GEOGRAPHY Grade.

VII
Chapter. 1
I. Give a description of the interior of the Earth.
Ans. The interior of the Earth is divided into three distinct layers. (i) The Crust
(ii) The Mantle (iii) The Core
The Crust: The Crust forms the outer most layer of the earth. It is not a uniform layer.
Crust under the continents is known as continental crust which is about 30 to 40
kilometers thick. The part of crust under the oceans is known as oceanic crust. Oceanic
crust is just 5 kilometers thick on the average.
The Mantle: Mantle is the layer below the crust up to the depth of 2900 kilometers. Its
upper part combines with the crust to form Lithosphere.
The Core: The inner most and the hottest part of the Earth is called Core. Its thickness
is about 3490 kilometers. The core is composed of nickel and iron.
II. What is Plate Tectonics? What causes the Plates move?
Ans. Scientific studies conclude a breaking of Lithosphere, into a number of moving
plates. The plates are lighter in weight and float over Asthenosphere. It is assumed that
these plates move a few centimeters in a number of the years. This concept is called
Plate Tectonics. Plate Tectonics causes the mountain building activities, Earthquakes
and Volcanoes.
III. What is a Volcano? What are different types of volcanic materials?
Ans. Volcanism is the movement of magma from depths below, to the surface. A
channel or an opening in the crust connecting the reservoir of magma to the surface of
the Earth is termed as a volcano.
Solids: These consist of rock fragments that erupt with violent explosions. These are
usually in the form of rock pieces, dust or ash.
Lava flows: these consist of streams of molten rock that erupts without explosion.
Molten burning lava flows like small streams damaging lands all around.
Chapter. 2
I. Define Erosion and write measures to check Erosion.
Ans. Erosion means breaking of and transportation of weathered materials. Erosion is
carried out by moving agents like water, wind and ice.
Measures to check Erosion: Plantation of trees provides protection to surface.
Construction of Embankments a long nalas and river beds also check Erosion.
II. Write a detailed account of Water Erosion.
Ans. There are three very common forms of water erosion.
Rill Erosion: It is the process in which loose material is removed by concentrated
water channels. A rill is a much smaller channel. Rills cut their course vertically and
horizontally.
Gully Erosion: Due to increased volume of water rills become wider, broader and
deeper to become gullies. Gullies remove more material than rills.
Sheet Erosion: It is caused by a thin flow of water, running across the surface. Shallow
sheets of flowing water remove layers of loose material.
III. What is a Mass Wasting? Give some measures to check Mass Wasting.
Ans. The sudden bulk transfer of rock materials downwards along the slope under the
influence of gravity is called Mass Wasting. Different types of Mass Wasting are as
under: (i) Rock Fall (ii) Landslides (iii) Mudflows (vi) Slumps (v) Creep
 Some measures to check Mass Wasting.
 Reduce gradients of steeper slopes along roads.
 Remove unstable rocks.
 Build retaining walls or structures to hold back possible slides.
 Construct more surface drainage channels and ditches.
Chapter. 3
I. Describe the composition and significance of the Atmosphere.
Ans. Based on composition, the atmosphere is divided into two layers: (i)
Homosphere, and (ii) Heterosphere
The first layer of atmosphere, adjacent to the surface of the Earth, is called
Homosphere (Homo = uniform+ sphere). Its height above the surface of the Earth is
about 80 kilometers. This sphere contains almost all the water vapours, most of dust
particles and gases. All clouds, storms and rainfall occur in this part; that’s why it is also
known as weather sphere.
Heteroshpere is present above the Homosphere. It contains very little amount of water
vapour and dust particles. However the lighter gases like nitrogen, oxygen, helium and
hydrogen are found in layers, one upon the other. Hydrogen remains upto a height
10,000 Km. which is taken as upper limits od the atmosphere.
II. Explain the climate change over e Earth’s surface.
Ans. Climatic change is a change in average climatic conditions of an area that affects
its long-term weather patterns. It can be come colder or warmer. The climate of the
Earth was not the same as we are experiencing it today; rather has under gone various
climate change periods. The climatic change is a result of Global Warming. Global
warming refers to slight increase in Earth’s average temperature because of pollution. It
in turn causes changes in climate in many parts of the world. The effects of climate
change are; rapid melting of glaciers all over the world, increased waters in the rivers;
and ultimately a rise in sea level. It all brings change in the weather. Climatic changes
affect the whole pattern of weather. It may bring heavy rains or droughts.
III. Write about importance of Ozone and the causes of Ozone Depletion.
Ans. Ozone is a gas that protects the earth from the harmful radiations coming from the
sun. These radiations are harmful for life. Ozone layer is made up of Ozone gas which
is a form of oxygen, having three oxygen atoms in a molecule. This gas occurs
naturally in atmosphere. The layer of ozone is found in the stratosphere at the height of
20 km to 30 km. Ozone depletion is a man made problem. It takes place because of a
group of chemicals and gases, which are used in air- conditioners, refrigerators and
spray badly affects the ozone gas layer. Due to increase in the use of such items in our
daily life the ozone hole is becoming wider.
Chapter. 4
I. What is atmospheric temperature and how is it measured?
Ans. When we move upward in the Atmosphere, general decrease in temperature is
experienced. Therefore, in higher altitudes (mountains/hills), we experience lower
temperature than on plains. We can state that, higher a place above sea level less will
be its temperature, from nearby areas. It is our common experience that when we go to
Murree during the months of May and June, while it is hot in Islamabad; the weather in
Muree is cool. This is because of that Muree is higher as compared to Islamabad from
sea level. On the surface of the Earth, temperature varies from place to place. Due to
different temperature conditions, the climate varies in different parts of the world.
Temperature variations lead to different types of climate type and intern to vegetation
cover, food, occupations and other ways of living.
II. Explain the mechanism by which the air is heated and cooled.
Ans. Sun is the primary source of all the energy received on the surface of the earth.
The Sun releases its energy in the form of rays or waves which are called solar
radiation or solar energy. The energy comes from the sun’s visible surface
(Photosphere) in the form of short waves with a speed of 300,000 kilometer per
second. The sun rays reach the earth after traveling a distance of 150 million km in a
little over 8 minutes. The receipt of incoming rays is called insolation. The word
insolation is a contraction of three words Incoming Solar Radiation.
III. Define Isotherms and state how they vary over land and sea?
Ans. We have already learnt that with increase in height above the ground the
temperature deceases. Yes, but this incident is reversed in certain conditions. This
means as we go upward, the temperature start increasing instead of decreasing. This is
called temperature inversion. Inversion layer of temperature is formed under certain
conditions close to the ground. Some conditions for temperature inversion are absence
of wind, clear sky, long winter nights, cold dry and snow covered Earth.
Latitude: It is the main factor which determines temperature of a place. The
temperature is normally high on equator and as we move away from equator it
gradually decreases. It is lowest at the poles.
Altitude: Temperature also depends in height or altitude of a place. Low lands and the
high lands situate at the same latitude have different temperatures. As a common rule,
let us remember higher the altitude have different temperatures. As a common rule, let
us remember higher the altitude, lower will be the temperature.
Distance from the Sea: Distance from the sea affects the temperature; therefore
places near sea have moderate temperature while places far away from sea have high
temperature in summers and low in winters.
Humidity and could cover: Humidity (content of water vapour in the air) as part of
condensation process changes into clouds.
Chapter. 5
I. Describe how Air Pressure decreases with increasing height.
Ans. Air pressure is less on the areas of the Earth which are higher than nearby areas,
like mountains. Hence, it can be said that air pressure decreases with increase in
height above ground. Likewise, air pressure is more on the areas having low heights
like coastal areas and plains. Therefore, when we move upward in the atmosphere the
atmospheric pressure always decreases and when we come down the pressure
increases.
II. Describe Cyclone, their types and distribution.
Ans. Cyclone is an area of low pressure in which winds blow from high pressure to low
pressure center. There are two types of Cyclones: (i) Tropical cyclones and (ii)
Temperate cyclones.
Tropical Cyclones: in tropical regions (spreading between 23 1/20North and South on
both sides of the Equator), many cyclones originate. These cyclones create lot of
weather disturbances due to rapid circling of winds. These are most powerful and
destructive storms and are capable of bringing rains with strong winds. Temperate
cyclones are generated in the belts of westerly winds, on both sides of the Equator. In
these latitudes, cold air from Polar Regions and warm air from warm and humid tropical
areas come in contact with each other. It leads to the birth of a temperate cyclone.
Chapter. 6
I. What is humidity? How is it measured?
Ans. Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in the lower portion of the
atmosphere. Humidity varies from one place to another and from one time to another
time. Main sources of humidity are water bodies (oceans/lakes/rivers etc.) and
vegetation. Humidity is measured with the help of a simple instrument called
Hydrometer.
II. How does condensation take place in the Atmosphere?
Ans. Condensation always takes place after the process of evaporation from any water
surface. Evaporation is a process through which liquid water changes into water vapour
with change temperature. Evaporation is a steady process, taking place wherever and
whenever water surface is exposed to the atmosphere.
III. In what three ways rainfall may be formed?
Ans. Rain is drop of water, large enough to fall under the influence of gravity from
clouds to the surface of the earth. Since rains-water drops to the ground and is also
called as Rainfall.
 Chapter. 7
I. Describe major Types of Farming.
Ans. Subsistence Agriculture: Subsistence Agriculture is practiced in the regions where
area under cultivation (owned and available for farming is small). Its produce is only
enough to meet the need of the family.
Intensive Agriculture: Intensive Agriculture means cultivation on large size fields.
Greater use of machinery is a hallmark of intensive farming.
Extensive Agriculture: Extensive agriculture is practiced over large units of land.
Commercial Agriculture: Cultivation of agricultural products on a large scale for sales
is known as Commercial Agriculture. It means all the produce of the farm is sent to the
market and nothing is kept for self use.
Plantation Agriculture: A Plantation is usually a very large farm on which a single
crop like wheat, cotton, sugar cane, rubber, tea or coffee is cultivated. It thus produces
one crop only.
Truck Farming: Truck Farming specializes in growing of vegetables on a large scale. It
produces little, amount of grains for self use.
Mixed Farming: When a farm is used both for crop cultivation and livestock, it is known
as Mixed Farming.
Cereal Crops: Cereal stands for a grain that is used as human or animal food. Cereal
Crops thus include flowering grasses of which the seed (grain) is a part of human diet.
II. Describe farming practices in (a) Rain-fed Agriculture and (b) Irrigated
Agriculture.
Ans. Many plain stretches of D.I khan, Bannu and Khohat (in Khyber-Pakhtunkhaw),
and Pothwar uplands (Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal and Jhelum) mainly rely on rains for
agriculture. This is known as rain-fed or barani agriculture. These areas get about two-
third of rains during monsoon months of summer. The remaining months get little rain.
Some of the rain water is stored in small dams for use during dry months.
Features of Irrigated Agriculture: Over Indus Plains the farmers practice irrigated
Agriculture. This is a vast area of gently sloping land. He re rivers like Jhelum, Chenab,
Ravi and Sutlej flow southwestward till Mithankot. Much of water is carried over canals
and utilized to irrigate large and small fields. Irrigated agriculture provides opportunity of
sowing two, three or even more crops in a year.
III. Write an account of Major Crops of Pakistan.
Ans. Some major crops cultivated in Pakistan are the following:
(1) Wheat: Wheat is the leading food grain of Pakistan. It is the staple diet of its
people. Wheat requires mild temperatures and small amount of rainfall.
Cultivated over all canal irrigated plains and along the low river valleys. Wheat
cultivation spreads to over 40% of the total cropped area. Self sufficiency in
wheat is important for the country.
(2) Rice: Rice is a high valued cash crop. It is a delicious food item, and also a
major export item of Pakistan. Rice grows better in higher temperatures and
plenty of moisture. Irrigation is thus a need for its cultivation in Pakistan. Rice
covers about 10% of total cropped area. Sialkot, Gujranwala, Shekhupura
districts in the Punjab; Sukkur and Jacobabad districts in Sindh and Nasirabad
district in Blochistan are major rice growing areas.
(3) Sugar cane: Sugar cane is also a cash earning crop. It serves a major raw
material for production of white sugar and gur. Sugar cane requires much heat
and large quantity of water. It is therefore grown in canal irrigated areas of the
country.
(4) Cotton: Cotton is an important fiber cash-crop. It provides raw material to Textile
industry. Surplus cotton is a valuable item of trade with other countries. It
requires moderately high temperatures.
(5) Oil Seeds: Major Oil seed Crops include cotton seed, mustard, sunflower and
conola. The cultivation of oil seeds is gaining importance as these are raw
materials for edible oils.
Chapter. 8
I. Describe Conditions for Mining.
Ans. Various Conditions for mining:
(1) Mineral deposits are found scattered. These are mostly hidden, and lie below the
Earth-Surface.
(2) Mineral are seldom found un pure form. There are many impurities; mixing of
other minerals and Earth-materials.
(3) Minerals are largely found in inaccessible areas. Many minerals are located in
highlands, plateaus and dry lands.
(4) Mining processes, extraction and drilling are much expensive.
(5) Mining is a difficult task. Explosions and outburst of gases pose danger to life.
Dust production during digging and extraction at depth is a health risk. Skilled
labour, modern techniques, and use of advance technology have paid rewards in
the form of more minerals and safety of workers
II. What are the main Types of Mining?
Ans. Broadly there are three types of mining. 1) Surface Mining 2) Sub-face Mining
3) Other Mining.
(1) Surface Mining: Surface Mining is done by clearing surface vegetation and
some layers of overlying rocks. In order to reach the deposits. Four different
techniques of surface mining include the following: (a) Open-pit mining (b)
Quarrying (c) Strip mining and (d) Mountain-top removal.
(2) Sub-surface Mining: Where mineral deposits are deep underground, these are
reached through a shaft or tunnel. This variety of mining is classified according to
the technique used to reach the deposits. It covers the following: (a) Shaft Mining
(b) Slope Mining (c) Drift Mining and (d) Room and Pillar Mining.
(3) Other Mining: Other Mining involves separation of the target mineral through
common or less common methods like percolation, filtration etc.
III. Write an account of Power Resource of Pakistan.
Ans. Coal has long served as a basic power resource of energy. At present out of
Pakistan’s total local reserve of 185 billion tons. Thar coalfield’s share is 175 billion
tons. Mineral Oil is also known a Crude oil. On processing in the refineries mineral oil
gives Petrol, Diesel, kerosene Oil, Asphalt, Wax and Other such chemicals.
Natural Gas: Natural Gas was first discovered in Pakistan, while exploring crude oil,
1952, at Sui, it is thus popularly known as Sui Gas
Electricity: At present the total installed capacity is around 21,000 MW. The current electricity
installed capacity is owned and managed by WAPDA (Water and Power Development
Authority), KESC (Karachi Electric Supply Corporation) and TPPs (independent Power
Producers). Other contributor is PAEC (Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission).
Chapter. 9
I. Enlist various Types of Industries.
Ans. Types of industries is classified into following eight major types:
(1) Iron and steel industry: The Iron and Steel industry is the basis of all industrial growth. It
provides essential goods in the form of steel bars, slabs and wires for manufacture of
various parts of machines and tools.
(2) Fuel and Power Industry: The extraction and refining of mineral oil, generation of
electricity and production of natural gas belongs to fuel and power industry. It requires
large reservoirs of water, oil and gas and a large number of pipelines.
(3) Machine & Tools Industry: Machine and Tools industry includes manufacture of
machine, instruments, equipment and tools. Its important sub-types include mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering, ship building, locomotives, automobiles, aircrafts
and a vast range of surgical instruments and cutlery.
(4) Textiles Industry: Textiles Industry revolves around spinning and weaving of thread.
Cotton, wool, silk, hemp and hair are its natural raw materials. Artificial fibers like nylon,
decoron, textron, terylene etc. are also its raw materials.
(5) Building Materials Industry: Cement is the most important building material that
involves construction of large factories and availability of limestone and gypsum in large
quantities. Steel structures and pre-fabricated wall portions, doors, windows, stairs etc.
are other items of building materials industry.
(6) Food Processing Industry: Preparation of food stuffs from vegetable and animal sources
is known as food processing industry. It includes flour milling, oil milling, sugar refining,
milk and meat packing.
(7) Miscellaneous Consumer Goods Industry: There are many items of everyday use that
are manufactured for human consumption. Important among these are footwear,
furniture, pottery, jewelers etc.
(8) Cottage Industry: Cottage Industry is defined as an industrial unit where work is
performed by the owner family members only.
II. Write an account of Textile Industry of Pakistan.
Ans. Textile Industry engages more than one third of labour force in the country. For some
years now, Pakistan has become one of the major cotton textile products suppliers in the
world. Following cities are important centers of Textile Industry in Pakistan.
Karachi: Emerged as first cotton textile producing area in Pakistan. Now it has become the top
center of textiles in the country.
Faisalabad: Has emerged as the second largest textile manufacturing center of Pakistan.
Faisalabad has enough skilled and unskilled labour force.
Hyderabad: Is the 3rd textile manufacturing center of Pakistan. It also enjoys availability of raw
cotton nearby, and expanding local market.
Lahore: is now fast growing as a center of textile industry. This city has a large population; so it
is also is a big market.
III. Enlist important Cottage Industries of Pakistan and name important cities of each
cottage industry.
Ans. Embroidery and Fancy Needle Work is carried in a number of cities and towns across the
country. Karachi, Hyderadad, Bahawalpur, Multan, Lahore, Peshawar, Dera Islmail Khan,
Quetta and Ziarat. Carved wooden items, Brass and lvery aricles known for their beautiful hand
work are produced specially in Swat, Peshawar, Chiniot, Multan, Bahawalpur, Dera Ghazi Khan
and Karachi. Potter’s Ceramics have importance as kitchen-ware as well as garden pottery.
Chakwal, Lalamusa, and kasur are some important centers of Earthen pottery. Mulran,
Bahawalpur and Hala are known for glazed pottery and tiles with intricate local designs. Marble
products especially decorative items like lamps, trays, paper weights are much popular in
foreign countries. Peshawar, Quetta, Lahore and Rawalpindi are important marble product
centers. Table Lamps and toys made from Camel skin are a specialty of Multan, Bahawalpur,
Ahmadpur East and Quetta. Cottage Industry is an important source of income in the villages
and large cities alike.
Chapter. 10
I. What are major imports and Exports of Pakistan?
Ans. Pakistan has a sizeable textile industry. So its major imports comprise machinery, fiber,
and chemicals required by textile industry. The single most important item of import is
petroleum. Iron and steel and machines come next.
Two other important items of import are tea and edible oil. Besides these essential items,
Pakistan also imports items of high technology like computers (hardware and software) and
mobile phones.
II. Write an account on Trade of Pakistan with major Trade Blocks of the world.
Ans. Pakistan has trade agreements with a number of trading blocks and countries in the
world. Eight of these stand out as major trade partners of Pakistan. Among these blocks
European Union stands as the major buyer of goods from Pakistan. Within this block Britain,
France, Germany, Holland and Italy buy Textiles and Rice from here. On the other hand China
stands as a major supplier of goods to Pakistan. Items purchased from China include both
machinery and gadgets. Collectively these partners account for about 65% of total trade of
Pakistan.