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Answers
Summative Assessment - II
A. 1. c, 2. a, 3. a, 4. b, 5. a, 6. a, 7. c, 8. b, 9. b, 10. c, 11. b, 12. a
B. 1. Anything that travels faster than the speed of sound is said to travel at supersonic speed.

2. The maximum distance upto which the normal eye can see things clearly is called the far point.

3. Camels can walk easily on sand due to their broad feet which exert less pressure on the
ground.

4. To reduce the area of contact between our body and the air. This reduces the air resistance and
the cycle moves with greater speed.

5. If a meteor strikes the earth it would form a large crater on the earths surface. Some fragments
of rock from the shattered meteor ( known as meteorites) may get scattered on the land mass.

6. The graphite inside the pencil is a conductor of electricity. Therefore, it can be used as an
electrode.

7. A flash of lightning lasts less than a thousandth of a second. In such a short stretch of time,
scarcely anything moves to any noticeable degree for our eyes to detect.

8. chlorofluoro carbons

C. 1. i. violin / sitar / guitar / sarangi / tanpura

ii. flute / clarinet / saxophone

2. Sound waves travel faster through solids, where matter is densely packed, than through liquids
or gases. Therefore, sound will travel faster through the railway track than through air.

3. Lateral inversion occurs in a plane mirror. Therefore the correct time shown by the clock is

4. When we bend, the muscles pull up the lower half of our body thus diminishing the pressure
exerted on the scales. Therefore, the weight recorded is less than when we stand upright.

5. Frictional force on ice is small since it is a smooth surface. Therefore, to avoid slipping we
should take small steps to reduce the forces that we apply on the ice with our body weight.

If the forward force is greater (as in the case of taking larger steps), the friction between the
surfaces will be negligible causing us to slip and fall.
6 . i. Sliding and rolling friction (kinetic friction)
ii. Fluid friction (sliding friction) ( kinetic friction)

iii. Static friction

iv. Sliding friction (kinetic friction)

7. The stars are very far away from us and the light reaching us from them is very faint. When
this faint light passes through the different layers of the atmosphere, it is refracted in
different directions causing the stars image to change slightly in brightness and position. The
disturbance creates a twinkling effect.

8. i. Seismic zones ii. Lightning conductor

9. When a comb is run through the hair, it acquires extra electrons and becomes negatively
charged. This negatively charged comb induces positive charge on the near end of the stream
of water. The attraction between this negative and positive charges results in a net force on
water bending the stream.

10. i. sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide

iii. Seismologist

iv. Tsunami

ii. cholera/jaundice/typhoid

11. Smoke from vehicles and factories may contain harmful gases which dissolve in rain water to
form acid rain. Acid rain harms or kills trees in forests and organisms in water. It can also react
with stones and metals causing buildings and monuments to corrode.

12. The sharp point of the needle pierces the cloth on the cardboard easily since it has a very
minute area for the force to act upon. Therefore pressure is concentrated on its point making
it easier to puncture the material. In the case of a blunt nail, the area on which it acts is more;
thus pressure required to drive it into the wall is greater.

D. 1. The vibrations produced by sound waves first strike our eardrum ( a stretched membrane)
and then travel through the middle and inner ear to the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve
takes the signal to the brain and we hear the sound. Since babies have very soft eardrums, the
vibrations produced by loud sound can easily damage them and cause irrepairable hearing loss.

2. As the figure is brought nearer the right eye, at a certain distance the image of the object
vanishes since it is focussed on the blind spot. Hence we fail to see it. The two circles at the
right and left are still quite distinct since they are formed on places of the retina other than the
blind spot.

3. i. weight ii. gravitational force iii. magnetic field iv. electrostatic force
v. atmosphere vi. resultant force

4. Acceleration due to gravity in Jupiter is greater compared to the other three planets. Therefore,
force of attraction on the ball would be the greatest on this planet. Hence the ball would fall
much faster on its surface.

5. a. Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity as the ions are held strongly and are not
free to move. When sodium chloride is dissolved in water it gets dissociated into ions which
conduct electricity

b. Movement of electrons in copper metal in a particular direction constitutes current. This makes
it a good conductor of electricity. But copper does not dissociate into ions in the molten state
on passing electric current. Hence it does not act as an electrolyte.

6.
A bird perched on a high tension wire does not provide any path for electric current to flow
to the earth. Hence it remains safe on the wire. But as soon as it touches the pole or makes
contact with the ground in any way, it is immediately electrocuted. This is because electric
charge then flows through its body to the earth.

7. Plastics are non biodegradable, i.e., they do not decay easily. They remain in soil for a very long
time and increase land pollution. When these materials are burnt. They produce harmful gases
which add to the air pollution.

E. 1. Doors and windows facing the road can be kept closed so that sound is reflected from their
surfaces. Curtains can be hung on the walls so that they absorb some amount of sound.
Moreover furnitures, carpets, wooden panelling on walls, etc., will help to reduce the loudness
of sound to a great extent.
2. The speed of the bullet slows down due to the air resistance. In a situation, where the speed
of the aeroplane and the bullet are nearly the same, the bullet seems stationary with respect
to the flying plane. Therefore, the pilot can easily stop the bullet with his hands. (Here the fact
that the bullet heats up considerably while whizzing through the air is ignored)
3. The atmosphere in the city was relatively clear in the beginning but from point P onwards,
smog set in and the atmosphere was polluted. This could be due to smoke emitted from
vehicles or industries. Smog would causes poor visibility and respiratory problems in the
people of that area.