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GenMath Initial Release 13june
GenMath Initial Release 13june
General Mathematics
CORE SUBJECT
This Teaching Guide was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public
and private schools, colleges, and universities. We encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Commission on
Higher Education, K to 12 Transition Program Management Unit - Senior High School
Support Team at k12@ched.gov.ph. We value your feedback and recommendations.
DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
DepEd General Mathematics Curriculum Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Chapter 1 Functions
Lesson 1: Functions as Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
23
28
31
42
70
76
88
94
96
107
114
125
128
130
136
147
156
158
166
185
Chapter 7 Annuities
Lesson 28: Simple Annuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196
210
224
234
241
245
249
Lesson 35: Solving Problems on Business and Consumer Loans (Amortization and
Mortgage) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Chapter 10 Logic
Lesson 36: Propositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Lesson 37: Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
268
285
292
306
Biographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
319
Introduction
As the Commission supports DepEds implementation of Senior High School (SHS), it upholds the vision
and mission of the K to 12 program, stated in Section 2 of Republic Act 10533, or the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013, that every graduate of basic education be an empowered individual, through a
program rooted on...the competence to engage in work and be productive, the ability to coexist in fruitful
harmony with local and global communities, the capability to engage in creative and critical thinking,
and the capacity and willingness to transform others and oneself.
To accomplish this, the Commission partnered with the Philippine Normal University (PNU), the
National Center for Teacher Education, to develop Teaching Guides for Courses of SHS. Together with
PNU, this Teaching Guide was studied and reviewed by education and pedagogy experts, and was
enhanced with appropriate methodologies and strategies.
Furthermore, the Commission believes that teachers are the most important partners in attaining this
goal. Incorporated in this Teaching Guide is a framework that will guide them in creating lessons and
assessment tools, support them in facilitating activities and questions, and assist them towards deeper
content areas and competencies. Thus, the introduction of the SHS for SHS Framework.
SAYSAY: MEANING
HUSAY: MASTERY
SARILI: OWNERSHIP
2. MOTIVATION
3. INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
4. PRACTICE
5. ENRICHMENT
6. EVALUATION
Provide alternative formats for student work: written homework, journal, portfolio, group/
individual projects, student-directed research project
ii
Produce all forms of texts (written, oral, visual, digital) based on:
1. Solid grounding on Philippine experience and culture;
2. An understanding of the self, community, and nation;
3. Application of critical and creative thinking and doing processes;
4. Competency in formulating ideas/arguments logically, scientifically,
and creatively; and
5. Clear appreciation of ones responsibility as a citizen of a multicultural
Philippines and a diverse world;
Global awareness
Scientific and economic literacy
Curiosity
Critical thinking and problem solving skills
Risk taking
Flexibility and adaptability
Initiative and self-direction
Global awareness
Media literacy
Technological literacy
Creativity
Flexibility and adaptability
Productivity and accountability
Global awareness
Multicultural literacy
Collaboration and interpersonal skills
Social and cross-cultural skills
Leadership and responsibility
Media literacy
Multicultural literacy
Global awareness
Collaboration and interpersonal skills
Social and cross-cultural skills
Leadership and responsibility
Ethical, moral, and spiritual values
iii
iv
First Quarter
Hour 1
Hour 2
Hour 3
Hour 4
Week a
Lesson 1
Lesson 1, 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 3
Week b
Lesson 4
Lesson 5, 6
Lesson 6
Lesson 7
Week c
Lesson 7
Lesson 8
Lesson 8
Review/Exam
Week d
Lesson 9
Lesson 10
Lesson 10
Lesson 11
Week e
Lesson 11
Review/Exam
Lesson 12
Lesson 12, 13
Week f
Lesson 14
Lesson 14
Lesson 15
Lesson 15
Week g
Lesson 16
Lesson 16
Review/Exam
Review/Exam
Week h
Lesson 17
Lesson 17
Lesson 18, 19
Lesson 19, 20
Week i
Lesson 20
Lesson 21
Lesson 21
Lesson 21
Week j
Lesson 22
Lesson 22
Review/Exam
Review/Exam
Second Quarter
Hour 1
Hour 2
Hour 3
Hour 4
Week a
Lesson 23
Lesson 24
Lesson 25
Lesson 25, 26
Week b
Lesson 26
Lesson 27
Lesson 27 / Review
Review/Exam
Week c
Lesson 28
Lesson 28
Lesson 29
Lesson 29
Week d
Lesson 29
Lesson 30
Lesson 30
Review/Exam
Week e
Lesson 31
Lesson 31
Lesson 32
Lesson 33
Week f
Lesson 34
Lesson 35
Lesson 35
Review/Exam
Week g
Lesson 36
Lesson 36
Lesson 37
Lesson 37
Week h
Lesson 38
Lesson 39
Lesson 39
Lesson 39
Week i
Lesson 40
Lesson 40
Lesson 40
Lesson 41
Week j
Lesson 41
Lesson 41
Review/Exam
Review/Exam
vi
Core Subject Description: At the end of the course, the students must know how to solve problems involving rational, exponential and logarithmic functions; to solve
business-related problems; and to apply logic to real-life situations.
CONTENT
Functions and
Their Graphs
CONTENT STANDARDS
PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
CODE
The learner...
1. represents real-life situations using functions, including
piece-wise functions.
M11GM-Ia-1
2. evaluates a function.
M11GM-Ia-2
M11GM-Ia-3
M11GM-Ia-4
M11GM-Ib-1
M11GM-Ib-2
M11GM-Ib-3
M11GM-Ib-4
M11GM-Ib-5
M11GM-Ic-1
M11GM-Ic-2
M11GM-Ic-3
Page 1 of 5
CONTENT
CONTENT STANDARDS
3. key concepts of inverse
functions, exponential
functions, and
logarithmic functions.
CODE
M11GM-Id-1
M11GM-Id-2
M11GM-Id-3
M11GM-Id-4
M11GM-Ie-1
M11GM-Ie-2
M11GM-Ie-3
M11GM-Ie-4
M11GM-Ie-f-1
M11GM-If-2
M11GM-If-3
M11GM-If-4
M11GM-Ig-1
M11GM-Ig-2
M11GM-Ih-1
M11GM-Ih-2
M11GM-Ih-3
M11GM-Ih-i-1
M11GM-Ii-2
M11GM-Ii-3
M11GM-Ii-4
M11GM-Ij-1
M11GM-Ij-2
Page 2 of 5
CONTENT
Basic Business
Mathematics
CONTENT STANDARDS
3. basic concepts of
business and
consumer loans.
Logic
key concepts of
propositional logic;
syllogisms and
fallacies.
CODE
M11GM-IIa-1
M11GM-IIa-2
M11GM-IIa-b-1
M11GM-IIb-2
M11GM-IIc-1
M11GM-IIc-2
M11GM-IIc-d-1
M11GM-IId-2
M11GM-IId-3
M11GM-IIe-1
M11GM-IIe-2
M11GM-IIe-3
M11GM-IIe-4
M11GM-IIe-5
M11GM-IIf-1
M11GM-IIf-2
M11GM-IIf-3
M11GM-IIg-1
M11GM-IIg-2
M11GM-IIg-3
M11GM-IIg-4
M11GM-IIh-1
M11GM-IIh-2
M11GM-IIi-1
Page 3 of 5
CONTENT
CONTENT STANDARDS
CODE
M11GM-IIi-2
M11GM-IIi-3
M11GM-IIj-1
M11GM-IIj-2
Page 4 of 5
(x, y)
x
(x, y)
y
y
x
x
(1, 3)
(1, 4)
x2X
h
y
y = 17
x=7
X
y = 11
19
x = a
(a, b)
y
(a, c)
x=a
y 2Y
13
x=2
(d)
x
y
x
x
y
y = 2x + 1
y = x2
2x + 2
x2 + y 2 = 1
p
y = x+1
2x + 1
y=
x 1
(e)
y = bxc + 1
bxc
x=0
+1
[ 1, +1)
( 1, 1) [ (1, +1)
R
[ 1, 1]
f (x)
f (x) = 2x + 1
q(x) = x2 2x + 2
p
g(x) = x + 1
2x + 1
r(x) =
x 1
F (x) = bxc + 1
bxc
40
40
C(x) = 40x
A = xy
x + 2y = 100
A(x) = x(50
0.5x) = 50x
x
y = (100
0.5x2
300
1
m
t(m)
t(m) =
300
300 + m
8.00
1.50
d
0 < m 100
m > 100
x)/2 = 50
0.5x
F (d)
F (d) =
bdc
8
8 + 1.5bdc
0<d4
d>4
d
b4.1c = b4.9c = 4
25
100
100
100
T (x)
T (x)
15
1, 000
400
f (x) =
8
<1000
:1000 + 400dx
0x3
3e
x>3
700
f (x) = 700d x4 e x 2 N
150
130
110
100
f (x) =
8
>
>
150x
>
>
>
>
<130x
>
>
110x
>
>
>
>
:100x
0 x 20
21 x 50
51 x 100
x > 100
x2N
x
f
a
f (a)
x = 1.5
f (x) = 2x + 1
q(x) = x2 2x + 2
p
g(x) = x + 1
2x + 1
r(x) =
x 1
F (x) = bxc + 1
bxc
1.5
f (1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4
q(1.5) = (1.5)2 2(1.5) + 2 = 2.25
p
p
g(1.5) = 1.5 + 1 = 2.5
r(1.5) =
3 + 2 = 1.25
2x + 1
2(1.5) + 1
3+1
=
=
=8
x 1
(1.5) 1
0.5
g( 4)
r(1)
g(x)
r(x)
f
f (3x
1)
q(2x + 3)
f (3x
1)
f (3x
x
1) = 2(3x
q(3x + 3)
f (x) = 2x + 1
1) + 1 = 6x
q(x) = x2
2 + 1 = 6x
2x + 2
f (x) = x
(3x
1)
(2x + 3)
4x
6 + 2 = 4x2 + 8x + 5
f (0)
f ()
f (3)
f (x + 1)
f ( 1)
f (3x)
3x
f (x) =
4
x
f (1)
f (2)
f ( 1)
p
f ( 2)
2 2
f (1/x)
4x
f (2x)
2/x
f (x) =
f (3)
f (4)
f (12)
f (x 3)
1
f
1 x
f (x2 + 4x + 7)
3
p
x 6
3x 2
1 x
x2 + 4x + 4
|x + 2|
200
25
C(x) = 25x + 200
C(x)
2700
s(t) =
g = 10m/s2
5t2 + 100
3950
1
3
2
5
1 2
5
6
5+6
+ =
+
=
3 5
15 15
15
11
=
15
1
x
2
3
5
(x
1
x
2
x
x
x2
10
21
3)(x
5)
(x2
8x + 15)
5
2(x 3)
x 5 + 2x 6
+ 2
= 2
8x + 15 x
8x + 15
x
8x + 15
3x 11
= 2
x
8x + 15
15
8
10 15
25
35
6 2 5 6 3 5
25
=
=
21 8
37 222
6 3 7 6 2 2 2
28
x2
x2
x2
x2
4x 5 x2
3x + 2 x2
4x 5
3x + 2
x2
x2
5x + 6
3x 10
5x + 6
(x + 1)(x 5) (x 2)(x 3)
=
3x 10
(x 2)(x 1) (x 5)(x + 2)
(x
(x + 1)
(x5)
2)(x 3)
=
+ 2)
(x2)(x
1)
(x5)(x
(x + 1)(x 3)
x2 2x 3
=
= 2
(x 1)(x + 2)
x +x 2
g
f +g
(f
g)(x) = f (x)
g(x)
f g
x
f /g
g(x) = 0
g(x) = x2 + 2x
x+7
h(x) =
2 x
x 2
t(x) =
x+3
f (x) = x + 3
p(x) = 2x
v(x) = x2 + 5x + 4
(v + g)(x)
(f + h)(x)
(f p)(x)
(p
7) = 2x2
(v/g)(x)
f )(x)
(v + g)(x) = x2 + 5x + 4 + x2 + 2x
(f p)(x) = (x + 3) (2x
8 = 2x2 + 7x
21
x+7
2 x x+7
(x + 3)(2 x) + (x + 7)
= (x + 3)
+
=
=
2 x
2 x 2 x
2 x
6 x x2 + x + 7
13 x2
13 x2
1
x2 13
=
=
=
=
2 x
2 x
2 x
1
x 2
f )(x) = (2x 7) (x + 3) = 2x 7 x 3 = x 10
(f + h)(x) = (x + 3) +
(p
f (x) = 2x + 1
8) =
x2 + 5x + 4
x2 + 2x 8
q(x) = x2
2x + 2
r(x) =
f1 (x) = x2 + 3
q(x)
x2
+3
q(x) + f (x) = (x2
2x + 2) + (2x + 1)
= x2 + 3
= f1 (x)
f1 (x) = q(x) + f (x)
f2 (x) = x2
4x + 1
f (x)
2x + 1
x 1
q(x)
f (x) = (x2
q(x)
=x
2x + 2)
f (x)
(2x + 1)
4x + 1
= f2 (x)
f2 (x) = q(x)
f (x)
f3 (x) =
2x2 + x
x 1
2x2 + x
x 1
r(x) =
f (x)
r(x)
2x + 1
f (x) + r(x) = 2x + 1 +
x 1
(2x + 1)(x 1) 2x + 1
=
+
x 1
x 1
(2x + 1)(x 1) + (2x + 1)
=
x 1
(2x2 x 1) + (2x + 1)
=
x 1
2x2 + x
=
x 1
= f3 (x)
f (x) = (q
f )(x)
g1 (x) = 2x3
3x2 + 2x + 2
2x + 1
x 1
x2
4x + 1
2x3
3x2 + 2x + 2
f (x)
2x + 2)
2x + 2) + (x2
2x + 2)
2x + 2)
3x + 2x + 2
= g1 (x)
g1 (x) = f (x) q(x)
g2 (x) = x
r(x) =
f (x)
r(x)
2x + 1
x 1
2x + 1
f (x)
2x + 1
= (2x + 1)
r(x)
x 1
x 1
= (2x + 1)
2x + 1
2x + 1
=
(x 1)
2x + 1
=x 1
= g2 (x)
g2 (x) =
f (x)
r(x)
g3 (x) =
g3 (x) =
2x + 1
1
x
1
r(x)
r(x) =
f (x) = 2x + 1
r(x)
2x + 1
=
(2x + 1)
f (x)
x 1
2x + 1
1
=
x 1 2x + 1
1
=
x 1
= g3 (x)
g3 (x) =
r(x)
f (x)
2x + 1
x 1
1
x
q(x)
q(x) =
x2
(2x + 1)2
2x + 2
f (x) = 2x + 1
2(2x + 1) + 2
(f
(f
g)(x) = f (g(x)).
f (x) = 2x + 1
g(x) =
2x + 2
2x + 1
r(x) =
x 1
F (x) = bxc + 1
q(x) =
x2
x+1
(g f )(x)
(q f )(x)
(f
q)(x)
g)
2 [f (x)] + 2
2
2(2x + 1) + 2
= (4x2 + 4x + 1)
(4x + 2) + 2
= 4x2 + 1
(f
q)(x) = f (q(x))
= 2(x2
= 2x2
(q f )(x)
(f
2x + 2) + 1
4x + 5
q)(x)
(f
r)(x)
(f
r)(x) = f (r(x))
= 2r(x) + 1
2x + 1
=2
+1
x 1
4x + 2
=
+1
x 1
(4x + 2) + (x 1)
=
x 1
5x + 1
=
x 1
(F
(F
r)(5)
r)(5) = F (r(5))
= br(5)c + 1
2(5) + 1
=
+1
5 1
11
=
+1=2+1=3
4
f +g f
f g f /g g/f
f (x) = x + 2 g(x) = x2
x2 + x
f (x) =
f (x) =
f (x) =
f (x) =
x2 + x + 6 x3 + 2x2
x 1 g(x) = x2 + 4
p
p
x 1 + x2 + 4 x
x 2
1
g(x) =
x+2
x
x 2 1 x 2
+
x+2 x x+2
g g f f
g(x) =
p
1
1
+ x 2
x2
x
f (x) = x2 + 3x
f g g
1
x
1(x2
+ 4)
x2
1
x
+4
1
x 2
x(x 2)
x+2
x x(x + 2)
x+2
x(x 2)
1
x 2
g(x) =
x+2
x
1
x 2
1
+
x+2
x
x+2
1
x2
x2
4x
2
x
x 2
x
x(x + 2) (x + 2)(x
(x + 2)(x
2)
x
2)
p
x
1
p x2 x
x2 x2 x
g(x) = x
2
x2
2 x2 + 3x
2 x4 + 6x3 + 12x2 + 9x x
(f
(g f ) = x
f (x) = 3x 2 g(x) = 13 (x + 2)
x
2x
f (x) =
g(x) =
2 x
x 1
p
3
f (x) = (x 1) + 2 g(x) = 3 x
2+1
g) = x
p(x) = an xn + an
a0 , a1 , . . . , an 2 R an 6= 0
1x
n 1
+ an
2x
n 2
+ + a1 x + a0
n
a 0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , a n
an xn
an
a0
100, 000
y
x
y=
100, 000
x
x
y
750
g(x)
g(x) =
x
y
100, 000
+ 750
x
f (x) =
f (x)
q(x)
q(x) 6= 0
p(x)
p(x)
q(x)
q(x) 6 0
q(x)
v(t)
t
v
t
v
v(t) =
10
t
v
c(t) =
t
t = 1, 2, 5, 10
t
c(t)
5t
t2 + 1
c(t)
a
b
x
y
y =
a
x
+c
P (x)
P (x) =
b(t) =
t
b(t)
t = 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20
50t
t+1
0 t 20
2x2 + 800
x
x2 + 3x + 2
x+4
1
3x2
x2 + 4x
2
x+1
x3 1
1
x+2
x 2
1
(x + 2)(x
2)
p(x)
q(x)
q(x)
q(x)
f (x) =
p(x)
2
x
3
1
=
2x
5
5
x
2
x
x2 + 2x + 3
x+1
x2 + 2x + 3
y=
x+1
f (x) =
x
x
15
x 1
y = 5x3 2x + 1
8
x
8=
x
2x 1
p
x 2=4
x 1
= x3
x+1
p
7x3 4 x + 1
y=
x2 + 3
5
6x
0
x+3
5x4
6x7 + 1
x3
5
x
x+1
= 10
2x
x+1
10
2x
2
x
3
1
=
2x
5
10x
10x
2
10x
x
10x
3
2x
20
1
= 10x
5
15 = 2x
5 = 2x
5
x=
2
x
x+2
1
x
x
x+2
8
x2
1
x
(x
8
2)(x + 2)
(x 2)(x+2)
(x
x
2)(x + 2)
x+2
2)(x + 2)
(x
(x
x2
1
x
2)x
(x + 2) = 8
x2
3x
3x
10 = 0
(x + 2)(x
5) = 0
x=
2)(x + 2)]
(x
8
2)(x + 2)
10 = 0
x+2=0
x=2
= [(x
x
2
5=0
x=5
x=5
x
x
12 + x
25 + x
12 + x
= 0.6
25 + x
25 + x
12 + x
= 0.6
25 + x
12 + x = 0.6(25 + x)
12 + x = 0.6(25) + 0.6x
x
0.6x = 15
12
0.4x = 3
x = 7.5
x
60%
v=
v=
v
d
t
t=
d
t
d
v
5
v
v + 10
5
v+10
4
3
5
5
4
+
=
v v + 10
3
3v(v + 10)
5
5
4
+
=
v v + 10
3
3v(v + 10)
5
5
4
+ 3v(v + 10)
= 3v(v + 10)
v
v + 10
3
15(v + 10) + 15v = 4v(v + 10)
30v + 150 = 4v 2 + 40v
4v 2 + 10v
150 = 0
2v + 5v
75 = 0
(2v + 15)(v
15
v=
2
5) = 0
v=5
(a, b)
[a, b]
{x|a x b}
[a, b)
{x|a x < b}
(a, b]
{x|a < x b}
(a, 1)
{x|a < x}
[a, 1)
{x|a x}
( 1, b)
{x|x < b}
( 1, b]
{x|x b}
( 1, 1)
2x
x+1
2x
1
x+1
2x (x + 1)
x+1
x 1
x+1
x=1
0
0
0
x= 1
x=1
x=
1
x 1
x+1
x<
x=
x=0
1
+
( 1, 1) [ [1, 1)
3
x
<
1}
1
x
1
x 2 x
3x (x 2)
x(x 2)
2x + 2
x(x 2)
2(x + 1)
x(x 2)
x =
x=2
+
{x 2 R|x <
x>1
+
x+1
x 1
x+1
x<
1<x<1
<0
<0
<0
<0
x<
x=
1<x<0
x=
2(x + 1)
0<x<2
x>2
x=1
x=3
1
2
x
x 2
2(x + 1)
x(x 2)
+
+
{x 2 R|x <
0 < x < 2}
x
h
8 = x2 h
h
x
h=
8
x2
h>x
8
>x
x2
8
>x
x2
(2
8
x>0
x2
8 x3
>0
x2
x)(x2 + 2x + 4)
>0
x2
x = 16
x = 28
x=0
x<0
x=
2
x2
x
+ 2x + 4
0<x<2
x>2
x=1
x=3
x2
(2 x)(x2 +2x+4)
x2
+
0<x<2
x<0
x
x=4
1120
x
1600
x+4
1600
x+4
1120
x
10
1600
1120
x+4
x
160
112
x+4
x
160
112
1
x+4
x
160x 112(x + 4) (x2 + 4x)
x(x + 4)
160x 112x 448 x2 4x
x(x + 4)
10
1
0
0
0
x2
44x + 448
0
x(x + 4)
(x 16)(x 28)
0
x(x + 4)
16
28
x = 16
x = 28
0 < x < 16
16 < x < 28
x > 28
x = 10
x = 20
x = 30
x<
4<x<0
x=
x=
x
x+4
(x 16)(x 28)
x(x + 4)
x=0
+
+
x=4
4<x<0
x = 16
16 < x < 28
x = 28
3
2
=
x+1
x 3
2x
5
+
=2
x + 1 2x
x2
x
10
=
1
x2
x
4x
14
=
2
x
(x + 3)(x
(x + 2)(x
14 5x
x 1
9x
2
( 1, 3] [ [2, 1)
2)
1)
(x + 4)(x 3)
(x 2)(x2 + 2)
x+1
2
x+3
x
x2
[ 4, 2) [ [3, 1)
( 1, 5] [ ( 3, 1)
2
3x
4, 1
10
<0
( 1, 2) [ (2, 5)
3+x
6+x
f (x) =
f (x)
q(x)
q(x) 6= 0
p(x)
p(x)
q(x)
q(x) 6 0
s=
s=
100
t
d
t
q(x)
x
s(x)
s(x) =
100
x
s=
d
t
s(x)
x
s(x)
s(x) =
100
x
s(x) =
100
x
f (x) =
x
f (x)
10
x 1
x+1
10
10
2
1
f (x) =
x 1
x+1
E
x 1
x+1
x = 1
f (x) =
E
x=
E
x
f (x) =
x2
3x
x
10
x
x=0
6 x 10 x 6= 0
x
f (x)
4.5
2.67
x
f (x)
3.33
1.5
1
12
7
6
9
10
x=
x=5
x
x=0
x
x
p
p(x) =
12 + x
25 + x
p(x)
x
p(x)
25 + x
60(t + 1)
P (t) =
t+6
P
bc
t=5
60(5 + 1)
P (5) =
= b32.726c = 32
5+6
P (x)
t
P (t)
t
I
V
I=
V
R
R
I
f (x) =
x
f (x)
2.5
1.33
f
f (x) =
0.75
x 3
x+4
0.4
6x2 x
0.167
x=
x2 + x 6
x2 + x 20
x = 4, 5
6x2
x
f (x)
4
0.75
0.22
0.3
0.3
0.22
0
x=
3, 2
x
f (x)
x
x
y
x=0
x
x
f (x) =
x 2
x+2
{x 2 R | x 6=
f (x)
2}
x=
f (x)
x=
f (x)
x=2
x=2
f (x)
x
y
f (0)
f (0) =
2
2
f (x)
x
x
x=
x<
2
x
2.5
2
x
x
2
2
x>
2
2.1
2.01
2.001
2.0001
f (x)
f (x)
f (x) ! +1
x!
f (x)
2+
x
x
1.5
1.9
1.99
1.999
1.9999
f (x)
39
399
3999
39999
x
f (x)
2+
2+
f (x) !
x
x= 2
x!
2+
f (x)
x=a
x
x=a
f
a
x
f (x)
f (x)
x ! +1
x ! +1
x
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
x! 1
10
100
x ! +1
x!
1000
10000
f (x)
f (x)
x!
1+
f (x)
y=1
y = b
b
x ! +1
y=b
x!
f
1
f (x)
x
x ! +1
x!
x
x=
x=2
x<
x=
2<x<2
x=0
+
+
+
x
x=2
y
f (x) < 1
(2, 0)
f (x)
x!
x=3
x+2
x 2
x+2
2+
x>2
x ! +1
x!
f (x) > 1
x!
f (x)
f (x)
y=
y=1
x 2
x+2
f (x)
f (x)
( 1, 1) [ (1, +1)
f (x) =
4x2 + 4x + 1
x2 + 3x + 2
x x!
x
x = 1000
4, 000, 000
4x2
4x2 + 4x + 1
4x2
f (x)
x2
x
f (x) =
x ! +1
4, 004, 001
x2 + 3x + 2
x2
= 4
f (x)
y=4
2x2 5
3x2 + x 7
2x2 5
3x2 + x 7
2x2
2
=
2
3x
3
y=
f (x) =
3x + 4
+ 3x + 1
2x2
3x + 4
+ 3x + 1
3
x
2x
2x2
3x
3
=
2
2x
2x
0
x
y=0
f (x) =
4x3 1
3x2 + 2x 5
x
x
y
2
3
4x
3
4x3 1
3x2 + 2x 5
4x3
4x
=
2
3x
3
x
n<m
y=0
n=m
y =
n>m
a
b
x
y
y
y
x=0
x
f (x) =
3x2 8x
2x2 + 7x
3
4
x
( 1, 4) [ ( 4, 12 ) [ ( 12 , +1)
f (x)
f (x)
f (x) =
y
x
f (0) =
3x2 8x
2x2 + 7x
0 0 3
3
=
0+0 4
4
3x + 1 = 0 ) x =
3
(3x + 1)(x 3)
=
4
(2x 1)(x + 4)
1
3
3=0)x=3
2x
1=0)x=
1
2
x+4=0)x=
y=
3
2
f (x)
x
4,
x< 4
x = 10
3x + 1
x 3
2x 1
x+4
(3x + 1)(x 3)
(2x 1)(x + 4)
4<x<
x= 2
+
+
x
1 1
3, 2
1
3
1
3
<x<
x=0
+
1
2
1
2
<x<3
x=1
+
+
+
+
x
x>3
x = 10
+
+
+
+
+
y
x
x
x
f (x) =
2
x+1
f (x) =
(5x
(3x
f (x) =
2
x2 + 2x + 1
f (x) =
x2
x2
x+6
6x + 8
f (x) =
3x
x+3
f (x) =
x2
4x 5
x 4
f (x) =
2x + 3
4x 7
f (x) =
x
x3
f (x) =
(4x 3)(x 1)
(2x + 1)(x + 1)
f (x) =
x2 9
x2 + 4
N (t)
2)(x 2)
4)(x + 2)
1
4x
t
N (t) =
75t
t+5
0.
N
N (t)
t!1
t ! 1 N (t) ! 75
c
t
c(t) =
20t
+2
t2
0.
c(t)
c(t)
t ! 1 c(t) ! 0
x = 3
x =
5
9
f (x) =
(x 5)2 (x2 + 1)
(x + 3)(x 3)(x2 + 5)
y = 1
t!1
p =
V =0
p=0
p
V
V = 0.043
V
V
V = 43/1000
5
= (T F 32)
9
9
= T C + 32
5
200 F
93.33 C
120 C
x1 x2
y
f
x
248 F
f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 )
F (d) =
8.00
(8.00 + 1.50 bdc)
bdc
0<d4
d>4
d
F (3) = 8
y = x2
y = 2x
x
1
y
x
y
0
y
y=1
x = 1, 2, 3, 4
x=1
A
1
f
f (x) = y
B
y
B
A
f
f
1 (y)
=x
y
x
y = f (x)
x
f (x) = 3x + 1
x
y
y
x
y = 3x + 1
x = 3y + 1
x = 3y + 1
x
x
3
f (x) = 3x + 1
f (f
1 (x))
1 = 3y
1
x
= y =) y =
1 (x)
1 (f (x))
1
3
1
3
f (x)
f
=x
1 (f (x))
=x
g(x) = x3
x
y
1 (x)
f (x)
1 (x))
f (f
f
1 (x)
y = x3
x = y3 2
y
x
x = y3
p
3
g(x) = x3
x + 2 = y =) y =
1 (x)
p
3
p
3
x + 2 = y3
x+2
x+2
f (x) =
y=
x
y
x=
x=
2y + 1
3y 4
2x + 1
3x 4
2x + 1
3x 4
2y + 1
3y 4
x(3y
4) = 2y + 1
3xy
4x = 2y + 1
3xy
2y = 4x + 1
y
y(3x
2) = 4x + 1
4x + 1
y=
3x 2
f (x)
1 (x)
4x + 1
3x 2
f (x) = x2 + 4x
y = x2 + 4x
x
y
x = y 2 + 4y
y
x
x = y 2 + 4y
x + 2 = y 2 + 4y
x + 2 + 4 = y 2 + 4y + 4
x + 6 = (y + 2)2
p
x+6=y+2
p
x+6
p
y = x+6
f (x) =
x2
+ 4x
p
2 = y =) y = x + 6
x = 3 y
f (x) = |3x|
y = |3x|
f
f (1) = f ( 1) = 3
x
y
y = |4x|
y x = |4y|
x
x = |4y|
p
x = (4y)2
|x| =
x2 = 4y 2
x2
x2
= y2
4
r
r
x2
x2
= y =) y =
4
4
x = 2
f (x) = |3x|
y = 1
y =
y =
x2
4
k = 59 (t
k
32) + 273.15
t
t
k
9
(k
5
9
(k
5
5
k = (t
9
5
273.15 = (t
9
273.15) = t
k
32) + 273.15
32)
32
9
273.15) + 32 = t =) t = (k
5
t(k) = 95 (k
273.15)
273.15)
1
f (x) = x + 4
2
f (x) = (x + 3)3
3
f (x) =
x 4
x+3
f (x) =
x 3
2x + 1
f (x) =
4x 1
f
f
f
f
f
f (x) = |x
1|
1 (x)
= 2x 8
3
1 (x) = p
x 3
4x
+3
1 (x) =
x
3x
+3
1 (x) =
x 1
1 (x) = x + 1
4x 2
y=x
y = x
y=x
y=x
y=x
y=x
x
f
f (x)
1 (f (x))
=x
x
x
f (x)
!y
1 (y)
!x
y=x
y = f
{x | 2 x 1.5 }
1 (x)
y = f (x) = 2x + 1
f (x)
1 (x)
y = 2x + 1
{y 2 R |
y=x
3 y 4}
f
(x) = [ 3, 4]
(x) = [ 2, 1.5]
1 (x)
1
2
f (x)
1
x
1 (x)
[ 2, 1.5]
[ 3, 4]
[ 3, 4]
[ 2, 1.5]
f (x) =
f (x) =
1
x
y =x
y=x
f (x)
1 (x)
= f (x)
1 (x)
= f (x) =
1
x
f (x) =
f (x)
y=x
p
3
x+1
f (x) =
f
1 (x)
x3
p
3
x+1
y = x3
f (x) =
5x 1
x+2
f (x) = ( 1, 2) [ (2, 1)
f (x) = ( 1, 5) [ ( 5, 1)
x=2
y= 5
y=x
y=x
x= 5
y=2
f (x)
( 1, 2) [ (2, 1)
( 1, 5) [ ( 5, 1)
1 (x)
( 1, 5) [ ( 5, 1)
( 1, 2) [ (2, 1)
y=x
y=x
(x) = f (x)
f (x) = (x + 2)2 3 2 =
3(x + 2)2
2
x
y
y
x
0
3(y + 2)2
x=
,y
2
x=
3(y + 2)2
2
2x
= (y + 2)2
3
r
2x
=y+2
y 2
3
r
r
2x
2x
2 = y =) y =
2
3
3
x = 54
f
(54) =
2(54)
3
2=
108
3
2=
36
2=6
t
d
t(d) =
t=
d
12.5
d
12.5
d
12.5
t=
d
p
12.5
3
t=
d
12.5
d= p
3
t
12.5
d(t) = p
3
t
22.5
t = 6.5 d(6.5) = p
= 12.06
3
6.5
12.06
2=4
2x
3
f (x) = x2 + 1
{0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3}
f
x
1.25
3.25
7.25
10
1 (x)
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
f (x)
1.25
3.25
7.25
10
p
f (x) = 2 x
2+3
[2, 1)
f (x) =
[3, 1)
3x + 2
x 4
[2, 1)
( 1, 3) [ (3, 1)
( 1, 4) [ (4, 1)
x=a
1 (a)
=0
1/2
w
w = (3.24 10
l
l=
p
w/(3.4 10
3)
3 )l2
n
s
n=
2s
f (x) = bx
b
b > 0 b 6= 1
x = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2
y=
1 x
3
y=
10x
y=
(0.8)x
y = bx
x
y=
1
1
3
1 x
3
1
1000
y = 10x
1
100
1
9
1
27
1
10
y = (0.8)x
f (x) = 3x
f (2) f ( 2) f
1
2
f (0.4)
f ()
f (2) = 32 = 9
f ( 2) = 3
1
1
=
2
3
9
p
1
= 31/2 = 3
2
p
p
5
5
f (0.4) = 30.4 = 32/5 = 32 = 9
f
3.14159
f () = 3
33.14
3
b
b
g(x) = a bx
a c
+d
33.14159
t=0
t
t=0
t = 100
20(2)
t = 200
= 20(2)2
t = 300
= 20(2)3
t = 400
= 20(2)4
y = 20(2)t/100
y
y
y0
y = y0
t=0
t = 10
t = 20
t = 30
(2)t/T
y = 10
1 t/10
2
100, 000
6%
t
t=0
= 100, 000
t=1
t=2
t=3
t=4
t=5
y = 100, 000(1.06)t
P
t
r
A = P (1 +
r)t
y = 100000(1.06)t
t = 8
179, 084.77
y =
100, 000(1.06)8
159, 384.81
t
t = 10
200, 000
t
y =
100, 000(1.06)10
e 2.71828
e
e
e
f (x) = ex
T
T =
170165e0.006t
t
T
50, 000
t = 18
A = 50, 000(1.044)t
t
18
A = 50, 000(1.044) 108, 537.29
t = 10, A =
32, 577.89
A = 20, 000(1.05)t
t
10
20, 000(1.05) 32, 577.89
100, 000
x/250
y = 100 12
x = 500
y = 100
x=0
= 100
1 500/250
2
1 2
2
= 25
y = 1, 000(3)x/80
x=0
100/80
x = 100
y = 1, 000(3)
= 3, 948.22 3, 948
10, 000
A = 10, 000(1.02)t
A = 10, 000(1.02)12 = 12, 682.42
12, 682.42
4x
y = 2x
= 16x
2x
a bx
b 6= 1
72x
x2
1
343
52x
f (x) = 2x3
f (x) = 2x
y = ex
22 (5x+1 ) = 500
625
5x+8
+d
b > 0
f (x) = bx
b 6= 1
b>0
f (x) = (1.8)x
(1.8)x
5x+1 0
x
26
y =
a 6= 0
a0 = 1
a
1
an
r
s
r
s
a a = ar+s
ar
= ar s
asr s
(a ) = ars
(ab)r = ar br
a r
ar
= r
b
b
49 = 7x+1
7 = 2x + 3
3x = 32x 1
5x 1 = 125
x1 6= x2
8x = x2 9
x2 = 3x3 + 2x 1
2x + 3 > x 1
2x 2 > 8
bx1 6= bx2
b x1 = b x2
4x
= 16
4x
= 16
4x
= 42
1=2
x=2+1
x=3
4x
= 16
(22 )x
= 24
22(x
1)
= 24
2(x
2x
1) = 4
2=4
2x = 6
x=3
x1 = x2
43
x=3
16
125x
= 25x+3
125x
= 25x+3
(53 )x
= (52 )x+3
53(x
1)
= 52(x+3)
3(x
1) = 2(x + 3)
3x
3 = 2x + 6
x=9
9x = 3x+3
(32 )x = 3x+3
2
32x = 3x+3
2x2 = x + 3
2x2
(2x
3=0
3)(x + 1) = 0
2x
3=0
3
x=
2
x+1=0
x=1
= 42 =
y = bx
b>1
x
b < by
x<y
y = bx
0<b<1
bx > by
x<y
bm < bn
m<n
3x < 9x
m>n
3x < (32 )x
3x < 32(x
3x < 32x
2
2)
3>1
x < 2x
4 < 2x
4<x
(4, +1]
x=5
1
100
1 2
10
1
10
x+5
1
10
1
10
1
10
x+5
x+5
x+5
1
100
x=4
3x
1
100
3x
1 3x
102
6x
1
10
1
10
1
10
<1
x + 5 6x
5 6x
5 5x
1x
[1, +1)
x=1
x=0
y0
1
256
y = y0
1 t/2.45
2
y0
t/2.45
1
1
=
2
256
t/2.45 8
1
1
=
2
2
t
=8
2.45
t = 19.6
t=0
(0.6)x
> (0.36)
x 1
1 t/2.45
2
t
=
1
256 y0
(0.6)x
> (0.36)
x 1
(0.6)x
> (0.36)
x 1
(0.6)x
> (0.62 )
x 1
(0.6)x
> (0.62 )
x 1
(0.6)x
> (0.6)2(
(0.6)x
> (0.6)2(
(0.6)x
> (0.6)
(0.6)x
> (0.6)
3>
2x
x 1)
2x 2
3x > 1
1
x>
3
(0.6)x
x > 13
3<
2x
x 1)
2x 2
3x < 1
1
x<
3
> (0.6)
2x 2
3>
2x
x
162x 3 = 4x+2
2x
1
= 23 x
2
42x+7
5x
2
5
x=
1
2
x=
322x 3
1
25
4
25
4
2
5
8
3
29
, +1
6
( 1,
1
5]
x
7x+4 = 492x
4x+2 = 82x
5x+2 2x
2
3
=
3
2
x=2
x=1
2
, +1
7
f (x) = bx
b>1
f (x) = bx
0<b<1
f (x) = 2x
f (x)
x
f (x)
4
1
16
3
1
8
2
1
4
1
1
2
f (x) = 2x
f (x) = 2x
x
y
y=0
x
1
g(x) =
2
g(x)
x
f (x)
1
1
2
1
4
1
8
1
16
g(x) =
x
1
2
g(x) =
x
1
2
x
x
y=0
b > 1
b>1
0 < b < 1
f (x) = bx
0<b<1
f (x) = bx
b 6= 1
b>0
R
(0, +1)
x
y=0
f (x) = 2x
x
g(x) = 3x
f (x)
g(x)
x
f (x)
g(x)
y
x
1
f (x) =
2
x
x
1
g(x) =
3
f (x)
g(x)
x
f (x)
g(x)
f (x) = 5 x
1
1 x
= x =
5
5
3
x
1
y = 2x
y = 2x
y = 2x
y = 3 2x
y = 25 2x
y = 2x + 1
y = 2x 1
y = 2x+1
y = 2x 1
0.125
.25
.5
y = 2x
y = 2x
2x
y=
y = 3 2x
y=
2
5
y
1
y
2/5
2x
y = 2x + 1
y = 2x
0.875
0.75
0.5
y = 2x+1
y = 2x
y = 2x
y=
2x
y=2
y
x
y=
0.125
0.25
0.5
2x
y=
y=2
2x
y = 2x
y = 2x
y
y=
2x
y
y = 2x
x
y=2
x
y = 2x
y = 2x
y
y=2
y=
f (x)
y = f (x)
y = f ( x)
y = f (x)
y = 2x
y = 3(2x )
y = 0.4(2x )
y
x
y = 2x
y = 3(2x )
y = 0.4(2x )
y = 3(2x )
y
y=
y
2x
y
y = 0.4(2x )
y
y = 2x
R
y
y = 3(2x )
y
y = 0.4(2x )
y=0
(0, +1)
a>0
y = af (x)
y = f (x)
0<a<1
a>1
y
a
y = f (x)
y = 2x
y = 2x
y
x
y=
2.875
2.75
2.5
2x
y = 2x
y = 2x + 1
y = 2x + 1
R
y = 2x + 1
y = 2x
(1, +1)
( 3, +1)
y
y=
y=
2x
+1
y= 3
d
d>0
2x
y = 2x
y=1
d
y = 2x
y
y=0
y = 2x
y = f (x) + d
d<0
d
y = f (x)
y = 2x
y = 2x+4
y = 2x
y = 2x
y = 2x+4
R
(0, +1)
y
y = 2x+4
24
= 16
y=
x=0
22 = 0.25
2x 2
y=0
c
c>0
y = f (x)
y = f (x
c
c)
c
c<0
f (x) = a bx
+d
b>1
0<b<1
|a|
a
x
d
d>0
c
d<0
c>0
c<0
y = bx
y
y = 3x 4
x
1
y=
+2
2
y = 2x
y = (0.8)x+1
x
1
3
y = 0.25(3x )
y=2
y = 2x 3 + 1
x 1
1
y=
3
24 = x
43 = x
1 1
5 4
=x
16
1
2
=x
5x = 625
1
3x =
9
7x = 0
10x = 100, 000
x
x
log3 81 = 4
x
log2 32 = 5
34
b
= 81
logb x
25 = 32
log5 1 = 0
50 = 1
1
log6
= ( 1)
6
6
1
6
log2 32
log5 5
log7 1
log9 729
log 1 16
1
log5 p
5
4
1
p
5
1/2
a
b
b 6= 1
b
logb a
b
a
blogb a = a
logb a
log2 32 = 5
25 = 32
log9 729 = 3
93 = 729
log5 5 = 1
51 = 5
log1/2 16 =
p1
5
1
2
= 16
70 = 1
log7 1 = 0
log5
1
2
1/2
p1
5
logb a = c
bc = a
c = logb a
logb a a
log2 ( 8)
logb x
log5
1
=
125
log x
log10 x
e
e
ln
ln x
loge x
1
125
53 = 125
1
7 2=
49
102 = 100
2
2
4
=
3
9
(0.1)
= 10, 000
40 = 1
7b = 21
e2 = x
( 2)2 = 4
log5 125 = 3
1
log7
= 2
49
log 100 = 2
4
log 2
=2
3
9
log0.1 10, 000 =
log4 1 = 0
log7 21 = b
b=3
73 6= 21
b
71 .5645
ln x = 2
log m = n
log3 81 = 4
logp5 5 = 2
64
log 3
= 3
4 27
1
2
log10 0.001 =
log4 2 =
ln 8 = a
10n = m
41/2 = 2
34 = 81
p
( 5)2 = 5
3
3
64
=
4
27
10
= 0.001
10
1
1, 000
ea = 8
log 1031
R=
2
E
log 4.40
3
10
104.40
1012
1031
= 31
2
1012
2
log 4.40 = log 107.6
3
10
3
log107.6 = 7.6
log 107.6 = 7.6
2
R = (7.6) 5.1
3
E = 1012
107.6
R=
D = 10 log
I
I
10 12
10
12
106
60
85
90
100
10
D = log
10
10
6
12
= 10 log 106
106
log 106
log 106 = 6
D = 10(6) = 60
10
10
6
12
m2
[H + ]
pH =
log[H + ]
pH = log
10
1
[H + ]
10
log 10
( 5) = 5
log 10 5
log 10 5 =
log 10
5
log3 243
1
log6
216
log0.25 16
5
3
2
49x = 7
log49 7 = x
1
6 3=
216
102 = 100
4
log 11
2
121
ln 3 = y
log 0.001 =
log6 216 =
log 100 = 2
11
2
10
4
121
y
e =3
= 0.001
log3 (x
2) = 5
ln x
logx 2 = 4
y=
g(x) = log3 x
log 1 x
2
logx 2 = 4
log2 x =
log2 4 = x
logx 2 = 4
log2 x =
x
4
log2 4 = x
log
2x
=4
4
x
f (x) = 3x
x
f (x)
4
1
g(x) = log3 x
x
x
g(x)
1
81
1
3
log2 x = 4
logx 16 = 2
log 1000 =
log2 x = 4
24 = x
x = 16
logx 16 = 2
x2 = 16
x2 16 = 0
(x + 4)(x 4) = 0
x = 4, +4
x=4
log 1000 =
log 1000
3= x
x= 3
log3 81
34 = 81
log4 1
log4 3 = 0
log3 3 = 1
log4 42 = 2
log3 3
40 = 1
31 = 3
42 = 42
log4 42
b 6= 1
b>0
logb 1 = 0
logb bx = x
blogb x = x
x>0
logb 1
b? = 1
b
logb bx
bx
logb x
x
log2 14
23 = 8
24 = 16
23.8074 14.000
2log2 14 = 14
logb 1 = 0 logb bx = x
blogb x = x
log 10
log5
ln e3
5log5 2
log4 64
log 1
1
log5
= log5 5
125
1
125
5log5 2=2
log 1 = 0
10
D
D
D
D
D
I
= 10 log
I0 2
10
= 10 log
10 12
= 10 log 1010
= 10 10
= 100
pH = log[H + ]
3.0 = log[H + ]
3.0 = log[H + ]
+
10 3.0 = 10log H
10 3.0 = [H+]
10
log7 49
log27 3
ln e
1
3
3.0
m2
log7 73 78
49
log7
7
log7 73 + log7 78
log7 49
log7 75
5 log7 7
4
2
log2
log2 24
210
log3 (27 81)
log7 7
log2 210
log3 27 + log3 81
b > 0, b 6= 1
n2R
u > 0, v > 0
u
v
= logb u
logb v
r = logb u
s = logb v
u = br
v = bs
r = logb u
u = br
un = brn
un = brn
) logb (un ) = logb (brn )
) logb (un ) = rn
logb un
u
(logb u)n
n
n
logb u
log(ab2 )
3
3
log3
x
ln[x(x
log3 x) = 3
log 2 + log 3
log5 (x2 )
2 ln x
ln y
2 ln x
log5 (x2 )
2
log 5
2 = 2(1)
= 2(log 10)
= log 102
= log 100
1 = logb b
n logb u = logb un
100
5
= log 20
x2
x3
5)]
3 log3 x
3 log5 x
log 5
= log5
1
= log5 (x
x
1)
log5 x
log3 729
log9 729
log27 729
log1/27 729
log729 729
log81 729
3/2
log81 729
811/4 = 3
log81 729 =
log3n 729 =
3
2
6
n
a 6= 1, b 6= 1
a b
x
loga x
logb x =
loga b
log3n 729 =
6
n
log3n 729 =
log8 32
1
27
1
p
5
log243
log25
log3 729
6
= .
n
log3 3
n
36 = 729
(811/4 )6 = 729
log8 32 =
log243
1
27
1
log25 p
5
log2 32
5
=
log2 8
3
1
log3
27 = 3
=
log3 243
5
1
log5 p
1/2
5
=
=
=
log5 25
2
1
4
log6 4
log 1 2
log2 4
2
=
log2 6
log2 6
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
log 1 2 = =
=
=
=
2
1
ln 1 ln 2
0 ln 2
ln 2
ln
2
log6 4 =
log
x3
2
ln(2e)2
3 log x
log(x + 2) + log(x
log 2
(2e)2 = 4e3
log4 (16a)
2 ln 2 + 2
2 + log4 a
2)
2 log3 5 + 1
3
2 ln
ln 4
2
log(x2
4)
log3 75
9
ln
16
log5
2 0.431
p
1
log5 8, log5
, log5 2, log25 2
log25 8
16
1.2920, 1.7227, 0.2153, 0.2153, 0.6460
log 6 0.778
log 4 0.602
2
3
log6 4, log 24, log4 6, log
log
3
2
0.7737, 1.3802, 1.2925, 0.1761, 0.1761
logb x
b
x
logb x
f (x) = logb x
ab = 0
logb u = logb v
a=0
u=v
b=0
x
log4 (2x) = log4 10
log2 (x + 1) + log2 (x
log3 (2x
log x2 = 2
1) = 2
logx 16 = 2
1) = 3
3=0
a2
log4 (16) = 2
log2 (x + 1) + log2 (x 1) = 3
log2 [(x + 1)(x 1)] = 3
(x + 1)(x 1) = 23
x2 1 = 8
x2 9 = 0
(x + 3)(x 3) = 0
x = 3, 3
3
x=3
log x2 = 2
log x2 = 2
x2 = 102
x2 = 100
b2 = (a + b)(a
b)
log
a2
b2 = (a + b)(a
log2 (3 + 1)
log2 (31
log2 (3 + 1) = log2 (2)
b)
4 (16)
x2 100 = 0
(x + 10)(x 10) = 0
x = 10, 10
log(10)2 = 2
log x2 = 2
log x2 = log 102
x2 = 102
x2 100 = 0
(x + 10)(x 10) = 0
x = 10, 10
log(10)2 = 2
log(10)2 = 2
log(10)2 = 2
logb un = n logb u
log x2 = 2
2 log x = 2
log x = 1
x = 10
log x2 = 2 log x
(log x)2 + 2 log x
x>0
3=0
log x = A
A2 + 2A 3 = 0
(A + 3)(A 1) = 0
A= 3
A=1
log x =
x = 10
3
3
log x = 1
1
x = 10
=
1000
log
1
1000
log 10
x
2x = 3
2x = 3
log 2x = log 3
x log 2 = log 3
log 3
x=
1.58496
log 2
logb un = n logb u
log 1 x
1
8
1
8
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
log 1 x
log2 x
log2 x
1
8
1
8
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
log 1 x
log 1 x
log2 x
log2 x
logb x
0<b<1
b>1
x 1 < x2
x 1 < x2
<
>
log3 (2x
1) > log3 (x + 2)
log0.2 >
log3 (2x
2x
1) > log3 (x + 2)
2x 1 > 0
1>0
x+2>0
x > 12
x+2>0
x>
log3 (2x
2x 1 > x + 2
x>3
)x>3
1) > log3 (x + 2)
x
(3, +1)
log0.2 >
3
x>0
1
2
x> 2
x > 12
1
5
1
log 1 x > log 1
5
5
5
0.2 =
1
5
1
log 1 x > log 1
5
5
5
1
5
3 = log 1
3
1
x<
= 125
5
0 < x < 125
(0, 125)
2 < log x < 2
x>0
log 10
log 10
log 10
< log x
10
<x
1
< x < 100
100
1
, 100
100
EB
EN
EB
EN
7.2 =
2
EB
log 4.4
3
10
6.7 =
2
EN
log 4.4
3
10
log 102
3
EB
= log 4.4
2
10
EB
10.8 = log 4.4
10
EB
10.8
10
= 4.4
10
EB = 1010.8 104.4 = 1015.2
EB 7.2
3
EN
= log 4.4
2
10
EN
10.05 = log 4.4
10
EN
10.05
10
= 4.4
10
EB = 1010.05 104.4 = 1014.45
1015.2
= 14.45 = 100.75 5.62
10
EN 6.7
EB
EN
n
n+1
E1
E2
n=
E1
E2
E2
E1
2
E1
log 4.4
3
10
3
E1
n = log 4.4
2
10
E1
3n/2
10
= 4.4
10
3n
E1 = 103n/2 104.4 = 10 2 +4.4
3
E2
(n + 1) = log 4.4
2
10
E2
3(n+1)/2
10
= 4.4
10
3(n+1)
3(n+1)/2
E2 = 10
104.4 = 10 2 +4.4
3(n+1)
3
E2
10 2 +4.4
=
= 10 2 31.6
3n
+4.4
E1
10 2
n+1=
2
E2
log 4.4
3
10
n+1
A = P (1 + r)n
r
A
n
A = 2P r = 2.5% = 0.025
r)n
A = P (1 +
2P = P (1 + 0.025)n
2 = (1.025)n
log 2 = log(1.025)n
log 2 = n log(1.025)
log 2
n=
28.07
log 1.025
log
ln
ln 2
ln 1.025
x=0
f (t) = Aekt
t
f (0) =
Aek(0)
f (0) = 5, 000
= A = 5, 000
y=
y=4
ex + e
2
4=
8 = ex + e x
1
8 = ex + x
e
8ex = e2x + 1
e2x 8ex + 1 = 0
u = ex
u2 = e2x
u = ex
log5 (x
ex + e
2
8 = ex + e
u2 8u + 1 = 0
p
u = 4 15
p
p
4 + 15 = ex
4
15 = ex
p
p
ln(4 + 15) = x
ln(4
15) = x
y=4
p
p
ln(4 + 15) ln(4
15) 4.13
1) + log5 (x + 3)
1=0
log3 x + log3 (x + 2) = 1
1
ln x > 1
log 3
1.0959
log 3
e 2.7183
3x+1 = 10
(e, +1)
4x)
(0, 1/4)
f (x) = bx
f (x) = bx
y = f (x) = bx
y = bx
x = by
y = logb x
f 1 (x) = logb x
y = log2 x
y = log2 x
x
y
1
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
y = log2 x
y = log2 x
x>0
x
x=0
y = 2x
y = log2 x
y = x
y = log 1 x
2
y = log 1 x
2
1
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
y = log 12 x
y = log 12 x
x>0
x
x=0
y = log2 x
y = logb x
y = log 1 x
2
b
y = logb x b > 1
0<b<1
{x 2 R|x > 0}
logb x
y
x=0
y=x
y = bx
y = bx
y=
log2 x
y = log 1 x
2
y = 2 log2 x
x
y = 2 log2 x
y
y = 2 log2 x
1
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
log2 x
y = 2 log2 x
{x|x 2 R, x > 0}
{y|y 2 R}
x=0
x
y = log3 x
y = log3 x
>
1
y = log3 x
(9, 2)
(9, 1)
{x|x 2 R, x > 0}
{y|y 2 R}
x=0
x
x
x
y=0
0 = log3 x 1
log3 x = 1
x = 31 = 3
y = log0.25 (x + 2)
y = log0.25 [x
y = log0.25 x
( 2)]
2
y = log0.25 x
(0.25, 1)
( 1.75, 1)
{x|x 2 R, x >
x+2
2}
log0.25 (x + 2)
2
{y|y 2 R}
x
x=
f (x) = a logb (x
c) + d
b>1
0<b<1
a
x
f (x) = a logb x
d<0
c<0
d
c
d>0
c>0
d
c
y = logb x
y = logx (x + 3)
y = (log0.1 x)
y = log 1 (x
y = log 2 (x
1)
y = (log5 x) + 6
2
4) + 2
y = log6 (x + 1) + 5
log 2 0.3010
log 3 0.4771
log 5 0.6990
log 7 0.8451
21/3
51/4
21/3
51/4
21/3
n = 1/4
5
log n
log n =
1
log n (0.3010)
3
n
0.0744
log n
n 10
0.0744
1
(0.6990)
4
1
log 2
3
0.0744
n
0.0744
1
log 5
4
t
P
r
I
Is
Ic
F
r
t
r
t
Is = P rt
Is
P
r
t
P = 1, 000, 000
r = 0.25% = 0.0025
t=1
Is
Is = P rt
Is = (1, 000, 000)(0.0025)(1)
Is = 2, 500
P = 50, 000
r = 10% = 0.10
9
t=
12
Is
M
Is = P rt
Is = (50, 000)(0.10)
t=
9
12
Is = (50, 000)(0.10)(0.75)
Is = 3, 750
M
12
Is
1, 500
=
rt
(0.025)(4)
P = 15, 000
P =
Is
4, 860
=
Pt
(36, 000)(1.5)
r = 0.09 = 9%
r=
Is
275
=
Pr
(250, 000)(0.005)
t = 0.22
t=
Is = P rt = (500, 000)(0.125)(10)
Is = 625, 000
r = 7% = 0.07
t=2
IS = 11, 200
P
P =
Is
11, 200
=
rt
(0.07)(2)
P = 80, 000
P = 500, 000
Is = 157, 500
t=3
r
r=
Is
157, 500
=
Pt
(500, 000)(3)
r = 0.105 = 10.5%
P
r = 5% = 0.05
1
Is = P = 0.5P
2
t
t=
Is
0.5P
=
Pr
(P )(0.05)
t = 10
F = P + Is
F
P
Is
Is
P rt
F = P + P rt
F = P (1 + rt)
F = P (1 + rt)
F
P
r
t
Is
F = P (1 + rt)
t=1
Is = P rt
Is = (1, 000, 000)(0.0025)(1)
Is = 2, 500
F = P + Is
F = 1, 000, 000 + 2, 500
F = 1, 002, 500
F
F = P (1 + rt)
F = (1, 000, 000)(1 + 0.0025(1))
F = 1, 002, 500
t=5
Is = P rt
Is = (1, 000, 000)(0.0025)(5)
Is = 12, 500
F = P + Is
F = 1, 000, 000 + 12, 500
F = 1, 012, 500
F = P (1 + rt)
F = (1, 000, 000)(1 + 0.0025(5))
F = 1, 012, 500
F = P + Is .
P
P
r
r
t
t
I
I
1
2
I
I = 9, 500
F
P = 300, 000
P
t=5
F
I = 16, 250
r = 9.5%
F = 1, 016, 250
1
4
P
r
P (1 + r) = P (1 + r)
P (1 + r)(1 + r) = P (1 +
P (1 +
r)2 (1
P (1 +
r)3 (1
r)2
+ r) = P (1 +
+ r) == P (1 +
(1 + r)
r)3
r)4
1+r
r
F = P (1 + r)t
P
F
r
t
Ic
Ic = F
P = 10, 000
r = 2% = 0.02
t=5
F
Ic
F = P (1 + r)t
F = (10, 000)(1 + 0.02)5
F = 11, 040.081
Ic = F P
Ic = 11, 040.81
Ic = 1, 040.81
10, 000
P = 50, 000
r = 5% = 0.05
t=8
F
Ic
F = P (1 + r)t
F = (50, 000)(1 + 0.05)8
F = 73, 872.77
Ic = F P
Ic = 73, 872.77
Ic = 23, 872.77
50, 000
P = 10, 000
r = 0.5% = 0.005
t = 12
F
F
F = P (1 + r)t
F = (10, 000)(1 + 0.005)12
F = 10, 616.78
F
F = P (1 +
r)t
P
P (1 + r)t = F
P (1 + r)t
F
=
(1 + r)t
(1 + r)t
F
P =
(1 + r)t
P = F (1 + r)
P
P =
P
F
r
t
F
= F (1 + r)
(1 + r)t
F = 50, 000
r = 10% = 0.1
t=7
P
P
F
(1 + r)t
50, 000
P =
(1 + 0.1)7
P =
P = 25, 657.91
F = 200, 000
r = 1.1% = 0.011
t=6
P
P
F
(1 + r)t
200, 000
P =
(1 + 0.011)6
P =
P = 187, 293.65
Ic
Ic
P = 89, 632.37
Ic
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
m
i(m)
j
j=
i(m)
=
m
n
n = tm =
r, i(m) , j
r
i(m)
i(m)
= 0.02
0.02
= 0.02 = 2%
1
i(2) = 0.02
0.02
= 0.01 = 1%
2
i(3)
0.02
= 0.005 = 0.5%
4
i(1)
= 0.02
i(12)
0.02
= 0.0016 = 0.16%
12
= 0.02
i(365)
0.02
365
= 0.02
F = P (1 + j)t
j=
t
mt
i(m)
m
F =P
i(m)
1+
m
!mt
F =
P =
i(m) =
m=
t=
F = P (1 + j)t
F =P
j
t
i(m)
m
mt
i(m)
1+
m
!mt
P = 10, 000
i(4) = 0.02
t=5
m=4
F
P
j=
i(4)
0.02
=
= 0.005
m
4
n = mt = (4)(5) = 20
F = P (1 + j)n
= (10, 000)(1 + 0.005)20
F = 11, 048.96
Ic = F
P = 10, 000
i(12) = 0.02
t=5
m = 12
F
P
P = 11, 048.96
j=
i(12)
0.02
=
= 0.0016
m
12
n = mt = (12)(5) = 60
F = P (1 + j)n
= (10, 000)(1 + 0.0016)60
F = 11, 050.79
Ic = F
P = 50, 000
i(12) = 0.12
t=6
m = 12
P = 11, 050.79
!tm
i(12)
F =P 1+
m
0.12 (6)(12)
F = (50, 000) 1 +
12
F = (50, 000)(1.01)72
F = 102, 354.97
P =
F
i(m)
1+
m
!mt
F =
P =
i(m) =
m=
t=
F = 50, 000
t=4
i(2) = 0.12
j=
i(2)
0.12
=
= 0.06
m
2
n = tm = (4)(2) = 8
P =
P =
F
(1 + j)n
50, 000
50, 000
=
= 31, 370.62
8
(1 + 0.06)
(1.06)8
F = 25, 000
1
t=2
2
i(4) = 0.10
P
j=
i(4)
0.10
=
= 0.025
m
4
1
n = tm = (2 )(4) = 10
2
P =
P =
F
(1 + j)n
25, 000
25, 000
=
= 19, 529.96
(1 + 0.025)10
(1.025)10
i(m)
F
F
3%
1
m
x = = (m)
j
i
m
x = (m) ! 1
i
i(m)
m!1
x=
m = x(i(m) )
m
m
i(m)
!mt
i(m)
F =P 1+
m
(m)
1 xi t
F =P 1+
x
i(m) t
1 x
F =P
1+
x
x
x ! 1
1+
1
x
1
1+
x
x
e
i(m)
P
F
t
F = P ei
(m) t
P = 20, 000
i(m) = 0.03
t=6
F
F = P ei
F = P ei
(m) t
(m) t
P = 3, 000
F = 3, 500
i(12) = 0.25% = 0.0025
m = 12
j=
i(12)
0.0025
=
m
12
F = P (1 + j)n
0.0025
3, 500 = 3, 000 1 +
12
3, 500
0.0025 n
= 1+
3, 000
12
0.0025 n
log
= log 1 +
12
0.0025
log(1.166667) = n log 1 +
12
3, 500
3, 000
n = 740.00
t=
1, 000
n
m
300
F = 1, 300
m=2
i(2) = 0.12
j=
i(2)
0.12
=
= 0.06
2
2
t
F = P (1 + j)n
1, 300 = 1, 000(1 + 0.06)n
1.3 = (1.06)n
log(1.3) = log(1.06)n
log(1.3) = n log(1.06)
n=
log 1.3
= 4.503
log(1.06)
300
n=5
t=
n
m
5
2
= 2.5
1, 000
300
740
12
= 61.67
12%
n
n=5
n = 4.503
F = 15, 000
P = 10, 000
t = 10
m=2
n = mt = (2)(10) = 20
i(2)
F = P (1 + j)n
15, 000 = 10, 000(1 + j)20
15, 000
= (1 + j)20
10, 000
1.5 = (1 + j)20
1
(1.5) 20 = 1 + j
1
(1.5) 20
1=j
j = 0.0205
i(m)
m
i(2)
0.0205 =
2
(2)
i = (0.0205)(2)
j=
i(2) = 0.0410
4.10%
F = 2P
t = 10
m=4
n = mt = (4)(10) = 40
i(4)
F = P (1 + j)n
2P = P (1 + j)n
2 = (1 + i)40
(2)1/40 = 1 + j
(2)1/40
1=j
j = 0.0175
1.75%
i(4)
m
i(4)
0.0175 =
4
(4)
i = (0.0175)(4)
j=
i(4) = 0.070
7.00%
i(1)
i(4) = 0.10
m=4
i(1)
F1 = F2
P (1 + i(1) )t = P
i(4)
1+
m
!mt
P
(1 + i(1) )t =
i(4)
1+
m
!mt
1
t
(i)
(1 + i ) =
i
(i)
0.10
1+
4
0.10
1+
4
4
4
1 = 0.103813
10.38%
j
j = (1.025)4
F1 = F 2
P
t=1
t
i(12) = 0.12
i(1) =
m = 12
m=1
P
P
t
t
F1
F2
F1 = F2
!(1)t
!12t
i(12)
=P 1+
12
!
i(1)
0.12 12
1+
= 1+
1
12
i(1)
1+
1
i(1) = (1.01)12
i(1) = 0.126825%
i(2) = 0.08
i(4) =
m=2
m=4
P
P
t
t
F1
F2
F1 = F 2
!(4)t
!(2)t
i(2)
=P 1+
2
!4
i(4)
0.08 2
1+
= 1+
4
2
!4
i(4)
1+
= (1.04)2
4
i(4)
1+
4
i(4)
4
(4)
i
1+
4
i(4)
1+
4
i(4)
4
(4)
i
4
i(4)
1+
= [(1.04)2 ](1/4)
= (1.04)1/2
= 1.019804
= 1.019804
= 0.019804
= (0.019804)(4)
i(4) = 0.079216%
i(12) = 0.12
i(2) =
F1
m = 12
m=2
P
P
t
t
F2
F1 = F2
!(2)t
!(12)t
i(12)
=P 1+
12
!2
i(2)
0.12 12
1+
= 1+
2
12
!2
i(2)
1+
= (1.01)12
2
i(2)
1+
2
i(2)
42
i(2)
1+
2
(2)
i
1+
2
(2)
i
2
i(2)
2
i(2)
1+
F = 2, 000, P = 1, 750, m = 2, t =
(2)
= [(1.01)12 ](1/2)
= (1.01)6
= 1.061520
= 1.061520
= 0.061520
= (0.061520)(2)
= 0.12304
12.304%
i(m)
j = 0.016831504
2.43%, i(m)
j
= 0.2913
,t = 7
j
j = 0.06, n = 7
29.13%
j = 0.04, n = 28
F = 18, 000, P = 12, 000, i(m) = 12%
3.37%
t
, t = 3.48
t
R
F
P
P
0
F
R
P
0
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
F
3, 000
6
R = 3, 000
t=6
=1
P
0
F
R
R = 3, 000
t=6
i(12) = 0.09
m = 12
0.09
j=
= 0.0075
12
F
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
6
t=6
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)2
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)3
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)4
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)5
3, 000
= 3, 000
t=1
t=2
t=3
3, 000 6 = 18, 000
t=1
t=2
F
R
R
n
R
R(1 + j)
R(1 + j)n
R(1 + j)n
+ R(1 + j)n
1+j
F (1 + j) = R(1 + j) + R(1 + j)2 + R(1 + j)3 + + R(1 + j)n
F (1 + j)
F = R(1 + j)n
F [(1 + j)
1] = R[(1 + j)n
1]
1]
F =R
(1 + j)n
j
j
sn
F = Rsn = R
+ R(1 + j)n
R
j
n
(1 +
j)n
(1 + j)n
j
R
n
(1 + j)n 1
j
(1 + 0.0075)6
= 3, 000
0.0075
= 18, 340.89
F =R
R = 200
m = 12
i(12) = 0.250% = 0.0025
0.0025
j=
= 0.0002083
12
t=6
n = tm = 6(12) = 72
F
(1 + j)n 1
j
(1 + 0.0002083)72
= 200
0.0002083
= 14, 507.02
F =R
R = 3, 000
t=6
i(12) = 0.09
m = 12
0.09
j=
= 0.0075
12
P
P =
1+
3, 000(1.0075)
3, 000(1.0075)
3, 000(1.0075)
3, 000(1.0075)
3, 000(1.0075)
3, 000(1.0075)
i(m)
m
!mt =
3, 000
= 3, 000(1.0075) t .
1.0075t
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
3, 000
(3, 000)(1.0075)
= 2, 977.667
(3, 000)(1.0075)
= 2, 955.501
(3, 000)(1.0075)
= 2, 933.50
(3, 000)(1.0075)
= 2, 911.663
(3, 000)(1.0075)
= 2, 889.988
(3, 000)(1.0075)
= 2, 868.474
P = 17, 536.79
P =
F
=
(1 + j)n
18, 340.89
!tm =
= 17, 536.79.
.09 6
i(m)
1+
1+
12
m
F = P (1 + j)n
P =
F
(1 + j)n
P =
R(1 + j)
R(1 + j)
R(1 + j)
F
= F (1 + j)
(1 + j)n
R
n
.
R
(n 1)
R(1 + j)
1
1+j
P
R
R
R
R
=
+
+ +
+
2
3
n
1+j
(1 + j)
(1 + j)
(1 + j)
(1 + j)n+1
1
R
R
=
1+j
1 + j (1 + j)n
1
R
1
=
1
1+j
1+j
(1 + j)n
1+j 1
R
=P
=
1
1+j
1+j
j
R
P
=
1 (1 + j) n
1+j
1+j
P 1
Pj = R 1
P =R
(1 + j)
j
(1 + j)
(1 + j)
j
(1 + j)
an
P = Ran = R
F =R
(1 + j)
j
(1 + j)n
j
P =
F
(1 + j)n
R (1+j)j 1
F
(1 + j)n
P =
=
=R
n
n
(1 + j)
(1 + j)
j
(1 + j)
=R
(1 + j)
j
P = Rn = R
(1 + j)
j
R
j
n
P
(1 + j) n
j
1 (1 + 0.0075)
= 3, 000
0.0075
= 17, 536.79
P =R
= 200, 000
R = 16, 200
i(12) = 0.105
0.105
j=
= 0.00875
12
t=5
n = mt = 12(5) = 60
R
n
P =?
16, 200
16, 200
16, 200
16, 200
(1 + j) n
j
1 (1 + 0.00875)
= 16, 200
0.00875
= 753, 702.20
P =R
60
60
P = 100, 000
i(1) = 0.08
m=1
j = 0.08
t=3
n = mt = 1(3) = 3
R
P = 10, 000
0
R =?
R =?
R =?
P =R
(1 + j)
j
R=
=
P
1 (1+j)
j
100, 000
1 (1+0.08)
0.08
= 38, 803.35
F = Rsn = R
(1 + j)n
j
P = Ran = R
(1 + j)
j
0.2
365
30
30 365
12%
10%
R
n
F =R
(1 + j)n
j
F
R
n
R
j
n
R = 1, 000
n = 12(15) = 180
i(4) = 0.06
m=4
F
1, 000
1, 000
1, 000
1, 000
F
1, 000
179
180
i(12)
1+
12
i(12)
1+
12
F1 = F2
!12t
!12t
i(12)
1+
12
1+
!12
!4t
i(4)
=P 1+
4
!4t
i(4)
= 1+
4
= (1.015)4
i(12)
= [(1.015)4 ]1/12
12
i(12)
= (1.015)1/3 1
12
i(12)
= 0.004975 = j
12
(1 + j)n 1
j
(1 + 0.004975)180
= 1, 000
0.004975
= 290, 076.28
F =R
R = 5, 000
n = 2(10) = 20
i(12) = 0.25% = 0.0025
m = 12
F
5, 000
5, 000
5, 000
5, 000
5, 000
19
20
F1 = F2
!2t
!12t
i(12)
=P 1+
12
!2
!12
i(2)
i(12)
1+
= 1+
2
12
!2
i(2)
1+
= (1.00020833)12
2
i(2)
1+
2
1+
i(2)
= [(1.00020833)12 ]1/2
2
i(2)
= (1.00020833)6 1
2
i(2)
= 0.00125063 = j
2
(1 + j)n 1
j
(1 + 0.00125063)20
= 5, 000
0.00125063
= 101, 197.06
F =R
P
0
P =R
(1 + j)
j
R
j
n
R = 38, 973.76
i(4) = 0.08
m=4
n=3
P
P =?
0
R = 38, 973.76
R = 38, 973.76
R = 38, 973.76
F 1 = F2
!(1)t
!4t
i(4)
=P 1+
4
!
i(1)
0.08 4
1+
= 1+
1
4
i(1)
1+
1
i(1)
= (1.02)4 1
1
i(1)
= j = 0.082432 = 8.24%
1
(1 + j) n
j
1 (1 + 0.082432)
= 38, 973.76
0.082432
P =R
= 100, 000.00
R = 3, 000
i(2) = 0.09
m=2
n=6
i(12)
1+
12
F1 = F2
!(12)t
i(12)
1+
12
i(12)
1+
12
1+
!12
!12
!(2)t
i(2)
=P 1+
2
0.09 2
= 1+
2
= (1 + 0.045)2
i(12)
= [(1.045)2 ]1/12
12
i(12)
= (1.045)1/6 1
12
i(12)
= 0.00736312 = j
12
(1 + j) n
j
1 (1 + 0.00736312)
= 3, 000
0.00736312
P =R
= 17, 545.08
50, 000
1, 000, 000
20
50, 000
40, 000
40, 000
40, 000
40, 000
20
t=0
P = F (1 + j)
F1 = F2
!(4)(t)
!(1)(t)
i(1)
=P 1+
1
!4
i(4)
0.05 1
1+
= 1+
4
1
i(4)
1+
4
1+
i(4)
= (1.05)1/4
4
i(4)
= (1.05)1/4
4
i(4) = 0.012272
(1 + j) n
j
1 (1 + 0.012272)
= 40, 000
0.012272
= 705, 572.68
P =R
20
833, 526.17
t=5
F = P (1 + j)n
= 50, 000(1 + 0.05)5
= 63, 814.08
(1 + j)n 1
j
(1 + 0.012272)20
= 40, 000
0.012272
= 900, 509.40
F =R
1, 063, 814.08
P1 = F (1 + j)
20
= 118, 547.18
P2 = F (1 + j)
10
= 202, 669.25
= P1 + P2
= 118, 547.18 + 202, 669.25
= 321, 216.43
i(4)
1+
4
F1 = F2
!4(5)
i(4)
1+
4
1+
!20
!2(5)
i(2)
=P 1+
2
0.08 10
= 1+
2
i(4)
= (1.04)1/2
4
i(4)
= (1.04)1/2 1
4
i(4)
= 0.019803903
4
(1 + j) n
j
1 (1 + 0.019803903)
= 25, 000
0.019803903
= 409, 560.4726
P =R
20
(1 + j)
j
P
0
P = Ran = R
(1 + j)
j
R
j
n
R = 2, 500
i(12) = 0.09
t=1
m = 12
P
P =?
2, 500
2, 500
R
n
i(12)
0.09
=
= 0.0075
m
12
n = mt = 12(1) = 12
j=
P = Ran = 2, 500
(1 + 0.0075)
0.0075
12
= 28, 587.28.
n
j
P =?
0
2, 500
2, 500
2, 500
2, 500
2, 500
2, 500
2, 500
P 0 =?
0
P0
P 0 = Ran = R
P = Ran = R
(1 + j)
j
P = P0
(1 + j)
j
= 2, 500
= 2, 500
P = 35, 342.49
(1 + 0.0075)
0.0075
(1 + 0.0075)
0.0075
15
= 35, 342.49
= 7, 388.89
k+1
k+2
k+1
k+2
k+n
P
0
P = Rak+n
R
i
n
k
Rk = R
(1 + j)
j
(k+n)
(1 + j)
j
R
k+n
R = 10, 000
i(4) = 0.08
t=5
m=4
P
k = mt = 4(20) = 80
n = mt = 4(5) = 20
i(4)
0.08
j=
=
= 0.02
m
4
P
0
P = Rak+n
80
10, 000
10, 000
81
82
(1 + j) (k+n)
1
R
j
1 (1 + 0.02) 100
= 10, 000
0.02
= 33, 538.38
Rak = R
10, 000
100
(1 + j)
j
10, 000
(1 + 0.02)
0.02
80
R = 4, 000
i(12) = 0.10
t=2
m = 12
P
k=2
n = mt = 12(2) = 24
i(12)
0.10
j=
=
= 0.00833
m
12
k + n = 2 + 24 = 26
P
0
4, 000
4, 000
4, 000
26
(1 + j) (k+n)
1 (1 + j) k
R
j
j
26
1 (1 + 0.00833)
1 (1 + 0.00833)
= 4, 000
4, 000
0.00833
0.00833
= 85, 260.53
P =R
=
=
= 42.86
= 3%
= 500
= 200
15
200
500 0.03 =
= 3, 000.
15
= 0.03(500)(200)
= 3, 000
= 8
= 12
= 52
= 95
8
=
52
= 0.1538 = 15.38%
12
95
= 0.1263 = 12.63%
r
P
F
P =F
P <F
P >F
F = 300, 000
r = 10%
1
2
= 15, 000
F = 100, 000
r = 5%
= 10
= 2(10) = 20
= 4%
100, 000
0.05
2
= 2, 500
t = 10
P =
F
100, 000
=
= 67, 556.42
n
(1 + j)
(1 + 0.04)10
(1 + 0.04) =
i(2)
1+
2
!2
i(2)
= 0.019804
2
P =R
(1 + j)
j
= 2, 500
(1 + 0.019804)
0.019804
20
= 40, 956.01,
57.29
57.19
0.10 =
P = 1, 000, 000
j = 0.07
n=1
F
F = P (1 + j)n = 1, 000, 000(1 + 0.07) = 1, 070, 000
P = 1, 200, 000
= 31, 000
= (31, 000)(12
)(5
= 1, 860, 000
= 1, 860, 000
= 660, 000
1, 200, 000
=(
)(
= 3, 000, 000
600, 000
= 2, 400, 000
P = 400, 000
i(12) = 0.09
i(12)
0.09
=
= 0.005
12
12
n = 36
j=
R
R=
P
(1 + j)
j
400, 000
(1 + 0.0075)
0.0075
36
= 12, 719.89
P
0
k +n1 k k + 2
k
R
Bk
k+n
Bk
p OBk
R = 11, 122.22
i(12) = 0.12
i(12)
0.12
=
= 0.01
12
12
k = 12
j=
k = 48
Bk = R
"
(1 + j)
j
(n k)
= 11, 122.22
(1.01)
0.01
48
= 422, 354.73
P = 3, 200, 000
i(12) = 0.12
i(12)
0.12
=
= 0.01
12
12
n = mt = (12)(20) = 240
j=
R
P =R
R=
P
(1 + j)
j
(1 + j) n
j
3, 200, 000
=
1 (1 + 0.01)
0.01
240
= 35, 234.76
P = 3, 200, 000
R = 35, 234.76
n = 240
=
= 8, 456, 342.40
P = 3, 200, 000
i(12) = 0.12
i(12)
0.12
=
= 0.01
12
12
n = mt = (12)(20) = 240
j=
R = 35, 234.76
B50 = R
(1 + j)
j
190
= 35, 234.76
(1 + 0.01)
0.01
190
= 2, 991, 477.63
P R51
P R51 = R
B3 = R
(1 + j)
j
= 26, 379.75
(1 + 0.10)
0.10
= 45, 783.04
B1 = R
(1 + j)
j
R=
R=
R=
B2 = R
(1 + j)
j
= 183, 026.37
P
(1 + j)
j
P
(1 + j)
j
P
(1 + j)
j
34
= 16, 607.15
(1.06)
0.06
= 770, 973.65
30, 000
(1 + 0.0075)
0.0075
750, 000
(1 + 0.02)
0.02
500, 000
(1 + 0.01)
0.01
(1 + 0.01)
0.01
= 2, 623.54
12
= 102, 382.35
36
= 16, 607.15
34
= 476, 669.63
R=
R=
B6 = R
B8 = R
(1 + j)
j
P
(1 + j)
j
18
P
(1 + j)
j
300, 000
(1 + 0.025)
0.025
61
6
= 29, 994.20 6
4
(1 + j)
j
700, 000
(1 + 0.01)
0.01
12
= 32, 073.56
0.10
1+
12
0.10
12
(1.025)
0.025
48
20
18
= 18, 433.68
= 19, 244.14
7
7
7 = 499, 428.21
5
12
= 329, 003.03
P1 = R
P4 = R
(1 + j)
j
61
6
= 11, 485.35 6
4
7
7
7 = 33, 889.65
5
(1 + 0.08) 1
= 23, 190.42
0.08
I5 = j(P4 ) = (0.08)(23, 190.42) = 1, 855.23
P R5 = R I5 = 25, 045.65 1, 855.23 = 23, 190.42
(1 + j)
j
0.10
1+
12
0.10
12
= 25, 045.65
T
F
p
p1 , p2 , ...
p
q
r
s
t 3 + 2 = 5p
u f (x) =
v
w
p1
x
x+1
p
p2
p3
p4
q
r
r
3+2 = 5
t
22N
100 2 Z
2
/Q
2R
p
2<2
NZQR
u
f
v
w
w
w
w
w
p1
p1
p2
p2
p3
p4
2x = 1
(x + y)2 = x2 + y 2
x
x
q
p
p
p
p
<>
q
q
q
p r t
p
p1
p2
p3
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p1 p2 p3
p4
p1
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i
b
p3
h
g
p4
d
l
p1
p2
p3
p4
r
f
i
h
d
b
g
l
2.5
p
T
F
q
p
p
22
p q
23
=8
=4
p
p
2n
p
p:
p, )
p
T
F
p
p
n1
n2
n3
n4
p(x) =
2
x 1
x+2
p
F
T
p
n1
p(x) =
n2
x 1
x+2
p(x) =
x 1
x+2
n3
n4
n2
n2
p
p ^ q : (p
q, )
p^q
p^q
p
q
p
q
>3
p^q
p ^ ( q)
>3
p^q
>3
p ^ ( q)
( p) ^ ( q)
( p) ^ q
q
q
q:
p ^ ( q)
p^q
( p) ^ ( q)
p^q
p:
q
p _ q : (p
q, )
p_q
q
p_q
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r
p
q
r
p_q
q _ ( r)
p _ (q _ r)
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p _ (q ^ r)
(p ^ q) _ (p ^ r)
p _ (q _ r)
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p _ (q _ r)
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p_q_r
p ^ (q ^ r)
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( p) _ (q ^ r)
r
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q
p
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( p)
p
T
q^r
F
( p) _ (q ^ r)
T
p ! q : ( p,
p!q
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p1
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p1
p2
p2
p3
p3
p!q
p!q
q
q
p!q
p!q
p!q
p!q
p
q
2>0
2>0
p!q
2<0
2
2>0
2>0
2<0
2<0
2>0
p $ q : (p
q, )
p$q
p
q
p1
p2
p3
p1
p1
p2
p3
p3
p q
p
q
r
s
p ^ ( q)
p ^ ( p)
(q _ r)
(( p) _ q) ^ r
(p ^ ( q)) _ (r ^ s)
(q ! r)
(p ^ ( q)) ! (r ^ s)
p $ ( p)
(( p) ! q) $ r
p
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
p
p
p
p
p
p
p^q
p_q
p!q
p$q
(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
p
q
p
(p ! q)
p!q
q!p
(q ! p)
(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
p!q
q!p
(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
p$q
(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
p$q
(p _ q) ! r
p, q
r
23 = 8
p, q
p, q
(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)
p!r q!r
(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)
p!r
q!r
(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)
(p_q) ! r
(p _ q) ! r
p_q
p!r
q!r
(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)
p_q
(p _ q) ! r
s : [(p !
r) ^ (q ! r)] ! [(p _ q) ! r]
p!r
q!r
(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)
p_q
(p _ q) ! r
T
T
[(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)] ! [(p _ q) ! r]
p, q,
r
p_
p^
p ! (p _ q)
(p ^ ( q)) ^ (p ^ q)
T
p_
p
p
p_
T
T
F
p^
p
p
p ! (p _ q)
(p^ q) ^ (p ^ q)
p^
p^
F
F
q
p_q
p ! (p _ q)
p ^ ( q)
p^q
(p ^ ( q)) ^ (p ^ q)
((p ! q) ^ q) ! p
((p ! q) ^ ( p)) ! q
((p _ q) ^ p) ! ( q)
(p ! q) ! (q ! p)
( (p ^ q) ^ ( p)) ! q
(p ! q) ! (( p) ! ( q))
(p ^ q) ! p
p ! (p _ q)
(p ^ q) ! (p ^ q)
((p ! q) ^ p) ! q
((p ! q) ^ ( q)) ! p
((p ! q) ^ (q ! r)) ! (p ! r)
((p _ q) ^ ( p)) ! q
(( p) ! ) ! p
(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
p$q
(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
p$q
p,q
p,q
p$q
(p ! q) , [( p) _ q]
(p ! q)
( p) _ q
p!q
( p) _ q
(p ! q)
(p ! q) , [( p) _ q]
( p) _ q
(p ! q) $ [( p) _ q]
p!q
( p) _ q
(p ! q) $ [( p) _ q]
(p ! q) $ [( p) _ q]
p q
(p ^ ) , p
(p _ ) , p
(p _ ) ,
(p ^ ) ,
(p _ [ p]) ,
(p ^ [ p]) ,
(p _ p) , p
( p) , p
(p ^ p) , p
p _ (q _ r) , (p _ q) _ r
p ^ (q ^ r) , (p ^ q) ^ r
p _ (q ^ r) , (p _ q) ^ (p _ r)
p ^ (q _ r) , (p ^ q) _ (p ^ r)
p _ (p ^ q) , p
p ^ (p _ q) , p
p_q ,q_p
(p _ q) , ( p) ^ ( q)
p^q ,q^p
(p ^ q) , ( p) _ ( q)
(p ! q) , [p ^ ( q)]
(p ! q)
,
,
,
p
q
p ! q q ! p p ! q
p ^ ( q)
(p ! q)
p ^ ( q)
(p ! q)
(( p) _ q)
( p) ^ ( q)
p ^ ( q)
q ! p
p!q
q!p
p ! q
q ! p
(p ! q) , q ! p
q)
(q ! p) , ( p !
p!q
q!p
q ! p
p ! q
(p ! q) , q ! p
q ! p
( q)_ p
q_ p
p!q
p_q
(q ! p) , ( p ! q)
( p) _ ( q))
p ^ ( q)
q!p
p!q:
p ! q
( q) ^ p
q ! p :
q ! p :
p ! q :
( q ! p)
p!q
p!q
p
p
q
q
(p _ (( p) ^ q)) , (( p) ^ ( q))
((p ^ q) ! (p _ q)) ,
(p ! ( q)) , (p ^ q)
,
,
,
(p ! ( q))
( p_ q)
( p)^ ( q)
p^q
,
,
,
(p ! (q ^ r))
p _ (q ^ r)
(sin p _ q) ^ ( p _ r)
((p ! q) ^ (p ! r))
(p _ q) , (( p) ! q)
(p ! q) , (p ^ ( q))
(p1 ^ p2 ^ . . . ^ pn ) ! q.
p1 , p2 , . . . , pn
p1
p2
pn
)q
p1 :
p2 :
q:
(p1 ^ p2 ) ! q,
p1
p2
)q
A0
A0
p!q
q
)p
A
p!q
p
)q
A
p!q
q
p!q
p
q
p!q
p!q
A0
p!q
p
p!q
p!q
q
p
p!q
A0
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q
)p
!
)
q
p1 , p2 , . . . , pn
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p!q
(p ! q) ^ p
((p ! q) ^ p) ! q
((p ! q) ^ p) ! q
((p ! q) ^ p) ! q
p!q
p
)q
p q
(p ^ q) ! p
p ! (p _ q)
(p ^ q) ! (p ^ q)
((p ! q) ^ p) ! q
p^q
)p
p
)p_q
p
q
)p^q
p!q
p
)q
((p ! q) ^ ( q)) ! p
p!q
q
((p ! q) ^ (q ! r)) ! (p ! r)
p!q
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p_q
p
(( p) ! ) ! p
((p ! r) ^ (q ! r)) ! ((p _ q) ! r)
) p
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( p) !
)p
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) (p _ q) ! r
p:
q:
p!q
q
) p
p:
q:
p^q
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p:
q:
p
) p _ q,
p:
q:
r:
p!q
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(p1 ^ p2 ^ . . . ^ pn ) ! q,
p1 , p2 , . . . , pn
q
(p1 ^ p2 ^ . . . ^ pn ) ! q
((p ! q) ^ q) ! p
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p!q
p
p
p!q
T
(p ! q) ^ q
T
p!q
q
)p
((p ! q) ^ q) ! p
F
A0
B0
p q
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(p ! q) ! (q ! p)
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(p ! q) ! (( p) ! ( q))
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q
)p
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p
) q
p_q
p
) q
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(p ^ q)
p
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) ( p) ! ( q)
p:
q:
p_q
p
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p
q
p
q
q
q
p
q
F
[(p _ q) ^ p]
q
p_q
T
(p _ q) ^ p
T
[(p _ q) ^ p] ! q
F
p_q
q
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(p ^ q) , (q ^ p)
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q
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p
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p
q
p
F
p
T
q
F
p^q
F
(p ^ q)
T
(p ^ q)^ p
T
[ (p ^ q)^ p] ! q
F
p!q
p
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p
q
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r
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p ! q
q
) p
p ! q
p
)q
(p ^ ( q)) ! r
s!p
q ! ( u)
u^s
)r
p ! (r ^ s)
r
) p
p
p ! (r ^ s)
( r) _ ( s)
r
(r ^ s)
[( r) _ ( s)] , (r ^ s)
( r) _ ( s)
(r ^ s)
p ! (r ^ s)
p
(p ^ r) ! ( q)
( q) ! r
r
) (p ^ r)
(p ^ r) ! ( q)
( q) ! r
r
r
(p ^ r) ! r
(p ^ r)
(p ^ r) ! ( q)
( q) ! r
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r
(p ^ r)
(p ^ r) ! r
r
( q) ! r
( q)
(p ^ r)
(p ^ r) ! ( q)
( q) ! r
( q)
(p ^ r) ! ( q)
(p ^ r)
p_r
( r) _ ( s)
s
)p
s
r_ s
s
p_r
s
( s)
( r) _ ( s)
r
p_r
p
p_r
p!r
( r)_( s)
r ! s
p_r
p!r
( r) _ ( s)
r ! s
p ! s
s
( s)
( p)
p
b, e, c, d
b:
e:
c:
d:
b!e
c!d
b_c
)e_d
b_c
( b) _ c
( b) ! c
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( b) ! d
b!e
( e) ! ( b)
( e) ! d
(b ! e) , ( e) ! ( b)
( e) _ d
e_d
p!q
r!s
p_r
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t:
d:
s:
t_d
t!s
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d ! s
t_d
d
s
t!s
t_d
T
p_q
q
)p
p_q
q
p
t!s
T
d!s
F
p_q
((p _ q)^ q)
((p _ q)^ q) ! p
((p _ q)^ q) ! p
p
q
p_q
p_q
(p _ q) ^ (p _ q) ,
m
m = 2k
m
m = 2k
m
y
m = 2k
x+y
x
y
x = 2k1
y = 2k2
k1
k2
k1 + k2
x+y
ABCD mA = 90
mB = 90
mC = 85
ABCD
ABCD
= 90
360
mA + mB + mC + mD = 360 .
90 + 90 + 85 + mD = 360 .
mD = 95
ABCD
ABCD
C
mA + mB + mC + mD = 360 ,
90 + 90 + mC + 90 = 360
mC = 90
85
ABCD
ABCD
(p _ q) ! r
q
p_q
) r
(p ^ q) ! r
q
p, r
) r
p ! (q ^ r)
) (p ! q) ^ (p ! r)
( p _ q) ^ ( p _ r)
p ! (q ^ r)
(p ! q) ^ (p ! r)
p _ (q ^ r)
p ! (q _ r)
r!s
p, q
)p!s
p ! (r _ t)
r
) p
p
(p _ q) ! r
r
)p
r_ t
(r ^ t)
r, s
(p _ q)
p^ q
(p ^ q) ! r
r
q, r
)p
m
6
3
3
n = 6k
m = 3k
6
m
6
6
2k
m = 3k
3
n = 6k
k
m = 6k
3
m
a, b
3
c
p
a2 + 62 = (6 2)2
m = 3 (2k)
a2 + b2 = c2 ABC
p
6 2
ABC
a=6
ABCD