Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Daknet PDF
Daknet PDF
1. INTRODUCTION
Now a day it is very easy to establish communication from one part of the world
to other. Despite this even now in remote area villagers travel to talk to family
members or to get forms which citizens in-developed countries can call up on a
computer in a matter of seconds. The government tries to give telephone
connection in very village in the mistaken belief that ordinary telephone is the
cheapest way to provide connectivity. But the recent advancements in wireless
technology make running a copper wire to an analog telephone much more
expensive than the broadband wireless Internet connectivity.
DakNet, an ad hoc network uses wireless technology to provide digital
connectivity. DakNet takes advantages of the existing transportation and
communication infrastructure to provide digital connectivity. Developed by MIT
Media Lab researchers. DakNet whose name derives from the Hindi word Dak for
postal combines a physical means of transportation with wireless data transfer to
extend the internet connectivity that a uplink, a cyber cafe or post office provides.
DakNet has been successfully deployed in remote parts of both India and Cambodia
at a cost two orders of magnitude less than that of traditional landline solutions.
Villagers now get affordable Internet services-and theyre using them. As one man
in a small village outside of New Delhi remarked, This is better than a telephone!
2. WHY DAKNET
Real time communications need large capital investment and hence high level
of user adoption to receiver costs. The average villager cannot even afford
a personnel communications device such as a telephone or computer. To
recover cost, users must share the communication infrastructure. Real time aspect
of telephony can also be a disadvantage. Studies show that the current market
for successful rural Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services does
not appear to rely on real-time connectivity, but rather on affordability and basic
interactivity. The poor not only need digital services, but they are willing and able to
pay for them to offset the much higher costs of poor transportation, unfair pricing,
and corruption.
It is useful to consider non real-time infrastructures and applications such as
voice mail, e-mail, and electronic bulletin boards. Technologies like store and
forward or asynchronous modes of communication can be significantly lower in cost
and do not necessarily sacrifice the functionality required to deliver valuable user
services. In addition to non real-time applications such as e-mail and voice
DAKNET
DAKNET
DAKNET
3. WIFI
Wireless Fidelity, which is also known, as 802.11b is the corporate choice and
has a suitably wide range for use in big office spaces. Wi-Fi is currently the most
popular and least expensive wireless LAN specification. It operates in the 2.4GHz
radio spectrum and can transmit data at speeds up to11Mbps within 30m ranges. It
can affect by interference from mobile phones and Bluetooth devices, which can
reduce the transmission speeds.
Wi-Fi refers to a set of high frequency wireless local area network
(WLAN)technologies more specifically referred to as 802.11a 802.11b and 802.11g.
These standards are universally in use around the globe, and allow users that have a
Wi-Fi capable device, like a laptop or PDA, to connect anywhere there is a Wi-Fi
access point that is available. The three standards that are refered to signify the
speed of the connection they are capable of producing. 802.11b (which transmits at
11 Megabits per Second) is the most common, although the faster Wi-Fi standards
are quickly replacing it. Across the board, all of these Wi-Fi standards are fast
enough to generally allow a broadband connection. Wi-Fi is an emerging technology
that will likely be as common as electrical outlets and phone lines within a few
years. Wi-Fi adds tremendous levels of convenience and increased productivity for
workers whose offices are equipped with Wi-Fi, as well as travelers that can
increasingly access Wi-Fi in airports, coffee shops, and hotels around world.
DAKNET
A Wi-Fi network operates just like a wired network , without the restrictions
imposed by wires. Not only does it enable users to move around and be mobile at
home and at work, it also provides easy connections to the Internet and business
networks while traveling.
3.1 SECURITY ASPECTS
In Wi-Fi technology, data is broadcast over the air using radio waves. This
means that any WLAN - enabled computing device within reach of a wireless access
point can reach of a wireless access point can receive data transmitted to or from
the access point. Because radio waves travel through ceilings, floors and walls, the
transmitted data can reach the wrong recipients on different floors or even outside
the building. Intruders can use unsecured access points to get into corporate
resources and launch denial-of- service attacks that can bog down servers with
bogus requests and prevent user access to data and applications. To ensure
security, 802.11 wireless communications have a function called wired-equivalent
privacy (WEP), a form of encryption, which provides provides privacy comparable to
that of a traditional wired network. If the wireless network has some information
that must be secured, WEP should be used to ensure data protection at traditional
wired network levels. But as we know, there is never 100 percent security and the
WEP standard was itself breached. Of late, WPA (Wi-Fi protected Access) has over
broken WEP as the de facto security standard for Wi-Fi alliance certification. WPA
offers higher levels of wireless data security than WEP. It is a subset of the proposed
802.11i security standard from IEEE.
3.2 SPECIFICATIONS
DAKNET
Uses an unlicensed part of the radio spectrum. This means less regularly
controls in many countries.
Frees network devices from cables, allows for a more dynamic network to be
grown.
Many reliable and bug-free Wi-Fi products on the market.
WiFi networks can support roaming. This allows mobile users with laptop
computer to be able to move from one access point to another.
Competition amongst vendors has lowered prices considerably since
their inception.
While connected on a Wi-Fi network, it is possible to move about
without breaking the network connection.
Numerous access points and network interfaces support various degrees of
encryption to protect traffic from interception.
Enterprise and Carrier Grade Access Points can be easily accessed.
3.4 DISADVANTAGES OF WIFI
DAKNET
In addition, since the propagation range of a given mobile is limited, the mobile
may need to enlist the aid of other mobiles in forwarding a packet to its final
destination. Thus the end-to-end connection between any two mobile hosts may
consist of multiple wireless hops.
It is a significant technical challenge to provide reliable high speed end-to-end
communications in ad-hoc wireless networks given their dynamic network topology,
decentralized control and multihop connections.
In the ad-hoc network, computers are brought together to form a network "on
the fly." As shown in Figure, there is no structure to the network; there are no
fixed points; and usually every node is able to communicate with every other node.
An algorithm in ad-hoc network architectures uses a broadcast and flooding method
to all other nodes to establish who's who. Current research in ad-hoc wireless
network design is focused on distributed routing. Every mobile host in a wireless adhoc network must operate as a router in order to maintain connectivity information
and forward packets from other mobiles. Routing protocols designed for wired
networks are not appropriate for this task, since they either lack the ability to
quickly reflect the changing topology or may require excessive overhead. Proposed
approaches to distribute routing that quickly adapt to changing topology without
excessive overhead include dynamic source and associativity based routing. Other
protocols that address some of the difficulties in supporting multimedia
DAKNET
applications
over
ad-hoc
wireless
networks
include
rate-adaptive
compression, power control, and resource allocation through radio clustering
Ad-hoc Mobile Routing Protocols
Routing protocols between any pair of nodes within an ad-hoc network can be
difficult because the nodes can move randomly and can also join or leave the
network. This means that an optimal route at a certain time may not work seconds
later. Discussed below are three categories that existing ad-hoc network routing
protocols fall into:
1. Table Driven Protocols
2. On Demand Protocols
3. Hybrid Protocols
DAKNET
effective routing solution for Ad-hoc Networks. Fisheye State Routing is an example
of a Table Driven Protocol.
2. On Demand Routing Protocols, also known as Reactive Protocols, establish
routes between nodes only when they are required to route data packets. There is
no updating of every possible route in the network instead it focuses on routes that
are being used or being set up. When a route is required by a source node to a
destination for which it does not have route information, it starts a route discovery
process which goes from one node to the other until it arrives at the destination or
a node in-between has a route to the destination. On Demand protocols are
generally considered efficient when the route discovery is less frequent than the
data transfer because the network traffic caused by the route discovery step is low
compared to the total communication bandwidth. This makes On Demand Protocols
more suited to large networks with light traffic and low mobility. An example of an
On Demand Protocol is Dynamic Source Routing.
3. Hybrid Routing Protocols combine Table Based Routing Protocols with On
Demand Routing Protocols. They use distance-vectors for more precise metrics to
establish the best paths to destination networks, and report routing information
only when there is a change in the topology of the network. Each node in the
network has its own routing zone, the size of which is defined by a zone radius,
which is defined by a metric such as the number of hops. Each node keeps a record
of routing information for its own zone. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is an example
of a Hybrid routing protocol.
5. DAKNET
5.1 DAKNET ARCHITECTURE
DakNet is unique and proprietary network software that distributes bandwidth
from Internet connection points as far as the road goes. Existing backbones become
wireless uplinks for Mobile Access Points that are mounted on vehicles to provide
broadband "drive-by WiFi" access as they pass through rural areas.
The main parts of DakNet architecture are
Mobile access point
Hub
Kiosk
Mobile Access Point
DakNet offers data to be transmitted over short point-to-point links. It
combines physical and wireless data transport to enable high-bandwidth intranet
and internet connectivity among kiosks (public computers) and between kiosks and
DAKNET
DAKNET
DAKNET
DakNet is a patented wireless package that does away with base stations. DakNet
offers a cost-effective network for data connectivity in regions lacking
communications infrastructure. Instead of trying to relay data over long distances,
which can be expensive, DakNet transmits data over short point-to point
links between kiosks and portable storage devices called Mobile Access Points
(MAP).Mounted and powered on a bus or motorcycle with a small generator
MAP physically transports data between public kiosks and private communications
devices and between kiosks and a hub (for non real time internet access). Low-cost
Wi-Fi radio transceivers transfer data stored in MAP at high bandwidth for each
point-to-point connection.
The implementation process starts with configuring the Hub uplink and server,
then to connecting real-time nodes directly or through repeaters, then to installing
Mobile Access Points and store-and-forward nodes, and finally to network testing,
troubleshooting and training. This process typically takes 2-3 days for the Hub, 1-2
days for each real-time node, and 5-1 day for each store-and-forward node. The
FMS team typically implements the Hub and a first phase of nodes, and then the
remaining nodes are deployed by a local team that is trained during the process.
DAKNET
DAKNET
able to check the inbox for any messages or videos. All information is downloaded
to the central system at the office station.
DAKNET
DAKNET
DAKNET
VoiceMail is routed to a server that delivers the VoiceMail to its destination phone
number. For VoiceMails sent to mobile phones, SMS messages can be sent to notify
recipients to call a number to retrieve the VoiceMail.
DAKNET
motorman. Motormen are the e-postmen hired locally that ride their motorbikes
between the central hub and surrounding schools.
Information from the schools would automatically be downloaded from the
FAP (e-kiosks) to the MAP (e- postman) when the motorman passed by, and
uploaded to the hub when the motorcycle returned. A hub operator trained by FMS
managed the hub. Altogether, the DakNet solution was cost effective.
DAKNET
DAKNET
DAKNET
4. Benefifiting from the Network Effect that comes from connecting up a large
number of communities and users, aggregating demand and integrating
markets.
The initial pilot phase will provide internet access and applications through roughly
1000 connections in 350 villages in the Madurai District of the southeastern Indian
State of Tamil Nadu.
Ratnakiri project in Cambodia
The latest installation to DakNet has been adding the remote region of
Ratanakiri,Cambodia. A collection of 13 villages that are only accessible by
motorcycle and oxcart.The per capita income is roughly under $40 US dollars. The
area school is equipped with solar panels that run the computer for six hours a day.
Providing them now with email and video messaging.
Early every morning, five Honda motorcycles leave the hub in the provincial
capital of Banlung where a satellite dish, donated by Shin Satellite, links the
provincial hospital and a special skills school to the Internet for telemedicine and
computer training. The moto drivers equipped with a small box and antenna at the
rear of their vehicle, that downloads and delivers e-mail through a Wi-Fi (wireless)
card, begin the day by collecting the e-mail from the hub's dish, which takes just a
few seconds.
Through the donations from various organizations the developing world is
given an opportunity to participate in the technological revolution. After many pilot
projects there are still investigations to understanding how to increase the projects
through various solutions such as DakNet. DakNet next installation is projected for
another group of villages in Cambodia in November.
UNITED VILLAGES
United Villages(FMS's parent company) , Inc. provides and delivers products,
services, and information to rural people in India, Cambodia, and internationally.
Founded by social entrepreneur Amir Alexander Hasson, United Villages, Inc. is
based in Cambridge, MA (USA) and operates a subsidiary in India. United Villages
India is headquartered in New Delhi and currently operates networks in rural
Rajasthan. United Villages is building the largest rural Internet Service Provider
network to service over 220,000 villages throughout rural India.
The company uses wireless and transportation infrastructures to bring phone,
email, and other electronic communication to villages. The company also distributes
consumer goods through its representative network. The company offers voicemail,
DAKNET
text message, email, Web search, and e-shop services. It builds the rural Internet
service provider network to service villages throughout rural India.
United Villages Networks Private Limited has operated in India since September
2005 and is currently working in two Indian states: Orissa and Rajasthan. Recently,
the company has opted out of being an Internet Service Provider in favor of
providing information technology enabled services (ITES) to rural communities via
village-level franchises. Specifically,United Villages has developed a low-cost
Internet access model called DakNet(lit. Post Network), using proprietary Mobile
Access Points technology. Village- based franchisees known as DakNet Service
Providers (DSP) sell subscriptions for users to access a range of services on the DSPs
laptop (subscriptions are also sold by the United Villages sales team). This data is
uploaded periodically to roadside access point. Wifi transceivers mounted on local
buses send and receive data from the roadside access points, for later transfer
to/from the Internet via wireless protocols. This store-and-forward system allows
DakNet to offer an asynchronous network communication model to users at low
cost.
United Villages is working with leading mobile service providers to use
roadside mobile towers as real-time Internet access points. This means that buses
will be able to store-and forward data as they travel, rather than wait until they
return to Bhubaneswars main bus station. Currently, there are over 60 DSP
franchises in Orissa which are granted in general to existing rural entrepreneurs
already running a local business such as a photo studio, public telephone booth,
electrical equipment shop, TV/radio repair shop etc. Less frequently, an individual
running a village school or a rural NGO might take on a franchise. The DakNet
system supports a suite of e-services designed for users with limited or zero digital
literacy . Comparable services accessed via mobile phone are usually priced too high
for rural users, and not otherwise available in the villages of Orissa (cyber cafes are
only located in urban centers).Through DakNet, such users can get access via an
individual subscription similar to prepaid cellular mobile phone connection and
recharge service. The DakNet subscriber is provided with a unique number that
serves as account login, and recharge coupons are offered to the users to make use
of the e-services over time.
United Villages provide DakNet Identity card. The Fig: 9 is a Lifetime DakNet
Identity Card with United Villages for only Rs. 50 with Rs.10 Talk Time free. United
Villages provides a phone number, email address, and basic Internet access for
people living in rural areas.
DAKNET
DAKNET
1. EDUCATION
Use of DakNet
DakNet infrastructure was used to connect rural schools to the Internet. One
school is connected to the Internet through a satellite, and 14 others schools are
connected through the e-postman system. Data is transported by five motormen,
each of whom covers a different route.
Application Context
Internet accessibility complements the computer classes students were already
taking. Originally, students only learned how to type and use Microsoft Word and
Excel. Connecting schools to the Internet allows students to learn how to use e-mail
and conduct web searches. Many schools have established a pen-pal system with
other schools, which motivates students to practice writing and e-mailing in English.
Many donors also communicate to the students through e-mail.
Challenges
The schools have experienced few technical problems with the hardware. Handson time to explore and practice is limited.
Social Benefit
Providing rural communities with Internet access is a baby step in bridging the
digital divide. Learning how to use the Internet at the primary school level helps
students to overcome the intimidation of using new technology. It also decreases
the negative impacts of physical isolation, as they are now able to receive daily
news and explore the world outside their village through web searches.
2. TELEMEDICINE
Use of DakNet
DakNet infrastructure established through the rural schools to implement
telemedicine. Villagers can ask the computer teacher to e-mail their symptoms to
medical clinic instead of paying an actual visit. Doctors at the clinic then choose the
most urgent cases to treat. Close to seventy percent of the patients that are
referred to the telemedicine clinic utilize DakNet.
DAKNET
Application Context
When patients arrive at the telemedicine clinic, local doctors provide foreign
doctors with precise descriptions of patients illnesses. These descriptions contain
written explanations, digital pictures, or even digitized X-rays. Any useful
information that can be transferred electronically is added to a patients profile.
Challenges
The main challenge is to have doctors committed to the project due to lower pay
scale. There are also the challenges of properly writing up the symptoms,
translating technical jargon between languages, and overcoming cultural barriers
related to medical treatment
Social Benefit
Many patients had long-term illnesses that were successfully treated through this
way.
3. E-GOVERNMENT
Use of DakNet
Villagers who live near connected rural schools can Use DakNet computer to write
e-mails on their behalf directly to the Governor to voice their needs and concerns.
Application Context
To solve out any type of dispute or degradation in service.
Challenges
Due to lack of knowledge only few people can use these feature as a x factor.
Social Benefit
Both the governor and villagers liked the new method of communication. Many of
these villages are so remote that in the past, the Governor seldom visited them and
had little idea of their needs. E-mail brought their needs to the Governors attention
for the first time. Even this basic form of e-government was empowering,
democratizing, and led to increased accountability. NiDA can use FMS technology to
roll out nationwide e government applications, especially in rural areas.
DAKNET
4. E-COMMERCE
Use of DakNet
AAfC/JRF uses the DakNet hub as a communications center to run two ecommerce
pilots that sell traditional Cambodian handicrafts. Two workshops were set up to
produce traditional Cambodian scarves and blankets. The project aims to stimulate
the local economy by bringing in extra revenue and preserve Khmer hill- tribe
culture and art.
Application Context
The project has not been profitable for AAfC/JRF so far because the raw
materials are expensive and the client base is mainly limited by word-of mouth
advertisement and those affiliated with AAfC/JRF. The project can only reach
sustainability if AAfC/JRF can expand the client base.
Challenges
This project had a positive impact on the weavers lives, all of whom were women,
because it enabled them to generate more income for their family. Prior to the
project, the women did not generate any income. Depending on customer demand,
they now can earn on average an extra USD 14 per month.
Social Benefit
The pilot has the potential to expand but will need to overcome obstacles, including
transporting the raw materials and final products to and from the villages. The
founder of AAfC/JRF hopes to have profitable pilots in order to make Internet
connectivity self-sustainable instead of dependant on donor funds. Local people are
more likely to engage in the new technology if they see the commercial advantages
of doing so.
4.7 FEATURES & BENEFITS OF DAKNET
Since it avoids using phone lines or expensive equipment, DakNet provides one
of the lowest-cost accessibility solutions in the world.
In addition to low cost the other feature of DakNet is its ability for upgrading the
always-on broadband connectivity. As the village increases its economic means the
villagers can use the same hardware, software and user interface to enjoy real-time
information access. The only change is the addition of fixed location wireless
antennas and towers, a change that is entirely transparent to end users, because
DAKNET
they need not learn new skills or buy new hardware and software. With multiple
MAP buses, a low cost wireless network and seamless communication
infrastructure gets created.
Some benefits are,
Real-time communications not required for public kiosks
Communications tend to be asynchronous
Villagers trade-off latency for affordability
Leverages two major trends
Cost of wireless broadband (WiFi)
Cost of digital storage
Easy to implement on widespread basis
Lower uplink costs and maintenance requirements
Bandwidth does not decrease with distance
Seed infrastructure that is scalable with demand
Reduced Regulatory Challenges & Licensing Fees
4.8 CHALLENGES OF DAKNET
Determining the actual demand
Even if it is true that, as some studies suggest, people in rural areas spend
three to five percent of their income on communications, FMS will still need
to take market share away from traditional incumbents such as personal
visits, radio, phone communications, television, and newspapers. This
transition in spending patterns will not occur overnight. In addition, it is
difficult to determine the optimal pricing strategy and - more fundamentally
- whether the trend showing the rural poor as a potential market for telecom
is reliable.
Developing locally relevant applications to generate demand for DakNet
The clients willingness to pay for DakNet services is directly related to
whether the applications replace an existing activity or satisfy an important
need. Merely having Internet access is not enough. Application drives the
demand for the technology.
Building a strong ecosystem of partnerships
Successful bottom of the pyramid ecosystems are typically decentralized
and leverage the expertise and entrepreneurial spirit at the local level. Local
DAKNET
partners have both a deeper knowledge of the populations needs and the
capacity to manage local operations. In addition to running access points,
local partners must also make sure that MAPs are treated with care and
reach all access points in a timely manner. This can be a significant challenge.
Infrastructure, transportation, and weather-related barriers
Ideally, FMS installs the MAP onto an existing transportation method, such
as the public bus in India. Doing so keeps costs to a minimum. Unfortunately,
buses and even ordinary postmen are not always present in remote areas
and hiring dedicated e- postmen is an additional cost the client would have
to bear. In either case, the transport mechanism needs to be able to endure
difficult climates.
End users having limited literacy
Demand for the Internet is dependent on having basic computer skills and,
in many cases, the ability to speak and understand English. Many rural areas
use languages that software companies do not support and websites in
cyberspace are mostly in English. In Cambodia for example, only 86,400 hits
show up under the .kh domain on Google, and not all are actually in Khmer,
the principal Cambodian language. Part of the challenge is that a Khmer font
has not yet been standardized in Unicode, so users must download a
separate program for characters to be properly displayed. This creates a
huge obstacle for most people in rural areas who do not have basic English
and computer skills. This obstacle may lead to a slower adoption of the
Internet, thus decreasing demand for FMS technology.
Managing relationships with clients and partners
A major risk to revenues is that rogue clients and partners will cut FMS and
UV out of the loop. For example, FMS could be cheated out of maintenance
fees and UVs agreements with local rural ISPs could be violated. The
technology is designed to make clients and partners dependent on FMS and
UV. If they cease to cooperate, FMS and UV have the capacity to bring the
network down. In addition to this technical solution, UV needs to detail
carefully the agreements it makes with its partners. This is an extremely
complex task, especially when dealing with non- US partners.
DAKNET
6. CONCLUSION
DakNets low deployment cost and enthusiastic reception by rural users has
motivated dozens of inquiries for further deployments. This provides millions of
people their first possibility for digital connectivity. Increasing connectivity is the
most reliable way to encourage economic growth. The larger goal is to shift the
policy focus of the Governments universal service obligation funds from wireless
village telephones to wireless ad-hoc networking. The shift will probably require
formal assessment for user satisfaction, resulting economic growth and system
reliability.
DAKNET
7. REFERENCES
www.firstmilesolutions.com
bhoomi.karnataka.gov.in/landrecordsonweb/
www.ratanakiri.com/
edev.media.mit.edu/SARI/
unitedvillages.com
travelmagic.blogspot.in
http://ntrg.cs.tcd.ie/undergrad/4ba2.05/group11/
www.scidev.net/en/features/rural-internet-not-online-but-stillconnected.html
The Role of Information And Communication Technologies in Global
Development edited by Haqqani , Abdul Basit