Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THE
SIKHS
OF THE
PUNJAB.
By
E.
R.
Late
PARRY.
of Officers
Indian
Army Reserve
Acting Captain and
Ludhiana
Sikhs.
Adjutant
Sometime
time
; some-
2/15th
attached
Sikhs.
London
DRANE'S,
Daneceld
82a, Farringdon
House,
Street, E.C.
4.
35tli
Dedicated
M.C.
Tc
Col.
C.
F.
W.
Hughes,
CONTENTS.
-o
Page
9
Preface
Chapter
"
the
of
Characteristics
11
History
and
Religion
Jat
"
ii
20
Sikh
3"
Sikh
Village
'1
The
Economic
43
Life
Geography
"
"y
of
(i)
The
the
Punjab
Control
"
of
ment
Environ62
5
"
(ii) Agriculture
and
tries
Indus-
,,
87
G
"
Recruiting
Methods
104
,,
Index
Bibliography
123
128
PREFACE.
This
of
giving
of
one
of
is written
with
public
general
Indian
loyal
most
our
in
Empire
of
its
though
it
yet
played
traditions
the
than
less
no
object
idea
some
few,
comparatively
share
in upholding
British
the
sects
are
small
the
the
to
numbers
no
book
little
of
theatres
six
war.
No
of
account
some
helped
mould
to
environment
Ludhiana
some
of
met
with.
the
finest
and
of
has
been
pronunciation
of
Some
attempt
imitated
it
is
Sikh
in
the
that
there
manhood
made
the
has
This
typical
especially
types
that
character.
Sikh
district,
out
with-
complete
environment
the
the
is
be
would
picture
true
are
give
to
the
words
Punjabi
used.
I
take
Professor
with
this
L.
of
some
and
Geography,
me
three
Notice
W.
of
opportunity
Lyde for having
the
Captain
photographs
of
errors
ideas
of
will
for
Burgess,
be
imbued
me
Economic
on
Sikh
thanking
giving
wrestlers.
most
R.
welcome.
E.
P.
Oct.,
1921.
the
of
Sikhs
The
I.
CHAPTER
Sikhs
The
of
orde*
is
did
the
to
not
are
"Khalsa,"
of
Sikh
These
Sikhism,
and
known
"
are
each
as
have
the
five
five
"
ii
Sikh
common
tained
obor
by
for
children.
signs
outward
Kukkas
only
Hindu
with
Elect.
(gate),
is
one
several
beginning
the
"
steel
belong-
is
it is quite
Thus
to
Sikhs
of the
Pahul
No
the
upon
true
an
Sikhism
brotherhood
water.
father
since
All
the
of birth.
virtue
but
race,
brotherhood
the
through
baptism
sword,
or
into
or
dissenters.
depend.
success
Initiation
tribe
Hindu
military
religion1 of the
its
HISTORY.
AND
KELSGION
Punjab.
the
letter
"
:"
of
K,
Outward
liSism!
THE
12
SIKHS
(1)
OF
"
Kes,"
wooden
or
"
(3)
comb
used
Kachh,"
and
dagger.
All
Singh,"
meatl
no
lion.
at least twice
day
to
the
food taken
down
turban
body
or
recognised;
break
be let down
;
blow
be
to
must
tobacco,
one
steel and
title of
the flesh of
sacramental
or
the
the
except
not
dish
common
be eaten
worn
is
caste
two-edged
from
by
be
must
and
must
caste
combed
be bathed
the
be
must
Sahib,"
Granth
read
morning
possible, before
The
The
the
"
ten
living are
1.
Gurus,"
as
Baba
2.
Angad
3.
Amr
4.
Ram
5.
Arjan
and
and
writings,
evening
and, if
meals.
spiritualteachers
Gurus.
sacred
or
follows
Nanak
whose
worn
following also
eaten
Parshad,"
a
must
"
decapitated
Kara
bear
Abstinence
top-knot
iron bracelet;
or
short
or
Kung-a,"
drawers
Kara,"
The
be
must
"Jhatka,"
from
white
Sikhs
true
or
animals
"
"
the
secure
Khanda,"
be observed, viz.
"
to
short
or
"
(5)
PUNJAB
or
next
"
THE
of the
Sikhs
names
in order
were
"
1469
to
1539
1552
1539
to
Das
1552
to 1574
Das
1574
to
1581
to 1606
1581
of
THE
OF
THE
PUNJAB
6.
Har
Govind
1606
to
1645
7.
Har
Rai
1645
to
1661
8.
Har
Kishin
1661
to 1664
9.
Tegh
1664
to
1675
1675
to
1708
10.
Bahadur
Govind
The
Singh
first Guru,
of
ment
with
mild
very
equal
were
did
and
life, but
amid
every-day
the
prayer
to
to
conception
sal
univer-
particular
live
an
of God
the
of
beginning
men
any
ascetic
lives,
pure
of business
scenes
Baba
-^anak-
he
All
was
and
upright
13
preached
"
God
not
live
to
were
He
of God
were
Thus
doctrine:
belong
not
Nanak'
by
sight
Men
religion.
environ-
an
influences.
gentle
born
was
amid
monotheism.
and
in
Nanak,
Punjab,
Mohammedan
imbued
was
Baba
in the
Lahore,
near
SIKHS
and
is
sure.
plea-
expressed
Sikh
morning
"
'
is one,
God
His
Creator, without
the
Timeless
never
ascetic
Candler,
womb,
Sikhism
Angad,
tendency
without
Formless,
is
is
mity,
en-
has
self-existing,
merciful."*
great and
Under
fear,
Being,
into
come
is true, He
name
"
among
The
Mantle
relapsed
its
of
into
disciples,but
the
East
"
p.
141.
an
this
Angad.
THE
14
Amr
Das.
Ram
Das.
OF
SIKHS
keld
was
Ram
in check
by
Das
the
the
the
and
in the
he
it
set
compiler
the
a
of
the
and
to
"
tenth
and
in
written
known
and
Arjan,
temptation
result
Sahangas
aiding
This
Guru's
at
death.
This
Adi
Granth
Bad
shah
the
Singh,
Adi
Granth
which
characters,
writing
is
are
of the Guru,
throughout.
could
with
meddle
Delhi
rebellion
severe
of
of Kabir
saints.
Govind
for
not
having
the
very
factor
taken
as
part
in
rule.
the
hastened
marked
the
Emperor
imprisonment
This
resist
politics,and
by
imprisoned
was
Sikh
or
writings
Daswen
or
the
was
the works
The
however,
to
the
the
Guru.
Punjabi
is metrical
Golden
and
the
by
Gurumukhi,
as
the
tank.
called
it from
last
is
worship
to
Sahib,"
from
written
Granth,
"
by washing
sacred
contemporary
distinguish
ki
in
contain
afterwards
was
flock
Granth
extracts
Ramanand,
book
Amritsar
Amritsar
foundation,
which
with
Nanak,
Goldcu
firm
on
scriptures,
at
the
of
water
x\rjan was
Arian.
Sahib,"
themselves
purify
to
holy
of the
Granth,
or
successor.
founder
Sikhs, who
book,
holy
Das, his
Immortality."
of the
Temple,
rT'k^
of
Lake
PUNJAB
Amr
Darbar
or
Mecca
the
was
"
Temple,
"
THE
turn-
fe II.
Some
of
Recruiting
Depot,
Regimental
Staff,
uudhiana.
.chlon
Road
Outside
Wall
Kulhur.
houses of menials.
of
Note
Typical
in
"
Gali
Sikh
"
or
Street
Village.
SIKHS
THE
ing point in
Har
than
it assumed
Kishin.
robber
Bahadar
was
little
"
"
the
of the
backbone
Govind
was
of
man
keen
Islam.
"
and
to
was
This
Khalsa,
"
Pahul
forming
sword.
he
accomplished
brotherhood
from
title of
"Singh"
the Pahul.
Govind
did
of Nanak,
but
added
portion
the
scriptures
shah
of
ki Granth,
to
together by
had
took
(Lion)
it.
"
which
against
by preaching
attack
not
His
arms.
onward
distinctive
gj
instituting the
signs, and thus
bound
now
pre-
read,
consolidateSikhism
five outward
Sikhs
at
Guru,
his
from
adept
an
attacking caste,
and
last
and
calibre
to-day
regiments.
intelligent, well
was
sportsman,
Pioneer
of
the
were
form
who
tenth
different
He
great work
the
who
title
These
Sikh
body,
Singh
the
Sikhs,
of the
Singh,
decessors.
the
Mazbhi
His
Govind
by
faithful.
or
and
sweepers,
with
Khalsa,"
Mazbhi,"
origin
three
by
Tegh
than
caught
was
on
the
the
taking
the doctrine
He
the
G0Vrjll(j
Har
more
Moghuls.
admitted
were
the
into
the
by
rescued
was
end
jjar
was
and
Tegh
in the
more
policy
Eai,
reward
little
was
Har
however,
as
military aspect.
Gurus,
at ])elhi
15
for from
Sikhism,
of
by
chief, and
executed
PUNJAB
soldier, whose
mercenary
THE
his successor,
Govind,
continued
history
the
onward
now
OF
also
Daswen
great
wrote
Bad-
stimulating
,-,")"'
16
THE
SIKHS
effects
OF
the
on
fanatical
Govind
Singh
waging
numerous
but
so
was
fly
to
border
with
17.07, the
desert
of
Moghul
especially
Bahadur
and
Mahrattas.
the
put
This
who
in
died
thirty
tank
at
Amritsar.
again, since
with
their
the
lives.
the
by
he
never
Deccan,
given
by
Moslem
an
death.
the
among
Sikhs
the
were
Moslems.
the
only roused
them
the
huls,
Mog-
rebellious
in the
Sikhs.
the
among
rebellions
the
by
however,
to
of provincial
under
were
hundreds
night-rides through
fell
by the Emperor
father's
the
Govind
in
thing
After
power
wound
years
qualities of
common
Patiala
expedition
avenged
oppression,
latent
in
Naderh,
of
the
Aurangzeb,
put down
at
forced
gradually
service
to
was
Mahrattas.
this
Sikh
death
to
took
life in
Moghuls,
produced
the
results
next
blackest
Emperor
growth
From
returned, and
The
on
the
which
sent
was
he
that
Empire
his
the
followers.
among
Shah,
Afghan,
with
being approached
on
of
rest
few
the
to
of his followers.
country
governors,
from
the
wars
only
pieces owing
Singh,
mind
spent
death, however,
"
PUNJAB
badly defeated
the
to
THE
It
was
indulge
to
lines
just
in
to
Only
few
ever
got
away
THE
India
In 1738
who
Sikhs,
Nadir
Shah
Shah
Abdali
of the
fort
Amritsar.
this time
Three
Punjab,
suitable
danger
had
for
of the
of these
the
his
bands
a
Sikhs
the
Singh's children.
and
of
did
sooner
and
Mah-
Sikhs
bands
so
at
under
in
some
powerful that
town
hated of Moslem
scene
mud
powerful chief.
more
became
of the most
Singh,
headquarters. The
brought about
enemy
into confederacies,or
no
fort erected
common
Misls," under
it
but
did Ahmed
times
of robber
mud
spot
union
one
small
the Sikhs
when
consisted
who
1763
to erect
rattas
the
invade
chief
his capital
the Punjab,
latter invaded
The
retire to Kabul
he
him, having
general disorder
near
Shah
Ahmed
leader
Sikh
stragglers and
wherever
possible.
assassinated, and
succeeded
Persians,
defeated
was
retire.
to
for bands
save
?.nv?i910n
the
baggage
was
at Kabul.
but
the'Punjab,
over-ran
harassed
the
plundered
17
the Persians
by
little resistance
with
meeting
invaded
was
PUNJAB
THE
OF
Shall, who
Nadir
under
of
SIKHS
the
This
M-
on
Sirhind,
towns, since
murder
town
of
In
was
of
Govind
plundered
Capture of
Sirhiml-
destroyed.
From
now
onward
of
Eanjit
THE
i$
SIKHS
OF
dissension, owing
power
between
Sikhs
of
the
cleverness
of
the
which
they
on
and
This
army.
opposition
him
helped
and
endurance
in 1839
owing
JTirst
and A
pany's
Com-
British
idea,
of
the army
much
decided
to
try and
lost
prestige by invading
This
brought
by
and
their
territory.
Sikh
Second
a
.
Sikii
Wars,
Wars.
loss
their
recover
British
the First
about
disorder
general
sirdars, alarmed
of
his
On
unmanageable
became
and
their
for
famous
discipline.
rulers,
The
Second
his
fluence
personal inobject. His
his
attain
became
resulted.
power,
and
pay
steady
weak
to
to
time
in
infantry
liberal
but
cultivators,
India
the
on
were
without
done
not
was
East
backbone
the
infantry
the
made
battalions
the
Following
modelled
army,
the
from
deserters
by
brought
He
His
system.
his
Peshawar
the
Multan.
and
the European
death
include
to
as
so
service.
he
deserved.
so
disciplined regular
self-
of
gradually extended
and
Punjab,
drilled
height
the
Valley, Kashmir,
about
struggle for
chiefs, robbed
that
to
conquests
the
to
petty
attaining
However,
Ranjjt
PUNJAB
Singh
government
Smgh.
THE
jab by
ending
the
by
in
the
British.
the
annexation
The
latter
of
were
the
Punso
pressed
im-
THE
SIKHS
Sikhs
the
that
15th
orders
several
raising of
service.
who
Sikhs,
the
Ludhiana
of the
regiment
Chitral,
Egypt,
in
known
well
too
to
latter
remember
It recruits
men.
of the
men
Frontier
as
to
been
the
to
in
Sikh
preserve
Indian
the
regiments
the
Army,
which
traditions
Col.
F.
soldier
are
but
it is
has
only
W.
Sikhism
and
have
of the
Hughes,
Neuve
in 1915-16.
well
tenets
in
paigns;
cam-
at
enumerated,
"
in
farmer
N.W.
Sikh
at
discipline and
splendid work
that
and
ment
regi-
did
the
be
14th
respectively
qualitiesof
the
British
for
especially
France,
Chapelle, and
The
and
for
the
its
for
district, tall
This
class.
given
The
Ludhiana.
splendid physique
PUNJAB
were
raised
famous
one
THE
corps
first
were
and
Ferozepore
were
Sikh
the
Among
is
OF
Singh's
especially in
done
so
much
'Khalsa.'
M.C
"*
19
II.
CHAPTER
CHARACTERISTICS
characteristmes
The
be
summed
patience,
both
task
and
of
his
to
irrigated
are
ment
environ-
is
seen
land
whole
stubborn
his
trait
of
love
the
his
needs
The
in
one
easy
no
throughout
dusk
attention.
character
is
cultivator
the
dawn
constant
his
qualities
from
derived
may
stubbornness,
These
and
Sikh
Jat
words
courage.
from
as
year,
the
SiKH,
occupation.
works
he
of
three
hereditary
The
of
"
and
and
in
up
jAT
THE
OF
litiga-
Litigation.
tion.
and
trivial,
there
will
He
is
the
yield
never
will
never
slightest
success.
20
point,
his
abandon
loophole
or
however
case
glimmer
if
of
SIKHS
THE
He
has
PUNJAB
of
which
inherited
his
from
officers, he
foe, is
corner
be
can
The
of the Ludhiana
for their
especially renowned
and
The
"
in
raised
dhoti,"
Bafa,
turban,
or
but
social
rank.
blouse
with
short
if
baggy
"
compulsory.
seldom
by
worn
person
For
"
are
is
some
Kurta,
cloth
only
or
army,
of
pair
or
to
the
of
high
kind
of
Kachh,
worn.
wearing
social
walking long
sign
Around
reaches
Paijanias,"
the
of
chaddar,"
the
and
feet.
sleeves, is
outside
of
loins,
the
on
usually
drawers,
Formerly
hiana
Lud-
15th
consists
head,
Sometimes
white
soldiers.
the
longer
wrorn
are
recruited
was
the
thrown
dhoti
The
knees
or
is
tight
upon.
the
Sikh
Jat
shoes,
or
shoulders
cloak.
on
ties,
soldierlyqualito
kilt, round
or
Punjabi juta,
the
the
of
to
in 1824.
Ludhiana
dress
by
district
liegiinent, which
Sikh
and
fame
brought
have
great
back
in
and
panic,
to
absolutely depended
Sikhs
J"t
out
trained
his
shows
never
addicted
never
him
ancestors
soldierlyqualities.In battle,when
British
Khalsa
the
marks
21
confrere.
Mussulman
his
THE
precepts
freedom
that
engender
from
and
religion
The
OF
worn
now
of them
trousers,
and
only
by
was
are
then
rank.
distances
the shoes
are
Dress.
22
THE
off to
taken
boots
with
one
saw
like
this
Sometimes
It
colours.
"
razai
tiger worked
winter
time
is
worn.
beautifully embroidered.
is
it in natural
on
life-size.
was
N.C.O.'s
In
"
seen.
off their
march, take
barefooted.
"
chaddar
"
I have
leather.
route
on
walk
and
PUNJAB
the
save
when
Sepoys,
THE
OF
SIKHS
sirdars
and
Sikh
in
regiments
Pilgri.
These
The
safa,
turban,
or
"
inner
colour.
"
forehead.
in
of the
wear
wear
"
stick,
under
certain
to
the
is of
when
on
"
only
are
of
yards
each
on
military
from
head
"; the
wear
Sikhs
35th
the
the
on
regiments
Sikhs
15th
pag."
a
knife, and
saddle
the
pihlapag,"
red
or
have
length
"
protect
small
is ten
folds
pag
wear
different
nine
"
pags
"
class
that
"
safa
"
or
short
sword.
"
white,
shows
pag
Different
lal,"
Sikhs
All
"
"
The
coloured
yellow
folded
so
usually has
cuts.
different
is
inner
origin, designed
sword
"
head.
of
pag
full-sized
length, and
side
"
"
villages.
green,
better
The
or
safa
triangle of the
be
may
"
in the
seen
pink.
or
pagri
The
coats.
bright-coloured waist-
seldom
are
blue, yellow,
an
of
fond
extremely
are
journey
carry
sometimes
seen
the
camel,
forbidden
as
latter
swords
by law.
long
curved
carried
over
Money
"~
1 11 IC
ill
Zaildar
SlALHUR,
and
LUDHIANA
Wearing
Singh
Kurta
and
Safa,
Nand
An
Safed-Post,
DlST
Old
"Haqr."
Sikh
Holding
a
Ladder
in ground
back-
LEADS
White
Dhoti.
Typical
TO
ROOF.
Edge
on
Scene
Desert.
Thar
oh
SIKHS
THE
is
"
THE
OF
generally carried
in
tied up
PUNJAB
of the
comer
23
chaddar."
Men
rarely
very
These
fond
extremely
are
often
are
worn
sioners
Pen-
ornaments.
wear
on
round
string
medals.
their
of
the
neck.
Sikhs
often
They
have
hoarding
them
expended
but
kar,
watched
to
is lent
out
has
money-lender, who
about
2|
generally
buried.
through
scarce
very
the
of
use
re-adoption of
All
During
one
the
this
of India
where
they
Honk
Kong,
are
are
employed
are
and
now
be
Many
adopted
East
to
rate
is
silver
habit,
be*
sitating
neces-
and
extremely
They
the
Sikhs
during
came
the
regard
to
war.
see-
to
*gr^*i
China,
work
at
Sikh
diers
sol-
by grants
of
policy
Mesopotamia.
Possibly the
with
to
Africa.
of
fond
love
police
on
being rewarded
money
Sikhs
world.
the
at
notes
rupee
in
Sahu-
out
war
ing
banked,
its Khatri
lends
Sahukar-
been
invested
or
or
gold coinage.
natives
prevent
have
Surplus
cent.
per
should
Moneylender
money.
is seldom
Money
Every village
or
came
with
which
money
surplus
any
careful
be
to
food.
on
camels.
of
extremely
are
same
England
They
as
valescents
con-
stayed
ai
24
THE
SIKHS
OF
Brighton,
the
King
and
and
delighted
The
1914
of
THE
from
there
London.
taken
were
They
to
see
especially
were
this honour.
at
Sikh
is
quite
old
linguist. Many
brought back a smattering
campaigners
French.
addressed
PUNJAB
by
astonished
was
be
to
once
"
orderly as
new
my
Bon
soir,
mademoiselle."
Sikh
Sikh
"Woman.
at,
women
the
at
as
often
are
The
The
with
silver
heavy
ankles
silver
The
anklets.
The
corated
de-
and
ears
bangles
generally
are
They
heavily
always pierced
ornament.
some
covered
is
of
dis-
they
faces.
but
bangles
nose
good look
stranger
enough,
silver
with
their
cover
handsome
shapes.
of
approach
hastily
or
appear
difficult to get
are
tains
con-
neck
are
chains.
and
hidden
brightest
and
by heavy
colours
are
worn.
The
Gujars,
dress.
The
bordered
black
womenfolk
with
bodice
with
with
Sikh
befalling
and
short
and
wear
wear
orange,
rarely covered,
stare
herdsmen,
or
red
return
dress
European-like
sleeves.
they
distinct
The
head
is
the stranger's
total indifference.
perform
women
the
grinding of
lot
corn,
of
the
all native
preparation
work
usually
viz.,
women,
of food
and
the
of
taking-
it
THE
PUNJAB
husbands
their
to
out
25
and
in the
brothers
OF
SIKHS
THE
and
cow-dung, drawing
the village well
of water
from
sidered
(as it is conto draw
wrater),
degrading for a man
Heinto raw
cloth, "c.
spinning of cotton
in the
sides all this, they help their husbands
hoeing, picking of
field, especially with
firewood
collecting of
cotton,
carrying
bundles
of
home
jowar
heads
their
on
(millet) and
cheiri
huge
(maize),
"c.
Women
their
apart
after
When
on
the
the
is not
She
In
of
swarms
pond
found
heaps.
child
at
the
round
the
of
in
the
the
is
one
walk
never
in
-like
more
is
rear.
on
each
children
and
better
far
Hindu
sister.
literallymeets
These
children.
sugar-cane
middle
meals
theirs.
walks
the
fringe of
or
the dung
harvest
long piece
have
combed
the
Others
other.
village well
habitually sucks
Many
parted
mud
During
wife
or
village
in the water
throw
or
had
she
partiallynaked
paddle about
have
Mussulman
Sikh
every
their
but
companion,
of
presence
have
always
woman
her
than
the
and
man
nevertheless,
servant;
treated
must
men-folk
journey
abreast;
are
but
husbands,
in
eat
not
must
"very
of
their
back
cane
hair
to
Sikh
26
SIKHS
THE
form
ribbon
; but
each
on
the
head
side
of two
the
on
plait
are
and
crown
back
the
at
of
embroidered
Food
Jat
to
has
Sikh
breakfast
our
corresponding
in the
is eaten
woik,
begins work
to
and
Sikh
at
**
maize
flour, mixed
dal.
Plenty
used.
The
"
which
plate
ground.
"
porridge
"chapatis."
of
millet
mirch,"
red
or
mixed,
The
fields is over,
is
in
on
most
and
"
is
cakes,
pan-
flat iron
in
resembles
spread
or
pepper,
hole
salt
flat-like
are
dal," which
brought
generally
and
"
fire
and
barley, wheat,
grilled brown
over
The
It consists
chapatis
are
placed
meal
first
hours'
is
with
"
of
three
or
This
made
ing
even-
The
at dawn
once.
chapatis,"
in the
always rises
by the women-folk.
out
ponding
corres-
one
dinner.
our
are
children.
one
for the
These
meals,
two
cal
cylindri-
silver.
by Pathan
worn
rings
noses.
velvet
wear
with
silver
with
in their
babies
wealthier
taps,
several
seen
quite
pierced when
noses
diameter
inches
The
the
one
"
bright red
plates of metal
of the
their
I have
young.
and
with
head.
Girls have
of
PUNJAB
addition
in
the
to
on
one
TH"
tied
OF
the
curry
on
work
substantial
the
in
one.
SIKHS
THE
addition
In
and
The
only
is
eaten
goats'
flesh.
been
slain by the
This
ceremony
goat's
the
of the
head
the
animals
include
the
bakers,
hot
sembles
earthen
taken
ventilation
and
native
circles known
N.C.O.'s
and
The
such
hare.
bakehsuses
"
as
or
Langu-
"Jhinwars,"
"
Khana.
during
superintend
the
the
meal
vegetables
is eaten
of
part
its
for added
serve
men
over
This
place
fire-
or
sit round
their
distribution
consists
(Saluna)
tindo.
three
with
re-
Bharoli."
"Pangat,"
evening
and
mud,
of smoke.
regiment
as
of
holes
Two
escape
such
"
chapatis
pitcher
out.
is known
food.
eaten
"
and
the
fireplace is made
an
surface
In
be
weather.
Sikh
the
prepare
stroke
one
Jhatka
where
i.e.,
neck.
communal
"
J'latka.
manner.
may
boar
wild
villages have
at
chase
"
have
Jhatka,"
of the
of
Lunga-Khana,"
"
"
ceremony
generally
certain
as
back
mixed
must
goats
in
killed in the
without
the
the
is
be severed
must
at
Animals
or
knife
is known
sword
Some
All
meat
potatoes
that
meat
27
vegetables
These
"dal,"
and
eaten.
are
PUNJAB
THE
"chapatis"
to
vegetables
and
OF
"
four
of
as
meals.
of the
chapatis
potatoes,
Chawl,"
times
in
or
a
boiled
month.
^hardi,
28
OF
SIKHS
THE
(ghi,
Parshad
Maha
THE
PUNJAB
is
chini, melted
and
ata
times
three
eaten
week.
Sikh
The
is not
Utansilfe.
cooking
Sikh
"
gets
Sikh
oi
allowance
an
instead.
milk
Cooking
he
meat-eater,
If
this sweetmeat.
loves
pots
made
are
brass,
of
or
pital."
comprise:
They
Thali
brass
"
"
plate
food
which
on
is
placed.
Katora
"
Garba.
"
small
brass
brass
bowl
cup.
boiling
for
used
milk.
Garbi
Tawa
iron
an
"
chapatis
Chamcha
Garra
well
by
In
\'illag" of
of
above
in
evening
every
the
the
the
plate
which
on
the
cooked.
are
earthern
an
the
All
bowl.
spoons.
"
"
brass
small
"
water
brass
the
jar.
utensils
scoured
are
village pond
at
or
the
women-folk.
covered
village
of
porchway
Gurm
may
of the
be
main
seen
gate
a
very
Gurm.
large- iron
cauldron
some
four
feet
in
THE
SIKHS
diameter.
used
for
"
the
surface
One
held
in the
is called
the
"
the
"
"
Fifty
is thus
The
silk
large
Sikhism.
cloth,
worshippers
The
sat
flies
thereon.
S
from
of
time
it from
long
He
white
was
beard
"
(Gate),
,."
Palml.
into
converts
The
All
feet
raised
the
was
priest,
the
as
by
in
hand,
picture,
the
host
to
old man,
with
the
offering.
an
sacred
by
of
large pink
switch
endeavoured
venerable
picture
thrown
to time
taining
con-
founder
a
were
streaked
were
dais,
embroidered
this
were
quoit, white
and
grey,
of
alight
with
and
,,
BaPti,ra-
bayonet.
defilement
vainly
This
iron
legs
coins
or
church.
Khalsa."
Nan"k,
front
was
baptism.
of
cross-legged behind
which
men
ceremony
baptised.
coloured
GrSnthi,
protecting
two
Pahul
Sikh
wore
which
to
on
"
The
Guru
In
that
or
safas, with
novice
of
through rings
so
or
altar consisted
a
by
"
were
shorts.
Each
It is carried
initiating
the
recruits
and
of
Sikh
of the
of
in white
bare.
in
taking
Brotherhood,
Pahul
kurta
big
ceremony
clothed
vessel,
29
is
and
occasion
pass
Gurudwara,"
the
Sikh
the
on
which
PUNJAR
it.
morning
"
Earaha,"
rice
of the
easily move
can
"
marriage.
or
of two) sticks
means
THE
is the.
boiling-the
shadi,"
on
This
OF
Granthi.
30
THE
SIKHS
wrinkled
the
face
THE
with
closed.
eyes
waved
have
suspended
at
him
white
the
altar, leaving
each
kneeled
and
at
with
poured holy
the
Guru
Wa
brotherhood
of the
Five
times
the
times
water
was
top-knot,
of
Kes
times
it is dashed
times
the
novice
initiator.
The
upright,
threw
aloud
the
as
added
title of
a
"
the
on
greeting,
and
or
Hail
five
and
after
the
floor, stood
red
cloth,
joined
lion.
or
Fifteen
cry
the
!)
five
"Jurah,"
fully-fledged Sikh,
Singh,"
(the
water,
eyes.
the
at
ji ka
victory,
kissed
coin
and
"
Fatten
the
the
repeated
ki
right
Guru
long hair,
or
one
Granthi
bowl,
to the
on
into
recruit
by
the
on
"Wa
drank
poured
the
cup-shape
both
and
novice
the
One
brass
ji
Guru
front,
in
the assistant
aloud
dais.
resting
called
sepoys
round
square
was
of the
open.
from
water
Siri
side
forming
cup-shape
time
same
Khalsa
time
same
In this
god.
two
clasped
front
hands, and
the
knee.
of
would
altar
while
each
which
or
the
on
the
idol
some
hands
sides
and
fro, one
above
on
with
three
formed
and
canopy,
one
ease,
immovable
sat
to
be
to
During"
yards
novices,
The
If not
three
Some
stood
he
mechanically
thought
PUNJAB
intelligentmien.
initial ceremonies
with
he
OF
the
with
peated
re-
gregation
con-
the
THE
All
SIKHS
THE
initiated in turn.
were
congregation,
'*
OF
"
durried
Meanwhile
sitting cross-legged
floor, looked
entered.
worshipper
PUNJAB
He
31
the
the
on
occasionally
on;
approached
the
altar,
^gh
or
Lion
flung
coin, kissed
the
repeated
prayer,
the
ground,
murmured
and
war-cry,
joined
the
congregation.
We
occupied
facing
the
which
off
altar, sitting
covered
by
sepoy,
long
in such
soon
we
the
"
the
were
the
the
with
for
easy
our
to sit
us
position,
cramped
with
together
steel
huge
sweetened
and
long before
of time
length
him
down
white
taken
trowels,
was
scarf
After
off, and
and
coins
scattered
bowl
iron
long naked
shoulder.
were
miniature
on
the
lay,
two
floor.
filled
now
the
with
Amrit.
Each
his
right
the
water,
knife.
putting
from
these
first ceremony
break
together
estimated
suspended
round
thrown
before
shoes, taken
scimitars
the
"
cloth
up.
All
sacred
feel
to
white
Our
not
was
the left,
on
uncomfortable
an
hours
left
It
began
two
on
floor.
were
outside.
topees
post of honour
or
recruit
lips
had
"
in the
done.
all caste.
twice
same
spot
This
ceremony
as
of
the
was
this,
one
to
SIKHS
THE
32
The
OF
novices
Granthi
then
began.
Two
to
hands
Kara
lump
For
Sikh
Betrothal.
us
from
all
to
It is
the
but
food,
white
ghi.
great delight
could
we
or
Sikhs
flour, and
to
"
do little
dais, addressed
spirits.
(cheers) concluded
betrothed
girls are
the
while
all stood
the
their
invoking
"Fattens"
clasped
sacred
sugar,
final ceremony
rising
Granthi,
it.
taste
the
Gurus,
the
caste.
congregation,
than
more
and
rhythmic
with
given
from
to
was,
altar.
was
given
was
of
ment
accompani-
very
the novices
irrespective of
made
the
but
departure
Parshad,"
it
as
cymbal,
one
the
the
by
principles
such
provided
music
the
of all the
Knrmai
music,
round
sweetmeat,
and
tomtoms,
moved
present,
the
the
Before
"
addressed
now
monotonous
To
chant.
PUNJAB
precepts
harmonium
small
Parshad.
were
the
on
Sikhism,
Kara
THE
Three
the
the
ringing
ceremony.
between
the
ages
or
of four
a
considerable
1,000
"
or
for his
Karmai,"
and
is
is
arranged by
of
gifts.
by
many
The
as
betrothal
friends
by
accompanied
exchange
The
obtains
much
as
daughter.
generally concluded
the girl'srelations.
is
girl'sfather
sometimes
sum,
rupees,
parties, and
rites
The
twelve.
and
of both
curious
ceremony
feast, given by
THE
The
to
take
should
fifth year
place
sets
betrothal, because
has
lucky.
fixed
been
on
round
betrothed's
house.
Accompanying
friends.
At
village and
are
feast
noise
sit before
A
Granthi
then
"chuddar"
places
to
prayers
is
his
over
four times
round
to
the
are
they reach
place in
the
sacred
ties
the
cloth.
shoulder
and
the sacred
At
the
groom
bride-
"
of
This
girl's
and
fire,or
corner
the
bride
east, the
chanted.
are
given
him
bridegroom-elect, the
take
Facing
house.
his
rejoicings. After
and
given by the
ceremonies
final
in
tions
by the girl and her rela-
met
much
with
dusk
for his
mare
on
dressed
bridegroom,
mounted
out
riage
mar-
first,third, or
ringlet of flowers
"r
is unable
man
the
33
money.
on
wedding
the
PUNJAB
considered
are
years
When
the
the
following
number
odd
unless
betrothal
pay
Shadi,"
or
"Karinai,"
THE
OF
"
marriage,
the
lows
SIKHS
agni."
the
girl's
bridegroom
leads
his
wife
bridegroom, and
girl'shand
the
marriage
is consummated.
The
wife
bridegroom
till she
fetches
ceremony,
does
is grown
up,
leave-taking,
not
when
This
"
or
with
live
he
comes
marks
his
and
another
Miiklawa."
Leave-
Jj^J^w"ar
THE
34
OF
SIKHS
PUNJAB
ceremonies
Marriage
unable
is often
man
THE
are
to
costly that
so
all his
pay
life through.
Once
Widow
Marriage
or
considered
married
he
Dalna
no
the
to
"
and
her
both
There
is to be
time
same
the
in
arms
the
at
done
the
put wristlets
relatives
The
that
Punjab
the
in
severe
epidemic
influenza
recent
I had
of
In
Kulhur
so
rites.
lay sick;
hundred
some
was
exceptional
is for
over
of
presence
are
parties.
D9atli
,r
Chaddar
as
"chaddar"
red
family, if
sheet).
that
All
throw
to
man
on
the
If
is often
"
is known
(throwing
girl'shead
Ritos.
This
is
family.
of the
brother
elder
ceremonies.
the
the
to
desires.
so
she
purchased
belonging
as
husband
*ne
Daina.
been
has
wife
the
at
Village of
Kuihur.
the
to
entrance
village
burning
eighteen
lay
that
showing
than
of
remains
about
thickly
in the
many
less
no
while
pyres,
pitchers
broken
ill
I counted
prime
them,
of life had
died.
Pahtf9
death,
Outside
procession.
and
body
the
and
sunset.
wood
place
take
Funerals
In
for
the
be
must
Pahir
front
the
on
one
pyre,
next
as
before
burnt
I watched
went
day
same
typical
carrying
followed
straw
the
Last
the
came
charpoy,
quite contrary-
be placed
The
that
in
a
there
had
man
at
vessel
earthern
amid
reaching
is laid
body
on
and
relatives
sit at
and
wash
the
body
that
for fear
man,
broken,
takes
with
pyre,
till the
distance
then
heir
takes
up
remained
the
stake
the
noticed
with
by
the
earth,
Autumn.
as
the
visitation
of
spread
soon
a
outbreak
1918
corpse
epidemic.
villages
everything
is
body
home.
epidemic
covered
The
breaks
and
pyre
the
straw
heir.
the
influenza
catching
in
cremation,
returning
relations
Diseases
native
other
young
before
well
was
no
of
the
been
applied by
smouldering
During
every
for
wooden
The
All
skull.
and
ground
On
have
place
some
half-consumed.
the
the
fire is
beneath,
from
time
same
lamentations.
great
On
sprinkled
the
been
would
pitcher
contained
the
to
denoted
was
rejoicing.
deceased
the
These
dashed
was
Qjrhi.
sirhi/'
vessels
; at
Sikh
Wooden,
body should
"
spot
bier
the
general
had
died.
on
usual
the
brass
certain
round
was
hand,
an
old
was
the
to
bier, or
of the
which
brass
35
red, and
in
corpse
that
wooden
on
circle
ordains
carrying
an
water,
This
men.
which
custom,
PUNJAB
wrapped
corpse,
four
by
carried
THE
two
mourners
OF
SIKHS
THE
36
THE
SIKHS
Allah
the
or
medicine.
Gurus,
and
the
Ludhiana
the
Some
often
effects
of
people
died
deaths
often
villages
medical
refuses
the
in
epidemic
exceeded
The
Jharmat,
had
Dehlon.
However,
villages.
assisted
and
x\ll
folk
life does
much
in
every
way.
^ne
mo9^
and
their
wrestling,
to
circuits
of these
"
athletic
foster
ka
their
which
m,
Ine
"
sport
The
.,.
wrestling
catch-Ss-catch-can
point
"
batants
coma
cloth, and
stout
earth
soft
of
is
for
save
long hair
protects the
sport
Khel."
of
slip made
ring consists
Vv resume.
of
loin
fine
Army
encourage
triangular
to
universal.
prowess.
and
when
owing
for
noted
The
drought,
prices were
Kursti
officers
of medicine.
universally popular
or
than
nearer
half-starved
are
and
physique
Jandiali,
took
heavy
any
Kulhur,
recruiting
High
Sikhs
The
over.
dred
hun-
Government
organised
were
of food.
shortage
the
after
came
village
clinic
British
of
Gurm,
distribution
in the
epidemic
The
In
from
villages
medical
no
action
prompt
cap
were
one
away
Pahir,
Gopalpur,
to take
hundreds.
miles
were
assistance.
Sinlhur,
the
PUNJAB
day.
Games.
THE
The
terrible;
Sports
OF
from
dirt.
freshly dug
P
ot
",
style
methods.
savours
Before
J
"
The
Start.
"r
"r**\
'
t
fisssii;
The
Sikh
End
Officers
Sight.
in
as
Umpires.
THE
the
of
SIKHS
the
start
combatants
off their
showing-
friends, and
takes
place.
place
when
are
matches
last
obtained,
so
"
One
I have
wrestler's
at the
the
high
have
knack
the
stamina.
"
of
kursti-
build
right
for
and
long jump.
The
usually practised.
more
lifting
of
the
knees
air.
the
Sikhs
was
Jumping.
both
into
fall
attitudes.
have
is
well
wrestling
seen
pictures
taken
fall is sufficient
is the
latter, however,
They
thighs
shoulders
before
in various
ing
admir-
of
hour
contain
youths
jumping
earth.
37
fond
to have
the
great
their
slapping
man's
an
wrestlers
Sikh
to
vanquished
All guest-houses
log
physique
victory.
PUNJAB
extremely
fall ia declared
with
for
THE
are
much
the
square
OF
well, but
run
are
useless
loner
at
"
Running,
..
In
distances.
with
curious
most
as
Sauti
This
is thrown
throw
bamboo
a
they
sprinting
hold
their
own
anyone.
A
"
iiiTi-
stone
between
Phankna/'
of
by
50
to
big
is thrown
stick
is known
throwing
the
stick,
I have
seen
The
yards.
enable
the
or
practised
end
One
cane.
the
game
the
and
is
stick
of this is
stick
index
to
placed
be
A
toe.
by the competitor,
at
the
zenith
stout
of
on
gripped
sault
somer-
who
the
leases
re-
arc
p^nkua
THE
38
SIKHS
OF
described, thus
air.
One
either
Heavy
'
Sikhs
weights
These
clubs,
in the
"
of thin
the
quoit
is
edge,
of
quarters
with
man's
quoit
of
in
Sikh
These
is to
neck.
All
form
takes
;
as
I knew
he
outer
edge
in diameter
from
three-
thrown
are
them
Sikh
to
hand
under-
spin in
on
level
regiments
wear
badge.
to
hockey, and
and
speed stand
kindly
His
save
chukars,"
measures
his stamina
and
combination
"
or
keep them
very
in good stead.
of
which
razor
blade
the
idea
some
clubs.
into disuse
quoits,
11" inches
and
lifting
officer
fallen
steel with
great player
him
with
often
with
twist, causing
The
air.
The
is
the
morning.
has
inch.
an
Sikh
every
some
for
are
Mugdar,"
These
Army.
to
One
throwing
made
Hockey.
feat
heavy
Mugdars,"
"
are
swinging
or
himself
Quoit
edge
the
passion
and
huge
one
exercised
with
have
weight.
kept
the
performed
saw
into
toe.
enormous
Throwing.
heavy
Quoit
PUNJAB
man
Many
Clubs
THE
points
weak
tendency
to
are
hit
lack
too
hard.
love
Sikhs
?nd*Native
evening
meal.
Music.
most
ears
are
small, and
together
chorus
The
weird.
rhythm
to
songs
The
plays
range
a
after
the
European's
of notes
large part.
is
One
THE
SIKHS
OF
THE
PUNJAB
clapping
Minstrels,
"niela,"
of
small
hands
fair.
the
the
bow
used
The
small
and
resemble
drums
the
emphasise
towards
of
with
lines
of
toss
the
facts
and
It
for
is the
headman
the
entrance,
hands
as
always
meet
the
a
the
then
at
touch
being
the
the
careful
not
song.
village Entering
to
extend
In
the
as
to
feet.
a
the
at
both
palm
of
is offered
visitor's
coin
which
local
of
use
stranger
rupee,
erect
minstrels,
entering
visitor.
silver
ning
begin-
the
into
doing
so
the
assume
must
in
and
towards
is
one
to
For
confidentially,
them
when
custom
to
players lean
making
interweaving
is
of
use
arms.
wandering
skill in
much
fingers,
singers,
whisper
These
bells.
great
seen
head
very
singing
the
chorus
of the
position again.
exhibit
have
audience,
the
The
make
their
sist
con-
small
at every
eight strings ;
with
times
At
times
at
bodies.
used
played with
words,
of the
instance,
has
covered
done.
of
guitar and
or
former
are
much
found
are
tambourines.
usually well
then
is
with
instruments
violin
The
drums.
motions
The
Sikh
semi-circle
swaying
"Ghlte-log,"
or
or
and
39
The
sonal
per-
latter
sign of acceptance,
take
it,
or
the
Sikh
THE
40
SIKHS
headman
Fairs
Melas.
OF
will expect
"
Village
lar, and
maidan
the
near
well
all
be
may
land.
common
of
manner
purchased,
minstrels,
strong
jumbled
ali
always
humanity,
smiles
and
to
fairs,
these
dumped
by
shaky,
by
drawn
and
the
sometimes
from
peep.
crouch
whose
Camels
on
ponies,
head-cover
no
save
"; the
durree
agricultural cart,
almost
huddled
their
"
"
black-hided
curtained
are
looking
with
monstrous
quated
anti-
drawn
wooden
solid
cumbrous
of
country-tonga
piece of faded
ragged
the
to
families
then
all kinds
wretched
two
or
one
life
conveyances
the
"
jostling
Everyone
enjoying
take
of
mass
and
move
outside
so
together
sprmgiess,
for
be
horse
iSikhs, "c,
seething
one
broken-down
and
and
cattle
full.
its outer
humouiedly.
to
seems
drinks
doctors, wandering*
the
on
good
another
one
in
of stalls,
on
Mussaimans,
up
forms
and
erected
men,
dealers, Hindoos,
are
is chosen
kinds
sweetmeats
are
for
suitable
trees
All
Jugglers, quack
edge.
either
with
popu-
part of the
where
shaded
very
crowd
vast
business.
or
"
fail's,
are
or
always draw
amusement
PUNJAB
present.
Melas,"
or
'
THE
"
obsolete
interior
veiled
together by
haunches,
byles ";
with
rath,"
women
the dozen
their
heads
brightest
of the
"razais"
with
heavily padded
saddles,
caparisoned
richest
and
gayest
41
their
sporting
beflowered,
and
beribboned
PUNJAB
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
colours.
in
held
honour
in
Bala,
of
Festivals,
February,
Bhaiwali.
"
in
held
usually
"
festivals
Sikh
list of
district
Ludhiana
the
BHAIWALI
is
is
following
The
disciple
of
Guru
Nanak.
HOLI
fairs
"
but
of Krishna,
image
"
Ghirudwaras
and
BAISAKHI
has
developed
now
much
and
buying
People
nock
Ludhiana
for
great
fair, at
Amiitsar,
cattle
from
this
(August)
made.
are
of
the
local
to
at
Amritsar
to
PLR
into
Holi.
great
held
"
selling
district
(jMJGA
processions
(May)
of
Sikhs
the
shrines
Hindu
rocking
the
among
and
held,
are
is
March,
with
identified
Saturnalia
in
held
usually
"
is
all
Baisakhi.
which
done.
parts
of
fair.
"
He
was
Mussal-
Guga
saint,
man
great
in
his
fair
the
greatest
is held
honour.
at
of
snake-kings.
Chhapar,
near
Dehlon,
Pir.
42
THE
SIKHS
OF
DIWALI,
Oiwali.
is
held
houses
the
at
latter
alight
are
as
on
particularly
they
Lamps.
Year's
This
with
the
on
of
edge
the
good
main
the
are
for
Thieves
road.
this
the
flat
seen
festival,
robbery
successful
luck
lamps.
of
edge
during
active
consider
and
ends
candle
minated
illu-
and
candles
places
All
Day.
whitewashed
dusk
the
brings
year.
New
Sometimes
roofs.
the
"
Hindu
on
PUNJAB
of
freshly
are
These
Feast
or
on
THE
rest
mitted
com-
of
the
III.
CHAPTER
Punjab
Sikh,
the
the
for
all the
keep
up,
Sometimes
towering
colouring,
catches
eye
mud
the
above
throws
eye.
the
back
From
naturally descends
the
house
white-washed
background
the
sun's
such
the
to
43
none,
almost
from
gathered
a
is
there
constructed
are
ascending
concentrically
colouring
houses
of
pool.
tier, like
its
culminating
embattlements,
in
with
castle
Norman
some
are
tier above
other
away
imposing and
rectangular,
very
buildings
each
rise above
distance
some
looks
village
All
dignified.
and
from
viewed
When
LIFE.
VILLAGE
SIKH
clusively
ex-
village
stands
mud
of
and
rays
building
village
the
wall.
THE
44
SIKHS
This
is not
purely
back
ja
as
of
and
height
massive
with
is
mud
from
single
from
and
with
All
these
life of the
the
from
and
animals.
field.
battle-
the
depicting
scenes
waist,
lines
come
i'roru
or
of
made
or
games,
the
to
fashioned
Galis
them
combats
stripped
"
immense
scenes
national
of
are
archway
{Sometimes
for
one
gates, made
supporting
cross-beam
Wrestling
then
These
timber,
figures represent
between
irregular height.
ward.
or
built
sense,
gates, generally
painted figures
Gurus,
Roman
line of
breadth
trunk.
crude
rectangular
brick,
tree
of
turned
roughly
of
the
houses
hissa,"
PUNJAB
in
villages have
"
each
means
continuous
All
es-
THE
wall
wall
form
Village
OF
of
uniform,
these
great
are
favourites,
warriors
dressed
carrying
muskets.
radiate
gates
in old-
winding
narrow
"
Streets
'
alleys
wide,
As
galis,"
or
shut
these
are
built
any
regard
to
village,
the
At
heavy
times
the
in every
turn
these
cumbrous
walls
simply
of
arrangement
eight
some
by high mud
in
without
twist and
are
where
conceivable
six
to
of
houses.
space
the
mits,
per-
general
"
galis
'
direction.
barely passable,
byles chewing
feet
their
for
cud
THE
Gateway
or
feeding
block
Entrance
of
the
across
the
alley.
to
access
serve
drying
as
and
the
there
storehouse
and
for
the
the
the
half-way
ladders
in
rough
against
bedroom,
(maize)
project
These
45
Streei.
or
"cherri"
fixed
houses
PUNJAB
Ga!l
and
permanently
front
for
or
Here
way.
THE
to
"niukhi"
on
the
ladders,
OF
SIKHS
are
in
summer
winter
crops.
used
as
The
46
Bhisti.
THE
SIKHS
OF
shoulder
from
and
"
pitchers,
village well
in
Lightly clad
"
sleeveless
vessels.
the
"
"
kurta
class
poorer
"
bangi
is
cross-beam
but
rich
The
like
in
the
scale
in the
their
top,
on
"
that
so
of four, two
Halfclad
on
hollow
from
view
women
load
and
of
cotton
their
faces
completely hidden
surrounding
cherri
"
an
earthern
usually
usually
in
two
sists
con-
rear.
and
carrying
mysterious
the
"
each
silently along,
from
or
The
to
another
men
of maize,
lap
over-
supporting
grass
move
the
"
work
frame-
square
with
in front
by
scales
rests
all kinds
heads
The
wooden
brightest of colours
in the
their
hid
veiled
but
give additional
bhisti's
the
water
is greatest.
fastened
gharra,"
or
of
so
demand
pieces of strong,
strain
feet
water.
pair
and
shape of
are
bare
his work,
own
replaced by
of which
corner
(kilt) and
so
the
are
pans
for
him
of two
centre,
where
strength
"
dhoti
in constant
is made
water
drinking and
pay
fetch
pliable wood,
earthern
(blouse), with
are
on
everywhere.
met
"
to
Bangi.
is
"
bangi
filled with
ragged
and
"
four
carrying
gharras,"
or
the
PUNJAB
quickly moving
one
THE
goods,
Old
wrapping.
fields
under
children
shuffle
a
by,
bundle
of all sizes
THE
SIKHS
OF
THE
PUNJAB
47
48
SIKHS
THE
smallest
the
"
"
the
among
fowls
and
THE
OF
PUNJAB
naked
entirely
"
byles
half-starved
lean
inhabitants
the
complete
gambol
"
dogs
of
the
streets.
The
"
galis
"
who
mud
the
along
half-wild
and
opposite
sides.
and
children
dogs,
more
mud
or
the
ing
housA
carts.
the
which
of
out
two
for
serves
animals
domestic
trough,
runs
This
the
of
courtyard
the
on
open
those
possess
enclosure.
of
houses
most
direct, except
well-to-do,
wall
of
fronts
cattle
feed,
Fowls,
thin,
about
run
promiscuously.
Most
Houses.
houses
generally containing
air
on
side,
one
of
those
two
"
the
is
few
"
Sirdars
no
of
need
chiefly
houses,
(chiefs),
the
to
open
there
storey,
one
rooms,
that
so
doors.
and
windows
only
possess
possess
well-fitting wooden
size.
on
other
each
over
rushes
the
forming
is
The
poy,"
only
or
placed
bedroom
summer
or
an
and
thick
can
autumn
is the
furniture
bed,
logs,
the
usual
ing
cross-
Sometimes
right angles.
at
placed
earth
of mud
layer
be
used
for
store-house.
"
char-
earthern
and
string
THE
SIKHS
biass
cooking
room
stands
gharra
the
usual
Sometimes
charpoy.
partition
one
PUNJAB
of
corner
is
side
raised
low
the
form
platof
from
the
the
mud
perforated
sleeper
49
drinking
resting-place
a
the
screens
THE
containing
the
against
mud,
of
In
pots.
a
while
water,
OF
passer-
by.
The
Sikh
outside
often
day,
the
themselves
wrap
head
the
as
The
nights,
but.
lodged
at
table-like
general
bed.
the
latest
If
the
visitor
is
brought
elders
on
with
and
their
the
guests
out
for
furnished
with
them
in
with
large
for
serves
used
are
gossip
a
as
who
each
with
important,
are
Lumbadars
heels
way
guests.
official,a
an
the
village elders,
discuss
and
are
porehed
of
side
gateways
the
at
dawn.
affair, which
for
other
bed
huge
sometimes
These
mosquito
travellers
in the
meeting-places
to
All
to
the
and
either
and
wooden
love
early
platforms
matting,
straw
cost
on
brick
raised
are
public
Here
gateways.
of
tree.
with
villages guests
the
middle
against
retires
always rises
small
In
under
prevention
the
in
up
Sikh
hites.
sleeps
always
"
charpoy
to
sit
having
a
on
or
"
is
;
if
usually
then
assembled,
semi-circle
to
the
the
sit
receive
5o
THE
SIKHS
OF
THE
official notifications
twice
or
but
this
which
its maximum
visit
My
for
When
would
October,
three
the
weeks
brought
War
Great
One
of
If the
P"harm-
Sala.
asked
"
These
situated
galis
above
the
large
?"
do
news.
the
was
best
my
to
geographical
was
"
of
the
an
honorary
Bulgaria
tiest.
scan-
was
the
is
level
the
Facing
raised
ground
gateway.
built of brick,
doors.
the
guest-house
main
usually
are
verandah
of
one,
is provided; this is
near
and
rooms
proper
'
dharni-sala,"
guest-houses
with
"
is
village
or
generally
if
more
latest
end
magnate
me
time.
Germany.
"
proper,
villagers
local
big
magistrate
capital
the
by
at
the
I would
question. Then
explain the situation, but the
of
1918,
all the
was
first
knowledge
fluenza
in-
recent
communication
account
because
welcome,
"
this
on
the
lages
effort, the outlying vil-
telegraph
post and
armchair,
an
in
off from
cut
One*
news.
with
During
rare.
outbreak,
were
the latest
or
provided
was
is very
reached
PUNJAB
and
the
feet
some
supported
by pillars.
In
village
the
Lahra.
hexagonal
way
up
Amongst
in
with
the
of
the
Lahra
shape, and
pillars
decorated
are
are
all the
wrestlers, stripped
"
to
the
PUNJAB
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
5i
I,
of
Pillar
diers
with,
baggy
wings,
the
"
head
"
"
the
at
horseback,
on
Lahra,
old-fashioned
muskets
ancient
sahib
Dharmsala.
slope, drilled
from
latter
birds
heron,"
to
or
the
animals,
deer, and
obtain
the
the
Western
feathered
green
"
life of the
conspicuous by
and
by
and
head-gear
halo
"
Gurus
round
the
chiefly parrots,
elephants.
I endeavoured
opinions of the
figures,
idea
which
of
Sikhs
exactly
angels, but
52
all I got
Frishta.
OF
SIKHS
THE
The
was
Sikhs
Hindus
"
Chandar
for
sacred
books
fairies
believes
they
as
supposed
and
(lean,
houses
guest
Sometimes
"
the
read
to
with.
met
in
The
evil
an
sense,
mankind.
harm
kept scrupulously
are
"
the
Sant
"
"
(Sikh
Sahib
Granth
or
Sikh
lagers.
vil-
the
are
Puranas,
spirits,demons
only
to
call
Sanskrit
are
the
Hindus,
invisible."
which
frequently
is
ideas, but
In
spirits,but
This
the
same
light."
are
are
These
the
of the
in
"
Gupta,"
"no
simply fairies."
are
Frishta."
"
have
words
and
they
meaning
word,
them
call them
Persian
The
"Oh
"
PUNJAB
THE
here
comes
Bible)
to
Sant.
visitors
'
others
and
'
Sant
Sahib,"
and
spends
meditating
his
cell to
bring food.
Gurra,
in
In
one
possessing
This
'
proved
Sant,"
retired
he
no
lived
to
the
for
the
be
him
the
six
in
"Granth
time
in seclusion
People
of the
gateway
built
was
save
visit
of
end
to
little cabin
high
with
On
the
his
up.
wandering
who
had
Here
days.
in seclusion,
months
food.
his
to
village of
hole
cell
the
village
communication
brought
found
religious mendicant,
or
The
outlet
to
in
of his
most
corner,
no
read
is
holy things.
on
receive
listen.
teacher
is well
village. He
to
care
religious
or
every
who
holding
villagers who
death
he
was
THE
with
buried
great
found
it with
protecting
held
sacred
touching
binding
its
The
oath.
of the
many
of
one
old
its
From
tree.
extracted,
to
its veneration.
leaves, he
will
the
this
he
as
native
was
sacred
medicines
doubt, adds
no
schools; I only
possess
or
swear
when
fact,
it
still possesses
Pipal
juices many
villages
Few
Under
learnt
Pipal.
is
tree
Hindus.
upon
is often
This
Sikh, who
and
are
53
Dharmsala,"
shade.
ideas
still looks
Hindu,
"
the
its
the
by
PUNJAB
(Ficus Religiosus)
outside
growing
THE
ceremony.
Pipal Tree
The
OF
SIKHS
saw
Schools-
This
one.
its
in
origin
to
desk
without
In
Schools
with
Urdu.
was
An
modern
last
owed
and
and
"
was
"
rack
maps
"
taining
con-
one,
for
apparatus
low
district printed in
completed
acquisition
curriculum
wall
of the
abicus
long
schoolmaster.
rolled-up
map
modelling
This
was
one
the
on
the
the
on
fourteen
noticed,
school
charpoy fronting
legs, for
corner
one
was
which
just
"
mat
and
sit on,
to
building
new
and
the
room,
nairow
The
walls.
"
of
Inspector
pupils
the
design
Sialhur,
at
was
outside
situated
simple
one
the
sign
astonished
board
card-
furniture.
of
me.
the
most
In
an
54
alcove
completed cardboard
of
number
wefe
PUNJAB
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
made.
to
"
lay
hand,
that
smoked
he
number
of
school
compound
square
little
mud
along
ran
wall
After
Jangpiir.
surrounded
to
Subadar
Major
lived
in
situated
camel
the
riding did
was
distance,
as
we
few
of the
wall.
flowers
in
low
(fair)at Oangpur, I
to
the
house
Singh
distance
not
went
as
my
name,
village
of
long
The
to
straight
of
mile
one
road.
main
take
of
by
neighbouring
a
of
playground.
Ludhiana-Jagraon
the
the
whole.
the
the
structed
in-
on
side
one
Narrain
"
on
with
visit
pay
Mullanpur,
from
as
edge
one
he
decided
who
used
plot of garden
bloom
while
situated
was
seemed
for counting.
to
easy
(pipe), which
"
haqr
suggest
desk,
schoolmaster's
the-
Near
cover
the
as
objective.
permitted for our
The
approached ultimately by a
village was
led straight to the heart
lane, which
narrow
usual
The
pool lay
of the place.
stagnant
standing
here
crops
close
to
source
the
narrow
left
under
court.
used
for mud
building of the
the
buildings, providing
houses.
for
stant
con-
repairing and
Bearing
sharply
an
archway,
we
entered
My
visit took
the
Sirdar
to
a
by
THE
surprise, but he
Entering a low
courtyard, where
taking
feed
tied up,
here
in
myself
of
Our
camel
was
painted
deer, and
and
furniture
charpoys,
one
table, brass
copied
I
honour,
while
eharpoy.
table, which
the
had
Gurumukhi
such
name,
armchair,
ajei
armchair
was
table
Subudar
were
Major
as
Major
sat
especially proud
showed
of
regiment.
of his
armchair
Subadar
wooden
number
and
the
these
of three
rough
pots, and
the
the
he
dog,
picture
it in
over
the Sahibs
He
represented
consisted
given
was
pictures
of therooru
cooking
from
were
"c.
The
glass bottles.
entirely English;
had
white
Each
written
TheDogTolim,"
The
They
I noticed
birds;
parrots.
was
appearance
itself. These
white, and
characters
the
trast
con-
inside
walls
The
and
roof.
pleasant
had
mud
lofty
distempered.
and
two
of
frame
such
quaint black
animals
local
with
floor, and
;
I found
room
glare.
wall
through
of wood.
square
bare
the
on
the house
made
large
with
adorned
"
cherri."
I entered
been
having
the
in
were
quite smooth,
were
was
me.
see
byles
outside
the
to
gate,
delightfully cool
was
to
55
of
door
PUNJAB
number
a
"
THE
delighted
wooden
and
walls, earthern
It
wa"
of
large double
OF
SIKHS
off to his
post of
on
of
friends
the
his
;
it
56
THE
OF
SIKHS
was
now
and
carefully covered
One
by
in, and
them
squatting
their
eyes
sitting
Jandiali.
but
all
size of the
from
which
the
build
their
houses.
and
entered
t^-is
village is
other, and
time
their
in
wrapped
of
kept
all the
in
me
One
engaged
in
territory,
Outsida
full of
children
mud
were
each
at
met
revenue
planned than
better
its main
the
on
of two
of
Sikh
to
straight.
fortune,
Maler-Kotla
edges, throwing
for
seen,
houses
mud
I wandered
evening
Naked
village was
brick
the
the
byles lay
and
is the Toba,
particularlyevil pool,
its
at
wide
evil-
an
village of Jandiali.
yards
knowledge
never
village. This
into
the
play round
have
They
crowd
slime.
loathsome
villagers obtain
border
the
This
village
quite
villages is found
with, the
other
the
"
stagnant
twenty
bras*
(blankets), discussing
Jangli bat
(dialect).
"
smelling
at
in
of
remained
heels
cloth,
'
local
over
was
the floor.
on
their
on
Outside
Toba.
liot milk
elders
there
soon
off me,
Chaddars
the
the
one
came
"
with; a white
was
cup.
PUNJAB
THE
gates
It also
local
English.
In
He
the
the
had
course
few
by good
Here,
official of
work.
fairly
were
possessed
storeys.
most
State
a
good
of
our
THE
I asked
conversation
such
allowed
the
walls.
this
one
time
but
this
all hides
been
like
vince,
that
is
Ludhiana
again divided
Each
Tehsil
"
police
areas
Each
its
manages
divided
into
Each
ward
for
revenues,
of the
is
by
and
into
Xeh.sil
under
Thaaa.
village is
or
"Patti."
headman,
is to
service
takings
Sani-
Deputy-
Each
business
which
and
self-contained, and
"Hissas,"
or
he
collect
gets
remits
village is
half-a-dozen
In
such
case
"
large
Lumbadars
the
head
it may
one,
"
"
the
to
tain
con-
(headmen).
Lumbadar
or
Hissa
or
Pattx-
the
five per
them
^yard
or
Tehsildars.
If the
tion.
Thanadars.
managed
His
three
Ziia, and
affairs.
wards,
Lumbadar.
cent,
unit
own
is
and
Administra-
Lud-
into
The
the
Tehsildars
village
of
up
again sub-divided
controls
the
are
Jagraon,
Thanas."
or
Commissioner
him
is
pro-
is divided
or
At
pooi,
every
Punjab,
was
up.
purposes
the
"
districts,
hiana.
of
it
the
in
given
that
alive.
were
washed
were
had
custom
had
he
villagers, but
grandfathers
administration
For
into
their
when
under
they always
there
exist
to
57
villagers
replied that
the
to
PUNJAB
the
why
pool
He
out
THE
him
loathsome
cottage
pointed
OF
SIKHS
"
i"
Lumbadar.
58
Zaildar.
"
teimed
control
over
his
as
OF
SIKHS
THE
Zaildar."
latter
smaller
ha"
villages
often
well
as
own.
Often
dar
PUNJAB
The
several
in
is
assisted
by
controls
some
generally
The
"
large
Saicdpost.
'
THE
headmen
"
Tehsil
"
Tehsilwho
Safedpost,"
dozen
often
and
"
the
villages.
"
the
"
Zaildars
P.itwari.
are
unable
generally
assist
them
in
their
or
and
To
They keep
or
the
lists of "Zamindars"
as
land
write.
Pfttwaris,"
appointed.
owners,
of births
"
work
such
village records,
and
read
to
boundary
records,
in Urdu
deaths, "c,
gister
re-
and
Gurumukhi.
1 found
the
Gurm
men
Village
universities.
In
shown
the
in the
Patwari's
khaki-buff
The
Kanuungo.
by
the
several
All
Zamindar.
"
Panchait.
of
and
from
work
of the
was
kept
were
of
gate
Urdu
in
only armchair
this
"
eastern
written
The
Indian
of Gurm
These
in the
were
came
in the
village
room
paper.
"
educated
the
intelligent
very
village records.
village,
village
"
Patwaris
been
had
; many
the
"
on
in the
room.
Patwari
Kannungo,"
who
"
has
ie
inspected
charge
of
villages.
true
Sikhs
"
Zamindars
voting
; as
in
the
possess
euch
land
and
they have
village council,
termed
are
the right
"
or
Pan-
THE
Tillage
The
council
members
dozen
which
acta
This
OF
Only Zamindars
chart."
SIKHS
of
the
as
Council,
consists
the
community,
"
its decisions
It deals
are
of lines, and
"
at ion
in extreme
from
the
"
or
the
under
large Pipal
rarely
all matters
land,
common
take
the
form
are
tree.
the
meetings
of
generally held
the village gate,
dars
Only the Zamin-
village menials
press
exmay
their opinion with their voices, like the
in the Witenagemot.
Their
opinion
ceorls
ajsc carries
weight.
some
village common
The
fixed
no
burial
gracing rights.
trees
studded
The
which
village
grow
are
used
be cut.
guest-house.
with
The
of
council
the
so
ghamlat
grazing
have
upon
money
Shamlat,"
trees,
landowners
land
to
"
or
It consists
All
ground.
the
land,
size.
land, generally
when
the
over
the
vote;
may
is of
which
"Dharmsala,"in
legal
no
of ex-communi-
cases,
is free to attend
Panchait,"
outside
Sirpanch."
brotherhood.
the
Everyone
upanc
of
one
very
with
of caste,
half
some
possessing
great authority
appealed against.
all
of
or
59
tax.
although
brotherhood, and
and
PUNJAB
land
pay
chairman,
exercises
power,
THE
and
equal
decides
common
obtained
of strangers
is
in the
or
Village
""draon
THE
6o
SIKHS
The
OF
"
This
"
gates.
The
"
of
but
duties
comprise shampooing,
demand
part
at
highest
"
Tarkhan,"
he
descendant
Amritsar.
the
among
Sikhs
builders
Sikhs
is
His
the
of
is in great
of
runner
takes
an
village
ledge
know-
some
He
the
messages
important
all marriages.
Ramgar-
the
as
is
He
cleaning of
medicine.
and
walls
useful
most
the
after
villages, and
The
the
the
rule, he professes
the
nail-cutter.
or
looking
socially
between
are
among
Naherna,"
of surgery
hiaa.
of
one
asa"
As
the
abode.
or
known
the
social
(blacksmith),
village community.
barber,
and
and
generally
adjoining the village
guests.
Tarkhan
"
Lohar
really
ears,
or
"
is
the
clean,
un-
comprising
"
be
to
in the
low
so
class,
houses
Nai
members
not
abadi,"
"
two
sweepers,
or
(carpenter),
former
special
The
Naherna
or
Nail-Cutter.
"
small
in
latter
Tarkhan
"
into
(leather-dressers), and
(barber),
housed
in
"
calling is
whose
Nai
and
Chuhras,"
Chamars
scale.
"
"
divided
are
calling is said
whose
the
like
those
PUNJAB
village menials
classes, those
the
THE
of
carpenter,
or
village menials.
is known
of Jassa
ranks
Among
Ramgarhias,"
asa"
the
citadel,
The
carpenter
agricultural implements,
"
or
Ramgarh,"
makes
the
at
all kinds
wooden
of
carts,
Oh
P
o
Q
"J
t" i
a!
H
H
"
h-1
.-"
2;
^"
"
ft
to
co
I" I
Oh
"
u
o
2
iJ
H
CO
presses,
very
intelligent
social
the
and
Mazbhi,
The
wheels.
Persian
and
sugar
is
sweeper,
is
He
lowest
the
nevertheless
but
ladder,
61
educated.
well
or
PUNJAB
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
on
of
one
the
or
of
the
of
the
is
and
carefully
for
to
Amritsar,
the
and
Brotherhood.
task,
however,
the
on
faithful,
cruelly
reward
cuted
exe-
Three
Aurangzeb.
the
to
Bahadur
Tegh
was
Guru's
ready
Singh
Guru
dung
village
stocked
is
means
Guru
the
as
The
"
of
Emperor
brought
sweepers
collecting
Govind
Guru
the
the
it
Mazbhi
body
where
Delhi,
by
into
the
of
rescuers
to
by
the
placed
dry
"
fuel.
sweeping
wife.
his
and
When
cure.
given
title
latter
by
done
kneaded
as
use
at
This
usually
and
and
streets,
His
community.
cleansing
dung.
cow
more
wulls
houses
the
of
the
comprise
duties
is
members
useful
most
body
were
from
Delhi
baptised
gweeper.
CHAPTER
THE
IV.
ECONOMIC
GEOGRAPHY
THE
The
the
by
ocean,
on
the
The
of
the
the
The
aggregate
the
by
very
adjacent
from
high
but
the
tain
moun-
Thar
Desert
south.
conditions
economic
depend
Punjab
control
quality
to
ciated
asso-
India,
of
distance
great
proximity
and
ranges,
its
closely
climate
general
by
its
Punjab
the
of
modified
is
ENVIRONMENT.
OF
climate
with
it
PUNJAB.
CONTROL
THE
(i)
OF
of
of
the
control
of
to
environment,
human
factor.
of
environment
component
62
and
a
possibilities
extent
great
but
also
is
controls,
on
on
really
such
the
an
as
size, position,
of
that
directly
the
on
of the
nature
Punjab
of the
the
than
size
with
the
other
its
the
Thus
yards.
little
smaller
has
area
an
ranks
of the
the
sixth
mainsail
meridian
in
world
of
of
parallel 30"]^.
its
Area,
provinces.
that
with
mountains.
which
Indian
is like
and
mast,
it is
position
nearly 100,000
miles, and
full-rigged ship,
a
the
of
area
depend
the
on
to
Kingdom,
square
Its shape
as
an
that
so
United
121,000
depends
are
for example,
Thus,
regard
has
miles,
square
soil
with
Punjab
The
but
63
soil,
the
controls
ea-ch! other,
another.
one
PUNJAB
of
nature
component
from
isolated
not
of
These
"c.
climate,
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
as
Shape.
75"E.
of
one
is
position
sub"
.,.
Position.
,
tropical
of the
in
on
the
the
for
the
and
from
the
United
derives
It
ships of the
position is
it is situated
monsoonal
point where
of
world
quarter
some
world
focus
peninsula.
plateaux
most
civilisation
civilisation
the
are
western
at
their
easily crossed
important
an
between
mid-way
anti-trade
the
nearly
very
Its Eurasian
for
Longitude.
the
whole,
and
round
way
from
as
latitude
in
Kingdom
share
...
of the
of
and
the
the
West
East,
eastern
narrowest
by mountain
one,
perate
tem-
and
at
lobes
breadth,
passes.
64
SIKHS
THE
OF
THE
like
Poland,
PUNJAB
transitional
for
one,
it
highway
linking
East and
West.
The
breadth
of this highway
is strictlylimited, for its edges are
high
mountains
the
on
on
north,
and
desert
the
on
south.
The
The
northern
coincides
in
its boundaries
for
unique,
with
between
hill states
the
to embrace
in the
the
Kashmir
route
is
road,
up
the
the
passes
Pir
railway
to
the
of
the
use
height of
(11,400 feet).
is
boundary
western
D
,
Boundaries.
by
is the
This
impossibility of
gauged
the
over
electric
proposed
be
with
only practicable'
(5,000 feet).
may
tain
moun-
valley and
Panjal Pass
The
Such
Rawal-Pindi-Murree
Jhelum
The
Srinagar.
Simla
and
off intercourse
The
new
Pass
of
route
the
via
Abbottabad
the
Ladakh.
and
narrows
Sutlej valleys,
district.
effectivelycuts
wall
other
hill
Kangra
and
except
it
of Chamba
Beas
upper
Kashmir
with
where
corner,
is
cal.
physi-
Himalayas,
outer
north-east
the
mainly
are
boundary
the
Punjab
equally
now
"
shared
by
the
Indus
in
the
Sulaimans
old
The
nature
north-west
of
the
the
the
in
was
south-west,
the
passes
and
north-west
but
in the
politicalfrontier.
of the
plateau-border ranges
limestone
is such
that
THE
SIKHS
invite
they
the
into
descent
is
attracts
invasion
an
This
life.
walled
of
ancestors
of the
population
the
who
constitute
Jats,
population
bars
the
the
tw"came
home
in
on
of the
north
area,
high
which
stretch
crowded
have
the
a"d
across
boundaries
soil, water
very
supply,
Punjab.
and
The
feet,
run
is
Punjab
the
with,
south-westerly
basin.
of the
Mountains
for
ward,
south-
Ganges
plateaux,
of 20,000
is the
boundary
expansion
south-east,
the
to
effects
the
their
outlet
natural
physical
climate
Sulaiman
physical
which,
Jumna
important
"
Aryan
Punjab,
of the
from
passes
is to
These
"
that
so
height
dwell
and
the
southern
On
warriors,
the
Desert,
and
man,
Mussul-
Punjabi,
the
taineers
moun-
plain-dwellera
that
Asia
The
down
the
probable
these
through
Thar
of
villages.
seems
Central
regions
of virile, hardy
still
are
it
so
in
The
that
life,
65
Plateau
Punjab.
dwellers
that
so
PUNJAB
Iranian
easy
influx
Sikh
and
thirds
the
stimulated
periodically,
It
by
THE
of the
of
area
has
in
from
fertile lowlands
Punjab
hard
OF
in
land
Mountain*.
Himalayas,
an
Hindu
a
vast
average
Kush
north-east
direction, roughly
and
to
parallel
66
THE
SIKHS
with
OF
River
the
enclosed
of
highest
their
Such
Rivers.
by
world, and
of
proximity
mountains
has
led to the
drain
the
These
rivers
the
results
sediment
The
highlands.
from
glaciers in
region, and
fed
from
their
banks
melting
All
of the
snows
plains.
the
so
the
that
This
and
action
present
Sutlej
the
has
surface
rise
Lake
rise and
the
overflow
seasonal
gone
soil
soon
mon-
spread
are
on
was
are
tain
moun-
fall of the
denuded
steep
with
sympathy
in
brought
tributaries
have
rivers
of
were
Manasarowar
remaining
the
and
the
and
the
snow-water.
As
eroded
Indus
all the
tracks.
plains
has
the
land
the
means
the
from
which
life of
very
action, which
of river
of
south-west.
its alluvial
rivers," and
five
capped
snow-
rivers,
the
the
name
present
formation
"
Its very
the
down
towards
constitute
among
perennial
large constant-flowing
Punjab.
are
turned
up-
plains.
many
Punjab
of
the
which
the
is
horseshoe
which
towards
Punjab
really
plateaux,
face
the.
ranges,
in the
steeper
that
so
sides
mountain
edges
the
PUNJAB
Indus,
three
on
snow-clad
THE
on
for ages,
once
heavy
of
the
crops.
THE
Another
and
mountain
underground
water
is found
usual
type
which
works
than
whenever
of
is the
well
Underground
from
is
is sunk.
The
pattern,
is cheaper
Western
ideas.
under
is present
water
is
ubiquitous
Persian
on
the
ranges
effectively,and
very
constructed
one
well
PUNJAB
derived
snow-capped
to
that
fact
THE
great advantage
proximity
the
OF
SIKHS
the Thar
Desert
.
wells
Persian
bordering
vinces
wheels,
is
latter
The
projects
former
byle
:'
(ox)
motive
the
on
this
rope
are
ladder
which,
fill with
trough
cheaply and
wheel
is
with
wooden
earthen
wheel
which
to
poia
the
fitted projecting
are
which
wheel
leading
supplies
camel, which
to revolve;
causing the wheel
latter
water,
has
pegs,
the
as
the
is harnessed
pole
to
revolve
To
"
ghurras
revolves,
is
land.
in
also.
of endless
kind
rungs.
"
slots
fit into
wheel, causing it
fastened
vertical.
while
side, and
this
To
horizontal
the
vertical
Round
or
power
wooden
the
the
skeleton
mouth,
well
over
to its axis.
fastened
"
the
in
or
these
jars,
successively
into
emptied
Thus
pers;an
Wells.
The
crude.
other
the
and
pro-
Province.
wooden
two
horizontal
one
the
over
simple and
of
consists
machinery
is
all
N.W.F.
the
on
construction
Their
found
are
field is
creak-
THE
68
SIKHS
OF
THE
PUNJAB
ifi/ltj
OH
\/Wt*
T"(ji/ft-i
Person
Wlll
Tl//?rM"0
/JV
THE
SIKHS
of these
mg
sunset
be
can
The
wells
OF
for
direction
divide
"
d5abs."
of
land
between
tend
to
in
found
in
clan
"
and
Fords
only
in the
courses
lines
the
The
west.
the
whole
Delhi
to
served
foreign
to
only large
system
of forts
along
may
trunk
Indus.
to
as
This
the
their
defensive
from
crossing
strategic
the
It is
in
that
so
road
is the
be gauged
its route.
and
tween
be-
"Sind
invasion
Amritsar,
and
the
frequency
rivers,
plain have
Peshawar
and
the
"
Doab
Jhelum
with
the
of temperament.
distinctive
Rechna
the
Ludhiana,
importance
with
one
lies between
Jhelum,
occur
river
via
Jhelum
Its
"
the
and
of
"
one
but
south,
bears
Doab
obstacles
and
Doabs.
cations
communi-
idiosyncracies
between
reaches
upper
and
Bari
Ravi,
Sagar Doab"
latitudinal
and
"doab"
Chenab
the
or
very
Each
Sutlej
they
The
to
districts
isolation
of dialect
name.
east
north-
way,
favour
north
promote
another
into
elongated
alluvial
69
to
conform
striking
up
These
sunrise
is from
land
very
Punjab
the
strips
from
the rivers
As
in
PUNJAB
miles.
lie of the
general
to south-west.
this
work
at
heard
THE
from
runs
Lahore,
Khyber
tary
mili-
and
Pass.
by the number
significantthat
7o
of such
building
the
earthenware
and
for
nodular
of
in
roads
in
the
dry
the
the
of
Canals
follow
fact
as
that
the
state
drain
for
bank
tonga
lie
its
in
lower
and
land
irrigation.
of
and
traffic exist.
are
munication
com-
owing
third-class
canal, and
the
into
general
means
waterway
either
by
it at
favour
additional
as
served
lie of the
ground
an
on
enough
roads
to
roads
Such
in
many
ways,
preferable to the ordinary highweather.
The
especially in wet
sence
preis nearly always indicated
of canals
to
miles
ordinary
traveller
by the extraaway
many
often
dense
mark
bad
river
again joining
high
serve
the
from
combined
the
both
the
of
admirably
are
and
Thus
absence
ways
limestone
their
and
season,
"doabs"
reaches
level.
wide
sists
con-
appearance
land, emanating
upper
the
Road-metal
dusty
mud,
wet.
All
Canals.
the
villages
such
concretionary
the
explains
All
from
exist.
not
facilitated
was
soil.
made
are
does
stone
This
fortresses
ubiquitous alluvial
the
by
PUNJAB
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
line
and
dense
shade
The
their route.
of dust
of trees
markedly
contrast
with
foliage
and
many
that
absence
of the
public highways.
The
",
Canal
is
Punjab
st-anty.
One
is
country
of the
largest
is
the
ISnatinda
"
06
W
X
o
P
O
H
W
05
ij
"
z
":
U
"
o
z
""I
H
"
"?*l
"J
THE
Can
SIKHS
a], which
in
and
Wye
the
a*
N.E.
to
the
carrying
Ross.
at
main
canal
villages.
well
are
side
often
more
of
several
of
many
the
covered
well
are
of the
are
than
tonga
banks
canal
The
it,
over
constructed
each
on
connecting
roads
so-called
the
in
negotiate
to
easy
wide
as
Ludhiana-Raikot
patronised, and
well
are
is
bridges
roads,
footpaths
The
of stone.
tinct
dis-
Bassian
At
the canal
The
Ludhiana-Jaghera,
and
PUNJAB
direction.
Nanakpur-Jaghera
at
THE
runs
S.E.
OF
with
a
rest-houses
canal
far
excellent, and
are
and
Bassian
at
Jaghera
at
superior
to
dak-
any
bungalow.
the
the
best
The
gardens.
in
and
beauty
the
Und
sun,
foliage
woven
seems
Water
welcome.
is
is
time
the
to
oifer
refreshing than
canal
and
is
drive
in
closely-
an
open-armed
while
be
in the
arrive
dense
plentiful,and
meal
swim
long
the
of
to
for
evening
more
cleanness
extent
after
evening
afternoon
their
is
feature
striking
The
well-loaded
charms.
For
company
thought?
and
the
deep
pipe
one
could
quiet plunge
meal
has
over,
the
an
have
always
and
chair
arm-
added
one's
impenetrable silence,
7,
THE
72
SIKHS
aiilybroken
and
by quaint hoarse
inconstant
increased
and
breadth
the
All
2*
^^
the
to
rivers, has
is very
railway bridge
of immense"
are
have
the
flood
of temperature
contraction
and
and
great,
stand
with-
to
during
great range
expansion
has
be
to
the
of
allowed
accordingly.
The
Influence
the
they
pressure
owing
the
for
of waterfowl
of
bridges
strength, since
enormous
Metal
notes
engineers.
season
PUNJAB
night birds.
The
size
THE
OF
sandy
Thar
on
the
southern
since
the
vast
influence
Desert
has
great
districts
of
the
Tha*" Desert.
.
Punjab,
from
north-east
the
according
heat
with
the
have
winds,
of the
of
from
the
the
nights
are
bined
com-
erosion,
of
so
the
that
rolling sand,
of air,
the slightest breath
on
Punjab.
sand-resisting
to
the
of
barchan
and
encroaching
borders
desert
disintegrating action
The
characteristic.
very
south-west,
of temperature,
range
ripples with
which
either
are
the
produced intense
dunes
wave-like
the
On
season.
wide
This
from
or
by day, but
is intense
oold.
are
the
to
winds
prevailing
the
sand
fertile
is
southern
In spite of the
grasses,
the
tinually
con-
ing
plant-
sand
tinues
con-
of the
distance
desert
inland.
penetrate
All
dunes
siderable
conare
THE
in the
elongated
a
feathery
fifteen feet
which
produce ox-bows
frequently
for.
tends
navigated.
of the
with
sea
owing
to
the
Indus
and
the
deltaic-river,
is its most
case
and
Ganges,
to
channels,
case
of
desert
the
of
would
them
deltaic
The
land
hinterfew
also
hinterland,
of India
towns
and
In such
area.
mouths
its
similar
be
failure
to
rich
daily charter
Indus
are
possessing
the
open
are
opening
although
largest
while
to
could
the
hinterland.
keep
to
rivers
presence
thickly populated
it pays
the
connecting
Ganges,
the
canals
doomed
possesses
contains
The
as
and
be
often
tiny spines,
which
scheme
is
Indus
is
result, water-vegetation
continued
while
which
but
rivers
desert
with
inflorescence.
channels
would
of the
Punjab
the
towns,
As
73
Such
rivers, helping
out,
Such
with
islands.
choke
to
wind.
covered
the
the
and
cleaned
little cared
up
by
PUNJAB
grass
covered
affect
to
of the
Such
grass.
concealed
tends
THE
Kulhur,
near
high and
are
Sand
OF
direction
is found
dune
tall
SIKHS
of the
ing
ever-chang-
project
lead
to
in
the
financial
disaster.
India
country
on
the
the
Punjab
on
whole
the
same
force
is
is
tropical
monsoon
sub-tropical, but
for its
of
summer
the
it
rainfall
Arabian
and
74
Bengal
is the
land
of the
approach
land
its maximum
its
around
beneath
also
Punjab
the
of
while
full
the
of
5th,
July
(shade)
of Iran
the
is
at
train
land
masses
at
Thar
Desert.
it
90"F.
perature
tem-
93"F.
On
104"F.
was
Other
are
part
shade
bouring
neigh-
experiencing
of
south
greater
gets
Lahore.
the
on
the
p.m.,
peratures,
tem-
the
June
Plateaux
Tibet.
these
Over
air
1918,
in the
and
Lahore
The
horseshoe
average
an
90"F.;
temperature
mean
over
have
Punjab
in
the
and
basin
in the
summer
it lies open
desert
the
of
shade.
high
of
with
thermometer
the
position
breath
this
June
During
its
to
of mountains,
to
in
vast
receives
some
the
experiences
due
side
where
128"F.
the
Desert,
especially
Jacobabad,
ward
north-
moves
Thar
of
the
with
sun
its rays
The
heat.
registers
that
of Cancer,
Tropic
highest temperatures,
often
the
fluence
in-
double
altitude, experiences
low
tropical
by
months
directly
mass
temperature
has
As
summer
the
towards
Ocean
of India, while
climate
is halved.
ocean
(mean
land
Thus
the
Indian
surrounded
it is
since
masses.
the
The
in the world
warmest
on
PUNJAB
currents.
monsoon
80"F.),
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
Thar
always
land
Desert
masses,
around
rising spirally
and
especially
Jacobabad,
outwards
the
in
counter-clockwise
of
area
29.4
inches
absorbing
ocean,
an
action
with
produces
advances
monsoon
rain
in
exist
media
its
all the
wet
area
have
of warmest
Such
way.
marked
the
centre
that
miles
moisture
happens
and
winds
five thousand
over
ter
regis-
low-pressure
flue action
and
annual
larity,
regu-
This
monsoon.
over
the
path
where
75
avast
barometric
margin,
Such
with
travelled
its
on
inches.
in
draws
PUNJAB
THE
direction, producing
low-pressure with
of 29.5
of
OF
SIKHS
THE
buting
distri-
country,
precipitating
afternoon, due
every
of
the
maximum.
As
which
out,
anested
carried
air
far
The
the
daily upward
during
the
heat
and
heat
is
precipitation
moment,
culation
cir-
mid-day
it rains, latent
enables
for
the
to
given
be
to
moisture
so
is
inland.
is
monsoon
Deecan
plateau
Arabian
and
the
divided
into
two
lofty
the
currents,
Arabian
The
Bay.
the
by
current
m.
1 tie
'
lofty barrier
of the
Western
Nilgiri Hills
Because
vaneoie.
and
and
at
clouds
right angles
are
the
these
to
the
rapidly cooled
first meets
Ghats
age
(aver-
its continuations,
mountains
hills
wind
and
are
of
so
Tra-
lofty
direction, the
maximum
rain-
",
A
Arabian
Current.
"
76
OF
SIKHS
THE
fall results.
On
of
inches
THE
the
rain
Desert,
wind
off the
such
towns
wind
screens
is less
heat
one-third
Gulf
the
to
the Bay
of
first obstacle
rapidly.
yearly
average
and
is
now
the
having spent
works
been
shut
the
by
Ganges
the
Lushai
trapped
and
forced
of four
in the
hundred
Its
Hills,
to rise
falls
Cheirapungi
rainfall
Chin
delta.
and
at
in the
caught
in
the
up
the
world, with
and
twenty-
inches.
current
is
Here
heaviest
reach
Punjab
Khasi
is the
second
five
the
mountains,
current,
and
portion
trap the
land
has
This
the
force, which
its
Martaban
of
the
fall, as
to
valleys, and
Burmese
heat,
great
oppressive.
Meanwhile,
Current.
of
air among
cool
When
begins
gradually
rises
the
of mountains.
the
below.
rain
reached
to
absence
an
on
distribute
apartments
to
rain
no
cooling at nights to
Hyderabad
Sind, where
manent
per-
as
and
of its
is very
sea
wind
is
due
absence
altitude, and
300
cent,
per
brings
there
as
Ghats
period.
monsoon
precipitating media,
low
97
100
plain
the
on
monsoon
south-west
Thar
the
and
receives
coastal
narrow
fall,
Bombay
inches.
PUNJAB
At
valley, and
the main
current,
which
is
SIKHS
THE
the
stronger,
OF
the
up
THE
Ganges
is! well
storms
and
from
relief rains.
June
30th
the
meet,
and
together
On
Ninetal
between
Simla
the
where
rise
the
Arabian
the
up
rents
cur-
passes
of
neighbourhood
both
rain
falls
than
in the
and
has
Patiala
Most
and
August,
centre,
:"
e.g.
Total
June-September
23
...
of
districts of the
ins.
Delhi
benefit
the
S.E.
in the
edge of
currents.
during July
slightly heavier
plains
Arabian
and
Bengal
the
on
influences, receives
the
of the
although
Punjab,
the
monsoonal
doab
rush
cyclonic
Ganges.
Thus
is
from
and
Bengal
and
towards
Lakes,
and
watered
This
valley.
both
valley
PUNJAB
19.8
Rainfall.
85
77
"
Lahore
76
15
,,
22.5
Rawal-Pindi
65
,,
Multan
4.7
70
"
Note.
the
"
The
influence
rainfall
Pindi
of Rawal
shows
of relief
.
The
rains
leave
the
United
Punjab
on
Provinces
the
on
15th
the
of
tember,
Sep-
1st
of
77
78
Bengal
and
October,
is called
This
the
15th. of October.
the
on
of the
retreat
only
Droughts
PUNJAB
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
monsoon,
when
harm
cause
is
longer
no
dreaded
owing
and
abundant
splendid irrigationsystem
that
with
in
Pressure
light rain
means
light
to
vice
conducted
by
Weddell
in the
the
fact
that
followed
Antarctic
in
phenomenon
shows
Sea
shortage
cent
Re-
versa.
Chilian
the
have
brought
of ice in the
later
year
lowing
fol-
Siberia
in
India, and
in
observations
Government
snowfall
Heavy
July.
over
in the
in India
rainfall will be
the
what
now
can
St. Helena
in
January
terranean
sub-
continents.
southern
the
over
the
to
of pressures
by comparison
be forecasted
Asia
in India
Famines
water.
mal
nor-
jab
In the Pun-
the
the
by
Spitzbergen denotes
same
famine
in India.
In
winter
of
the
high
This
that
air
winds
and
direction.
barometric
always
On
gradient
moving
away
high
is
Gobi
sure
pres-
gravitating'
outwards
its
over
of about
diameter
this vast
is
of the
gion
re-
permanently
region
From
downwards
clockwise
the
has
area
cold
area
spirally
in the
cold,
intense
rests
miles.
thousand
the
to
pressure
of Asia
centre
Desert.
a
owing
in
south
side
steeper,
towards
so
India
THE
SIKHS
with,
blow
winds
increased
reinforce
winds,
seeking, the
low
the
from
March.
of
dry
the Coromandel
been
has
Bengal
dry
the
possesses
the
and
this
the
of
Bay
the
it of
local
direction.
high
and
the Ganges
between
Northern
constant
the
so
in the
exert
Peshawar.
north-west.
clockwise
bar
air
the
outlet
works
and
year
to
down
reinforces
and
winds
supplies
local
the
is
sun
Southern
the
influence
some
emptying
in
air
cool
area
winds.
anti-trade
Tropic,
the
around
valleys,then
Equator
that
angle
and
cool
the
area
Mountains
pressure
of
season
the
Tropic,
is located
outwards
Indus
trade
this
pressure
mountains
west,
and
north-east
At
the
As
north
high
centred
gravitates spirally
Atlantic
local
Sulainian
Himalayas,
From
inches, which
between
of
ture
mois-
winds.
of 30.2
the
India,
to
across
passage
cold
This
from
up
the
as
rain
no
of
region
from
coast.
picked
during
India
the
blow
they bring
area,
India
known
are
they
trade
15th
winds
79
These
across
belt in the
December
As
to
except
blow
pressure
Such
land
vast
PUNJAB
intensity.
winds
monsoons.
THE
ordinary north-east
the
that
so
Tropics
OF
from
above
air
for
high-pressure
the
the
the
area
80
THE
Cyclonic
Rain.
OF
SIKHS
These
reach
the
anti-trade
India
Iran
and
Plateau.
of the
from
Sulaiman
bring
is
to
the
and
to
that
to
the
beneficial
the
on
slopes
snow
winter
the
on
cyclonic
storms
Frontier
mountains.
the
to
western
and
of the
vince,
Prowhich
Punjab
Such
rain
such
crops,
up]
Seistan,
North-West
part
and
of
swamps
Occasionally
rain
near
the
rain
Sea
and
so
Mountains
Himalayas.
cyclonic,
are
Mediterranean
In
winter
deposit
PUNJAB
winds
via. the
moisture
some
THE
is very
winter
as
wheat.
This
winter
the
during
winter
but
in
December.
the
follow
the
in
S.E., and
seems
to
foothills,e.g.
in
falls most
intensity from
diminishes
Himalayan
months,
least
and
January
is
rain
also
It
N.W.
line
to
of
the
the
:
"
ins. Raiufall
Pindi
Rawal
has
Lahore
3.2
Delhi
2.6
Multan
1.5
During
,,
,,
the
blowing
evening
"
the
winter
with
heavily covered
wind
Dec. -March
off
searches
snow,
these"
the cotton
mountains
and
are
the
especially
garments
west
in
the
of the
SIKHS
THE
All
natives.
wear
cold.
the
in the
wood
is in
the
with
the
wool
coloured
This
plains.
the
daily temperature
in the
but
clothes
essential.
are
by day than
hotter
Basin, but
much
it is
sun
the
daily
grees
de-
the
the
Punjab
is
during January
tude,
lati-
to
winter
London
in the
summer
is
of temperature
range
is
greater.
After
the
northward,
spring equinox
the
land
forms
area
pressure
one
over
the
air
the
land
no
over
regions
rain, however,
as
the
over
anti-cyclonic movements
such
the
becomes
pressure
to
the
warm,
muggy,
The
the
and
to
60"F., according
and
50"F.
between
with
gets five.
For
average
to
eighteen
gets
day-time
experienced.
the
night,
at
often
is
is
reaching
Peshawar
often
weather
the
ornamented
occur
of frost ; Ludhiana
During
and
are
Frosts
town
In
sheep-skins padded
intensity from
in
out
sary,
neces-
very
covering
thick
margins
fringes.
radiate
of
inches
The
are
great demand.
characteristic
two
knee.
dered
blanket, embroi-
evening
coat, made
"posteen"
PUNJAB
or
Fires
and
foothills
heavy
"chaddar,"
THE
OF
the
visits
moves
hotter,
land, and
The
sea.
sun
high
light,
low
warm
Assam
the
bringing
Hills.
Punjab,
rain
No
suck
as
such
81
82
THE
SIKHS
OF
originate
movements
The
Rainfall.
heaviest
This
has
shows
an
the
has
which
an
south-east
while
the
average
gets
one
takes
the
and
19
an
average
supplied,
in
such
are
a
as
Patiala,
has
an
figures,
has
evaporation
bei augmented
to
as
one
soil, it is obvious
that from
and
When
intense
the
wells.
have
we
is
still when
position
perennial
Sind
by
In
this
above,
seen
future
better
new
The
these
of London.
of the
Punjab,
is well
inches.
6.7
trict
dis-
Multan,
Lahore
the
and
the
be
that
rainfall
respect
driest
around
Using
nature
irrigation water
which
account
sandy
inches,
of 25, e.g.,
inches.
is in
north-west.
The
around
of
the
that
of
average
centre
into
34
influence.
less than
4 inches
the
south-west,
an
rainfall
in
of
average
has
sea.
annual
District
relief
in
the
over
average
some
is
PUNJAB
mean
Rawalpindi
^n"
THE
likely
to
projects,
Canal,
Sagar
realised.
The
of India, which
north
sub-tropics, is
Asia
than
the
to
nearer
region
lies within
the vast
land
the
mass
of
sequently
thei tropics. Con-
within
the
lies within
Punjab, which
cally
sub-tropical area, is greatly affected climati-
the
the
by this land
Punjab is too
winter
too
cold
mass;
hot
for
for
so
that
in
summer
its latitude.
In
in
other
words,
the
OF
SIKHS
THE
Junjab has
the
the
with
"
Frontier
Xorth-West
THE
PUNJAB
exception,of
Province
greater
"
of temperature
than
yearly range
any
This fact is borne
province in India.
the
following table
relatively thin
its
and
effect
marked
journeys down
climate
climate
of the
Punjab
Bengali offers
and
of
The
Sikh.
and
wide
martial
degree
hair
and
their
former
contrast
is stunted, with
appearance,
and
the
shows
latter
possesses
intelligence. The
beards
contrast
environment.
nostrils,while
of
Bengal
adapt themselves
striking
cal
physi-
ethnologically to
further
The
that
The
with
the
short
hair
is tall, of
a
wearing
the
Sikh
greater
of
Yearly
?emporature.
the
the
muggier
data:
had
and
0% the Sikhs.
characteristics
one
have
air
the temperament
on
by
out
of the Punjab
weather
exhilaratingcold
The
other
climatic
of average
83
long
belongs
SIKHS
THE
84
to
OF
northern
more
The
Punjab
climatic
PUNJAB
clime.
several
possesses
but
of its own,
zones
effect
great
no
THE
these
have
the
by
the
"dSabs"
into
of
has
had
greatest
"
Bari
known
as
districts
than
the
The
The
the
of
is
really
Sikh
northern
Sikh,
of
the
The
of
These
the
habitant
inriver
southern
Ferozepore,
Ludhiana,
Jhind,
and
and
extensive
and
populated
north
part
south
Patiala, Nabha,
Indus,
Manjha
Sikhs.
try
coun-
the
The
as
districts
Malwa
Malwa
an
Sutlej,
strictly speaking.
densely
more
are
rivers.
known
comprise
Malerkotla,
of the
up
effect.
Manjha
Doab,"
of
are
the
is often
the
although
cutting
tributaries
largest
the
are
isolation
of
influence
the
by
the
of this river
.,
been
about
brought
Few
climatic
than
markedly
More
has
features
as
and
plains.
the
had
Sikhi population
the
on
well-marked
districts.
Sikh,
owing
to
living
under
Sikh.
tne
influence
stolid
and
less
the
and
physique
he
makes
excels
Thar
the
latter, owing
than
is every
quite
as
good
Manjha
to
his
is
Desert,
intelligent
brother, but
northern
The
of
his
bit
a
as
more
more
geous,
coura-
soldier.
In
Sikh.
increased
intelli-
SIKHS
THE
I had
the
in
The
in
the
than
strong
and
man,
'
the
ribbon
"
tants.
Adju-
all
such
other;
'
Malwa
'
the
was
rule, and
to
even
Sikh
soldier,
testified.
have
doubt,
no
to
against
for
is
an
the
when
wars,
them
from
love
no
first to submit
aid
peculiaritiesof
They
the
or
self;
him-
distinguished
antipathy,
from
inheritage
born
certain
by
of dress.
and
was
of Valour
be
may
"
he
g^!
make
never
fallingover
Star
"
Manjha
speech
that,
club
huge
could
without
of the
Malwa
"
each
of Sikhs
tall, clumsy,
of
latter
'about-turn"
the
The
contrasting
Jemadar
was
wielder
The
still,for
as
who
Malwa,
mugdar."
neat
officer.
kinds
two
85
more
Manjha was
alert, slim, neater
dress, and quicker in his movements
his
"
of
Sikh
two
PUNJAB
native
once
of the
of
persons
THE
good
good opportunity
characteristics
the
"
makes
generally
gence,
OF
British
his
own
people.
In
and
the
Malwa
Hinduism
and
counts,
zone,
Sikhism
is
Caste
regaining ground.
Hindu
superstition is
who
the womenfolk
foster
declining
rife.
still
It is
tendency towards
Hinduism.
Another
often
class
of
described.
region between
Sikh,
This
the
Rivers
the
class
Beas
"
Doaba,"
inhabits
and
is
the
Sutlej.
j"0aba
Sikh.
86
rather
lax,
to
either
Doaba
of
"
"
intelligence
he
yet
Neither
existence.
lonely
in
rule,
and
Sikhs,
15th
was
distinction
As
one
was
do
Sikh
Malwa
bom
the
field
mix
Regiment
Sikhs.
of
lived
very
smartness
his
soldier
regiments
not
of
certain
remainder
he
that
so
Manjha."
in
the
has
soldier
"
knew
by
shunned
was
fellow-officers,
his
is
Sikh
as
the
or
sirdar
"
"
inferior
being
folk
men-
Sikhism
Doaba
"
the
Malwa
"
the
regiment
the
that
so
reputation
the
the
that
so
agriculturists.
keen
are
fertile,
intensely
is
soil
The
PUNJAB
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
characteristics,
earned
had
and
for
nor
bravery.
stick
them.
recruits
to
one
For
class
of
instance,
almost
clusively
ex-
CHAPTER
ECONO^BC
THE
V.
GEOGRAPHY
PUNJAB
and
Men
dusk.
are
Agriculture
it is the
with
irrigated
use
of
are
very
common.
There
are
national
to
versation
con-
life.
marks,
inheritance
land
relating
customs
two
all
of
boundary
and
water,
basis
their
of
root
connected
Disputes
the
fields
daybreak
from
forms
people.
ancestral
the
villages
the
agricultural
an
work
women
surrounding
INDUSTRIES.
AND
Sikhs
THE
(Continued).
(ii) AGRICULTURE
The
OF
the
to
La^* 9*
law
Inheritance.
cf
the
sons,
by
inheritance
; one
is
property
and
which
the
it
equally
other
is
.
'
is
",
"-,
bhaiband,
divided
""
by
among
"Chadar
is called
equally
divided
87
i_-
winch.
the
Band,"
among
the
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
88
former
The
mothers.
PUNJAB
by
Punjab
and
Forest.
to
of
S"rowta
the latter
and
Sikhs
be
may
described
the
for
grassland,
eliminates
generally-
Sikhs.
Manjha
The
is
custom
social
trees
the
extent
the
on
tropical
sub-
drought
seasonal
considerable
any
as
The
plains.
be gauged from
the fact
scarcity of trees may
that the Pipal (Ficus religiosus)is a sacred
tree, and
oaths
binding.
Some
this
tree, and
villages only
eastwards
then
fact points to
that
the
or
about
the
the
present
is
Punjab
house
guest-
rainfall
of
most
slopes
Haddon,
B.C.,
millenium
second
desiccation
day
the
of the
Punjab
of
"
the
The
outer
square
Owing
area.
with
compared
these
forested
total
nearly 9,000
of the total
9%
increased
plains,
the
date.*
the
of
single
possess
near
legally
are
peoples
were
Aryan-speaking
their
into the Punjab,
progress
hindered
forests,
by dense
was
the middle
covered
plains. This
migrating
At
the
in
the
since
usually
stands
However,
which
it
village well.
or
when
under
made
forests
are
that
of
miles,
to
the
of the
situated
Himalayas.
Wandering*
area
Peoples,"
on
These
P.
27.
hill forests
Deodar
several
now
larger
(Cidrus deodara)
On
longifolia) exist.
forests
in
isolated
woods
found
the
Phulkian
Chenab,
on
near
northern
Lahore
their
confluence.
Mult
and
supporting
banks
is
half-choked
of
for
and
Sind
between
area
sandy
mere
use
the
of similar
The
waste,
scrub, which
thorny
cut
are
Indus
the
the
of
an
extensively
was
Tamarisk
of
no
but
word,
plantations
most
are
borders
both
and
Doab
Sagar
the
Shisham,
States, while
exist
of
of
(Pinus
there
plains
sense
in
preserves
Chil
and
the
of Sal,
the
on
trees
true
PUNJAB
THE
ruthlessly exploited
been
have
past, but
the
OF
SIKHS
THE
firewood
as
in
Mesopotamia.
the
In
Range
the
action
of
district
the
to
north
of
the
Salt
network
of nullahs
ground is one
(seasonal,dry, steep-sided valleys),due to the
seasonal
torrents
geological deposits.
is
has
vanished
now
rains
cold
the
to
clad
supply
washed
the
roots
Punjab, being
growth
Once
of
away
had
a
cultivated
It
seems
this
that
timber, which
with
season.
soon
particles that
The
well
culture
agri-
country
however,
suppose,
once
by
the
to
was
well-nigh impossible.
reasonable
area
such
In
soft,
recent,
on
the
needs
bare
the
bound
dered
engen-
of timber,
soft
together.
grassland,
grasses
soil
"
favours
plants
89
90
with
shallow
begins
the
Of
or
semi-regime.
of the
half
been
in
from
by
followed
the
Thus
grass
ous
indigen-
climatic
regime
in
the
latitude
of
the
and
basin,
shown
above'
and
February
actually
"
light
These
winds.
ceives
re-
rains
rains
Punjab
basin, it responds
Atlantic
anti-trade
are
Being
Mediterranean
January
hot
wheat
is
It
grain.
is
Punjab
it has
as
"
the
grasses,
Mediterranean
once
eastern
of
importance.
a
rains
monsoon
cultivated
Mediterranean
to
of life that
span
approach
these
at
The
the
secondly
the
to
with
of the
ie of paramount
first,and
PUNJAB
advent
with
weather.
THE
roots,
with
ends
and
Wheat.
OF
SIKHS
THE
be
may
considered
of
semi-regime
periencing
ex-
as
Mediterranean
climate.
The
and
autumn
weather,
At
the
ground
showers
the
wheat
Punjab
so
end
reaped
that
monsoon
for
seed
planted.
The
and
irrigationdevelop
The
for
without
the
quality
winter
it the
of the
is
when
the
wheat
ripens
rain
the
and
is most
grain, which
staJk, would
cold
quickly.
very
the
early
of the
end
season,
enough
early drought
grain.
the
at
in
sown
it matures
of the
is moist
is
to
the
minate,
ger-
winter
stalk, and
colours
the
important,
depends on
suft'er.
The
to sink
roots
do
into the
deeper
under
wither
net
THE
is beneficial, for
weather
cold
OF
SIKHS
THE
it
91
the
causes
heat
the
PUNJAB
the
of
early
drought.
To
"
about
precipitation of
annual
mean
inches
15
may
be
regarded as a minimum,
except
special conditions, as, for example,
generally
under
rain
all the
when
when
or
season,
irrigation,most
land
falls
the
during
irrigation or dry
At
practised."*
the
McFarlane:
Mr.
quote
between
f aiming
is
therefore, without
present,
of the
growing
Sind
Multau
Sagar Doab
and
and
Lahore
is too
dry
to
grow
Colonists
that
would
1889
Chenab
follow
soon
semi-deserts
In
the
would
the
canal
"
be
the
million
into
the years
colonists
fields.
corn-
watered
now
largest in India
nearly
canals, so
turned
region
the
the
by
was
"
1892-1901
attracted
were
to
area.
It should
be
irrigated (when
noticed
required)
"
that
Economic
two
cotton
Geography,"
wheat
three
or
and
P.
is
i:nly
time*
sugar-cane
24.
92
SIKHS
THE
require
OF
regularly
days.
There
is
in
adverse
low
the
wheat,
However,
its
The
weight
of
clods
the
The
from
The
square
the
wood
wheat
total
for
millet
wheat
and
and
in
is
grown.
not
acre.
This
more
with
not
is but
is
(suhaga)
down
by
dragged
is hand
the
the
over
and
sown,
sickle.
for
manured,
in the
the
and
sun
dung
used
as
scarce.
the
covers
average,
Originally
export,
while
maize.
At
millet,
native
iron-shod
an
harrow
the
is dried
can
tural
primitive agricul-
the
seed
and
gluten,
being
weighed
crop
on
area.
intended
on
are
cattle
miles
of
(hal)
the
fields
fuel, since
the
driver, and
the
is cut
the
is
hard
board
oxen;
wheat
the
light
Punjab
poor,
use
plough
flat
by
that
milling,
to
contrivance;
simply
the
is
bushels
implements,
wooden
for
yield
explained by
labour.
growing
violet
of the
areas
valuable
be
and
in
eleven
in
to
plant.
therefore
than
blue
of
other
poor
ten
every
latitudes, namely,
the
to
watered
disadvantage
one
large percentage
In
PUNJAB
be
to
fourteen
wheat
THE
or
wheat
20,000
some
or
about
all the
the
the
and
of
22%
wheat
was
people lived
present
maize,
day,
are
together
mixed
make
to
PUNJAB
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
the
93
tlat bread
usual
(chapatis).
The
the
wheat
from
the
during the
increase
at
war
minute
due
was
the
prices following
of
rise
Punjab
the
fluctuates
rate;
of
export
to
European
demand.
In
India
1917
bushels
bushels
of eleven
produces
the
on
bushels
million
of
our
It
takes
the
reach
port,
grown
known
and
in
the
; the
grain port
three
to
or
port
reach
weeks
of the
Europe.
to
grain
(via
England,
to
the
where
staple
Maize
ing
police districts, border-
Phulkian
food
by the various
Cherri.
one-quarter
spring.
Thanas,
the
least
Indian
and
grain
late
at
168
Punjab
the
that
days
two
million
140
imported
so
the
Karachi,
nearest
jab
Pun-
the
acre,
Kingdom
capable of supplying
Punjab, is the
the
on
one^-third is exported.
is
needs.
two-thirds
about
wheat,
of
the
average
United
the
1917
million
Working
to
about
bushels, of which
In
about
locally.
consumed
were
basis
of which
of wheat,
376
produced
of Muki,
names
and
This
is maize.
Millet
harvested
Maize
is Millet.
Chilli,
(Jawar)
in the
is
are
middle
04
SIKHS
THE
November.
of
either
THE
The
whole
roasted
make
to
"
OF
the
PUNJAB
heads
of
or
ground
are
maize
the
flat
universal
are
into
flour
cakes,
or
chapatis."
Sugar-
Ghanna,
Kamad,
Kaniadi,
or
usually planted
shallow
from
March
is made
trough
into
this
is laid
pieces
and
the
whole
well
plants shoot
required
juice
six inches
and
The
young
the
at
pith supplying
notlrishment.
The
Ahmedgarh
Station,
the
is cut
crop
cane,
downwards
the
of
deep
of last season's
irrigated.
upwards
the
nodes,
April.
to
some
is
sugar-cane,
Can".
in
October.
Near
Ahmedgarh.
October,
maize, millet,
Being
Minerals.
inferior
Range
at
the
N.-W.
the
Salt
in
Cotton.
The
variety
the
quality
Range,
or
of
Punjab
that
five months
of life. Most
the
Salt
the
in
is found
Rawalpindi
from
entirely by
petroleum
sion,
divi-
surface
pits.
is
in
of
salt is mined
in the
cotton
are
Coal
near
is used
some
shallow
matures
minerals
is found
it is collected
from
comprised
Punjab.
Rock
places
13th
sugar-cane.
This
and
crops
plain,
Railway.
number
pools
from
Dandot.
where
of
and
alluvial
an
absent
almost
very
peas,
the
on
quick-growing
October,
after
about
of it is of the short-
stapled variety
known
great demand
in
a
so
It has
by
demanded
keenly
sensitiveness
in
of
Punjab.
the
with
and
heat
done
the
Near
of
monsoon
is
The
is
much
by
quality
being
careful
the
is
district
this
Ka
Karpar
extracted
There
the
also
and
are
gins
tected
pro-
of
the
there
Here
wool
fields
thorn.
Chhapar
large agricultural
where
Khana."
and
are
the
in
conveyed
are
cotton
and
of
villages
by hedges
goats
Ahmedgarh,
to
The
largest,
from
cotton
the
Jandiaii
cotton.
the
from
"
the
sive
exces-
fortnight.
and
the
usually
carts
the
Irrigation
between
canal
acres
All
of
variety, but
Nanakpur-Jaghera,
are
but
of seed.
selection
many
nated
impreg-
least, every
the
be
is
which
factors.
improve
to
its
to
parts
cloudiness
is of poor
cotton
is
only
can
is favourable,
the
at
necessary,
of view.
south-eastern
soil
adverse
are
season
The
salt
point
cotton
and
south
the
grown
is not
Owing
Japan.
frost3,
to
is in
which
for
value
95
which
but
European
an
PUNJAB
Bengals,
as
Bombay,
from
important
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
the
pressed
is
seeds
into
Dehlon
at
gin,
or
are
bales.
and
at
Ludhiana.
The
tion
is
land
which
doe?
usually sandy,
admit
not
with
of
tendency
irriga- ganc|
to
de-
Dunos.
SIKHS
THE
96
into
velop
road,
an
native
few
are
road
and
"
of
four
down
of
"
the
ride
deep
with
with
fine
The
roads.
full
ruts,
sand, and
one
particular spot
and
gave
which
place
the
to
wheels
around
us
was
the
shut
country
course,
out
and
our
view
obliterated
walking
became
three
broken-
forget
spots
were
times
the
abruptly,
dunes, into
deeply.
sank
in
grass
of fifteen
feet.
surrounding
all landmarks.
a
in
At
grass.
forest
height
of
lages
vil-
the
at
ended
tonga
tall
of
holes, choked
of sand
region
one
used
forest
track
our
villages
buried
almost
of
the
we
of hidden
tracks
the
out
Both
some
inaccessible
feathery
and
undergrowth
seen.
shall
had
in almost
situated
Several
be
in
Never
we
covered
were
tonga-walla,"
"tonga."
country
regards
There
the
set
reach
to
crops
exists
I
are
point
to
are
Dehlon.
Sialhur.
and
cross-country
All
goats
one
region
late in October
are
as
dune
east
besides
the
Black-
standing
At
deer,
or
sand
of Kulhur
us
the
between.
Heron,"
miles
morning
Sialhur.
few
hand, but
far
Another
and
and
passes
trees.
herds
Kulhur
few
cuts
with
Dehlon.
Ludhiana,
with
cattle
either
on
Ludhiana-Jagraon
from
plain
open
PUNJAB
The
five miles
skinned
seen
dunes.
some
through
Deer.
THE
OF
necessity, for
Of
the
(Si
"
o
H
in
"
w
K
H
":
u
fn
Q
"
(S)
Id
Q
D
"
C/5
Z,
i
i"
a
"H
"
o
o
"
"
H
C/5
ft!
SIKHS
THE
Suddenly
sand.
iine
emerged
we
was
distant
the
for
line
forget that
with
found
us
poorest cultivator
"
naiTow
Galis
also
Camels
zamindar
particular
one
the camel
was
attendant.
until
then
went
he
to
round
approached
pace.
This
mounted,
the
main
over
would
In
notice
my
so
at
the
seen
even
wells.
blind-folded, and
went
of Camels,
transit
Persian
slower, stepped
the
of
came
yards.
court-
wealthy
more
mode
that
case
He
pace
by the
the
to
needed
no
measured
axle; he
it, and
continue
creased
in-
all
day.
To
be
camel
ByIes*
night in
of the
one
villages. I have
harnessed
or
At
two.
the
pass
in
or
quicker
goods between
camels
either
The
Oxen
brought home
are
"
used
are
as
at least
"
byles
fields, and
the
from
"
"byles," play
of burden.
beasts
as
Kulhur.
to
us
or
oxen,
to look
out
come
possesses!
the
evening time
had
conducted
and
us,
important part
the
shall
marching
heavy
my
who
black-skinned
The
an
recruits
of my
for
with
tramp
bee-
JJever
trees.
path.
make
to
boots
one
sign of
no
to
on
97
the
could
pony
PUNJAB
THE
OF
squats
on
all
98
THE
SIKHS
When
fours.
the
a
OF
with
succession
PUNJAB
is seated
one
camel,
behind
gurgling
causes
then
upright
to
one
be
its forelegs,
on
which
fours,
the
assume
by
up
wards,
jerked back-
all
on
driver,
stands
first
to
one
the
cry,
of movements,
which
causes
THE
perpendicular
again.
The
motion
becomes
on
accustomed
five "kos,"
does
for its
its head
with
of
short
silver
on
at the
rings
which
bar
This
bright-
is controlled
to the
bar,
camel,
passes
is thickest
in
centre.
The
with
tied up
I
have
seen
"
saddle
the saddle
many
as
with
raised
rider;
over
the
pommels
seat
of the
he
on
wishes
cloth.
four
father, and
usually made
camel
tail is usually
to
as
wood,
when
camel's
mother,
is
rod
The
by its end
camel
The
bamboo
faster.
go
the
simply belabours
driver
neck
it to
one
of
camel
of reins fastened
means
of his
streamers
The
the
Punjab,
great deal
ribbons.
coloured
the
hour, easily
an
The
ground.
thinks
Sikh
adorns
end
miles
ten
camel
good
use.
The
by
soon
one
of its
account
it.
to
or
broken
any
and
peculiar, but
is very
people
two
for two
children.
; it
is of
of each
in front
saddle
on
is
spread
THE
"
"
razais
Beneath
a
long
of
(kind
the
"
OF
SIKHS
quilts) and
saddle
kirpan,"
cloth
affair with
inches
wide.
This
who
dwell
broad
usually kept
knife
blade
knife
PUNJAB
mats.
is
Sikh
or
curved
natives
THE
of
two
some
is carried
around
long
"
by
tho
Raikot
and
Bassian.
The
agricultural implements
and
primitive
only
than
is
rakes
made
and
single furrow,
plough
is little better
This
"
"
harrow,
wooden
is drawn
hard
clods
which
on
the
over
stands,
by
shape
resembles
The
oxen.
Into
The
whole
Sikh
is called
the
this
is
"gadda."
four-wheeled
affair,
of the
body
gadda
gable of
inverted
placed
kind
Railways
some
are
convenient
transit.
wishes
villager often
family
visit
Suhaga.
the
of
in
a
bag
of matting.
made
Harrowor
drawn
house.
the driver
of
ground, crushing
agricultural cart
slow, cumbrous
The
consists
suhaga,"
or
platform,
This
It is
the
plough.
The
if
The
Roman
to
wood.
of
Plough
most
are
from
one
village to another,
"
well-known
many
are
miles
a
Accordingly,
his
to take
away
too
the
"
Mela
as
or
or
fair.
rule, and
costly means
"gadda" is
of
used.
cart
Gadda.
or
THE
100
SIKHS
The
OF
THE
PUNJAB
whole
utensils
The
cart.
travellers
and
have
of the
Rath.
road
The
Carriage
or
such
ney,
jour-
well.
as
from
side
one
other.
wheeled
carriage, with
with
cloth
red
of the
most
route
obsolete
almost
the
devious
the
to
behind
on
driver
the
cart
following a
oxen,
sleep
sometimes
met
slung
are
and
Rath,
low
or
its covered-in
curtains,
may
four-
body,
still be met
for the
with
Sikh
is
'-ushions
are
those
Ahmedgarh,
to
be
Punjab
where
the
raw
ginned and
7,728
*
possesses
Chamber
and
finds
120
of
City, and
district
is
cotton
India
pressing mills,
such
trict
dis-
Ludhiana
pressed.
124,506
operatives.*
London
one
Ludhiana
in Dehlon,
to
mats,
in industries.
and
is
to
The
interior
Consequently,
little engaged
sent
The
pants
occu-
essentially a landowner
agriculturist.
him
at
completely hidden.
are
Industries.
of women-folk
conveyance
sesses
posplying
sup-
The
operatives.
mills, employing
The
majority
Commerce
Journal,
of
such
36/6/20.
workmen
them
curved
brass
local
cooking utensils,
Punjabi
heelless
toe
It is
Amritsar
that
carried
are
of
the
other
wants
cities
like
Lahore
manufactures
"
threads.
This
hand.
Cotton
locally
that
of
Delhi,
with
These
coloured
silk stuffs
and
by
the
are
also
Amritsar
to
The
gold
Benares,
and
the
bazaars
in
appear
and
made.
from
from
goat.
is all done
and
Ludhiana
filigreework,
come
and
needs.
goods
that
are
made
are
of the
Lahore
at
local
Many
as
hair
embroidery
manufactured
supply
cultural
agri-
large quantities
locally embroidered
are
by
the
importance
any
shawls, which
cream-coloured
men
of
industries
Kashmir
shawls
101
on.
Amritsar
"
in
only
shoes, the
and
implements,
made.
PUNJAB
practically self-supporting.
are
the
THE
Sikhs.
not
are
Villages
In
OF
SIKHS
THE
Amritsar
ornamental
the
deries,
embroi-
brass
ivory carving
and
carpets
not
are
silver
and
such
furs
vases
from
from
Afghanistan.
Lahore
of
and
overland
flows
in from
Some
60%
agriculture.
Amritsar
and
all
of
are
local
points
the
This
large entrepots
merchandise,
of the
people
which
compass.
are
percentage,
in
engaged
owing
to
io2
THE
OF
SIKHS
climate
adverse
more
growth
of
Ganges
basin.
The
of
trade
the
in
of wheat
the
The
Papulation.
rains
fail,
is
whose
with
400
some
the
less
low
as
150
This
density
cheap
because
the
people
stamped
local
comprises
which
the
the
out
native
two-
some
of
living
ideas,
will
so
mile, while
canals
in
is
population
as
labour
is
cheap
low.
is very
that
dant
abun-
means
and
western
The
vative
conser-
tration
adminis-
cial
be, progressively benefiWestern
area.
famines
Central
densely peopled
population
of
cost
from
mile.
square
The
is, and
to
Punjab
square
labour.
in their
provincial
latter is with
primitive, uneducated,
are
is
tan.
Afghanis-
are
regions
the
to
season,
and
of
areas
the
to
fertile
bad
ment
move-
movement
probably
came
Asia.
feature
pastoral-agriculturalpeople
ancestors
The
the
of
millions,
Jats,
are
main
almost
is the
this
Yarkand,
population
thirds
the
In
trade.
Ladakh,
that of the
considerable
greater
depends
year
Karachi.
twenty
some
Punjab
to
trans-frontier
Kashmir,
less than
normal
There
checked.
and
the
the
to
agriculture, and
trade
when
and
industries, is
entirely on
of
PUNJAB
THE
by
and
the
by
contact
has
improvement
the
establishment
of
of
irrigation
an
the
wheat
is
wall
of
the
East
day
the
and
the
the
influenced
Punjab
same
The
the
"
the
West
desire
the
that
in
at
the
this
stimulus
for
this
food.
great
premature
the
past
present
the
influence
to
of
carry
of
West;
responds
wheat.
growing
the
of
the
was
growing
the
so
equal
markets.
about
Empire,
Roman
needs
the
building
brought
103
contact
European
the
that
its
not
railways
for
China
of
fall
said
has
originated
western-built
Karachi
to
It
is
which
and
wheat,
PUNJAB
Western
world.
stimulus
THE
that
system
whole
the
in
OF
SIKHS
THE
East,
influence
in
both
by
cases
CHAPTER
VI.
RECRUITING
METHODS.
majority
The
of
entirely
ignorant
methods
adopted
high-caste
the
to
Indian
Army
Indian
conduct
never
chief
for
were
in
of
before
war-like
recruits,
races
The
and
was
in
called
over-recruited,
so
104
that
East
France,
of
few
the
were
scale
the
of
country
far
to
upon
upon
scoured
parts
many
the
upon
even
campaign
the
Army.
Dardanelles,
was
attempted.
and
for
made
and
recruiting
are
Indian
the
Palestine,
Government
recruits
demands
great
England
procedure
obtain
to
Mesopotamia,
Africa,
the
the
of
regiments
Owing
in
people
and
wide
Punjab
left
to
THE
the
till
India
districts
who
had
usually
These
depots
for
brought
despatched
formed
the
the
of
1918
weekly,
that
so
were
units.
the
being
were
call for
recruits
always persistent.
The
with
of
founding
the
unit
new
of
appointment
usually began
hundred
the
then
men,
left to its
unit
new
to
resources
own
The
The
1""^^.
Colonel, followed
be
to
they
regiments
new
minent
pro-
central
were
before
various
officer,
assistant.
aid
recruits
examination
to
During
white
officials,established
which
to
into
recruiting
with
105
greater
divided
another
officers,
native
was
white
PUNJAB
The
then
was
mder
THE
fields.
ancestral
of
part
OF
SIKHS
The
parent
some
three
was
brigaded
find recruits.
wa3
to
send
under
native officers to
parties of trained men
These parties had
their own
neighbourhood
.
to
report
orders
with
were
to
any
to
were
instructions
at
then
sent
to
their
the
From
recruiting officer.
certain
men
for
own
office
of
here, the
villages
with
accompany
examined
by
the
These
British
recruits
recruiting
io6
SIKHS
THE
OF
the
by
officer,passed
the
THE
plan
better
main
the
being
sent
such
officer
Recruit*ig
iined
had
to
main
of
sides
"
official
opposite^side
At
a'
an
done
were
the
member
the
under
room
the
and
tiny
busy
were
statistics.
the verandah
offices of the
examining
on
side in the
(native clerks)
was
lacing
containing
rickety-looking tables.
on
officer and
and
wall
one
square
buildings,
bounded
correspondence
work
Sometimes
doctor,
"
babus
well,
hollow
mud
On
swing-gates.
rooms
with
high
through
pass
verandah
columned
by
side
double
recruiting
cottage-like mud-brick
with
always
was
depot.
gravel-strewned courtyard,
open
as
He
local
the
the
at
three
boasting of
a
of
Imagine
ceive
re-
regimental British
all recruits
officer,and
could
training before
charge.
in
orders
the
under
depot
placed
was
of
regimental headquarters.
to
on
tal
regimen-
all recruits
preliminary
little
Over
Main
to
sent
neighbourhood
the
Here
depot.
establish
to
was
recruiting depot in
and
doctor,
regiment.
A
the
PUNJAB
of the
On
the
British
native
of the I. M.S.
early hour
the
courtyard and
the
filled with
medley
a
beyond were
of sepoys,
sirdars, babus, loafers, and
mass
impresgot a confused
recruits, so that one
compound
SIKHS
THE
waistcoat
safa, and
or
travel-stained
his
from
proceeded
speed
the
take
chest
when
air
kinch
novice
on
'
clan
eye,
position
individual
If
in
would
the
promising
suffering from
little
"
got
or
skill.
look
bones, the
of
the
of
name
all clues.
height
to
recruits
England
To
unerring
skin, the
to
recruiting
the
one
cheek
told
have
"
out
by the doctor.
as
place
chest).
your
skins
as
the
took
being
on
with
of the
are
measurement,
"
dusky
successful
examined
lungs
of
recruit.
another
coarseness
height and
sometimes
single
The
amazing
of each
features, but
can
from
with
the
(expand
of
row
and
measure
his
discriminative
officer
to
officer
recruiting
office
would
from
peth
a
the
check
recruit
the
many
of
corner
expression
measurement
temporary
1918
generally
one
vacant
hour
fixed
emerged
the
recruits
faces.
At
"
dirty, dust-covered,
The
with
courtyard
their
dhotis.
107
hued
brilliant
squatted together in
huddled
the
with
suits, relieved
muiti
PUNJAB
kashmir-cloth-
uniforms, white
of khaki
sion
THE
OF
"
passed
Towards
the best
that
the
looking
several
were
chest
and
men
doctor
men,
complaints.
to be
on
the
of
end
had
threw
who
earl}
out
were
The
sue-
108
THE
SIKHS
cessful
OF
recruit
jersey, and
the
to
sheet-roll
received
sent
was
Recruiting
ep0
It
"
maidan
camp
shaped
situated
was
furnished
boots,
for
a
the
many
games
the
on
green
its margins
on
well
lay
of
rows
meal
the
month's
very
simple
wear
his
training was
alongside the
near.
gable-
green
flag
regimental
recruit
was
consisting of
(drill tunic), puttees,
Then
(head
dress).
"
him
other
on.
was
uniform,
safa
officers,to make
in
in mind
kurta
and
began
and
days'
to
and
with
"
shorts,
to
recruit's
three
quoit, the
beneath
wash
good
out
yellow
announced
After
how
laid
camp
drill of
placed end
tents
emblem,
Road,
trees.
was
containing
of the
over
quarters,
regimental head-
(plain), overhung
by giant pipal
The
the
Jullundur-Ludhiana
"
The
sometimes
were
cnos"n-
Regimental
handed
was
depot.
to
on
woollen,
away.
The
we'^
fiftyrupees,
regimental
which
journey
PUNJAB
blanket, then
local
THE
He
nature.
uniform,
to
preliminary
was
taught
salute
his
The
sports' side of
and
soil well
the
jump,
highly, but
skill
the
on
abounded
field, where
headlong
my
rush
by
evenings
for
meal,
The
so
the
up
The
whole
short
by the
ankles
my
The
with
game
being
tured
punc-
"
sing-songs
were
had
was
art ; all
of notes
chant,
was
the
very
which
ranged
ar-
took
blazing
evening
spontaneous.
was
acknowledged
joined in the
savoured
to
their
had
by
led
These
around
trees
enjoyment
performance
monotonous
"
men
their
of the
range
frequently
ball
the
pipal
The
singing
experts
by the tactics
special benefit.
my
place under
log fire.
of
thorn.
Some
with
the
of
part in such
walking-stick.
generally ended
"-
scrum
who
"
took
Subadar-Major,
brought
one
goalposts, but
laid low
often
was
kicked
plentiful growth
Football,
jumbled
confines
I sometimes
prickly cacti.
and
the
re-
their
keep
and
to
players
game
not
This
approached
generally wandered
the
the
109
high
I tried
the
at
they pushed
never
game,
jump,
amused
indiscriminately.
mass
of
turn.
players would
in which
another
their
PUNJAB
preferred getting in
places, but
like
Long
great
no
The
suited.
up.
It
football.
introduce
mass,
dug
all had
races,
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
chorus.
limited, and
of
the
rhythmetic-
by
"
'
Singongs-
OF
SIKHS
THE
no
the
high
t*ve
Work,
The
fell
had
the
to
head
the
run
the
goats, and
connected
keep
to
In
supervision.
draw
back
looked
as
another
the
above
of
purchasing
of
other
things
in GuruThese
had
were
constant
Havildar
could
the
trick
records
finally
of order.
or
turned
idly
of
he
discovered,
his
thrown
had
the
words
One
t0 tour
however,
case,
in
for
and
of the duties
the
and
It
pages
figures
exception
an
well
accounts
trained,
are
oughly
thor-
trustworthy.
of the
surrounding
is
when
of
charge
competent
Tours.
and
that
general rule,
Havildars
Recruiting
the
when
had
records
without
of sequence
one
without
them.
The
to
if
the
soldiers, yet
case,
fill,so
semblance
no
while
to
"
Havildars.
as
which,
pages
officer.
written
accounts
one
white
one
were
straight lines,
missing
went
and
good
of
the
milk,
extra
the camp
however
unable
at
of
work
show
All
kept by the
and
men,
"
whole
hundred
with
makhi
had
liarity
pecu-
always produced
of the
assistance.
clothing issued,
not
feat
One
prolonging
administrative
on
clerical
any
the
was
Such
whole
depot
He
bodies.
applause.
great
Administra-
singing
notes.
PUNJAB
their
of
movements
of the
the
THE
British
country
officer
was
in company,
I received
Friday
at
there
As
away.
return
by tonga,
on
the
following day.
country
with
by
bamboo
of
sun.
Four
were
packed
and
was
their
large canal,
for
save
(mosque),
It
night,
so
the
and
impossible
put
we
was
up
very
to
Mullanpur.
quent,
fre-
were
The
of
influence
road-side
The
"
lages,
vil-
ziarat
road
without
canal
hungry,
He
the
tall grasses
holes.
that
rest~hou"e
so
came
"
in
wa3
stay in Raikot
at the
village to forage.
journey
gleaming
was
near
grass.
The
all of mud.
condition,
halt
agriculture and
to
up
way,
always denoted
the
to
white
of the
dunes
feathery
cattle.
the
were
was
Ba.ssian.
to
of
breeding
excellent
tall
knew
pony
to
was
given
was
The
up
Sand
half, owing
remaining
the
of
the
valise,
my
of the
given
their presence
crop
was
springs,
half-way
pasture.
and
by
of
open,
rough
and
tonga
to
inch
every
first half
The
The
tonga.
trotted
Mullanpur.
pelled
com-
was
night,
one
addition
that
exception
the
protection against
in
us,
and
work,
country
as
into
mile3
of
canes,
Loan
27
some
indifferent
with
one
piece
stay
present
War
railway,
no
was
go
and
with
Kaikot,
at
to
rough
its
held
One
be
to
and
recruiting
be
to
PUNJAB
magnates.
invitation
an
combined
meeting,
local native
possible, with
if
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
sent
my
back
at
boy
after
Ba9Slftn,
with
hour
an
millet,
have
THE
PUNJAB
coarse
flour
made
some
artichokes.
and
eggs,
after I had
to say,
for
drink
This
sugar.
which
mug,
served
was
of
part
was
Being without
in
brought
had
its
set
the
local
Ludhiana
morning.
the
in
attired
also
the
wore
Outside
War
was
the
salt
the
local
intended
cool
made
the
who
magistrate,
red
clothes,
fez.
lumbadars
On
neying
jour-
in the
magistrate's house
assembled.
frjen(}a j^
before
I arrived
Mussulman
usual
or
betimes,
up
was
had
ceremonial
village headmen
Loan
course
even
by tonga
Meanwhile,
the
of
acquaintance
but
sites.
requi-
shaving
my
or
old enamel
an
plates, each
who
magnates,
from
was
in
following morning I
out for Raikot, where
and
of
milk
piece of leaf.
^ne
Raikot.
produced
was
plantain leaves;
on
I could
tub,
without
tea
strong
tea
from
cutlets, artichokes,
chapatis," chicken
and
had
dinner
anything.
eaten
"
some
chicken,
Needless
of
OF
SIKHS
THE
ii2
the
fifty
some
with
their
arrival
of the
Meeting.
their
the
shoes
verandah
The
opened.
outside,
to
listen
to
who
in turn
first
had
obtained
district, and
mounted
kind
had
headmen,
massed
were
the
speakers,
of rostrum.
chief
Loan
men
The
;
they
of the
the
Plate VIII.
i i
Goats
Eating
Pet
Kid.
Young
Shoots.
Tree
Grounds
Deer,
Recruiting
Ludhiana.
Rest
House,
Camp,
Bassian.
SIKHS
THE
certain
names
THE
OF
which
sums
PUNJAB
supposed
were
113
to
dual.
to the wealth of each indiviproportionate
The native speakers possessed a wealth
of picturesque and vehement
language; all
to the
driven home
the salient points were
accompaniment of loud bangs and shaking of
the fist.
One
were
by one the chief men
singled out and asked what they were
pared
preto give. Some
hesitated,and tried to
skill how
with all an Eastern's
heavy
prove
be
the burden
of poverty
however,
loud
Shahbash
"
!" (well
the
the extent
to
certain sum,
hearers,
testify to
or
oxen
held.
was
subscribe
to
a
and
of camels
of land that
the
fruitless, for
were
confessions,
Such
was.
mised
pro-
and earned
done)
from
the
speaker.
After the War
held, with
was
dar
"
Loan,
recruitingmeeting
"
lumba-
^
"ng
Recruit-
Meeting.
"
many
for
glisten
chat.
came
How
round
their
afterwardseyes
would
the
THE
ii4
SIKHS
OF
Afterwards
Characteristic
Meal.
uost
mv
oner
with
boiled
their
on
into
the
common
and
did
the
novel
ate
of
watched
glass.
brought
in
placed
was
considered
wash
to
that
water
attendants.
that
no
The
account
company
the
the
on
of
time
to
immense
my
hands
al
kettle,
with
soap,
luxury,
in
the
by
method
of
washing
by
my
shade
certain
brass1
the
and
on
Indian
tea
one
trived
con-
of
of
the
ensured
touch.
account
lawyer.
with
aid
which
pleasanter both
was
pleasure of having
was
stream
This
defiled
was
that
water
over,
Sunlight
an
consisting of
door
like
and
eyes
out
the
table
rough
my
floor, and
of
journey back
of
round
poured
was
had
around
was
vessel
and
guests
time
meal
vessel
tiny piece
at
with
The
brass
of
chicken,
flashing pairs of
stained
plements
im-
my
reclined
From
through
me
bone
consisted
other
I sat
I could
many
dish.
implements.
aware
The
All
best
brand-
were
This
floor, and
to
Such
water.
what
discoloured
the
cloth.
was
with
meal
the
of.soda
meal
white
of
scoured,
shaky
although.
to
as
bottle
pan
meal,
was
discovered.
were
for
town
penknife
knife,
handle,
offered
was
The
American
tea
PUNJAB
(lllite
perplexed
Wa9
me.
new
THE
this
of
on
the
I had
gentle-
OF
SIKHS
THE
This
afterwards.
man
hard-boiled
eggs,_
black
It
tea.
and
hand
beaten,
the
was
the
the
and
same
and
to
this
see
shell oft' an
to me;
over
of
grapes,
amusing
very
n5
consisted
sweetmeats,
latter
did
PUNJAB
meal
carefully take
gentleman
THE
I,
so
handed
egg
to be
not
hira
in
one
return.
During
I
in the
stayed
making
visited
this
to
With
as
served
go
heavy,
two
These,
as
the
season
with
maize.
Here
and
All
were
bv
machinery,
and
there
of
all the
and
saw
convey
his
drawn
the
by
fields.
autumn,
millet
were
and
in smaller
sugar-cane
process
kit,
With
on
of
crop
During
hand.
primitive
very
early
ripening
in the
cut
to
across
was
patches prevailed.
were
went
was
zamindar
byle-wagon,
covered
crops
local
rest-house
of
fortnight's tour.
the
while
train.
amount
induced
cumbrous
oxen,
by
trict
dis-
that
so
Ahmedgarh
was
to
while
This
villages.
persuasion
kit
Jaghera:
at
railway,
as
for
District,
headquarters
considerable
(land-owner)
my
by
food
little
Charpar
rest-house
my
far
as
I had
me
the
surrounding
I carried
canal
place
the
is well
able
in
tour
one
my
being harvested.
nu
agricultural
implements
constructed
used
were
chiefly
of
wood.
The
local
folk
wore
the
dhoti
(kilt),and
^inct
n6
have
time
shoes
on
worn
out
their heads
I had
villages I
had
miles
visited
off
the
among
the
the
that
in
rough
from
lages
vil-
country
five
Dehlon,
sun
the
ruts
of
sink
that
wound
the
in
and
meet
was
period
taining
con-
leaves
which
deeper,
cart
so
roads
it is
two
feet
the
of
would
god.
the
that
tracks
of
an
of time
springless tonga
preferred
times
In process
level
such
equanimity
fact, anywhere
fields
tracks,
hard.
general
negotiated
I
wheel
deep
deeper
remain
The
willydunes,
irrigated periodically,
were
to
sand
in
straight line.
sight
common
at
practically confined
was
of tall grass;
bakes
British
inter-communication
traffic at such
soon
below
macadamised
tracks
track
tonga
hot
this
usual
main
villages
inheritance
the
the
prepare
These
arrival.
daily
clumps
but
it
to
irrigated fields,over
amongst
To
recruits
roads,
nilly across
in
tortuous
mere
so
being
proposed visiting,
on
my
came
engineered
to
from
away.
Once
Inter-
sent
for
which
tonga,
their
carrying
them
"a
soon.
previously
I
tions.
save
inhabitants
the
Communica-
to
too
Many
footgear.
travellers
met
all the
To
without
walked
generally
PUNJAB
THE
OF
SIKHS
THE
ground.
while
disturb
ingly,
Accord-
walking,
although
equally trying, for my
OF
SIKHS
THE
THE
PUNJAB
117
places the
other
had
we
negotiate
by
accompanied
to
channel
easily got
We
much
took
horse
the
but
across,
in order
banked-up
right angles.
at
enough,
wide
was
suddenly
up
occasional
an
crossed
that
pull
to
road
boots.
of my
in
getting
persuasion,
the
induced
to
be
it could
tonga-walla, before
drag the tonga over.
generally
to the dharmsala,
conducted
guest-house,
or
and there, seated in an armchair, if the village
boasted of one, or on a string-bed, if not, the
On
my
arrival at
village I
was
is
of the
sure
of
indication
village.
In
circle
semi-
The
the
perity
pros-
best-built
of
the
is
one
guest-house
with
adorned
often
is
buildings, and
lages
quaint carvings and paintings. In small vilthe guestthe village main
house.
gate forms
After
the
recruiting
vessel.
In
noticeable
one
names
meeting
in
shallow
village white
in
was
men
register.
previous sig-
It
Dharmsala.
k8
THE
mine
to
nature
was
territories
recruiting
on
"
good
island
Thanas
British
of Ludhiana
extremely irregular. In
is
'
heron
and
native
neighbourhood
in the
District
some
cases
(Police-districts), under
but
surrounded
administration,
British
by
between
boundary
The
village
of the
White
old.
year
the
sake
j|sW
over
\isited
only
officers
PUNJAB
THE
OF
SIKHS
native
the
are
Thanas
in
Dhapali,
Thanas
are
railway
Such
territory, occur.
the
of
Shakna
Jagraon
Tehsil.
much
very
examples
track, and
and
These
isolated,being
reached
off the
only by
rough
roads.
have
Attempts
boundary
of
line
To
States, such
prospect
for the
a
fl
Outbreak.
outbreak
the
the
up
the
exchanges
ever,
How-
is the
question
of
revenue
and
sometimes
latter
having
doubtful
native
The
j
of
trouble
British
re-form
Thanas.
Malerkotla
taxed
neighbouring
to
mutual
island
keep
as
villagers are
Naturally,
as
of the
root
of taxation.
made
by making
territory, such
the
by
been
Jhind,
treble that
administered
present
advantage
of
the
of
one.
villagers object
their
tiny
to
the
trebled
taxes
being governed
potentate.
great
ravages
greatly
made
affected
by
the
influenza
recruiting
results.
seized
epidemic
The
OF
SIKHS
THE
Owing
their crowded
villages with
fed
was
sufferers
made
medical
aid, but
looked
To
Allah.
from
influenza
to
living
it
to
his
death,
suffering
was
same
great
so
seek
visitation
as
he
man
of
nourished.
and
on
of
yards
court-
rooms
practically the
was
him
ordering
tell
absence
little effort
The
from
of the
in the
oxen
the
in
sometimes
or
daily.
nature
courts,
of
the presence
drains, and
In
old.
smoked
pyres
thickly populated
the
to
119
had
funeral
walls
the
outside
PUNJAB
and
young
house
villages every
some
on
THE
as
the
was
of it.
fear
it
good
was
to lead
load
its
of
Ludhiana
to
return
and
newspaper
with
to
again,
the Calcutta
to watch
humanity
black
and
white.
The
well
The
laid
hedge-rows
of
each
so
pink
The
cacti.
Instead
birds,
form
to
of the
one
saw
sometimes
veritable
were
and
creeper
overhung
met
doubly
flowers.
roads
some
flowering
trees
side, and
as
of the
bordering
looked
of dense
masses
colour-wastes
bold
mass
their
inviting.
very
gardens
out
with
attractive
and
looked
countryside
the
roads
in the
tunnel
foliage
The
one
giant
from
middle
of
foliage.
dull-plumed English hedgerow
a
flights
of
green
screaming
120
THE
SIKHS
parrots
OF
or
shelter
of the
of
front
Bungalow
the
were
road
in
effrontery and
the
into
one's
lamp, settled
forced
was
the
sand-flies
the
form
task.
order
had
issue
of
this
time
owing
of the
to
-"-11
^ne
absence
the
to
required
little
the
brought about
banks.
buried
All
in
the
on
the
freres
con-
paid
was
was
no
bank,
an
Treasury
of
Such
by the Orientals'
silver
"
silver.
by
for
At
banks
shortage, necessitating
action.
Government
men
of any
amount
silver
great
in
through the
the
pay
obtained
be
"
night.
money
to
larger
afperpetual hum
up
hours
""sy
their
net,
time
rough
bites, while
kept
Getting
one
quito
mos-
under
bed
"
of
' '
in
until
neck
refuge under
when
gave
They
against the
of one's
nape
seek
to
Even
net.
darker
the
dak-
to
abound.
bumped
soup,
on
return
inconveniences.
many
such
one
rats
imaginable.
Tree
the greatest
with
one
the
seeking
across
My
In
Treasury
undergrowth.
they jumped
unconcern
Dak-
PUNJAB
frightened peacock
everywhere
THE
available
ground
shortage
little faith in
was
no
millions
by
was
doubt
of
the
natives.
The
treasury
was
built
on
the
same
lines
THE
as
It had
fort.
through
entrance
armed
guard
desks.
On
box
wooden
entries
with
This
floor
made
reed
hand
was
the writer
characters
speed of
shorthand
writer.
the
from
message
it
late, for
too
was
ledgers.
all the
the
yhe
Armistice,
join the
fiftyrupees.
recruits
more
no
to
of
came
close
to
Arabic
with
flocked
now
All
in
armistice,
headquarters
Recruits
depot.
the
of
news
and
to
of Arabic
With
sat
rough
buff-coloured
thickening
a
was
of notes.
cashier
the
on
pen
enabled
pen
by
way.
gate-
silver
piles of
at
; near
an
miniature
floor before
were
and
this
at
121
ono
treasury
containing piles
were
only
who
officials,
native
the
coins
the
of
by
on
the
aluminium
and
porched gateway,
business
heels
PUNJAB
always posted
entirely conducted
their
THE
high, walls,
a
was
The
on
OF
SIKHS
were
required.
Very
reduce
regiments
now
with
to
afterwards
soon
staff had
men
earning
agriculture.
below
to
certain
they
more
Sikhs
to
work
than
did
they
the
with
the peace-time
which
far too
were
Accordingly
set
cadre.
to that
The
troops.
be demobilised
soldiers
contrary
arose
white
to
the
came
order
to
tion
situa-
existed
not
want
happy
could
as
from
administrative
discretion.
standard
were
All
de-
Deraobilisatlon-
122
OF
SIKHS
THE
mobilised,
then
weeded
Tk"
the
out.
The
were
men
The
the
Sikh
and
garrisoning
and
Far
of
make
praise
officers
who
native
regiments.
by
heads
with
so
of
public
eye,
uncalled-for
hcnour
ably
the
worthy.
trust-
of
British
fortunes
the
work
reflects
of
of
cheerfully
climate;
often
criticism,
integrity
and
peasant
tropical
which
Near
example
handful
in
part
the
in
fine
They
rigours
the
the
on
large
and
Fort.
brave,
ungainly
control
the
Dacca
loyal,
such
rough
dash
frontiers
is
were
distinguished
plays
our
He
To
small
before
now
broke
Peshawar
accustomed
action
East.
from
action,
their
state
Afghanistan
in
soldier
the
soldier
with
at
first
in
disorganised
regiments
with
bravery
race.
the
one
this
war
Sikh
themselves
under
in
recent
the
among
their
by
one
was
army
when
no
PUNJAB
out.
Afghan
War.
THE
of
seen
un-
levies
they
the
tain
main-
British
on
INDEX.
123
OF
SIKHS
THE
124
Dehlon
THE
PUNJAB
Granth
Sahib
12, 14
100
Deer
Durbar
Sahib
Daswen
Badshah
Dress
Death
Gurus
14
Golden
Gadda
21
Govind
118
life
Diwali
Dacca
24,
Delhi
Fort
Dal
Doabs
69,84
Drought
79
Doaba
85
Sikh
Deodar
Tree
of
Density
Population
102
58
Education
53,
Fairs
40, 99
Ferozepore
Garba
28
Granthi
Gurm
117
27
41
24
46
14
Giijars
Gharra
122
51
99
42
Dharmsala
Temple
Pir
Guga
14
120
Dhoti
12,
34
Rites
Dhapali
Dak- bungalow
96
ki
Grantli
52
29, 32
28, 46, 49
28, 36, 58
Garbi
28
Gurudwara
29,
30
Gopalpur
Ghit"-log
Galis
36
39
44,
48
Ghanna
94
Gateways
49
Heron
96
Harrows
92, 99
Har
Gdviud
Har
R"i
Har
Kishin
13, 15
13, 15
13, 15
Hal
92,
99
Holi
41
19, 84
Haqr
54
Food
26
Hissa
Frishta
52
Fords
69
Forts
70
Frosts
81
Forests
88
Football
Fuel
Gurumukhi
Goats
109
61
14, 58
44,
57
Hockey
38
Houses
48
Influenza
Industries
35, 50
Jat Sikh
21,26
71,95
Jaghera'
Jangpur
Jhatka
Jumping
100
54
12, 27
37
SIKHS
THE
OF
Jagraon Tehsil
57
25,
Jawar
27
Jharmat
Jurah
36
30
84, 118
3G, 56, 95
Jandiali
Jussa
Jats
Singh
17, 60
65
Jheluin
64,
PUNJAB
19, 36, 41,
69, 81, 95, 100
Love
Litigation,
Kos
60
Langa-Khana
27
Lumbadar
Lahra
Lahore
17
Kannai
32
Kirpan
99
12, 32
Kara Parshad
Kabir
14
Kannungo
Khalsa
58
Kes
12
Kunga
12
12, 21
Kachh
Kashmir
18, 64,
ka Khel
57
50
Ladakh
60
64, 102
Sikhs
84, 86
Manjha Sikhs 85, 86
Maize
45, 93, 115
Mukhi
45, 93
Mazbhi
Sikhs
15, 61
Mullanpur
54, 111
Mela
39, 99
Moghuls
15, 16, 17
Mahrattas
16, 17
Muklawa
Multan
33
102
Karaha
Katora
Knanda
Kursti
49,
Leather-Dressers
Malwa
Kabul
of
20
Lohar
6b
95
Karpar ka Khana
Kulhur
34, 36, 73, 96
^5
Ludhiana
93
Jhinwara
Jhind
THE
91
29
Misls
17
28
Moneylender-
23
12
Malerkotla
36
56, 84,
118
Kara
12
Mugdars
38
Khatri
23
38
Kursti-Log
50
Kangra
64
Minstrels
Music
Monsoons
Maha
Parshad
Karachi
Karuad
Kamadi
Kurta
Laws
District
93,
103
94
Marriage
94
Millet
Minerals
21, 46
of Inheritance
38
74
28
93
94
Nanakpur-Jaghera
87
71
126
THE
SIKHS
OF
THE
PUNJAB
Quoit Throwing
38
Razai
41
Raikot
Ram
Oxen
68, 96
Outward
of
Signs
Sikhism
11
Ornaments
24, 26'
99, 111
Das
14
12,
Rajnanand
14
Ranjit Singh
Running
Ramgarhias
Religion
18
Roads
37
60
13
69, 116
Rechna
Doab
69
Wells
Phulkian
67,
97
States
94
Rivers
of
89,93
Plough.
92, 99
16, 77, 82
Patiala
Persian
Invasions
Peshawar
17
Vallev
81
Punjab
67, 72,
Ravi
69
Rainfall
of
Punjab
82
Summer
77
Winter
80
22
Rath
27
Recruiting Tours
Pital
28
Tree
53, 88
Palml
11, 15,
Pahir
34,
Annua.l
Pagri
Pangat
Pipal
73
40, 100
Sugar-cane
110
91, 94
115
29
36
Sand-dunes
Puranas
52
Sialhur
72, 95
36, 53, 96
Paijamaa
21
Suhaga
92, 99
Patta
57
Sirhind
17
P/anchaifc
58
Patwari
58
Sirdars
18,
Shadi
29
Singh
Physique
of Sikhs
Panjal
Pass
Petroleum
18, 85
64
Safa
21, 22
94
Saluna
Soorts
102
Coat
20
Wars
Senussi
Population of Punjab
Posteen
12, 15,
Sikh
19, 83
Pir
48
81
Samrala
Shakna
19
27
3T
Tehsil
57
118
SIKHS
THE
OF
THE
PUNJAB
127
Sunt
52
Travel, Love
Schools
53
Toba
56
Safedpost
58
Tehsildar
57
Sirpanch
59
Thai-
SiHii
35
Shamlat
59
Sauti
37
Phanka
Streets
44, 48
Sweepers
GO,
61
64
Simla
Sutlej
of
Desert
62, 65,
72
Temperature
74, 81,
83
Tamarisk
Tree
89
Trade
102
Treasury
120
Tobacco
12
67
Soil
Siiul Sagar
Doab
Underground
Water
69,89
Simimer
Rainfall
77
14
23
59
Emperor
Sakangas
Sahukar
89
Tree
Rhisham
83
Tree
Range
89
Signs of Sikhism
Singing
11
Salt
67
43
Villages
44, 49
Village Gates
59
Village Council
land
Village Common
80
Snow
Sal
23
109
Village Wall
Vegetation
Women
Wrestling
Tonga
Tegh Bahadur
57, 118
40, 116
13, 15, 61
Tindo
27
Tori
27
Tliali
28
Tehsil
57
Tawa
28
Tarkhan
60
57
Wells, Persian
Winter
88
24, 46
37, 44, 50
Ward
Thanas
53
Rainfall
67, 97
80
Woodland
88
Wheat
90
128
THE
SIKHS
THE
OF
PUNJAB
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Cunningham
History
Cedwthee
Notes
Falcon
Handbook
of
the
Sikhs.
Sikhs.
on
Sikhs
on
for
Regimental
"
Candler
The
Mantle
GouGH"I"WES...The
of
Sikhs
Officers
ev
and
the
East.
the
Sikh
Wars
McGregor
History
Rice...
Notes
Macatjliffe
The
M.\cauliefe
of the
Sikhs.
on
Religion
Sikh
Gurus,
Sacred
Article
on
"
Sikhs
"
Its
Writings,
Sikhism
Encyclopaedia
Bingiey
Sikhs.
"c
"
Britannica.
Handbooks
for
Indian
the
Army.
SELECTION
OF
THE
WORKS
MISCELLANEOUS
Published
SILK
THE
Its
82a, FarringdonStreet,London,
House,
Danegeld
Drane's
by
THE
OF
INDUSTRY
KINGDOM
UNITED
Sir Frank
top cloth
E.C.
Warner,
K.B.E.
extra.
includes
716
This authoritative work, extends
over
pages,
The Queen in their
The King and H.M.
coloured
platesof H.M.
the
Norwich
shawl
in
Coronation
Robes, the famous silk
museum,
from M.S.S. in the British museum,
Primitive
at work
weavers
art
and
54 other illustrations on
paper.
The
main
object of the author has been to compile for the
first time a record of the origin and development of the British
silk industry from its introduction
by refugeesfrom the Nether*
to the present day.
lands and Huguenot immigrants down
INDIA
ProfuselyIllustra=
By Oliver Bainbridge.
Indian
ted with Original Photographs supplied by many
for this book, also from paintings by Alexander
Princes
Scott. Royal 8vo, cloth extra, gilt top. Price 21/- nett.
TO-DAY.
There is no
earth so misunderstood
India,and
as
country on
Government
more
no
misrepresentedthan the British,and the
is superior
which
is
to present the truth
object of the author
He
to all argument.
not
only gives his impressions of the British
and the present=day
conditions of India, but of the
Government
he
inhabitingthat Empire (with whom
great congeries of races
with
his
extensive
keen, impartial,
a
travels)
mingled during
and
has
those
elements
forceful and humorous
all
so
happily
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The
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HIGHWAY.
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IN
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Price
OF
REST.
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Poems
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POEMS
Thornton
RHYMES
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Being
FAREWELL
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....
Mr.
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Beautifully bound
Fairelie
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HEAVEN.
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SOUL
appreciationand
much
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on
air.
cover.
OUT
"
are
Harry
By
sweetness
there
storm
he possesses
Anselmo
and
alone
officer when
poems.
Mail.
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Western
"
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THE
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As
The
power
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cloth
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reallyfine
"
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By
16mo.
DRANE'S,
By
Price
Morris
Hawksley.
Fancy
Is.
Farringdon
Street,
E. C.
POEMS
OF
Wheeler
Wilcox.
Wheeler
Mrs.
Wilcox
emotions.
She
Wilcox.
MAURINE
decidedly the
present day."
"
'
told
OTHER
Ella
'
in Mrs.
POEMS
is
Wilcox's
OF
LOVE.
Price
Is. 6d.
Ella
Wheeler
By
self-sacrifice,
and
Thousand.
second
Fifty
the
Is. 6d.
Wilcox.
OF
Price
of
the
Thousand,
Twentieth
Wilcox.
LIFE.
Wheeler
POEMS
gamutof
whole
successful
most
POEMS.
Wheeler
Maurine
the
runs
is
AND
By
Is. 6d.
Price
in this collection
poetesses of the
by
fancy
Thirty-second Thousand.
PLEASURE.
OF
Ella
"
stiff
covers.
POEMS
Ella
By
Thousand.
Seventy-fifth
in
Tastefully bound
PASSION.
By
Ella
Price
Wilcox.
Is. 6d.
"
Mrs.
Wilcox's
condenses
Poems
whole
page in
clearer than
be
May
the
the
leaves
often
great truth
it in
make
would
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distinct
with
read
and
She
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in
rich
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sparkling and
laboured
argument."
"
all
are
pleasure."
"
Manchester
"Guardian.
"
"
book
The
they
"
run
buy
to
Poems
keep." Piccadilly.
and
"
all have
with
an
Contains
some
Scottish
Leader.
BACK
NUMBERS.
easy
hit."
"
Sunday
and
collection
of
DRANE'S,
brevity,
and
Times.
charming
Onlooker."
in two
of
note
supreme
very
appeared in "The
24mo.
Paper cover
London
the
colours.
Farringdon
verses."
musical
Poems
By
Price
hare
that
Dennis
Duval.
Is.
Street,
"
E.
C.
ROSES
RUE.
AND
Kathleen
selection
Gamble.
of
charming
Royal 16mo.,
by
poems
Fancy
boards.
Price Is.
"
Pretty
"
Full
of
give voice
The
.
pleasing than
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MENEAS
one
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THE
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Price
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bv Edward
Coles.
boards.
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more
more
by
Lily
Forest.
Mary
Is.
Poem
Author
of charming Verses.
Helen Polska's
of
"
Is. 6d.
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Fitzgerald.
Is. 6d.
OF
ROSEMARY
or
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is
in
Price
KHAYYAM.
Price
WREATH
Poems
A Volume
Danziger.
OF
Price
other
Walker.
CONFESSION.
RUBAIYAT
tender
Is.
Endish
of
Syria
By
and
is written
that
and
Romance
in four parts.
Price
boards.
memories
Courier.
SOLITUDE.
sentiment."
of the versification
ease
reads
Dundee
AND
Davis.
By
graceful
to sweet
unaffected
much
AFTER
Times.
and
melody
sweet
of these
Many
regrets
The
Circular.
Publishers
"
little Verses.""
Illustrated
Melodies
from
Boards,
Fancy
by
into
W.
F.
afar, by
Royal
16mo.
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Till
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dav
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specialpraise
and
The
Times.
Sympathy."
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should
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"
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SONGS
FOR
MUSIC.
Cadwaldr.
Royal
bright
collection
16mo., Fancy
of
boards.
Lvrics' by
Price
nett.
Londen
DRANE'S,
Farringdon
.Street,
E.
Is.
^
LIFE'S
LESSON.
boards.
Fancy
SKY
LYRICS.
LETTERS
LOVE
"
of
Price
Is. 6d.
fashionable
emotions
Poems.
"
GLASS.
Full
of
Miss
Edith
ECCE
VAGABOND.
By
the
period."
SEVEN
SONGS.
Barker.
Edith
By
the
Circular.
Price
The
Rikoff.
volume
of
Is.
Princess
Royal
ofWales
16mo.
Is.
"
Madame.
"
SOMNIATOR
celebrates
facility."SheffieldDaily Telegraph
poetic promise."
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Heron-Allen-
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verse
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by special
Dedicated
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AND
FANCIES
Poems.
good example
very
FORTY
OF
emotional
volume
Hume.
Price Is.
boards.
THE
Royal 16rao.,
Is.
Cynthia
By
Hawksly.
Morris
By
Price
ideas."
possesses
VENIT.
By
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"
R.
J.
Ridout.
Price
EPICS
LEGENDS
AND
Price
THE
2s. 6d.
JOSEPH
Price
"
OF
EMPIRE.
By
Charles
Kent.
nett.
JINGLE
BOOK.
By
Mostyn
Pigott-
Is.
is well known
Pigott'sskill in topicalverse
"extremely clever and amusing." LiverpoolCourier.
Mr.
is
...
"
"
verses
Extremely smart
Advertiser.
question." Dundee
apropos
to
the
fiscal
policy
"
London
DRANE'S,
Farrinffdon
Street,
E.
C.
Rowe,
f.
Price
"
Is.
of
collection
small
Royal
eng.
ph.,
By Alice B.
16mo., Fancy boards.
COUNTRY.
AND
HOME
OF
SONGS
humorous,
verse,
and
grave,
gay.
lonely firesides
cornfields,clo"dy skies
castle walls, summer
days
beatingrain all blended wi^h the sunset, love of country
home.
Appealing in its simplicityand in its desire to
It leads
through
on
one
varied
many
scenes,
aud
and
and
and
reach
Adams
Mr.
has
He
life.
rhythm
tuneful
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"
The
Very quaint and attractive.
the rhythm is very pleasingand
and
chosen
and enjoyed by many."
be sure
to be read
.
is
There
"
Chimes.'
WAR.
Crown
idealism.
Courier.
'
Grafton
Fancy
Fletcher.
between
sides
two
are
showing
diabolic
the
spirit aad
put with equal power."
verse
"
Herald.
dramatic
poem
verse.
which
shows
The
.
poem
the second
plenty of
his
Christian
World.
own
WIND
both
WAVE.
Fletcher.
London
Dundee
strikingblank
of blank
THE
"
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Will
musical
facility in
Campbell
in
scenes
world
The
.
"
is
8vo.
strife in the
R.
By
A series of dramatic
Glasgow
poetic
considerable
AT
cover,
the
and
Liverpool Courier.
"
GENIUS
"
early
rhyme
language
"
"
and
Advertiser.
Dundee
skill."
with
home
of
manages
Cloth
Adams.
Maurice
3s. 6d.
extra.
'"
W.
By
CHIMES.
GRAFTON
Publishers' Circular
"
DRANE'S,
mand
com-
uncommon
at
us
conception
By
Price
Farringdon
and
R.
of
times
author, however,
Play.
very
reminds
The
in dramatic
has
style."
"
Campbell
Is. 6d.
Street,
E-
BOOKS
ON
THROUGH
THE
Emily
"Tfce
Asia
MALAY
magnificent archipelago
of notict
from
engineer."
that
shows
tatioa, and
the
Liter
"
But
trotter.
Miss
clotl.
The
book
"state."
be
"Will
by those
the
in
gives
tncogmt*
charms
possesses
which
are
the
to
vege"
deserving
CEYLON
COCOA
Illustrated with
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Co.,
ESTATE.
twenty picturesfrom
Colombo.
or
Crown
8vo,
Price 6s.
us
found
lively a"d
delightfulreading both
quest of information
of life on
an
EIGHTH
Dedicated
berts. Being
1900
By
talion
and
Ceylon
at
home,
AFRICA.
"
in
more
especially
but lovelyquarter
Ceylon Independent.
"
1902.
DIVISION
Thomas
experience
Charles
Field
UNIFORM
METHUEN
Gaskell.
Price
STORY
OF
Ro*
Division,
ex"Volunteer,
With
illustrations. Crown
WITH
IN
Wetton,
the
Lord
Price 6s.
extra.
with
to
Hospital, and
ImperialYeomanry.
8vo, cloth
SOUTH
IN
by Special Permission
Volunteer's
23rd
R.A.M.C.,
THE
group
F. Skeen
RUNDEL'S
WITH
ttrra
Sptcialor.
globe."
WITH
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extra.
The
"
practicallya
extremity of
ON
photographs by
the southernmost
Post.
pool Daily
Mary
from
is
has
By Miss
6s.
extends
Richings
and
LIFE
By
that
this disconnected
botanist
EVERYDAY
8vo.
parts of Australia
northernmost
the
to
ETC.
ARCHIPELAGO.
Crown
Richings.
ordinary globe
of
TRAVEL,
many
580
pages.
THE
ABOVE.
AFRICA.
SOUTH
By H. S.
6s.
INDIA.
By John Thornton.
Crown
8vo,
cloth. 6s.
An
interestingly-written
historyof
London:
DRANE'S,
our
great
dependency.
Farringdon Street, E. C.
of Toronto
University
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