P = (d, +hv,j
i.88
17.10
6 "6
7 46
006
1.88
18 00
7 08
0 06
3.42
4.40
006
1.45
1060
12.50
3.50
4.00
Ii0
I61
14.30
IL,,
5 75
3.14
4.02
0.06
145
9.70
12.50
350
0.49
3.42
5.50
5.91
11.00
4.84
5 93
0 6
5.44
6 70
O "6
I.88
16.20
5.42
35.50
17.39
103-D-1 270.10
MITER
BENDS
Transition
5.14
6 31
0.06
161
15 2"
2.86
3.64
0.06
I45
8.80
12.50
3.50
22'~30'
0.43
3.81
9.50
1.45
Il.00
5.19
1.46
0.07
2.07
18.00
14 00
5 00
0.71
4.62
19.50
II
21
0 08
3.73
39 30
16 00
9 00
= I-Id2
Ink,
6.08
7.84
0.07
+ hvp + h3
h4
dnmeter
of p,pc
6.10
49.50
22.15
4 93
27.5"
14.33
0.08
3.73
46.70
16.00
9 00
22".30'
0.69
6.15
50.50
23.13
R = 3 75 feet
hv
0.07
2.69
24.50
14.50
6.50
8.23
1052
0.07
2.69
25.40
14.50
6.50
22O-30
0.71
5.18
27.50
14.33
15.58
19 32
0.08
4.14
46.70
16.00
Table 2-4.-Type
I pipe drop with concrete outlet trarzsition (to be used with fig. 2-30).-Continued.
PIPE
Q = 26 cfs
I
9
h3
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
dl+hvl
d2
LX
F
b2
h3
h4
L2
J-3
L4
S3
Submergence
Ii, +h,
d2
LX
2.53
2 10
0.06
0.40
5.10
11.00
3.00
70.30
0.45
3.34
5.5
6.41
_.-
9 97
10.91
0.09
1.66
26.30
17.00
4.00
22.30
0.42
4.63
28.50
15.22
nmeter
b2
b3
h4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergence
9
LX
d, + bv,
1:
h2
h3
4
L2
L3
L4
S3
Submergenc?
dl+hvl
9
L,
VP = 3.67 fpn
ihVp = 0 21 tot
5 03
5 17
0.07
0.80
12.50
13.50
3 00
5.35
5.55
0.07
0 80
13.40
13 50
3 00
5 66
5 93
0 07
0.80
14.30
14 00
3 .oo
5 99
6.31
0 07
0 80
15.20
14 00
3 00
6.31
6 10
0 07
0.80
16 2
14 5
3 00
6 63
7 08
0 08
1 7
17.10
15.00
4.00
6.95
7.46
0.08
1 07
IX.00
15.00
4 no
7.28
7 84
Il.08
I .07
19 cl0
15.5
4 00
0.82
3.61
10.50
8.33
4.71
4.78
0 07
0.80
11.60
13.00
3.00
150
0.48
3.79
12.50
9.09
0.54
3.85
13.50
9 46
0.61
3.91
14 50
9 86
0.68
3.97
15.50
LO.24
0.73
4 02
16.50
1062
0.80
4.08
17 50
Il.01
0.60
4 14
18.50
11 39
0 66
4.19
19.50
11.77
3.44
3.25
0.06
0.40
7.90
12.00
3 00
3.78
3.64
0.06
0.40
8.80
12.00
3.00
4 08
4.02
0.06
0.40
9 70
12.00
3.00
0.54
3.42
6.50
6.80
0.6 1
3.48
7.50
7.18
0.68
3.55
8.50
7.56
0.74
3.60
9.50
1.95
8.26
8.99
0.08
1.24
21.7
16 00
3 00
8.60
9 38
0.08
1.24
22.60
,600
3.00
8 93
9 76
0.U8
1.24
23.60
16.50
3.00
9.26
10 14
0.08
1.24
2450
16.50
3.00
0.7 I
4 24
20.50
12.15
7.61
8.23
0.08
1.07
19.90
16 00
4 00
15
0 77
4.29
21.50
12.54
0.57
4.39
23.50
13.30
062
4.44
24 5
13.69
0.67
4.48
25.50
14.07
0.72
4.53
26.50
14.45
I 25
11.29
0.09
1.66
27.30
17.00
4 00
10.5R
11.67
0.09
L.66
28 20
17.00
4 00
,091
ii.05
0.09
I 66
29.10
17.00
4.00
II 25
12.44
0.09
I .66
30.00
17.50
4.00
11.58
12.82
0.09
1.66
31.00
1750
4.00
11.91
13.20
0 09
I 66
31.90
17 50
4.00
12 25
13.58
0.09
1.66
32.80
18 00
4 00
12.59
13 97
0.09
1.66
33.70
18.00
4.00
12.93
14.35
0 09
2.07
34.70
18 00
5 00
13.25
14.73
0.09
2.07
35.60
18 00
5 00
13.59
15.1 I
0.09
2 07
36.50
18.00
5 00
13.93
I5 50
0.09
2.07
37 40
I8 00
5 0
14 28
15.88
u.09
2 0,
38.40
18.00
5 0
14 62
16.26
0.09
2 07
39 30
18.50
5.00
14.95
16 64
0 09
2.07
40 20
18 50
5.00
L5 30
17.03
0 09
2 7
4 I. I 0
18.50
5 0
15.65
1741
0 IO
2.07
42 00
19 00
5.00
15.98
17.79
0.10
2 48
43.00
19.00
6 00
16.34
18.18
0.10
2.48
43 90
19 00
6 00
16.68
1856
0.10
2.48
44.80
1900
6.00
17.01
18.94
0 10
2.48
45.70
19.00
6.00
0.47
4.67
29.50
15.60
0.52
4.72
30.50
15.98
0.57
4.16
31.50
16.36
0.62
4.81
32.50
16.75
0.66
4.85
33.50
17.13
072
4 90
34 50
17 51
0 76
4.94
35.50
17.89
081
4 98
36.50
18.28
0.44
5.02
37.50
1866
0.50
5.07
38.50
19.04
0.54
5.1 I
39 50
19.42
U.58
5 15
40 50
19 RI
0 62
5.18
?I 50
20 19
0.66
5 22
42 50
2057
71
5 26
43.50
20 95
0.75
5 30
44.50
21.34
0 79
5.33
45 50
21.72
0.43
5 37
46.50
22.10
0 46
5 40
47.50
22 49
0.50
5.44
48 50
22.87
0 55
5 48
49.513
23.25
thmeter
of prpe = 36 mches
3.5 1
3.64
0.07
0.80
8.80
13.00
3.00
150
0 54
3.80
9.50
7.95
3 80
4.02
0.07
0 80
9.70
13 00
3.00
4.10
4 40
0.07
0 80
10.60
13.50
3.00
4.42
4.78
0 07
0.80
11.60
14 00
3.00
4.73
5.17
0.07
1.07
12.50
14.00
4.00
5.05
5 55
0 07
1.07
1340
14.50
4.00
5.36
5 93
0 08
1.07
14 30
15.00
4.00
6 63
7.46
0.08
1 24
18.00
16 50
3.00
6.95
7.84
0 08
1.24
19.00
16 5
3 00
7 26
8 23
0.09
I 24
19.90
17 0
3 00
7 59
8.61
0 09
I .66
20.80
17.00
4.00
7 9,
8.99
0 09
1.66
21.70
17 00
4 .oo
8.24
9.38
0 09
1 66
22.60
17.00
4.00
8 57
9.76
0.09
I .66
23.60
17.00
4.00
8.89
10.14
0.09
1.66
24.50
17.50
4.00
0.70
3.95
11.50
8.71
0 77
4 01
12.50
9.09
0.58
4.08
13.50
9.48
0.64
4.14
14.50
9.86
0.72
4.20
15 50
IO.24
6.00
6 70
0.08
1.24
16 20
15.00
3 0
22.30
0 54
4 32
17 5
II 1
6 30
7.08
0.08
1 24
17.10
15 00
3.00
0 63
3.88
10.50
8.33
5.66
6.3 1
0 08
1 07
15.20
15.00
4 00
I5O
0 80
4 27
16 50
10 62
0 62
4.39
18.50
11.39
067
4.44
19 50
II 77
0 73
4.49
20 50
12 15
0 82
4 56
21.50
12.54
0 45
4.61
22.50
12.92
0.5 1
4.66
23.50
13.30
57
4 72
24.50
13.69
0 62
4.76
25 50
14.07
0.68
4 82
26.50
14.45
Q = 29 css
F
MITER
BENDS
Transition
4.41
4.40
0.06
0.53
10.60
12.00
4.00
70.30
0.74
3.12
11.50
8.71
3.14
2.87
0.06
0.40
7 00
1, 00
3.00
~~
WITH
Outlet
of pope = 36 Inches
2.83
2.49
0.06
040
6.00
11.00
3.00
...~~
DROP
Concrete
103-D-1 270-I 1
VP = 4 1 tpi
2.60
2.49
0.06
0.53
6.00
1200
4 00
2.90
2 87
0.06
0.53
7.00
12.50
4.00
0.64
3.58
6 50
6.80
0.72
3.65
7 50
7.18
3.20
3.25
0.07
0.53
7.90
13.00
4.00
7v-30
0.81
3.73
8.50
7.56
9.55
10.91
0.09
1.66
26.30
17.50
4.00
22.30
0.79
4.92
28.50
15.22
9.87
11.29
0.09
2.07
27.30
18.00
5.00
10.19
II.67
0.09
2.07
28.20
18.00
5 00
10.51
12.05
0.09
2.07
29.10
18.00
5.00
10.85
12.44
0.09
2.07
30.00
18.00
5 00
11.17
12.82
0.09
2.07
31.00
18.00
5.00
il.49
13.20
0.09
2.07
31.90
18.50
5 00
11.82
13.58
0.09
2.07
32.80
18.50
5.00
12.16
13.97
0.09
2.4X
33.70
18.50
6.00
12 54
14 35
0.10
2.48
34.70
19.00
6.00
12 82
14.73
0.10
2 48
35.60
19.00
6.00
13.14
15.11
0 IO
2 48
36.50
19 00
6.00
1349
15.50
0 10
2.48
37.40
19.00
6 00
13.81
15 88
0.1
2.48
38.40
19 5
6.00
14.l5
16 26
,I 10
2.48
39.30
19.5
6.00
14 49
16.64
0.1
2.48
40.20
19.50
6.
14.83
17 03
0 IO
2.90
41.10
20.00
7 0
15 17
17.41
0.10
2.90
42 00
20.00
7 00
15.50
17.79
0 IO
2.90
43.00
2o.olJ
7.00
15 84
18.18
0.10
2.90
43 90
20 00
7.00
16.17
18.56
0 10
2.90
44.80
20.00
7 00
16.52
18.94
0.10
2.90
45.70
20.00
7.00
0.44
4.97
29.50
15 60
0.50
5.03
30.50
15.98
0 56
5.08
31.50
16.36
0.61
5.13
32.50
16.75
0.67
5.18
33.50
17.13
0.73
5 24
34.50
17.51
0.79
5.28
35 50
17 89
0.42
5.33
36.50
18.28
0 48
5.31
37.50
1866
0.53
5.42
38.50
19 04
0.59
5.47
39.50
19.42
0 63
5.5,
40.50
19.81
0.69
5 56
41.50
20.19
0.73
5 60
4?.50
20 57
0.77
5.64
43 50
20.95
0.40
5 68
44.50
21.34
0.44
5.12
45.50
21.72
0 49
5.76
46.50
22.10
0 54
5x1
47.50
22.49
58
5 85
48.50
22.87
0.62
5.88
49.50
23.25
d,+hv,=R+h2+ll.6
Submcrgencc
= i.ld,
+ hv,+b-.
,
17.35
19.32
0.10
2.48
$6 70
19.00
6.00
22O-30
0.59
5.52
50.50
23.63
2.31
2.10
0.06
0.40
5.10
11.00
3.00
70-30
0.61
3.49
5.50
6.4 1
I.=,d,+bv,,~(l.ld2+hvp)
9.59
10.52
0.09
1.24
25 40
17 00
3.00
22.30
0.78
4.57
27.50
14 83
.I
hr4 - d,ameter
ofemc
hv
9 21
10.52
0.09
1.66
25 40
17.50
4.00
22.30
0 74
4.87
27.50
14.83
16.85
19.32
0.10
2.90
46.70
20.50
7.00
22.30
0.67
5.93
50.50
23 63
Table 2-4.-Type
Lhmctcr
Q = 32 cf<
F
h2
3
4
Sbmergence
L2
L3
L4
s3
d2
LX
dl + hv,
F
h2
h3
h4
L2
L3
L4
s3
SbIllEXgeCe
d2
LX
d, + hv,
d,+hvl
9
LX
F
ShergeCe
d,+hv,
h2
3
ha
L2
L3
L4
s3
%
LX
VP = 4.52
BENDS
fps
lhvp = 0 32 Soot
lnlct
R = 4 25 feet
4.75
5 55
0.08
1.24
1340
15 00
3.00
5.06
5.93
0.08
1.24
14.30
15.50
3.00
5 37
6 31
0.08
1 24
15.20
16 00
3.00
5.67
6.70
0.08
1.66
16.20
16.00
4 00
5 98
7.08
0 08
I .66
17 10
16 00
4.00
6.30
7.46
0.08
I 66
18.00
16.00
4.00
6.60
7.84
0 08
1.66
19.00
16.00
4 00
6 93
8 23
0.08
I .66
19.90
16.50
4.00
7.24
8.6 I
0 09
I .66
20.80
17.00
4.00
7.56
8.99
0.09
2.01
21.70
17.00
5.00
7 87
9.3R
0 09
2.07
22.60
17 00
5.00
8.19
9.76
0.09
2.07
23.60
17.00
5.00
8.5 1
10 14
0 09
2.07
24.50
17.00
5.00
0 70
4 13
11.50
8.71
4.45
5.17
0.08
1.24
I2 50
15.00
3.00
22.30
0.56
4.28
13.50
9 48
0 63
4.35
14 50
9.86
0.71
4 42
15 50
10.24
0.78
4.48
16.50
10 62
0.45
4.56
17.50
11.01
0.52
463
18.50
11.39
0 58
4 68
19.50
11 77
0.66
4.75
20.50
12 15
0.72
4.81
21.50
1254
0.80
4 87
22.50
12.92
0.45
4 93
23 50
13.30
053
5.00
24.50
13.69
0.58
5.05
25.50
14.07
0.65
5.11
26.50
14.45
10.76
1282
0 09
2 48
3100
18 50
6 00
11.08
13.20
0.09
2.48
31 90
18.50
6 00
11.47
13 58
0.09
2 48
32 80
18 50
6 00
11.74
13.97
0 10
2 90
33 70
1900
7.00
12.07
14.35
0 10
2.90
34.70
19.00
7 00
I2 39
14.73
0.10
2 90
35 60
1900
7 00
12 72
15 II
0.10
2 90
36.50
19 00
7.00
13 05
15.50
0.10
2 90
37 40
19.00
7 00
13.38
15.88
0 10
2.90
38.40
19 50
7 00
13 72
16 26
0 10
2.90
39 30
19.50
7.00
14 04
1664
0.10
2.90
40 20
19 50
7 00
14 38
17 03
0.10
3 31
41 10
20.00
8.00
14.70
17 41
0 10
3 31
42 00
20.00
8 00
15.03
11.79
II.10
3 31
43.00
20.00
8.00
15.36
18 18
il.10
3 31
43.90
8 00
15.70
18 56
0 IO
3 31
44.80
2050
8 00
1602
18.94
0.10
3.31
45 70
20.50
8.00
0 67
5 50
33 50
17.13
0.72
5 55
34.50
17.51
0 78
5.60
35.50
17.89
042
5 65
36 50
18.28
0 48
5.70
37 50
18.66
0 54
5 75
38.50
1904
0.59
5.80
39.50
19.42
0 64
5 85
40 50
19.81
0.70
5.90
41.50
20.19
0.74
5.94
42 50
20.57
0.80
5 99
43.50
20.95
0 44
6.04
44.50
21.34
0 50
6.09
45 50
21.72
Cl.55
6 14
46 50
22.10
061
6 19
47 50
22.49
0 65
6 23
48 50
22.87
0.7 I
6 28
49 50
23.25
2.67
2.81
0.07
0.80
7.00
13.00
3.00
2 95
3.25
0.07
0 80
7.90
13 00
3.00
3.25
3 64
0.07
0.80
8.80
13.50
3.00
3.54
4.02
0 07
1.07
9.70
14 00
4 00
3.85
4.40
0.07
1.07
10.60
14 50
4.00
0.61
3.81
7.50
7.18
0.71
3.90
8 50
7.56
0.80
3.98
9.50
7.95
0.62
4 06
10.50
8.33
9.15
10.91
0.09
2.07
26.30
17.50
5.00
22.30
0 78
5 23
28.50
15.22
9.47
11.29
0.09
2.48
27.30
18.00
6.00
9.80
II 67
0.09
2.48
28.20
18 00
6.00
10.12
12 05
0 09
2.48
29.10
18 00
6 00
1045
12.44
0 09
2 48
30 00
1800
6 00
0.43
5.28
29.50
15.60
0.48
5.33
30.50
15.98
0.54
5 38
31.50
16 36
0 60
5 44
32 50
16.75
of p,pe = 36 mcher
VP = 4.81
fps
hvp = 0 36 foot
a000
3.96
4.18
0.08
1 24
11 60
15.00
3.00
4.21
5.17
0.08
I .24
12.50
15 50
3 00
4 57
5 55
0 08
I 24
13 40
16.00
3.00
4 86
5.93
0.08
1.66
14.30
16.00
4.00
5 16
6 31
0.08
I 66
15 20
16 00
4 00
5.47
6.70
0.08
1.66
16.20
16.50
4 00
5 77
7 08
0 08
1 66
17 IO
16.50
4 00
6 09
7 46
0 09
1 66
18.00
17 00
4 00
6.38
7.84
0.09
2.07
19.00
17 00
5 00
6 70
8 23
0 09
2.07
1990
17 00
5 00
7 00
8.6 I
0.09
2.07
?0.80
17 00
5.00
7 32
8.99
0 09
2 07
21 70
17 50
5.00
7.63
9.38
0.09
2.07
22.60
17.50
5 .oo
1.95
9 76
0 09
2 48
23 60
18.00
6.00
8.26
10.14
0.09
2.48
24.50
18.00
6 00
0.69
4.09
9.50
7.95
3.66
4.40
0.08
1.24
10.60
15.00
3.00
22.30
0.58
4.26
11.50
8.71
0 66
4.34
1250
9.09
0 74
441
13 50
9.48
0.82
4.48
14.50
9 86
0.49
4.56
15.50
10.24
0.57
4 64
16.50
10 62
0.65
4 71
17.50
11.01
0 73
4.78
18.50
1, 39
0.8
4 84
19.50
I1 77
0.48
4.92
20.50
12.15
0.55
4.98
21.50
1254
0.62
5 05
22 50
12.92
0 69
5 I!
23.50
13.30
0.77
5.18
24.50
13.69
0 42
5.24
25.50
14 07
0.49
5 30
26.50
14.45
9.84
12.05
0.10
2.48
29.10
19.00
6.00
10.17
12.44
0.10
2.90
30.00
19.00
7.00
1049
12.82
0.10
2.90
31.00
19.00
7 00
IO.81
13.20
0.10
2.90
31.90
19.00
7.00
I1 13
13.58
0 10
2 90
32.80
19.50
7 00
11.46
13.97
0.10
2.90
33 70
19.50
7.00
II 78
14.35
0.10
2.90
34.70
19.50
7.00
12.09
14.73
0.10
3.31
35.60
20.00
8.00
1242
15.11
0 IO
3.31
36.50
20.00
8.00
12 75
15 50
0 10
3 31
37 40
20.00
8.00
13.08
15.88
0.10
3.31
38.40
20.00
8.00
13.41
16 26
0.10
3 31
39.30
20.50
8.00
13.73
16 64
0.10
3 31
40.20
20.50
8.00
14.05
17.03
0 II
3.31
41.10
21.00
8.00
14 37
17.41
0 II
3.73
42 00
21.00
9.00
14.70
17.79
0.11
3.73
43.00
21.00
9.00
15.03
18.18
0.11
3.73
43 90
21.00
9.00
15.37
18.56
0.11
3.73
44.80
21 00
9.00
15.70
18.94
0.1 I
3.73
45.70
21.00
9.00
0.83
5.60
31.50
16.36
0.46
5.65
32.50
16.75
0.53
5 71
33.50
17.13
0.59
5.76
34 50
17.51
0.65
5.82
35.50
17.89
071
5.87
36.50
18.28
0.77
5.93
37.50
18.66
0.43
5 99
38.50
19.04
0.48
6.04
39.50
19.42
0.54
6 09
10.50
19 81
0.59
6.14
$1.50
20.19
0.64
6.18
42.50
20.57
0 70
6.24
43.50
20.95
0.78
6 30
44.50
21.34
0 42
6 35
45.50
21.72
0.47
6.40
46.50
22.10
0.52
6.45
47.50
22.49
0.57
6.49
48.50
22 87
0.62
6.54
49.50
23.25
2.23
2.49
0.07
0.80
6.00
13.00
3.00
2.51
2.87
0.07
0.80
7.00
13.50
3.00
2 80
3.25
0 07
1.07
7 90
1350
4.00
3.13
3.64
0.07
1.07
8.80
14.00
4.00
0.67
3.83
6.50
6.80
0.77
3.92
7 50
7.18
0.59
4.00
8.50
7.56
8.89
10.91
0.09
2.48
26.30
18.00
6.00
22.30
0.63
5.43
28.50
15.22
9.21
11.29
0.09
2.48
27.30
18.50
6.00
9.53
II 61
0.09
2.48
28.20
18.50
6.00
0.69
5.48
29.50
15.60
0.75
5.54
30.50
15.98
d, + hv, = R + h2 + 0.06
Submrigence
= ,.,d2
+ hv,, + h3
X.83
10.52
0.09
2.07
25.40
17.50
5.00
22.30
071
5.16
27.50
14.83
16 36
19 32
0 10
3 31
46 70
2050
8 00
22.30
0 75
6.32
50.50
23.63
inlet R = 4 25 feet
3.31
4.02
0.07
1.07
9.70
14.50
4.00
150
0.79
4.18
10.50
8.33
1.96
2.10
0.06
0.80
5.10
12.00
3.00
15O
0.54
3.72
5.50
6.4 1
F=(d,+hv,)-(l.ld2+hvD)
MITER
Transhm
103-D-l 270-l 2
4.15
4.18
0.08
I 07
11.60
15.00
4.00
15u
0.78
4.20
12.50
9.09
2.39
2.49
0.06
0.80
6.00
1200
3.00
150
0.50
3 72
6.50
6.80
h~rnetcr
WITH
Outlet
= 36 Inches
2.10
2.10
0.06
0.53
5.10
11.00
4.00
70.30
0.75
3.63
5.50
6.41
Q = 34 cfr
F
2
3
h4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
of ppr
DROP
Concrete
h4
dmnetcr
ofplpe
hv
8 57
1052
0.09
2.48
25.40
18.00
6.00
22.30
0.56
5.36
27.50
14.83
16.01
19.32
Oil
3.73
46.70
21.50
9.00
22.30
0.69
6.60
50.50
23.63
r
Y
A
c
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
93
Table 2-4.-Type
0 = 40Cf\
"2
3
4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submcrpcnce
dz
L,
d, + hv,
F
2
h3
h4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
d2
LX
d, + hv,
Dwnetcr
01 pqx
3.30
3.25
0.06
0.66
7.90
362
3 64
0 06
0.66
8.80
1200
5 00
12.00
12.00
5.00
5.00
3.92
4.02
0.06
0.66
9.70
12.00
5.00
f-30.
0.53
3.93
6.50
7.30
0.49
4.01
7.50
7 68
0.57
4.08
8.50
8.06
065
4.15
9.50
8.45
997
11.29
0.09
1.86
27 3"
17.50
4.50
10.29
11.67
0.09
1.86
28.20
17 50
4.50
10.62
I? 05
0.09
1.86
29.10
17.50
4.50
1095
12.44
0.09
1.86
30.00
17.50
4.50
12.82
0.09
2.07
31.00
18.00
5.00
0.51
5.33
29.50
0.57
5.38
3050
16.48
0.62
5.43
31.50
16.86
0.68
5.48
32.50
17.25
0.51
5.52
33.50
17.63
241
2.10
0.06
0.53
5.10
12.00
4.00
70.30
0.45
3.85
5.50
6.91
2.7 I
2.49
0.06
0.53
6.00
12.00
4.00
9.64
10.91
0.09
I.86
26.30
17.5"
4.50
22'.30
0.46
5.28
28.50
15.72
16.10
3.00
2 87
0.06
0.66
7.
Q=43cf,
h2
z3
4
L2
L3
L4
s3
Submergence
dz
L
d, + hv,
2
k3
4
Submcrgcnce
dl+hv,
L2
L3
L4
s3
dz
L,
mnetcr
2.24
2.10
0.06
0.66
5.10
11.00
12.00
5.00
5.00
7O-30
0.48
3.96
5.50
6.91
9.36
10.91
0.09
1.86
26.30
17.50
4.50
22'.30
0.74
5.50
28.50
15.72
2.55
2.49
0.06
0.66
6.00
2.84
2.87
0.06
0.66
7.00
12.00
5.00
0.56
4.04
6.50
7.30
9.68
1129
0.09
2.07
27.30
18.00
5.00
0.59
5.55
29.50
16.10
0.64
5.60
30.50
16.48
8.83
I1 29
4.22
4.40
0.07
0.94
10.60
14.50
350
15"
044
4.29
II.50
9.21
11.61
13.20
0.09
2 07
31.90
18 00
5 0"
0.57
557
34.50
18 01
12.00
5 00
4 03
440
007
0.94
10.60
14.50
3.50
0.65
4.12
7.50
7.68
70.30
0.74
4.20
8.50
806
Ii:47
4.28
950
8.45
0.56
4.36
10.50
8 83
0.63
4.43
11.50
9.21
10.01
1032
11.67
0.09
2.07
28.20
18.00
5 0
12.05
10.65
12.44
009
2 07
30.00
18.00
5.00
10.97
12.82
0.09
2.49
II.30
13.20
0.09
2.49
31.90
18.00
6.00
0.77
5.72
32.50
17.25
0.41
5 71
33.50
0.46
5.82
34.50
18 01
0.09
2.07
29.10
18.00
5.00
0.71
5.66
31.50
16.86
31.00
18.00
6.00
17.63
WITH
Outlet
4.84
5.17
0.07
0.94
12.50
14.50
3.50
0.94
13.40
14 50
3.50
5.77
6.31
0.08
IO7
15 2"
I5 00
4 00
9.59
0.59
4.43
13.50
9.98
0.66
4.49
14.50
IO.36
062
456
15 50
IO 74
0.68
462
16 50
11.12
IL.94
13.58
0.09
2 07
32.80
18.00
5.00
1227
13 97
0.09
2.07
33.70
18 00
5.00
12.61
14.35
0.09
2.07
34 7"
18.00
5 00
12.93
14 73
009
2 28
35 60
1850
5.50
13.27
15 11
0 09
2.28
36 50
18.50
5.50
062
562
35.50
18.39
0.68
5.61
36.50
18.78
0.72
5.71
37 50
19 16
0.57
5 76
3850
061
5 80
3950
19.92
0.94
11.60
14.50
3.50
0.52
4.36
12 50
0 07
Ihfp\
545
5 93
0.08
1.07
14.30
15.00
4.00
0.07
5 I5
5.55
MITER
BENDS
Transition
VP=4
4.52
4.78
of pqe = 42 mchw
3.72
4.02
0.07
094
9 70
14 50
3.50
I<0
DROP
Concrete
= 42 mcho
3.43
3.64
007
0.94
8.80
14.50
3.50
F=(d,+hvI)-(I.ld2+hvp)
3.13
3.25
0.06
0.66
7 90
0.72
4.22
10.50
outlet tratlsition
19.54
VP=447
6 09
6 70
0 08
6.41
7.08
0.08
1.07
1 07
17.10
15 0
18 00
15.00
4.00
5.00
0.75
4.68
17.50
0.81
4.74
1850
0.60
4.79
19.50
11.51
11.89
12.27
1362
15 50
0 09
2 28
37.40
18.50
5.50
13.94
I5 88
0.09
2.28
38 4
18.50
5.50
14.28
16 26
(I 09
2 28
39 30
18.50
5.5"
065
5.84
40.50
0.71
5 89
41 50
20.3 I
20.69
0.75
5.93
42.50
2107
5.88
6.70
0.08
6.18
7.08
0.08
1.34
16.20
15.00
4 00
Ip,
6 73
1.46
0.08
1.34
Inlet
7 04
7 84
0 08
R = 4.75 feet
1.34
19.00
15 00
5.00
7.37
8.23
O.08
1.34
19.90
15.00
5.00
769
8.61
0.08
1.34
?0.80
15.00
5.""
8.01
8.99
0.08
1.61
21 70
15 00
6 00
8.33
93x
008
1.61
22.60
15.00
6.00
0.67
4.85
20.50
12.65
0.73
4.91
21.5"
13.04
0.79
4.96
22.50
13.42
0.58
5.02
23.50
1380
0.65
5.08
24.50
14.19
14.60
16.64
11.09
15.27
40.20
18.50
5 50
14.95
17.03
0.09
2.69
41.10
1850
650
0.09
2.69
42 0
15.61
17.79
0.09
2.69
43 00
18.511
6 50
15.96
18.18
0.09
2.69
43.90
18 50
6.50
16.29
,856
0.09
2.69
44.8"
18.50
6.5
18.94
0.09
2.69
45.70
18.50
6.50
il8l
5.98
43.50
21.45
0.44
6.02
14.50
21 84
0.50
6.07
45.50
22.22
0.54
6.11
46.50
22.60
0.59
6.15
47.50
22.99
063
6.19
48.50
23.37
6.24
495"
23.75
7.43
8.61
0 09
20.80
17.00
4.00
4.00
8.07
9.38
0.09
1.86
22.60
1750
4.50
840
9.76
0.09
1.86
23.60
17.50
4.50
8.71
10.14
0.09
1.86
24.50
17.5"
4.50
2.28
1741
18.50
6.50
8.66
9.76
0.08
8.98
10.14
1.61
0 08
161
2360
15.00
6 00
24.50
15.00
6.00
0.70
5.13
25.50
".?6
5.18
2650
14 95
14.57
16.62
0.68
4.64
5.17
0.08
1.07
12.50
15.00
4.00
4.95
5.55
0.08
1.07
13.40
15.00
4.00
5 25
5.93
008
1.07
14 30
15.00
4 00
555
6.31
0 08
1.34
15.20
I5 00
5.00
16.20
15 00
5.00
7.15
8.23
0.09
1.66
19 90
17 00
4.00
060
4.5 I
0.67
4.57
13.50
9.98
0.74
4.64
14.50
10.36
082
4 71
15 50
10.74
0.63
4 78
16.50
II.12
069
4.84
17.50
11.51
0.49
5.09
21.50
13 04
0.57
5.16
22.50
13.42
063
5.22
23.50
13.80
0.50
5.28
24.5"
14 19
0.55
5.33
25.50
14.57
0.62
5.39
26.50
14.95
12.28
14.35
009
2.49
34.70
18.00
6.00
12.61
14.73
009
2.69
35.60
18.50
6.50
I2 93
15.11
0.09
2.69
36 50
18 50
6.50
13 27
IS.50
009
2.69
37.4"
15 26
17.79
0.10
15.60
18.18
0.10
15.93
16.26
18.94
0.10
29"
43 00
19 00
7.00
2.90
43.90
19.00
7 0
2.90
44.80
19.00
3.31
45.70
6.50
0.09
269
38.40
18.50
6.50
14.60
17.03
0 IO
2.90
41.10
19.00
7.00
14.92
0.09
2.49
32.80
18.00
6 00
II.96
13.97
009
249
33 70
18.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
0.52
5 87
35.50
18.39
0.57
5.92
16.50
18.78
0.63
5 97
37 50
048
6.02
38.50
19.54
0.54
6.07
39.50
059
6.12
40.50
20.31
0.64
6.16
11.50
20.69
0.69
6.39
46.50
22.60
0.74
6.44
47.50
22.99
0.79
6.48
48.50
23.37
043
6.53
49.50
23.75
1250
9.59
11 62
13 58
19.16
d, + hv, = R + h2 + 0.06
19.92
1.34
18.50
6.81
7.84
0.09
I 66
11.89
12.27
12.65
13.60
13.93
15.88
16 26
0 09
269
39.30
1850
6.50
14.25
16.64
Submergence
069
6.21
42.50
21.07
16.95
19.32
0.10
2.90
46.70
19.00
7.00
22'~30
0.53
6.28
50.50
24 13
432
4.78
0.08
1.07
II.60
15.00
4 00
6.49
7.46
0.08
I 34
9.31
10.52
0.08
1.6 I
25.40
15.00
6.00
15"
0.81
5.23
27.50
15.33
0.10
2.9"
40.20
19 0
7.00
0.55
6.26
4350
21.45
0.59
630
4450
21.84
1.66
17.41
0.10
290
42.0"
19.00
7.00
065
6.35
45.50
22.22
7.75
8.99
0.09
1.66
21.70
17 0
01 ppe
hu
18.56
0.10
9.04
10.52
0.09
1.86
25.40
17.50
4.50
22'.30
0.67
5.44
27 50
15.33
16.58
19 32
u 10
3 31
16.70
19.00
8.00
22'.30
0.49
6.58
50.50
24.13
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
95
96
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
adequate
Figure
SMALL
98
Q + 350
where b = width of pool in feet and
Q = discharge in cubic feet per
second.
(c) Outlet Trmsition-The
outlet from a
stilling pool connects the pool with the earth
or concrete-lined
canal downstream
and
prevents or lessens canal erosion. Some of the
more common types of stilling pool outlets
used are: broken-back transitions and straight
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
99
b = 5.0ft.
49cfs
d,
l-1/2: 1 A = 25.90 ft.2 wp
v = 1.89 f.p.s. h,
1.71
s 2
2.87 ft.
s = 0.0005
0.025
=
=
=
=
2.81 ft.
15.15 ft.
0.06 ft.
0.02235
= 7.38
Assume different water depths, d, in the
canal and solve for AR2 3 until AR2 3 =
7.38 (see tabulation below).
CANAL
5394.81.
(8) Energy El. at Sta. H = 5394.81 + 0.06
= 5394.87.
A=db+
(b) Determine. (1) Pipe size (see table on fig. 2-31). -For
a discharge of 49 cfs and a maximum
allowable velocity of 5 feet per second the
would
permit
the use of a
table
45-inch-diameter pipe.
However, a 42-inch diameter is considered
satisfactory since V = 5.09 feet per second
and does not exceed the maximum velocity
appreciably.
(2) Inlet Structure Number. -Figure 3-39
provides standard dimensions for control
and pipe inlets. A structure inlet with a
42-inch-diameter
pipe and a maximum
allowable V, of 5 feet per second is
numbered 42-l.
Assumed
d, ft.
1.19
1.2
d2,
sq. ft.
1.415
1.44
I .5d2,
y. ft.
b,
ft.
db,
sq.ft.
SECTION
1.5d2
wp= b+ 2,/m
= b+3.606d
2g
0.2 x 49
8.07
1.212
= __
64.4 = 0.02 ft.
E=d+h,=
1.21 ft.andQT9.8cfs
A = db+l .5d2,
sq.ft.
3.606d,
ft.
wp = b+3,6O6d,
ft.
R x L%
wp
~2.12
2.16
5.0
5.0
5.95
6.0
8.07
8.16
4.29
4.33
9.29
9.33
R213
AR213
ft
0.868
0.875
0.910
0.920
7.35
7.51
I
100
SMALL
P=
s=
N=
=
20 inches
0.50
P+2ST
4 ft. 6 in.
T = d, = 2.81 feet
makeT= 2 ft. loin.
compute U,
d,
From hydraulic
0.1 118
CxD2 =0.1118x3.5*
1.37 ft.*
0.20 x D = 0.20 x 3.50 = 0.70 ft.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
tables [6]
for $
= 0.20,
C = 0.082
Y1 = C x D = 0.082 x 3.5 = 0.287 ft.
For full pipe:
AZ = 9.62 ft.
v, = &
= 5.09 f.p.s.,
P
the procedure outlined with
d 2 = 49 (35.8
5.09) + g
0.287
9.62 x 32.2
.
+3.5
2
= 4.86 + 0.04 + 1.75 = 6.65 ft.
F = d, + hvl - d2 - h,
= 0.7 + 19.9
= 37.2 f.p.s.
h 1 =k37
64.422 = 21.52 ft.
From hydraulic
tables [ 61 for $
= 0.195,
CONVEYANCE
101
STRUCTURES
+3.5
2
+h,r
-d,
-hv
=0.68+21.52
The $
F. CHUTES
D. L. WINSETT
Hydraulic
Structures
Branch,
Bureau of
102
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
103
Figure 2-35.
inclined
drop
Figure
2-34.
Rectangular
slope.
concrete
chute
Terminal
wasteway
into a stilling pool.
with a rectangular
p 343-529-112
NA
on a steep
p 482-417-908
SMALL
104
deflection
Cotangent = = 3.375 x F
is
(1)
where :
(2)
STRUCTURES
g = acceleration of gravity,
g = 32.2 ft./set.
The maximum
angle
computed as follows:
CANAL
in a
K=O
With the floor of the transition
circular curve:
K=
*
gR cos 0
(3)
(tan 8 L
on a
tan0.)2h,
on a
cos* B0
LT
(4)
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
105
+hVz
(5)
(6)
s = n2 V2
f
2.2R43
L=
(7)
where:
s, = average friction slope
s = slope in channel floor.
In using equation (7) a stepwise procedure is
used in which small changes in energy are
assumed and the corresponding change in
length is computed. This procedure is repeated
until the total of the increments of length is
equal to the length of the reach of chute being
considered. The smaller the increment of
length is, the greater the accuracy will be.
The height of the walls in the open channel
chute section should be equal to the maximum
depth computed in the section plus a freeboard
allowance or to 0.4 times the critical depth in
the chute section plus freeboard, whichever is
greater. The recommended minimum freeboard
for open channel chute sections (capacity 100
cfs or less) is 12 inches. Depth and freeboard
are measured normal to the floor of the chute
set tion.
At velocities greater than about 30 feet per
second, water may take on additional bulk due
to air being entrained by the water. The
recommended freeboard allowance for chute
walls will result in a wall of sufficient height to
contain this additional bulk.
(d) Trujectory. -When the energy dissipator
is a stilling pool, a short steep section should
connect the trajectory with the stilling pool.
The slope of this steep section should be
between 1.5 to 1 and 3 to 1 with a slope of 2
to 1 preferred. Flatter slopes may be used in
special cases but slopes flatter than 6 to 1
should not be used. A vertical curve is required
between the chute section and the steep slope
section. A parabolic curve will result in a
SMALL
106
constant value of K over the length of the
curve and is generally used. A parabolic
trajectory
may be determined
from the
following equation:
Y=Xtan0,
(6)
where:
X = Horizontal distance from the
origin to a point on the
trajectory,
Y = Vertical distance from the origin
to point X on the trajectory,
LT = Horizontal length from the
origin to the end of the
trajectory,
0, = The angle of inclination of the
chute channel at the origin of
the trajectory, and
Ed = The angle of inclination of the
chute channel at the end of
the trajectory.
A length of trajectory (LT) can be selected
which, when substituted into equation (4), will
result in a value of K of 0.5 or less. The
length L, is then used in the computation of Y
using equation (8).
The trajectory should end at or upstream
from the intersection of the chute section walls
with the stilling pool walls. A long-radius curve
slightly flatter than the computed trajectory
may be used. If practicable the trajectory
should coincide with any transition required.
The variables of flow on the trajectory and
the steep section are computed in the same
way as those in the chute section. An elevation
for the floor of the stilling pool is assumed and
the energy gradient at the junction of the chute
section and the pool floor is computed. The
flow variables at this point are used as the
variables ahead of the hydraulic jump in the
design of the stilling pool.
(e) Stilling Pool. -In a stilling pool the water
flows down the steep slope section at a velocity
greater than the critical velocity. The abrupt
change in slope where the flat grade of the
stilling pool floor meets the steep slope section
forces the water into a hydraulic jump and
CANAL
STRUCTURES
where
d, = Depth before the jump,
V, = Velocity before the jump,
d2 = Depth after the jump, and
g = Acceleration of gravity
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
I
j2/d,
d l/d,
I .o
I .c
T&G
-6.18
,680
,425
,356
7.66
,311
lo
.257
12.57
,227
226
9.64 ,269
13.66)
r1.72
,215
,240
13.34
14.41
,205
15.44
1574:
16.45
16.74
,189
7.Q
,182
[ 16.W]
.I88
( 16.941
19.61
,170
149
19
24.06,
20
24.91 e
21
25.75
,143
22
26.58
,140
23
27.40
,137
.187
b.04;
,187
[ 17.13 ~ .l86~17,23i
-
24.31
1 ,148
24.40
.I48
24.49
.I47
24.57
24.66
1 I47
24.74,
,146
24.83
.146
,145
25.16
1 ,145
25.25
,145
25.33
1 ,144
25.42!
144
25.50,
,144
25.58
,143
25.67,
,143
25.83)
,142
25.92
,142
26.001
,142
26.06
,141
26.17:
,141
26.251
141
26.33
,141
26.421
.I40
26.50
.I40
126.66
( ,139
[ 2675
,139
12683,
,139
26.91
.I39
[ 26.99,
,138
127.481
.I37
127.57
,136
127.65
,136
12T.73
127.81
.I36
~ ,123
136
.I23
28.781
,128
L 127
,125
,126
32.31,
32.391
,123
32.46,
,123
,121
33CC
.12
.lZC
33.76
,119
33.08
.I21
~. ~~ --33.84
,119
33.91(.119
33.151
,121
33.23
33.9919
,121
34.441.118
34.51
,118
34.59
,118
34.66;.117
3474
.ll~7 &
33
35.19,
,,I6
35.26i
,116
35.34
,116
35.41~.116
35.49
.I16
34
35.93
.I15
3+.115
36.08
,114
36.15
37.G
36.8
,113
3262
36.89
.I13
,111
36.96
37.69
36.2;L.E
.I24
32.54
,122
32.62,
,122
33.31!
,121
33.61
34,29,.ll8
3436
348TLz
.~- _~
-~A 3giJ!7
c 35.04.117
---
c-- 35nll6
35.56
II:
,112
,111
~7~.lll
37.03
,110
38.4<.n0
38.271
.I10
38.34;
.I10
38.42
.I09
38.k
,109
39.06!
.I09
39.14
39
39.561
,108
39.64
,107
39.71
,107
39.781
,107
39.851
,107
39.92.107
40
40.281
.I06
40.35
,106
40.42
,106
40.49
.I06
40.56,
.I06
40.63
H=Difference
and
levels
downstreom
depth
based
on
ends
for
pool
flow
d,=Depth
at
upst:eom
at
downstream
and
,106
after
of
jump
Woter
of
El
C,-[d,
36.59,
.ll-?
37.98
.I.I// 12
37.33
38.05
, ,110
.I 12~
38.63,
.I09
37,251
38.70
,109
3881
,109
,108
39.351
.I08
39.42
,108
39.49
.I08
39.99i
,107
40061
,107
40.14
,107
40.2
,106
40.70
,106
40.77
,105
40.84
,105
40.91
,105
lump,
for
hydraulic
~urrps
in
rectargular
El c,
_
ot
upstream
~~-
+ h,
p-ms
level
end of Jump
jump
El C,-(d,
35.86u5
,113
.I09
end of lump
+ h,,)=
115
36.521
39.28,
K=d,-d,
El C,=
----
II8
-~-
38.56(
2+H,
dc=w
erd
surf=-
35.78
1.112
,111 ----A---37.91
37.lQ.112i ,111
at upstream
consldered.
wdth
d,=Deptb
before
,108
37.11
37.84
35.71
,115
+--.-36,45,li4
,114
Energy
in energy
d,=Crttlcol
depth
39.21,
3i&$_117_
35.63.115
--+-36.37;
.I10
ord
,120
33.53 c-----c,120
,118
38.92
depth
,122
,120
38X
ilocr
32.851
33.461
1 .I09
critical
,122
34.21
I.110
Icss,
32.77
,119
3885
level
,124
,122
.I20
38.13
wth
,126
31.93j
-32691
34.14
38
erergy
.I30
,128
33.381
37
channels
34061.116
36s.4
I.108
.I33
29 58 1 ,130
,129
,123
114
---
- 133
J3J
32.23
Relation of
.I47
,171
,148
1 127
,125
32
20.25
25.08,
28
33.68
- 167
,176
24.23
27
32.92,
+g+
( ,183
1 ,145
--c
L
.I29
3;
,173
183 117.62
/ ,149
-i-T
26
30
,185 ~L7~4_117.5Z
24.99
,134
32.16
117.331
24.14
24
29
.I85
.I78
18.67 .I6
---
-- --*---.
+%%
---t--m
278
10.25 ( 259
11.44,241
-i9
-C-
L 351
,308
7I5TzY
0.5
yq
107
103-D-1274
---f-/Energy
level ot
A
108
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
tailwater
for the
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
-w-v--
Kub!saa
cI
W
(3
oz
a
I
0
v)
0
110
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Provide
sultoble onchoroqe
to secwe pipe to concrete.
Locate to clear reinforcement
OutsIde
face of wall
=-. 1
2fJm rm,d.hmh
plostlc pipe
unpoct
\ ---
Conical. copped,
or p/upped
ends.
DETAIL
rod/o/
12
zone surfaces
OF
WEEP
PIPE
iALTERNATIVES)
I
(PLAN
oorse
oqqreqote
L7;434SECTION
SECTION
A-A
GRADATION
PERCENT
B-
DF
tGY
FILTER
EIGNTI
NOTE
MATERIALS
RETAINED
ON STANDARD
SEIVE
The confiqurotlon
of the falter envelope moy be chonqed
wt constructfon,
provided
thot o minimum rodiol
thxkness
of 61s mointolned
for each zone
to
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
Figure
2-40.
Stilling
pool
with
end sill.
lO3-D-1277
v=-x
-3
-x
wp ygd cas f}
y2
--gsLcos
In equations
()
( 10) and ( 11 )
b = bottom
section
d = average water depth in the chute
section:
Figure 2-41. Surging in a stilling pool caused by
unstable flow in a chute structure. P222-117-36223
(11)
SMALL
SMALL
112
g = acceleration of gravity.
L = length of reach under
consideration,
s = average slope of the energy
gradient.
s = tan 0.
V = velocity,
wp = wetted perimeter of the section.
and
0 = angle of inclination of the
energy gradient.
(5) Plot the computed values on figure
3-45. If the plotted points fall within the
slug flow zone, intermediate points may be
checked to determine the point at which the
waves begin to form.
(6) Compute the shape factor for the
chute section.
d
wP
CANAL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
STRUCTURES
(7) Plot
the
computed
value
of Gp
CONVEYANCE
113
STRUCTURES
J--J-JO
0.2
0.6
0.4
Montuori
Figure 245.
number
(M2)
0.8
I. .O
114
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
I
-
Corrugated metal
chutes
w-
Q
5
-0
0.1
i
I
I
I
-I
I
I
-t
I
I
-I
I
I
1
OS
(:.c
1
----------a
I
I
Concrete chutes
I
-7
I
I
I
I
0.1
SLOPE
0.2
s=TAN
-I
0.3
Figure 2-46. Shape and slope criteria for slug flow. 103-D-1280
I
I
I
0.4
CONVEYANCE
s = Slope
of
STRUCTURES
energy
gradient
= tan
-9-
Figure 2-47. Invert, water surface, and energy profiles of a chute structure.
at the
IO3-D-1281
116
SMALL
2.40 ft.
0.025
0.00035 ft./ft.,
1.5 to 1
STRUCTURES
2
s, =
7.20 x 0.010
Q = 35 cfs
b = 6.0 ft.
d=
n=
s=
s:s=
CANAL
+ 0.0033
2
x I()=
0.02 foot
A, = 23.04 ft.
V, = 1.52 f.p.s.
111 = 0.04 ft.
E, =dl +h,, = 2.40+
or
0.04 = 2.44 ft.
dg=
1.62ft.
3705.62
V
[(I-K)gl
K = 3, cos 0 = 0.99984
2.43
F, =
d32.2
x 2.40 x 0.99984
~32.2
7.2
x 1.62 x 0.99984
d case
F, =
= 0.276
= 1.00
4
117
C.OI\IVEYANCE
--
STRUCTURES
z
0
SMALL
118
CANAL
STRUCTURES
is
;:
The energy at 0
will be:
E, =dr +h,r +Z
z=sxL=o.o8163x
170
= 13.88 ft.
E2 = 1.62 + 0.80 + 13.88
= 16.30 ft.
The energy at @ will be:
E, = dz + hV2 + h,
h, = friction loss in the reach,
h, = average friction slope
in the reach times L,
h, = s, x L.
d3 = 0.50 ft.
A3 = 1.50 ft.2
V3 = 23.33 f.p.s.
l&3 = 8.45 ft.
s3 = 0.08163
s, = 0.08163 ; 0.0033 = o.0425
h, = 0.0425 x 170 = 7.23 ft
E, = 0.50 + 8.45 + 7.23
= 16.18 feet
= 0.60 ft.
= 1.80 ft.*
= 19.44 f.p.s.
= 5.86 ft.
= 0.43 ft., and
= 0.05241 ft./ft.
@ )
= 0.44 ft.
= 1.78 ft.2
= 19.66 f.p.s.
= 6.00 ft.
= 0.36 ft., and
= 0.0683 ft./ft.
CONVEYANCE
L
T
STRUCTURES
119
L, = 10.72 feet
Y.
3
6
9
12
0.33
0.99
1.98
3.31
0.30 ft.
1.50 ft.2
23.33 f.p.s.,
0.27 ft., and
0.14107
d 11 =
A, 1 =
v,, =
hv~ I =
Fro at @
(4):
= (0.50-0.052)
K
10
x 2 x 6.0 x 0.9992
12
= 0.45
F,o
=
d [(l-0.45)
= 10.70
23.33
x 32.21 x 0.30 x 0.89441
a transition
0.26 ft.,
1.30 fL2 )
26.92 f.p.s., and
11.25 ft.
26.92
= 9.30
432.2 x 0.26
d, =d=+~
2
= 3.29 feet
F = 4.43 + 10.70 = 7 56
a
2
F, =
= 2O1j' +
=
=
=
=
16.45 ft.*
2.13 f.p.s.
0.07 ft.
3.29 + 0.07 = 3.36 ft.
SMALL
120
Q = 35 cfs
n = 0.025 x 0.80 = 0.020
b = 6.0 ft.
2.16 ft.
19.96 ft.2
1.75 f.p.s.
0.05 ft.
2.16 + 0.05 = 2.21 ft.
- 2.21 = 3643.21
d, = 1.23 ft.
hc = 0.50 ft.
E, = 1.73 ft.
height
of sill required
Velocity,
f.p.s.
10
20
30
0
0.5
1.o
The minimum
STRUCTURES
d=
A =
v =
11, =
E=
CANAL
d, =
A, = 3.06 ft.2
V, = 5.72 f.p.s.
hvc = 0.51 ft.
The elevation
at 0 is:
3703.00
to
of
CONVEYANCE
121
STRUCTURES
(6)
M2 =
-~ 3655.09
d - 0.38 = 0.101
Fp - 3.76
s=o.o7949
(9) Plotted on figure 2-46, the point falls
near the zone of slug flow.
( 10) Both charts indicate that waves may
form on this structure at 0.5 times Q. In this
example problem with the shallow depths
involved, slug flow may not be a problem if
it does occur. If slug flow is indicated where
the waves would be troublesome, the
remedies listed in the text should be
considered.
= 49.44ft.
= 0.148
15.352
1835+78
0.07949
6 = about 4 33
Cost = 0.99685
2. Pipe Chute
= gxmx\/32.2
15.35
x 0.38 x 0.99685
v_= 2.34
,-Orlgrnal
ground surface
Stllllng pool-,
Control
Inlet
Precast
concrete
pipe,
ProtectIon/
Baffled
Precast
concrete
pipe outlet--,
pipe-
Protection-
Figure 2.50.
122
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
123
124
SMALL
Table 2-5.-Uniform
d/b'
'For
Values
CANAL
STRUCTURES
103-D-1 255-l
b8/3
of ~
On
s 112
z=o
L= l/4
.02
.03
.04
.00213
.00414
.00661
.00215
.00419
.00670
.00216
.00423
.00679
.00217
.00426
.00685
.00218
.00429
.00690
.00219
.00431
.00696
.00220
.00433
.00700
.00220
.00434
.00?04
.00221
.00437
.00707
.00223
.00443
.00722
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
.00947
.0127
.0162
.0200
.0240
.00964
.0130
.0166
.0206
.0249
.00980
.0132
.0170
.0211
.0256
.00991
.0134
.0173
.0215
.0262
.OlOO
.0136
.0176
.0219
.0267
.OlOl
.0137
.0177
.0222
.0271
.0102
.0138
.0180
.0225
.0275
.0103
.0140
.0182
.0228
.0279
.0103
.0141
.0183
.0231
.0282
.0106
.0145
.0190
.0240
.0296
.lO
.ll
.12
.13
.14
.0283
.0329
.0376
.0425
.0476
.0294
.0342
.0393
.0446
.0501
.0305
.0354
.0408
.0464
.0524
.0311
.0364
.0420
.0480
.0542
.0318
.0373
.0431
.0493
.0559
.0324
.0380
.0441
.0505
.0573
.0329
,038 7
.0450
.0516
.0587
.0334
.0394
.0458
.0527
.0599
.0339
.0400
.0466
.0537
.0612
.0358
.0424
.0497
.0575
.0659
.15
.16
.I7
.18
.19
.0528
.0582
.0638
.0695
.0753
.0559
.0619
.0680
.0744
.0809
.0585
.0650
.07lJ
.0786
.0857
.0608
.0676
.0748
.0822
.0900
.0628
.0699
.0775
.0854
.0936
.0645
.0720
.0800
.0883
.09 JO
.0662
.0740
.0823
.0910
,100
.0677
.0759
.0845
.0936
,103
.0692
.0776
.0867
.0961
,106
.0749
.0845
,094 7
,105
,117
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.0813
.0873
.0935
.0997
,106
.0875
.0944
,101
,109
,116
.0932
,101
,109
,117
,125
.09 79
,106
,115
,124
,133
,102
.lll
,120
,130
,139
.106
.115
.125
,135
,146
,110
,120
.130
,141
,152
,113
.123
.134
,146
,157
,116
,127
.I 39
,151
,163
,129
,142
,155
,169
,184
.25
.26
.2J
.28
.29
,113
,119
,126
,133
,139
,124
.131
.139
,147
,155
.133
,142
,151
.160
,170
,142
,152
.162
,172
,182
,150
.160
,171
,182
,193
,157
.168
,180
,192
.204
,163
,175
,188
,201
,214
.l JO
,182
,195
,209
,223
,176
,189
,203
.217
,232
,199
,215
,232
,249
,267
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
,146
,153
,160
,167
.174
.163
,172
,180
,189
.198
,179
,189
,199
.209
.219
,193
,204
,215
,227
,238
,205
.217
,230
,243
,256
.217
.230
,243
,257
,272
,227
,242
.256
.271
,287
,238
,253
,269
.285
,301
,248
.264
,281
,298
.315
,286
,306
.327
,348
,369
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
.181
,190
,196
,203
.210
.207
,216
,225
.234
,244
,230
,241
,251
.263
.274
.251
,263
.275
,289
,301
,270
,283
,297
.311
.326
.287
.302
,317
,333
.349
.303
.319
,336
,354
.371
.318
,336
,354
.373
,392
,334
,353
,372
,392
,412
.392
.416
,440
.465
,491
.40
.41
.42
.43
.44
,218
.225
,233
,241
,249
,254
,263
,279
,282
,292
,286
,297
,310
,321
,334
.314
,328
,342
,356
,371
,341
.357
.373
.389
,405
,366
,383
,401
,418
,437
,389
,408
,427
,447
,467
,412
.432
.453
,474
,496
,433
,455
,478
,501
,524
,518
,545
,574
,604
,634
convenient
and more
d/blessthan
0.04,
z=
l/2
z = 314
R = d IS more
z=
7. = l-1/4
z=
l-1/2
accurate
r'=
than
l-3/4
interpolation
x=3
x=2
in the table
CONVEYANCE
125
STRUCTURES
Table 25.-Uniform
103-D-1
285-2
lib
7. = 0
z=
l/4
z=
112
z = 314
z= I
7. = I-114
I = I-l/Z
7. = l-314
z=3
.45
.46
.47
.48
.49
,256
,263
,271
,279
.287
,303
,313
,323
.333
,345
,346
,359
,371
,384
.398
.385
,401
,417
.432
,448
,422
,439
,457
.475
,492
,455
.475
,494
,514
.534
,487
,509
.530
,552
,575
.519
,541
,565
,589
,614
,548
,574
.600
.626
.652
.665
,696
,729
,763
,797
.50
.52
.54
.56
.58
,295
,310
,327
,343
.359
,356
,377
,398
,421
,444
,411
,438
,468
,496
,526
,463
.496
.530
.567
,601
,512
,548
,590
.631
.6Jl
,556
,599
,644
,690
.739
.599
,646
,696
,748
.802
,639
,692
,746
,803
,863
,679
,735
,795
.856
.922
,833
,906
,984
1.07
1.15
.60
.62
.64
,375
,391
.408
,468
,492
,516
,556
.590
.620
.640
,679
.Jl8
,717
,763
,809
,789
.841
.894
,858
,917
,976
,924
.989
1.05
,988
1.06
1.13
1.24
1.33
1.43
.66
.68
,424
.44 1
,541
.566
,653
.687
,759
,801
,858
,908
,951
1.01
1.04
1.10
1.13
1.20
1.21
1.29
1.53
1.64
.JO
.72
.74
.76
.78
,457
.474
,491
,508
,525
,591
,617
,644
,670
,698
.722
,757
.793
,830
,868
,842
,887
,932
,981
1.03
,958
1.01
1 .OJ
1.12
1.18
1.07
1.13
1.19
1.26
1.32
1.17
1.24
1.31
1.39
1.46
1.27
1.35
1.43
1.51
1.60
1.37
1.45
1.55
1.64
1.73
1.75
1.87
1.98
2.11
2.24
.80
.82
.84
.86
.88
,542
.559
.576
,593
.610
,725
,753
,782
.810
.839
,906
,945
,985
1.03
1 .OJ
1.08
1.13
1.18
1.23
1.29
1.24
1.30
1.36
1.43
1.49
1.40
1.47
1.54
1.61
1.69
1.54
1.63
1.71
1.79
1.88
1.69
1.78
1.87
1.97
2.07
1.83
1.93
2.03
2.14
2.25
2.37
2.51
2.65
2.80
2.95
.90
.92
.94
.96
.98
,627
,645
,662
,680
,697
,871
,898
,928
.960
.991
1.11
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.29
1.34
1.40
1.46
1.52
1.58
1.56
1.63
1.70
1.78
1.85
1.77
1.86
1.94
2.03
2.11
1.98
2.07
2.16
2.27
2.37
2.17
2.28
2.38
2.50
2.61
2.36
2.48
2.60
2.73
2.85
3.11
3.27
3.43
3.61
3.79
1 .oo
1 .05
1 .I0
1 .I5
1 .20
,714
,759
,802
,846
,891
1.02
1.10
1.19
1.27
1.36
1.33
1.46
1.58
1.71
1.85
1.64
1.80
1.97
2.14
2.33
1.93
2.13
2.34
2.56
2.79
2.21
2.44
2.69
2.96
3.24
2.47
2.75
3.04
3.34
3.68
2.73
3.04
3.37
3.72
4.09
2.99
3.33
3.70
4.09
4.50
3.97
4.45
4.96
5.52
6.11
1I.25
1 .30
1 .35
1 .40
1I.45
.936
.980
1.02
1 .OJ
1.11
1.45
1.54
1.64
1.74
1.84
1.99
2.14
2.29
2.45
2.61
2.52
2.73
2.94
3.16
3.39
3.04
3.30
3.57
3.85
4.15
3.54
3.85
4.18
4.52
4.88
4.03
4.39
4.76
5.18
5.60
4.49
4.90
5.34
5.80
6.29
4.95
5.42
5.90
6.43
6.98
6.73
7.39
8.10
8.83
9.62
126
SMALL
Table 2-S.-Uniform
CANAL
STRUCTURES
103-D-1285-3
$13
Valuesof ~ Qn
~112
d/b
r=O
z= l/4
z= l/2
z = 314
z= 1
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.16
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.34
1.94
2.05
2.15
2.27
2.38
2.78
2.96
3.14
3.33
3.52
3.63
3.88
4.14
4.41
4.69
1.75
1.80
1.85
1 .90
1.95
1.39
1.43
1.48
1.52
1.57
2.50
2.62
2.74
2.86
2.99
3.73
3.93
4.15
4.36
4.59
4.98
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
1.61
1.71
1.79
1.89
1.98
3.12
3.39
3.67
3.96
4.26
4.83
5.31
5.82
6.36
6.93
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
2.07
2.16
2.26
2.35
2.44
4.58
4.90
5.24
5.59
5.95
7.52
8.14
8.80
9.49
10.2
3.00
3.20
3.40
3.60
3.80
2.53
2.72
2.90
3.09
3.28
6.33
7.12
7.97
8.86
9.81
4.00
4.50
5.00
3.46
3.92
4.39
10.8
13.5
16.7
L = l-1/4
z = l-1/2
4.46
4.78
5.12
5.47
5.83
5.26
5.65
6.06
6.49
6.94
6.04
6.50
6.99
7.50
8.02
5.28
5.59
5.91
6.24
6.21
6.60
7.01
7.43
7.87
7.41
7.89
8.40
8.91
9.46
8.57
9.13
9.75
10.4
11 .o
6.58
7.30
8.06
8.86
9.72
8.32
9.27
10.3
11.3
12.5
10.0
11.2
12.5
13.8
15.3
10.6
11.6
12.6
13.6
14.7
13.7
15.0
16.3
17.8
19.3
11.0
12.5
14.2
16.1
18.1
15.9
18.3
21.0
24.0
27.1
20.9
20.2
26.2
33.1
30.5
40.1
51.5
7. = I-314
1=2
2=3
6.81
7.33
7.89
8.47
9.08
7.55
8.14
8.79
9.42
10.1
10.4
11.3
12.2
13.2
14.2
9.72
10.4
11.1
12.4
12.5
10.9
11.6
12.4
13.2
14.0
15.2
16.3
17.4
18.7
19.9
11.7
13.1
14.6
16.2
17.9
13.3
15.0
16.7
18.6
20.6
14.9
16.8
18.7
20.9
23.1
21.1
23.9
26.8
30.0
33.4
16.8
18.4
20.1
21.9
23.8
19.8
21.7
23.8
25.9
28.2
22.7
25.0
27.4
29.9
32.6
25.6
28.2
31.0
33.8
36.9
37.0
40.8
44.8
49.1
53.7
24.2
27.9
32.0
36.3
25.8
30.1
34.8
39.9
45.5
30.6
35.8
41.5
47.8
54.6
35.4
41.5
48.2
55.5
63.5
40.1
47.1
54.6
63.0
72.4
58.4
68.9
80.2
92.8
107
41.1
54.5
70.3
51.6
68.8
89.2
61.9
82.9
108
72.1
96.9
126
82.2
111
145
122
164
216
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
Table 2-6.-Uniform
127
,j7ow in trapezoidal channels by Mannirzgsfbrrnula.
Qn
d/b1
.Ol
.02
.03
.04
103-D-l 286-I
Values of ___
d 813
z=o
z= l/4
z= l/2
z = 314
146.7
72.4
47.6
35.3
147.2
72.9
48.2
35.8
147.6
73.4
48.6
36.3
148.0
73.7
49.0
36.6
~112
z=l
148.3
74.0
49.3
36.9
2 = l-1/4
= l-1/2
= I-314
2=2
z=3
148.6
74.3
49.5
31.2
148.8
74.5
49.8
37.4
148.9
74.8
50.0
37.6
149.2
74.9
50.2
37.8
149.9
75.6
50.9
38.6
.05
.06
.07
.08
.OP
27.9
23.0
19.45
16.82
14.78
28.4
23.5
19.97
17.34
15.29
28.9
23.9
20.4
17.73
15.72
29.2
24.3
20.8
18.13
16.08
29.5
24.6
21.1
18.43
16.39
29.8
24.8
21.3
18.70
16.66
30.0
25.1
21.6
18.95
16.91
30.2
25.3
21.8
19.18
17.14
30.5
25.5
22.0
19.40
1.7.36
31.2
26.3
22.8
20.2
18.21
.lO
.ll
.I2
.13
.14
13.16
11.83
10.73
9.80
9.00
13.66
12.33
11.23
10.29
9.49
14.14
12.76
11.65
10.71
9.91
14.44
13.11
12.00
11.06
10.26
14.75
13.42
12.31
11.37
10.57
15.02
13.69
12.59
11.65
10.85
15.28
13.94
12.84
11.90
11.10
15.51
14.18
13.08
12.14
11.35
15.74
14.41
13.31
12.38
11.58
16.60
15.28
14.19
13.26
12.48
.15
.16
.17
.18
.I9
8.32
7.72
7.19
6.73
6.31
8.80
8.20
7.67
7.20
6.78
9.21
8.61
8.08
7.61
7.18
9.57
8.96
8.43
7.96
1.54
9.88
9.27
8.74
8.27
7.85
10.16
9.55
9.02
8.55
8.13
10.42
9.81
9.28
8.81
8.39
10.67
10.06
9.53
9.05
8.64
10.89
10.29
9.77
9.30
8.88
11.80
11.20
10.68
10.21
9.80
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
5.94
5.60
5.30
5.02
4.77
6.40
6.06
5.75
5.47
5.22
6.81
6.47
6.16
5.87
5.62
7.16
6.82
6.50
6.22
5.96
7.47
7.13
6.82
6.53
6.27
7.75
7.41
7.10
6.81
6.56
8.01
7.67
7.36
7.08
6.82
8.26
7.92
7.61
7.33
7.07
8.50
8.16
7.86
7.58
7.32
9.43
9.09
8.79
8.51
8.26
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
4.54
4.32
4.13
3.95
3.78
4.98
4.77
4.57
4.38
4.21
5.38
5.16
4.96
4.77
4.60
5.73
5.51
5.31
5.12
4.95
6.04
5.82
5.62
5.43
5.25
6.32
6.10
5.90
5.71
5.54
6.58
6.37
6.16
5.98
5.81
6.84
6.62
6.42
6.23
6.06
7.08
6.87
6.67
6.48
6.31
8.03
7.81
7.62
7.43
7.26
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
3.62
3.48
3.34
3.21
3.09
4.05
3.90
3.16
3.64
3.51
4.44
4.29
4.15
4.02
3.89
4.78
4.63
4.49
4.36
4.23
5.09
4.94
4.80
4.67
4.54
5.38
5.23
5.08
4.95
4.83
5.64
5.49
5.35
5.22
5.09
5.90
5.75
5.61
5.48
5.35
6.15
6.00
5.86
5.73
5.60
7.1c
6.96
6.82
6.69
6.56
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
2.98
2.88
2.78
2.68
2.59
3.40
3.29
3.19
3.09
3.00
3.78
3.67
3.56
3.47
3.37
4.12
4.01
3.90
3.81
3.71
4.43
4.32
4.21
4.11
4.02
4.71
4.60
4.49
4.40
4.30
4.98
4.87
4.76
4.67
4.57
5.23
5.12
5.02
4.92
4.83
5.49
5.38
5.27
5.17
5.08
6.45
6.34
6.24
6.14
6.05
.40
.41
.42
.43
.44
2.51
2.43
2.36
2.29
2.22
2.92
2.84
2.16
2.68
2.61
3.29
3.20
3.13
3.05
2.98
3.62
3.54
3.46
3.38
3.31
3.93
3.85
3.77
3.69
3.62
4.21
4.13
4.05
3.97
3.90
4.48
4.40
4.32
4.24
4 17
4.74
4.66
4.58
4.50
4 43
4.99
4.91
4.83
4.76
4.68
5.96
5.88
5.80
5.73
5.66
For d/b less than 0.04, use of the assumption R =d is more convenient and more. accurate than interpolation
in the table.
128
SMALL
Table 2-6..-Uniform
CANAL
103-D-1 286-2
tu
Lzl-b-iZJ
IAd
Valuesof ~~ Qn
d/b
d 813 S1/2
z=o
L= 114
z= 112
STRUCTURES
7 = 3/4
z=l
! = l-l/4
= l-112
= l-314
2=2
L=3
.45
.46
.41
.48
.49
2.15
2.09
2.03
1.977
1.923
2.55
2.48
2.42
2.36
2.31
2.91
2.85
2.78
2.72
2.67
3.24
3.18
3.12
3.06
3.00
3.55
3.48
3.42
3.36
3.30
3.83
3.77
3.70
3.64
3.58
4.10
4.04
3.97
3.91
3.85
4.36
4.29
4.23
4.17
4.12
4.61
4.55
4.49
4.43
4.37
5.59
5.52
5.46
5.40
5.34
.50
.52
.54
.56
.58
1.872
1.771
1.689
1.608
1.533
2.26
2.16
2.06
1.977
1.900
2.6 I
2.5 1
2.42
2.33
2.25
2.94
2.84
2.14
2.66
2.57
3.25
3.14
3.05
2.96
2.87
3.53
3.43
3.33
3.24
3.16
3.80
3.70
3.60
3.51
3.43
4.06
3.96
3.86
3.77
3.69
4.3 1
4.21
4.1 I
4.02
3.94
5.29
5.19
5.09
5.00
4.92
.60
.62
.64
.66
.68
1.464
1.400
1.340
1.285
1.234
1.827
1.760
1.697
1.638
1.583
2.11
2.11
2.04
1.979
1.922
2.50
2.43
2.36
2.30
2.24
2.80
2.73
2.66
2.60
2.54
3.08
3.01
2.94
2.88
2.82
3.35
3.28
3.21
3.15
3.09
3.61
3.54
3.41
3.41
3.35
3.86
3.79
3.72
3.66
3.60
4.85
4.77
4.71
4.64
4.59
.70
.I2
.I4
.76
.78
1.184
1.139
I .096
1.056
1.018
1.531
1.482
1.437
1.393
1.353
1.868
1.818
1.770
1.725
I .683
2.18
2.13
2.08
2.04
1.998
2.48
2.43
2.38
2.33
2.29
2.76
2.7 I
2.66
2.61
2.57
3.03
2.98
2.93
2.88
2.84
3.29
3.24
3.19
3.15
3.10
3.55
3.49
3.45
3.40
3.35
4.53
4.48
4.43
4.38
4.34
.80
.82
.84
.86
.88
.982
.949
,917
.887
.858
1.315
1.278
1.245
1.211
1.180
1.642
1.604
1.568
1.534
1.501
1.954
1.916
1.886
1.843
1.810
2.25
2.21
2.17
2.14
2.10
2.53
2.49
2.45
2.41
2.38
2.80
2.16
2.72
2.68
2.65
3.06
3.02
2.98
2.94
2.91
3.3 1
3.27
3.23
3.20
3.16
4.30
4.26
4.22
4.18
4.15
.90
.92
.94
.96
.98
,831
.805
,781
,758
.736
1.153
1.122
1.095
1.070
1.046
1.470
1.441
1.413
1.396
1.360
1.777
1.747
1.718
1.690
1.663
2.07
2.04
2.01
1.981
1.954
2.35
2.32
2.29
2.26
2.23
2.62
2.58
2.55
2.53
2.50
2.87
2.84
2.81
2.78
2.76
3.13
3.10
3.07
3.04
3.01
4.12
4.08
4.05
4.03
4.00
1.oo
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
.7 14
,666
.622
,583
.548
1.022
,969
,920
,876
.836
1.335
1.278
1.226
1.178
1.136
1.638
1.579
1.525
1.477
1.432
1.928
1.871
1.813
1.763
1.717
2.21
2.14
2.09
2.04
1.993
2.47
2.4 1
2.36
2.30
2.26
2.13
2.67
2.61
2.56
2.51
2.99
2.92
2.87
2.82
2.77
3.97
3.91
3.85
3.80
3.76
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
,516
.487
.460
.436
.414
.800
.767
.736
,708
.682
1.098
1.062
1.028
.998
.970
1.392
1.354
1.320
1.288
1.259
I .676
1.638
1.603
1.570
1.540
1.950
1.912
1.876
1.843
1.812
2.22
2.18
2.14
2.11
2.08
2.47
2.43
2.40
2.37
2.34
2.73
2.69
2.65
2.62
2.59
3.71
3.61
3.64
3.60
3.57
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
.393
,374
,357
.341
.325
.658
.636
.615
.596
._7s
,944
,920
.897
.876
.856
1.231
1.206
1.182
1.160
1.139
1.512
1.486
1.461
1.438
1.416
1.784
1.157
1.731
1.708
1.686
2.05
2.02
1.995
1.972
1.949
2.31
2.28
2.25
2.23
2.21
2.56
2.53
2.5 1
2.48
2.46
3.54
3.52
3.49
3.47
3.44
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
Table 2-6.-Uniform
129
,flow
in trapezoidal
channels
by Mannings
formula.
Xantinued.
103-D-1 286-3
73
L
J
IW
Qn
Value\
otd8/3
~-___
s1/2
zh--b-iz
L=0
7 = l/4
z=
112
7. = 314
z=
1=
l-l/4
%= l-1/2
%= l-314
2=2
z=3
1.75
1.80
1 .85
1.90
1 .95
,312
,298
,286
.275
,264
,561
,546
,531
,517
,504
.838
,820
,804
,788
,773
1.119
1.101
1.083
1.067
1.051
1.396
1.377
1.359
1.342
1.326
1.666
1.646
1.628
1.610
1.594
1.928
1.905
1.890
1.872
1.856
2.19
2.17
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.44
2.42
2.40
2.38
2.36
3.42
3.40
3.38
3.37
3.35
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
.254
,236
,219
.205
.1919
,491
,469
,448
,430
,413
,760
,734
,711
,690
,671
1.036
1.009
,984
,962
,941
1.310
1.282
1.256
1.233
1.212
1.578
1.549
1.523
1.499
1.477
1.840
1.811
1.784
1.760
1.737
2.10
2.07
2.04
2.02
1.993
2.35
2.32
2.29
2.27
2.24
3 33
3.30
3.27
3.25
3.23
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
.I800
.I693
.1597
.I508
.1427
,398
,383
,371
,359
,348
,653
,637
,623
,609
,596
,922
,905
,889
,874
,861
1.192
1.174
1.157
1.142
1.128
1.457
1.438
1.422
1.406
1.391
1 ,717
1.698
1.681
1.665
1.650
1.972
1.954
1.937
1.920
1.905
2.22
2.21
2.19
2.17
2.16
3.21
3.19
3.17
3.15
3.14
3.00
3.20
3.40
3.60
3.80
.I354
.1223
.I111
.I015
.0932
,338
,320
,305
.291
.279
,585
,563
,545
,529
,514
,848
,825
.805
,787
,771
1.114
1.090
1.069
1.050
1.033
1.377
1.353
1.331
1.312
1.294
1.636
1.611
1.589
1.569
1.552
1.891
1.865
1.843
1.823
1.805
2.14
2.12
2.09
2.07
2.06
3.12
3.10
3.07
3.05
3.04
4.00
4.50
5.00
.0859
.OJll
.0601
,268
,245
.228
,501
,474
,453
,757
,727
,704
1.019
.987
,962
1.279
1.246
1.220
1.536
1.502
1.476
1.790
1.755
1.729
2.04
2.01
1.979
3.02
2.98
2.96
SMALL
130
Table 2.I-Uniform
d
D
A
R
=
=
=
=
depthofflow
diameter of pipe
area of flow
hvdraulic
radius
-R
D8/3s1
I2
Q
d8/+1/2
=
=
=
partly fidl.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
103-D-1281
d
0
-,2
cl
D8/3s1
0.239
Q
I2
d8/3s1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.0013
0.0037
0.0069
0.0105
0.0066
0.0132
0.0197
0.0262
0.00007
0.00031
0.00074
0.00138
15.04
10.57
8.56
7.38
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.4027
0.4127
0.4227
0.4327
0.2531
0.2562
0.2592
0.2621
0.247
0.255
0.263
1.442
1.415
1.388
1.362
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.0147
0.0192
0.0242
0.0294
0.0350
0.0325
0.0389
0.0451
0.0513
0.0575
0.00222
0.00328
0.00455
0.00604
0.00775
6.55
5.95
5.47
5.09
4.76
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.4426
0.4526
0.4625
0.4724
0.4822
0.2649
0.2676
0.2703
0.2728
0.2753
0.271
0.279
0.287
0.295
0.303
1.336
1.311
1.286
1.262
1.238
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.0409
0.0470
0.0534
0.0600
0.0668
0.0635
0.0695
0.0755
0.0813
0.0871
0.00967
0.01181
0.01417
0.01674
0.01952
4.49
4.25
4.04
3.86
3.69
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.4920
0.5018
0.5115
0.5212
0.5308
0.2776
0.2799
0.2821
0.2842
0.2862
0.311
0.319
0.327
0.335
0.343
1.215
1.192
1.170
1.148
1.126
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.0739
0.0811
0.0885
0.0961
0.1039
0.0929
0.0985
0.1042
0.1097
0.1152
0.0225
0.0257
0.0291
0.0327
0.0365
3.54
3.41
3.28
3.17
3.06
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.5404
0.5499
0.5594
0.5687
0.5780
0.2882
0.2900
0.2917
0.2933
0.2948
0.350
0.358
0.366
0.373
0.380
1.105
1.084
1.064
1.044
1.024
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.1118
0.1199
0.1281
0.1365
0.1449
0.1206
0.1259
0.1312
0.1364
0.1416
0.0406
0.0448
0.0492
0.0537
0.0585
2.96
2.87
2.79
2.71
2.63
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.5872
0.5964
0.6054
0.6143
0.6231
0.2962
0.2975
0.2987
0.2998
0.3008
0.388
0.395
0.402
0.409
0.416
1.004
0.985
0.965
0.947
0.928
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.1535
0.1623
0.1711
0.1800
0.1890
0.1466
0.1516
0.1566
0.1614
0.1662
0.0634
0.0686
0.0739
0.0793
0.0849
2.56
2.49
2.42
2.36
2.30
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.6319
0.6405
0.6489
0.6573
0.6655
0.3017
0.3024
0.3031
0.3036
0.3039
0.422
0.429
0.435
0.441
0.447
0.910
0.891
0.873
0.856
0.838
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.1982
0.2074
0.2167
0.2260
0.2355
0.1709
0.1756
0.1802
0.1847
0.1891
0.0907
0.0966
0.1027
0.1089
0.1153
2.25
2.20
2.14
2.09
2.05
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.6736
0.6815
0.6893
0.6969
0.7043
0.3042
0.3043
0.3043
0.3041
0.3038
0.453
0.458
0.463
0.468
0.473
0.821
0.804
0.787
0.770
0.753
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.2450
0.2546
0.2642
0.2739
0.2836
0.1935
0.1978
0.2020
0.2062
0.2102
0.1218
0.1284
0.1351
0.1420
0.1490
2.00
1.958
1.915
1.875
1.835
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.7115
0.7186
0.7254
0.7320
0.7384
0.3033
0.3026
0.3018
0.3007
0.2995
0.477
0.481
0.485
0.488
0.491
0.736
0.720
0.703
0.687
0.670
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.2934
0.3032
0.3130
0.3229
0.3328
0.2142
0.2182
0.2220
0.2258
0.2295
0.1561
0.1633
0.1705
0.1779
0.1854
1.797
1.760
1.724
1.689
1.655
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.7445
0.7504
0.7560
0.7612
0.7662
0.2980
0.2963
0.2944
0.2921
0.2895
0.494
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.498
0.654
0.637
0.621
0.604
0.588
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.3428
0.3527
0.3627
0.3727
0.3827
0.2331
0.2366
0.2401
0.2435
0.2468
0.1929
0.201
0.208
0.216
0.224
1.622
1.590
1.559
1.530
1.500
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.7707
0.7749
0.7785
0.7817
0.7841
0.2865
0.2829
0.2787
0.2735
0.2666
0.498
0.496
0.494
0.489
0.483
0.571
0.553
0.535
0.517
0.496
0.50
0.3927
0.2500
0.232
1.471
1 .oo
0.7854
0.2500
0.463
0.463
I2
CONVEYANCE
STRUCTURES
131
G. BIBLIOGRAPHY
2-38. Bibliography.
[ 1 ] Armco Handbook of Drainage and Construction Product,
C.M.P.
[2] Cretex Pipe Products Publication-The
Cretex Companies
Inc., Elk River, Minnesota.
[3] ASTM Designation C 443.
(41 Standard Specifications for Reinforced Concrete Pressure
Pipe, February I, 1969, United States Department
of
the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.
[S] Standard Specifications
for AsbestosCement
Pressure
Pipe, United States Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Reclamation.
[6] King, H. W. and Brater, E. F., Handbook of Hydraulics,
Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1963.
[7] Hydraulic and Excavation Tables, Bureau of Reclamation,
Eleventh Edition, 1957, Reprint, 1974.
[8] Pete&a, A. J., Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins and
Energy Dissipators, Engineering Monograph No. 25,
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, 1964.
[P]
[lo]
(111
[12]
[13]
[14]
Chapter
A.
III
GENERAL
3-1 .Regulating
Structures. -A
regula ting
structure in an open irrigation system is used to
regulate the flow passing through the structure,
to control the elevation of the upstream canal
water surface, or to do both. Structures which
perform these functions include: ( I) checks,
(2) check-drops, (3) turnouts, ( 4) division
structures, (5) check inlets, and (6) control
inlets.
Regulation is achieved with weirs, control
inlets, stoplogs, and slide gates. Control inlets
(fig. 3-1) are designed to regulate the canal
water surface within particular limits. Stoplogs
and slide gates are adjusted as required. Where
measurement at the structure is required, weirs
may
be
used.
adjustable.
to
the
frames
structure.
Weirs
Slide
check
that
Weirs
may
and
weirs
or
they
may
walls
are
mayor
gates
inserted
are
discussed
in
not
may
be moun
grooves
later
be
be bolted
in
ted
in
in
the
chapter
V.
Q=CA~
134
SMALL CANAL
STRUCTURES
in
brackets
refer
to
items
in
the
bibliography,
sec. 3-29.
B. CHECKS
2
D.
L.
WINSETT
2Civil
Engineer,
Reclamation.
Hydraulic
Structures
Branch,
Bureau
of
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
135
136
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
1207.18
+
1.75
1208.93
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
TYPICAL
SLIDE
ASSEMBLY
STOPLOG
PLAN
OR GATE
FRAME
iTWO REQlRED,
OF
PRECAST
NOTES
SECTION
A-A
GUIDE
CONCRETE
DETAILS
DECK
GATE
138
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
t
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
ia
TYPICAL
SLIDE
ASSEMBLY
D-D
GATE
PLAN
PLAN
SECTION
i-i
c-c
SiMILAR
A-A
,- Prccos+ Concrete
ec*
STOPLOG
OF
OR
GATE
PRECAST
CONCRETE
FRAME
GUIDE
IONE REWIRED)
FOR
DECK
PIER
;~~~~~~~.~~~~
;
STOPLOG
OR GATE
FRAME
GUIDE
t TWO REOUIRED,
FOR
CHECK
WALL
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
downstream
equals:
Determine elevation C:
The head loss through the structure must be
determined in accordance with subsection
3-5(c) of this chapter. For this example,
assume a minimum head loss of 0.1 foot. The
grade elevation
1208.93
2.67
r.,-,,--2o~
bottom
1208.93
0.10
1208.83
Elevation C ( downstream
bottom grade )
75
207.08
c. CHECK-DROPS
D. Lo WINSETT
cit.,
po 134
140
SMALL CANAL
Figure
for
STRUCTURES
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
141
STOPLOG
OR GATE
FRAME
GUIDE
,TWO 1EOIRED)
+*c-
PLAN
,lrtr*nm
hA?,i
SECTION
x---
OF
x-
PRECAST
A-A
-r
DETAILS
--x--Id
CONCRETE
DECK
142
SMALL
CANAL
+-~
SECTION
22H
STRUCTURES
_ /--t,odra~~
notshown
7
TYPICAL
SLIDE
ASSEMBLY
D-D
GATE
-f-yJ---I
SECTION
Figure 3.13.
A-A
Standard checkdrop
~~~~ 1 f
,,
PreCOIf concrete
OPCi
OF
PRECAST
STOPLOG
OR
GATE
STOPLOG
OR GATE
CONCRETE
FRAME
DECK
GUIDE
FRAME
GUIDE
,TWO REOUIRED,
FOR
FOR
PIER
CHECK
WALL
REGULATING
143
STRUCTURES
1207.18
- 1205.92
Change in grade
1.26 feet
1207.18
+2.75
1209.93
1209.93
3.25
1206.68
-
Drop in floor
Elevation B
1.50
1205.18
the downstream
water surface
1205.92
+
2.75
1208.67
SMALL
144
SE
CTION
CANAL
STRUCTURES
A-A
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
145
SECTION
B-6
STOPLOG
SECTION
c-c
SEC.
D-D
TYPICAL
OR
GATE
FRAME
GUIDE
t 7wo REQUIREDi
FOR
n,
SLIDE
ASSEMBLY
GATE
Figure 3-14. Standard dimensions for a 3-foot check-drop structure. (Sheet 2 of 2.) 103-D-1212
CHECK
WALL
146
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
D. TURNOUTS
D.
L.
WINSETT
cit..
p. 134.
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
147
I
4
SECTION
SECTION
A-A
1
I
B-B
103-D-1213
SMALL
148
CANAL
STRUCTURES
1217.58
0.59
1216.99
3.00
Elevation D
~ 4 inches (fig. 3- 15)
1213.99
0.33
1213.66
Determine elevation A:
The elevation at the cutoff (El. A) should
be set to prevent this point from controlling
the flow through the structure.
The width of the structure at the cutoff is
equal to the pipe diameter plus 12 inches or
in this example, 4 feet.
Assume that the cutoff
acts as a
suppressed rectangular weir. The head (h)
required on a 4foot weir for a discharge of
25 cfs is obtained from weir tables, or h =
1.6 feet.
Control water surface
elevation
-- h
Maximum elevation A
1217.58
1.60
1215.98
REGULATING
149
STRUCTURES
1217.17
0.25
1216.92
3.00
1213.92
Figure 3.16.
inlets.
Figure
3-18.
Lateral
turnout
gates.
PX-D-72619
150
SMALL
Figure
3-19.
Turnout
structure
in earth
channel.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
P214-D-73783
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
151
Q
c../2gh
where'
c
h
= orifice coefficient
= differential
head
= 0.7, and
= 0.2 ft.
152
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Figure
3-25.
Constant-head
PX-D-72618
orifice
D
turnout
inlet.
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
153
I
154
SMALL
20
second; therefore,
satisfactory.
CANAL
a 30-inch-diameter
pipe is
STRUCTURES
= 0.26 ft.
4.9
7.9
Area =
Cd23
Assume C = 0.7, h = 0.2 ft.
A = 8 square feet
Consider an orifice gate 42 inches wide by
36 inches high. The area equals 3.5 x 3.0 =
10.5 square feet.
Determine the gate opening to provide an
area of 8 square feet:
8
REGULATING
155
STRUCTURES
Table 3-l.-Discharge
II
-11
2 gates
0.25
.I0
1.25
1.50
1.15
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.15
3.00
.12
.14
.16
.18
.20
.22
.24
I
I
.20
.24
.28
.32
.36
.40
.44
.48
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
.26
.28
.30
.32
.52
.56
.60
.64
4.25
4.50
4.15
5.00
.34
.36
.38
.40
358
5.25
5.50
5.15
6.00
.42
-44
146
.
2 gates
.72
,755
.I9
.83
-81
._
.91
0.8 1
.83
.85
.87
10.25
10.50
I0.G
11.00
II
II
II
11.25
11.50
11.75
12.00
12.25
12.50
12.75
13.00
13.25
13.50
13.75
14.00
II
II
.89
.91
.93
.95
.91
.99
1.01
1.03
1.05
1.07
1.085
1.10
14
_ ..--2s
1.12
14.LJ
14.75
15.00
1.14
1.16
1.18
15.25
15 sn
15.75
__.-l
1.24
1.22
1.20
.48
.95
16.00
1.26
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
.50
.52
.54
.56
.99
1.03
1.065
16.25
16.50
16.75
1.10
17.00
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.34
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
.58
.60
A2
.64
1.14
1.18
11.25
i7.50
_.-122
1.26
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
.66
.68
.70
.72
1.30
1.34
1.375
1.41
9.25
9.50
9.75
.I4
.76
,175
.79
1.45
1.49
1.525
1.56
10.00
1 gate
II
0.04
.08
.12
.16
0.02
.04
.06
.08
.50
.I5
1.00
Discharge !>
cfs
1 gate
I
I--
cfs,
II
II
II
II
_.,._
1775
18.00
1.355
1.37
1.39
1.41
18.25
18.50
18.75
19.00
1.43
192s
19.50
19.75
20.00
1.51
1.53
1.545
1.56
1.45
1.47
1.49
156
SMALL
Table 3-2.-Discharge
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Discharge,
cfs
Discharge,
cfs
2 gates
1 gate
0.25
.50
.I5
1.00
0.025
.05
,075
.lO
0.05
.lO
.15
.20
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
.125
.15
,175
.20
.25
.30
.35
.40
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
2.25
2.50
2.15
3.00
.225
.25
,275
.30
.45
2
.60
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
3.25
3.50
3.15
4.00
,325
.35
.375
.40
.65
.70
,145
.79
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
,425
.45
,475
.50
.84
.a9
.94
.99
9.25
9.50
9.75
10.0
1217.58
2.30
1215.28
2.30
12 12.98
3.00
1215.98
1213.31
2.50
1215.81
1217.58
0.20
REGULATING
157
STRUCTURES
Orif
max.
Turnout gate
not shown-
Xr;must
1.57 ft.
orifice.
103-D-1216
1217.58
1.20
Maximum elevation A
1216.38
Determine elevation A:
The elevation at the cutoff (El. A) should
SMALL
158
CANAL
STRUCTURES
to
field. If additional
width
at the cutoff
is
required, the sidewalls may be flared 8 to I.
The losses through the structure will consist
of:
which
this
1217.58
0.70
1216.88
1216.88
0.50
1216.38
2.50
1213.88
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
159
160
SMALL
-1
L
CANAL
STRUCTURES
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
161
162
SMALL
E.
DIVISION
D.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
STRUCTURES
L.
WINSETT
REGULATING
163
STRUCTURES
Figure
3-34.
Division
turnout.
structure
used as outlet
p 328-701-7166
to
SMALL
164
SECTION
CANAL
STRUCTURES
A-A
,I 1
PLAN
TYPICAL
CONNECTION
TO CONCRETE
LINING
.G
-Y
SECTION
S-E
Figure 3-S.
OPENING
WEIR
Division structure.
103-D-1219
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
165
CONCRETE
PLANK
166
SMALL
F.
CHECK
AND
R.
B.
pipe
PIPE
YOUNG
CANAL
STRUCTURES
INLETS
3
Hydraulic
Structures
Branch,
Bureau
of
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
167
. ..&
---,
--
PRECAST
CONCRETE
WALK
PLANK
168
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
(a > Assume
the
informa fion is given :
fi~llowing
169
design
=
=
=
=
5 ft. 9 in.
18 in.
6 ft. 6 in.
6 ft.
(5)
Pipe
velocity
head.-For
54-inch-diameter pipe and Q = 50 cfs.
A, = 0.785 x diaZ = 15.90 ft.z
50
Q
v, = q zm=
3.14 f.p.s.
3.142
== 0.15 foot
64.4
P
where g = gravitational acceleration
h,
=$
In lieu of performing
the above
calculation, the hydraulic properties may
also be determined by using table 8- 1.
(6) Determine elevation D:
El. D =(NWS El. at Sta. A)- R
= 5409.00 - 5.75
= 5403.25
(7) Drop
transition.Drop =
=
=
=
Slope =
and
slope
in
earth
El. A - (El. D + Y)
5407.00 - (5403.25 + 1.50)
5407.00 - 5404.75
2.25 ft.
10 to 2.25 = 4.6 to 1 (as
this is flatter than 4 to 1
it is satisfactory).
&)
23= (&)
23
Q=CWH,
170
SMALL
of discharge C
CANAL
STRUCTURES
where
H = (El. canal bank - 0.5 ft. of
freeboard) -- El. top of sidewalls
= (5410.60 - 0.50) - 5409.00
= 1.1 feet
H32 = 1.15 feet
and
H, = (El. canal bank - 0.5 ft. of
freeboard) - El. top of closed gate
= (5410.60 - 0.50) ~ 5410.04
= 0.06 foot
then
H, 32 = 0.01 foot
and
El. top of closed gate
= 5403.25
YOUNG3
cit., p. 166.
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
171
on each side of the pipe, serves as a cutoff to
reduce seepage from the channel.
(f) Width of l/z/et BOY. .-The minimum
width should be the larger of either 6 inches
plus notch width or 6 inches plus inside pipe
diameter.
(g) Inlet Invert Elevation.-This elevation is
the same as the pipe opening invert elevation
and should be low enough so the water surface
at the pipe opening required to convey the
flow into the pipe will not cause the upstream
channel water surface elevation to exceed
normal. The R values, for commonly used full
pipe velocities of 3.5, 5, 10, and 12 feet per
second, in the table of dimensions on figure
3-39, were established to prevent the pipe
entrance from controlling the channel water
surface. A minimum loss of 0.5 pipe velocity
head is provided. The dimension R is slightly
more than the pipe diameter plus 1.5 pipe
velocity head.
(h) Yipe Diameter.-The
pipe is sized by
procedures discussed in paragraphs of road
crossings, inverted siphons, drops, and chutes.
Generally, the criterion for determining a pipe
size for a structure having a control and pipe
inlet is to provide a large enough diameter pipe
so that the pipe velocity will not exceed the
following :
(1) 5 feet per second if a concrete outlet
transition is provided on a road crossing or a
similar structure such as a short inverted
siphon,
(2) 3.5 feet per second for a pipe drop
having only an earth transition at the outlet,
(3) 5 feet per second for a pipe drop having
a concrete outlet transition,
(4) 10 feet per second for a relatively long
inverted siphon having a concrete outlet
transition, or
(5) 12 feet per second for a pipe drop or a
pipe chute having a baffled outlet or a stilling
pool.
After the maximum allowable pipe velocity
has been determined, the pipe diameter may be
selected by using the tables on figures 2-2, 2-4,
or 2-3 1.
3-27. Structure
Numbering. -The
pipe
diameter and maximum allowable full-pipe
velocity are used to number the control and
pipe inlet structures. Structure number 12-l
represents a structure with a 12-inch-diameter
pipe and a maximum allowable full-pipe
172
SMALL
CANAL
L
3-45inamfe~5
SECTION
STRUCTURES
*4(a12
C-C
NOTES
,SOMETR,C
PROJECTION
REGULATING
173
STRUCTURES
50 cfs
5.0 ft.
2.83 ft.
0.0005
l-1/2: 1
0.025
1.91 f.p.s.
0.06 ft.
2.89 ft.
(b) Determine:
( 1) Pipe size (see table on figure 2-3 1).
For a Q of 50 cfs and a maximum
allowable velocity of 3.5 feet per second
the
table
permits
the use of a
54-inch-diameter pipe.
(2) Structure
number.-A
structure
with a 54-inch-diameter
pipe and a
maximum allowable pipe velocity of 3.5
feet per second is numbered 54-l.
(3) Determine control and pipe inlet
standard dimensions R and L by entering
the structure table for structure number
54-l. Read R = 5 ft. 9 in. and L = 5 ft. 6
in.
(4) Determine A,,
54-inch-diameter
V,
hv P =2g--%J - 3.L42
64.4 - 0 15 ft
where g = gravitational acceleration.
In lieu of performing
the above
calculations, the hydraulic properties may
also be determined by using table 8- 1.
(5) Determine
the canal hydraulic
properties for a flow of 0.2 the normal Q,
so that E (energy) may be calculated for
use on the control notch graphs (fig.
3-40). The area, wetted perimeter, and
hydraulic radius equations and associated
sketch are as follows:
CANAL
SECTION
174
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
wp = wetted perimeter
= b + 2dd2 + (1.5d)
=b+2x/m
= b + 2( 1.803d)
= b + 3.606d
and
AR 2/3
-- o.2 Qn
= 1.486s *
10 x 0.025
= 7.53
= 1.486 x .02235
A = area
= db+ d(1.5d)
= db+ 1.5d2
also
R = hydraulic radius = $
Then to calculate hydraulic properties
for flow of 0.2Q
V= y=&=
h, -y
2g
1.23 f.p.s.
and
E (energy) depth of water + velocity head
= d+h, = 1.20 + 0.02 = 1.22 ft.
s * = 0.00051 2 = 0.02235
Assume
d,
ft.
d2,
sq.
ft.
l.Sd*,
w.
ft.
b,
ft.
db,
sq.
ft.
1.1
1.2
1.21
1.44
1.82
2.16
5.0
5.0
5.5
6.0
A=
db+lSd,
sq.ft.
1.32
8.16
K, =
S
b8 13
3.97
4.33
wp=
b+3.606d,
ft.
8.97
9.33
R=
A/WP
R2/3
0.816
0.875
0.87
0.92
(6)
Determine
control
dimensions using sketch below:
AR2j3
6.36
7.51
notch
10 x 0.025
o2 Qn
l/2
3.606d,
ft
= 0.02235
x 73.1
= 0.153
Enter table with K1 = 0.153 and side
slopes of 1.5 to 1 and read a: ratio of
0.24 =
depth of water
canal base width
CONTROL
NOTCH
N = P + 2 (ST)
P = bottom width of control notch
Horizontal
S = side slopes = Vertical
T = Height of notch > d
d = Normal water depth in canal
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
175
Full Q = 50 cfs
0.2 Q = 10 cfs
b, ft.
d, ft.
5.0
5.0
2.83
1.20
0.0005
0.0005
Determine El. D
= El. top of sidewalls
- R (from structure table)
= 5408.83
- 5.75 = 5403.08
176
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
REGULATING
STRUCTURES
177
178
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
H. BIBLIOGRAPHY
3-29. Bibliography.
[ 11 Operation and Maintenance, Equipment and Procedures,
Release No. 20, April, May, and June 1957, Bureau of
Reclamation.
[2]
[3]
((Chapter
Protective
IV
Structures
R. B. HAYES
A. GENERAL
4-1. Purpose. -Protective structures protect
the canal system and adjacent property from
damage which would result from uncontrolled
storm runoff
or drainage water, or an
uncontrolled excess of flow within the canal.
Storm
and drainage water must be
controlled to prevent erosion of the uphill
canal bank, and accompanying silting of the
canal prism. Storm or drainage water must have
either: (1) controlled entrance into the canal
inlet;
(2) controlled
through
a drain
conveyance over the canal in an overchute; (3)
controlled conveyance under the canal through
a culvert; or (4) the canal must be routed under
the cross-drainage channel in a siphon.
Civil
Engineer,
Reclamation.
Hydraulic
Structures
Branch,
Bureau
of
B. WASTEWAYS
4-2. Description. -Basically, a wasteway is
comprised of an overflow or gate structure, in
combination with a drop or chute structure
and a wasteway channel. The overflow and gate
structures are frequently combined as shown
on figure 4-1, to provide for the various
conditions of canal operation.
(a) Wastewa,~
Inlets. -An
overflow
structure, such as a side channel spillway or a
siphon spillway, provides automatic release of
excess canal water. A wasteway turnout gate
provides the capability of emptying the canal.
SMALL
180
CANAL
STRUCTURES
required.
Baffled
outlets
are effective energy
dissipators for pipe discharges, but should not
be used where a heavy weed load exists.
Baffled apron drops are best suited for use
with open-flow discharges, but have been used
downstream from closed conduits by providing
a long transition to the baffled apron drop. The
presence of a heavy weed load requires cleaning
of the baffle blocks to insure optimum
<;>peration.Where floating debris such as brush
is probable, baffled apron drops should not be
used. Baffled apron drops do not require a
downstream water surface for satisfactory
operation. They can operate with a wide
variation
of downstream water surface
elevations, and are therefore often used as
terminal structures discharging into reservoirs.
Stilling pools are ideally suited for use below
rectangular inclined drops or chutes, but have
been used downstream from closed conduit by
providing a long transition to the pool. They
are not adversely affected by normal weed
loads, but do require a controlled downstream
water surface to insure a hydraulic jump.
Where the natural channel does not provide a
downstream control, a concrete sill, stoplog sill,
or a control notch can be incorporated in the
stilling pool, as described in subchapter II F .
Downstream control can also be provided by
sloping the transition invert, as shown in figure
4-32.
(c) Wasteway
Channel
and Channel
Structures. -A natural channel is utilized where
practicable (see sec. 4-3), to transport the
wasteway discharge to a disposal point, such as
a river or reservoir .However,
it is usually
necessary to construct a channel to connect the
wasteway structure to the natural drainage
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
181
SMALL
182
simultaneous flows of the wasteway turnout
gate and overflow feature (see fig. 4-4).
(d) Natural
Drainage
Channels.-The
capacity of the wasteway turnout or spillway
features should not exceed the safe capacity of
the natural channel into which it discharges.
TlIUS, the capacity of the natural channel may
control the design capacity of the wasteway,
unless the channel is improved.
4-5.
Limitations.
--Operation
of
the
wasteway turnout gate should be such that the
canal water surface drawdown
rate is within
the limits imposed by the structural stability of
the canal bank,
lining,
and appurtenant
structures.
Generally,
to
avoid
excessive
hydrostatic pressures in the bank or behind the
lining, the canal water surface should not be
lowered more than 6 inches in 1 hour, and not
more than 1 foot in 24 hours.
STRUCTURES
CANAL
3.33
Lc
H3/2
sec
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
183
SECTION
PLAN
OF
WASTEWAY
SECTION
SECTION
Figwe
C-C
A-A
E-8
103-D-1294
184
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
vP
PROTECTIVE
185
STRUCTURES
limitation
on drawdown
Figure 45.
Q=
A=
v =
ss=
100 cfs
37.5 sq. ft.
2.67 f.p.s.
l-1/2:1
b=
d, =
fb =
h, =
R=
n=
s=
h, =
8.0 ft.
3.0 ft.
2.0 ft.
5.0 ft.
2.0
0.025
0.0008
3.5 ft.
L,=
Q
3.33H3
Use L, = 9 feet
=--
20
3.33 x 0.832
= 8.4
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
CANAL
AND
100
Gate area, A = 10 = 10 sq. ft. Try a 42- by
SPILLWAY
36-in.
gate with
Required head,
(100)
h=-!?!?
=
= 3.92 ft.
2gA2 C2 64.4( 10.5)2 (0.6)2
6.
SIDE
CHANNEL
AND
POOL
100
Cm
0.6x8.02 m
= 12.0 sq. ft. required
A=Q=
C.
WASTEWAY
TURNOUT
AND
OUTLET
sections. 103-D-1296
Bottom width.
Upstream end: Use bI = 2 ft. min.
Downstream end: Use b, = 3 ft., since
Q < 50 cfs.
gate centerline
Wall height.
q, =r--Q - 2o = 6 .67 cfs
3
2
d, = 0.314c~~~
= 1.1 ft. (see table 17, [4] )
h2 = 1.5 d, + 1.0 = 1.5 x 1.1 + 1.0
= 2.65 ft.
Use 2 ft. 8 in.
h, = 11, - 0.05 L, = 2.67 - 0.05 x 9
= 2.22 ft.
Use 2 ft. 2 in.
gate. (A =
catalog to
dimensions
find e = 7
= Less than
= Greater
than
PROTECTIVE
187
STRUCTURES
$=
f
~~~~~~
I
a
em
-----L
p--p--J
transition
from figure
7-4:
4-6):
hydraulics.
103-D-1297
120 cfs
36.65 sq. ft.
3.28 f.p.s.
0.17 ft.
b=
d, =
f,, =
h, =
8 ft.
2.95 ft.
2.05 ft.
5.00 ft.
R=
n=
s=
ss =
1.96
0.025
0.00125
l-l/2: 1
= 0.825, from
188
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Es3= ES$+ho
Assume the outlet loss, 11, = 0.8nh,, where
Ah, is the difference in velocity heads in the
pipe and in the channel. Thus, the outlet
channel controls if
ES3 = 3.12 + 0.8 (1.82 - 0.17)
= 3.12 + 1.32 = 4.44 ft.
Since this is less than the minimum energy
of 5.12 feet required to sustain a flow of
120 cfs in the pipe, the channel does not
control the pipe flow. As the excess energy
of 0.68 foot is small, an energy dissipator is
not considered necessary; especially since
the maximum discharge of 120 cfs occurs
very infrequently.
(5) It should be noted that a depth of
flow in the pipe, either greater than or less
than d,, would require more energy,
resulting in an even greater imbalance of
energy. Therefore, critical flow exists at the
pipe outlet.
(6) Determine specific energy, ES*, in the
upstream end of the pipe, using the
Bernoulli theorem relationship:
d2 + 11,~ = 5.12 + L,
0.0060 + 0.0069
3.73 + 1.51 = 5.12 + 21
-0.001
x21
Therefore,
d, = 3.73 ft., hv2 = 1.51 ft., and ES2
= 5.24 feet.
(7) Determine specific energy, ES1, in
pool. Assume a zero velocity in the pool,
with respect to the direction of flow in the
pipe. Assume pipe entrance loss, h, = 0.5
ah,.
Then h, = 0.5 (1.5 1 ~ 0) = 0.76 ft.
E Sl = ES2 + h, = 5.24 + 0.76 = 6.0 ft.
As 11,1 = 0, the pool water depth,
d, = 6.0 ft.
ES2 + s, L, = ES3 + h,
where
Required submergence, Sm = d, - D
hf = friction loss = L,
( )
s2
-___-
s3
Qn
D8/3Sl/2
= 6.0 - 4.0
= 2.0 ft.
(8 ) Conclusion.-The
submergence of
2.13 feet provided in part (6) of the solution
is ample to sustain a discharge of 120 cfs.
(9) If the required submergence had been
greater than the 2.13 feet provided, the
outlet design would have to be modified by
lowering the pipe, or increasing the pipe
diameter,
and possibly
improving
downstream channel hydraulics.
>
PROTECTIVE
2.
Gated
STRUCTURES
Wasteway
Turnouts
189
190
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
foot
d2 +hV2
d2
= dl
+ 0 +0.
-0.5
=dl
+0.1
.5 hV2
d2 = dl
+ 0.
-2.34
d2 = dl -2.24
with
hV2
ft.
Q = CA ..f2gh
render the gate inoperable.
4-10. Hydraulics.-(a)
Inlet.-The
wasteway
turnout
structure
usually includes an inlet
transition which converges the flow to the gate
bay. The invert at the gate is usually slightly
lower
than the canal invert
to facilitate
complete drainage of the canal.
The entrance loss is a function
of the
differential
velocity heads, /:"hy, and is usually
assumed to be O.S/:"hy (see chapter VII). The
differential velocity head at an in line transition
is equal to hy 2 -hy 1 .However,
a transition
oriented in a position
normal to the canal
alinement, as shown in figure 4-11, will have a
differential
velocity head equal to hy2 ' as the
canal velocity is equal to zero in the direction
of the turnout
flow.
Thus,
assuming a
transi tion loss of 0. S hy 2 ' the specific energy
available in the gate bay,
Es
d2
+hV2
= Es
= dl
+ ~El.
+hVl
-0.5
+f:.EI
hy
0.5 hV2
where
PROTECTIVE
191
STRUCTURES
is
Q = CA&@
Where free flow exists downstream from the
gate, as shown in figure 4-12, the head, 11, is
measured from the upstream water surface
elevation to the centerline of the gate opening.
If the downstream water depth submerges the
bottom of the gate, as shown in figure 4-lOA,
the head is a measure of the difference in water
surface elevations, upstream and downstream
from the gate. The coefficient of discharge, C,
for the radial gate [3] is equal to about 0.72.
The radial gate, when operated for
maximum discharge, is fully open. with the
bottom of the gate above the upstream water
surface, as shown in figure 4-IOB. Under this
condition, the discharge is determined from the
weir equation [ 21 ,
Q = CLH3 2
where H is the upstream water depth. A
discharge coefficient [ 21 , C, of 3.09, is often
A.
Submerged
orifice
flow
0: CAV%$
B.
Submerged
flow
over
broad
crested
weir
O=CL(nH13"
Figure
length
and profile
of the
I
SMALL
192
Lifts
and
Lifts. -Lifts,
Hoists.-(a)
Manually
consisting of a hand
crank or wheel and gears are required to open
and close the gates. The gear ratio should be
consistent with the gate weight and the
frictional force imparted by the hydrostatic
load on the slide gate, or by the rubber seals of
the radial gate. An unnecessarily high gear ratio
should be avoided, as it would retard the rate
of opening, which may be critical.
(b) Power-operated
Lifts or Hoists. -Slide
gates and radial gates may be controlled
automatically, remotely, or by a local on-off
switch, where electrical power is available or
where a motor-generator is used. The water
level is monitored by floats or probes, which
actuate the hoist controls. One such device for
providing automatic control of the water
surface level is the Little Man [ 61 , designed
and used by the Bureau of Reclamation.
(c) Hydraulically
Controlled. --Automatic
radial gates have been used without an external
power source, by utilizing the increased
hydrostatic head which accompanies increased
depth. To provide upstream water level
control, the gate leaf includes a horizontal
projection, upon which the uplift pressure
imparts a force to open the gate. With an
adjustable counterweight to provide sensitivity,
any rise in the upstream water level causes an
equivalent rise in gate position.
This type of automatic
gate, if the
installation provides enough clearance to move
freely, has a tendency to leak, and should be
used only where some leakage is acceptable. It
is also susceptible to erratic behavior if weeds
or trash lodge under the gate, preventing
complete closure.
4-l 2.
CANAL
Miscellaneous
STRUCTURES
Considerations.-
(a) Protection.-Erosion
protection for the
canal at the inlet, and for the outlet channel
should be in accordance with the requirements
of figure 7-8.
(b) Percolation. -Excessive percolation of
water from the canal to the outlet channel
should be avoided. See section 4-27 and
subchapter VIII C for design considerations for
alleviation of percolation.
(c)
Operation.
-For
limitations
on
drawdown rate, see section 4-5.
4-l 3. Design Example. --Utilizing
a radial
gate, design a wasteway for the canal features
shown in figure 4-l 1. (A design example using
a slide gate is included in section 4-8.)
C Wastesay
E Wastewoy
Channel
Turnout
Goted
Check
Inlet
(a) Assumptions. ~
(1) Assume an earth-lined canal with the
following properties:
Q= 1OOcfs
b = 8.0 ft.
d, = 4.3 ft.
V = 1.61 f.p.s.
n = 0.025
h, = 6.3 ft.
fb = 2.0 ft.
ss = l-1/2: 1
s = 0.0002
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
193
Wall heigh t, 11,:
11, = !I! +e
ss
9 50
=--+0.5
1.5
= 6.33 + 0.5 = 6.83 feet
Use
h2 = 6 ft. 10 in.
E?
L, = 9 ft. 6 in.
PLAN
PROFILE
Figure 4.12.
the
required
gate bay
SMALL
194
*++=
velocity of 10
STRUCTURES
0 sq . ft. minimum
A
~ 10 = 3.76 feet minimum
B = ci, = 2.66
CANAL
y=f$
The following
made:
tabulation
in feet can be
-X
Y
-
0
1
2
3
4
4.5
0
0.06
0.22
0.50
0.89
1.12
X2 = 4HY
d, =g
where
= 0.3 14 q2/3
H = d, = 4.5 feet
213
Then
and
X2
= 0.314
18Y
Y = X2/18
2x
18
(>
100
= o.314
x
9
23
d
2.68
=C == 1.34 feet
2
2
PROTECTIVE
195
STRUCTURES
=dc
+hvc
+ 0.5 f:johy-e
-0.5
4.19 feet
As the maximum canal water depth is
4.50 feet, the structure, as designed, has
sufficient capacity.
(9) Design the stilling pool and outlet
protection in conformance with the design
requirements discussed in chapters II and
VII.
( 10) Protection.- Inlet protection should
consist of 6 inches of coarse gravel, and
should extend to the canal centerline for a
canal length equal to twice the gate width,
or 8 feet minimum.
(II) Percolation.-Percolation
should be
checked
by the Lane weighted-creep
method, as discussed in subchapter VIII C.
3.
Siphon
Spillways
4 -14.
Ge neral. -(a)
Usage. -Siphon
spillways, as discussed in this text, are limited
to hydrostatic heads no greater than the
atmospheric pressure equivalent at the site. For
this reason, they are sometimes referred to as
"low-head siphon spillways."
As distinguished from the inverted siphon
(discussed in chapter II), which operates under
positive pressure, the siphon spillway, which
operates under negative pressure, is sometimes
called a true siphon. Once primed, the siphon
spillway has the capability of lifting the water
over the crest, and discharging it at a lower
elevation (see fig. 4-17).
Siphon spillways are very effective in rapidly
removing a large volume of water from a canal,
but may be more expensive to construct than
other wasteway turnouts, because of the
formwork required to construct the structure.
However, the narrow crest width required for
the siphon spillway favors its use where space is
inadequate for structures utilizing free-t1ow
crests.
The automatic operation of the siphon
196
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
197
SMALL
198
CANAL
(a) Assumption,\,:
(1) Canal properties
Qn
100
dn
3.7
b =
cfs
hB
feet
STRUCTURES
are as follows:
8 feet
= 5.7
fb = 2.0 feet
feet
ss=
1-1/2:1
in
(4) A
wasteway
channel,
having
dimensions approximately
equal to those of
the canal, is required
to connect
the
wasteway structure to the natural channel.
(5) The natural channel has sufficient
capacity to safely discharge the wasteway
design flow without damage to the wasteway
or adjacent property.
(6) The wasteway structure is located at
an elevation
of
6,000
feet,
with
an
atmospheric
pressure, h, equal to 11.8
pounds per square inch, or 27.3 feet of
water.
(b) Solution
(1)
Q = 120 cfs
H = 6 ft.
h=27ft.
(2) Use:
c= 0.6
R~
D =2.0
(3) Try:
D = 2 ft .
Natural Cha"/
Wasteway chan",1
/
~
IQ"OO
onol
heodgote
cfsi
Cono~
... S,phon
~
SpliIwoy::--c-
~~~~I
plant
( 4) Crest dimensions :
R~ = 20 = 2 x 2 = 4 ft
~IQ,,2.0CfSJ
~~
-(0==
Figure
4.16.
eOCh)~General
siphon
plan of typical
spillway.
IOJ-D-IJOl
canal with
0
Rc=R'i.-2=4-1
0
R s =Rr:+-=4+1
'L 2=
= 3 ft.
= 5 ft
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
199
200
SMALL
(5) Determine
equation:
STRUCTURES
Use
D, = 9 inches
q=CDm
= 0.6 x 2 q= 0.6 x 2 x 8.02 x/%
= 23.6 cfs per foot of width
(6) Determine
equation:
CANAL
qmax.=R, mLQgcR\
11, = 1.5D+d,
RC
= 3 do.7 x 27 x 64.4Log,
--
= 3016Log,
1.667
= 3 x 34.9 x 0.5 1 1
= 53.5 cfs per foot of width
(7) As q does not exceed qmax, the
design of the siphon for q = 23.6 cfs per foot
of width is valid. If q had been greater than
q max., the head, H, should be decreased; or,
had the dimensions D or R, been greater
than the minimum permitted, they could be
reduced to provide a discharge q < q max.
(8) Determine the throat width,b.
,,=_a120
- 23.6
= 5.08
9
ft.
Use b = 5 feet
Had the width, b, resulted in an
excessively wide span, a greater dimension,
D, should be used to reduce the span.
(9) Determine
siphon breaker
pipe
diameter, D, , to provide a pipe area, A,,
equal to or greater than one twenty-fourth
the throat area, A,.
+hVc + 1
24.0 cfs
d, = 2.62, and
h "C = Li
Then,
11, = 1.5 x 2 + 2.62 + 1.31 + 1
= 7.93 feet
Use
h2 = 8 ft. 0 in.
(12) Outlet Transition. -Assuming a well
defined outlet channel with a bottom width
of 8 feet and a water depth, d = 4 feet (for Q
= 120 cfs), use a broken-back transition with
a uniform invert width equal to the pool
width, W, = 5.0 feet.
The water surface width at the cutoff,
T, = 5.0 + 2 x 1.5 d
=5.0+3x4=
17.0feet
Thus.
At
A, =~4 = %
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
The transition
201
length,
Use
LT = 13 feet
v=Q=@
A
2Db
( 1 4)
Check
(minimum
of
entrance
foot)
for
submergence
NWS,
to
insure
submergence,
4.
Check
Inlet
Wasteway
Turnouts
where
y =
2D
sin
and <1>
is the angle of the canal side slope.
Assume the bottom of the orifice at the
canal invert.
Then,
Sm = dn -2
D sin 33041'
= 3.7 -4 x 0.5546
= 3.72.22 = 1.48 feet
> 1.34 feet minimum
Figure 4.18.
SMALL
202
CANAL
STRUCTURES
C. CROSS-DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
4-19. General. -The need for cross-drainage
structures results from the flow of drainage or
storm runoff water from the high side of the
canal to the low side. To protect the canal
from such flows, cross-drainage structures are
provided at locations best suited for handling
them.
While the alinement of a canal usually
follows the natural ground contours, in the
interest of economy it is often necessary to
take shortcuts across natural drainages or
through ridges. In crossing natural drainage
channels, the canal flows may go under the
channel in a siphon, or the channel flows may
go under the canal in a culvert. Where natural
channels are not available, or where economy
dictates, the cross-drainage flows may be
carried over the canal in an overchute, or small
flows may be taken into the canal through a
drain inlet.
Cross-drainage flows are sometimes collected
in open drain channels which parallel the canal
on the uphill side. These drain channels may
carry the water to a natural channel, where it is
conducted under the canal in a culvert, or to a
collection point where the water can be carried
over the canal in an overchute, or into the
canal through a drain inlet, or over a siphon
crossing.
(a) Siphon Crossings. -(See subchapter II
C.) Where a small canal crosses a large drainage
channel, it is usually more economical to carry
the canal water under the channel in an
inverted siphon than to carry the drainage
water under the canal through a culvert.
PROTECTIVE
203
STRUCTURES
1. Culverts
SMALL CANAL
204
resulting in free flow at the inlet, and inlet
control. The downstream slope, S2, is usually
set on the flat slope .of 0.005 to facilitate
dissipation
of excess energy by a hydraulic
jump in the pipe, without being flat enough to
permit sedimentation
in the pipe. To obtain a
downstream leg of sufficient length to insure a
hydraulic jump in the pipe, or to reduce the
velocity in the pipe, it may be necessary to
steepen the upstream slope, SI.
Two slopes, SI and S2, are also required
where the culvert inlet is relatively high with
respect to the canal invert elevation. The pipe
should cross under the canal prism with at least
2 feet of clearance below the invert of an earth
section canal, and at least 0.50 foot below the
lining of a concrete-lined canal.
To minimize the "daylighting"
length of the
outlet channel, the culvert outlet should be no
lower than necessary to extend beyond the
canal bank and provide adequate protection to
the canal.
4-23. Conduit. -Culverts
may be single or
multibarreled
as shown in figure 4-20, and may
consist of any of the following
types of
conduit:
(a) Precast reinforced
concrete pressure
pipe (PCP),
(b) Precast reinforced
concrete
STRUCTURES
culvert
pipe (RCCP),
(c) Asbestos-cement
pressure pipe (AC),
(d) Reinforced
plastic mortar
pressure
pipe (RPM), or
( e ) Rectangular concrete box section.
Subsequent references to pipe, pipe velocity,
etc., are not intended to exclude the concrete
box section. The type of conduit selected for a
particular site is dependent upon the project
life, the life expectancy of the pipe, the loading
conditions
to be imposed upon the pipe, the
relative cost of each type, and its availability at
the site. For a detailed discussion of the various
types of pipe, see subchapter VIII B. Generally,
the concrete box section, as shown in figure
4-21, is used for flows larger than those
considered applicable to this text.
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
205
(provided the control is upstream).
(d) Type 4.-Except for its sloping floor,
and the omission of the headwall cutoff, the
type 4 transition, as shown in figure 7-6, is
similar to the type 3. The sloping floor permits
a lower pipe invert at the inlet headwall with
the type 4 transition.
For a more detailed discussion of these
transitions, see subchapter VII A.
(e) Precast Concrete Transitions. -Precast
concrete transitions, as shown in figure 4-23
are usually quite satisfactory, and may be more
economical in some areas, particuarly if a large
number of transitions of the same size are
required.
(0 Earth Transitions. -The designer may
find that a particular culvert does not require a
concrete transition due to the character of the
earth or rock material in which it is
constructed. An earth transition is permitted if
the design flow can be carried with a maximum
full pipe velocity of 5 feet per second with no
encroachment on the freeboard requirement.
In such a case, a concrete headwall may be
used to shorten the length of pipe required, or
the pipe may be extended completely through
the canal bank.
Concrete transitions provide the following
benefits:
( I) A greater capacity is provided by
good transitioning.
(2) The required length of pipe may be
shortened by the length of the concrete
transitions.
SMALL CANAL
206
STRUCTURES
Figure
4.24.
Baffled
outlet
at end of a culvert.
P328.701-8219
construct
a channel with
its invert
considerably below the original ground
surface.
(2) Type 2 concrete transition. -The type
2 transition as shown in figure 4-19 is well
suited to use in a poorly defined channel.
For this reason, it is the best choice where
the outlet elevation is not appreciably lower
than the original ground surface.
(b) Outlet Energy Dissipators. -The need
for energy dissipation structures at culvert
outlets should be avoided if possible, by
dissipating excess energy in the pipe. In
addition to a higher construction cost for
energy dissipators, their maintenance cost is
also greater. The pipe velocity may be reduced
by diminishing the slope, S2 but to not less
than a slope of 0.005.
Excess energy at culvert outlets may be
dissipated by the following structures:
( I) Baffled outlets. -Baffled
outlets, as
shown in figure 4-24 perform well in
dissipating excess energy, provided clogging
by weeds or other debris can be avoided.
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
207
4-26.
Hydraulics.-(a)
Design
Capacity.-For determination of the required
design capacity, see comments in subsection
4-19(c).
(b) Pipe Velocity.- The culvert should be
designed for a maximum full pipe velocity of
10 feet per second if a concrete transition is
used at the outlet, and for a maximum full pipe
velocity of 12 feet per second if an energy
dissipator is used. In the rare cases that
concrete inlets and outlets are not considered
necessary, the pipe should be designed for a
maximum full pipe velocity of 5 feet per
second.
The actual full pipe velocity will usually be
less than the maximum design velocity, due to
the availability of pipe in 3-inch increments of
diameter, only. However, the pipe will not
necessarily flow full, and the actual velocity
may be considerably faster than the full pipe
velocity. If the exit velocity in the pipe exceeds
20 feet per second, an energy dissipator should
be provided.
(c) Pipe Diameter.-The
diameter of the
pipe is determined from the basic equation,
Q = A V when related to a pipe flowing full.
The minimum
SMALL
208
r--
I
A.
TYPICAL
PLAN
WITH
TYPE
OUTLEl
PROFILE
8.
TYPICAL
PLAN
WITH
BAFFLED
OUTLET
PROFILE
Figure 4.26.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
PROTECTIVE
209
STRUCTURES
upstream
(2) Outlet control. --lf
the
water surface is influenced by downstream
conditions, it is said to have outlet control.
Outlet control results from the following
conditions:
A downstream water surface that is
high enough with respect to the inlet, that
it influences the upstream water surface;
or pipe losses that cause pipe flow at a
depth greater than the critical depth.
(e) Detcrmimtiou
co I1tro 1.~
( 1) Lkarnirzutiolz
o.f
Idet
or
Outlet
13 sl
12
01
downstream
point),
hydraulic losses,
or
plus
intermediate
h=
___
2g C2 A2
11 =
0.0433
v2
I
210
SMALL
loss,
Kz = 0.33
K3 = 2.0
CANAL
STRUCTURES
or nearly horizontal
concrete surface, such
as that of the culvert
pipe (primarily along
the under side).
For flow through the soil.
2X=0.33
Y,
X+2(1
xY>
or
and
= 2Y
1.67 X = 2Y
X (min.) = 1.2Y
n
K,=I
I-
K2 = 0.33
X4
method.
103-D-l 304
To determine
the adequacy of the
customary three collars, in providing sufficient
use Lanes
path
to prevent
piping,
weighted-creep
method
as discussed in
subchapter VIII C. To assure the stability of
the culvert and adjacent earth material, a high
quality of construction must be achieved.
4-28. Protection. -Protection for the culvert
should meet the requirements of figure 7-8,
chapter VII. If the outlet velocity in the pipe
exceeds 15 feet per second, the outlet
protection should be based upon the next
higher discharge class.
4-29. Design Example.-Assume
that a
precast concrete pipe culvert is needed to
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
211
= 9 ft., as shown in
Ortglnal
ground surface
(Channel Invert)
profile.
103-D-1 305
212
SMALL
R2l3
sl/2
CANAL
STRUCTURES
-h,
PB
y=
0.625
L, =1.5h,+w,
R 23 = 0.731
Sl
1.486 x 0.731
H
--=u&z
()0]2()
1000
Then
&$
Then
D8
I3
s,
Qn
S 1,2 = 0.491 from table 21
=
0.49%/3
45 x 0.013
0.491 x 11.51
sc 12 =0.1034
s, = (o.lo34)2 = 0.0107
SCl/2
and
4.55
4
.
3 = 0.89 from table 22
and
Also
= F4&=
+BBH)+t,
-0.5
= 0.0120
+l.5(h,l
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
or
213
next greater discharge, resulting in type 3 in
lieu of type 2 protection.
(c) Verification
of lyd~aulics
hy the
Bernoulli Method (see fig. 4-29). (1) Energy
balance at outlet. -The
specific energy in the outlet channel is
determined as follows:
h = 0.0433 V2
h = 0.0433 (9.17)* = 3.64 ft.
where D = &
=&
fb
-dl
=41.9
= 2.1 ft., which exceeds
- 1. 02 ft.
= 2.56 ft.
ft, 1 =h,l
= 1.o+2x32,2(l)
Then
d, = 0.89 (2.5) = 2.22 ft.
From table 2 1 [ 41,
AC
-g = 0.7384
and
A, = 0.7384 (2.5)* = 4.62 sq. ft.
giving
45
Q = 4.62
v, = A,
= 9.74 f.p.s.
and
V2
hvc =2g = 1.48 ft.
Finally,
ESc= d, + h,
214
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
45
2=
= 19.3 f.p.s.
A2
2.33
h 2 = 5.8 ft.
As
EsC >
ESq,
13
103-D-l 306
Es represents
c
minimum energy, a balance of energy is
unobtainable at the outlet. Therefore, the
tailwater cannot provide outlet control.
(2) Specific energy at point I (just inside
the pipe at the inlet).-As s, is steeper than
Sc, and the tailwater
does not control,
supercritical flow will occur from point 1 to
point 2, and critical flow (flow at minimum
energy) will occur at point 1. From step 1
above, the specific energy for critical flow,
and
sf2
>
, ,*
Sf,
= 0.216
1 12
Qn/D
_
-
0.216
( >1,2 _ 45(0.013)/11.51
0.216
Sf,
_ 0.216
-0.0508
= 0.235
= (o.235>2
sf2
= 0.0554
SC
hfl = +
Sf
L,
Es2
= E,
+yl
hfl
Try
dz = 1.2Oft.;;
= 0.48
=Esc
A2
D*
Es2
~2
hf2
where
Yz
= 0.3727
-hfl
Es3
+yl
s2
L2
PROTECTIVE
Try
STRUCTURES
215
d3 = 1.40ft.;d3/D=O.56.
1.40
feet
E
A3
V3 = !};
=E
$2
+ Y2 -h
= 2.83
= ~
5.3 *
sq. ft.
OnSi
!3
for design
ft.
= 1.4+3.9=
!2
1.8
Therefore,
= 15.9 f.p.s.;
hV3 = 3.94
ES3 =d3
f2
= 0.4526:
D2
A3 = 0.4526
$3
5.3 ft.
0.279
Qn/D8/3
= 45 x 0.013/11.51
.=
0.182
2.
Overchutes
0.279
8[3 = (0.182f
Friction
= 0.033
loss,
hf?
~JL2
Figure
4-30.
Rectangular
concrete
overchute.
SO-2217-R2.
216
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
217
,N
7
/
;I
218
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
P
WELDED
STEEL
PIPE
0
AND
I L
E
PRECAST
CONCRETE
PIPE
Ye?
we
13
e
p,:,
u
-,r,.s2
SECTlcJN
n-n
WELDED
STEEL
Figure 4-33.
PIPE
AND
CORRUGATED
Overchutes-typical
. ~*/a
SECTION
8-B
METAL
PIPE
103-D-1 308
SMALL
220
Inlet is limited by three factors as follows:
(1) Canal ~vater surjtice. -The inlet must
be high enough to provide flow across the
canal above the canal water surface, as
discussed in section 4-32.
(2) Pipe submergence. -To fully utilize
the capacity of the pipe, the water surface in
the inlet channel should submerge the top of
the pipe opening by at least 1.5 h, . This
P
provides for an inlet loss of 0.5 h, and for a
P
velocity head of 1.O h, in the pipe.
P
maximum
( 3 ) Ban k freeboard. -The
water surface for the design flow in the inlet
channel should be at least 2 feet lower than
the top of the uphill canal bank, or inlet
dike as shown in figure 4-44.
In a well-defined cross-drainage channel, a
type 1 inlet transition is ordinarily used, and
the above limitations can usually be met
without inundation of an excessively large area.
However, where there is no channel, or
where the channel is poorly defined, a large
area may be inundated. To minimize this area,
the pipe inlet may be lowered by using a type 3
or type 4 inlet transition (in lieu of the type 2
transition), provided that it does not infringe
on the required pipe clearance above the canal
This capability
can be
water
surface.
facilitated, if necessary, by using an oversized
pipe, with little or no submergence of the inlet
end.
A complete hydraulic analysis should be
made to determine the location of the
hydraulic control (see subset. 4-26(d)), and the
elevation of the inlet water surface. Where the
channel is well defined, the flow to and from
the overchute should coincide, as much as
possible, with the natural channel flow.
With inlet control, the upstream water
surface is controlled by the head required for
entrance into the pipe. Thus, the water surface
will rise to a height above the inlet centerline,
11= ~
(see subset. 4-26(f))
2gC2 A2
where the coefficient of discharge, C = 0.6.
Where outlet control
exists, the head
required to produce the design discharge is a
function of the losses in the system as follows:
CANAL
STRUCTURES
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
221
v, =$
=- v
C
2g
Specific energy,
ESc = d, + h,
Q=
1.486 AR213 s~
n
or
C = [,/&i]
2 13
d,
L%--
g 1 I3
= 0.3 14q2/3
I
222
ES* is the specific energy to be determined;
h, is the friction loss between points 1 and
2; and
s, L is the drop in invert elevation between
points 1 and 2.
Various values of d2 are assumed until the
associated velocity head and friction loss (from
the Manning equation) provide an energy
balance in the foregoing equation.
The chute walls usually have a uniform
height, except that a greater height is often
used through the upper bank of the canal (see
fig. 4-35). The wall height through the bank,
h, , should include a minimum freeboard of 1
foot above the upstream water surface. The
remaining portion of the chute should have a
wall height, hz, which includes a minimum
freeboard of 1 foot above the maximum water
depth in the chute. With the chute set on a
supercritical slope, the maximum depth in the
chute would be d,, occurring at the inlet end.
(e) Stilling Pool. -Two
types of stilling
pools are used to dissipate the excess energy of
cross-drainage flows in an overchute. With
either type, a well-defined outlet channel is
required to provide a reliable tailwater which is
an essential factor in forming a hydraulic jump
in the pool. Where the natural channel does not
provide adequate tailwater, stoplogs, or a
concrete curb have been used in the
downstream end of the pool to assure the jump
(see fig. 2-36). The standard stilling pool
should be designed in accordance with the
requirements shown in chapter II.
The vertical drop and pool requires less
length than does the standard drop and pool,
giving it an advantage where right-of-way is a
consideration. However, in the interest of
economy, its use should be limited to a vertical
drop, D, that does not extend much below the
canal invert. Where greater drops are required,
other types of energy dissipators, or a culvert
should be considered.
The design procedure for the vertical drop
and pool is as follows:
(1) Vertical drop. -The magnitude of the
D, should permit
a
vertical
drop,
free-draining pool to discharge into an outlet
channel that can provide a reliable tailwater,
capable of insuring a hydraulic jump in the
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Rectangular
Overchute
-i-
drop hydraulics.
103-D-1 309.
d1
=l.06~&
Even though the rectangular chute is set
on a supercritical slope, the water depth,d,,
at the crest of the drop, will not be
PROTECTIVE
223
STRUCTURES
d, 2
d2 =-dl+ J -+2
4
(4) Pool freeboard.
freeboard is normally
curve in figure 2-33,
along the ordinate with
2V, 2 d,
g
tZ
and
x=vt
where
y is the vertical drop in water surface in t
seconds,
x is the horizontal distance traveled in t
seconds,
v is the velocity of flow at the beginning of
the trajectory, and
g is the acceleration of gravity, equal to 32.2
feet per second per second.
Thus,
QV, dL
-,
or V,d,
L, =x=vt
+D
Length
L, : From
the
standard
dimensions for stilling pools (see chapter
vu,
L = (3/4) d,
Length L6:
L, = 3 d, minimum
The total length, L, + L6 - L, must also
be sufficient to accommodate a crossing for
the operating road, if required (see fig.
4-35).
(6) Pool blocks. -From
the standard
dimensions for pool blocks (see chapter II),
the block height should be equal to +, and
the block length should be equal to 1.25 $
The block width (8 inches minimum) should
conform to the requirement for equal block
and space widths. Two rows of blocks
should be located as shown in figure 4-35,
SMALL
224
2N
Considerations.-(a)
Bank
CANAL
STRUCTURES
d, = 3.6 feet
hL = 4.3 feet
h, = 5.6 feet
b=
ss =
W1 =
W, =
6 feet
l-1/2: 1
6 feet
12 feet
(2) The
drainage
channel has a
well-defined section at the inlet, having
properties approximately as follows:
b = 8 feet, 11, = 6 feet, ss = l-l /2: 1, and
a downstream slope s = 0.0002, with n =
0.030.
PROTECTIVE
225
STRUCTURES
Then
ESC= 1.5d, = 4.04 feet
A, = b d, = 8 x 2.69 = 21.5 sq. ft.
v, = a_
200 - 9.3 f.p.s.
A, ---- 21.5
Wetted perimeter, wp, = b + 2d, = 8 + 5.38
= 13.38 ft.
AC 21.5 = 1.61
Hydraulic radius, R = wpC = 13.38
From the Manning formula [ 21, with a
roughness coefficient, n = 0.014,
b
8
d, = 2.69 feet from table 17 [ 41
hVC = 0.5d, = 1.35 feet
profile.
103-D-1310
of natural
SMALL
226
(6) Idet bank height. -To provide 2 feet
of freeboard above the inlet pool water
surface, the upper bank of the canal should
be raised to an elevation equal to
El. A + d, + 2
Then
= 6.45 feet
(7) fnler transition. -To transition the
flow from the well-defined natural channel
to the g-foot-wide rectangular flume section,
a broken-back transition, similar to the type
1 transition described in chapter VII, is best
suited. As the length of the transition is
dependent upon the convergence required, a
part of the convergence will be accomplished
in a lo-foot (minimum) earth transition,
reducing
the convergence and length
required for the concrete transition. The
length of the earth transition should be
extended, as required, to the length of the
inlet protection.
An invert width (b,) of 4 feet will be used
at the cutoff to reduce the width of the
concrete transition. This will result in a
water surface width at the cutoff,
T, = b, + 2(1.5 d,)
= 4 + 3 x 4.45 = 17.35 ft.
If the trash problem is sufficiently severe,
the bottom width should not be reduced.
The concrete transition must accomplish
the remaining required convergence to the
g-foot-wide flume (T, = 8 feet). Conforming
to the maximum angle of convergence
(27.5O on each side), the concrete transition
must have a length,
Lt1 =
Tf
2 tan 27.5
17.35 - 8
2 x 0.52
STRUCTURES
hb = 4.45 + 2
Tc
CANAL
lengths L,
SC
+s,L
= 9 ft.
hydraulics.
103-D-1 311
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
227
SC= [l .486;*.
j * =[l:j?8:
2
:33;;171
I
= (O.OSO)* = 0.0025
d, = lE+J+-.-=
Try
1.414 (2.4)
3.393
= 1.06 +dm
= 1.06 + 1.92
= 1.14 feet
Then
St
I/2
Vn
0.011 x 10.41
= 0.059
200
and V, = AQ = bdQ =
= 22 f.p.s.
1
1
8 x 1.14
From the design of the standard stilling pool
(chapter II) it is seen that
d, _ -II
h(
L,loo35
~0.0025)x
+,,/ y
39.67
= 0.12
and, from
ESL +h,=E,
+s,L
c
4.09 + 0.12 = 4.04 + 0.20
4.2 1 # 4.24 (close enough for design)
,a,
A
___200 -471
42.48
_ v2 - (4.71)* - 0 . 35
2g
64.4
D = d, + 1.0 + t,
= 3.6 + 1.0 + 0.67 = 5.27 ft.
say 5.25 ft.
the
y*
with
Proceed
+ 2(v, 1 d,
g
trial-and-error
228
SMALL
1s = 0.0225.
~23
Finally,
3.355
v = 1.486 R* 3 s *
slick 11
= 1.486 x 2.24 (0.0002) 2
= 2.09 f.p.s.
Therefore, d, is approximately
5.8 feet.
E ZE:
s3
s2
- 0.5n11,
STRUCTURES
downstream
energy. However, as the
permissible reduction in D is small, the pool
design will be continued using a drop of 5.25
feet as assumed above.
If the net energy in tl1e tailwater channel
had not been equal to or greater than the
energy in tlie stilling pool, ES2, the vertical
drop, D, should be increased, to lower the
energy gradient in the pool. The resulting
energy balance should again be checked to
insure adequate tailwater energy to insure a
hydraulic jump in the pool.
( 16) Backwutcldepth
in r)ool.-The
stilling pool depth, d,, as computed from
d, , is valid only if an exact energy balance
exists from d, to d,. As the Bernoulli
equation indicated an excess of energy, ES3,
tile resulting backwater depth in the pool,
d; > d,
0.0225
and
CANAL
d; = 5.69
Try
Then, A; = b di = 8 x 5.69 = 45.50 sq. ft.
200 = 4.4
Q = 45.50
v; = A;
cc
and hb2 = -
2g
I2
f.p.s.
(4.412 = o 3. ft,
=-
64.4
PROTECTIVE
229
STRUCTURES
Smz
0.6 d,
the time,
d; - Dz 0.6 x 2.4
5.69 - 5.255
Sm = 0.44<
1.44
1.44 ft.
= 0.24 sec.,
(18)
height,
plus a
slab of
min.
= 2.5 +0.67
= 3.17 ft.
max.
=1.5(hBz
-hL)-tw
-+-cl.
L
=1.5(9.5--4.3)-0.67-0.25-0.25
hB*= h,
+ t, + C
= 6.75 +0.75
= 9.5 ft.
+ 2
Y = (1 /2M2
withy=dL
+D
= 2.4 + 5.25
= 7.65 ft.
and
L, =vt
= 10.41 x 0.69 = 7.18 ft.
Use L4 = 7 ft. 2 in.
Length L, :
L5 = (3/4) d2 = (3/4) x 5.31 = 3.98 ft.
Use L5 = 4 ft. 0 in.
Length L,:
u=(1/2)gt2,
with
y = (dL + D) - h,
= 7.65 - 6.75
= 0.90 ft.
230
SMALL
Length
CANAL
STRUCTURES
the
L, = L, + Lb
= 7 ft. 2 in. + 16 ft. 0 in.
= 23 ft. 2 in.
This would accommodate
roadway width,
a maximum
w; = L, -- Lj - t w = 23.17 ~ 5 -- 0.75
= 17.42 ft.
(Required roadway width, W, = 12.0 feet.)
21.4
L t2 = T,
2 tan T,@ _- 2 x 0.47
= 14.26 ft.
Use Lt2 = 15 ft.
(2 1) Pool blocks
d2
Block height = 4
5.31
= - 4 = 1.33 ft. Use 16
inches
Block length = 1.25 ;
inches.
Block width, W, = 8 in. minimum.
Try N = 4 blocks in second row.
001 width
=&=
Then wb =
2N
= 11.10 ft.
Use L, = 12 ft.
l.Oft.
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
231
232
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
hv
is
the
velocity
head
in
the
pipe
at
for a detailed
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
233
D = 1.128 .f!lj
234
SMALL
Corruqated
metal
CANAL
STRUCTURES
PIP?
l,,
P
of embankment.
LONGITUDINAL
OS drected
SECTION
r Urwnforced
CONCRETE
LINED
CANAL
iI
SECTION
SECTION
concrete
A-A
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
=?.
235
PLAN
SECTION
SECTION
6-B
SECTION
A-A
A.
RECTANGULAR
INCLINED
DRAIN
INLET
PLAN
12
SECTION
coarse grovel
A-A
LONGITUDINAL
B.
GRAVEL
BLANKET
SECTION
DRAIN
and sections. 103-D-131 3
INLET
C-C
236
SMALL
2
CANAL
STRUCTURES
/Flume
[21:
E so = Es + 0.5 nh,
c
or
do + h 0 = d, + h, c + 0.5 Ah,
j:
F,
FT
IO
2-0
b, FT:
3-0
IS
3- 6s
20
4-0
do = d, + h, + 0.5 11,
c
c
In a rectangular section, hVc = $
Then
Figure
= 0.3143 q2/3
=<
g
where q is the discharge per foot of width and
g is the acceleration of gravity, equal to 32.2
feet per second per second.
The flume width, b, is selected so that the
specific energy (d + 11,) in the flume does not
exceed the specific energy in the inlet channel.
PROTECTIVE
237
STRUCTURES
n = 0.025
Wl = 6 ft.
h, = 4.7 ft.
s = 0.0005
ss= l-1/2:1
238
SMALL
~
Top of drown
Inlet dike --_
,,l
r;p
of conol bank
CANAL
,
STRUCTURES
,
PLAN
Top of dralnage
channel
bank
Top of drain Inlet
dike
Top of normal
Invert
of drainage
conol bank
channel
PROFILE
Figure 4-44. Pipe drain inlet-plan,
b = 6 ft.
(b)
Solutiotz
(see fig.
d, = 1.5 ft.
h, = 3 ft.
4-44).
(1) Cam1
freeboard. -Determine
the
reduced freeboard in the canal resulting
from the inflow of 6 cfs, which increases the
canal flow from 75 to 81 cfs.
Freeboard for 75 cfs = 11, ~ d,
= 4.7 - 2.9
= 1.8 ft.
profile,
and nomenclature.
103-D-1315
19*0 2*02
wP
R 2 3 = 1.598 (see table 63 [4] )
Then
1.486 AR2 I3 s 2
Q=
n
= 1.486 x 38.34 x 1.598 x 0.02236
0.025
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
239
6
Then, b=Q = 1.747
= 3.435,
= y=
and
0.45 ft.
Qn
s112= 0.447 from table 21.
D8/3
Then,
SC
l/2
Qn
--0~~8/3
6 x 0.024
= 0.447 x 1.813
= 0.178
D= 1.128 4
= 1.128 J- $
= 1.128 (1.095)
= 1.24 ft.
Use D = 15 inches. (Note that the minimum
diameter permitted
for
pipe
relatively clean water is 12 inches.)
Then, A = 1.227, and for a full pipe, V =
4.89, and 11, = 0.37 (from table 8-1,
chapter VIII).
(4) Invert slope, s,.-The invert of the
pipe inlet will be set at the invert of the
drainage channel, 1.5 feet above the normal
water surface (NWS) of the canal. The outlet
end of the pipe will be set 6 inches above the
NWS, leaving a drop of 1.0 foot in the pipe.
By scaling, the pipe length is found to be
about 18 feet. The pipe slope is then -1.0 =
18
0.056, which is greater than the minimum
required slope of 0.005.
(5) Critical
slope.
s,. -Determine
the
critical slope for Q = 6 cfs, D = 1.25 feet,
and
s, = (0.178)2 = 0.032 < 0.056
(6) Locatiorz
of Ii~dradic
control. -As
the actual invert slope, s,, is steeper than the
critical slope, s,, the hydraulic control is
located at the inlet, just inside the pipe.
Critical flow conditions at the inlet end of
the pipe are then:
d, = 0.79 D
= 0.79 x 1.25
= 0.99 ft.
A, = 0.666 DZ (from table 21)
= 0.666 x ( 1.25)2
= 1.04 sq. ft.
Q-C
v, = A,
= 1.04 = 5.77 f.p.s.
and h
= vz= 0.52 ft
I.? 2g
SMALL
240
CANAL
STRUCTURES
As?jD=
5 x 15 = lOinches,and 10+6
0
= 16 inches, the 18-inch minimum
controls, and
C=l8+6
= 24 in. minimum
(2.0 ft. minimum)
Then
d, + 0 = d, + 11, + 0.5 h
C
d, = d, + 1.: h
= 0.99 + 1.5yo.52)
= 1.77 ft.
Thus, the water surface in the inlet
channel will be 1.77 feet above the invert of
the pipe inlet, to produce a discharge of 6
cfs in the 15-inch pipe. The normal depth of
1.5 feet will be increased by 0.27 feet at the
inlet.
(8) Irdet dike height and pipe cover. -The
inlet dike must provide the required
freeboard above the inlet water surface.
Thus, the height of the dike, as shown in
figure 4-44, is:
h, = f,, + d
= 2.0 + Y.77
= 3.77 ft.
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
241
D. BIBLIOGRAPHY
4-46. Bibliography.
[I ] Water Measurement Manual, Bureau of Reclamation,
Second Edition, 1967, Revised Reprint, 1974.
[2] King, H. W. and Brater, E. F., Handbook of Hydraulics,
Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co.. New York. 1963.
[3] Handbook
of Water Control,
Armco Drainage and
Metal Products, Inc., 1949.
and Excavation
Tables,
Bureau
of
141 Hydraulic
Reclamation, Eleventh Edition, 1957, Reprint, 1974.
[5] Design
Standards No. 3, for Canals and Related
Structures, Bureau of Reclamation, 1967.
[6] Operation and Maintenance Equipment and Procedures,
Release No. 20, Bureau of Reclamation, 1957.
[7]
Chapter
H.
A.
J.
W ARREN
GENERAL
1 General
Engineer,
Engineering
Reference
Branch,
of Reclamation.
Figure
5-1.
Flow
through
a 9-inch
P 20-D-29299-S20
Parshall
flume.
Bureau
Figure
5.2.
Recently
constructed
Parshall
flume.
PX-D-72610
243
244
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
B. PARsHALL
5-2. Description.-Parshall
flumes
are
s p e c i a II y
designed
inline
open
channel
measuring structures
in which canal water
flows over a broad, flat-converging
section
through
a narrow downward
sloping throat
section and then diverges on an upward sloping
floor (fig. 5-5).
The floor of the converging section is the
crest
of
the
flume.
It
is level
both
longitudinally
and laterally and is usually set
above the upstream canal invert.
The flume geometry
forces the water at
free-flow
conditions
to pass through critical
depth on the crest, thereby providing a means
of determining the rate of flow from a single
water
depth
measurement.
Free-flow
conditions
occur when the downstream canal
water surface (tailwater) is low enough to have
no effect on the depth of water on the crest.
These conditions prevail over a wide range of
FLUMES
tailwater depths. The tailwater elevation may
be appreciably
higher than the flume crest
without
affecting
the free-flow
discharge
through
the
flume.
However,
if
the
WATER
MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
245
(H
in brackets
refer
to items
in the bibliography,
see
has been
straightened
and uniformly
redistributed. Parshall flumes should be located
as close as possible to canal discharge regulating
gates for convenience of operation, but far
enough away from the gates so that the flow is
uniform and free from eddies, turbulence, and
waves.
S-3. Advantages. -Parshall
flumes are
recognized as accurate and reliable flow
measuring structures and have the following
advantages: (1) capable of measuring rate of
flow with relatively small head loss, (2)
capable of measuring a wide range of free-flow
discharges with relatively high tailwater depths
using a single water depth measurement, (3)
capable of measuring submerged flow using
two water depth measurements when the
degree of submergence impedes the free-flow
discharge, (4) virtually a self-cleaning structure
because of flume geometry and the throat
velocity, (5) can not be easily altered to obtain
unallocated water, and (6) unaffected by
velocity of approach, which is automatically
controlled, when the flume is built to the given
standard dimensions and used where the
incoming flow is uniform, evenly distributed,
and free of turbulence.
5-4. Disadvantages. -Parshall flumes: (1) are
usually more expensive to construct than weirs,
(2) cannot be used in close combination
with turnouts because the inflow must be
uniform
and the water surface relatively
smooth, and (3) must be constructed carefully
and accurately for satisfactory performance.
5-5. Size Selection. -Parshall flume sizes are
designated by their throat widths. Before a
Parshall flume can be selected, the channel
cross section, the range of discharges to be
measured, allowable head loss through the
flume, and the normal depth of the flow in the
channel
must
be known.
Minimizing
construction costs is an important factor.
A particular discharge or discharge range can
be measured by any one of several different
size flumes. Final selection is based on the
flume width which best fits the canal
dimensions and hydraulic properties. As a
general rule, the width of the Parshall flume
should be about one-third to one-half the
width of the upstream canal water surface at
design discharge and normal depth. With these
246
SMALL
Upper head
H,. feet
5
6
7
8
1.55
1.38
1.25
1.15
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Flume size
throat width, feet
Head loss
HL, feet
5
6
7
8
0.58
0.49
0.42
0.37
is 0.23 foot.
WATER
MEASUREMENT
247
STRUCTURES
Throat width,
feet
Free-flow discharge,
cf.?
1.62
1.58
1.57
6.0
6.0
6.0
51.81
49.78
49.28
determined
= 0.90 and Hb =
Ha
Submcrgcd-flow
discharec
~ 3
cfs
42.18
40.20
39.74
248
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
The
corrections
for
submerged-flow
discharge in I- through 8-foot flumes are
determined from figure 5-l 1 [ 1] . These
discharge corrections are then subtracted from
the free-flow values in table 5-3. For instance,
the flow through a 6-foot flume with an H,
gage reading 1.58 feet and H, gage reading
1.42 feet would be computed as follows: (I)
Hb
compute submergence ratio, __
= 1.42= 90
1.58
Ha
percent. Submerged flow conditions exist
because the submergence ratio is greater than
70 percent, (2) from table 5-3 the free-flow
discharge for H, = 1.58 would be 49.78 cfs. On
figure 5-l 1 project a line horizontally to the
right from 1.58 feet to the 90 percent sloping
submergence line. From this point drop
vertically downward to the base of the figure
and read a correction of about 2.23 cfs. This
correction should then be multiplied by the
size or multiplying factor, M, for a 6-foot
flume which is in the insert table on figure
5-l 1. In this case M = 4.3. The corrected
discharge for the 90 percent submerged 6-foot
flume is the free-flow discharge minus the
correction times the size factor, or 49.78 cfs
minus 2.23 (4.3) = 40.2 cfs.
(c) Head Losses.-Head losses for I- through
8-foot Parshall flumes can be obtained from
figure 5-8 by the following procedure: (1) for
the free-flow design example find 70 percent
submergence at the bottom of the chart.
Follow the 70 percent submergence line
vertically upward until it intersects the sloping
discharge line where Q = 40 cfs, (2) from this
intersection project a horizontal line to the
6-foot throat width, W, and (3) from this
point go vertically downward and read the
head loss of 0.49 foot.
1.05=
WATER
MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
249
--h
I
i,
Converging
Section
Throat
(Section
, Diverging
(
Section
I
\
f?
LA
I
wingwol I
PLAN
PROFILE
103-D-1225
250
SMALL
90
9Y--
PERCENT
a5
70
80
015 02 02503
60 50
04 05 06 070809/ I10
OF SUBMERGENCE
Figure
(0
loss
r-
STRUCTURES
1 20
15
I 25 30 3540 50 60 70909010
HEAD
5-8. Head
-cur)tu?
CANAL
LOSS,
FEET
UPSTREAM
0)
HEAD
Ha,
FEET
z
94
96
0
0.e
0.4
0.6
0.8
I .o
1.2
1.4
DISCHARGE.
W=6
INCk
CFS
WATER
MEASUREMENT
251
STRUCTURES
UPSTREAM
HEAD
DISCHARGE,
Ha,
FEET
SECOND-FEET
NOTE:
Correction
I-foot
I/
/I/
9%
.30
,/I,/
PJb
//I
35
correction
96
4045.50
chart
60
CORRECTION,
Figure 5-II.
.70
80.90
I.0
12
I4
2.5
is
flumes.
equals
multiplied
3
3.5
used
For
the
by
4 4.5
directly
lor~er
value
size
5
for
sizes
from
factor,
6
the
the
M.
89
SECOND-FEET
Diagram for determining correction to be substracted from free-flow discharge to obtain rate of submerged-flow
discharge through Parshall flumes, 1 through 8 feet wide. 103-D-1229
252
SMALL
Table 5-l .-Fret-jlow
CANAL
,feetper second.
Head
H
feea;
Discharge,
cfs
0.10
0.05
0.61
0.94
1.11
2.43
.ll
.12
.13
.14
.15
.06
.07
.08
.09
.lO
.62
.63
.64
.65
.66
.97
.99
1.02
1.04
1.07
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
2.46
2.50
2.53
2.57
2.60
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.ll
.12
.14
.15
.16
.67
.68
.69
.70
.71
1.10
1.12
1.15
1.17
1.20
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
2.64
2.68
2.71
2.75
2.78
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.18
.19
.20
.22
.23
.72
.73
.74
.I5
.I6
1.23
1.26
1.28
1.31
1.34
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
2.82
2.86
2.89
2.93
2.91
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
.25
.26
.28
.29
.31
.71
.78
.79
.80
.81
1.36
1.39
1.42
1.45
1.48
1.21
1.28
1.29
3.01
3.04
3.08
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.32
.34
.36
.38
.39
.82
.83
.84
.85
.86
1.50
1.53
1.56
1.59
1.62
.36
.37
.38
.39
.40
.41
.43
.45
.47
.48
.87
.88
.89
.90
.91
1.65
1.68
1.71
1.74
1.17
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
.50
.52
.54
.56
.58
.92
.93
.94
.95
.96
1.81
1.84
1.87
1.90
1.93
.46
.47
.48
.49
.50
.61
.63
.65
.67
.69
.97
.98
.99
1.00
1.01
1.97
2.00
2.03
2.06
2.09
Sl
.52
.53
.54
.55
.71
.73
.76
.78
.80
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
2.12
2.16
2.19
2.22
2.26
.56
.57
.58
.59
.60
.82
.85
.87
.89
.92
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
2.29
2.32
2.36
2.40
Head
H
feea;
Discharge,
cfs
Head
H
fee;
STRUCTURES
Discharge,
cfs
WATER MEASUREMENT
253
STRUCTURES
Table 5-2.~Free-flow
feet per
second.
Head
H
fe$
Discharge,
cfs
Head
H
feti
Discharge,
cfs
Head
H
feea;
Discharge,
cfs
0.10
0.09
0.61
1.44
1.11
3.60
.ll
.12
.13
.14
.15
.lO
.12
.14
.15
.17
.62
.63
.64
.65
.66
1.48
1.51
1.55
1.59
1.63
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
3.65
3.10
3.15
3.80
3.85
.16
.17
.18
.lY
.20
.lY
.20
.22
.24
.26
.61
.68
.69
.70
.71
1.66
1.70
1.74
1.78
1.82
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
3.90
3.95
4.01
4.06
4.11
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.28
.30
.32
.35
.37
.I2
.I3
.74
.75
.I6
1.86
1.90
1.94
1.98
2.02
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
4.16
4.22
4.27
4.32
4.37
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
.39
.41
.44
.46
.49
.77
.78
.79
.80
.81
2.06
2.10
2.14
2.18
2.22
1.21
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
4.43
4.48
4.53
4.59
4.64
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.51
.54
.56
.59
.62
.82
.83
.84
.85
.86
2.27
2.31
2.35
2.39
2.44
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
4.69
4.75
4.80
486
4.92
.36
.31
.38
.39
.40
.64
.67
.70
.73
.76
.87
.88
.89
.YO
.Yl
2.48
2.52
2.57
2.61
2.66
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
4.91
5.03
5.08
5.14
5.19
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
.78
.81
.84
.87
.YO
.92
.93
.94
.95
.96
2.70
2.75
2.79
2.84
2.88
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
5.25
5.31
5.37
5.42
5.48
.46
.47
.48
.49
.50
.94
.Yl
1.00
1.03
1.06
.Yl
.98
.YY
1.00
1.01
2.93
2.98
3.02
3.07
3.12
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
5.54
5.59
5.65
5.11
5.11
.51
.52
.53
.54
.55
1.10
1.13
1.16
1.20
1.23
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
3.17
3.21
3.26
3.31
3.36
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
5.83
5.89
5.94
6.00
6.06
.56
.57
28
.59
.60
1.26
1.30
1.33
1.37
1.40
1.07
1.08
1 .OY
1.10
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.55
1.57
1.58
1.59
6.12
6.18
6.24
SMALL
254
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Table 5-3.-Free-flow
discharge through Parshall measuring flumes, I- through
X-foot size, in cubic feet per second. Computed from the formula
*.SZZW0.026
Q = 4 Wfla
. 103-D-1232-1
1
Head
H
feS
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.20
0.35
0.66
0.97
1.26
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.31
.40
.43
.46
.49
.71
.I1
.82
.88
.93
1.04
1.12
1.20
1.28
1.37
.26
.21
.28
.29
.30
.51
.54
.58
.61
.64
.99
1.05
1.11
1.18
1.24
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.68
.71
.I4
.I1
.80
.36
.31
.38
.39
.40
7.0
8.0
2.80
2.97
3.15
3.33
3.52
4.08
4.62
3.12
3.28
3.44
3.61
3.78
3.71
3.90
4.10
4.30
4.50
4.30
4.52
4.15
4.98
5.22
4.88
5.13
5.39
5.66
5.93
3.20
3.34
3.48
3.62
3.17
3.95
4.13
4.31
4.49
4.68
4.71
4.92
5.13
5.35
5.57
5.46
5.70
5.95
6.20
6.46
6.20
6.48
6.74
7.05
7.34
2.91
3.08
3.20
3.32
3.44
3.92
4.07
4.22
4.38
4.54
4.86
5.05
5.24
5.43
5.63
5.80
6.02
6.25
6.48
6.12
6.12
6.98
1.25
1.52
7.80
7.64
7.94
8.24
8.55
8.87
2.40
2.48
2.51
2.65
2.73
3.56
3.68
3.80
3.92
4.05
4.70
4.86
5.03
5.20
5.36
5.83
6.03
6.24
6.45
6.66
6.96
7.20
1.44
1.69
7.94
8.08
8.36
8.65
8.94
9.23
9.19
9.51
9.84
10.17
10.51
1.44
1.48
1.52
1.57
1.62
2.82
2.90
2.99
3.08
3.17
4.18
4.31
4.44
4.51
4.10
5.53
5.70
5.88
6.05
6.23
6.87
7.09
7.30
1.52
1.74
8.20
8.46
8.72
8.98
9.25
9.53
9.83
10.14
10.45
10.76
10.85
11.19
11.54
11.89
12.24
.56
.57
.58
.59
.60
1.66
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.84
3.26
3.35
3.44
3.53
3.62
4.84
4.98
5.11
5.25
5.39
6.41
6.59
6.71
6.96
7.15
7.97
8.20
8.43
8.66
8.89
9.52
9.19
10.07
10.35
10.63
11.07
11.39
11.71
12.03
12.36
12.60
12.96
13.33
13.70
14.08
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
1.88
1.93
1.98
2.03
2.08
3.12
3.81
3.91
4.01
4.11
5.53
5.68
5.82
5.97
6.12
7.34
7.53
7.72
7.91
8.11
9.13
9.37
9.61
9.85
10.10
10.92
11.20
11.49
11.78
12.08
12.69
13.02
13.36
13.70
14.05
14.46
14.84
15.23
15.62
16.01
.66
.67
.68
.69
.70
2.13
2.18
2.23
2.28
2.33
4.20
4.30
4.40
4.50
4.60
6.26
6.41
6.56
6.71
6.86
8.31
8.51
8.71
8.91
9.11
10.34
10.59
10.85
11.10
11.36
12.38
12.68
12.98
13.28
13.59
14.40
14.75
15.10
15.46
15.82
16.41
16.81
17.22
17.63
18.04
5.0
6.0
1.36
1.47
1.58
1.69
1.80
2.22
2.63
1.46
1.55
1.64
1.73
1.82
1.91
2.03
2.15
2.27
2.39
2.36
2.50
2.65
2.80
2.96
1.30
1.37
1.44
1.50
1.57
1.92
2.02
2.12
2.22
2.32
2.52
2.65
2.18
2.92
3.06
.84
.88
.92
.95
.99
1.64
1.72
1.79
1.86
1.93
2.42
2.53
2.64
2.75
2.86
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
1.03
1.07
1.11
1.15
1.19
2.01
2.09
2.16
2.24
2.32
.46
.41
.48
.49
.50
1.23
1.21
1.31
1.35
1.39
.51
.52
.53
.54
.55
WATER
MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
255
Table 5.3.-Free-jlow
discharge through Parshall measuring flumes, I- through
tl-foot size, in cubic feet per second. Computed from the jbrnzl/la
-Continued.
Head
H
fee?
103-D-1232-2
1
l-
dth of thrc
W, feet
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.32
11.62
13.90
16.18
18.45
7.17
7.33
7.49
7.65
7.81
9.53
9.74
9.95
10.16
10.38
11.88
12.14
12.40
12.67
12.94
14.22
14.53
14.85
15.17
15.49
16.55
16.92
17.29
17.66
18.04
18.87
19.29
19.71
20.14
20.57
5.34
5.44
5.55
5.66
5.77
7.97
8.13
8.30
8.46
8.63
10.60
10.81
11.03
11.25
11.48
13.21
13.48
13.76
14.04
14.32
15.82
16.15
16.48
16.81
17.15
18.42
18.81
19.20
19.59
19.99
21.01
21.46
21.91
22.36
22.81
2.96
3.02
3.07
3.12
3.18
5.88
6.00
6.11
6.22
6.33
8.79
8.96
9.13
9.30
9.48
11.70
11.92
12.15
12.38
12.61
14.60
14.88
15.17
15.46
15.75
17.49
17.83
18.17
18.52
18.87
20.39
20.79
21.18
21.58
21.99
23.26
23.72
24.18
24.64
25.11
.87
.88
.89
.90
.91
3.24
3.29
3.35
3.41
3.46
6.44
6.56
6.68
6.80
6.92
9.65
9.82
10.00
10.17
10.35
12.84
13.07
13.31
13.55
13.79
16.04
16.33
16.62
16.92
17.22
19.22
19.57
19.93
20.29
20.65
22.40
22.82
23.24
23.66
24.08
25.58
26.06
26.54
27.02
27.50
.92
.93
.94
.95
.96
3.52
3.58
3.64
3.70
3.76
7.03
7.15
7.27
7.39
7.51
10.53
10.71
10.89
11.07
11.26
14.03
14.27
14.51
14.76
15.00
17.52
17.82
18.13
18.44
18.75
21.01
21.38
21.75
22.12
22.49
24.50
24.93
25.36
25.79
26.22
27.99
28.48
28.97
29.47
29.97
.97
.98
.99
1.00
1.01
3.82
3.88
3.94
4.00
4.06
7.63
7.75
7.88
8.00
8.12
11.44
11.63
11.82
12.00
12.19
15.25
15.50
15.75
16.00
16.25
19.06
19.37
19.68
20.00
20.32
22.86
23.24
23.62
24.00
24.38
26.66
27.10
27.55
28.00
28.45
30.48
30.98
31.49
32.00
32.52
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
4.12
4.18
4.25
4.31
4.37
8.25
8.38
8.50
8.63
8.76
12.38
12.57
12.76
12.96
13.15
16.51
16.76
17.02
17.28
17.54
20.64
20.96
21.28
21.61
21.94
24.77
25.16
25.55
25.94
26.34
28.90
29.36
29.82
30.28
30.74
33.04
33.56
34.08
34.61
35.14
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
4.43
4.50
4.56
4.62
4.68
8.88
9.01
9.14
9.27
9.40
13.34
13.54
13.74
13.93
14.13
17.80
18.07
18.34
18.60
18.86
22.27
22.60
22.93
23.26
23.60
26.74
27.13
27.53
27.94
28.35
31.20
31.67
32.14
32.62
33.10
35.68
36.22
36.76
37.30
37.84
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
4.75
4.82
4.88
4.94
5.01
9.54
9.67
9.80
9.94
10.07
14.33
14.53
14.73
14.94
15.14
19.13
19.40
19.67
19.94
20.22
23.94
24.28
24.62
24.96
25.31
28.76
29.17
29.58
30.00
30.41
33.58
34.06
34.54
35.02
35.51
38.39
38.94
39.50
40.06
40.62
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
5.08
5.15
5.21
5.28
5.34
10.20
10.34
10.48
10.61
10.75
15.34
15.55
15.76
15.96
16.17
20.50
20.78
21.05
21.33
21.61
25.66
26.01
26.36
26.71
27.06
30.83
31.25
31.68
32.10
32.53
36.00
36.50
37.00
37.50
38.00
41.18
41.75
42.32
42.89
43.47
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.71
2.38
4.70
7.02
.72
.73
.74
.75
.76
2.43
2.48
2.53
2.58
2.63
4.81
4.91
5.02
5.12
5.23
.77
.78
.I9
.80
.81
2.68
2.74
2.80
2.85
2.90
.82
.83
.84
.85
.86
SMALL
256
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Head
H
feea;
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
1.22
5.41
10.89
16.38
21.90
27.42
32.96
38.50
44.05
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
5.48
5.55
5.62
5.69
5.76
11.03
11.17
11.31
11.45
11.59
16.60
16.81
17.02
11.23
17.44
22.18
22.41
22.15
23.04
23.33
27.18
28.14
28.50
28.86
29.22
33.39
33.82
34.26
34.70
35.14
39.00
39.51
40.02
40.54
41.05
44.64
45.22
45.80
46.38
46.97
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
5.82
5.89
5.96
6.03
6.10
11.73
11.87
12.01
12.16
12.30
17.66
17.88
18.10
18.32
18.54
23.62
23.92
24.21
24.50
24.80
29.59
29.96
30.33
30.70
31.07
35.58
36.02
36.47
36.92
37.31
41.57
42.09
42.62
43.14
43.67
47.51
48.17
48.78
49.38
49.99
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
6.18
6.25
6.32
6.39
6.46
12.44
12.59
12.74
12.89
13.03
18.76
18.98
19.20
19.42
19.64
25.10
25.39
25.69
25.99
26.30
31.44
31.82
32.20
32.58
32.96
37.82
38.28
38.74
39.20
39.66
44.20
44.13
45.26
45.80
46.35
50.60
51.22
51.84
52.46
53.08
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
6.53
6.60
6.68
6.75
6.82
13.18
13.33
13.48
13.63
13.78
19.87
20.10
20.32
20.55
20.78
26.60
26.90
27.21
27.52
27.82
33.34
33.12
34.11
34.50
34.89
40.12
40.58
41.05
41.52
41.99
46.89
47.44
41.99
48.54
49.09
53.70
54.33
54.95
55.58
56.22
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
6.89
6.91
7.04
7.12
7.19
13.93
14.08
14.23
14.38
14.54
21.01
21.24
21.47
21.70
21.94
28.14
28.45
28.76
29.07
29.38
35.28
35.67
36.06
36.46
36.86
42.46
42.94
43.42
43.89
44.37
49.64
50.20
50.76
51.32
51.88
56.86
57.50
58.14
58.78
59.43
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.26
7.34
7.41
7.49
7.57
14.69
14.85
15.00
15.16
15.31
22.17
22.41
22.64
22.88
23.12
29.70
30.02
30.34
30.66
30.98
37.26
37.66
38.06
38.46
38.87
44.85
45.34
45.82
46.31
46.80
52.45
53.02
53.59
54.16
54.74
60.08
60.74
61.40
62.06
62.72
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.64
7.72
7.80
7.87
7.95
15.47
15.62
15.78
15.94
16.10
23.36
23.60
23.84
24.08
24.32
31.30
31.63
31.95
32.27
32.60
39.28
39.68
40.09
40.51
40.92
47.30
47.19
48.28
48.78
49.28
55.32
55.90
56.48
57.06
51.65
63.38
64.04
64.71
65.38
66.06
i.58
8.02
8.10
8.18
8.26
8.34
16.26
16.42
16.58
16.74
16.90
24.56
24.80
25.05
25.30
25.54
32.93
41.33
41.75
42.17
49.78
58.24
58.83
50.79
59.42
66.14
67.42
68.10
42.59
34.26
43.01
51.30
51.81
60.02
60.62
68.79
69.48
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
8.42
17.06
17.22
17.38
17.55
17.72
43.43
43.86
44.28
44.10
45.13
52.32
52.83
53.34
53.86
54.38
61.22
61.82
62.42
63.03
63.64
70.17
70.86
71.56
72.26
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
8.81
54.90
64.25
64.86
65.48
66.10
66.72
13.66
74.37
75.08
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
8.49
8.57
8.65
8.73
8.89
8.97
9.05
9.13
17.88
18.04
18.21
18.38
18.54
33.26
33.59
33.92
25.19
34.60
26.04
34.93
26.29
26.54
35.26
35.60
26.79
35.94
27.04
27.30
27.55
27.80
28.06
36.28
36.62
36.96
37.30
37.65
45.56
46.00
46.43
46.86
47.30
50.28
55.42
55.95
56.48
57.00
8.0
72.96
15.79
76.50
WATER
MEASUREMENT
257
STRUCTURES
Table 5-3.-Free-flow
discharge through Parshall measuring flumes, I- through
X-foot size, irz cubic feet y;;cond.
Computed from the formula
Q4wH,l.522w
-Continued.
103-D-12324
Head
H
fee?
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
1.73
9.21
18.71
28.32
38.00
47.74
57.53
67.34
77.22
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
9.29
9.38
9.46
9.54
9.62
18.88
19.04
19.21
19.38
19.55
28.57
28.82
29.08
29.34
29.60
38.34
38.69
39.04
39.39
39.74
48.17
48.61
49.05
49.50
49.94
58.06
58.60
59.13
59.67
60.20
67.96
68.59
69.22
69.85
70.48
77.94
78.66
79.38
80.10
80.83
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
9.70
9.79
9.87
9.95
10.04
19.72
19.90
20.07
20.24
20.42
29.87
30.13
30.39
30.65
30.92
40.10
40.45
40.80
41.16
41.52
50.38
50.83
51.28
51.73
52.18
60.74
61.29
61.83
62.38
62.92
71.11
71.75
72.39
73.03
73.68
81.56
82.29
83.03
83.77
84.51
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
10.12
10.20
10.29
10.38
10.46
20.59
20.76
20.93
21.10
21.28
31.18
31.45
31.71
31.98
32.25
41.88
42.24
42.60
42.96
43.32
52.64
53.09
53.55
54.00
54.46
63.46
64.01
64.57
65.13
65.69
74.33
74.98
75.63
76.28
76.93
85.25
86.00
86.75
87.50
88.25
1.89
1 .PO
1.91
1.92
1.93
10.54
10.62
10.71
10.80
10.88
21.46
21.63
21.81
21.99
22.17
32.52
32.79
33.06
33.33
33.50
43.69
44.05
44.42
44.79
45.16
54.92
55.39
55.85
56.32
56.78
66.25
66.81
67.37
67.93
68.50
77.58
78.24
78.90
79.56
80.23
89.00
89.76
PO.52
91.29
92.05
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
10.97
11.06
11.14
11.23
11.31
22.35
22.53
22.70
22.88
23.06
33.87
34.14
34.42
34.70
34.97
45.53
45.90
46.27
46.64
47.02
57.25
57.72
58.19
58.67
59.14
69.06
69.63
70.20
70.78
71.35
80.90
81.57
82.24
82.91
83.58
92.82
93.59
94.36
95.14
95.92
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
11.40
11.49
11.58
11.66
11.75
23.24
23.43
23.61
23.79
23.98
35.25
35.53
35.81
36.09
36.37
47.40
41.77
48.14
48.52
48.90
59.61
60.08
60.56
61.04
61.52
71.92
72.50
73.08
73.66
74.24
84.26
84.94
85.62
86.30
86.99
96.70
97.48
98.26
99.05
99.84
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
11.84
11.93
12.02
12.10
12.19
24.16
24.34
24.52
24.70
24.89
36.65
36.94
37.22
37.50
37.78
49.29
49.67
50.05
50.44
50.82
62.00
62.48
62.97
63.46
63.94
74.83
75.42
76.00
76.59
77.19
87.68
88.37
89.06
89.75
90.44
100.6
101.4
102.2
103.0
103.8
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
12.28
12.37
12.46
12.55
12.64
25.08
25.27
25.46
25.64
25.83
38.06
38.35
38.64
38.93
39.22
51.21
51.59
51.98
52.37
52.76
64.43
64.92
65.41
65.91
66.40
77.78
78.37
78.97
79.56
80.15
91.14
91.84
92.54
93.25
93.95
104.6
105.4
106.2
107.0
107.9
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
12.73
12.82
12.92
13.01
13.10
26.01
26.20
26.39
26.58
26.77
39.50
39.79
40.08
40.37
40.66
53.15
53.54
53.94
54.34
54.73
66.89
67.39
67.89
68.39
68.89
80.75
81.36
81.97
82.58
83.19
94.66
95.37
96.08
96.79
97.5 1
108.7
109.5
110.3
111.1
111.9
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
13.19
13.28
13.37
13.46
13.56
26.96
27.15
27.34
27.54
27.73
40.96
41.25
41.54
41.84
42.13
55.12
55.52
55.92
56.32
56.72
69.39
69.90
70.40
70.90
71.41
83.80
84.41
85.02
85.63
86.25
98.23
98.94
PP.66
100.4
101.1
112.8
113.6
114.4
115.3
116.1
SMALL
25%
Table
CANAL
STRUCTURES
5-3.-Free-flow
discharge through Parshall measuring flumes, I- through
a-foot size, in cubic .fect y:,;~ond.
Computed from the formula
Q=4wH,l.s22w
-Continued.
103-D-1232-5
Head
H
fee?
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
2.24
13.65
27.92
42.43
57.12
71.92
86.87
101.8
116.9
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
13.74
13.84
13.93
14.02
14.12
28.12
28.31
28.50
28.70
28.90
42.73
43.02
43.32
43.62
43.92
51.52
57.93
58.34
58.74
59.15
72.43
72.94
73.46
73.97
14.49
87.49
88.11
88.73
89.35
89.98
102.6
103.3
104.0
104.8
105.5
117.8
118.6
119.5
120.3
121.2
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
14.21
14.30
14.40
14.49
14.59
29.09
29.29
29.49
29.69
29.89
44.22
44.52
44.83
45.13
45.43
59.56
59.96
60.37
60.79
61.20
75.01
75.53
76.05
76.57
77.09
90.61
91.24
91.87
92.50
93.14
106.2
107.0
107.7
108.5
109.2
122.0
122.9
123:7
124.6
125.4
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
14.68
14.78
14.87
14.97
15.07
30.08
30.28
30.48
30.69
30.89
45.74
46.04
46.35
46:66
46.96
61.61
62.03
62.44
62.86
63.27
77.61
78.13
78.66
79.19
79.72
93.77
94.41
95.05
95.69
96.33
110.0
110.7
111.5
112.2
113.0
126.3
127.2
128.0
128.9
129.8
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
15.16
15.26
15.35
15.45
15.55
31.09
31.29
31.49
31.69
31.89
47.27
47.58
47.89
48.20
48.51
63.69
64.11
64.53
64.95
65.38
80.25
80.78
81.31
81.84
82.38
96.97
97.62
98.21
98.91
99.56
113.7
114.5
115.3
116.0
116.8
130.7
131.5
132.4
133.3
134.2
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
15.64
15.74
15.89
15.94
16.03
32.10
32.30
32.50
32.10
32.90
48.82
49.13
49.45
49.76
50.08
65.80
66.23
66.65
67.07
67.50
82.92
83.45
83.99
84.53
85.07
100.2
100.9
101.5
102.2
102.8
117.6
118.3
119.1
119.9
120.6
135.1
135.9
136.8
137.7
138.6
2.50
16.13
33.11
50.39
67.93
85.62
103.5
121.4
139.5
WATER
MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
259
l-4, Measuring
SMALL
260
CANAL
STRUCTURES
D. STILLING WELLS
S-11. Description. -Stilling wells are used in
combination with Parshall flumes, figure 5-2;
weirs, figure 5-3; and constant head orifices,
figure 3-24, to permit more accurate reading of
gages. They provide a water surface essentially
free from surface fluctuations.
Stilling wells are connected to the measuring
structures by small pipes and provide a place
for the installation of staff gages, hook gages,
float gage recorders or any other type of device
suitable for measuring water surface levels. The
water surface in the stilling well is essentially
the same elevation as in the measuring
structure at the pressure taps.
5-l 2. Design Criteria. -Gages for Parshall
flumes and weirs should be set so they show
the depth of the water above the crest and not
above the pressure openings.
By restricting the area of inlet port to
1
[ l] of the inside
approximately
1000
horizontal cross-sectional area of the well,
water surface in the measuring structure is
effectively dampened. The inlet area of the
conduit should be increased if the stilling well
is offset from the channel by more than 20 to
30 feet.
Some dimensions [ 11 for stilling wells and
their inlet pipe diameters are given in the
following tabulation:
Diameter of
inlet port,
inches
Diameter of inlet
conduit, 20 to
30 feet long,
inches
112
112
518
314
112
314
314
1
l-114
1
l-1/2
2
l-1/4
l-112
Stilling
wells
can be constructed
monolithically with a measuring structure or
placed adjacent to it. In either case, since the
primary purpose of the stilling well is to
provide a smooth water surface, the structure
must be well anchored to prevent movements
that would otherwise cause undesirable water
surface fluctuations.
Intake pipes to stilling wells should be
cleaned occasionally either by hand or by some
type of flushing system. Sediment or other
foreign material lodged in the pipe could cause
improper water levels to be transmitted to the
stilling well. However, permanent flushing
systems usually are not warranted except
where the water normally carries a significant
suspended sediment load.
E. WEIRS
5-l 3. Purpose and Description. -Weirs are
overflow structures built across open channels
to measure the rate of flow of water. They
have been used for many years and offer a
simple, reliable method for water measurement
if they are built correctly and maintained
properly. Weirs discussed herein are those that
will measure flows from about 1 to 100 cfs.
5-14. Types of Weirs.-Weirs are identified
by the shape of their openings. These openings
can be either sharp-crested or broad-crested.
Those most frequently
used for water
measurement
and discussed herein are
trapezoidal
or
sharp-crested
rectangular,
Cipolletti, and triangular or 90 V-notch weirs
WATER
MEASUREMENT
RECTANGULAR
STRUCTURES
CIPOLLETTI
WEIR
STANDARD
\ Q..,
Flow
-=.
SECTION
War
261
90V-
WEIR
CONTRACTED
(UPSTREAM
FACE)
NOTCH
WEIR
WEIRS
blade
A-A
V-Notch
mstalled.
Figure
5-13.
Standard
contracted
weir
discharging
at free flow.
Weirs
103-D-1234
262
SMALL
Air
vent
CANAL
STRUCTURES
-l
5- 17. Adjustable
Weirs. -Weirs
used in
division structures are usually adjustable (fig.
5-20). Adjustable weirs can be rectangular,
trapezoidal, or V-shaped. They are mounted in
a frame and can be raised or lowered by a
threaded stem and handwheel (fig. 5-21). Some
adjustable weirs are attached permanently to
the division structures while others are
constructed so the weir and frame may be
removed from one structure and used on
another (figs. 5-22 and 5-23). Adjustable weirs
installed in division structures
serve as
measuring devices but their primary purpose is
to control or divide the flow. When two or
more adjustable weirs are used in one division
box (fig. 3-3 l), the proximity of the weirs and
the small pool could have a detrimental effect
on the head-discharge relationship of each weir.
Consequently,
the accuracy of the flow
measurement is less than that expected from a
weir operating under standard conditions. The
division structures shown in figures 3-35 and
WATER MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
263
weir. P20-0-34861
r--\
~w
A
<1
Cresj
~Weir
(...
-1
.;t:-
-1
~~ ,~
~
CIPOLLETTI
~~,~
WEIR
UPSTREAM
/'
Weir
ga-ge
,,\,."
"
---"
r ./.'c.,,\,
.:c'
DETAIL
.
.,"
SiDE
"::!,.:,.
""...
,4,.,.
V/
-~
"
r ''
,."-
.'
,.1.,
,"
,.
~~'c
~""'--;:,;.,
blade
.~
-..,"'
Flow
->-
"
>,.
?1"~
-,\,
"/
"
;
I'~' ' '~,
~/,,:
'
"II"
~ ,!".1"":;,,
-"' ,
."" !"
~
4'". "1.
::":".": 0:
:Li ~ :.,;.
e
.""J\",,~-,i
+"
~~ ..~I,,~,1
-!,"1!',.,..,.:.,..,~..
,.
SECTION
'",;..!..,,~"/
Nappe
A-A
Figure
,1\,
5-16.
CipoUetti
weir
in a permanent
bulkhead-free-flow
conditions.
lO3-D-1236
SMALL
264
weir structures-12
CANAL
STRUCTURES
WATER MEASUREMENT
265
STRUCTURES
--:-~;
SECTlON
-zc J
WEIR
WElR
DETAILS
STRUCTURES
weir structures-5
C-C
266
(3) Can be used in combination with
turnouts.
( 4) Can be used in division structures.
(5) Can be both movable (portable) and
adjustable.
Some disadvantages of weirs are:
( 1) Impose a greater head loss in the canal
system
than
other water measurement
structures.
(2) Weir pools must be cleaned of sediment
periodically and kept free of weeds and trash( 3) Can be easily altered to obtain
unallocated water.
( 4) Some leakage occurs around movable
weirs.
5 -19.
Requirements
for
Accurate
Measurement. -To obtain the highest degree of
measurement
accuracy,
standard weir
structures must be accurately constructed and
properly
maintained.
The
necessary
requirements for weir blade, nappe, approach
channel-weir relationship and gage location are:
(a) Weir Blade. -The weir blade should be
designed and installed as follows:
( 1) The upstream face of the bulkhead
and weir blade must be vertical.
(2) The crest of the weir blade should be
level and have a sharp right angle corner on
the upstream side.
(3) The sides of a rectangular contracted
weir blade should be vertical, have a sharp
right angle corner on the upstream side and
form a right angle at the junction with the
crest.
( 4) The sides of a Cipolletti weir blade
should be on 1 to 4 slope, and have sharp
right angle corners on the upstream side.
(5) The sides of a 900 V-notch weir blade
should have a sharp right angle corner on the
upstream side.
( 6) The downstream edge of the crest and
sides of a movable weir blade should be
chamfered at a 45 angle or more (crest
should be about one-eighth inch thick);
however, knife edges on all weirs should :he
avoided because they are difficult
to
maintain.
(7) Weir blades must be kept free of rust
and nicks. Any form of roughness will cause
the weir to discharge more water than
indicated in the standard tables.
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
WATER MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
267
-IA
Y
WEIR
ASSEYBL
CL
SECTION
SECT/ON
Figure 5-20.
Adjustable
weirs-2
C-C
S-B
268
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Copooty
550 Lbs
COk?
/$'I?
Smooth
costfng
COVER
CAST
For
iaond
PLATE
,RON
21 dto
handwheels
4 per
s,g,e
AC%?
fi7OS
inch
HAND
t*si
WHEEL
,RON
WHEEL
1ST
COVER PLlTt
used for i8ond 21
die handwheels
Some
ASSEMBLY
Cowctty
495 Lbs
Capacity
Smooth
.GS Lbs
costi
COVER
CAST
For 14 die
PLATE
,RON
handwheel
core f
iRSmooth
Hub
cast
costmg
smooth
Rough
COVER
CAST
For
12 die
bronze
nut Cost
PLATE
,RDN
4 per
&h
hondwheei
HAND
WHEEL
CAST iRON
HAND
WHEEL
CAST iRON
Capacity
,wll of
NOTE
based on o handwheel
20 pounds
WATER
MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
269
FILLER
STEEL
TWO REOiRE.9
SEC
SECTION
B-8
A -A
270
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
SEC.
=nnn
SECrlON
c-c
SEC
D-D
LEGEND
S-8
WATER
MEASUREMENT
t
Operotmg
271
STRUCTURES
rood
II
I
I I
BAR
DE
Not
TAIL
to scale
above
If
Pipe
cop
/Bottom
of
wer
goge
NOTES
With wer m fully
lowered pos!t,on
set zero of we/r goge
below crest
of wwr o dlstonce
equal to A
h For ony pwtmn
of wer
crest
equals wer
goge reodrng
nunus
stem protection
above handwheel
hub
4
~8"DlO
SECTION
Bar
U-Bolt
Golvonved
IX;
A-A
Round bend
2- Requwed
Golvonrzed.
tier
nuts - golvanrzed
SECTION
Not
D-8
to
scale
Figme 5-24.
103-D-1243
SMALL
272
CANAL
STRUCTURES
NOTES
be s,m,,w
-8e
b'iocki'
Figure 5-Z.
be sharp
,eng+h
to
and
than
deto,,~
occuroie
+&On,5
~hovm
to the dimensmns
required
for
shorter
the
deta!ls
lengths
WATER MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
273
clings to the crest of other weirs. The minimum
head on a V-notch weir should be 0.2 foot.
S-21. Design Example of Selecting and
Setting a Weir. -(a) Requirements. -Select and
set a Cipolletti weir structure to measure a
maximum flow of 40 cfs. The weir structure is
to be constructed in a trapezoidal earth canal
which has the following hydraulic properties:
Q = 40 cfs; bottom width = 6.0 feet; side slopes
l-1/2 to 1; normal water depth upstream (dl )
and downstream (d,) of weir = 2.0 feet;
velocity = 2.22 feet per second; and canal bank
freeboard = 1.5 feet. Assume a 3-foot drop (F)
between upstream and downstream normal
water surfaces has been provided in the canal
profile.
(b) Weir Selection.-The
table of weir
structures in figure 5-l 8 gives some standard
weir
lengths
with
their corresponding
maximum discharges, Q max., and minimum
and maximum drops, F, between upstream and
downstream
water surfaces. Select the
structure having the least weir length for a
design discharge of 40 cfs and F = 3.0 feet.
Structure No. 6A (from table on fig. 5-18), has
a crest length, W, of 6 feet which meets this
criteria. The maximum design capacity of this
structure is 57 cfs and a maximum allowable F
= 3 feet. Table 5-5 shows that for a 6-foot weir
and a discharge of 40.1 cfs, the head, h, equals
1.58 feet.
(c) Weir Setting. -Set the weir pool invert so
that elevation B shown in figure 5-18 is 3h
below the upstream normal water surface
(NWS) elevation. Assume the upstream canal
invert elevation is 100.00 feet. Then
El. B = Canal invert elevation + d1 - 3h
El. B = 100.00 + 2.00 - 3( 1.58)
= 97.26 feet
Since 2h = 3.16 feet is greater than the 12-inch
minimum, El. B is satisfactory. The elevation
of the top of weir wall (El. T) is given by the
following equation:
2.50 G
El. T = El. B + 2h - x+
l2 + 3.21
El. T = 97.26 + 3.16 - 2.50
El. T = 103.42 feet
2.50 is the weir blade
In the above calculation, 12
274
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
=
=
=
=
H = 0.5 (minimum) + dz
+ structure freeboard
As the weir structure freeboard is 1 foot, then
H = 0.50 + 2.00 + 1.00 = 3.50 feet
The length, L, of the weir structure should be
long enough to contain the plunging nappe and
to provide a pool for stilling the water before it
passes downstream into the canal. The length is
computed by the following empirical formula:
L= 3h+ 2F
L = 3( 1.58) + 2(3.0) = 10.74 feet
Therefore, the structure can be made 11 feet
long.
Cutoff walls are added to provide additional
percolation
path to prevent piping of
foundation materials from under the structure,
to protect
the
structure
from
being
undermined if channel erosion occurs, and to
provide structure stability to resist overturning
and sliding. As a general rule cutoff walls
should extend below the canal invert as shown
for the following water depths at the cutoff:
Water depth,
feet
Cutoff depth,
feet
o-3
3-6
>6
2.0
2.5
3.0
Cutoff
thickness,
inches
6
8
8
+ cemin. -
protection thickness)
(percolation
3.1
I
WATER MEASUREMENT
275
STRUCTURES
Table 54.-Discharge
of standard contracted rectaangular weirs in cubic feet per second. Values below
and to the left of heav,v line determined esperinxntoily;
others computed
from the formula Q = 3.33 (L-0.Jk]h3.
103-D-1245-1
Len
Head
h,
feet
of weir, L, f
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
0.29
0.58
0.88
1.18
1.48
1.78
2.07
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.31
.33
.3s
.37
.40
.63
.67
.72
36
.81
.95
1.02
1.08
1.16
1.23
1.27
1.36
1.45
1.55
1.64
1.59
1.70
1.82
1.94
2.06
1.91
2.05
2.19
2.33
2.48
2.23
2.39
2.55
2.72
2.89
26
.21
.28
.29
.30
.42
.44
.47
.49
.51
.86
.91
.96
1.01
1.06
1.30
1.38
1.45
1.53
1.61
1.74
1.84
1.95
2.05
2.16
2.18
2.31
2.44
2.57
2.70
2.63
2.78
2.93
3.09
3.25
3.07
3.24
3.43
3.61
3.80
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.s4
.56
.59
1.11
1.17
1.22
1.28
1.33
1.69
1.77
1.85
1.94
2.02
2.26
2.37
2.48
2.60
2.71
2.84
2.98
3.12
3.26
3.40
3.41
3.58
3.75
3.92
4.09
3.99
4.18
4.38
4.58
4.78
.36
.3?
.38
.39
.40
.69
.71
.74
.I7
.80
1.39
1.44
1.50
1.56
1.62
2.11
2.19
2.28
2.37
2.46
2.82
2.94
3.06
3.18
3.30
3.54
3.69
3.84
3.99
4.14
4.26
4.44
4.62
4.80
4.99
4.98
5.19
5.40
5.61
5.83
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
.83
.86
.89
.92
.95
1.68
1.74
1.80
1.86
1.92
2.55
2.64
2.74
2.83
2.92
3.42
3.55
3.68
3.80
3.93
4.30
4.46
4.61
4.77
4.94
5.17
5.36
5.55
5.75
5.94
6.05
6.27
6.49
6.72
6.95
.46
.47
.48
.49
SO
.98
1.01
1.04
1.08
1.11
1.98
2.04
2.11
2.11
2.24
3.02
3.12
3.22
3.32
3.4 1
4.06
4.19
4.32
4.46
4.59
5.10
5.26
5.43
5.60
5.71
6.14
6.34
6.54
6.74
6.95
7.18
7.41
7.64
7.88
8.12
.Sl
.52
.53
.54
.55
2.30
2.37
2.43
2.50
2.57
3.52
3.62
3.72
3.82
3.92
4.73
4.86
5.00
5.14
5.28
5.94
6.11
6.29
6.46
6.64
7.15
7.36
7.57
7.79
8.00
8.37
8.61
8.86
9.11
9.36
.56
Sl
.58
.59
.60
2.64
2.70
2.71
2.84
2.91
4.03
4.14
4.24
4.35
4.46
5.43
5.57
5.71
5.86
6.00
6.82
7.00
7.18
7.37
7.55
a.22
8.44
8.66
8.88
9.10
9.61
9.87
10.1
10.4
10.6
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
2.98
3.05
3.12
3.19
3.26
4.57
4.68
4.79
4.90
5.01
6.15
6.30
6.45
6.60
6.75
7.74
7.93
8.12
8.31
8.50
9.32
9.55
9.78
10.0
10.2
10.9
11.2
11.4
11.7
12.0
.66
.67
.68
.69
.7Q
3.34
3.4 1
3.58
3.66
3.74
5.12
5.23
5.35
5.46
5.58
6.91
7.06
7.22
7.37
7.53
8.69
8.89
9.08
9.28
9.48
10.5
10.7
11.0
11.2
11.4
12.3
12.5
12.8
13.1
13.4
0.20
-+
SMALL
276
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Table 54.-Discharge
of standard contracted rectangular weirs in cubic feet per second. Values below
and to the left of heavy line determined experimentally: others computed from the formula Q = 3.33 (L-0.2h)h32.-CQntinued.
103-D-1245-2
Head
h,
feet
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
5.69
5.81
5.93
6.05
6.16
7.69
7.84
8.00
8.16
8.33
9.68
9.88
10.1
10.3
10.5
11.7
11.9
12.2
12.4
12.7
13.7
13.9
14.2
14.5
14.8
0.71
.72
.73
.74
.75
3.82
3.90
3.98
4.06
4.14
.76
.77
.78
.79
.80
4.22
4.30
4.38
4.46
4.54
6.28
6.40
6.52
6.64
6.77
8.49
8.65
8.82
8.98
9.15
10.7
10.9
11.1
11.3
11.5
12.9
13.2
13.4
13.7
13.9
15.1
15.4
15.7
16.0
16.3
.81
.82
.83
.84
.85
4.62
4.70
4.78
4.87
4.96
6.89
7.01
7.14
7.26
7.38
9.32
9.48
9.65
9.82
10.0
11.7
12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
14.2
14.4
14.7
15.0
15.2
16.6
16.9
17.2
17.5
17.8
.86
.87
.88
.89
.90
5.05
5.14
5.23
5.32
5.41
7.5 1
7.64
7.76
7.89
8.02
10.2
10.3
10.5
10.7
10.9
12.8
13.0
13.3
13.5
13.7
15.5
15.7
16.9
16.3
16.5
18.1
18.4
18.8
19.1
19.4
.91
.92
.93
.94
.95
5.50
5.59
5.68
5.77
5.86
8.15
8.28
8.40
8.53
8.66
11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.7
13.9
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
16.8
17.1
17.4
17.6
17.9
19.7
20.0
20.4
20.7
21.0
.96
.97
.98
.99
1.00
5.95
6.04
6.13
6.22
6.31
8.80
8.93
9.06
9.19
9.32
11.9
12.1
12.3
12.5
12.7
15.1
15.3
15.5
15.8
16.0
18.2
18.5
18.8
19.0
19.3
21.3
21.7
22.0
22.3
22.6
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
12.8
13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
16.2
16.5
16.7
16.9
17.2
19.6
19.9
20.2
20.5
20.1
23.0
23.3
23.6
24.0
24.3
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
13.8
14.0
14.1
14.3
14.5
17.4
17.6
17.9
18.1
18.4
21.0
21.3
21.6
21.9
22.2
24.7
25.0
25.4
25.7
26.0
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
14.7
14.9
15.1
15.3
15.5
18.6
18.9
19.1
19.3
19.6
22.5
22.8
23.1
23.4
23.1
26.4
26.7
27.1
21.4
21.8
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
15.7
15.9
16.1
16.3
16.5
19.8
20.1
20.3
20.6
20.8
24.0
24.3
24.6
24.9
25.2
28.2
28.5
28.9
29.2
29.6
WATER
MEASUREMENT
277
STRUCTURES
Table S-4.-Discharge of standard contracted rectangular weirs in cubic feet per second.
Computed from the formula Q = 3.33 (L-0.2~~)/232.-Continued.
103-D-1245-3
ead
h,
bet
Head
h,
feet
l- --
7.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
16.7
16.9
17.1
17.3
17.5
21.1
21.3
21.6
21.8
22.1
25.5
25.8
26.1
26.4
26.8
30.0
30.3
30.7
31.0
31.4
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
42.1
42.5
42.8
43.2
43.6
49.6
50.0
50.4
50.8
51.3
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
17.7
17.9
18.1
18.3
18.5
22.4
22.6
22.9
23.1
23.4
27.1
27.4
21.7
28.0
28.3
31.8
32.2
32.5
32.9
33.3
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
43.9
44.3
44.6
45.0
45.4
51.7
52.1
52.5
53.0
53.4
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
18.7
18.9
19.1
23.7
23.9
24.2
24.4
24.7
28.6
29.0
29.3
29.6
29.9
33.6
34.0
34.4
34.8
35.2
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
45.7
46.1
46.4
46.8
47.2
53.8
54.3
54.7
55.1
55.6
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
25.0
25.2
25.5
25.8
26.0
30.3
30.6
30.9
31.2
31.6
35.5
35.9
36.3
36.7
37.1
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.90
47.5
47.9
48.3
48.6
49.0
56.0
56.4
56.9
57.3
57.7
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
26.3
26.6
26.8
27.1
27.4
31.9
32.2
32.5
32.9
33.2
37.5
37.8
38.2
38.6
39.0
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
49.4
,49.8
50.1
50.5
50.9
58.2
58.6
59.0
59.5
59.9
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
27.7
27.9
28.2
28.5
28.8
33.5
33.9
34.2
34.5
34.9
39.4
39.8
40.2
40.6
41.0
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
51.2
51.6
52.0
52.4
52.7
60.4
60.8
61.3
61.7
62.2
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
29.0
29.3
29.6
29.9
30.1
35.2
35.5
35.9
36.2
36.6
41.4
41.8
42.2
42.6
43.0
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
62.6
63.1
63.5
64.0
64.4
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
30.4
30.7
31.0
31.3
31.5
36.9
37.2
37.6
37.9
38.3
43.4
43.8
44.2
44.6
45.0
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
64.9
65.3
65.8
66.2
66.7
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
31.8
32.1
32.4
32.7
33.0
38.6
39.0
39.3
39.7
40.0
45.4
45.8
46.2
46.7
47.1
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
67.1
67.6
68.1
68.5
69.0
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
33.2
40.4
40.7
41.1
41.4
41.8
41.5
47.9
48.3
48.7
49.2
2.16
2.17
69.4
69.9
--
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Table 5-4.-Discharge of standard contracted rectangular weirs in cubic feet per second
Computed from the formula Q = 3.33 (IA2h)h32.-Continued.
103-D-12454
Head
h,
feet
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
15.0
18.0
20.0
0.20
2.37
2.67
2.91
3.56
4.45
5.35
5.94
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
2.55
2.13
2.92
3.11
3.31
2.87
3.08
3.29
3.50
3.72
3.19
3.42
3.66
3.90
4.14
3.83
4.11
4.39
4.68
4.91
4.79
5.14
5.49
5.86
6.22
5.15
6.17
6.59
7.03
1.41
6.39
6.83
1.33
7.81
8.30
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
3.51
3.11
3.92
4.13
4.34
3.95
4.18
4.41
4.65
4.89
4.39
4.65
4.91
5.17
5.44
5.28
5.58
5.89
6.21
6.53
6.60
6.98
1.31
1.11
8.17
7.93
8.38
8.86
9.33
9.82
8.81
9.32
9.84
10.4
10.9
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
4.56
4.18
5.01
5.24
5.47
5.14
5.39
5.64
5.90
6.16
5.71
5.99
6.27
6.56
6.85
6.86
7.19
7.53
7.88
8.23
8.59
9.00
9.43
9.86
10.3
10.3
10.8
11.3
11.8
12.4
11.5
12.0
12.6
13.2
13.7
.36
.37
.38
.39
.40
5.70
5.94
6.18
6.42
6.67
6.42
6.69
6.96
7.24
7.51
7.14
7.44
1.14
8.05
8.36
8.58
8.94
9.30
9.67
10.0
10.7
11.2
11.6
12.1
12.6
12.9
13.4
14.0
14.5
15.1
14.3
14.9
15.5
16.2
16.8
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
6.92
7.18
1.43
7.69
7.95
7.80
8.08
8.37
8.66
8.96
8.61
8.99
9.31
9.63
9.96
10.4
10.8
11.2
11.6
12.0
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.7
16.2
16.8
17.4
18.0
17.4
18.1
18.7
19.4
20.0
.46
.41
.48
.49
.50
8.22
8.48
8.75
9.03
9.30
9.26
9.56
9.86
10.2
10.5
10.3
10.6
11.0
11.3
11.7
12.4
12.8
13.2
13.6
14.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.6
19.2
19.8
20.4
21.1
20.7
21.4
22.0
22.7
23.4
Sl
.52
.53
.54
.55
9.58
9.86
10.1
10.4
10.7
10.8
11.1
11.4
11.8
12.1
12.0
12.4
12.7
13.1
13.4
14.4
14.9
15.3
15.7
16.2
18.1
18.6
19.1
19.7
20.2
21.1
22.3
23.0
23.6
24.3
24.1
24.8
25.6
26.3
27.0
.56
.57
.58
.59
.60
11.0
11.3
11.6
11.9
12.2
12.4
12.7
13.1
13.4
13.7
13.8
14.2
14.5
14.9
15.3
16.6
17.0
17.5
17.9
18.4
20.8
21.3
21.9
22.5
23.0
25.0
25.6
26.3
21.0
27.7
27.8
28.5
29.2
30.0
30.8
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
12.5
12.8
13.1
13.4
13.7
14.1
14.4
14.8
15.1
15.5
15.7
16.1
16.4
16.8
17.2
18.8
19.3
19.8
20.2
20.1
23.6
24.2
24.8
25.4
25.9
28.4
29.1
29.8
30.5
31.2
31.5
32.3
33.1
33.9
34.1
.66
.61
.68
.69
.I0
14.0
14.4
14.7
15.0
15.3
15.8
16.2
16.6
16.9
17.3
17.6
18.0
18.4
18.8
19.2
21.2
21.7
22.2
22.6
23.1
26.5
27.1
21.8
28.4
29.0
31.9
32.6
33.4
34.1
34.8
35.5
36.3
37.1
37.9
38.7
WATER MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
279
Table S-4.-Discharge of standard contracted rectangular weirs in cubic feet per second
Computed from the formula Q = 3.33 (L-O. 2h)h3*.-Continued.
103-D-1245-5
Head
h, .
feet
9.0
IO.0
12.0
15.0
18.0
20.0
0.71
.72
.I3
.I4
.75
15.7
16.0
16.3
16.6
17.0
17.6
18.0
18.4
18.8
19.1
19.6
20.1
20.5
20.9
21.3
23.6
24.1
24.6
25.1
25.6
29.6
30.2
30.9
31.5
32.1
35.6
36.3
37.1
37.8
38.6
39.6
40.4
41.2
42.1
42.9
.I6
.77
.78
.I9
.80
17.3
17.7
18.0
18.3
18.7
19.5
19.9
20.3
20.7
21.1
21.7
22.2
22.6
23.0
23.4
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.7
28.2
32.8
33.4
34.1
34.7
35.4
39.4
40.2
40.9
41.7
42.5
43.8
44.7
45.5
46.4
47.3
.81
.82
.83
.84
.85
19.0
19.4
19.7
20.1
20.4
21.5
21.8
22.2
22.6
23.0
23.9
24.3
24.8
25.2
25.7
28.7
29.3
29.8
30.3
30.9
36.0
36.7
37.4
38.0
38.7
43.3
44.1
44.9
45.7
46.5
48.2
49.0
49.9
50.8
51.8
.86
.a7
.a
.89
.90
20.8
21.1
21.5
21.9
22.2
23.4
23.8
24.3
24.7
25.1
26.1
26.6
27.0
21.5
27.9
31.4
32.0
32.5
33.1
33.6
39.4
40.1
40.7
41.4
42.1
47.3
48.2
es.0
49.8
50.7
52.7
53.6
54.5
55.4
56.4
.91
.92
.93
.94
.95
22.6
23.0
23.3
23.7
24.1
25.5
25.9
26.3
26.7
27.2
28.4
28.8
29.3
29.9
30.2
34.2
34.7
35.3
36.0
36.4
42.8
43.5
44.2
45.1
45.7
51.5
52.4
53.2
54.2
54.9
57.3
58.2
59.2
60.3
61.1
.96
.91
.98
.99
1.00
24.5
24.8
25.2
25.6
26.0
27.6
28.0
28.4
28.9
29.3
30.7
31.2
31.7
32.2
32.6
37.0
37.6
38.1
38.7
39.3
46.4
47.1
47.8
48.6
49.3
55.8
56.6
57.5
58.4
59.3
62.0
63.0
64.0
65.0
65.9
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
26.4
26.7
27.1
27.5
27.9
29.8
30.2
30.6
31.1
31.5
33.1
33.6
34.1
34.6
35.1
39.9
40.5
41.0
41.7
42.2
50.0
50.7
51.5
52.3
53.0
60.2
61.0
61.9
62.9
63.7
66.9
67.9
68.9
69.9
70.9
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
28.3
28.7
29.1
29.5
29.9
31.9
32.4
32.8
33.3
33.7
35.6
36.1
36.6
37.1
37.6
42.8
43.4
44.0
44.6
45.3
53.7
54.5
55.2
56.0
56.8
64.6
65.6
66.4
67.4
68.3
71.9
72.9
74.3
75.0
76.0
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
30.3
30.7
31.1
31.5
31.9
34.2
34.6
35.1
35.6
36.0
38.1
38.6
39.1
39.6
40.1
45.9
46.5
47.1
47.7
48.3
57.6
58.3
59.1
59.9
60.6
69.3
70.1
71.1
72.0
73.0
17.1
78.0
79.1
80.1
81.2
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
32.3
32.7
33.1
33.6
34.0
36.5
36.9
37.4
37.9
38.3
40.6
41.2
41.7
42.2
42.7
48.9
49.6
50.2
50.8
51.5
61.4
62.3
63.0
63.8
64.6
73.9
74.9
75.8
76.8
77.7
I
I
I
82.2
83.3
84.4
85.4
86.5
SMALL
280
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Table 5-4.-Discharge of standard contracted rectangular weirs in cubic feet per second
Computed from the formula Q = 3.33 (L-0.2h)h3*.-Continued.
103-D-1245-6
H;d
Length
Of
WieI,L,
feet
I
feet
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
15.0
18.0
20.0
34.4
34.8
35.2
35.6
36.1
38.8
39.3
39.8
40.2
40.7
43.2
43.8
44.3
44.8
45.4
52.1
52.8
53.4
54.0
54.7
65.4
66.2
67.0
67.8
68.7
78.7
79.7
80.6
81.6
82.6
87.6
88.7
89.7
90.8
91.9
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
36.5
36.9
37.3
37.8
38.2
41.2
41.7
42.2
42.7
43.1
45.9
46.4
47.0
47.5
48.1
55.3
56.0
56.6
57.3
57.9
69.4
70.3
71.1
71.9
72.7
83.6
84.6
85.6
86.6
87.5
93.0
94.1
95.2
96.3
97.4
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
38.6
39.1
39.5
39.9
40.4
43.6
44.1
44.6
45.1
45.6
48.6
49.2
49.7
50.3
50.8
58.6
59.3
59.9
60.6
61.3
73.6
74.4
75.3
76.1
77.0
88.5
89.6
90.6
91.6
92.6
98.5
99.7
100.8
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
40.8
41.3
41.7
42.1
42.6
46.1
46.6
47.1
47.6
48.1
51.4
51.9
52.5
53.1
53.6
61.9
62.6
63.3
64.0
64.7
77.8
78.7
79.5
80.4
81.2
93.6
94.7
95.7
96.7
97.8
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
43.0
43.5
43.9
44.4
44.8
48.6
49.1
49.6
50.1
50.6
54.2
54.7
55.3
55.9
56.5
65.3
66.0
66.7
67.4
68.1
82.0
82.9
83.8
84.7
85.5
98.8
99.8
100.9
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
45.3
45.7
46.2
46.6
47.1
51.2
51.7
52.2
52.7
53.2
57.0
57.6
58.2
58.8
59.3
68.8
69.5
70.2
70.9
71.6
86.4
87.3
88.2
89.1
89.9
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
47.6
48.0
48.5
49.0
49.4
53.7
54.3
54.8
55.3
55.8
59.9
60.5
61.1
61.7
62.3
49.9
50.3
50.8
51.3
51.8
56.4
56.9
57.4
58.0
58.5
62.8
63.4
64.0
64.6
65.2
I
I
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
52.2
52.7
53.2
53.7
54.1
59.0
59.6
60.1
60.6
61.2
65.8
66.4
67.0
67.6
68.3
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
54.6
55.1
55.6
56.1
56.5
61.7
62.3
62.8
63.4
63.9
68.9
69.5
I
WATER MEASUREMENT
281
STRUCTURES
~~~~~ 5-5,-Discharge
of stm&wd Cipolletti weirs in cubic feet Per second. Values below and to
the left of heavy lines determined experimentally; others computed from
tile formula Q = 3.367 Lh312. 103-D-1246-1
7
Length
:ad
h,
:et
1.0
2.0
3.0
I.20
0.30
0.60
0.90
5.0
6.0
7.0
1.20
1.51
1.81
2.11
.21
.22
.23
24
.25
.32
.35
.37
A0
.42
.65
.70
.74
.79
.84
.9?
1.04
1.11
1.19
1.26
1.30
1.39
1.48
1.58
1.68
1.62
1.74
1.86
1.98
2.10
1.94
2.08
2.23
2.38
2.53
2.27
2.43
2.60
2.77
2.95
.26
.21
.28
.2
.30
.45
.47
SO
.53
.55
.89
.94
1.00
1 .os
1.11
1.34
1.42
1.50
1.58
1.66
1.78
1.89
2.00
2.10
2.21
2.23
2.36
2.49
2.63
2.77
2.68
2.83
2.99
3.15
3.32
3.12
3.31
3.49
3.68
3.87
.58
.61
.64
1.16
1.22
1.28
1.34
1.39
1.74
1.83
1.92
2.00
2.09
2.32
2.44
2.55
2.67
2.79
2.90
3.05
3.19
3.34
3.49
3.49
3.66
3.83
4.00
4.18
4.07
4.27
4.47
4.67
4.88
.36
.37
.38
.39
.40
.I3
.76
.79
.82
.85
1.45
1.52
1.58
1.64
1.70
2.18
2.27
2.37
2.46
2.56
2.91
3.03
3.16
3.28
3.41
3.64
3.79
3.94
4.10
4.26
4.36
4.55
4.73
4.92
5.11
5.09
5.30
5.52
5.74
5.96
.41
.42
.43
.44
.4.5
.88
.92
.95
.98
1.02
1.77
1.83
1.90
1.96
2.03
2.65
2.75
2.85
2.95
3.05
3.54
3.66
3.80
3.93
4.06
4.42
4.58
4.15
4.91
5.08
5.30
5.50
5.70
5.90
6.10
6.19
6.41
6.65
6.88
7.11
.46
.47
.48
.49
.50
1.05
1.08
1.12
1.16
1.20
2.10
2.17
2.24
2.31
2.38
3.15
3.25
3.36
3.46
3.57
4.20
4.34
4.48
4.62
4.76
5.25
5.42
5.60
5.77
5.95
6.30
6.51
6.72
6.93
7.14
7.35
7.59
7.84
8.08
8.33
.51
.52
.53
.54
.55
2.45
2.52
2.60
2.67
2.75
3.68
3.79
3.90
4.01
4.12
4.90
5.05
5.20
5.34
5.49
6.13
6.31
6.50
6.68
6.87
7.36
7.57
7.79
8.02
8.24
8.58
8.84
9.09
9.35
9.61
.56
.57
.sa
.59
60
2.82
2.90
2.97
3.05
3.13
4.23
4.35
4.46
4.58
4.69
5.64
5.80
5.95
6.10
6.26
7.05
7.24
7.44
7.63
7.82
8.47
8.69
8.92
9.15
9.39
9.88
10.1
10.4
10.7
11.0
6.42
6.57
6.73
6.90
7.06
8.02
8.22
8.42
8.62
8.82
9.62
9.86
10.1
10.3
10.6
11.2
11.5
11.8
12.1
12.4
7.22
7.38
7.55
7.72
1.89
9.03
9.23
9.44
9.65
9.86
10.8
11.1
11.3
11.6
11.8
12.6
12.9
13.2
13.5
13.8
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
+-
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
.66
.67
.68
.69
.7O
3.21
3.29
3.37
3.45
3.53
3.61
--He
3.90
3.98
4.81
4.93
5.05
5.17
5.29
5.42
5.54
5.66
5.19
5.92
SMALL
282
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Table 5-5.-Discharge of standard Cipolletti weirs in cubic feet per second. Values below and to
the kft of heavy lines determined experimentally; others computed from the
formula 0 = 3.367 Lh3.-Continued.
103-D-1246-2
Head
h,
feet
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
0.71
.72
.73
.74
.75
4.06
4.15
4.24
4.33
4.42
6.04
6.17
6.30
6.43
6.56
8.06
8.23
8.40
8.57
8.75
10.1
10.3
10.5
10.7
10.9
12.1
12.3
12.6
12.9
13.1
14.1
14.4
14.7
15.0
15.3
.-'6
.77
.78
.79
.80
4.51
4.60
4.69
4.78
4.87
6.69
6.82
6.96
7.09
7.23
8.92
9.10
9.24
9.46
9.64
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8
12.0
13.4
13.7
13.9
14.2
14.5
15.6
15.9
16.2
16.6
16.9
.81
.82
.83
.84
.85
4.96
5 .os
5.14
5.24
5.34
7.36
7.50
7.64
7.78
7.92
9.82
10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
12.3
i2.5
12.7
13.0
13.2
14.7
15.0
15.3
15.6
15.8
17.2
17.5
17.8
18.1
18.5
.86
.87
.88
.89
.90
5.44
5.54
5.64
5.74
5.84
8.06
8.20
8.34
8.48
8.62
10.7
10.9
11.1
11.3
11.5
13.4
13.7
13.9
14.1
14.4
16.1
16.4
16.7
17.0
17.3
18.8
19.1
19.5
19.8
20.1
.91
.92
.93
.94
.95
5.94
6.04
6.14
6.25
6.36
8.77
8.91
9.06
9.20
9.35
11.7
11.9
12.1
12.3
12.5
14.6
14.9
15.1
15.3
15.6
17.5
17.8
18.1
18.4
18.7
20.5
20.8
21.1
21.5
21.8
.96
.97
.98
.99
1.00
6.47
6.58
6.69
6.80
6.91
9.50
9.65
9.80
9.95
10.1
12.7
12.9
13.1
13.3
13.5
15.8
16.1
16.3
16.6
16.8
19.0
19.3
19.6
19.9
20.2
22.2
22.5
22.9
23.2
23.6
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
10.5
10.6
10.8
10.9
11.1
13.7
13.9
14.1
14.3
14.5
17.1
17.3
17.6
17.9
18.1
20.5
20.8
21.1
21.4
21.7
23.9
24.3
24.6
25.0
25.4
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
11.3
11.4
11.6
11.7
11.9
14.7
14.9
15.1
15.3
15.5
18.4
18.6
18.9
19.2
19.4
22.1
22.4
22.7
23.0
23.3
25.7
26.1
26.5
26.8
27.2
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
12.1
12.2
12.4
12.5
12.7
15.8
16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
19.7
20.0
20.2
20.5
20.8
23.6
23.9
24.3
24.6
24.9
27.6
27.9
28.3
28.7
29.!
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
12.9
13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
16.8
17.0
17.3
17.5
17.7
21.0
21.3
21.6
21.9
22.1
25.2
25.6
25.9
26.2
26.6
29.4
29.8
30.2
30.6
31.0
WATER MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
283
Table 5-5.-Discharge of standard Cipolletti weirs in cubic feet per second. Values computed
from the formula Q = 3.367 Lh3*.-Continued.
103-D-1246-3
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Head
h,
feet
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
17.9
18.1
18.4
18.6
18.8
22.4
22.7
23.0
23.2
23.5
26.9
27.2
27.6
27.9
28.2
31.4
31.8
32.2
32.5
32.9
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
19.0
19.3
19.5
19.7
20.0
23.8
24.1
24.4
24.7
25.0
28.6
28.9
29.3
29.6
29.9
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
20.2
20.4
20.7
25.2
25.5
25.8
26.1
26.4
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
Head
k
feet
7.0
1.71
1:72
1.73
1.74
1.75
45.2
45.6
46.0
46.4
46.8
52.7
53.2
53.6
54.1
54.6
33.3
33.7
34.1
34.5
34.9
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
47.2
47.6
48.0
48.4
48.8
55.0
55.5
56.0
56.4
56.9
30.3
30.6
31.0
31.3
31.7
35.3
35.7
36.2
36.6
37.0
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
49.2
49.6
50.0
50.4
SO.8
57.4
57.9
58.3
58.8
59.3
26.7
27.0
27.3
27.6
27.9
32.0
32.4
32.8
33.1
33.5
37.4
37.8
38.2
38.6
39.0
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.90
5 1.2
51.7
52.1
52.5
52.9
59.8
60.3
60.8
61.2
61.7
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
28.2
28.5
28.8
29.1
29.4
33.8
34.2
34.5
34.9
35.3
39.5
39.9
40.3
40.7
41.2
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
53.3
53.7
54.2
54.6
55.0
62.2
62.7
63.2
63.7
64.2
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
29.7
30.0
30.3
30.6
30.9
35.6
36.0
36.4
36.7
37.1
41.6
42.0
42.4
42.9
43.3
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
55.4
55.9
56.3
56.7
57.1
64.7
65.2
65.7
66.2
66.7
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
31.2
31.5
31.8
32.2
32.5
37.5
37.9
38.2
38.6
39.0
43.7
44.2
44.6
45.0
45.5
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
67.2
67.7
68.2
68.7
69.2
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
32.8
33.1
33.4
33.8
34.1
39.4
39.7
40.1
40.5
40.9
45.9
46.4
46.8
47.3
47.7
2.06
2.07
69.7
70.2
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
34.4
34.7
35.0
35.4
35.7
41.3
41.7
42.0
42.4
42.8
48.1
48.6
49.0
49.5
50.0
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
36.0
43.2
43.6
44.0
44.4
44.8
so.4
so.9
51.3
51.8
52.2
SMALL
284
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Table 5-5.-Discharge of standard Cipolletti weirs in cubic feet per second. Values computed
from the formula Q = 3.367 Lh312.-Continued.
103-D-1246-4
Head
h,
feet
9.0
0.20
2.41
2.71
3.01
3.31
3.6J
3.91
4.22
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
2.59
2.78
2.97
3.17
3.37
2.92
3.13
3.34
3.56
3.79
3.24
3.47
3.71
3.96
4.21
3.56
3.82
4.09
4.35
4.63
3.89
4.17
4.46
4.75
5.05
4.21
4.52
4.83
5.15
5.47
4.54
4.86
5.20
5.54
5.89
.26
.21
.28
.29
.30
3.51
3.18
3.99
4.21
4.43
4.02
4.25
4.49
4.13
4.98
4.46
4.72
4.99
5.26
5.53
4.91
5.20
5.49
5.78
6.09
5.36
5.67
5.99
6.31
6.64
5.80
6.14
6.49
6.84
7.19
6.25
6.61
6.98
7.36
7.75
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
4.65
4.88
5.11
5.34
5.58
5.23
5.48
5.14
6.01
6.27
5.81
6.09
6.38
6.68
6.97
6.39
6.70
7.02
1.34
7.61
6.97
7.31
1.66
8.01
8.37
7.55
7.92
8.30
8.68
9.06
8.14
8.53
8.94
9.35
9.76
.36
.37
.38
.39
.40
5.82
6.06
6.31
6.56
6.81
6.54
6.82
7.10
7.38
1.61
7.21
7.58
7.89
8.20
8.52
8.00
8.34
8.68
9.02
9.31
8.73
9.09
9.46
9.84
10.2
9.45
9.85
10.3
10.7
11.1
10.2
10.6
11.0
11.5
11.9
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
1.01
7.33
1.59
1.86
8.13
7.95
8.25
8.54
8.84
9.15
8.84
9.16
9.49
9.83
10.2
9.12
10.1
10.4
10.8
11.2
10.6
11.0
11.4
11.8
12.2
11.5
11.9
12.3
12.8
13.2
12.4
12.8
13.3
13.8
14.2
.46
.41
.48
.49
.50
8.40
8.68
8.96
9.24
9.52
9.45
9.76
10.1
10.4
10.7
10.5
10.9
11.2
11.6
11.9
11.6
11.9
12.3
12.7
13.1
12.6
13.0
13.4
13.9
14.3
13.7
14.1
14.6
15.0
15.6
14.7
15.2
15.7
16.2
16.7
.51
.52
.53
.54
.55
9.81
10.1
10.4
10.7
11.0
11.0
11.4
11.7
12.0
12.4
12.3
12.6
13.0
13.4
13.7
13.5
13.9
14.3
14.7
15.1
14.7
15.2
15.6
16.0
16.5
15.9
16.4
16.9
17.4
17.9
17.2
17.7
18.2
18.7
19.2
.56
.51
.58
.59
.60
11.3
11.6
11.9
12.2
12.5
12.7
13.0
13.4
13.7
14.1
14.1
14.5
14.9
15.3
15.7
15.5
15.9
16.4
16.8
17.2
16.9
17.4
17.9
18.3
18.8
18.3
18.8
19.3
19.8
20.3
19.8
20.3
20.8
21.4
21.9
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
12.8
13.2
13.5
13.8
14.1
14.4
14.8
15.2
15.5
15.9
16.0
16.4
16.8
17.2
17.6
17.7
18.1
18.5
19.0
19.4
19.3
19.7
20.2
20.7
21.2
20.9
21.4
21.9
22.4
22.9
22.5
23.0
23.6
24.1
24.1
.66
.61
.68
.69
.I0
14.4
14.8
15.1
15.4
15.8
16.3
16.6
17.0
17.4
17.8
18.1
18.5
18.9
19.3
19.7
19.9
20.3
20.8
21.2
21.7
21.7
22.2
22.7
23.2
23.7
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.1
25.6
25.3
25.9
26.4
27.0
21.6
--
--
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
WATER
Head
h,
feet
MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
285
Table 5-5.-Discharge of standard Cipolletti weirs in cubic feet per second. Values computed
from the formula Q = 3.367 Lh312.-Continued.
103-D-1246-5
-?
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
0.7 I
.72
.73
.74
.75
16.1
16.5
16.8
17.2
17.5
18.1
18.5
18.9
19.3
19.7
20.1
20.6
21.0
21.4
21.9
22.2
22.6
23.1
23.6
24.1
24.2
24.7
25.2
25.7
26.2
26.2
26.7
27.3
27.9
28.4
28.2
28.8
29.4
30.0
30.6
.76
.77
.78
.79
.80
17.8
18.2
18.6
18.9
19.3
20.1
20.5
20.9
21.3
21.7
22.3
22.8
23.2
23.6
24.1
24.5
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
26.8
27.3
27.8
28.4
28.9
29.0
29.6
30.2
30.7
31.3
31.2
31.9
32.5
33.1
33.7
.81
.a2
.83
.a4
.85
19.6
20.0
20.4
20.7
21.1
22.1
22.5
22.9
23.3
23.7
24.6
25.0
25.5
25.9
26.4
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.6
31.1
31.7
31.9
32.5
33.1
33.7
34.3
34.4
35.0
35.6
36.3
36.9
.86
.a7
.88
.a9
.90
21.5
21.9
22.2
22.6
23.0
24.2
24.6
25.0
25.4
.25.9
26.9
27.3
27.8
28.3
28.8
29.5
30.1
30.6
31.1
31.6
32.2
32.8
33.4
33.9
34.5
34.9
35.5
36.1
36.8
37.4
37.6
38.3
38.9
39.6
40.3
.91
.92
.93
.94
.95
23.4
23.8
24.2
24.6
24.9
26.3
26.7
27.2
27.6
28.1
29.2
29.7
30.2
30.7
31.2
32.2
32.7
33.2
33.8
34.3
35.1
35.7
36.2
36.8
37.4
38.0
38.6
39.3
39.9
40.5
40.9
41.6
42.3
43.0
43.7
.96
.97
.98
.99
1.00
25.3
25.7
26.1
26.5
26.9
28.5
29.0
29.4
29.9
30.3
31.7
32.2
32.7
33.2
33:7
34.8
35.4
35.9
36.5
37.0
38.0
38.6
39.2
39.8
40.4
41.2
41.8
42.5
43.1
43.8
44.3
45.0
45.7
46.4
47.1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
27.3
27.8
28.2
28.6
29.0
30.8
31.2
31.7
32.1
32.6
34.2
34.7
35.2
35.7
36.2
37.6
38.2
38.7
39.3
39.9
41.0
41.6
42.2
42.9
43.5
44.4
45.1
45.8
46.4
47.1
47.9
48.6
49.3
50.0
50.7
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
29.4
29.8
30.2
30.6
31.1
33.1
33.5
34.0
34.5
35.0
36.8
37.3
37.8
38.3
38.8
40.4
41.0
41.6
42.2
42.7
44.1
44.7
45.4
46.0
46.6
47.8
48.5
49.1
49.8
50.5
51.4
52.2
52.9
53.6
54.4
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
31.5
31.9
32.4
32.8
33.2
35.4
35.9
36.4
36.9
37.4
39.4
39.9
40.4
41.0
41.5
43.3
43.9
44.5
45.1
45.7
47.3
47.9
48.5
49.2
49.8
51.2
51.9
52.6
53.3
54.0
55.1
55.9
56.6
57.4
58.1
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
33.7
34.1
34.5
35.0
35.4
37.9
38.4
38.8
39.3
39.8
42.1
42.6
43.2
43.7
44.3
46.3
46.9
47.5
48.1
48.7
50.5
51.1
51.8
52.5
53.1
54.7
55.4
56.1
56.8
57.5
58.9
59.7
60.4
61.2
62.0
286
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Table S-5.-Discharge of standard Cipolletti weirs in cubic feet per second. Values computed
from the formula Q = 3.367 Lh32.pContinued.
103-D-1246-6
Head
h,
feet
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
35.9
36.3
36.7
37.2
37.6
40.3
40.8
41.3
41.8
42.4
44.8
45.4
45.9
46.5
47.1
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
38.1
38.6
39.0
39.5
39.9
42.9
43.4
43.9
44.4
44.9
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
40.4
40.9
41.3
41.8
42.2
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1 of weir. L. feet
12.0
14.0
49.3
49.9
50.5
51.1
51.8
53.8
54.5
55.1
55.8
56.5
62.7
63.5
64.3
65.1
65.9
47.6
48.2
48.8
49.3
49.9
52.4
53.0
53.6
54.3
54.9
57.2
57.8
58.5
59.2
59.9
66.7
61.5
68.3
69.1
69.9
45.4
46.0
46.5
47.0
47.5
50.5
51.1
51.6
52.2
52.8
55.5
56.2
56.8
57.5
58.1
60.6
61.3
62.0
62.7
63.4
70.7
71.5
72.3
73.1
73.9
42.7
43.2
43.7
44.1
44.6
48.1
48.6
49.1
49.7
50.2
53.4
54.0
54.6
55.2
55.8
58.7
59.4
60.0
60.7
61.4
64.1
64.8
65.5
66.2
66.9
74.8
15.6
76.4
77.3
78.1
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
45.1
45.6
46.1
46.5
47.0
50.7
51.3
51.8
52.4
52.9
56.4
57.0
57.6
58.2
58.8
62.0
62.1
63.3
64.0
64.7
67.7
68.4
69.1
69.8
70.6
78.9
79.8
80.6
81.5
82.3
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
47.5
48.0
48.5
49.0
49.5
53.5
54.0
54.6
55.1
55.7
59.4
60.0
60.6
61.2
61.9
65.3
66.0
66.7
61.4
68.0
71.3
72.0
72.8
73.5
74.2
83.2
84.0
84.9
85.7
86.6
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
50.0
50.5
51.0
51.5
52.0
56.2
56.8
57.3
57.9
58.5
62.5
63.1
63.7
64.4
65.0
68.7
69.4
70.1
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
52.5
53.0
53.5
54.0
54.5
59.0
59.6
60.2
60.8
61.3
65.6
66.2
66.9
67.5
68.1
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
55.0
55.5
56.1
56.6
57.1
61.9
62.5
63.1
63.6
64.2
68.8
69.4
70.1
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
57.6
58.1
58.7
59.2
59.7
64.8
65.4
66.0
66.6
67.2
VVA I tK
IVltHSUKtlVltlJ
S I KUL
I UKtS
Table 5-5.-Discharge of standard Cipolletti weirs in cubic feet per second. Values computed
from the formula Q = 3.367 Lh3.-Continued.
103-D-1246-7
Head
h,
feet
16.0
0.20
4.52
4.82
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
4.86
5.21
5.57
5.94
6.31
5.18
5.56
5.94
6.33
6.73
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
6.70
7.09
7.48
7.89
8.30
7.14
7.56
7.98
8.41
8.85
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
8.72
9.14
9.57
10.0
10.5
9.30
9.75
10.2
10.7
11.2
.36
.37
.38
.39
.40
10.9
11.4
11.8
12.3
12.8
11.6
12.1
12.6
13.1
13.6
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
13.3
13.8
14.2
14.7
15.3
14.1
14.7
15.2
15.7
16.3
.46
.47
.48
.49
.50
15.8
16.3
16.8
17.3
17.9
16.8
17.4
17.9
18.5
19.1
.51
.52
.53
.54
.55
18.4
18.9
19.5
20.0
20.6
19.6
20.2
20.8
21.4
22.0
.56
.57
.58
.59
.60
21.2
21.7
22.3
22.9
23.5
22.6
23.2
23.8
24.4
25.0
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
24.1
24.7
25.3
25.9
26.5
25.7
26.3
26.9
27.6
28.2
.66
.67
.68
.69
.70
27.1
27.7
28.3
29.0
29.6
28.9
29.5
30.2
30.9
31.6
Head
h,
feet
16.0
Head
h,
feet
15.0
16.0
15.0
0.71
.72
.73
.74
.75
30.2
30.9
31.5
32.2
32.8
32.2
32.9
33.6
34.3
35.0
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
67.2
68.1
68.9
69.7
70.6
71.7
7 2.6
73.5
74.4
75.3
.76
.77
.78
.79
.80
33.5
34.1
34.8
35.5
36.1
35.7
36.4
37.1
37.8
38.6
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
71.4
72.3
73.1
74.0
74.9
76.2
77.1
78.0
78.9
79.9
.81
.82
.83
.84
.85
36.8
37.5
38.2
38.9
39.6
39.3
40.0
40.7
41.5
42.2
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
75.7
76.6
77.5
78.3
79.2
80.8
81.7
82.6
83.6
84.5
.86
.87
.88
.89
.90
40.3
41.0
41.7
42.4
43.1
43.0
43.7
44.5
45.2
46.0
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
80.1
81.0
81.9
82.8
83.7
85.4
86.4
87.3
88.3
89.2
.91
.92
.93
.94
.95
43.8
44.6
45.3
46.0
46.8
46.8
47.5
48.3
49.1
49.9
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
84.6
85.5
86.4
87.3
88.2
90.2
91.2
92.1
93.1
94.1
.96
.97
.98
.99
1 .oo
47.5
48.3
49.0
49.8
50.5
50.7
51.5
52.3
53.1
5 3.9
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
89.1
90.0
90.9
91.9
92.8
95.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
99.0
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
51.3
52.0
52.8
53.6
54.3
54.7
55.5
56.3
57.1
58.0
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
55.1
55.9
56.7
57.5
58.3
58.8
59.6
60.5
61.3
62.2
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
59.1
59.9
60.7
61.5
62.3
63.0
63.9
64.7
65.6
66.4
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
63.1
63.9
64.7
65.6
66.4
67.3
68.2
69.1
69.9
70.8
288
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Table M-Discharge
of standard suppressed rectangular weirs in cubic feet per second.
Computed from the formula Q = 3.33 I,h312. 103-D-1 241-l
Head
fezG
0.20
Length
I
1.5
1.0
I
0.30
0.45
of weir, L, in feet
3.0
2.0
I
0.60
4.0
I
5.0
I
0.89
1.19
1.49
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.32
.34
.31
.39
.42
.48
.52
.55
.59
.62
.64
.69
.74
.I8
.83
.96
1.03
1.10
1.18
1.25
1.28
1.37
1.41
1.51
1.67
1.60
1.72
1.84
1.96
2.08
.26
.21
.28
.29
.30
.44
.41
.49
.52
.55
.66
.I0
.I4
.I8
.82
.88
.93
.99
1.04
1.09
1.33
1.40
1.48
1.56
1.64
1.77
1.87
1.91
2.08
2.19
2.21
2.34
2.41
2.60
2.14
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.58
.60
.63
.66
.86
.90
.95
.99
1.03
1.15
1.21
1.26
1.32
1.38
1.12
1.81
1.89
1.98
2.07
2.30
2.41
2.53
2.64
2.16
2.87
3.01
3.16
3.30
3.45
.36
.31
.38
.39
.40
1.08
1.12
1.11
1.22
1.26
1.44
1.50
1.56
1.62
1.68
2.16
2.25
2.34
2.43
2.53
2.88
3.00
3.12
3.24
3.31
3.60
3.15
3.90
4.06
4.21
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
1.31
1.36
1.41
1.46
1.51
1.75
1.81
1.88
1.94
2.01
2.62
2.12
2.82
2.92
3.02
3.50
3.63
3.16
3.89
4.02
4.31
4.53
4.10
4.86
5.03
.46
.41
.48
.49
SO
1.56
1.61
1.66
1.11
1.17
2.08
2.15
2.22
2.28
2.35
3.12
3.22
3.32
3.43
3.53
4.16
4.29
4.43
4.5 I
4.11
5.19
5.31
5.54
5.11
5.89
.5 1
.52
.53
.54
.55
2.43
2.50
2.51
2.64
2.12
3.64
3.15
3.85
3.96
4.08
4.85
5.00
5.14
5.29
5.43
6.06
6.24
6.43
6.61
6.19
.56
.57
.58
.59
.60
2.79
2.81
2.94
3.02
3.10
4.19
4.30
4.4 1
4.53
4.64
5.58
5.13
5.88
6.04
6.19
6.98
1.11
1.35
1.55
1.14
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
3.17
3.25
3.33
3.41
3.49
4.16
4.88
5.00
5.12
5.24
6.35
6.50
6.66
6.82
6.98
1.93
8.13
8.33
8.53
8.73
.66
.61
.68
.69
.I0
3.57
3.65
5.36
5.48
5.60
5.73
5.85
1.14
1.31
7.41
7.63
7.80
8.93
9.13
9.34
9.54
9.15
WATER
MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
289
Table M-Discharge
of standard suppressed rectangular weirs in cubic feet per second
Computed from the formula Q = 3.33 Lh32.-Continued.
103-D-1247-2
Length
of weir, L, in feet
h,
feet
3.0
4.0
5.0
Head
h,
feet
Length
0.71
.72
.73
.74
.75
5.98
6.10
6.23
6.36
6.49
7.91
8.14
8.31
8.48
8.65
9.96
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
.76
.77
.78
.79
.80
6.62
6.75
6.88
7.02
7.15
8.83
9.00
9.18
9.35
9.53
11.0
11.3
11.5
11.7
11.9
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
18.8
19.1
19.3
19.5
19.7
.81
.82
.83
.a4
.a5
7.28
7.42
7.55
7.69
7.83
9.71
9.89
10.1
10.3
10.4
12.1
12.4
12.6
12.8
13.1
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
20.0
20.2
20.4
.86
.a7
.aa
.a9
.90
7.97
8.11
8.25
8.39
8.53
10.6
10.8
11.0
11.2
11.4
13.3
13.5
13.8
14.0
14.2
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
.91
.92
.93
.94
.95
8.67
8.82
8.96
9.10
9.25
11.6
11.8
11.9
12.1
12.3
14.5
14.7
14.9
15.2
15.4
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
.96
.97
.98
.99
1.00
9.40
9.54
9.69
9.84
9.99
12.5
12.7
12.9
13.1
13.3
15.7
15.9
16.2
16.4
16.7
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
13.5
13.7
13.9
14.1
14.3
16.9
17.2
17.4
17.7
17.9
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
14.5
14.7
14.9
15.2
15.4
18.2
18.4
18.7
19.0
19.2
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
15.6
15.8
16.0
16.2
16.4
19.5
19.7
20.0
20.3
20.5
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
16.6
16.9
17.1
17.3
17.5
20.8
21.1
21.3
21.6
21.9
1.66
23.6
23.8
24.1
24.4
24.7
25.0
25.3
25.5
25.8
26.1
26.4
26.7
27.0
27.3
27.6
SMALL
290
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Discharge,
cfs
Head
h,
feet
Discharge,
cfs
Head
h,
feet
Discharge,
cfs
0.20
0.04
0.55
0.56
0.90
1.92
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.05
.06
.06
.07
.08
.56
.57
.58
.59
.60
.59
.62
.64
.67
.70
.91
.92
.93
.94
.95
1.97
2.02
2.08
2.13
2.19
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
.09
.lO
.ll
.12
.13
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
.73
.76
.79
.82
.85
.96
.97
.98
.99
1 .oo
2.25
2.31
2.37
2.43
2.49
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.66
.67
.68
.69
.70
.89
.92
.96
.99
1.03
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
2.55
2.61
2.68
2.14
2.81
.36
.37
.38
.39
.40
.20
.21
.23
.24
.26
.71
.72
.73
.74
.75
1.06
1.10
1.14
1.18
1.22
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
2.87
2.94
3.01
1.08
3.15
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
.27
.29
.31
.32
.34
.76
.77
.I8
.79
.80
1.26
1.30
1.34
1.39
1.43
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
3.22
3.30
3.37
3.44
3.52
.46
.47
.48
.49
.50
.36
.38
.40
.42
.45
.81
.82
.83
.84
.85
1.48
1.52
1.57
1.61
1.66
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
3.59
3.67
3.75
3.83
3.91
.51
.52
.53
.54
.47
.49
.52
.54
.86
.81
.88
.89
1.71
1.76
1.81
1.86
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
3.99
4.07
4.16
4.24
4.33
WATER MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
291
F. WEIR BOXES
5-22. Purpose and Description. -Weir boxes
are small structures used in combination with
pipe turnouts (fig. 5-26) to dissipate excess
energy and measure rate of flow of water to
laterals or farm turnouts. Three-foot weir
boxes developed by Reclamation have been
successfully used for a number of years. They
are equipped
with
3-foot
suppressed
rectangular weirs and are capable of measuring
flows up to 5 cfs with effective heads up to 6
feet on the control gate. These structures are
economical to build, easy to operate and have
proven to be an accurate and reliable method
of measuring small flows. Recently a 4-foot
weir box was developed and calibrated by
Reclamation. The box is capable of measuring
flows up to about 12 cfs with effective heads
of 6 feet on the control gate. In both of these
structures, the water passes from the canal
through a gated turnout, into a short length of
pipe, and through a system of baffles into the
weir box. Although the baffle arrangement in
the 3-foot weir box is different from that in
the 4-foot weir box, both baffle assemblies
dissipate excess energy and distribute the
inflow from the pipe so that the water surface
in the weir pool is smooth and free from
turbulence as it passesover the weir.
5- 23.
Design Considerations. -(a) Head
Discharge Relationship. -Figures 5-27 and 5-28
are design drawings for 3- and 4-foot weir
boxes respectively. Examination
of these
drawings show that the weir pool dimensions
and the placement of the weir gage do not
conform to the standard conditions given in
subchapter E for sta.ndard weirs. Therefore, the
Figure 5-26.
and weir
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
PreCo5f CDnCrPfP
PreliUrP pipe
Od f,OLv
LONG,TO,NAL
SECTION
io,ome,er
hoie
A-
-,
PLAN
OF
AN0
BAFFLE
ST,LLING
SECTlON
A-d
SECTlON
8-B
ASSEMBLY
WELL
ESTlMATCO
/Weir
DETAIL
C)UANTIT,ES
bar,
WATER
MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
293
iier,--.
i_
Figure 5-28.
Four-foot
SMALL
294
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Then
from
table
8-l
select
a
2 l-inch-diameter pipe which has more than
adequate pipe area. The mean velocity of water
in the pipe, V, velocity head, h,, and the
friction loss per 1,000 feet of pipe, H, can also
be read from table 8-1 after the pipe diameter
has been determined as shown above.
Pipe inlet loss = 0.5 h, = 0.5 (0.22)
= 0.11 foot
and the pipe loss = loo0
H(L)
= S(50)
= 0.16 foot
a Fbintsbemge)
Sid~skwerbge)
ii?
0.01 0
I//
2
Water surface 14
differential
I
DISCHARGE,
IO
12
14
cfs
Figure
WATER MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
G.
OPEN-FlOW
Figure 5-30.
295
METERS
velocity of the water is less than abou t 1.5 feet
per second. For velocities exceeding 8 feet per
second, standard meter bearings require
excessive maintenance. Heavy-duty meters are
usually used for velocities greater than 8 feet
per second.
(b) Requirements
for Accurate
Flow
Measurement.-When
used properly,
the
propeller should always be submerged and the
conduit should be flowing full. To provide for
this requirement, stoplog guides are included in
the outlet transition as shown on figure 5-31 to
accommodate placing stoplogs when required
to force the conduit to flow full.
The propeller should be suspended so that
the propeller hub is in the center of the
conduit which can be either rectangular or
round. A slight eccentricity or misalinement of
the propeller will affect measurement accuracy.
Therefore, anchor bolts for the mounting
bracket must be located very accurately (fig.
3-23).
Propeller meters are very sensitive to spiral
flow, and large measurement errors result from
this condition.
Flow straightening vanes,
several pipe diameters in length, installed a
short distance upstream of the propeller will
reduce the measurement errors caused by spiral
flow. Straightening vanes are not required if a
straight level section of pipe, as recommended
by
the
meter
manufacturer,
is used
immediately upstream from the meter location.
(c) Size Determination. -The selection of
the size of the meter is a very important design
consideration. Many meters have been taken
out of service because they were too large to
accurately measure the average day-to-day
flows. If possible, a meter that measures flow
in the midrange of its capability should be
selected. Meter propeller diameters generally
range f;:om 0.5 to 0.8 of the pipe diameter.
Laboratory tests show that the best accuracy is
obtained when the propeller diameter is 75
percent or more of the pipe diameter .
( d) Head Loss. -The head loss across a
propeller-type meter is usually considered to be
negligible; however, some allowance for loss
should be included in the design, particularly if
head is a critical consideration. The meter
296
SMALL
Anchor bolts
,nsta,,olm
CANAL
STRUCTURES
and brackets
for open flow
fl0
DETAIL
PLAN
No protect!on
SECTION
for
Form
Tur
A-A
SECTION
XbPlpe
B-B
meter.
Maintenance
costs may also be high,
particularly if the meter is used in water that
contains appreciable sediment. The sediment
causes the bearings to wear and this becomes a
problem unless a well-planned maintenance
program is followed.
Meters should be
inspected and serviced at regular intervals as
corrosion and wear may affect the calibration.
Although the propellers are designed to pass
some weeds and debris, there is a limit to the
amount that can pass without clogging or
affecting the water measurement.
Spiral flow, air in the line, or any other
factor that affects the rate of propeller rotation
affects
the measurement. Practically
all
WATER MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURES
297
and result in underregistration.
H. BIBLIOGRAPHY
S-29. Bibliography.
[1]
[2]
[3]
Water Measurement
Manual, Bureau of Reclamation,
Second Edition, 1967, Revised Reprint, 1974.
Water Measurement
Procedures, Report No. Hyd-577,
Bureau of Re clamation, 1967.
Skogerboe, V. B., Hyatt, M. L., Design and Calibration
of Submerged
Open Channel Flow Measurement
[4]
[5]
Structures-Part
2 Parshall Flumes,
Utah State
University, Logan, Utah, 1967.
Simmons, W. P., Case, W. C., Hydraulic Model Studies of
Small Weir Box Turnout
Structures
for General
Irrigation Use Hyd-396, Bureau of Reclamation, 1954.
Palde, U. J., Hydraulic Laboratory
Studies of a 4-foot
Weir
Box
Turnout
Structure
for
Irrigation
Use-REC-ERC-72-31,
Bureau of Reclamation, 1972.
<<Chapter
Energy
VI
Dissipators
A. GENERAL
Hydraulic
Structures
Branch,
Bureau of
HAYES
300
energy dissipator at the end of a canal or
wasteway that discharges into a reseIVoir. The
length of the baffled apron does not affect the
efficacy of the structure. It is effective in
dissipating excess energy for drops of any
magnitude (see fig. 6-1), but it becomes
uneconomical for large flows with great drops,
due to the wide section and numerous blocks
required. Where an excess of trash, trees, or
tumbleweeds accompanies the flow, they may
become lodged in the baffle blocks, restricting
the flow. Removal of this material is sometimes
difficult.
(b) Inlet Control Features.-Various types
of inlet control features are utilized to
maintain an upstream water surface as required
for turnouts; or to provide a velocity of
approach
consistent with
the scouring
tolerance of the upstream section; or to avoid
the excessive splashing that would result from
supercritical flow at the inlet. The more
common types of inlet control features are as
follows:
( 1) Sill control. -A sill may be provided
at the inlet, as shown in figure 6-2A, to
reduce the velocity of approach, and
minimize scour in the upstream section. The
sill also provides a controlled water surface
for upstream turnouts. To permit complete
drainage of the upstream pool, a slot is
provided through the crest, as shown in
figure 6-5. The inlet should be kept free of
sediment
deposits,
as the extensive
accumulation of sediment would allow the
flow to sweep over the sill at a velocity too
fast for effective dissipation of energy.
(2) Control notch.-A control notch may
be provided at the inlet, as shown in figures
6-28 and 6-3, to control the upstream water
depth. While the control notch is designed to
maintain normal depth and velocity in the
upstream section, it produces a fast velocity
in the inlet itself, causing splashing as the
fast velocity flow strikes the first row of
baffle blocks. Excessive splashing may
require frequent maintenance of the erosion
protection. The control notch should be
kept free of trash.
(3) Inlet without control. -The simplest
type of inlet (shown in fig. 6-2C) is used
where there is not a requirement to control
the upstream water surface for turnout
SMALL CANAL
STRUCTURES
Figure
6-1.
Baffled
apron
drop
P-328-701-9501
before
backfilling.
ENERGY
DISSIPATORS
301
-0-
(Curve
optionol
C.
Figure
6-2.
NO
UPSTREAM
Typical
inlet
CONTROL
types.
IO3-D-1334
6-1.-Recommended
discharge
q should be interpolated
302
SMALL
v, = 4%
in the rectangular inlet section. Other design
considerations are as follows:
(1) Sill control.-The
inlet length should
be at least 2d, , as shown in figure 6-2A. The
required height of the sill above the inlet
floor may be determined from the energy
balance between the inlet and the upstream
channel.
Thus.
Es1 =E,
or
Esc - hi
B=Q
9
where
where
section
and
hi = 0.5nh,
= 0.5 (h, - h,i )
VI2
vc2
22 1
=.5
[-.-2g
in brackets
refer
STRUCTURES
+hi+h,
k = Es, -
CANAL
to references
in bibliography,
B = width,
Q = maximum total discharge, and
q = allowable discharge per foot of
width (see table 6-l).
For the permissible entrance velocity, see
subsection 6-3(c).
(3) Set the first row of baffles so that the
base of the upstream face is at the
downstream end of the invert curve and no
more than 12 inches in elevation below the
crest.
(4) Baffle block height, h,, should be
about 0.9 times critical depth, d,, to nearest
inch.
(5) Baffle block widths and spaces should
be equal, and not less than h,,, but not more
than l-1/2 h,. Partial blocks, having a width
not less than l/3 h, and not more than 2/3
h, should be placed against the sidewalls in
rows 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. Alternate rows of baffle
blocks should be staggered so that each
block is downstream from a space in the
ENERGY
303
DISSIPATORS
F,
I
304
SMALL
Thus,
FR
= p
(W,
+ w,
- U) + passive earth
force,
where
I-( is the coefficient of sliding friction,
generally assumed to be equal to 0.35
(see chapter I),
W, is the weight of concrete in the inlet
portion of the structure,
W, is the weight of water in the inlet
portion of the structure,
U is the vertical uplift force as determined
by Lanes weighted-creep method. An
approximate method of determining
the hydrostatic uplift pressure may be
used by assuming a pressure gradient
extending from the maximum upstream
water surface to the downstream water
surface.
Passive earth force is the total force
resulting from passive earth pressure on the
downstream side of the cutoff walls (see
bibliography reference [ 51 in chapter I).
If the forces tending to induce sliding are
greater than the forces resisting sliding (using
suitable safety factors), additional cutoff
walls should be included.
(g) Miscellu~2eous Considerutions. ~
(1) Gravel or riprap should be provided
on each side of the structure from the top of
the slope to the downstream wingwall,
extending laterally a distance equal to the
wall height. This protection
above the
maximum downstream water surface is to
prevent erosion from splashing. Below this
water surface the protection is required to
prevent erosion by eddy currents. Wingwalls
(see fig. 6-4) hold the slope protection in
place. Channel protection downstream from
the structure should be in accordance with
subchapter VII B. Rockfill at the bottom of
the apron may be unnecessary.
(2) The channel grade may be controlled
by a downstream structure, by geologic
formation, or by being on a stable slope for
the design capacity. A slope of 0.0018 will
usually be stable for storm waterflows, but
CANAL
STRUCTURES
120cfs
8 ft.
4.10 ft.
58.02 sq. ft.
2.08 f.p.s.
0.07 ft.
r=
n=
s=
ss =
f, =
h, =
2.55
0.025
0.00035
l-1/2: 1
2.0 ft.
6.1 ft.
ENERGY
305
DISSIPATORS
Then
B=%
9
F=
7.5 ft.
17 in
Rows 1 and 3:
1 full block = 1w
2 full spaces = 2w
2 half blocks = Iw
B = 4w
Rows 2 and 4:
2 full blocks = 2w
1 full space = lw
2 half spaces = Iw
B = 4w
Thus, the total width, B, of any row is
B=4w
Using the minimum
1.83 ft.
for
block width of
simplicity.
Then,
B=4w=4x2=8ft.,
q = y=
15 cfs,
d, = 1.91 ft.,
hb = 1.72 ft.
Use
hb = 1 ft. 9 in.
Select T = 9 inches (see block detail,
fig. 6-5)
> 8 inches
< 10 inches
(4) Determine inlet length, L1 :
BLOCK
DETAIL
SMALL
306
CANAL
STRUCTURES
+hvl)-(d,+h,
=(4.10+0.07)
-0.5(h,
-hvI)
-(l.91C+o.96)
- 0.5(0.96
- 0.07)
= 0.85 ft.
103-D-1336
Use
h, = 10 inches = 0.83 foot
(6) Check
splashing:
inlet
velocity
to minimize
G/2 = 13O17
d, = h, + d, + h,
C
=h,+d,
+d
2
1.26 ft.
=Q=
Then,
A1
d,
L, = x + z = 1.26+1.42 = 2.68 feet,
and
e = h, ~ y = 0.83 - 0.63 = 0.20 foot.
=Q
A
=
120
d,B
120
1.91 x 8
= 7.85 f.p.s.
S = 2 h, min.
= 2 (1.75) = 3.5 ft.
use
S = 6 feet (see subset. 6-3(d)(6)).
ENERGY
307
DISSIPATORS
Minimum distance,
(13) Determine
length, M, , of the
upstream wingwalls, as shown in figure 6-7.
L, =e+F+j
= 0.20 + 6 + 4.25 = 10.45 ft.
M, = 1.5hl + c, ,
Minimum rows of blocks:
Kows+~
Y
@$=3.9
.
Use 4 rows.
Where the ratio, 2
Then,
M, = 1.5 (5.17) + 2.5
= 10.25 ft.
= 10 ft. 3 in.
Finally,
L,=4S
= 4 (6) = 24 ft.
L, = 4 s,
= 4 (2.68) = 10.72 ft.
L, = 4 s,
= 4(6 cos @)
= 24 x 0.8944 = 2 1.47 ft.
(1 1) Determine
structure.
overall
length
of
L = L, + Lz + L3
= 8.25 + 2.68 + 21.47
= 32.40 ft.
(12) Determine the following wall heights
(see fig. 6-S):
103-D-1337
( 14) Determine
length,
MS,
of
downstream wingwalls, as shown in figure
6-8.
M3 = 1.5h;
+C,,
308
SMALL
h; = c$
-
wingwalls.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
103-D-l 338
(with @= 2634)
5.25
0.8944
= 5.87 ft.
Then
M, = 1.5(5.87) + 2.5
= 8.81 + 2.5
= 11.31
6-5).
Use
( 18) Check
percolation
requirements of chapter VIII,
cutoff walls if needed.
M3 = 11 ft. 4 in.
by
the
and provide
C. BAFFLED OUTLETS
R. B. YOUNG3
6-5. Purpose
and Description. -Excess
energy forces in flowing or falling water must
be effectively dissipated to prevent erosion
damage to downstream channels. Pipe drops.
pipe chutes, and pipe cross-drainage culverts
are examples of structures that require some
form of energy dissipator. Usually the energy is
dissipated in a sumped pipe, a stilling pool, or a
baffled outlet. A hydraulic jump is involved
with the energy dissipation in a sumped pipe
and a stilling pool whereas the baffled outlet is
an impact-type energy dissipator.
The baffled outlet is a boxlike structure
having a vertical hanging baffle and an end sill
(figs. 6-9, 6-10, 2-23, 2-25, and 4-24). Excess
3Civil
Engineer,
Reclamation.
Hydraulic
Structures
Branch,
Bureau
of
ENERGY
309
DISSIPATORS
flow
of basin width
to the
Figure
6.9.
Large
baffled
outlet.
P455-520-408
outlet is therefore
particularly
useful where
tailwater
depth is uncontrolled
or where the
rate of discharge increase is sudden and the
tail water buildup is slow. The baffled outlet, if
properly
designed, is a more effective energy
dissipator than the hydraulic jump [ 5] .
I
SMALL
310
Protectioc.as
CAN AL
required,
b=?&(W)
c=1/2 (W)
SECTION
Rock
diameter
for
I/,,(W)
protection=
4
m
23
-t
FROUDE
W,ft.,
Is the
inside
V,fps,
Is the
theoretical
h,ft.,Isthe
head
A,ft.TIsthe
area
d,ft.,
Represents
width
NUMBER
of the
velocity
43
basin
of the
incomlng
flow
and is \12gh
to be dissipated
of flow entering
the basin
the depth of flow entering
and is Q/V
the basin and isfi
IO
STRUCTURES
ENERGY
DISSIPATORS
311
4@12
"4 Hoop
L-IN
m
SECTION
C-C
Edge bol
PLAN
across
SECTION
c OptlOnOl
D-D
May beconstructed
with 8" heodwoll I"
he" of 6'heodwall
and 3"collor shown
SECTION
A-A
ELEVATION
"4 Hoops
E-E
NOTE
Speclol design IS required
where ~ncormng pope diameter
IS greater than the Inside depth of baffle
SECTION
B-B
SMALL
312
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Eoptlonol
SECTION
C-C
Edge bar
PLAN
z- 3
3. 3
16y
f-0
SECTION
1 61
*
5-o
A-A
ELEVATION
ESTIMATED
concrete
Reinforcement
steel
E-E
QUANTITIES
2 8 Cu Yds
230 Lbs
NOTE
Special desq"
1s reqwred
where mcomng
p,pe d,ome+er
15 greater
than the ~ns,de depth of baffle
SECTION
B-B
103-D-1341
ENERGY
DISSIPATORS
313
E
Splice
1,
For face,
ocioss
SECTION
c optlonol
-4
Edge bar
C-C
PLAN
coarse
4Hoops
Maybe
constructed
wifh 8headwoii
in lieu of6heodwoll
and 3collor
shown
- 6-
SECTION
-Splice
ocio*s
E optional
A-A
ELEVATION
ESTIMATED
SECTION
El-8
103-D-1342
E-E
QUANTITIES
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Splfceacross
SECTION
C-C
SECTION
D-D
C optmnol
PLAN
2"Riprop
on 6"sond
ond gro vel bedding
--3
,^
NOTE
May be constructed
wth 8headuali
in lieu of6"heodroll
ond J'collar
shown
SECTION
A-A
Splm
ocr**s
E optmal
ELEVATION
r.. . ..L.
SECTION
B-B
103-D-1343
ESTIMATED
QUANTITlES
E-E
315
ENERGY
DISSIPATORS
,- ^^^,.mrC
6nn,,nna/
SECTION
C-C
_ -i
SECT/ON
D-D
6 sand
bedding
SECTION
A-A
ELEVATION
SEC T/ON
5-B
Figure
E-E
SMALL
316
34
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Edge
bars
SECTION
C-C
PLAN
i-e
SECTION
9ravel
D-D
bedding
r
1
,I
SECTION
*4(a/z
A-A
ELEVATION
ESTIMATED
Concrete
Rei?forceme,+
SECTION
'4@9
B-B
103-D-1345
Steel
E-E
QUANTITIES
il.3
860
Cu Yds
Lbs
ENERGY
DISSIPATORS
r -r
splice
across
0pt,0M7/
S4@/2,'
p6
-
SECTION
C-C
-L
-15
L4,
PLAN
if4
SECTION
Edge bar
each face
A-A
IT4
%@I2
*4@/2
ELEVATION
SECTION
B-8
103-D-1346
E-E
318
SMALL
* 8
Y
i
po
CANAL
r
Yplrce
SECTION
,/
(I=0
,-i-*4
/
Edge bar
each face \
cf
PIP
-2-c
--i
SECTION
SECTION
A-A
B-8
across
c optionoi
PLAN
STRUCTURES
c-c
ENERGY
DISSIPATORS
E
I
#4 Edqe hors
PLAN
1:
Lm3.6,,J
LSplice
*cross
EoptiOnol
SECTION
D-D
ELEVATlON
E-E
~zR,prop
on 6 sand
and qrovel bedding
SECTION
SEC
T/ON
A-A
B-8
103-D-1348
SMALL
320
CANAL
SECT/ON
STRUCTURES
C-C
E
2-c
Edge bars
PLAN
SECTION
SECT/ON
SECTION
A-A
B-B
103-D-1349
-3'.6
D-D
I J
ENERGY
DISSIPATORS
321
V
(4) Compute the Froude number, F = VQ
(5) For this Froude number read T ratio
from the curve on figure 6- 10.
(6) Then W in feet = d(!).
This is the
A=%
--15 -3.42ft*
43.93
1.85 ft.
(5) !Ratio
43.93
d32.2
x 1.85 = 57
322
SMALL
For
W
F = 5.7, read - = 7.7 from curve on
d
figure 6- IO.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
in diameter is 71
- dia3 = 0.19 cubic foot. From
6
subchapter VII B, Erosion Protection, it can
be seen that coarse gravel protection has a
maximum size of $ or 0.13 cubic foot which
is less than required. Therefore, coarse gravel
is too small and should not be used. The
next size protection is 12-inch riprap on
6-inch sand and gravel bedding and is
adequate, since the average volume of the
largest and smallest permissible rock for
12-inch riprap = 0.5 cubic foot.
W = 14 feet 3 inches
(8) Basin invert.-Set the basin invert a
distance f below the natural ground surface.
(9) Other dimensions, including
the
notch dimensions are related to the design
width
and may be computed
using
relationships to W as shown on figure 6-l 0.
For this particular example, figure 6-20
would be selected to construct the basin.
(c) Determination
o,f erosion protection
reqrlirements:
W = 20
1425
(1) Required rock diameter = 20
= 0.71 foot. The volume of a rock 0.71 foot
required W =
required = T =
14.25 _
2.38 feet. Twelve-inch riprap on
6
6-inch sand and gravel bedding has a total
thickness of only 18 inches (1.5 feet), but
the size of rock is much larger than required
so this thickness will be considered
adequate.
For this particular example, if the baffled
outlet in figure 6-20 had been selected the
protection
would agree with the above
protection.
cit.,
p.
299.
HAYES
( 1) Basic
arrangement
(descending
flow).-This
is the usual arrangement, with
the inflow entering near the top of the well,
where an elbow directs it vertically
downward
through
the sleeve valve.
Dissipation of energy occurs as the vertical
jet strikes the floor and floor cone and as the
subsequent radial flow strikes the sidewalls
of the well (see fig. 6-2 1A).
Other losses occur through pipeline
friction, bend losses, and valve losses. This
arrangement represents the configuration for
which design parameters are presented in
detail in subsequent paragraphs.
( 2 ) Alternate
arrangement
(ascending
flow).-To
conform to the ground surface
and pipeline profile another configuration is
ENERGY
323
DISSIPATORS
A. BASIC
ARRANGEMENT
Valve stem
B. ALTERNATE
Figure
ARRANGEMENT
324
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
PLAN
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
A-A
C-C
VALVE
DETAIL
103-D-135 1.
B-B
ENERGY
325
DISSIPATORS
Vertical
WV?
PIP?
(INTERNAL
SLEEVE
A. STANDARD
8.
(EXTERNAL
PORTED
SLEEVE
SLEEVE
SLEEVE)
VALVES
VALVES
326
400
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
= 50D2H
where
w
A
D
H
ax
=-Qp
(V,coscu-V,)
ENERGY
DISSIPATORS
327
sizes and shapes. The smaller the individual
port, the more rapid is the diffusion of its jet
and the greater the energy dissipation.
However, the smaller the port, the smaller
the greater its
the
discharge
and
susceptibility to plugging. The bottom row
of ports should be about 24 port diameters
above the base to eliminate cavitation
damage [7]. Further testing is necessary
before optimum port size, shape, and
distance from the well surfaces can be
established.
The horizontal
328
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
A, = 0.707a (nD,,>.
Substituting
or
K=-L
c2
0.735
[g 1
Q
ENERGY
DISSIPATORS
A. Based
on a ratio,
329
d,=l.sb
ELEVATION
SEC
SECTION
C-C
A-A
d-=W
1.5
B. Based
on a ratio,
dW
d,=Zb
and b = 2.0
Figure
h=
zh
dW
0.5
After determining
from figure 6-27,
where d, >i,
the dimension
amount,
d,
and
where d, < b
2
330
SMALL
the dimension d,
amount
g- dll
Corner fillet dimensions are determined
from the following relationships:
C=
J=
F=
and Z =
O.lOOb
0.210b
0.417b
0.715
CANAL
STRUCTURES
70 c.f.s.
8 ft.
l-1/2: 1
0.025
d, = 3.2 ft.
v = 1.69 f.p.s.
h, = 0.04 ft.
s = 0.0003
50= lOOfeet
ENERGY
331
DISSIPATORS
Use 1 foot.
Anchorage of the bend should be designed
to resist the thrust forces discussed in
subsection 6-12(a).
(4) Discharge.-Check
the adequacy of
the 21-inch-diameter sleeve valve, when fully
open (A, = A,), to discharge the design
flow, using a coefficient of discharge,
c = 0.73,
A, = A,= 2.41 sq. ft.,
and AH = 100 ft.
From the orifice equation,
Q 30=
70 2.33 sq. ft.
A= v=
Q = CA&m
= 0.73 (2.41)~/64.4~100
= 141>70 cfs
1.725 feet.
Use
D, = 1.75 feet,
A, = 2.41 sq. ft.
and
V, = 29.1 f.p.s.
(3) 90
elbow
and
taper.-The
long-radius bend should have a pipe diameter
providing a gross area equal to twice the area
of the vertical pipe,
Therefore,
the diameter of 21 inches
(determined to prevent cavitation) is more
than adequate to discharge the design flow.
(5) Required
vulva ope?lirzg.-Using
a
trial-and-error
method,
determine
the
required valve opening, a, for a discharge of
70 cfs, with a differential head, AH = 100 ft.
Try an area ratio, A,/A,,
equal to 72
percent.
Thus,
A, = 0.72A,
= 0.72 x 2.41 = 1.74 sq. ft.
From figure 6-26, with A,/A,
percent,
or
equal to 72
K = 4.0
2 x 2.41 = 4.82 sq. ft.
giving
c===
0.50
equation,
the required
--%
C&!gER
D, = 2.50 ft.
=
70
0.5oJi?ixam
332
SMALL
Actually
and
CANAL
STRUCTURES
d, = 3.2 feet
b 717
-=
&=
2
2
3.58 feet
A, = 0.707 arr(D, - 4)
1.75 = 2.22 a (1.75 - g)
6=+-d
a = 0.55 ft.
On the abscissa,
1/z
Q
c g(D, > I
(70)*
1 /2
[ 1
g(16.41)
= (9.27)
Using the curve,
h=
D,
dw
- = 2.0
b
= 3.05
On the abscissa,
l/2
= 3.05
find
b
D,= 4.1.
Then,
b = 4.1 x 1.75 = 7.18 ft.
(say b = 7 ft. 2 in.),
and d, = 1.5 b
= 1.5 x 7.17= 10.76 feet
These values for b and d, are valid, as
indicated in subsection 6-l 2(d), only if:
d, =$
h
D,=
0.10,
find
b
D, = 3.45
Then
b = 3.45 x 1.75 = 6.04 feet
(use b = 6 ft.)
ENERGY
DISSIPATORS
333
(8) Determine the following
from the established ratios:
and
d, =2b=
12ft.
C= 0.100 b
= 0.100 x 7.17
= 0.72 ft. (use 9 in.)
J = 0.210 b
= 0.210 x 7.17
= 1.51 ft. (use 18 in.)
Actually
d, = 3.2 feet
F = 0.417 b
= 0.417 x 7.17
= 2.99 ft. (use 3 ft.)
b 76 = 3.0 feet
T=
and
dimensions
(1 1) Outlet
protection.-The
earth
section of the canal downstream from the
vertical sleeve valve stilling well should be
protected from erosion by providing type 2
protection, extending 14 feet beyond the
concrete transition,
in accordance with
figure 7-8.
dw
- =
1.5,
b
is slightly more economical.
E. BIBLIOGRAPHY
6- 14. Bibliography.
(11 Peterka, A. J. Hydraulic
Design of Stilling Basins and
Energy Dissipators, Bureau of Reclamation, 1964.
(21 Design
Standards No. 3, for Canals and Related
Structures, Bureau of Reclamation, 1967.
[3] Design of Small Dams, Bureau of Reclamation, Second
Edition, 1973, Revised Reprint, 1974.
Hydraulic
and Excavation
Tables,
Bureau
of
[41
Reclamation, Eleventh Edition, 1957, Reprint, 1974.
[5] Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basin or Channel Outlets,
Research
Report
No.
24-1971
United
States
Department of the Interior-Bureau
of Reclamation.
[6]
Chapter VII
R. B. YOUNG
A.
I.
TRANSITIONS
General
Engineer,
Hydraulic
Structures
Branch,
Bureau
of
Figure
7-1.
Type
1 concrete
transition.
P33-D-25693
335
336
SMALL
-(a)
Pipe
Design.
transitions
to pipe
structures where the hydraulic control is at the
downstream end of the structure should have a
seal of 1.5 times the difference of velocity
heads in the pipe and canal ( 1.5 Ah,) or 3
inches minimum. The seal is measured between
the upstream water surface of the inlet
transition and the top of the opening in the
transition headwall. This inlet submergence
allows for a pipe entrance loss and a conversion
of static head in the canal to full-pipe velocity
head. For minimum head loss, the top of the
opening at the outlet transition headwall
should have little or no submergence. If the
submergence exceeds one-sixth of the depth of
the opening at the outlet, the head loss should
be computed on the basis of a sudden
enlargement rather than as an outlet transition.
7-3.
Hydraulic
S24bmergencc.
-Inlet
CANAL
STRUCTURES
in brackets
refer
to items
in the bibliography,
ee
TRANSITIONS
AND
EROSION
PROTECTION
ON
337
8-E
PLAN
LONGlTUDlNAL
SECTION
DIMENSIONS
SECTION
ISECT!ON
c-c
A-A
SW!,
1. 103-D-1288
AN0
tw
338
SMALL
5. 103-D-1289
CANAL
STRUCTURES
TRANSITIONS
339
AND
B>
t--- F
Space
horirontolly
on Structure
E
OUTLET
INLET
TYPICAL
PLANS
Pppe emoedment.
LONGITUDINAL
SECTlONS
*4 @)12 Bend i
mto w/i /
SECT/ON
A-A
ISECTION 8-B SIMILAR,
2. 103-D-1290
SMALL
340
CANAL
STRUCTURES
24
/z
Bend
mto
heodwoll
24
of
PLAN
SECTION
embedment
f concrete
SECTION
STR.
MAX.
pioe
A-A
DlMENSlONS
EST
QUANTITIES
1.90
200
01
615
26
2 6
210
24
2 8
220
30
240
.,24
-0-l
3:6
1
01
24
3.2
260
$6
4 3
290
320
340
Tabulated
d/mensions
and
wth
full-p!pe
velocfties
ml w/mum
ronglng
Ok, proude
up to IO fps
freeboard
at
the
heodwoll,
3. 103-D-1291
(?4
@ 12 /n center
B-B
@ 12 In center
heodwoll
of
heodwoll
TRANSITIONS
AND
EROSION
PROTECTION
Symm
341
about
t-
PLAN
Ape
SECTION
SEC
TABLE
OF
Figure
T/ON
DIMENSIONS
A -A
B-E
AND
QUANTITIES
4. 103-D-1292
embedmenf
342
Figure
SMALL
7-7.
Type
4 inlet
concrete
transition.
P-328-70t-9300
CANAL
STRUCTURES
TRANSITIONS
AND
EROSION
PROTECTION
0.8D
1.4D
1.8D
2.3D
when
when
when
when
D
D
D
D
=
=
=
=
d,
1.25d,
l.Sd, and
2d
l.lDwhenD=d,
1.7D when D = 1.25d,
2.1D when D = l.Sd, and
2.6D when D = 2d
Additional transitioning
to the canal base
width, if required, can be accomplished with an
earth or concrete-lined transition.
Dimension y should not be less than the
sum of the water depth at the cutoff and
design freeboard at the cutoff. To avoid
unnecessary erosion in an earth canal, it is
desirable to set the invert of the transition
cutoff at the canal invert. Freeboard at the
transition cutoff adjacent to concrete canal
other
hard
surface
or
lining
or
buried-membrane canal lining is usually the
same as that of the lining. For capacities up to
50 cfs this freeboard will usually be 6 inches,
and for capacities between 50 and 100 cfs the
freeboard will generally range between 6 and 9
inches. In unlined and earth-lined canals the
minimum freeboard at broken-back transition
cutoffs should be as follows:
Water
depth at cutoff,
feer
0 to 1.25
1.26 to 2.00
2.01 to 5.00
Minimum
freeboard,
inches
6
9
12
343
SMALL
344
CANAL
STRUCTURES
h = 0.0433V
where V is the design velocity for the pipe.
7-9. Type 4 Transitions.-Figure
7-6 shows a
typical type 4 transition. Dimensions in the
table are for pipe diameters sized for a full-pipe
flow velocity of 12 feet per second with a
free-flow pipe inlet. The dimensions provide
control at the inlet headwalls for design
capacity and free-flow pipe. A maximum
full-pipe flow velocity of 12 feet per second is
permitted for cross-drainage culvert structures
having baffled outlets or stilling pools.
To prevent degradation at the inlet, the top
of the inlet wall is placed at or near existing
ground surface. Dropping the transition floor
by an amount equal to e, and sloping the
transition floor lowers the headwall opening.
Because of this and as the hydraulic control is
at the inlet, the water surface required to
discharge the design flow is also lowered.
Inlet sidewalls are flared to provide a width
at the cutoff sufficient to insure that the
hydraulic control of the water surface is at the
headwall and to provide a greater width at the
cutoff which reduces the likelihood of erosion
TRANSITIONS
AND
EROSION
PROTECTION
345
2. Transition
length equal to 3 pipe
diameters or 5 feet minimum.
3. Maximum invert slope of 4 to 1.
4. Inlet pipe submergence of at least 1.5
pipe velocity heads when full-pipe velocity
equals 5 feet per second.
5. Pipe submergence at outlet sufficient to
cause pipe to flow full.
6. lnlet and outlet freeboard varying from
the lining freeboard to about 1.5 feet at the
headwall.
7-1 1. Earth
Transitions. -Earth
transitions
may be used for transitioning from a canal
section to a canal structure where structure
velocities do not exceed 3.5 feet per second.
Lengths of earth transitions are usually related
to the size of the structure. For pipe structures,
inlet and outlet earth transition lengths are
both usually equal to 3 pipe diameters or a
minimum of 5 feet. For other structures, earth
transition lengths are usually 5 feet for
relatively small capacity structures and 10 feet
for other structures. Invert slopes should not
be steeper than 4 to 1 for both inlet and outlet
transitions.
Lengths used for earth transitions in
conjunction with concrete transitions should
be 10 feet long or as otherwise required so that
invert slopes are not steeper than the maximum
allowable for the type 1 concrete transitions, 4
to 1 for inlets and 6 to 1 for outlets.
B. EROSION I IPROTECTION
7-12. Purpose and Description. -Riprap and
gravel protection
(fig. 7-8) is often used
adjacent to structures and at other locations in
earth-surfaced canals where erosion may occur.
Local conditions must be considered in
determining the type and the amount of
protection to be provided. These conditions
include the cost of riprap; cost of gravel;
danger to structures and crops or to human life
should scour occur; rodent damage; type of
soil; and velocity of water. The following
protection requirements should be used as a
guide only. The types shown represent
minimum thicknesses and sizes of material to
be used, and adjustments should be made to
meet the local conditions mentioned above.
protection
siphons,
Siphons. -The
following
is considered minimum for inverted
Inverted
346
SMALL
protection.
103-D-1293
CANAL
STRUCTURES
TRANSITIONS
AND EROSION
PROTECTION
347
I
7 ypc of protection
Outlet
Inlet
None
None
Type 1
I
None
Type 1
TYPO 2
I
Length of inlet
protection
Length of outlet
protection
__
__
1 depth (3 ft. min.)
7-14. Cross-drainage
Structures.-The
following protection is considered minimum
for cross-drainage structures with concrete
transitions.
Length of protection
for outlets should
normally be 2.5 depths (5.0 feet minimum),
but where turbulent water may occur at the
outlet, the length of protection should be
increased to 4 depths. Gates or stoplogs near
the outlet increase turbulence.
The rock for riprap and gravel protection
should be hard, dense, durable, and should
be reasonably well graded. The size range of
rock used for 18-inch riprap should have a
maximum
size of l/S cubic yard and a
minimum size of l/l0 cubic foot. The size
range used for 12-inch riprap should have a
maximum size of 1 cubic foot and a minimum
size of l-1/2 inches. The size range used in
coarse gravel protection
should have a
maximum size of l/8 cubic foot and a
minimum size of 3/ 16 inches.
The 6-inch sand and gravel bedding for
riprap should be a continuous layer of sand and
gravel or sand and crushed rock, reasonably
well graded to a maximum of l-1/2 inches in
size.
C. BIBLIOGRAPHY
7- 16. Bibliography.
[l]
should be used
((Chapter
Pipe
and Pipe
R.
VIII
Appurtenances
B. YOUNG
A. GENERAL
8-l. Pipe and Pipe Appurtenances. -In this
publication, pipe is considered to be any
circular conduit used for conveying water and
may be manufactured from many different
concrete,
materials
such as reinforced
corrugated metal, asbestos cement, reinforced
plastic mortar, and welded steel.
Appurtenances to a pipe are those structural
elements
necessary to provide efficient
hydraulics,
structural
integrity,
effective
watertightness, adequate percolation path, easy
access for inspection and maintenance, and
effective safety.
A minimum pipe diameter of 12 inches
should be used for structures in an open
irrigation system to reduce the possibility of
clogging by sediment or debris. It may be
desirable to use a larger minimum diameter if
clogging by indigenous weeds is a major
consideration. A pipe diameter range of 12
through 72 inches for this publication was
established by the above 12-inch minimum
diameter and by what was considered to be a
large enough pipe for cross-drainage structures
that will be encountered in this publication.
8-2. Hydraulic Head Losses.-The main
energy losses (hydraulic head losses) associated
with water flowing through a pipe include
friction losses, entrance and exit losses, and
bend losses.
Friction losses can be determined by using
Civil Engineer,
Reclamation.
Hydraulic
Structures
Branch,
Bureau of
Mannings formula [ 1 ] * :
v = 1.486 r* I3 s I2
1-l
r = hydraulic radius (water area divided
by wetted perimeter)
For a pipe flowing full
A
l-2
wP
R
= nR*
__ =-=2rR
2
D
4
then
v
= 0.59 D23~2
n
or s =
where
V= velocity of water in feet per second,
r= hydraulic radius
S= slope of energy gradient in feet per
foot,
A, = cross-sectional area of full pipe in
square feet ,
wp = wetted perimeter, in feet
R= radius of pipe in feet,
D= diameter of pipe in feet, and
n= coefficient of roughness (see sec.
I- 16). The assumed roughness
(continued on page 359)
2
Numbers in brackets refer to items in the bibliography,
sec. S-19.
see
349
350
SMALL
Table 8-l.-Friction
103-D-1 316-l
CANAL
STRUCTURES
PIPE
AND
PIPE
APPURTENANCES
8-l.-mFriction
Table
351
losses/or circular conduits.-Continued.
103-D-1316-2
A :?42
0
CfS
3.00
3.20
3.40
3.60
3.80
*oo .
4.20
4.40
L.60
A
X0
5.20
5.1.0
5.66
+g
6.10
6.40
6.60
6.80
7. 0
7.20
7.40
7.60
'.
1.63
1.67
1.71
1.75
1.79
1.83
1.87
1.91
1.95
3.5C
3.82
ii.13
4.45
4.77
5.09
5.41
5.73
6.04
6.36
6.68
7.00
7.32
FRICTION
.19
.*3
.27
.31
.35
.40
.+b
.51
.57
.63
.69
.76
.83
LOSSES
MANNINGS
24,
27,
;os
,05
.05
,05
r05
.06
.06
.38
.39
.a,
.43
.45
4,
.50
.52
.54
1,5.
1.38
I.41
1.*5
1.48
.52
1.55
1.58
.03
.03
.03
.03
oi
.o*
.o*
1.65
l.bb
.o+
04
*z
.2*
.25
.Lb
..?7
29
.30
.31
8.00
8.20
8.40
8.60
8.80
9.0"
9.20
9.40
9.60
.3*
18.00
19.00
LO.00
21.00
22.03
13.00
FOR
CIRCULAR
FORMULA
30,
.04
.04
AND
CONDUITS
n=.013
33.
DIAMETERS
Sheet 2 Of 9
352
SMALL
Table 8-l.-Fricfion
A El68
cfs
v
1.13
8.00
8.ZO
8.40
8.60
8.80
9.00
9.20
XI.
9.80
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.30
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.50
36.00
37.00
3.3.00
39.00
w.00
42.30
41.00
3.00
44.00
45.00
/
;
1
I
446.00
49.00
51.00
50.00
48.00
47.00
52.00
53.00
54.00
55.00
56.30
57.00
58.CO
59.00
60.00
62.00
64.03
66.00
68.00
70.00
72.00
7L.00
76.01
J8.00
80.30
82.00
84.00
86.00
88.10
90.00
92.00
94.00
96.00
98.00
00.00
OZ.00
04.00
06.00
08.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
n e-296
1.16
1.19
1.*2
1.25
1.27
1.30
:*::
.
1.39
i.ll
1.56
1.70
1.84
1.98
2.12
2.26
2.40
2.54
2.68
2.82
2.97
3.11
3.25
3.39
3.53
3.67
3.82
3.96
0.10
k.24
r.38
6.52
4.66
4.81
4.95
5.09
5.23
5.37
5.51
5.65
5.94
5.80
6.08
6.22
6.37
.02
.OZ
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
:I:
.03
*OS
.04
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
.10
.I1
.12
.I4
.15
.16
.I8
.19
.21
.23
.24
.Zb
.28
.30
.32
.34
.36
.38
.*o
.43
.45
.47
.50
.55
.5*
.58
.60
.63
:%
6.93
6.79
6.65
6.50
.
7.35
7.50
7.63
7.78
7.92
8.06
8.20
8.35
8.&B
8.77
9.05
9.33
9.62
9.90
10.19
10.47
1u.75
.81
.78
.75
.72
.69
.66
.84
.87
.90
.94
.97
1.01
1.04
1.08
I.11
1.19
1.27
1.35
1.43
1.52
1.61
1.70
1.79
.1c
.15
.15
.16
.17
.18
.I8
::%
.21
.22
.27
.3*
.38
.44
.50
.57
.64
.72
.80
.89
.99
1.08
I.18
1.29
1.39
1.51
3.13
1.63
3.25
1.76
3.37
1.88
3.49
Z.01
3.61
2.15
3.7*
2.29
3.86
2.*3
3.98
2.59
6.10
2.75
4.22
2.90
*.3rr
3.07
4.46
3.23
4.58
3.40
4.70
3.58
4.82
3.96
3.77 1 4.95
5.06
4.15
5.19
4.34
5.30
4.55
5.43
4.74
5.85
5.61
5.17
5.39
0.96
6.06
6131
6.53
6.79
7.04
7.29
7.55
1.83
8.07
8.63
9.19
9.77
10.39
11.00
ii.66
12.31
12.97
5.91
5.77
5.67
5.54
6.15
6.03
6.27
6.39
6.51
6.63
6.75
6.88
6.99
7.12
7.23
7.47
7.72
7.96
8.2
R.G,4
8.68
8.92
9.16
9.40
9.65
9.88
, 10.13
n i I?045
H-
LOSSES
MANNINGS
36,
39.
FOR
CI!?CULAR
FORMULA
42,
AND
45.
CONDUITS
0
H
CfS
.15
.16
.18
.19
.ZO
.2*
.*3
.25
*26
.28
.ZS
.31
.33
.34
.36
.*o
.38
.ZZ
.r*
.46
.98
I.06
I.14
1.22
1.31
1.41
1.50
1.59
1.69
1.79
1.90
2.00
2.11
2.22
2.34
2.58
2.47
2.71
2.83
2.97
2.70
2.81
2.91
3.01
3.12
3.22
3.32
3,43
3.53
3.6
3.74
3.85
3.95
4.05
4.15
L.36
4.26
4.47
4.X
.68
.li
.12
.13
.14
.I5
.16
.17
.18
.19
.*1
.ZL
.23
.2*
.Lb
.27
.29
.ZB
.31
.32
.3*
.66
.72
.77
.82
.89
.94
1.00
I.07
1.13
1.21
1.27
1.35
1.42
1.49
1.57
Iii,:
1.90
*.to
2.35
2.45
2.53
2.63
2.71
2.81
2.89
2.99
3.07
3.17
3.26
P.35
3.44
?.53
/ 3.62
1 iif
3.9d
11.07
.09
.09
.10
.il
.II
.I2
.13
.li*
.15
.I6
.ib
.17
.I8
.19
.20
2;
.25
.26
8.00
8.20
8.W
8.60
8.80
9.00
9.20
9.60
9.40
9.80
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
2i.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
.Gb
26.00
.50
27.00
.53
28.00
.57
2m
.61
30.00
.65
31.02
.69
32.00
.7*
33.00
.78
34.00
.83
35.00
.88
36.00
.93
37.00
.98 ! 38.00
1.03
39.00
1.09
40.00
;:g
ia:;:
.
1.32
r4.00
1.38
45.00
.59
.52
.5c
.48
.56
.5n
.61
.64
.66
.68
.71
-73
*76
.79
.81
.87
.92
.9B
1.C4
1.10
1.17
1.13
1.30
1.37
1.44
1.51
1.59
3.81
3.67
3.52
3.38
3.26
3.09
3.96
4.12
4.27
4.43
4.59
4.7,
il.93
5.11
5.27
5.63
6.01
6.39
6.78
7.19
7.00
8.03
t3.46
8.91
9.40
9.85
10.35
:-:z
5.09
4.99
la.89
4.78
.
5.40
5.51
5.61
5.72
5.82
5.92
6.03
6.13
6.23
6.44
0.65
6.86
7.06
1.27
7.48
7.69
7.90
8.10
8.31
8.52
8.73
8.94
9.14
9.35
9.56
9.77
9.98
10.18
10.39
.4Z
.II*
.40
.3v
.37
.35
.*5
.47
.&9
.51
.52
.55
.56
.58
.60
.64
.69
.73
077
.8L
.R7
.9*
.97
1.02
1.07
1.12
1.18
1.24
1.30
1.36
1.42
1.98
1.51
1.61
1.67
2.56
2.46
7.36
z.27
2.18
2.08
2.66
2.77
2.87
2.99
3.09
3.20
3.32
3.43
3.54
3.79
6.04
4.30
4.55
4.83
5.11
5.40
1.70
5.99
6.31
6.63
6.96
7.30
7.63
7.99
8.35
8.72
9.10
9.47
9.87
k.62
4.52
4.44
r.34
ii.26
4.16
4.71
4.80
4.89
4.98
5.07
Z:E
i
/ 5.34
! VT
1.61
5.79
5.97
6.15
6.33
6.52
6.10
5.88
1.06
7.22
7.42
7.60
7.78
I.96
8.15
a.33
8.>1
8.69
8.87
9.05
9.24
9.42
9.60
9.78
9.95
.31
.28
.27
.33
.3i
.29
.34
.36
.37
.39
.4O
.*1
.43
.&4
.49
.52
.55
.55
.bZ
.bb
.70
.73
.17
.81
.85
.93
.94
.98
1.03
I.08
I.12
1.17
I.22
1.21
1.33
1.38
1.43
1.49
1.5
1.78
1.70
!.57
1.4l
1.64
1.51
19.00
51.00
.0*00
48.00
r7.00
16.00
1.85
52.00
1.92
53.00
1.39
54.00
2.06
55.00
Z.li
16.00
2.22
57.00
2.29
18.00
2.37
59.00
I.&5
60.00
2.62
bZ.OC
2.79
64.00
2.91
66.00
3.15
be.00
3.lr.
70.00
3.14
72.00
3.74
7c.00
3.94
76.00
4.15
78.00
4.7
80.00
4.5
82.00
a.81
19.30
5.04
86.02
5.26
88.00
5.54 , 90.00
5.78
92.00
6.04
94.00
6.29
96.03
6.56
98.00
6.83
100.00
7.12
102.00
7.60
101.03
7.68
106.00
7.97
108.00
8.25
110.00
10.14
10.32
NOTES
s+
Rosed on form,0 v: *
.f
4.Are0 of Pipein SQUOW
feet
v: Velocity In feet per second
FRICTION
STRUCTURES
103-D-1316-3
42
4.9621
H
CANAL
h=PlOCl+y
n = Coefficient
r= Hydroilc
5 Frlctlon
H=Frictlon
In feet
of raghess
rod,5
I tee+
loss I feet
per
loss in feet per
I.60
1.66
8.57
8.88
112.00
114.00
he&
foot
thouwnd
feet
n:.013
DIAMETERS
Sheet 3 Of 9
PIPE
AND
PIPE
APPURTENANCES
Table 8-l.-Frict~on
FRICTION
LOSSES
MANNINGS
48,
51,
FOR
CIRCULAR
FORMULA
54,
AND
(ones
for
circular
conduits.
-Continued.
103-D-1316-4
CONDUITS
n=.013
57.
DIAMETERS
ibee,
4 n* 9
354
SMALL
Table 8-l .-Frlriction losses for circular
conduits. -Continued.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
103-D-l 3 16-5
PIPE
AND
PIPE
APPURTENANCES
355
.zz
.23
.24
.2*
.25
.26
- ::z
.29
.SC
.31
.3*
.3?
.3+
FRICTION
LOSSES
75.
circular
conduits.
-Continued.
.bZ
.65
.67
.69
.72
.74
:,,
.8i
.5
.88
.91
.94
.97
MANNINGS
72,
lossesfor
FOR
CIRCULAR
FORMULA
78.
AND
CDND,TS
n:
El,
013
DIAMETERS
9.34
1.3
3.-c,
103-D-l 316-6
356
SMALL
Table 8-1.pFriction
3.6
3.77
.*1
.**
.4-s
.51
3.39
3.52
Iosses,for
.I8
.I9
circular
.39
.rZ
conduits.-Continued.
CANAL
103-D-l 316-7
3.06
3.17
7.28
.15
.16
.I7
.30
.33
.,5
k.117
4.98
5.39
5.21
5.32
.37
.3R
.40
.i.L
.44
.78
.RZ
.R5
.,9
.91
4.56
4.66
.32
.34
.SC
.bd
5.3;
5.19
.45
.4Z
.5*
.P5
8.?D
.L,
STRUCTURES
I.01
l.Cb
*.c:
L.16
PIPE
AND
PIPE
APPURTENANCES
Table S-I.-Friction
357
lossesfor
circular
conduits.-Continued.
103-D-l 316-S
358
SMALL
Table 8-1 .-Friction
-Continued.
CANAL
103-D-l 316-9
STRUCTURES
359
h, =$
V2
B. PIPE
8-3. Precast Reinforced Concrete Pressure
Pipe (figs. 2-5, 2-6, 8-2, and 8-3).-Precast
reinforced concrete pressure pipe (PCP) is used
for conveying canal water or storm runoff
water under roadways, railroads, other canals,
natural drains, channels, depressions, down
steep terrain to a lower elevation, and for
turnouts through canal banks. All precast
concrete pipe which must operate under
hydrostatic pressure or pipes used for turnouts,
chutes, and cross drain culverts under canals
should be PCP which has watertight rubber
gasket joints to prevent leakage.
Pipe structures using PCP are limited to
combination loadings of hydrostatic heads
measured to the centerline of the pipe not
exceeding 150 feet with earth cover over the
top of the pipe (fill) not exceeding 20 feet.
Table 1 in the Standard Specifications [2]
shows designs for pipe, 12 through 108 inches
in diameter, that will meet requirements for
various loading combinations of head and fill.
A special design is required for fills exceeding
20 feet. The use of PCP is limited to a
maximum head of 150 feet.
Concrete Culvert
8-S. Corrugated-metal
8-5).--Corrugated-metal
pipe (CMP) fabricated
from either galvanized steel or aluminum alloy
is used for conveying canal water or storm
runoff water under roadways and railroads, and
also for conveying storm runoff water through
canal banks into canals. In use this pipe should
have little or no internal hydrostatic pressure.
The required gage of CMP for a combination of
given height of fill and surcharge load from
vehicles may be determined from tables
provided by a pipe manufacturer. A typical set
of tables is provided in bibliography references
[4] and [5].
8-6.
Asbestos-cement
Pressure
8-7. Reinforced
Plastic
Mortar
Pressure
Pipe.-Reinforced
plastic mortar pressure pipe
(RPM) may be used as an alternative to PCP
pipe for conveying canal water or storm runoff
water. This pipe is composed of resin, sand,
360
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
i\ i /
,L++-.+
i i
i
I
G- I
rr
I\I
II-I
I \ II h I
I I\I\I
00
-
PIPE
AND
PIPE
361
APPURTENANCES
Figure
8-4.
Corrugated-metal
crossing.
pipe
P-796-701-1548
road
SMALL
362
CANAL
STRUCTURES
c.
8-9. Other
Pipe.-Generally
reinforced
monolithic
concrete
pipe, pre tensioned
concrete pipe, or prestressed concrete pipe are
not economical when used for structures
discussed in this publication, therefore their
design has been omitted.
PIPE APPURTENANCES
PIPE
I Pipe
AND
to
be
PIPE
centered
363
APPURTENANCES
,n collar
t-L_
LEVEL
AZ-L
PIPE
SLOPED
SECTION
PIPE
A-A
ELEVATION
(Pope
collar
pipe
and
for
precast
reinforced
concrete
pope. asbestos-cement
plostlc
mortar
pIpei
DIMENSIONS
ESTIMATED
;FSymm
about
iPIpe
collar
pipe
and
(1
~16 Gage
vert
5 D (/BMin
for
precast
/
reinforced
with
corrugotlon
ELEVATION
(Pipe
collar
for
SECTION
corrugated
metal
plpel
B-B
Figure
AND
QUANTITIES
concrete
pipe, , asbestos-cement
,
plastic
mortar
plpel
364
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Ratio
8.5:1
7.0:1
6.0:1
5.0:1
4.0:1
3.5: I
3.0: I
2.5:1
3.0: I
2.0:1
1.8:1
1.6:1
where:
T = thrust, in pounds
H = hydrostatic
head to centerline
of
pipe
A = area of pipe opening in square feet
6 = deflection angle of bend in degrees
62.4 = weight in pounds of a cubic foot of
water .
PIPE
AND
PIPE
APPURTENANCES
365
11, = 5 ?
as was
of each joint.
Where tongue-and-groove mortar joint
pipe is laid on a long-radius curve, the joint
opening at any point on the inside
circumference should not be more than
one-half inch wider than a normal joint.
Where pipe with type R-l joints is laid on
a long-radius curve, the distance A (fig. 1 in
bibliography reference [2] ) should not be
less than one-fourth inch.
Pipe with type R-2 joints may be
deflected an amount such that distance A
(fig. 2 in bibliography reference [2] ) is not
less than one-eighth inch; however, the grout
space on the outside of the pipe should not
be less than one-half inch wide and the
mortar space on the inside of the pipe
should not be less than one-fourth inch
wide.
Type R-3 and R-4 joints may be pulled on
one side of the pipe so that the joint opening
on that side of the pipe is not more than
one-half inch wider than the joint opening
on the opposite side of the pipe provided
that the distance A (fig. 3, 4, 5, and 6 in
bibliography reference [2] ) is not less than
one-fourth
inch at any point on the
circumference of the joint.
(c)
Bends
for
Asbestos-cement
Pipe.-Methods used for changes in alinement
or grade of asbestos-cement pipe include the
following:
(1) Mitered
pipe.-Bends
may be
fabricated
by
joining
mitered
asbestos-cement pipe with an approved type
of cement and encasing the bend in concrete
as shown on figure 8-12. The stability of the
bend for static thrust may require additional
concrete encasement. The pipe extension
beyond the concrete encasement should be
limited to 18 inches for pipe up to 36 inches
in diameter and one-half the diameter for
pipe larger than 36-inch diameter.
The miter bend shown on figure 8-13 may
also be used as shown or with cast-iron
fittings substituted for the mortar-lined steel
pipe.
(2) Pulled joints. -Long-radius
bends
formed by deflecting (pulling) joints may be
used where pipe alinement or profile will
permit this procedure. The deflection angle
between adjacent pipe units should not
(continued on page 371)
366
Reinf
wrre
SMALL
2"" 2"'/2**/2
fabric
Weld
BANDED
MITERED
Drovide
transverse
reinforcement
not
less
fhon
tl,ot
required
for
o,i equal
ienqth
of odjacent
pipe
Transverse
reinforcement
to be welded
or lopped
24 bar
diomefers
of
splice,
---mm-
weided
or lap 4-
PIPE
Pipe
CANAL
STRUCTURES
jornt-
BEND
ENCASED
MITERED
PIPE
Encasement
about
C
6'
i
'z
l-
#ret
of tro~sverse
reinforcement
shall
be equivalent
to that
in pipe
whose
rnslde
dro is
outside
die
of encased
pipe
the s"me
p!pe
cioss
Lop bars
BEND
symm.
pipe
required
equal
to
oud
of
24 bar O/J
SECTJON
-A
NOTES
Compoci
bockfiii
to top of encasement
of o/i bends
Eievotion
of compacted
backfill
for banded
mitered
pipe
bends
shall
be the some
OS the
of
compacted
bockfrll
specified
for
the odlacent
pipe
P!pe
shall
be i8"mox
when
D 4 36"ondj
0
mox
when
0'36:
TIISS flqure
shoas
ivv~ occeptobie
woj
n wh cn p,pe bends
r,:j
be fobrtcoted
The stability
of the bend in ic ';',rq
hydrosfat!c
thrust
must
be checked
if the
thrust
IS
great
enough
to make
these
bends
nsiub'e,
rhe
rncocemcnomensions
of +he encased
bend
may be
wcreoied
for
c+obrlity
elevation
extension
Figure
&IO.
PIPE
AND
PIPE
APPURTENANCES
367
Pipe
Omit encasement
3 is iess thon
Provide
transwrre
rein?orcement
not less
that
required
for a equal
length
of
adjacent
pope Transverse
reinforcement
to be welded
or lapped
24 bar
d/as
at
ENCASED
MITERED
PIPE
BEND
if
i,
22m30
thaq
ENCASED
PRECAST
ELBOW
(iI,-ro
2; 2.
fobrrc
it/2x
12
welded
not shown,
3Min
A .-A
WENDS
0 +ronsverse
re~niorcrmenl
shall
be equlvolent
to that
in pipe
whose
inside
die
is
die
of encased
pipe
same
pipe
class
Lop
bars
5
\
Provice
transverse
reinforcement
not
less
than
that
required
for
on equal
lenqth
of
CdjaCeat
pipe
Transverse
reinforcement
to be welded
or lopped
24 bar
diameters
ot
spices
Remf
we
reinforcement
Symm
about
required
equal
to
and
of
24 bnr die
__
/;M,.
Longitudinal
bars
shall
be loppedamin~mumof
,,
e2,, M 0 x
onqit
BANDED
MITERED
WAND
PIPE
THICKNESS
@ /z
BEND
J
SECTION
A-A
DATA
NOTES
Clevutior
of
compacted
backfiii
for
unencosed
elbow
bends
and bonded
pipe bends
shall be the same as the elevalmn
of compacted
backftll
specified
for the odlacent
p,pe
Compnct
backfill
to top of concrete
ot all encased
bends
This ftgure
shows
three
occeptoble
WOJS in which
p!pe
bends
may be fabricated
368
SMALL
E Asbestos-cement
Pipe
TYPICAL
BEND
(SO
extenslo,
to
be
STRUCTURES
PfPC
notes
MAX.)
Jomt
see
CANAL
Asbestos-cement
PP
fobr,coted
&-~~~~--P,pe
extens9
see notes
Ak
TYPICAL
BEND
HORIZONTAL
Complete
hoops
lone or two
p~ecesl
wrth
oreo
computed
for
bursting
stress
of
w,th hydrostotx
heod
ct E pipe ,g#plled
drometer
of p!pe
for
encasement
length,
OR
(460
VERTICAL
MA x.1
SENDS
total
steei
II.oDOp
s I
on outsIde
NOTES
acted
Excovot,on
d-*4
Longrt
bockffll
Ime
Comport
bockhll
to top of encasement
at oil bends.
Pipe extensfon
shall
be I6mox
when 0s 36ond
i D mox when
D > 36
Min extensfon
shall
be a*
For olternot!ve
bend fobrlcotton.
see Figure
6-13
Detolls
show
o,-P muwnum
bend fobr,cot!on
requwements.
The stabfifty
of the bends I resisting
hydrostatic
thrust
must
be checked
if the
thrust
IS great
enough
to make these
bends
unstable,
the encasement
d,mens,ons
moy be /creased
forstobd!iy
hors
SECTION
Figure 8-12.
A-A
PIPE
AND
PIPE
See Jead
APPURTENANCES
369
A\
'%/I At E to be computed
usmg "R" voices
and A angles
Minimum *C to be / 0'
specific
Steei
cylinder
pipe
ond
For
thickness
mortar
of
iioing
shown
structure
on the pion
Table
ondprofiie
of
the
stee,
see
Tobie
Mortarc-oofmgondrod
TABLE
wroptobe
omr'teo
I
TABLE
For
in
hand applied
or p"e"mot~0li;apDII?d
iinings
"G"for
IhlchnPss
ofmortor
iinlng
Hand applied
or pnwmotrcoliy
oppiied
linrn~s
shoii
reInforced
wrth 2x,x,3
gogp welded w,rc fobrrc
for
SIIPS greater
than
42:'
uIP
b?
NOTE
for
optional
asbestos-cement
flqure
8-12.
pr'essur~p~pt-
Figure 8-13. Asbestos-cement pressure pipe and reinforced plastic mortar pressure pipe bends
(maximum head 4.50 feet). 103-D-1322
bmds,see
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
,P THROUGH 7e DIA
SECTlON A-A
PARTIAL
PLAN
OF
CHECK
AN0
PlPE
INLET
OR
CONTROL
AN0
PPE
lNLET
w,r/1 I .rri
,: o-r,ll
12 THROUGH
SECTION
72
Did
ATERNATIYE
DE5,N
FOP
12 THROUGH
27 DIA
A-A
SECTION
PARTIAL
PLAN
OF OWlSlON
PIPE
DlWSlON
BOX, BAFFLED
OR
WE,,?
BOX
~w,-l.,~, <.A71a- iianw.
X8J
PARTIAL
A-A
PLAN
OF PlPE
TURNOUT
OR C.H.0.
TURNOUT
WIT CLTF 47 b#l^PL*L_
IP
rHRoUGH
SECTION
72 o,n
E-E
ELEVATlON
BOX
OUTLET
B-8
m
IN
ELEVATION
,Z THROUGH
SECT/ON
72 D,A
E-E
ATERNATIVE
DESIGN FOR
is? THROUGH
p,DIA
SECTION
E-E
Figure
D-D
PIPE
AND
PIPE
APPURTENANCES
for
Corruguted-metul
in
alinement or grade of
corrugated-metal
pipe may be made with
standard prefabricated elbow fittings of the
same gage as the adjacent pipe. Encasement in
concrete may be required to provide bend
stability for static thrust.
371
SMALL
372
concrete pressure pipe may be type R-l, type
R-2, type R-3, or type R-4 (figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
and 6, in bibliography reference [ 21).
Type R-2 is used for installations where the
pipe is to be jacked. Some cushioning between
the joints will reduce the likelihood of
breakage due to concentrated pressure. This
cushioning can be provided by a piece of
l/2-inch manila rope stuck to the pipe with
asphaltic cement, strips of asphalt roofing
paper, metal strips, or cement grout inserted
around the circumference, in the joints, as each
piece of pipe is placed ahead of the jacking
:.
.,. .
........,
Reinforcement
mortar joint u
for 2ldio. and smaller.
__/
GROOVE
TYPE
2x 2- #I2 x#l2
fabric
LCement
STRUCTURES
Reinforcement
Welded wire
TONGUE
CANAL
Inside
face
JOINT
Reinforcement
Welded wire
2x 2-*l2x#l2
fabric
Reinforcement
SELF-CENTERING
TYPE
DIA
OF PIPE
MINIMUM
THICKNESS
12TO 20
I,
(t 1
Figure
if
JOINT
B-I
PfTO 24=27.TO
$9
If
If
I;=
PIPE
AND
PIPE
373
APPURTENANCES
surface
seolfng
Ffeld
grout
af/arnt
compound
cement
aofsrde
/- W!re
<Capper
Gage)
expansion
strip
4 w/de , lap Ii-
PIPE
DIA.-
Pipe
not
Ohae
face
No
2iOR
fabrx
2688s
SMALLER
re/nfarcement
shown
-\
Copper elpO*lD
s trq Nosl 268 0 5
Gage, 4
lap If
rrae,
Ffeld
grout
cement
Ins/de
PIPE
DIA.-24OR
LPa,nt
afJa/nt
sealing
surface
with
compound
LARGER
for
Asbestos-ccmetzt
Pressure
SMALL
Go/v
CANAL
barbed
w,re space
welded to angles
SECTION
PLAN
OF
PIPE
SAFETY
B-B
BARRIER
N WS
STEEL
PlPE
C.M.P
DE
SECTION
A-
TAIL
kid
SECTION
DETAIL
STRUCTURES
u
A
C -C
PIPE
AND
PIPE
APPURTENANCES
375
The
blowoff
appurtenances
should
ordinarily
be enclosed in a covered well
extending above the adjacent original ground
surface and protected by earthwork to near the
top. Figure 8- 18 shows a typical 6-inch blowoff
installation tapped into the top of precast
concrete pipe.
A manhole should be included with a
blowoff on siphons one-half mile in length and
longer and 36 inches and larger in diameter, to
provide an intermediate
access point for
inspection and maintenance. A typical manhole
and blowoff combination structure is shown on
figure 8- 19.
The hydraulic head on the blowoff will
determine the class of fittings such as valves,
tees, flanges, rings, and also the size of required
welds.
Blowoff
and manhole assemblies for
asbestos-cement and reinforced plastic mortar
pipe require steel pipe fittings, concrete
encasement, and covered wells similar to those
shown for precast concrete pressure pipe. An
inline section of mortar-lined steel pipe is used
to provide connections for the blowoff and
manhole nozzles. Joints at connections of the
mortar-lined steel pipe and AC or RPM pipe
should be as shown on figure 8-13.
8-16. Air Vents.-Air
vents should be
provided at all locations along a pipe structure
where air may accumulate or where a partial
vacuum may occur.
One of the more common uses of an air vent
as related to structures for an open irrigation
formation
of
system
is to prevent
subatmospheric
pressures
immediately
downstream from a gate. High water velocity
issuing through a partial gate opening can
entrain air immediately downstream of the gate
and cause a partial vacuum. This condition can
create very undesirable water surface surging
resulting
in unsteady flow;
can cause
blowbacks of air and water of sufficient force
to damage the structure; and can cause
detrimental unequal air pressure loads on the
gate leaf. An air vent having a diameter of
one-sixth the pipe diameter (or 4 inches
minimum) and located as shown on figure 3-l 5
has given
satisfactory
performance
in
preventing these adverse conditions.
The probability
of an air and water
blowback occurring in a long, inverted siphon
376
SMALL
ul@i?
SECTION
O-O
CANAL
STRUCTURES
PIPE
AND
PIPE
APPURTENANCES
Figure
377
37%
SMALL
TOP
LADDER
iON. PitCEl
MONT,!vGS
TURNED
TYPICAL
IN
WALL
SECTION
NONTINGS
MOUNTING
INTERMEDIATE
TURNED
OUT
SECTION
BOTTOM
DETAIL
FLOOR
RUNG
SPLICE
CANAL
DETAIL
i TP,Chi ,
DETAIL
Figure 8-20.
MouNTiNG
DETAIL
STRUCTURES
SECTION
PIPE
AND
PIPE
APPURTENANCES
379
380
SMALL
Hardware
cut
frt
to
CANAL
STRUCTURES
cloth
screen
No P i~go
bell and grout,"
p/m,\
4A 1
PLAN
SECTION
LONGITUDINAL
A-A
SECTION
For
corrugated-metal
pipe, excavation
should carefully follow the alinement and
grade to provide a firm and uniform bearing for
the entire length of the pipe. In rock or other
unsuitable material, the foundation should be
overexcavated to the same requirements used
for the other types of pipe as previously
discussed.
In
open irrigation
systems,
corrugated-metal pipe is often used for such
structures as drain inlets into canals and drain
PIPE
AND
PIPE
APPURTENANCES
381
One or more
umts
change
Joint
type
in dlometer
R reqwed
steooed
speclfled
between
woe tooer
cone
P4P.c
reaulred
required
Locate at
center
of pipe sectloll
where
I.ocote ot
pipe SeCtIon
CONCRETE
STEP
TYPE
TAPERS
,PIPE RElNFORCEMENT
NOT SHOWN,
For precast
bond details. see detm
Monollthlc bond moy be
wbstltuted
for precast
bond
Remf
not shown
CASE
CASE
TYPICAL
JOINT
AT
CHANGE
OF PIPE
SIZE
PRECAST
TABLE
DIA.
OF
Mn
colkmq
FOR
6" TO IS"
18"
21"
It]
I$
I;'
2;
ELI
space
6"
DETAIL
PRECAST
PIPE
Mln thickness
Mm lenqth
BAND
6'
24"
MONOLITHIC
BAND
TO 45"
2;
48"
NOTES
DIMENSIONS
TO 63'
66"
4'
2f'
7;
I"
TO
72"
7E'
5;
84"
6"
90"
.q
96"
7'
9"
:
Figure 8-22.
BAND
Step typetopers
shall be used I" p,pe where head IS
50' or less except that step type tapers
moy be
replaced by precast
or Steel tapers
otthe
Contractors
OptIOn
All ftttlnq
to be the some class of pipe osthe
odjocent
line OS shown on proflle
Clean and roughen surface
of pipe in contact
wtth mortar
and concrete
33 1
382
SMALL
orlqmol
qround
surface
Typrcol
CANAL
oriqmoi
ground
STRUCTURES
surface\
earth
Cradle required ,f
bockhii
for beddmq
is compacted
by
tompmq. or surface
vfbro tlon methods
ROCK
NOTES
Backfill over- pipe shall be to the onqmol ground
except the mmmwm shall be 3 feet,
Bockfdl
shall be compacted
OS shown unless
othcrwse
soecifrcd
surface
oy
EARTH
or eXCOO ran
Provrde cushron of
compacted
bockfrll
of se/e&d
materrol
wherever rock
found&on
IS
encountered
ROCK
NOTES
Backfill
over p,pe she,, be to the onqmoi qround surfoce
em-p+ the m~n,mm
shall be 3 feet
Bockf!li
sholi be compacted
OS shown unless otherwiSe
sptvfed
D. BIBLIOGRAPHY
8- 19. Bibliography.
(11 King, H. W. and Brater, E. F., Handbook of Hydraulics,
Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1963.
[2] Standard Specifications for Reinforced Concrete Pressure
Pipe-United
States Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Reclamation.
[3] Cretex Pipe Products Publication-The
Cretex Co.s Inc.,
Elk River, Minnesota.
[4] Armco Handbook of Drainage and Construction Product,
C.M.P.
[5] Culvert Pipe made of Reynolds Aluminum Culvert Sheet,
C.M.P.
161 Standard
Specifications
for Asbestos-cement
Pressure
Pipe, United States Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Reclamation.
(71 Standard Specifications
for Reinforced
Plastic Mortar
Pipe-United
States Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Reclamation.
[S] Armco Handbook of Welded Steel Pipe., W.S.P.
[9] Lane, E. W., Security
from Under-Seepage,
Trans.
ASCE Vol. 100 1935, pg. 1235.
[lo] ASTM Designation C443.
[ 1 l] Federal Specification QQ-C-576b.
(121 Sleeve Type Coupling Welded Steel Pipe Handbook,
Armco.
<<Chapter
IX
Safety
H. J.
WARREN
General
Engineer,
of Reclamation.
Numbers
sec. 9-4.
Engineering
in brackets
refer
Reference
to
items
Branch,
in the
Bureau
bibliography,
A. SAFETY DEVICES
9-3. Types.-Many
types of safety devices
are used on canal structures. These safety
devices can be separated into two groups:
(1) Those which limit access or deter people
and animals from getting into the canal
384
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Fence Classification.
103-D-l 196
385
SAFETY
PLAN
2m Stvod
Wia12;
w'h4-poi"+borbs
IPIC't
qote Itop
ddoptoble
to qote
3tch used
GATE
Z- Stropd
epoint
Combinotron
cop
NO
al
bores
and
9o9e
qalv
ootmore
barbed
wire
than 5'oport,
AND
ADJOINING
9oye
9clv barbed
IVLT~
not more than 5'oporf
:
-~-
PANELS
z-Strand
NO 12; qoge 90/v borbcd
with 4 point barbs
"ot more
than
with
/ II
IO-0
k--
PANELS
AND
/Gate
post
,-Combrnotion
i,PP
or coroer
PLAIN
cop
ii"k
m-----
JCL--
ADJOINING
PULL
Attachment
3- ~'DIo.
of
No
on
*ire
*ewe
GATE
post
side
AAlOlNlNG
~-
POST
P'pftch
4 goqe
spiroled
wre
loops
NOTES
p,pe
dia!rPterS
we,9ht
Morimum
inteiroi
bolbed
9ote
Undisturbed
Wuroi
qround
or compacted
bockfrli
-;
AND
PANELS
strffeoer
SECTION
II
ord
\I l90i pIpI?-
pa/v
obrrc
PANELS
post
TYPICAL
yire
apart
barb
Cho,"
CORNER
wrc
guard
posts
xhown
betwren
ore
fro"
prpe
ou:lpos+s
t0 be mounted
sizes,
standard
2~x7 feet
vert~coiiy
onall
Barbed
wre
supporting
arms shoii conform
with
stondords
or shall
be fobrlcoted
from
1;
They shoii be welded
in place
or otherwe
to prevent
rotot,on
School
Urban
safety
safety
fence
7?0"
fence 5'-0"hiqh
high
monufocturerj
inch p,pe
secured
386
SMALL
Figure
9-2.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
388
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
SAFETY
389
390
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Figure
9-8.
Safety
fence
along
a chute.
SAFETY
INTERMEDIATE
POST
391
CORNER
POST
END
POST
GUARD
CHAIN
POST
STEEL
Std
block
D,DF
POST
SOCKET
w*.r*;.
GUARD
WALL
MOUNTING
WALL
SPLICE
CHAIN
ANCHOR
NO.
SMALL
GUARD
CHAIN
POST
WALL
ANCHOR
CANAL
STRUCTURES
SAFETY
children from crawling or slipping between the
rails and falling into a structure.
Pipe handrails are used in conjunction with
safety racks around the inlet transitions of all
siphons 30 inches and larger in diameter for
Class A, B, or C exposure unless safety fence
and safety nets or cables are used as previously
described. Pipe handrails are also required
around the outlet transition of all siphons 30
inches in diameter and larger for Class A, B, or
C exposure as well as around the inlet
transition for Class D exposure. These handrails
are constructed across the transition headwall
and extend the length of the transition on both
sides of the canal. Pipe handrails are also used
along operating platforms and walkways of
many irrigation structures. Generally, handrails
are required where the top of the walkway or
operating platform is more than 3-1/2 feet
above the downstream floor of the structure.
Only a downstream handrail is required when
the operating deck is 3-1/2 to 5 feet above the
downstream floor (fig. 3-10). Handrails are
required on both sides of the walkway if the
walkway is 5 feet or more above the floor (fig.
9-12).
If
a check
structure
is constructed
monolithically with or immediately upstream
from a siphon inlet whose diameter is 36 inches
or larger, or a steep chute of similar size,
handrails should be built on both the upstream
and downstream side of the operating platform
(fig. 9-12).
Oftentimes
the handrails on structures
interfere with handling stop planks or cleaning
trash from trashracks. In these casesremovable
pipe rails or guard chains as shown in figures
9-10 and 9-11 are used in place of permanent
type rails.
(c) Warning Signs.-Oftentimes the public is
not aware of the dangers associated with
structures in a canal system. To alert them of
these dangers, well-worded
warning signs
advising of specific dangers, should be installed
near the structure in a conspicuous place as
shown in figure 9-6. No trespassing signs serve
a useful purpose, but signs pointing to a
specific danger are more effective. In areas
where a large number of people speak a
language different from the native language,
warning signs should be written in dual
393
394
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
SAFETY
395
{Standard brace bands
~End
past 2" standard pipe
,,/i"x4" Eye bait with I cut washer and nut
---+t
.'
i"x12' Turnbuckle
with one eye --
.'?
1-.;.
".
"'
"'
Tie
."'
L.
"
:i
.0
-.;,
Wire
reinf
;"Oio
anchor
~~
spiral
14"
-2'-6"
12
Typic
late
r-ota:--1
'I:
1
I
",
-12-..
-c-NWS
"'
i
'0
-.;,
,~(
~
bar
.10
!4@7
2'-6"
~~
Nate Alltabe
t,es 1.and
' cailsuspenders
chain
,.
'Concrete deodmon
24"squore
DETAIL
NOTES
All concrete sholl be placed In undisturbed earth or campacted
fll{
All foundation
for end posts to be reinfarced with Na 4 gage
x 5'-0' wire spiral reinf, 2' pitch, 6" dia
All parts of safety net and cable assembly ta be galvanIzed
Figure
9.15.
Safety
IO3.D.1204
SMALL
F&u-e
9-18.
Safety
cable
with
floats.
CANAL
STRUCTURES
103-D-1205
397
SAFETY
4F
PL4N
- TRANSITION
SECTION
WlTH
CHECK
HALF
PLAN-S4FETY
RACK
A-4
DET4lL
SECTION
B-S
DETAIL
/ 6 I .I 1. 6 0s
SECTION
C-C
13
398
SMALL
CANAL
STRUCTURES
B. BIBLIOGRAPHY
9-4.
Bibliography.
Reclamation
Instructions,
Part
Reclamation.
[2] Design Standards No.1,
Chapter
Standards. Bureau of Reclamation.
[ 1]
[3)
131,
Bureau
3-Revised
of
Safety
SAFETY
Mm
operot/ng
water
sect/ens
exceeds
when
13'.3"
~Polnt
two
area
coots
16"~ lB"0n
of trofflc
concrete
with
yellow
pain%
surface,
*?a
1
F
5.O'Mln
for water
depth
equal
to or greater
than
8.0'--
Concrete
LATION
conoi
not
shown
Iming
DETAIL
Anchors
not
shown
Limng
th/ckness
f2f'
M/n)
SECTION
A-A
I*1OOER RUNG OETdll
C
Anchors,
=_
Anchor
of center
of/adder
for sect/ens
longer
than 6!3"
[for
ladders
w/th 5or
7
rungs,
offset
anchors
5"
from
center
of ladder)
J
NOTES
Lodders
ta be used on sides
of canal
where
the vertical
Ilnlng
hefght
IS 2;
feet
or more.
Ladders
to be located
opposite
eachotherot750-footmtervolsoneoch
s/deofthecan~l,andupstreomofstructures
as d/rected.
.,,
_
Lauders
to oetobricatea
oetobricated
trom
steel
or 6061.T6
6061~T6
alum,num.
Ladders
shallbe
anchored
to the conoll~n~ng
wfth
staInless
steei
exponslan
type
orlmpoct
type
anchors,
subject
to the approval
of the contracting
officer.
Lodders
to be paInted
yellow
after
fabrlcatton
C Anchors
(See
notes.)
LADDER
SECTION
Figure 9-22. Safety ladder. 103-D-1207
'
<<Appendix
Glossary
of Terms
A-l. List of Symbols and Abbreviations. -The following is a list of symbols and abbreviations
used in this publication. Commonly used mathematical symbols and abbreviations are not listed.
Symbol or
abbreviation
Definition
-
AASHO
AC
Asbestos-cement pipe
Adj
Adjustable
Approx
Approximate
ASCE
ASTM
Avg
Average
Coefficient of discharge
Centerline
cc
Center to center
CF
Cold finish
cfs
CHO
Constant-head orifice
401
SMALL
402
Symbol or
abbreviation
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Definition
CI
Cast iron
CMP
Corrugated-metal pipe
cone
Concrete
crs
Centers
csk
Countersink
cu
Cubic
CWS
dc
Critical depth
Normal depth
Dia, 4
Dim
Dimension
DOC
Dw
Drawing
DWS
Energy
EC
Critical energy
Es
Specific energy
EG
Energy gradient
El
Elevation
.AEl
Difference in elevations
GLOSSARY
OF
403
TERMS
Symbol or
abbreviation
F
fc
Definition
Froude number; difference in energy elevations;
difference in water surface elevations;
difference in invert elevations
Allowable extreme fiber compressive stress in
concrete
Specified compressive strength of concrete
Allowable tensile stress in reinforcement
steel
fY
steel
Fb, fb
Freeboard
fig
Figure
fps
Frm
Frame
ft
foot or feet
ft2
Square feet
i!
Gravitational acceleration
Ga
Gage
galv
Galvanized
H.h
AH
CH
f 5
hb
11 f
SMALL
404
Symbol or
abbreviation
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Definition~~
____Velocity head
hd
Head
hex
Hexagon, hexagonal
Ht
Height
ID
In
Inch or inches
IllV
Invert
Alnv
Lv
Lbs
Pounds
LF
Load factor
Longit
Longitudinal
Montuori number
math
max
Maximum
min
Minimum
Mist
Miscellaneous
ZN
GLOSSARY
OF
405
TERMS
Symbol or
abbreviation
Definition
~-___-
No, N, #
Number
Nws
O&M
OD
OGS
PC
Point of curvature
PCP
PF
Percolation factor
PI
Point of intersection
Pl
Plate
pr0.i
Projection; project
PSf
psi
PT
Point of tangency
Hydraulic radius
RCCP
Reinf
Reinforcement
req d
Required
RI
ROW
Right-of-way
RPM
SMALL
406
Symbol or
abbreviation
CANAL
STRUCTURES
Definition
Slope of energy gradient in the Manning equation
(friction loss in feet per foot); invert slope
of channel or pipe
Average slope of energy gradient between two
points
Slope of profile of channel bottom
Critical slope
Friction slope; head loss due to friction in feet
per foot
sq
Square
s: s, ss
s4s
SPC
Spaces
Sta
Station
Stnd
Standard
Str, Struct
Structure
Symm
Symmetrical
TO
Turnout
Transv
Transverse
Velocity
V
-
Vedernikov number
vc
Critical velocity
vt
Theoretical velocity
LIV
Difference in velocities
GLOSSARY
407
OF TERMS
Symbol or
abbreviation
Definition
CV
vert
Vertical
Unit weight
WP
Wetted perimeter
ws
Water surface
nws
WSP
YdS
Yards
GREEK
LETTERS
Greek letter
Greek name
Greek letter
Greek name
Alpha
IJ
Mu
Beta
7-r
Pi
Delta
Rho
Zeta
Sigma
Theta
Phi
<<Appendix
Conversion
Factors
from
To
Multiply
by
from
To
Mulbply
mrlluneters
304.6
by
LENGTH
angstrom
units
nanometers
(nm)
micrometers
urn)
millimeters
meters
0.1
(mm)
(m)
inches
(ln)
01 x 10~6
3937
01
1 x 10-s
umts
(A)
yards
meters
0 039
370
01
micrometers
1 x 103
miles
kilometers
1 x 103
milhmeters
0 039
370
3.260
a4
miles
x 103
IO
0 01
mils
393 701
inches
feet
mllhmeters
1 x 103
nautical
0.393
701
0.032
808
(km)
1 x 103
39.3701
yards
39.3701
meters
Inches
0.1
(ft)
36
mlllwneters
x 10-s
miles
(nmi)
333
0.9144
kllometers
3.937
inches
0.333
feet
mils
mils
(yd)
Inches
1 x 10
(cm)
0.3046
12
meters
x 10-9
Inches
feet
yards
3.937
meters
meters
Inches
inches
1 x 10~3
centimeters
centimeters
1 x IO
mlllwneters
angstrom
mtllimeters
meters
1 x 10-10
mils
micrometers
feet
1 x 10
(ml)
1 093
61
6.213
71 x 10~
meters
1 x 103
feet
3 260
64
miles
0.621
371
meters
1.609
34
kilometers
1609
34
feet
526
x 103
yards
1.76
x 103
kilometers
1.653
24
miles
1151
55
x 103
x 103
25.4
meters
0 0254
mils
1 x 103
feet
0.063
333
AREA
square
milli-
meters
square
cem-
meters
square
square
inches
feet
square
centimeters
square
Inches
square
millmwters
square
meters
1.55
(mmZ)
square
0.155
square
millimeters
square
centimeters
64516
1.076
645
acres
39
meters
6.4516
feet
6.944
44
square
meters
0.092
903
(ha)
0.092
903
meters
hectares
square
.9cres
feet
x 10~
x 10~3
yards
square
meters
(ydz)
kilo-
meters
2.295
68
127
6.361
27
square
x IO-5
9
12 x 10
miles
4046
66
686
x IW
4.356
1 x 10
square
2.471
x 103
05
1 x 108
meters
100
1076
feet
39 x IO
247.105
square
miles
square
meters
(ml?)
hectares
0.366
102
2.569
99
x 108
256.996
square
kllometers
square
feet
acres
x 10-J
0 404
meters
square
x 10~5
99
feet
acres
0.636
05
1.195
square
hectares
x 10-e
2.471
square
acres
square
144
2.066
square
hectares
hectares
square
square
x 10~3
16
square
acres
1 x 10.
10.7639
feet
WWS
inches
(fP)
hectares
square
1 * 10-4
feet
inches
meters
x 103
100
(m2)
square
square
yards
0.01
square
hectares
square
(cmz)
(II+)
(km?)
2.589
99
2.767
84
x 10
640
409
410
SMALL
To convert
from
To
Multiply
by
TO convert
from
CANAL
To
STRUCTURES
Multiply
by
VOLUME-CAPACITY
cubic
milli-
meters
cubic
centimeters
liters
(I)
cubic
cubic
centi-
meters
inches
milliliters
(ins)
6102
(ml)
ounces
(11 OL)
liters
11ters
centimeters
milliliters
feet
(113)
cubic
meters
cubic
feet
cubic
023
0.033
614
meters
fluid
ounces
cubic
feet
yards
cubic
meters
(m3)
cubic
dekameters
cubic
inches
cubic
yards
gallons
(ydJ)
(gal)
cubic
feet
16
x 10s
x 10s
555
1 x 103
feet
cubic
yards
1 x 10-S
264172
35.3147
1.307
acre-teat
acre-feet
16
4.166
0.764
dekameters
gallons
x 10-4
4.166
27
cubic
95
6.107
13 x 10-a
cubic
meters
1.233
46 x 103
46
0 035
315
cubic
dekameters
1.233
0.264
172
cubic
kilometers
1.233
46 x 10-0
cubic
feet
4.356
x l(r
3.256
51
3.705
41
3.765
41
gallons
x 103
cubic
deka-
meters
0 026
(darns)
meters
1
04
(km3)
3.3792
cubic
1 x 10-S
0.133
meters
kilometers
liters
661
26.3169
cubic
dekameters
cubic
cubic
126
liters
cubic
acre-feet
cubic
33.6140
liters
feet
x 10-S
1 x 10~3
ounces
cubic
0.061
5 767
gdlOS
gallons
37
16.3671
cubic
fluid
miles
inches
cubic
inches
cubic
1 x 10-a
fluid
cubic
1 x 10~3
1 x 10-e
liters
cubic
milliliters
(cmJ)
317
cubic
kilometers
cubic
meters
cubic
feet
x 105
1 x 103
3.531
47 x 104
acre-feet
0.610
713
gallons
2.641
72 x 1W
cubic
dekameters
1 x 1w
2.631
69 x 10-S
acre-feet
6.107
13 x 105
1.729
x 103
cubic
miles
(mia)
0.239
913
0 037
037
meters
per
second
9.606
65
7.460
52
66
acre-feet
(acre-ft)
2.295
meters
per second
0.3046
x 10-S
ACCELERATION
feet
per
second
squared
squared
gravitational
GS
meters
per
second
1-t
per
second
squared
squared
Gs (standard
(m/sz)
0.031
061
3.260
64
0.101
972
squared
acceleration)
feet
per second
squared
32.1741
(ltw)
Gs
VELOCITY
feet
per
second
meters
per second
kilometers
per
(m/s)
hour
0.3046
1.097
kilometers
26
per
hour
miles
per
second
hour
per
kilometers
feet
per
miles
per second
per
per
second
per
(milh)
0.661
hour
3.6
(ft/s)
hour
62
miles
hour
per
3.260
64
2.236
94
feet
feet
per year
345
hour
0.621
371
per hour
1.609
34
second
0.447
04
1.466
67
9.665
14 x 10-e
609
per
per
second
per
millimeters
second
WY0
776
0.911
kilometers
meters
0.277
second
per
miles
(km/h)
meters
tneten
1-t
(mm/s)
FORCE
pounds
newtons
kilograms
(force)
newtons
pounds
grams
kilograms
(N)
(lb)
4.446
22
newtons
pounds
0.224
9.606
2.204
65
62
dynes
newtons
1 x 10-S
MASS
0~~s
OCBS
(evdp)
(evdp)
(avdp)
0.035
kilograms
squared
slugs
slugs
kilograms
kilograms
tons
metric
0.026
(avdp)
0.453
(avdp)
0.101
(avdp)
metric
tons
(tonne
592
16
(force)-second
per
350
0.0625
megagram)
long
972
meter
or
tons
62
522
14.5939
(evdp)
pounds
short
metric
0.907
165
2 x 103
1 x 103
(avdp)
tons
kilograms
pounds
2.204
(1)
kikagrams
short
0.066
907.165
tons
pounds
(kg1 . S/m)
pounds
short
274
26.3495
kilograms
OCBS
kilograms
1 x 10-S
grams
(9)
kilograms
pounds
pounds
(kg)
tons
(avdp)
tons
2.204
62
1.102
31
1.016
05
1.016
05
2.24
1.12
x 103
x 101
x 1W
CONVERSION
To convert
from
FACTORS
411
To
Multiplv
bv
To convert
from
TO
Multiplv
kelvin
fK
by
TEMPERATURE
degrees
Celsius
degrees
kelvin
(K)
degrees
fK4OC
foe
Celsius
degrees
+ 273.15
= (oF
- 32)/1.6
= f.,R/l
Rankine
Fahrenheit
kelvin
degrees
fK
= (fOF
+ 459.67)/l
.6
Fahrenheit
VOLUME
cubic
feet
per
second
liters
per
cubic
second
meters
(I/s)
per
26.3169
second
acre-feet
0026
317
2.446
57
per
d=Y
(mVs)
cubic
dekameters
per day
cubic
(dams/d)
gallons
deka-
meters
per
minute
(gallmin)
cubic
acre-feet
per
day
448.631
per day
1.963
meters
per second
47
feet
cubic
per
minute
dekameters
cubic
feet
cubic
meters
per
mmute
60
cubic
feet
per
liters
per
second
liters
per
minute
cubic
dekameters
cubic
feet
per
second
per
second
day
02 x 10~5
0.063
090
3.785
41
5.450
98
x 10-Z
2.226
01
x 10-S
4419
19
x 103
million
gallons
per
0.014
276
1.233
46
day
per second
0.504
167
per
0.011
574
per
second
0.406
735
day
0.610
713
acre-feet
per
day
70.0456
liters
6309
second
per
feet
second
per
second
35.3147
per minute
per
million
meters
per
acre-feet
gallons
(Wmin)
gallons
meters
cubic
cubic
(ecreft/d)
cuboc
cubic
gallons
cubic
1.565
second
03
x 1w
1 x 103
per
day
meters
22.6245
0.043
613
per second
per W
(msd)
(ftv.3)
acre-feet
per day
per
square
kilopascals
inch
(kPa)
meten-head
zmm
of fig
fee1
Of water
pounds
foot
std.
pounds
foot
square
2.306
square
zmm
73
of Hg
7.496
55
0.101
975
Mches
0.295
216
of Hg
pounds
per square
foot
20.6655
per
inch
0.145
046
pounds
880
std
lmeters-head
4.662
60
zmm
of Hg
0.359
033
per square
feet
Of water
0.016
019
meter
6.944
44
per
per square
Inch
4.7254
atmospheres
kilopascals
foot
pounds
per
square
feet
Of water
Of water
13.6669
std.
per square
Inch
per square
foot
84
1.422
29
204.610
ktlopascals
2.988
0.3048
of Hg
90
22.4130
of Hg
0 662
401
pounds
per square
Inch
0.433
514
pounds
per square
foot
62.4259
measured
measured
at 4 C.
at 0 C
kilopascals
%m
of Hg
pounds
(mbar)
per
26
x 10-a
9.806
65
x 10-a
0.073
556
1 422
73
0.1
kilopascals
atmos-
100
kilopascals
Vnm
101.325
of Hg
pounds
per square
of water
760
mch
039
9.869
square
kilopascals
feet
3.260
Imeters-head
of H,O (water)
of Hg (mercury)
36
73.5334
pounds
*inches
millibars
pheres
pounds
2mm
x 10-4
square
atmospheres
inch
bars
9.806
of tip
(1)
x 10-a
95.7605
(lb/W)
+nrn
kilograms
(N/m*)
meters-head
0047
x 10~3
1 x 103
per square
meter
144
kilopascals
Column
2Column
newtons
0.068
inch
feet
kilopascals
51.7007
atmospheres
std.
tons
091
(IblfV)
pounds
short
76
0.703
kilopascals
per
sauare
per
6.894
14.70
33.90
x 10-x
412
SMALL
To convert
from
To
Multiply
MASS
DENSITY
pounds
cubic
per
kllograms
foot
WOW
slugs per
per cubic
meter
by
To convert
foot
16.0165
0.031
kllograms
per
meter
061
per
gallon
per
gallon
0 133 661
slugs
per
cubic
cubic
per cubic
kilograms
yard
pounds
meter
119626
per
per
foot
cubic
cubic
meter
foot
0.232
502
0.593
277
0.037
037
long
per cubic
centimeter
ounces
per
gallon
per
meter
cubic
centi-
1 x 103
(g/cmr)
tons
per
cubic
1 x IO-3
(t/m,)
per cubic
foot
0.062
430
per
pounds
cubic
per cubic
per
liter
kilograms
meter
yard
ounces
(g/l)
per cub!c
meter
1 x 103
1 665
55
7.469
15
7409
15
per
pounds
per gallon
pounds
per
cubic
yard
6.345
40
1.665
56
kilograms
per cubic
meter
1.326
94
kilograms
per cubic
meter
1.729
99
kilograms
per
meter
x 10-S
yard
per
cubic
kilograms
grams
tons
cubic
(Ib/fF)
grams
by
Wft?)
kllograms
per
grams
pounds
CWW
pounds
Multiply
meter
(lb/gal)
pounds
TO
metric
(slug/ft3)
pounds
STRUCTURES
cubic
from
CANAL
x 103
inch
(oz/irG)
x 103
slugs
per
cubic
cubic
515.379
foot
(mml)
VISCOSITY
centipoise
pascal-second
(Pa.
poise
per
(Ib/ft
. h)
pounds
per
foot-second
foot-hour
2.419
09
6719
69
2.066
54
1.466
16
foot-second
meters
per second
09
pounds
per foot-second
0.671
969
feat
per second
square
x 103
0020
685
4133
79
x lo-
pounds
2771
70
x IO
0413
36
1.076
39
x 10~5
(W/S)
x IO-5
pascal-second
x 103
1 x IO-8
(mVs)
stokes
2.419
per foot-second
16
061
square
per foot-hour
centipoise
1.466
0.031
per
square
x 10~
1 x 103
foot-second
pascal-second
slug
centlpolse
Centistokes
pounds
per
per
foot-second
. S)
centipoise
slug
per
pounds
. s)
(slug/ft
pounds
foot-hour
per foot-second
(Ib/ft
pascal-second
1 x 103
0.01
pounds
slug
s)
per
feet
second
0.01
square
meters
per second
centistokes
stokes
square
rhe
1 per
(l/Pa.
meters
per second
pascal-second
S)
0.092
903
9.290
30
1 x 10-d
10
x 10
<<Appendix
Computer
C- 1. Program
223X3
A COMPUTER
6UREAlJ
CHANNELS.
CONJUGATE
HORSESHOE"
TOP,
MAY BE FLAT
OF
PROGRAM
GRADE
THE
ELEVATION
THE
AT
WHEN COMPUTING
THE
ASSUMED
TO BE
E!ETWEEN
SECTIONS
RNU THE
IJISTANCE
LlISTANCE.
THE
IS EQUAL
PROGPAY
WILL
RECTANGULAR
(ANY
HEIGHT)
SHAPE
OF
THE
THE
WATER
IN
THE
bASIrJS.
AS A SHAPE
AND
WITH
BOTTOM
ft v (I .
INVERTED
AN
HEIGHT
COMPUTE
STILLING
SIGES
S~JRFACE
TO THE
PROFILE,
SLOPE
TO THE
DEPTH
BETWEEN
CURVES
OF
THE
SIDES.
DEPTHI
AND
THE
THE
THE
ENLRGY
SECTION.
WATER
THE
BACKWATER
DEFINED
EXCEED
IN
HORSESHOE"
Is
THE
THE
MODIFIED
AND
CHANNEL
VELOCITY,
EACH
NORMAL
CURVE,
AND
VERTICAL
CANNOT
"v"
COMPUTE
BY
PkOFILEs
SURFACE
AND
CHANNELS
SHAPED
OR HAVE
COMPUTES
u BACKWATkR
WILL
IN TRAPEZOIDAL
A SEMI-CIRCULAR
HEIGHT
PROGRAM
DEVELOPED
BEEN
WATER
CIRCULAR
TRAPEZOIDAL
DEPTH
HAS
TO DETERMINE
THE
OR
b*M~D~F~ED
WHICH
223-E3WSP
TRAPEZOIDAL,
RECTANGULAR
TITLED
OF RECLAMATION
SHAPED
Program
WSP. -
PROGRAM
RECTANGULAR,
SLOPE
OF WATER
SECTIONS
PROVIDES
OF THE
IS
FOR
THE
DEPTH
FLOOR
AND
OF
IS
WATER
THE
DISTANCE
DISTANCE.
'WHEN
COMPUTING
IS ASSUME:
TO BE
VERTICAL
EQUAL
THE
CHANGES
TO
IN
HORIZONTAL
SHAPE
AT
ANY
413
414
SMALL
SLCTION
PUT
DOES
A TRIAL
AND
ERROR
SHOULD
HIGH
VELOCITY,
IN DEPTH
THEY
WILL
ASSUMED
BECOME
THE
wHtN
THAT
GREAT,
THE
SHALLOW
THE
SECTIONS
SHAPE.
DATA
kITH
'
SHOULD
THE
wHEN
THIS
DEPTH
IS
DEPTH
THE
OF
wATEH
A SOLUTION
MESSAGE
OF
CHANGE
BE
CLOSER
GREATER
THE
EATER
IS
EXCEEDS
LOSSES
PROGRAM
LESS
GREATER
THAN
THAT
TIMES
THE
SECTION,
THE
FLOW
0.9
THAN
MESSAGE
TIMES
THE
THEN
CRITICAL
CHECK
HEPD
WILL
AND
WILL
IF THE
OUT
WHEN
0.9
OCCURS,
THAN
PROFILE
POSSIBLE.
DEPTH
BE
THE
ChANYEL
(A)
IS
SHAPE
IS
MADE
THE
RECTANGULAR,
INITIAL
SECTION.
Is
INCURRED9
AN
EXtCUTION
Eb!TEP
TO
AVAILABLE
:
OF
HEIGHT
DEPTH.
INPUT
e--wREQUIRtD
IS
CONTINUE
BE TERMINATED.
(1)
IS
CURVES.
CONDITION
BE PBINTED
iILL
DEPThS
HORSESHOEfl
OF
THE
TO
OF WATER
SURFACE
Is
CRITICAL
AND
OR *8M~~IF~ED
TO OVERCOME
h,-PROPRIATE
INPUT
SECTIONS
RATE
THAN
BACKwATER
DEPTH
EXECUTION
THE
COMPUTING
INSUFFICIENT
THE
EXCESSIVE.
BETWEEN
THAT
IN
INPUT
BECOMES
DISTANCE
LESS
PROFILE
THE
UNSTABLE.
THAT
IF
TO DEPTHS
IF
STRUCTURE."
DETERMINE
TRIALS
THE
THE
EXTREMELY
ANTICIPATED
WHEN COMPUTING
STATING
PROVIDED
IS
SURFACE
OF A CIRCULAR
PRINTED
OF
Is
IS LIMITED
DEPTH
HEIGHT
IT
IS
OF
IF
BY A CHANGE
THEREFORE
DEPTH
OCCUR
IF
A WATER
CRITICAL
THE
STRUCTURES
WOULD BE NORMALLY.
PROGRAM
IS
M4Y
CAUSED
USEUI
NUMBER
THE
LONG.
A LOSS
IS
IF
OR VELOCITY
COMPUTING
IT
METHOD
SITUATION
UNREASONABLY
THAN
INCLUDE
BE REASONABLE.
SIMILIAR
THE
NOT
CANAL
EITHEP:
WILL
COMPUTER
PROGRAM
415
(8)
TRAPEZOICAL,
(Cl
CIRCULAR9
(D)
"MODIFIED
OR
(MUST
HORSESHOE"
ENCLOSED
BE
IN
QUOTES).
(2)
ASSUMED
(3)
MANNING'S
(4)
INITIAL
THE
(5)
DISCHARGE
"N"
(IF
DEPTH
MUST
SURFACE
PROFILE
DEPTH
MUST
BELOW
Tti1.S
F.
S.
A BACKWATER
WATER
INITIAL
C.
VALUE.
DEPTH
INITIAL
IN
Bt;
STATION
STATION
(IF
MUST
(6)
INITIAL
INVERT
(7)
INITIAL
SLOPE
(8)
ADDITIONAL
bE
CURVE
BEING
COMPUTEDI
BEING
CRITICAL
AdOVE
IS
IS
COMPUTED
DEPTH.
IF
THE
INITIAL
CRITICAL.)
A BACKWATER
BE THE
CURVE
DOWNSTREAM
IS
BEING
COMPUTED,
STATION).
ELEVATIOi4.
OF THE
DATA
INVERT
REQUIRED
(VERTICAL
OVER
DESCRIBE
TO
HORIZONTAL).
THE
INITIAL
SECTION:
(F\)
FOR RECTANCULAR
INITIAL
(RI
FOR
TRhPEZCIDAL
SECTIONS,
ENTER:
wIDTH
SLCTIONS,
INITIAL
WIDTH,
INITIAL
SLOPE
EYTLR:
AND
OF SIDES
(HGRIZONTAL
VERTICAL).
(Cl
FOR CIRCULAR
INITIAL
(D)
FOR
'tMODIFIED
SECTIONS,
ENTER:
CIAMETER
HORSLSHOE~~
INITIAL
wIDTH,
INITIAL
HEIGHT
SECTIOF'SI
TO SPRINGLINE,
ENTER:
AND
OVER
SMALL
416
(9)
DIMENSIONS
MUST
FLOW
(REVERSE
(f?,T,C,
(A)
HEIGHT
IS
ENTER
FLAT
OF EACH
DATA
BACKWATER
INITIAL
BE
IN
FOR
MUST
SAME
SEQUENCE
AS
DIRECTION
THE
ITEM
THE
RECTANGULAR
BE
THE
OF FLOW
FIRST
DEsIGNATLS
(IF
STRUCTURES
BOTTOM
0).
USED
OF THE
OR MH)
BOTTOM
SECTION
THE
CURVE).
OF "V"
CANAL
IN
SHAPE
SECTIONS
THE
ENTERED.
THE
DIRECTION
OF
WHEN COMPUTING
LISTS
FOLLOWING
OF THE
SECTION.
ENTER:
PT
STATION,
INVERT
ELEVATION9
WIDTH,
ANU
SLOPE
(6)
FOR
OF
TRAPEZOIDAL
1NVEpT
(VERTICAL
SECTIONS
OVER
HORIZONTAL)
ENTER:
T1
STATION9
INVEPT
ELEvATIONI
hIIJTH,
SLOPE
OF
VERTICAL),
SLOPE
THE
SIDES
(HORIZCNTAL
AND
THE
INVERTrf
SECTIONS
ENTER:
OF
HORIZONTAL)
(Cl
FOR
CIRCULAR
L,
STATION9
INVERT
OVER
ELEVATION9
VERTICAL
OVER
THE
COMPUTER
PROGRAM
417
DIAMETER,
SLOPE
(D)
FOR
MODIFIED
AND
OF THE
INVERT
(VERTICAL
HORSESHOE
SECTIONS
OVER
HORIZONTAL).
ENTER:
MH,
STATION,
INVERT
ELEVATION?
WIDTH?
110)
THE
LAST
DATA
HEIGHT
TO THE
SPRINGLINE,
HEIGHT
OF THE
OUTPUT
(1)
NILL
OF THE
INVERT
(VERTICAL
ENTRY
SHOULD
BE THE
WORD END.
CONSIST
INITIAL
OF:
LIATAq
(A)
DISCHARGE
(@I
MANNINGS
(C)
INITIAL
DEPTH
(3)
INITIAL
WIETH
(2)
STATION,
(3)
INVERT
(4 1
VELOCITY?
(5)
ENERGY
(6)
DEPTH9
ELEVATION,
GRADIENT,
AND
SLOPE
OUTPUT
m-w--THE
BOTTOM,
OVER
HORIZONTAL)
418
SMALL
(7)
CCNJUGATE
(8)
INPUT
CATA
A LISTING
OF
APPENDIX.
INPUT
ENSIGN
H4vk
BEEN
WATER
THE
IF
IJEPTH
FXAMPLE
TRUNCATED
IN
VELOCITY
IF
STRUCTURES
REQUESTED,
AND
REQUESTED.
PROGRAM
DATA
AND
CANAL
AND
SAMPLE
TAKEN
WA:
FROM
RESULTS
THE
CHAFTER
II.
TO
REQUIREMENTS
MEtT
DISCLAIMER
STATIONS
ARE
CHUTE
STRUCIURE
USED
OF
SHOWN
THE
Ik
IN
THIS
USED
THE
EXAMPLE
PROGRAM.
STATEMENT
CBMPUTER
PRBGRAMS
DEVEL0PED
BUREAU
0F RECLAMATIJN
BY THE
CBdDITLBNS.
C0NSULTING
ARE
SUBJECT
T0
THE
FBLL0WiNG
SERViCE
AND ASSlSTANCE
WITH
CBNVERSIBNS
TO
0ThER
CB@UTER
SYSTEMS
CANNOT
BE PRldVIDED*
N0 WARRANTY
AS T0 THE ACCURACY,
USEFULNESSI
0R CBMPLETENESS
OF THE PRBGRAMS
IS EXPRESSED
dR
IMPLIED.
PRBGRAM
10
100
110
120
130
140
150
170
160
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
280
290
300
310
320
330
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
223-E3WSP
i\JBI
AS
COMPUTER
PROGRAM
419
#YY#*.##I
#I#
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
:#I+*#
.R#
###RI
.+r
###*##iv
L3=1NT<21/100)
Z4=Ll
-Z3*100
IF Z4~10
THEN
500
PRINT
USiNG
440rL3rZ4>ElrVlsEaDl
Gd Td 560
IF L4<1
THEN
540
W##.U#R
:##+O#.#u
####A.##
PRINT
USING
510,Z3~Z4rElrVl
rEsD1
G0 T0 560
I##.###
:#A+oo.##
I####.##
PRINT
USING
540rZ3sZ4rElrVlaEsDl
RETURN
PRINT
PRINT
STATI~N~ELEVATI~IY.VEL~CJTY.E.
PRINT
RETURN
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
2150
2160
2170
2180
2190
2200
2210
2220
2230
2240
2250
2260
2270
2280
2290
2300
2310
2320
2330
2340
2350
2360
2370
2380
2390
2400
2410
2420
2430
2440
2450
REM THIS
BL0CK
(2000-3499)
IS USED FBR C0MPUTATIQN
OF
HElY
RECTANGULAR
SECT IONS
l
Wl
INPUT#l
PRINT
FIRST
WiDTH=lkl
j*FT.
D3 =<<Q/Wl)t2/32.16)t.3333
IF
GS=YES
THEN 2080
IF D3<Dl
THEN 2100
G0 Ti4 2350
IF D3>Dl
THEN 2100
G0 T0 2320
GBSUB 570
Rl=ATN<ABS(Tl))
Al
= Dl*Wl
Vl = Q/CDl*Wl)
Hl = Vlt2164.32
E = El + Dl*CldS(Bl)
+ Hl
Rl = A1/(2*Dl+Wl>
Sl = Vlf2*Nf2/<1.486t2*Rlt<4/3))
GBSIJB 440
INPUTtlrBS
1F BS=MH
THEN 8980
IF BS = T
THEN
4840
IF BS = END
ThEN
12020
IF
BS=
C
THEN
7010
INPUT# 1 s L2rE2r
W2rT2
M1=01=02=03=04=0
P=Z2-Zl
IF P=O THEN 2370
L9=SQR<<E2-E1)*2+Pt2)
IF P<O THEN 2970
IF GS=YES
THEN 2410
G0 T0 2370
PRINT
INITIAL
DEPTH
IS GREATER
THAN CRITICAL
DEPTH
PRINT
CRITICAL
DEPTH
=*iD3
STBP
PRINT
INITIAL
DEPTH
IS LESS
THAN CRITICAL
DEPTH
GQ TO 2330
PRINT
ERROR
IN DATA
STBP
T2=0
L9=P
D3 =(<Q/W2)t2/32.16)t.3333
B2=ATN(ABS<TB))
X = E-E2
D2 = D3
A2 = D2*W2
####A
.#A#
URQ#X.##Y
G.
&LEV.rDEPTH
.#I
(I##.##
##I
.A#
SMALL
420
2460
2470
2480
2490
2500
2510
2520
2530
2540
2550
2560
2570
2580
2590
2600
2610
2620
2630
2640
2650
2660
2670
2680
2690
2700
2710
2720
2730
2740
2750
2760
2770
2780
2790
2800
2810
2820
2830
2840
2850
2660
2870
2880
2890
2900
2910
2920
2930
2940
2950
2960
2970
2980
2990
3500
3510
3520
3530
3540
3550
3560
3570
3580
CANAL
v2 = Q/A2
G0 T0 2520
V2 = SQR(64=32*M)
D2 = (Q/V2)/W2
A2 = D2 * w2
V2=B/A2
R2 = A2/(2*D2+W2)
s2 = V2t2*Nt2/<1.486t2*R2t<4/3))
H3=L9*<Sl+S2)/2
H2 = V2t2164.32
H4=D2*CdS(B2)+H2+H3
IF Ml>0 ThEiJ 2670
Ml=1
H=H8=H2
1F t=<O THEd 2900
IF H4cX ThEN 2680
IF D2*CdS<B2)+H2<X
ThEN 6500
PRli'JT
PKi,VT ",\10 S~LIJTIBIV t='@SSlBLE-"
l'RI+JT "CBdTROL IS DBWdSTREAM dF AR0VE STATI0N"
G13 Td 2.730
1F Ii4 >= X+.OOS THEN 2690
iF H4 ' X-.005
THEN 2790
Ga SUB 3520
IF Pa0 THEI\I 2760
IF i-lxD.3 THEN 2740
D2=h
Gd T0 2450
D2=D3
GG3TO 2450
IF Hah8 THEN 2480
h=HtS
GQ T;d 2480
Dl = D2
Ll = L2
El = E2
w 1 = w2
s1=s2
v1=v2
E=E-H3
Gd Td 2180
PR~~VT TAB<~)~**cHANGE
OF s~criad
~0 RECTANGULAR**
Y=LY=o
Gd Ta 2240
IF X-H3<D2+H2
ThEN 2930
IF B$="T"
THEN 4640
G0 Td 2670
L3=idT(Ll/loo)
L4=L1-100*43
PRINT "CdNTfildL
1.5 UPSTREAM 0F STATI~i\l":~31"+"iL4
STQP
IF G$="YES"
THEi'd 2370
iF B16="R" THEd 2390
1F R%="T" THEd 5030
REM THlS BLdCK (3500-3999)
IS USED FJR II'JCREME~JTII'JG
REM EITHER THE VEL0CITY
HEAD 0R DEr'TH
IF ?<O THEN 3550
IF B$="R"
THE?J 3590
IF B$="T"
THEI\I 3590
H=D2
IF P<O THEN 3590
IF H4<X THE.'J 3630
GB T0 3600
STRUCTURES
COMPUTER
3590
3600
3610
3620
3630
3640
3650
3660
3670
3680
3690
3700
3710
3720
3730
3740
3750
3760
3770
3780
3790
3800
3810
4000
4010
4020
4030
4040
4050
4060
4070
4080
4090
4100
4110
4120
4130
4140
4150
4160
4170
4180
4190
4200
4210
4220
4230
4240
4250
4260
4270
4280
4290
4300
4310
4320
4330
4340
4350
4360
4370
4380
4390
421
PROGRAM
IF H4+X THEN 3630
IF 01>0 TrlEd 3680
H=h+l
RETURd
OF
SMALL
422
44OO
4410
4420
4430
4440
4450
4460
4470
4480
4490
4500
4510
4520
4530
4540
4550
4560
4570
458Ll
45YO
4600
4610
4620
4630
4640
4650
4660
4670
4680
4690
4700
4710
4720
4730
4740
4750
4760
4770
4780
4790
4800
4810
4820
4830
4840
4350
4860
4870
4880
4890
4900
4910
4920
4930
4940
4950
4960
4970
4980
4990
5000
5010
5020
D3=0
Y2=9T1J<'l'2)
Y'=SQR((LY+LY*T2t2)tZ+TZt2)
GaSUH 4860
V2=a/A3
D2=D3
G0 I.0 4530
A2=D2*b2+DZtP*Y
v2=(3/42
G3 TJ 4530
V8 = SQR(64.32*h)
D2 = (-~~+S~K(~~T~+~*Y*Q/V~))/(~~Y)
Gd TO 4470
R2=(D2*~!2+D2tRxY)/(b2+2~S~~(D2T2+(Y~O2)T2))
S2 = VZt2*1~?2/(1.486?2*~2t<4/3))
H3=L9*(Sl+S2)/2
HZ = V2t2164.32
Mi=D2*CZIS<B2)+H2+H3
IF Prl>O THF.V 4640
Ml=1
H=H8=h2
1F t'<O ThEiq 2900
IF H4<X
THEN 4650
GJ T0 2620
IF H4>=X+.005
TtiEi'I
4660
IF n4 z= X- .005
THEN 4760
GO SUS 3520
1F P>O ThEt'J 4730
IF H<D3 THE&\) 4710
DZ=ti
G0 T0 4470
02=D3
G0 TO 4470
IF H>HB THEN 4500
h=h8
Gd T0 4500
Dl = D2
Ll
= L2
El = E2
Wl = w2
v1=v2
E=E-H3
s1=s2
G0 T0 4230
PHIdT
TAB(6);"CHAc'JGE
c?F SECTIdr'J
Gd Td 4290
D3=D3+1.0
GQSUR 4990
IF r(l<r;
TnEt'J 4860
D3=D3-.I
GZlSU5 4990
IF Kl>K
TtlEi'J 4890
D3=03+.01
GldSUB 4990
IF Kl<ri
THEI\I 4920
D3=D3-.OOl
GdSUB 4990
IF Kl>K
THEN 4950
RETURN
T3=W3+2*D3*Y
A3=W3*D3+D3?2*Y
Kl=A3?3/T3
RETURI'J
TO
TKAPEL~IDAL"
CANAL
STRUCTURES
COMPUTER
5030
5040
5050
6000
6010
6020
6030
6040
6050
6060
6070
6080
6090
6100
6110
6120
6130
6140
6150
6160
6170
6180
6190
6200
6210
6220
6230
6240
6250
6260
6270
6280
6290
6300
6310
6320
6330
6340
6350
6360
6370
6380
6390
6400
6410
6420
6430
6440
6450
6460
6470
6480
6490
6500
6510
6520
6530
6540
6550
6560
6570
6580
6590
PROGRAM
T2=B2=0
L9=P
G0 TO 4380
REM THIS BLBCK (6000-7999)
IS USED F0R CBMPUTATI0N
REM
CIRCULAR SECTIQNS
IF Gf="NB"
THEN 6980
INPUTRlr
D8
PRINT "DIAMETER
IS"3D81"FT~"
PRINT
Bl=ATN<ABS<Tl))
82 = Bl
R8 = D8/2
G0SUB 6530
D3=D2
IF Dl>D3 THEN 2320
GBSUB 570
D2 =Dl
GBSUB 6790
E = El + D2*CBS(B2)
+ H2
Dl = D2
Vl = v2
Sl = s2
GBSUB 440
IF Dl<.9*D8
THEN 6230
PRINT "DEPTH IS GREATER THAN 09 TIMES"
PRINT "THE HEIGHT 0F THE STRUCTURE*'
INPUTRlr
B6
IF BB="Mh"
THEN 8980
IF BS="R" THEN 2870
IF B%="T" THEN 4840
IF BS = END THEN 13000
lNPUT#l,
L2aE2rDSrT2
P=Z2-Ll
82=ATN(ABS(T2))
IF P=O THEN 2370
IF PC0 THEN 6960
X = E-E2
R8 = D8/2
G0 SUB 6530
D3=D2
IF H4>X THEN 2620
H=HS=DB
01=02=03=04=0
GBSUB 3520
D2=H
G0 SUB 6790
IF H4>X+.005
THEN 6400
IF H4>X- .005 THEN 6460
G0 T0 6400
Zl = L2
El = E2
E=E-H3
G0 T0 6160
PRINT
PRINT "SECTIBNS
T00 FAR APART"
STBP
H5 = 1.7014lE38
D2 = 001
GBSUB 6790
IF D2 + H2 > HS THEN 6640
H5 = D2+H2
D2 = D2 + .l*DS
IF D2<D8 THEN 6630
423
OF
SMALL
424
6600
6610
6620
6630
6640
6650
6660
6670
6680
6690
6700
6710
6720
6730
6740
6750
6760
6770
6780
6790
6800
6810
6820
6830
6840
6850
6860
6870
6880
6890
6900
6910
6920
6930
6940
6950
6960
6970
6980
6990
7000
7010
7020
8000
8010
8020
8030
8040
8050
8060
8070
8080
8090
8100
8110
8120
8130
8140
8150
8160
8170
8180
8190
D2=.9999*D8
GBSUB 6790
GO T0 6640
G0 T0 6550
I-IS = H2 + D2
D2 = D2 - l Ol*D8
GBSUB 6790
IF D2 + H2 > H5 THEN
6690
G0 T0 6640
H5 = D2 + H2
D2 = D2 + l OOl*D8
GBSUB 6790
IF D2 + H2 X5 THEN 6740
G0 T0 6690
H5 = D2 + H2
D2 = D2 - .OOOl*D8
G0SUB
6790
IF D2 + H2 < HS THEN
6740
RETURN
IF D2 > R8 THEN 6830
IF D2 < R8 THEN 6850
86 = 90/57.29577774
G0 T0 6860
B6=180/57.29577774-ATN(SQR(R8)t2)/(D2-R8))
G0 T0 6860
B6 = ATN(SQR<R8*2-<R8-D2)t2)/<Hg-D2>>
88 = 2*B6
A2 = R8*2*(86-.5*SIN(B8))
P2 = R8*B8
v2 = Q/A2
R2 = A2/P2
S2=V2t2*Nt2/<1*486t2*R2?<4/3>)
H2 = V2t2164.32
H3=SQR<~E2-El)~2+<22-Z1)12)*(S1+S2)/2
H4 = D2*C0S<B2)
+ H2 + H3
RETURN
PRINT
IF
GS=YES
THEN 2370
PRINT
BACKWATER
CURVES
CANNBT
BE
PRINT
CBMPUTED
IN CIRCULAR
SECTIBNS
STBP
PRINT
TAB(6)ICHANGE
0F SECTIBN
T0 CIRCULAR
G0 T0 6280
REM THIS
BL0CK
<8000-9999)
IS USFD F0R CBMPUTATIBN
REM
HBRSESHBE
SECTIBNS
IF GS=NB
THEN 8470
INPUTRl
s WlrD7aXl
PRINT
FIRST
WIDTH=,
Wl ;FT.
PRINT
FIRST
HEIGHT
OF SIDE=ID73FT*
R4=W1/2
D8EWl
GOSUB 10000
IF D3*Dl
THEN 2320
GBSUB 570
81 =ATN(ABS<Tl))
IF Dl > D7 THEN 8210
IF Dl Xl THEN
8180
Ll
= Dl*R4/Xl
Al
= Dl*Ll
= A1/<2*<Dl+SQR<Llf2+Dlt2)))
Rl
G0 T0 8300
= Wl+Dl-Wl*X1/2
Al
RI = A1/(2*Dl+SQR<Xlf2+R412)*2)*2)
CANAL
0F
STRUCTURES
COMPUTER
8200
8210
8220
8230
8240
8250
8260
8270
8280
8290
8300
8310
8320
8330
8340
8350
8360
8370
8380
8390
8400
8410
8420
8430
8440
8450
8460
8470
8480
8490
8500
8510
8520
8530
8540
8550
8560
8570
8580
8590
8600
8610
8620
8630
8640
8650
8660
$670
8680
B690
8700
8710
B720
8730
f3740
8750
8760
8770
8780
8790
8800
8810
8820
PROGRAM
G0 T0 8300
IF Dl-D7
< 0 THEN 8240
86 = 90157.29577774
G0 T0 8250
86 = ATN<SQR(R4?2
- (Dl-D7)*2)/<Dl-D7>)
88 = 2*B6
Al=kl*D7+3.141593+DSt2/8.S*R4t2*<BS-SIN(BS))-R4*Xl
Pl =2*D7+SQR(Xlf2+R4t2)*2+1.570796*DS-R4*BS
RI = Al/P1
Sl=Vlt2*Nt2/(1.486t2*Rlt(4/3))
Vl = Q/Al
HI = Vlt2164.32
E = El + Dl*CBS<Bl)
+ Hl
GBSUB 440
IF D1<.9*(D7+R4)
THEN 8370
PRINT
DEPTH
IS GREATER
THAN
09 TIMES
PRINT
THE
HEIGHT
0F THE STRUCTURE
INPUTll
a Bb
IF BS = R
THEN
2870
IF BS=T
THEN
4840
IF BS=C
THEN
7010
IF BS=END
THEN
13000
INPUTb 1s L2rE2rW2rD7rXlrT2
P=L2-Zl
IF P=O THEN
2370
IF Pa0
THEN 8500
IF
GS=YES*
THEN 2370
PRINT
BACKWATER
CURVES
CANNQT
BE
PRINT
CBMPUTED
IN MBDIFIED
HBRSESHBE
SECTI0NS
STBP
D8 = w2
X=E-E2
R4 = D8/2
GSSUB 10000
B2=ATN<ABS<T2>)
D2=D3
M1=01=02=03=04=0
G0 T0 8580
IF D2 * D7 THEN 8670
IF D2 Xl THEN 8640
L2 = D2*R4/Xl
A2 = D2*L2
R2 = A2/(2*(D2+SQR(L2*2+D2r2)>)
GB T0 8750
A2 = D2*W2-b;2*X1/2
R2 = A2/<2*D2+SQR<Xlt2+R4t2)*2)
GB T0 8750
IF <D2-D7)
<> 0 THE,\) 8700
96 = 90157.29577774
Gd Td 8710
B6 = ATN(SQR<R4*2-(D2-D7)*2)/(D2-D7))
US = 2*B6
A2=W2*D7+3.141593*D812/8.S*H4t2*<BS-Sli~<B~))-Xl*~~2/2
P2=2*D7+1.570796*DS-R4*BB+SQR(Xlf2+R4*2)*2
R2 = A2/P2
v2 = Q/A2
s2 = V2*2*Nt2/(1.486t2*R2t<4/3))
H3=SOR(<E2-El)t2+(L2-L1)12)*(S1+S2)/2
H2 = V2t2164.32
H~=D~*IZ~S(B~)+H~+H~
IF Ml>0
THEN BBS0
PI 1 = 1
ti=H8=D3
425
SMALL
426
8830
8840
8850
8860
8870
8880
8890
8900
8910
8920
8330
8940
8950
8960
8970
8980
8990
10000
10010
10020
10030
10040
10050
10060
10070
10080
10090
10100
10110
10120
10130
10140
10150
10160
10170
10180
10190
10200
10210
10220
10230
10240
10250
10260
10270
10280
10290
10300
10310
10320
10330
10340
10350
10360
10370
10380
10390
10400
10410
10420
10430
10440
10450
IF H4<X
THEiV 8860
GQ TEI 2620
IF H4>= X+.01
THEIJ 8870
IF H4 >= X - 001
THEIV 8900
GBSUB 3520
D2=H
GB TO 8580
v1=v2
Dl =D2
s1=s2
21 = Z.2
Hl =H2
El
= E2
E=E-Ii3
GQ T0 8330
PRINT
TAB(6);CHANGE
0F SECTl;/N
Ga T0 8420
REM THIS
BL0CK
(10000-11999)
IS
REM CRITICAL
DEPTH
1N A MJDIFIED
K=Qt2/32.16
1F X1=0
THEN
10180
r<2= <.5*Q)f2/32.16
D3=Xl
A3=D3*R4/2
Kl=A3r3/R4
IF Kl<r<2
THEN
10160
D3=D3-*01*X1
T3=D3*R4/Xl
A3=T3*D3/2
Kl=A3?3/T3
IF r(l>K2
THEN
10090
R3=A3/<D3+SQR<T3*2+D3t2)>
V3=Q/(2*A3)
S2=V3t2*tt2/(1.486t2*R3t(4/3))
RETURN
D3=D7
G0SUB
10420
IF r:l<K
THEN
10310
D3=D3-l*D7
G;JSUB 10420
IF Kl>r(
THEiJ
10210
D3=D3+*0l*D7
GBSUB 10420
TF Al<&
THEN
10241)
D3=D3-OOl*D7
GdSUB
10420
IF t(l>K
THEA 10270
GdSlJB
10450
D3=.YYY*(R4+D7)
D3=D3-.l*K4
G0SUB
10480
IF K1 >K THEiJ 10320
D3=D3+aOl*K4
G0SUB
10480
IF Kl <r( THEiq
10350
D3=D3-.OOl*R4
G0SUE
10480
IF Kl>K
THEN
10360
G&SUB 10540
43=D3*D8-Xl
*K4
u(l=A3t3/D8
RETUHLJ
R3=A3/(2*(D3+SQK(XltB+R4t2)))~
Td
M0DIFIED
CANAL
HdRSESH0E
0F
STRUCTURES
COMPUTER
10460
10470
10480
10490
10500
!OSlO
10520
1 OS30
10540
10550
10560
1 OS70
12000
12010
12020
1203O
12040
12050
12060
12070
12080
12090
12100
12110
12120
12130
12140
12150
12160
12170
12180
12190
12200
12210
12220
12230
12240
12250
12260
12270
12280
12250
12300
12310
13000
13010
13020
13030
13040
13050
13060
13080
13090
13 100
13110
13120
13130
13140
13150
13160
13170
13180
13190
PROGRAM
V3=O/A3
GO l-3 10160
~~=ATI~<SOR<R~~Z-(D~-D~)~~)/(D~-D~))
B8=2*B6
A3=D8*D7+3.141593*D8t2/8-.
S~R~T~*(R~-S~I\~(R~))-X~~D~:/,~
T3=2%i?4*SI8(56)
u;l=A3?3/T3
RETUR.\J
P3=2+D7+1
.570796*D8-!?4*Bt(+SOJ?~Xlt2+R4~2~~2
R3=A3/P3
GJSIJR 10460
RETURN
REi.r THIS
BL3CK
(12000-12999)
IS USED FOR THE C0i4PUTATI0N
0F
DEPTH(hYDRAULlC
JIJMl)
REM THE C0NJUGATE
IF P<O ThEN
13000
PRidT
PRINT
DO YOU WAi\IT THE Ccl,\lJUGATE
DEPTH
C;3MPJJTED--YES
ij;i \\lrd;
It\JPUT
C5
PRINT
IF CS = igO
THEN
13000
G = 32.16
Y5=Y
IF Z9=0
THEN
12230
FBR D2=D3+1
T0 100
GBSUB 12280
IF X>Y THEhN 12150
,JEXT D2
D2 = 02-01
GOSUB 12280
IF X<Y THEN
12190
GO TkJ 12150
D2 = D2+*01
GBSUB 12260
IF X>Y THEN
12250
G0 T5 12190
D2=-Dl/2+SQR(Dlr2/4+2*Vlt2*D1/G)
V2=Q/(D2*Wl)
PRINT
TAB<6)3D2
= iD2;
FT
PRINT
TAB(6)iV2
= iV23
FPS
G0 T0 13000
Y=Q*Vl/G+Wl*Dlt2/2+Y9*Dlt3/3
V~=O/<W~*D~+L~*D~T~)
X=Q*V2/G+Wl*D2?2/2+L9*D2?3/3
RETURN
REM THlS
BLBCK(l3000-13959)
IS USED T0
REM LIST
DATA FRBM THE DATA FILE
PRINT
PRINT
D0
Y0U WANT THE INPUT
DATA PRINTED
BUT--YES
QR INO*;
INPUT
C$
1F C$=N0
THEII
14000
RESTBRE
Rl
PRINT
INPUT
#lrA$
1 F A$=RECTANGULAR
THEN
13160
IF A$=TRAPEZBIDAL
THEN
13190
IF A$=CIRCULAR
THEN
13220
IF A$=hBDIFIED
HBRSESHdE
THEN13250
PRINT
AS
G0 T0 13090
INPUT
4lrQ,N1Dl~Ll,El,TlrWl
PRItiVT A$iQjNjDliLljEljTliUl
G3 T0 13270
INPUT
#lr9r~~tDl,ilrElrTlrWI,i
427
428
SMALL
13200
13210
13220
13230
13240
13250
13260
13270
13280
13290
13300
13310
13320
13330
13343
13350
13360
13370
13380
13390
13400
13410
13420
13430
13440
13450
14000
CANAL
STRUCTURES
PRINT
A$iQ~NZDlILl~El~Tl~Wlii
GO TO 13270
IdPUT
#l~Q1~~1DlrLl,ElrTl,D8
PHI!VT
A$IQj,~;Dli~ljEliTljD8
G0 TO 13270
INPUT
~~~QIN~D~~L~JE~~T~,W~~D~~X~
PRINT
A$iQ~N3Dl~Ll3El3~13k;l3D73Xl
INPUT
AlrB$
IF 61F=*R
ThEN
13330
IF BS=T
THEiJ 13360
IF BS=C
THEtJ13390
IF B$=MH
THEN
13420
IF B$=END
THEN
13450
INPUT
#lsZ2rE2*b!2rT2
PRINT
BSiZ2JE2Jb121T2
GO T0 13270
li\IPUT
#lsL2,E2rk2,Z9,T2
PRINT
BSjL2iE2iW2iL9iT2
G0 T0 13270
INPUT
YlsL2~E2rDtSrT2
PRIIVT
BBiL2iEZJD8iT2
G0 T0 13270
INPUT
#lsL2rE2rW2>D7rXlrT2
PRINT
B!Ti3~23E23W2307~XliT2
G0 T0 13270
PRINT
B$
END
EXAMPLE
DESIGN
WATER
OUTPUT
FRBM
EXAMPLE
SURFACE
INITIAL
PRBGRAM
CHUTE
PRBFILE
FRBM
-
ELEVATIBN
35+78.00
37+4f3.00
38+05
900
39+40.00
40+46.42
41+68.00
42+00
.OO
42+13*00
42+16.00
42+19.00
42+23.82
42+35=00
3703 000
3689.12
3684.47
3670.28
3659.10
3652.73
3651.05
3650.37
3650.04
3649.38
3647.06
3642.06
D0
Y0U
WANT
THE
CHAPTER
RECTANGULAR
II
SECTIBN
DATA:
DISCHARGE
MANNING
S N
INITIAL
DEPTH
FIRST
WIDTH
STATIBN
223-E3WSP
VEL0C
3s
0.010
1.615
3
C.F.S.
FT.
FT.
LTY
E.
7.224
22.906
22.626
24.531
24.417
19.495
19.466
19.527
19.788
20.538
23.305
27.024
C0NJUGATE
D2
v2
G.
ELEV.
DEPTH
3705.426
3697.786
3692.942
3680.106
3668.845
3659 0233
3657.528
3656.777
3656 0581
3656.357
3655.810
3653.641
DEPTH
= 3.30285
= 2.11938
CBMPUTED--YES
FT.
FPS.
1.615
*so9
0516
.476
.478
.598
600
9479
.452
0417
.339
0259
l
OR
NB?YES
COMPUTER
429
PROGRAM
D0 Y0U WANT THE INPUT
DATA PRINTED
INPUT
OUT--YES
DATA
3748
3805
3940
4046.42
4168
4200
4213
4216
4219
4223.82
4235
OR NB?YES
3689.12
3684.47
3670.28
3659.10
3652-73
3651.05
3650.37
3650*04
3649.38
3647.06
3642=06
END
3
3
3
3
3
3
3.74
3.91
4.09
4.43
5
0
.08163
.08163
.lOSl
.lOSl
.05241
.05241
.05241
.05241
.OS241
.soooo
.soooo
Index
Adjustable weirs, 162, 163, 262
Air vents, 375
for inverted siphons, 29
for siphon spillways, 195
for structures with baffled outlets, 309, 321
for turnouts, 146
Appurtenances for pipe (see Pipe appurtenances)
Baffled apron drops
design considerations, 301
design example, 304
general, 299
used with
culverts, 207
overchu tes, 2 18
Baffled outlets
design example, 321
design procedure, 321
figures for standard outlets, 31 l-320
hydraulic considerations, 309
protection, 321
purpose and description, 308
sediment and debris, 321
used with
chutes, 103
culverts, 206
overchu tes, 2 18
type 2 pipe drops, 98
Barrier, safety for pipe, 373, 393
Bench flumes
design example, 42
hydraulic considerations, 39
purpose and description, 38
structural considerations, 4 1
Bends (see Pipe bends)
Bernoulli theorem, 10, 105, 187,209, 220, 236
Blowoff structures, 375
Cables, safety, 394
Canal
freeboard, 14, 28
general, 4
profile sheet, 14
winter operation, 14
Check and pipe inlet
application, 166
description and purpose, 166
design considerations, 166
design example, 168
figure and table for standard design, 167
used with
pipe drops, 66
wasteway turnouts, 201
Check-drop structures
application, 140
design considerations, 139
design example, 140
figures and tables for standard design, 141, 142, 144,145
purpose and description, 139
Check inlet, 64, 201
Check structures
combination structures, 134
design considerations, 136
design example, 136
figures and tables for standard design, 137, 138
purpose and description, 134
spacing, 135
used with drops, 60
Chutes
open channel chute, 104
design considerations, 104
design example, 116
design procedure, 115
pipe chute, 121
purpose and description, 101
Coefficient of (see specific coefficient)
Collars, pipe
figure and table for standard collars, 363
general, 362
minimum distance between, 210
Components and appurtenances for structures, 4
Constant-head orifice, 150
discharge coefficient, 15 1
discharge tables for, 155,156
Control and pipe inlets
application, 170
description and purpose, 170
design considerations, 170
design example, 173
figure and table for standard design, 172
used with pipe drop, 66
Control inlet, 62
Control notch (see Control and pipe inlets)
Control section, 59
Conversion factors, 409
Conveyance structures
general, 1, 19
Cover (see Earth cover on conduits)
Critical-flow hydraulics
in pipe, 187,209,212,213,239
in rectangular channels, 40,43,63,116,
184,194,221,225,
236
Cross-drainage structures, 202
Cross-waves (see Waves)
431
432
Culverts
alinemcnt, 203
conduit, 204
design example, 2 10
hydraulics, 207
inlet, 205
outlet, 206
pipe collars, 2 10
profile, 203
Cutoffs (see also specific structure)
for transitions, 342
general, 14
Dead loads, 7
Design considerations
general, 6
Design examples
baffled apron drop, 304
baffled outlet. 321
bench flume, 42
check and pipe inlet, 168
check-drop structure, 140
check structure, 136
Cipolletti weir structure, 273
control and pipe inlet, 173
culvert, 2 10
drain inlet, 237
gated wasteway, 192
inverted siphon, 29
open channel chute, 116
overchute, 224
Parshall flume
with free-flow discharge, 246
with submerged-flow discharge, 247
pipe drop, Type 1,98
rectangular inclined drop
with control inlet, 62
with check inlet, 64
road crossing, 23
side channel spillway, 185
siphon spillway, 198
turnout
without water measurement, 146
with water measurement (CHO), 154
vertical sleeve valve stilling wells, 330
weir box, 291
Discharge coefficients
orifice, 10, 15 1
weir, 10,191
standard sleeve valve, 328
Division structures
design considerations, 163
figures for standard design, 164, I65
purpose and description, 162
Drain inlets
capacity, 231
design example, 237
figure and table for standard rectangular, 236
location, 230
types
gravel blanket, 231, 237
pipe, 231, 232
rectangular, 231, 234,237
Drops
baffled apron, 299
check-drops, 139
general, 48
pipe, 65
rectangular inclined, 50
vertical, 222
INDEX
Earth cover on conduits
minimum requirements for
cross drainage channels, 27
drain inlets, 233
earth canals, 27
farm roads, 22,27,67
lined canals, 27
railroads, 8,22,27,
67
road crossings, 22,27, 67
road ditches, 22, 27, 67
total equivalent for highway wheel loads, 8
special provisions, 8
Earth loads, 7
Earthwork for pipe, 379
Elevated flumes, 38
Embedment for pipe, 37 1
Energy dissipators
baffled apron drops, 299
baffled outlets, 308
check-drops, 139
chutes with stilling pools, 101
general, 4, 299
pipe drops, 65
rectangular inclined drops with stilling pools, 50
vertical drops with stilling pools, 222
vertical sleeve valve stilling wells, 322
Entrance loss coefficient
orifice, 10
Erosion protection
figure and table for minimum requirements, 346 (see also
design considerations and design examples for specific
structures)
purpose and description, 345
Fencing, 384
Flumes (see Bench flumes, Elevated flumes, or Parshall flumes)
Freeboard
bench flume, 40,41
canal, 14, 28, 166, 171, 232,233
culverts, 206
drain inlets, 232, 233, 237
open channel chute, 105
overchutes, 222, 223
transitions for pipe structures, 343, 344, 345
stilling pools, 108
Friction
sliding (see Sliding coefficient)
head loss (see Losses)
Froude number, 104,106
Gatcd wasteways
automatic radial gates, 192
design example, 192
general, 189
hydraulics, 190
lifts and hoists, 192
slide gates, 190
radial gates, 190
Handrail, 390
Head loss (see Losses)
Hydraulic control
location of, 9, 207, 220
Hydraulic jump
in culverts, 204
in inverted siphons, 29
figure to determine blowback, 30
in stiIIing pools, 61, 106, 222, 237
table to determine stilling pool invert, 107
in sumped pipe, 67
figure to determine sump invert, 68
Hydrology, 6
Inverted siphons
INDEX
advantages and diradvantapcs, 26
application, 24
design example, 29
design procedure, 29
hydraulic desipn consideration, 28
purpose and description, 24
structure components, 26
Joints for pipe, 371
Jump (FCCHydraulic jump)
Ladders, safct),. 396
Lane, E. W., wcightcd creep theory (see Percolation)
Live loads. 7
Loads
dead loads, 7
earth, 7
hydraulic transients. 8
ice. 7
live loads. 7
seismic. 8
uplift, 8
water, 7
wheel. 7. 8
wind. 8
Losses
check structure. I36
friction
pipe, IO, 349
structures, 10
tables for pipe, 350-358
orifice entrance, IO
Parshall flume, 248, 250
pipe bends, IO. 359
figure for coefficient, 360
pipe entrance. 336. 359
pipe exit, 359
pipe taper. 379
standard sleeve valve, 328
transitions (xc Transition losses)
weir boxes. 29 I
Manhole, 375
Manning formula, 10. 105, 210, 220, 221, 349
Measurement of water (see Water measurement structure?)
Meters, open-tlow, 149. 295
Modrfied Parshall flumes
description, 259
hydraulics, 259
Nets, safety. 393
Open-flow meters
advantages and disadvantages, 296
design considerations, 295
figure for standard outlet transition, 296
purpose and description, 295
Open irrigation system
general requirements. I
Operation and maintenance, 6
Orifice
constant-head
I50
discharge tables for, 155, 156
drscharge coefficients, IO. I5 I
equation. IO
Overchutes
alinemcnt, 2 16
conduit, 216
design example, 224
hydraulics
pipe, 218
rectangular section, 22 I
inlet, 2 18
outlet, 218
433
profile, 21 6
Parshall flumes
advantagzs, 245
description, 244
design example
free-flow discharge, 246
submerged-flow discharge, 247
disadvantages. 245
figure and table for standard Parshall flumes, 249
modified, 259
sire selection, 245
used with turnouts. 150
USCof tables and fi$urcs, 248
Percolation
criteria to prevent pipiny, 362 (see also specific structures)
minimum distance between pipe collars, 210
standard structure provisions. 9
Percolation factor
design example computattons. 274
for standard structures. 9
recommended ratios, 364
Pipe
asbc5tos-cement pressure pipe, 359
corrugated-metal pipe, 359
gcncral, 4, 349
precast rcinforccd concrete culvert pipe, 359
precast reinforced concrete pressure pipe, 359
prcstresscd concrete pipe, 362
pretensioncd concrete pipe, 362
reinforced monolithic concrete pipe, 362
reinforced plastic mortar pressure pipe. 359
welded steel pipe, 361
Pipe appurtenances
air valves. 379
air vents. 375
blowoff, 375
collars, 362
general, 4. 349
manhole, 375
satcty barrier. 373
Pope bends
losses. 10. 359
sliding coefficient. 364
thrust, 326, 364
types. 365
Pipe chutes. I2 I
Pipe drop\
advantages and disadvantages. 65
figure\ and tables for design, 68-95
purpocc and description, 65
type I
dc\rgn constderations. 66
dcstgn c~mplc. 98
structure components. 66
type 2
design considerations, 96
structure components, 96
Pipe earthwork, 379
Pipe embedment. 37 I
Pipe handrail. 390
Pipe joints, 37 I
Pipe tapers, 379
Precast concrete, 16
Protection (see Erosion protection)
Protective structures
gcncral. 2. 179
Racks, safety, 394
Rectangular inclined drops
advantages and disadvantages, 59
434
INDEX
design csample
with check inlet, 64
with control inlet, 62
figures and tables for standard design, 51-58
purpose and dcscriptton, 50
structure
components, 59
used with wasteway turnouts, 201
Regulating structures
general, 1, 133
Reinforced concrete
allowable stresses, 10
fillets, 14
minimum reinforcement,
1I
minimum wall thickness, 11
Road crossings
advantages, 21
application, 19
design considerations. 21
design example, 23
purpose and description, 19
Roll waves (see Waves)
Roughness coefficient, 10, 104, 349
Safety
devices (see Safety devices)
fcaturcs, 4
general. 383
hazard cxposurc classification, 383
Safety devices
fencing, 384
handrail, 390
p~pc safety barrier, 373, 393
safety cab&, 394
safety ladders, 396
safety nets, 393
safety racks, 394
types, 383
warning signs. 393
Seal
at inverted siphon headwalls, 29
Sedimentation, 6
Side channel spillways
design considerations, 182
design example, 185
general, 182
Signs, warning, 393
Siphon breaker, 195, 197
Siphon spillways
design considerations, 196
design example, 198
general, 195
Sleeve valves (see Vertical sleeve valve stilling wells)
Sliding coefficient, 9, 41, 364
Slug flow
(see Waves)
Soils exploration, 5
Spillways (see Side channel spillways and Siphon spillways)
Stability of structures
foundation bearing capacity, 9
overturning, 9
percolatton, 9
sliding, 9
Staff gage. 262
236
Stilhngpool, 61,98, 103, 106, 207,218,222,
table for computing required invert. 107
Stilling wells
1
for energy dissipation, 322
for water surface measurement, 260
Structural steel. 14
Structure components and appurtenances, 4
Tapers, pipe, 379
INDEX
description, 179
gated (see Gated wasteways)
limitations, 182
location and number, 18 1
Wasteway turnouts with check inlet
design considerations, 202
general, 201
Water loads, 7
Water measurement structures
constant-head orifice, 150
general, 2, 243
modified Parshall flumes, 259
open-flow mctcrs, 295
Parshall flumes, 244
weirs, 260
weir boxes, 291
Waves
action of, 114
cross, 108
formation of, 108
roll, 108
Weighted-creep (see also Percolation factor)
method, 362
ratios, 364
Weirs
adjustable, 162, 163,262
advantages and disadvantages, 262
application, 261
design example, 273
discharge tables for
Cipolletti, 281-287
rectangular contracted, 275-280
435
rectangular suppressed, 288-289
90 V-notch, 290
equations for, 10
figure and table for standard adjustable weirs, 267
figures and tables for standard Cipolletti weir structures, 264,
265
figures for staff or weir gage, 27 1, 272
figure for standard 2-foot movable weir, 269
figure for standard 3-foot movable weir, 270
head-discharge relationship, 273
purpose and description, 260
requirements for accurate measurement, 266
types, 260
types of flow, 26 1
used with turnouts, 150
Weir boxes
design considerations, 291
design example. 291
figure and table for standard 3-foot weir box, 292
figure and table for standard 4-foot weir box, 293
purpose and description, 29 1
Weir gage, 262
Welding, 14
Wells, stilling
for energy dissipation, 322
for water surface measurement, 260
Wheel loads
equivalent earth cover tabulation for highways, 8
equivalent lateral earth load, 7
impact factors, 8
railroads. 8