NEO 2020 - Mockup Test

Instructions

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Sunlight re ects after striking objects. Albedo is the percentage of radiation returning from
a given surface compared to the amount of radiation initially striking that surface. Albedo,
in short, represents the re ectivity of the surface. Re ected sunlight is partially absorbed
by air and increases air temperature. With the evolution of vascular land plants, forests
began to cover the surface of continents since the Late Paleozoic (~ 350 million years ago),
before which the continents were covered by sand. The oceans cover 70% of the Earth’s
surface with an albedo of 0.1, whereas the continents account for the remaining 30%.

1) If 19J energy is absorbed by a surface after receiving 32J of sunlight radiation energy,
then the albedo of that surface is -

0.406 0.594
0.590 2.463

2) If the continents were to be covered by forests (albedo of desert sands is 0.4, and that of
forest is 0.15), then the solar radiation absorbed by Earth’s surface would -

Increased No change
Not possible to tell using given data Decreased

3) Deforestation will cause earth’s albedo to (albedo of desert sands is 0.4, and that of
forest is 0.15) -

No change Depends on greenhouse gases

Increase Decrease

4) While skiing (sliding over snow), Tamim got terrible sunburns. You can deduce that -

Tamim didn’t use sunscreen Albedo of snow is high so it re ected a

lot heat and caused sunburns
Temperature on that day was high and Albedo of snow is low so that the
excess heat caused sunburns snow absorbed a lot of heat and
caused sunburns

Imagine the ripple marks from the previous question, but much, much bigger. What you get
are sand dunes (pictured below). Sand dunes are formed when the wind blows sediments
in a specific direction as shown in the diagram below.

From this diagram, answer the following question.

5) In the picture above, which way do you think is the wind blowing?

Left to right From the direction of the mountains in

the background
From the direction opposite to the Right to left
mountains in the background
6) Now let us reconsider the ripple marks from the previous picture. From what you have
learned so far, determine which of the following statements is true.

Ripples that don’t resemble sand
dunes are formed in environments like
the seashore, where there’s equal
movement of water in both directions.
Ripple shape doesn’t depend on the
direction of water movement.
If we take a closer look at the ripples,
they will always resemble the shape of
sand dunes.
The ripples will only resemble the
shape of sand dunes if there’s equal
movement of water in both directions.

Now, let us look at a different kind of geologic structure, a roche moutonnee. If you look
closely at the picture below, you’ll notice that a roche moutonnee looks a lot like a sand
dune, except that it’s made of solid rock. A roche moutonnee is not a sedimentary structure,
instead it is formed by erosion. These are formed when glaciers, massive rivers of ice
slowly erode the rocks below it.

7) From this picture of the roche moutonnee, can you guess which way the glacier was
moving in the past?

Right to left Left to right

Cannot be answered with the given Initially left to right, then right to left
information

Relative Age in Geology

One of the most important ways to investigate geological structures is to gure out the
relative ages of different parts of the structures. This concept is most relevant when it
comes to sedimentary rocks since sedimentary rocks are the easiest to date relatively. But
there are some laws geologists follow when it comes to nding the relative age of a
sedimentary structure. These laws are Steno’s Laws. These laws are brie y discussed
below:

All sedimentary rocks are originally deposited horizontally. Sedimentary rocks that
are no longer horizontal have been tilted from their original position.
Sedimentary rocks are laterally continuous over large areas.
If a body or discontinuity cuts across a stratum, it must have formed after that
stratum. Here a stratum is a distinct layer of sediment in sedimentary rocks.
Rock fragments (in another rock) must be older than the rock containing the
fragments.

These laws are called Steno’s Laws and are integral in every sphere of understanding in
geology.

But the best way to understand these laws is to apply them, so let us put these laws into
practice.

8) In the stratigraphic cross section above, what is the oldest layer or feature?

G A
F H
9) Find the sequence (old to new) of formation of layers and other features in the
stratigraphic cross section above. Here XY is the fault/bold diagonal line in the diagram.

XY-A-H-G-F-E-D-C-B H-F-G-E-D-XY-A-C-B
H-G-F-E-D-A-XY-C-B H-G-F-E-D-XY-A-C-B

The concept of relative age doesn’t just help us nd the history of sedimentary rocks, it also
helps us analyze the environment in a stranger scenario. Look at the picture below.

This is a picture of a cross section of snowfall in Colorado, US after a bad winter. The
brown layer between the layers of snow is a dust layer. 

10) Where do you think this dust came from?

It’s just mud from the melted snow Fell with the snow
Deposited during a winter rain It was blown in by the wind

Heat can be transferred from one place to another by three methods. One of the methods is
conduction. Conduction occurs when two objects at different temperatures are in contact
with each other. Heat ows from the warmer to the cooler object until they are both at the
same temperature. In liquids and gases, convection is usually the most ef cient way to
transfer heat. Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas
in the liquid or gas. As this happens, cooler liquid or gas takes the place of the warmer
areas which have risen higher. Both conduction and convection require matter to transfer
heat. Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact between
the heat source and the heated object. For example, we feel the heat from the sun even
though we are not “touching” it. Heat can be transmitted through empty space by thermal
radiation. Objects that have a very high temperature emit energy at a greater rate than
objects at lower temperature.

Relation between the temperature of an object, T and the amount of radiation emitted each
second, E is expressed mathematically as -

, known as Stefan-Boltzmannn constant

11) If the temperature of an object is increased by 50%, then the radiation emitted each
second will increase by -

500% 200%
650% 400%
12) If radiation emitted each second by an object is 6×10^(7 ) W · m^(-2), then the
temperature of that object is -

5700 ° C 6000 K
5700 K 4700 ° C

13) Sunlight warms the moon surface. How is heat transferred away from the surface of
the moon?

Conduction — Heat transfers to air and Convection — Moon has little

to the center of the moon atmosphere, enough for heat to
transfer from surface to air
Radiation — All of the heat is Advection — Heat transfers sideway
transferred through radiation

Oceans serve as the planet’s largest habitat and also help to regulate the global climate.
The ocean is a continuous body of saltwater that covers more than 70 percent of the
Earth's surface. Ocean currents govern the world's weather and churn a kaleidoscope of
life. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of approximately 3.5%, or 35
parts per thousand. Salinity refers to the saltiness of sea water. Salinity is a measure of the
concentration of dissolved salts in seawater that is, the total amount of salts, in grams,
dissolved in one kilogram of seawater.

14) If Aronno collects 100 mL of ocean water and extracts 3 grams of salt from that, then
salinity of that water is (approx.) -

28 30
35 3

15) We know that oceans are salty. But, how did the oceans become salty?

Air gets mixed with water and
produces different kinds of salt which
makes ocean water salty.
Part of the ocean oor gets dissolved
with water, making the ocean water
salty.
Ions from the rocks are carried to the
ocean by rivers, and these ions make
ocean water salty.
Addition of salt is contributed by the
acid rain.

16) If the salt in the ocean could be removed and spread evenly over the Earth’s land
surface, it would form a layer more than 500 feet thick — the height of a 40 story of ce
building. So far we know, the ocean is salty and is, constantly, receiving salt. Ignoring the
effect of global warming, what is the ultimate fate of the ocean?

It will remain as it is now since salt
input and output is almost the same.
It is going to get less saltier as time
goes since salt gets precipitated on the
ocean oor.
Salinity will decrease since ice on poles
is getting melted due to global
warming.
It is going to get saltier day by day.

17) Since the Earth’s temperature is increasing due to global warming, what kind of effect
does it have on the ocean water salinity?

No Change — since an increase in Salinity will decrease as water will

solubility of salt is counteracted by the
melting of ice in the poles.
Salinity will increase as water will hold
more salt.
hold less salt.
No Change — because increased
temperature means more water will
get evaporated, and it will be
counteracted by the addition of new
salt.

18) Oceans and rivers are connected with each other. If so, why don’t rivers contain
saltwater like the seas and oceans?

No — since rivers and oceans are No — actually the river water is as

connected and water gets mixed, water
in rivers is as salty as the water in the
oceans.
Salinity of river water is really small;
therefore, it doesn’t feel salty.
much as salty as the ocean water.
River water comes from rain and rain is
pure water with no salt; thus, river
water is not salty.

19) Let's keep the topic of salt aside and talk about waves. We can see waves in oceans
and seas. What is the primary reason behind the wave formation?

Earthquakes landslides tsunamis Waves are created because of the

 Earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis,
tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions
cause waves.
Gravitational pull of the sun and the
moon on the earth is responsible for
waves.
Waves are created because of the
temperature and the density gradient
between the different water layers.
Waves are created by the friction
between the wind and the water
surface.

20) Waves are fun to watch. Whatever may the reason be behind the formation of the
waves, we generally see big waves in oceans and seas but we hardly observe any big
waves in small lakes or ponds. Why?

Since ponds and small lakes are not
that big, wind doesn’t have that much
space to build bigger waves.
Both A and C.
Winds running over ponds and lakes
aren’t that strong to create big waves.
Difference in atmospheric pressure is
small in ponds and lakes, and as a
result, waves don’t get bigger.

21) Earlier we have discussed seas and rivers. Your friend, Sakib, suddenly claimed that
water only ows from river to sea, never in reverse. Is it true? Why?

No — tsunamis, earthquakes, cyclones, Yes — water in rivers moves at a very

tornadoes can make water enter the
river from the sea.
No — because tidal waves can ow
from sea to river.
high speed; therefore, it is not possible
for water in seas to offset it and to
enter in rivers.
Yes — as rivers are at higher elevation,
it is only possible to ow from river to
sea, not in reverse.

22) Sea level is rising every year. Which of the following is a reason behind the rise in sea
level?

Dumping of wastes and pollutants in Melting of ice situated in the Arctic

the rivers and seas makes the sea level
rise higher.
Thermal expansion of water caused by
warming of the ocean, due to global
warming, is increasing the sea level.
Ocean, due to global warming, is
increasing the sea level.
Intense heavy rainfall all over the Earth
can make sea level rise higher.

Clouds have substantial in uence over atmospheric temperatures. Thick clouds (such as
stratocumulus) re ect a large amount of incoming solar radiation, meaning they have a
high albedo. On any given day, about half of Earth is covered by clouds, which re ect more
sunlight than land and water. Clouds keep Earth cool by re ecting sunlight, but they can
also serve as blankets to trap warmth.

23) Massive cloud cover at night will make night temperature gradually —

Not possible to tell, depends on Decrease

vegetation cover
Increase No change

24) Massive cloud cover at noon, will make day temperature gradually —

Decrease Increase
Not possible to tell, depends on No effect
greenhouse gases

25) If the Earth were to be fully covered with clouds and stayed like a month, then the
temperature would be —

Decrease — because the sunlight can’t
warm the air.
Not possible to tell — depends on
whether it is winter or summer.
Same — because the input and output
of heat is balanced.
Increase — even though trapped
sunlight can’t go out, it can still absorb
sunlight since clouds have an albedo of
0.9

The daily variation in air temperature is controlled by incoming energy (primarily from the
sun) and outgoing energy from Earth’s surface. Where incoming energy exceeds outgoing
energy, the air temperature rises. Where outgoing energy exceeds incoming energy, the air
temperature falls. Generally, part of Earth starts to receive energy when the sun rises and
incoming energy becomes zero just after sun sunset.

26) Suppose it's a midsummer day and the sky is cloud free. When the maximum
temperature of that day will occur?

Between 3:00 am to 5:00 am Between 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm

Between 3:00 pm to 5:00 pm Between 5:30 am to 7:00 am
27) Suppose it's a midsummer day and the sky is cloud free. When the minimum
temperature of that day will occur?

Between 3:00 am to 5:00 am Between 3:00 pm to 5:00 pm

Between 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm Between 5:30 am to 7:00 am

28) The white circle in the middle of the picture is a ______ ?

Mountain Sea
Volcano Crater

29) Why are there many unsmooth surface features (craters, mountains etc) on the moon?

The gravity is too small to maintain a The tectonic plate movements are
smooth round surface greater in the moon
There is no erosion due to the lack of The atmosphere is too thin to resist
water and air any meteor attacks

30) Which device when placed on the Moon would provide evidence of Moon rotation?

Wind vane Foucault Pendulum

Seismograph Thermometer

31) The graph shows that high tides at Barishal occur approximately every

12.5 hours 6.0 hours

3.5 hours 16.0 hours

32) If the trends shown by the graph continue, which statement best describes the next
low tide at Barisal that is expected to occur on Wednesday?

It will occur about 9 p.m. with a 2.6- It will occur about 10 p.m. with a 2.8-
meter water level. meter water level
It will occur about 6 a.m. with a 0.6- It will occur about 3 a.m. with a 0.4-
meter water level. meter water level.
Base your answers on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The
diagrams, labeled A, B, and C, represent equal-sized portions of the Sun’s rays striking
Earth’s surface at 23.5° N latitude at noon at three different times of the year. The angle at
which the Sun’s rays hit Earth’s surface and the relative areas of Earth’s surface receiving
the rays at the three different angles of insolation are shown.

33) As viewed in sequence from A to B to C, these diagrams represent which months and
which change in the intensity of insolation?

December → March → June; and June → September → December; and

decreasing intensity decreasing intensity
June → September → December; and December → March → June; and
increasing intensity increasing intensity

34) As the angle of the Sun’s rays striking Earth’s surface at noon changes from 90° to 43°,
the length of a shadow cast by an object will

Decrease, then increase Increase

Decrease Increase, then decrease

Figure : Mercury Cycle

Mercury is a toxic heavy metal which cycles through atmosphere, water, and soil in various
forms to different parts of the world. Due to this natural cycle, irrespective of which part of
the world releases mercury it could affect an entirely different part of the world making
mercury pollution a global concern. It is strongly coupled with the water cycle.

35) What is the main point of entry of mercury into human bodies?

Water consumption Alcohol consumption

Cigarette consumption Seafood consumption

36) What is not an effective measure to stop mercury pollution?

Cover land lls Replace coal red power stations

Stop open air mining Kill contaminated shes

37) Which of the following natural habitats is most affected by mercury pollution?

Grasslands Rainforests
Deserts Oceans

38) Which water source would you least expect to be contaminated with mercury?

Lakes Rivers
Glaciers Groundwater
A topographic map shows elevation. A topographic pro le is a cross-sectional view along a
line drawn through a portion of a topographic map. The following gure shows the
topographic pro le of the southern paci c ocean.

Figure : Topographic map and pro le of the southern paci c ocean

39) What is the lowest point in the gure?

Tonga trench East paci c rise

Australian continental shelf Peru-chile trench

40) What is the highest point in the gure?

Peru-chile trench Tonga trench

East paci c rise Australian continental shelf

End Exam