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LI M U
Nhn ngy nh gio Vit Nam ngy 20/11/2016, mnh xin gi tng n cc bn b ti liu v Quy
i Hu c m mnh bin son. y l tc phm m mnh dnh rt nhiu tm huyt, thi gian v cng sc
hon thnh. y l li tri n n cc thy c, nhng ngi ang cng tc trong lnh gio dc. Chc cc
thy c lun khe mnh, c nhiu th h hc sinh u t
Ti liu gm 3 phn chnh:
Phn mt: Cc k thut quy i hn hp hu c phc tp. Cc k thut ny bao gm: ng ng
Ha, Thy Phn Ha, Hiro Ha v Ankan Ha.
Phn hai: Cc bi ton tng hp. Phn ny bao gm mt s bi ton i hi s vn dng cao.
Phn ba: Bi tp t luyn. y s l nhng th thch th v ginh cho cc bn.
Trong ti liu ny mnh s khng cp nhiu n peptit. Cc bn hy tham kho tc phm ng
ng Ha v bi ton peptit ca anh NT Nht Trng (sinh vin trng i hc Y Dc thnh ph HCM)
c ci nhn su sc nht v bi ton peptit. Tc phm ny cng chnh l ngun gc tng cho k thut
u tin k thut ng ng Ha trong ti liu ny. Ba k thut cn li c mnh m rng v pht trin
da trn nn tng ca ng ng Ha.
Link bi vit: https://goo.gl/q0dzkd
trnh tnh trng mt s phn t trc li c nhn t ti liu ny, mnh s chn walter link download ca ti
liu ny. Hy vng cc bn khng cm thy phin vi n.
Hy vng ti liu ny s c ch cho cc bn s t 99er trong qu trnh n luyn, chun b cho k thi THPT
Quc gia 2017
Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n thy X Huyn, thy Phan Thanh Tng, anh o Vn Yn,
anh Phan Thanh Tng, anh Ph Pht h tr ngun ti liu, gip em hon thnh ti liu ny. Mnh
cng xin gi li cm n n nhng ngi bn gip , ng vin mnh trong sut qu trnh bin son b
ti liu. Cm n Cng ng Ha hc Bookgol gip mnh a ti liu ny n vi thy c v cc bn hc
sinh
Mc d rt c gng nhng ti liu kh trnh khi nhng sai st trong qu trnh bin son. Ti liu
ny c upload ln folder driver nn s c chnh sa trong thi gian sm nht. Rt mong nhn c
nhng kin ng gp ca cc thy gio, c gio cng cc bn hc sinh ti liu ny c hon thin
hn.
Ti liu ny l mt phn trong n phm v Quy i m mnh d nh s hon thin n sm nht c
th gi n mi ngi. Hi vng s nhn c s ng h ca mi ngi
Mi kin ng gp xin vui lng lin h qua email: n.m.ngoc.richard@gmail.com
St: 0962748426
Ngh An, ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2016
V MINH NGC
Tc gi: V Minh Ngc fb.com/NgocRichard99
Moderator ti BookGol fb.com/groups/HoaHocBookGol Bookgol.com
Trang 1
GREAT minds discuss IDEAS AVERAGE minds discuss EVENTS SMALL minds discuss PEOPLE
LI TRI N
Nhn ngy nh gio Vit Nam, ngy 20/11/2016. Thay mt BQT Bookgol xin c gi li tri n, li
cm n su sc nht n tt c cc qu thy c lun ng h gip Bookgol trong thi gian hot ng
va qua. Chc cho tt c cc thy c, cc bn sinh vin ang lm vic v cng tc lin quan n lnh vc gio
dc lun c mt sc khe di do, tinh thn lc quan. Chc cho cc thy c s tip tc gt gi c nhiu
thnh cng trong qu trnh cng tc, s gip ch c nhiu hn na cc em hc sinh, c nhng th h hc
tr thnh cng.
c c thnh cng nh ngy hm nay ca Bookgol khng th khng k n s gip v ng h
ca thy c vi Bookgol c v cng vic ln tinh thn. Bookgol t ho khi nhn c nhiu tnh cm yu qu
ca cc thy c dnh cho mnh. Trn tt c thnh vin BQT Bookgol lun nhn nhn n mt cch trn trng.
Cm n tt c thy c v nhng tnh cm dnh cho Bookgol. Nhng tnh cm tht ng trn qu.
Ti liu ny cng l mt mn qu nho nh gi n tt c cc thy c nhn dp 20-11. Hi vng n s
phn no gip ch cho thy c phn no trong cng vic ca mnh.
Hy vng trn con ng i sp ti ca Bookgol vn s lun nhn c tnh cm, s ng h gip
ca tt c cc qu thy c. Mt ln na chc mng 20-11. Chc cc thy c lun vui v , khe mnh.
Bookgol, ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2016

T/M BQT
o Vn Yn

Moderator ti BookGol fb.com/groups/HoaHocBookGol
Trang 2
MC LC
PHN MT: CC K THUT QUY I HN HP HU C PHC TP .............................................. 4
NG NG HO ............................................................................................................................. 4
I.
1.
Gii thiu k thut C s quy i ................................................................................................... 4
2.
K thut p dng Cc bi ton minh ha....................................................................................... 4

a)
Tch CH2 ......................................................................................................................................... 4
b)
Ghp CH2 ........................................................................................................................................ 7
II. THU PHN HO ............................................................................................................................ 12

1.
Gii thiu k thut C s quy i ................................................................................................. 12
2.
K thut p dng Cc bi ton minh ha..................................................................................... 12

a)
Tch H2O Ghp este ................................................................................................................... 12
b)
Bo ton s mol ........................................................................................................................ 23
III. HIRO HO ...................................................................................................................................... 27

1.
2.
Cc bi ton minh ha..................................................................................................................... 27

a)
Bi ton hiro ha hon ton hn hp..................................................................................... 28
b)
Bi ton thiu thng tin v s mol H2 ........................................................................................... 32
IV. ANKAN HO Tch nhm chc..................................................................................................... 36

1.
2.
Cc bi ton minh ha..................................................................................................................... 36
PHN HAI: CC BI TON TNG HP ................................................................................................ 41

PHN BA: BI TP T LUYN .............................................................................................................. 58

Trang 3
PHN MT: CC K THUT QUY I HN HP HU C PHC TP

Trong phn ny mnh s gii thiu n cc bn mt h thng 4 k thut quy i gm:
1. ng ng ha (tch ghp CH2)
2. Thy phn ha (tch ghp este)
3. Hiro ha (tch ghp lin kt )
4. Ankan ha (tch ghp nhm chc)
Ngoi ra cn mt s k thut khc s xut hin trong phn hai (cc bi ton tng hp).
Mnh p dng nhng k thut ny vo cc bi ton tng hp hu c trong thi i hc cc nm;
thi th ca cc trng; thi th ca cc group; thi Olympic Ha hc BookGol, v thu c nhiu kt
qu, mt s chng c tng hp trong ti liu ny. Cc k thut c sp xp theo th t t c bn n
nng cao. vn dng linh hot tt c chng, cc bn cn nm vng tng k thut mt.
I.
NG NG HO
1. Gii thiu k thut C s quy i
Ta bit rng cc cht thuc cng mt dy ng ng hn km nhau mt hoc nhiu nhm CH2. V vy,
c th thm vo hoc bt i CH2 t mt cht hu c bt k c mt cht khc ng ng vi n. Da vo
tng ny, ta c th quy i mt hn hp phc tp v cc cht n gin hn (thng l cc cht u dy)
km theo mt lng CH2 tng ng. K thut ny c gi l ng ng Ha (H).
V d :
C3H8 CH4 + 2CH2
C3H6(OH)2 C2H4(OH)2 + 1CH2
C2H5COOC3H7 HCOOCH3 + 4CH2
C6H5CH(CH3)2 C6H6 + 3CH2

C4H7COOH C2H3COOH + 2CH2
(C15H31COO)3C3H5 (HCOO)3C3H5 + 45CH2
C2H5NH2 CH3NH2 + 1CH2
(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COOH NH2CH2COOH + 3CH2
2. K thut p dng Cc bi ton minh ha

a) Tch CH2
Mt vi v d v cch s dng H quy i hn hp hu c.
V d 1: Quy i hn hp X gm cc axit no, n chc v cc ancol no hai chc (tt c u mch h).
HCOOH : a
Cn H 2n 1COOH
X
C2 H 4 (OH) 2 : b
Cm H 2m (OH) 2
CH : c
2
V d 2: Quy i hn hp Y gm cc ankin, cc anehit no, hai chc v cc este n chc c mt lin

kt i C=C (tt c u mch h).

Trang 4
C 2 H 2 : a
Cn H 2n 2
(CHO) : b
2
Y Cm H 2m (CHO) 2
C H O
HCOOC 2 H 3 : c
n 2n 2 2
CH 2 : d
V d 3: Quy i hn hp Z gm cc amin no, hai chc, mch h v mt pentapeptit mch h c to
bi cc amino axit thuc cng dy ng ng ca glyxin.
CH 2 (NH 2 ) 2 : a
Cn H 2n (NH 2 ) 2
Z
(C2 H 3ON)5 .H 2O : b
(Cm H 2m 1ON)5 .H 2O
CH : c
2
Sau khi quy i hn hp bng H, ta lp cc phng trnh theo cc d kin t bi v gii h. Khi
tm c cc n, tc l xc nh c thnh phn ca hn hp sau khi quy i, ta x l cc bc cn li v
tr li cu hi ca bi ton.
Trc khi ng dng k thut ny gii cc bi tp, c hai iu quan trng cc bn cn lu :
+) CH2 l thnh phn khi lng. V vy, n c mt trong cc phng trnh lin quan ti khi lng, phn
ng t chy (s mol O2 phn ng, s mol CO2, s mol H2O),
+) Tuy nhin, CH2 khng phi l mt cht (bn thn n l nhm metylen CH2). N khng c tnh vo
s mol hn hp (hoc cc d kin khc lin quan ti s mol cc cht).
Cc bn cn nm vng 2 iu ny lp chnh xc cc phng trnh. Nu bn sai t bc lp h, cc
bc tip theo s khng c ngha.
Bi 1: Hn hp X gm 2 ankin ng ng k tip c s nguyn t C nh hn 5 v ancol etylic. t chy
hon ton 0,3 mol X cn dng 28 lt O2 (ktc). Mt khc, cho 28 gam X vo bnh ng Na d, thy c thot
ra 11,2 lt kh (ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca ancol etylic trong hn hp X l:
A. 32,86%
B. 65,71%
C. 16,43%
D. 22,86%
(V Minh Ngc)
Phn tch:
- y l kiu bi hai phn khng bng nhau. Ta t n theo mt phn v chia t l theo phn cn li.
bi hi phn trm khi lng, ta nn t n theo phn c d kin khi lng.
- Ch rng 2 ankin c s nguyn t C nh hn 5 nn chng th kh. Khi cho X vo bnh ng Na d,
kh thot ra gm H2 v 2 ankin .
Li gii:
Tin hnh quy i hn hp bng H:
C2 H 5OH
X
Cn H 2n 2
C2 H5OH : a mol
X C2 H 2 : b mol 46a 26b 14c 28

28 gam
CH : c mol
2
(1)
Khi cho X qua bnh ng Na d, a mol C2H5OH phn ng sinh ra 0,5a mol kh H2, ng thi thot ra b
mol ankin. Vy ta c phng trnh: 0,5a + b = 0,5
(2)
Trang 5
(Nh ni, s mol ny khng bao gm s mol CH2).

0,3 mol X gm ka mol C2H5OH v kb mol C2H2 v kc mol CH2, ta c: k(a + b) = 0,3
T lng O2 phn ng, ta c phng trnh: k(3a + 2,5b + 1,5c) = 0,125
Chia v theo v ca hai phng trnh v trit tiu k, ta c:
3a 2,5b 1,5c 1, 25
ab
0,3
(3)
T 3 phng trnh (1), (2) v (3), gii h ta c: a = 0,2; b = 0,4; c = 0,6

Phn trm khi lng ca ancol etylic trong hn hp X l:
Nhn xt:
0, 2.46
.100% 32,86% p n A.
28
H phng trnh cn gii ch gm cc phng trnh thun nht nn d bm my. y l u

im ca k thut ny. Cc bn c th t CTPT trung bnh ca 2 ankin v gii tng t.
Bi 2: Cho 0,1 mol este X no, n chc mch h vo cc cha 30ml dung dch MOH 20% (d = 1,2 gam/ml).
Sau khi phn ng hon ton, c cn dung dch thu c ancol Y v phn rn T. t chy hon ton T thu
c 9,54 gam M2CO3 v 8,26 gam hn hp CO2 v H2O. Kim loi M v axit to este ban u l
A. K v HCOOH
B. Na v CH3COOH
C. K v CH3COOH
D. Na v HCOOH
Li gii:
Ancol Y
S phn ng: X MOH

RCOOM O2
T
M 2CO3 CO2 H 2O
0,1 mol
7,2 gam

MOH
d
8,26 gam
9,54 gam

Bo nguyn t M, ta c:
7, 2
2.9,54
7, 2
M M 23 M la Na, n NaOH
0,18 mol
M M 17 2M M 60
40
n NaOH d 0,18 0,1 0,08 mol

Ti y c 2 hng x l:
Gi CTPT mui ca axit cn tm l CnH2n 1O2Na
Na 2 CO3 : 0, 09
Cn H 2n 1O2 Na : 0,1 O2
CO 2 : n C(T) n Na 2CO3 0,1n 0, 09
NaOH : 0, 08
H 2O : 0,5.[0,1.(2n 1) 0, 08]
8, 26 m CO2 n H2O 44(0,1n 0, 09) 18.0,5.[0,1(2n 1) 0, 08)] n 2
Axit la CH3COOH ap an B.
S dng H, ta c:
Na 2 CO3 : 0, 09
HCOONa : 0,1 mol
O2
T CH 2 : x mol
CO2 : x 0, 01 8, 26 44.(x 0, 01) 18.(x 0, 09) x 0,1
NaOH d : 0, 08 mol
H O : x 0, 09

Trang 6
Muoi gom 0,1 (HCOONa 1CH2 ) 0,1 CH3COONa Axit la CH3COOH ap an B.

Nhn xt:
Phng trnh theo n x gn hn phng trnh theo n n v d gii hn (d bm my hn).
b) Ghp CH2
Nhng bi ton dng li mc tch CH2 thng ko qu phc tp. Vi nhng bi ton hi thng tin v
cc cht ban u, ta cn ghp CH2 vo cc cht u dy (c quy i t cc cht ban u) to li hn
hp u.
K thut ny ph thuc nhiu vo kh nng x l s liu ca bn. Nu tnh nhm tt, bn s khng gp
nhiu kh khn bc ny.
V d 1: To li hn hp 2 ancol ng ng k tip gm 0,5 CH3OH v 0,3 CH2
CH3OH : 0, 2
CH3OH : 0,5 CH3OH : 0, 2
CH 2 : 0,3
CH3OH CH 2 : 0,3 C2 H 5OH : 0,3
V d 2: To li hn hp 2 axit c s C cch nhau 2 n v gm 0,1 C2H3COOH v 0,14 CH2
C2 H 3COOH : 0,03
C 2 H 3COOH : 0,03
C 2 H 3COOH : 0,1 C2 H 3COOH 2CH 2 : 0,07 C 4 H 7COOH : 0,07
C H COOH : 0,1 C H COOH : 0,08

C3H 5COOH : 0,08
CH 2 : 0,14
3 5
3 5
CH 2 : 0,04
C3H 5COOH 2CH 2 : 0,02 C5H 9COOH : 0,02
V d 3: To li hn hp 3 anehit ng ng k tip gm 1,4 HCHO v 2,3 CH2, bit s mol hai
anehit c phn t khi ln bng nhau
C3H 7 CHO : 0,3
HCHO :1, 4 CH 3CHO :1, 4
C2 H 5CHO : 0,3
CH 2 : 2,3
CH 2 : 0,9 0,3(1 2)
CH3CHO : 0,8
V d 4: To li hn hp 1 ancol, 1 axit gm 0,5 C2H5OH, 0,3 HCOOH v 1,3 CH2

ghp CH2 ta cn gii phng trnh nghim nguyn.
C2 H 5OH : 0,5
C2 H 5OH.mCH 2 : 0,5
m 2 C4 H 9OH : 0,5
vi 0,5m 0,3n 1,3
HCOOH : 0,3
n 1
HCOOH.nCH 2 : 0,3
CH 3COOH : 0,3
CH :1,3
2
Nu gp mt phng trnh phc tp hn, bn nn dng chc nng TABLE ca my tnh x l.

V d 5: To li hn hp hai hirocacon (th kh iu kin thng) gm 0,2 CH4, 0,4 C2H2, 1,2 CH2
CH 4 : 0, 2
0, 2m 0, 4n 1, 2
CH 4 .mCH 2 : 0, 2
m 2 C3H8 : 0, 2
vi m 3
C2 H 2 : 0, 4
n 2
C2 H 2 .nCH 2 : 0, 4
C 4H 6 : 0, 4
CH :1, 2
n 2
Cch tt nht luyn tp k thut ghp l p dng n vo cc bi tp.

Trang 7
Bi 3: Cho X l axit cacboxylic n chc mch h, trong phn t c mt lin kt i C=C, Y v Z l hai axit
cacboxylic u no, n chc, mch h ng ng k tip (MY < MZ). Cho 23,02 gam hn hp E gm Y, Y v
Z tc dng va vi 230 ml dung dch NaOH 2M, thu c dung dch F. C cn F, thu c cht rn khan
G. t chy hon ton G bng O2 d, thu c Na2CO3, hn hp T gm kh v hi. Hp th ton b T vo
bnh ng nc vi trong, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton khi lng bnh tng thm 22,04 gam. Khi
lng Z trong 23,02 gam E gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 2,5 gam.
B. 3,5 gam.
C. 17,0 gam.
D. 6,5 gam
Li gii:
CH 2 CH COOH : a
S dng H, tin hnh quy i: E HCOOH : b

CH : c
2
T d kin khi lng hn hp, ta c: 72a 46b 14c 23,02 1

T d kin s mol NaOH phn ng va , ta c: a b 0, 46 2
Xt phn ng t chy hn hp mui:
1
5
3
O2
Na 2CO3 CO 2 H 2O
C2 H 3aCOONa
2
2
2
mol
CO 2 : 2,5a 0,5b c
1
1
1
O2
Na 2CO3 CO 2 H 2O
T
HCOONa
b mol
2
2
2
H 2O :1,5a 0,5b c
O2
CH 2 CO 2 H 2O
c mol
mCO2 mH2 O 44(2,5a 0,5b c) 18(1,5a 0,5b c) 22,04 3
T (1), (2) v (3), gii h ta c: a = 0,05; b = 0,41; c = 0,04

Tin hnh ghp CH2 to li hn hp u.
C2 H 3COOH : 0, 05
X : C 2 H 3COOH : 0, 05
E HCOOH : 0, 41
E Y : HCOOH : 0,37
m Z 60.0, 04 2, 4 gam p n A.
CH : 0, 04
Z : CH COOH : 0, 04
3
2
Nhn xt:
Khi lng bnh tng c th x l gn hn bng cch quy i cng thc phn t ca mui.
i khi bi c mt s iu kin rng buc vi cc cht, ta nn quy i hp l ngay t u trnh

gp rc ri bc ghp CH2.
Bi 4: Hn hp X gm 2 ancol no, hai chc, mch h A, B (62 < MA < MB) v c t l mol 3:4. Cho a mol X
vo bnh cha b mol O2 (d) ri t chy hon ton th thu c 2,04 mol cc kh v hi. Mt khc dn 2a
mol X qua bnh ng K d thu c 70,56 gam mui. Bit a + b = 1,5. S ng phn ha tan c Cu(OH)2
ca B A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
(Bookgol Chemistry Olympia 2016)
Trang 8
Bi ny c iu kin MA > 62, v vy ta khng nn quy i v C2H4(OH)2.
Phn tch:
Li gii:
C H (OH) 2 : a K d
C3H 6 (OK) 2 : a
S dng H, tin hnh quy i: X 3 6
X
CH 2 : c
CH 2 : c
CO 2 : 3a c
C3H 6 (OH) 2 : a b mol O2
Phn ng t chy: X
H 2 O : 4a c
CH 2 : c
1
n O2 (d) a b (3a c) (4a c)
T s mol kh v hi, ta c:
(3a + c) + (4a + c) + [a + b (3a + c) 0,5(4a + c)]= 2,04 3a + b + 0,5c = 2,04
T d kin khi lng mui, ta c: 152a + 14c = 0,5.70,56 35,28
T bi a b 1,5
(1)
(2)
(3)
T (1), (2) v (3), gii h ta c: a = 0,21; b = 1,29; c = 0,24

Tin hnh ghp CH2 theo iu kin t l mol 3:4
A : C3H 6 (OH) 2 : 0,09
C3H 6 (OH) 2 : 0, 21 0,09 0,12
X
X
CH 2 : 0, 24 0,12.2
B : C5H10 (OH) 2 : 0,12
V B ha tan c Cu(OH)2 nn B c 2 nhm OH k nhau. C 5 cu to tha mn B:
C H 2 CH CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
|
OH
OH
OH OH
CH 3
CH 3
C H 2 C CH 2 CH 3
OH
CH 3 CH CH CH 2 CH 3
CH 3
CH 3 C CH CH 3
OH
OH OH
CH3 CH CH C H 2
|
OH OH
p n C.
Bi 5: Hn hp E gm este X n chc v axit cacboxylic Y hai chc (u mch h, khng no c mt lin
kt i C=C trong phn t). t chy hon ton mt lng E thu c 0,43 mol kh CO2 v 0,32 mol hi
nc. Mt khc, thy phn 46,6 gam E bng lng NaOH va ri c cn dung dch thu c 55,2 gam
mui khan v phn hi c cha cht hu c Z. Bit t khi ca Z so vi H2 l 16. Phn trm khi lng ca Y
trong hn hp E c gi tr gn nht vi
A. 46,5%
Phn tch:
B. 48%
C. 43,5%
D. 41,5%
Mt v d khc v bi ton 2 phn khng bng nhau. Mnh s gii n theo 2 cch khc nhau.
Cc bn hy so snh hai li gii v rt ra im li th ca H.

Trang 9
Li gii 1:
MZ = 32 Z l CH3OH
Cm H 2m 2O2 (m 4) : a O2 CO 2 : 0, 43

Phn ng t chy: E1
Cn H 2n 4O4 (n 4) : b
H 2O : 0,32
Da vao o bat bao hoa, ta co: a 2b n CO2 n H2 O 0, 43 0,32 0,11 n COO (E1 ) 1
BTKL
m E1 0,11.32 0, 43.12 0,32.2 9,32
m E2
m E1
46,6
55, 2
5 m muoi (E1 )
11,04
9,32
5
Phn ng thy phn:

RCOOCH 3 : a NaOH
RCOONa : a
9,32g
11, 04g
R'(COONa) 2 : b
R'(COOH) 2 : b
S dng phng php tng gim khi lng, ta c:

(23 15)a 22.2b 11,04 9,32 8a 44b 1,72 2
T (1) v (2), gii h ta c: a = 0,05; b = 0,03

Bo ton nguyn t C, ta c: 0,05m + 0,03n = 0,43 (m 4, n 4) m = 5, n = 6
Este X l C5H8O2, axit Y l C6H8O4 %m Y
0, 03.144
.100% 46,35% p n A.
9,32
Li gii 2:
MZ = 32 Z l CH3OH
CH 3OH
C 2 H 3COOCH 3 : a
H 2O
NaOH
S dng H, tin hnh quy i: E C 2 H 2 (COOH) 2 : b
C 2 H 3COONa : a
46,6g
CH : c
55, 2g C H (COONa) : b
2 2
2
2
CH 2 : c
T d kin khi lng E v khi lng mui, ta c ngay hai phng trnh:
86a + 116b + 14c = 46,6 (1) v 94a + 160b + 14c = 55,2 (2)
ng vi phn 1, ta c:
C2 H 3COOCH3 : ka
n CO2 k(4a 4b c) 0, 43 Chia ve theo ve 4a 4b c 0, 43
O2
kE C2 H 2 (COOH) 2 : kb
3
Triet tieu k
3a 2b c 0,32
n H2O k(3a 2b c) 0,32
CH : kc
T (1), (2) v (3), gii h ta c: a = 0,25; b = 0,15; c = 0,55

Tin hnh ghp CH2, to li hn hp E ban u:

Trang 10
C2 H3COOCH3 : 0, 25
X : C3H 5COOCH 3 : 0, 25
E C2 H 2 (COOH) 2 : 0,15
Y : C6 H8O 4 : 0,15
CH : 0,55 0, 25 0,15.2
2
%m Y
Nhn xt:
0,15.144
.100% 46,35% p n A.
46, 6
Vi li gii s dng H, ta khng cn quan tm t l gia 2 phn.
Bi 6: X, Y l hai amin no, h; trong X n chc, Y hai chc. Z, T l hai ankan. t chy hon ton
21,5g hn hp H gm X, T, Z, T (MZ < MX < MT < MY ; Z chim 36% v s mol hn hp) trong oxi d, th
thu c 31,86g H2O. Ly cng lng H trn th thy tc dng va vi 170 ml dung dch HCl 2M. Bit X
v T c s mol bng nhau ; Y v Z c s nguyn t cacbon bng nhau. T l khi lng ca T so vi Y c gi
tr l
A. 1,051
B. 0,806
C. 0,595
D. 0,967
( thi th Bookgol ln 10 2016)
Li gii:
Z : CH 4 (M 16) : a
X : CH NH (M 31) : b
3
2
S dng H kt hp vi cc iu kin, tin hnh quy i: H T : C3H8 (M 44) : b

Y : CH (NH ) (M 46) : c
2
2 2
CH 2 : d
T cc thng tin, ta lp c mt h phng trnh 4 n

m H 16a (31 44)b 46c 14d 21,5 a 0,18
n 0,36n a 0,36.(a 2b c)
Z
H
b 0,1
n H2O 2a (2,5 4)b 3c d 1, 77

c 0,12
n b 2c 0,34
d 0, 4
HCl
Tin hnh ghp CH2, to li hn hp H

Z : CH 4 (M 16) : 0,18
Z : C 2 H 6 (M 30) : 0,18
X : CH NH (M 31) : 0,1
3
2
X : CH NH (M 31) : 0,1
3
2
H T : C3H8 (M 44) : 0,1
T 0,806 p n B.
mY
Y : CH (NH ) (M 46) : 0,12
T : C 4 H10 (M 58) : 0,1
2
2 2
Y : C 2 H 4 (NH 2 ) 2 (M 60) : 0,12

CH 2 : 0, 4 0,18 0,1 0,12
Nhn xt:
Bi ny c cc iu kin rng buc hn hp u kh phc tp. S dng H cho php ta bao
qut tt c cc iu kin ngay bc quy i.
Qua nhng v d trn, hy vng cc bn hiu c cch s dng k thut ng ng Ha trong cc
bi tp. y l k thut c bn nht v l nn tng cho cc k thut cn li. Cc bn hy nghin cu k ng
ng Ha trc khi chuyn sang cc mc tip theo.
Trang 11
II. THU PHN HO

y l k thut thm nc vo hn hp c cha Este m nhiu bn ang s dng. Mnh t li mt ci
tn mang tnh ha hc cho n. Thy Phn Ha (TPH) ni r ln bn cht quy i ca k thut.
Trong ti liu ny mnh s khai thc trit TPH v kt hp n vi k thut H. Cc k thut Hiro
Ha, Ankan Ha nhng mc tip theo cng s c s kt hp vi TPH.
Xt phn ng thy phn este: Este + H2O Ancol + Axit
Chuyn v, ta c:
Ancol + Axit H2O
Este
Ta c th quy i mt este bt k thnh ancol, axit v nc.
y mnh ch cp ti este to t ancol v axit. Vi cc este khc (este ca anehit, xeton, phenol),
cc bn c th lm tng t.
i vi peptit, ta c phn ng thy phn:
Peptit + H2O Amino axit
Chuyn v, ta c:
Peptit
Amino axit H2O
Tng t nh este, ta c th quy i mt peptit bt k thnh cc amino axit v nc.
Tuy nhin, trong cc bi tp v peptit, bn nn s dng cch quy i v gc axyl: C2H3ON, CH2 v
H2O.
2. K thut p dng Cc bi ton minh ha
a) Tch H2O Ghp este
Vi dng bi Ancol Axit Este, ta nn s dng TPH cc bc tnh ton gn hn.
Sau khi dng TPH quy i hn hp Ancol Axit Este, cc bn cn s dng nhn xt sau:
Hn hp sau khi quy i bng TPH c phn ng thy phn tng t hn hp u
y mnh ly hn hp n gin nht c y c Ancol Axit Este minh ha. Mi hn hp
khc cho kt qu tng t.
RCOOR' : a
RCOOH : a b
X RCOOH : b X ' R'OH : a c

R'OH : c
H O : a
Nu em X phn ng vi NaOH d:
NaOH
'
RCOONa R'OH
RCOOR
RCOONa : a b
a
a
a
NaOH
RCOONa H 2O R'OH : a c
RCOOH
b
b
b
H 2 O : b
NaOH
R'OH
R'OH
c
c
NaOH
RCOOH
RCOONa H 2O
a b
a b
RCOONa : a b
a b
NaOH
R'OH
R'OH : a c
Nu em X phn ng vi NaOH d: R'OH
a c
a c
NaOH
H 2 O : a b a b
H 2O
H 2 O
a
a

Trang 12
Sn phm cui cng ca cc phn ng khng c g thay i.
T nhn xt trn, ta thu c hai kt qu:

+) S mol COOH ca axit trong hn hp sau khi quy i bng s mol NaOH phn ng vi hn hp
u.
+) Lng ancol c trong hn hp sau khi quy i bng lng ancol thu c nu thy phn hon ton
hn hp u (trong mi trng axit hoc mi trng kim).
y l 2 kt qu quan trng m ta s thng xuyn s dng khi quy i hn hp bng TPH.
Bi 7: t chy hon ton 2,76 gam hn hp X gm CxHyCOOH, CxHyCOOCH3 CH3OH thu c 2,688 lt
CO2 (ktc) v 1,8 gam H2O. Mt khc, cho 2,76 gam X phn ng va vi 30 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, thu
c 0,96 gam CH3OH. Cng thc ca CxHyCOOH l
A. C2H5COOH
B. CH3COOH
C. C2H3COOH
D. C3H5COOH
Li gii:
S dng TPH, tin hnh quy i X v a mol CxHyCOOH, b mol CH3OH v c mol H2O.
T hai 2 kt qu trn, ta c:
+) X tc dng va vi 0,03 mol NaOH a = 0,03
+) Thy phn hon ton X, thu c 0,03 mol CH3OH b = 0,03
Phn ng t chy:
C x H y COOH : 0, 03 mol
O2
X CH 3OH : 0, 03 mol
CO 2 H 2O
2,76g
0,12 mol 0,1 mol
H O : c mol
2
Bo ton khi lng cho X, ta c:
n O(X)
2, 76 12.0,12 2.0,1
0, 07
16
Bo ton ln lt cc nguyn t, ta c:
BTNT(O)
2.0,03 0,03 c 0,07 c 0,02

BTNT(C)
(x 1).0,03 0,03 0,12 x 2

BTNT(H)
(y 1).0,03 4.0,03 2.(0,02) 2.0,1 y 3
Axit can tm la C2 H3COOH ap an B.
Tip theo mnh s gii thiu n cc bn k thut quy i kt hp TPH v H. K thut ny c phm
vi nh hng rng v c th p dng cho hu ht bi ton thuc dng Ancol Axit Este.
Da vo bn cht ca hn hp u, H TPH c chia thnh 4 trng hp.
Trng hp 1: Hn hp ch c este.
Ta c kt qu:
n COO n OH n H2O

Trang 13
V d 1: Quy i hn hp X gm cc este n chc v este hai chc to bi ancol a chc v axit n

thc (tt c u no, mch h).
Cn H 2n 1COOC m H 2m 1
X
(Cp H 2p 1COO) 2 Cq H 2q
CH 3OH : a
C H (OH) : b
HCOOCH 3
2 4
2
(HCOO) 2 C 2 H 4 HCOOH : a 2b
CH
H O : a 2b
2
2
CH 2 : c
Ta c th gp ancol v nc li cho gn.

V d 2: Quy i este c 7 lin kt c to t glixerol v 2 axit khng no, mch h.
Este c 7 3COO 4CC 3 (1.2 2.1)
C3 H 5 (OH)3 : a
C3 H 2 : a
H O : 3a
(C2 H 3COO) 2 \
2
C H COOH : 2a
(Cn H 2n 1COO) 2
C3 H 5
\C H
C2 H 3COOH : 2a
2 3
HC C COO /
/ 3 5
HC C COOH : a
HC C COOH : a
Cm H 2m 3COO
CH
CH 2 : b
CH 2 : b
V hn hp ch c este nn trong mt s tnh hung, ta ch nn dng H m khng dng thm TPH.
Trng hp 2: Hn hp ch c axit v este.

Ta c kt qu: n OH n H2O
cho gn, khi quy i ta c th gp ancol v nc li.
V d 3: Quy i hn hp X gm cc axit, este (tt c u no, n chc, mch h).
CH 3OH : a
HCOOCH 3
CH 2 : a
Cn H 2n 1COOCm H 2m 1
H 2 O : a
X
HCOOH
HCOOH : b
HCOOH
:
b
Cp H 2p 1COOH
CH
CH : c
2
2
CH 2 : c
V d 4: Quy i hn hp X gm cc axit thuc cng dy ng ng ca axit acrylic, este mch h c
6 lin kt , mch h to bi ancol no ba chc v cc axit khng no, n chc.
Este c 6 3COO 3CC 3 (1 1 1)
C3H 5 (OH)3 : a
(C2 H 3COO)3 C3H 5
C 3 H 2 : a
(Cn H 2n 1COO)3 C m H 2m 1
H 2 O : 3a
X
C2 H 3COOH
C 2 H 3COOH : b
C
H
COOH
:
b
2
3
Cp H 2p 1COOH
CH
CH : c
2
2
CH 2 : c
Trng hp 3: Hn hp ch c ancol v este.

Tng t nh trng hp 2, ta c kt qu: n COO n H2O

Trang 14
V d 5: Quy i hn hp X gm cc ancol, este (tt c u no, n chc, mch h).
CH 3OH : a
HCOOCH 3
Cn H 2n 1COOCm H 2m 1
HCOOH : a
X
CH 3OH
CH
H 2 O : a
Cp H 2p 1OH
2
CH 2 : c
V d 6: Quy i hn hp X gm cc ancol n chc, este hai chc to t axit hai chc v ancol n
chc (tt c u no, mch h).
(COOH) 2 : a
(COOCH 3 ) 2
Cn H 2n (COOC m H 2m 1 ) 2
H 2 O : 2a
X
CH 3OH
CH
CH 3OH : b
Cp H 2p 1OH
2
CH 2 : c
Trng hp 4: Hn hp c c ancol, axit v este.

y l trng hp tng qut. V khng c iu kin rng buc nn s mol H2O l mt n c lp.
V d 7: Quy i hn hp X gm cc ancol, axit, este (tt c u no, n chc, mch h).
HCOOCH 3
HCOOH : a
C H COOC H
n 2n 1
m 2m 1
HCOOH
CH 3OH : b
X Cp H 2p 1COOH
CH
OH
3
H 2O : c
C
H
OH
p 2p 1
CH 2
CH 2 : d
V d 8: Quy i hn hp X gm cc ancol ng ng vi ancol anlylic, axit no hai chc, este c 4 lin
kt to bi axit no hai chc v cc ancol khng no, n chc (tt c u mch h).
Este c 4 2COO 2CC 2 (1 1)
(COOC3 H 5 ) 2
(COOH) 2 : a
Cp H 2p (COOCq H 2q 1 ) 2
(COOH)
C H OH : b
3 5
2
X Ca H 2a (COOH) 2
C3H 5OH
H 2O : c
C
H
OH
b 2b 1
CH 2
CH 2 : d
V H TPH c phm vi nh hng rng nn trong mc ny mnh s ch ly mt s bi tp c bn
minh ha cho cch s dng n. Cc bi tp nng cao nm phn cc bi ton tng hp v bi tp t luyn.
s l nhng th thch th v ginh cho cc bn.
Bi 8: Cho X,Y l hai cht thuc dy ng ng ca axit acrylic v MX < MY; Z l ancol c cng s nguyn
t cacbon vi X; T l este hai chc to bi X, Y, Z. t chy hon ton 11,16 gam hn hp E gm X,Y, Z, T
cn va 13,216 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c kh CO2 v 9,36 gam nc. Mt khc 11,16 gam E tc dng ti
a vi dung dch cha 0,04 mol Br2. Khi lng mui thu c khi cho cng lng E trn tc dng ht vi
dung dch KOH d l
A. 4,68 gam
B. 5,04 gam
C. 5,44 gam

D. 5,80 gam
Trang 15
( thi i hc khi A 2014)

Phn tch: y l bi ton kinh in cho dng ton hn hp Ancol Axit Este. C rt nhiu cch gii cho
bi tp ny. Li gii sau y s dng quy i kt hp H TPH.
Li gii:
s dng H, cn xc nh c dy ng ng ca cc cht. Theo bi, ta c dy ng ng
ca hai axit X v Y, v vy ch cn tm dy ng ng ca ancol Z.
T l este hai chc nn Z l ancol 2 chc.
BTKL
Ngoi ra, ta c: n H2O 0,52
n CO2 0, 47 n H2O Z l ancol no.
Nh vy, Z thuc dy ng ng ca etylen glicol. Bi ny c iu kin Z c cng s cacbon vi X,

vy ta nn quy i Z v C3H6(OH)2
S dng H TPH (trng hp tng qut), tin hnh quy i:
C2 H 3COOH : a
C H (OH) : b
3 6
2
E
CH 2 : c
H 2 O : d
V ancol Z no nn khng phn ng vi Br2 a 0,04

T khi lng E, n CO2 , n H2O , ta lp c h:
mE 72.0, 04 76a 14b 18c 11,16 a 0,11
b 0, 02
n CO2 3.0, 04 3a b 0, 47
c 0, 02
n H2O 2.0, 04 4a b c 0,52

Tin hnh ghp CH2, to li axit v ancol ban u.
C2 H 3COOH : 0, 02
C2 H 3COOH : 0, 04
C H (OH) : 0,11
C2 H 3COOK : 0, 02
3 6
C3H 5COOH : 0, 02 KOH
2
E
Muoi
C3H 5COOK : 0, 02
CH 2 : 0, 02
C3H 6 (OH) 2 : 0,11
H 2 O : 0, 02
H 2 O : 0, 02
m muoi 0, 02.110 0, 02.124 4, 68 gam ap an A.

Nhn xt:
- V bi khng hi thng tin v hai axit ban u nn ta c th lm nhanh nh sau:

n CH2 0, 02 n C3H6 (OH)2 0,11 Z la C3H 6 (OH) 2 , toan bo 0,02 CH 2 se i het vao axit
C2 H 3COOH : 0, 04
Muoi
m muoi 0, 04.(72 38) 0, 02.14 4, 68 gam
CH 2 : 0, 02
- Trong thi i hc cc nm, nhng cht cn tm thng l nhng cht quen thuc (thm ch
thng l cc cht u dy). Trong bi ny ta c th on Z l ancol no.

Trang 16
Bi 9: Hn hp X gm 3 este n chc, to thnh t cng mt ancol Y vi 3 axit cacboxylic (phn t ch c

nhm COOH); trong , c hai axit no l ng ng k tip nhau v mt axit khng no (c ng phn hnh
hc, cha mt lin kt i C=C trong phn t). Thy phn hon ton 5,88 gam X bng dung dch NaOH, thu
c hn hp mui v m gam ancol Y. Cho m gam Y vo bnh ng Na d sau phn ng thu c 896 ml
kh (ktc) v khi lng bnh tng 2,48 gam. Mt khc, nu t chy hon ton 5,88 gam X th thu c CO2
v 3,96 gam H2O. Phn trm khi lng ca este khng no trong X l
A. 29,25%
B. 38,76%
C. 40,82%
D. 34,01%
( thi THPT quc gia 2015)
Phn tch:
Bi ny hn hp X ch gm cc este n chc, v vy khng nn dng TPH.
Li gii:
Trc ht, ta x l thng tin v ancol Y.
n Y 2n H 2 0,08 M Y
2, 48 0,08
32 Y la CH 3OH.
0,08
S dng H, tin hnh quy i hn hp X (ch iu kin este khng no c ng phn hnh hc)
HCOOCH 3 : a
HCOOCH 3 : a
X CH 3 CH CH COOCH 3 : b C3H 5COOCH 3 : b

CH : c
CH : c
2
2
T khi lng X, s mol H2O, s mol ancol sinh ra sau phn ng, ta lp c h
mX 60a 100b 14c 5,88 a 0, 06
HCOOCH3 : 0,06
b 0, 02 X C3H 5COOCH 3 : 0,02

n H2O 2a 4b c 0, 22
CH : 0, 02
c 0, 02
2
n CH3OH a b 0, 08
Tip theo ta ghp CH2 to li hn hp u. Ch c mt sai lm cn trnh
Cch ghp sai
HCOOCH 3 : 0,06
HCOOCH 3 : 0,06
X C3H 5COOCH 3 : 0,02 X

C4 H 7 COOCH 3 : 0,02
CH : 0, 02
2
0, 02.114
%m
.100% 38, 78%
5,88
y l cch ghp sai v X gm 3 este! iu kin ny rt d b b qun nu cc bn c khng k .
Cch ghp ng
HCOOCH 3 : 0,06
HCOOCH 3 : 0,04
X C3H 5COOCH 3 : 0,02 X CH3COOCH 3 : 0, 02

CH : 0, 02
C H COOCH : 0,02
3
2
3 5
%m
0, 02.100
.100% 34, 01% ap an D.
5,88

Trang 17
Nhn xt: Tng t nh bi trc, ta khng cn ghp chi tit CH2 vo tng cht. Ch cn xc nh 0,02
CH2 i vo hai este no l c.
Bi 10: X, Y, Z l ba axit cacboxylic n chc cng dy ng ng (MX < MY < MZ), T l este to bi X, Y,
Z vi mt ancol no, ba chc, mch h E. t chy hon ton 26,6 gam hn hp M gm X, Y, Z, T (trong
Y v Z c cng s mol) bng lng va kh O2, thu c 22,4 lt CO2 (ktc) v 16,2 gam H2O. Mt khc,
un nng 26,6 gam M vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c
21,6 gam Ag. Mt khc, cho 13,3 gam M phn ng ht vi 400ml dung dch NaOH 1M v un nng, thu
c dung dch N. C cn dung dch N thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr m gn nht vi
A. 24,74
B. 38,04
C. 16,74
D. 25,10
( thi th chuyn i hc Vinh ln 4 2015)

Phn tch:
Bi ny c nhiu iu kin lin quan ti hn hp u, v vy ta nn s dng H TPH.
Li gii:
V M c phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3 sinh ra Ag nn X l HCOOH. M X, Y, Z cng dy ng ng nn
chng l 3 axit no, n chc, mch h.
S dng H TPH
HCOOH : a
HCOOH : a
C H (OH) : b
3 5
3
M
C3 H 2 : b
H 2 O : 3b
CH : c
2
CH 2 : c
(trng
hp
este
axit),
tin
hnh
quy
i:
T khi lng M, s mol CO2, s mol H2O, ta lp c h
m M 46a 38b 14c 26, 6 a 0, 4

HCOOH : 0, 4
b 0, 05 M C3H 2 : 0, 05
n CO2 a 3b c 1
c 0, 45
CH : 0, 45
2
n H2O a b c 0,9
Ta c: n Ag 0, 2 n X 0,1 n Y n Z
0, 4 0,1
0,15
2
Tin hnh ghp CH2. V MX < MY < MZ nn Y t nht l CH3COOH, Z t nht l C2H5COOH.
X : HCOOH : 0,1
HCOOH : 0, 4
Y : CH 3COOH : 0,15
M C3 H 2 : 0, 05 M Z : C 2 H 5COOH : 0,15
CH : 0, 45
C H : 0, 05
2
3 2
BTNT(C)

CH 2 : 0
Nu cn CH2 th ta vn phi ghp tip. Tuy nhin trong trng hp ny, CH2 ht.
Theo cch ghp trn, 0,45 CH2 s i ht vo axit maxit 0, 4.46 0, 45.14 24,7

Trang 18
1
m ran (24, 7 0,8.40 0, 4.18) 24, 75 gam ap an A.
2
Bi 11: X l trieste c CTPT CmH2m6O6 c to t glixerol v hn hp cc axit cacboxylic, trong c axit
Y thuc dy ng ng ca axit acrylic. em t chy ht 10,6 gam hn hp E gm X v Y ri dn ton b
sn phm qua bnh nc vi trong d thy to thnh 50,0 gam kt ta. Mt khc, cho 26,5 gam E phn ng
va vi dung dch KOH un nng thu c dung dch F cha 36,0 gam mui. Bit cc phn ng u xy
ra hon ton, gi tr khi lng mui kali ca axit Y c trong hn hp F c th l
A.18,6 gam
B. 20,7 gam
C. 24,8 gam
D. 25,6 gam
( thi Offline Moon.vn 2015)
Li gii:
Trc ht ta x l thng tin v este.
k X 4 3COO 1CC X c to t glixerol v mt gc axit Y, hai gc axit no.

S dng H TPH (trng hp este axit), tin hnh quy i (ta t n theo phn 2)
C3 H 5 (OH)3 : a
C3 H 2 : a
H O : 3a
m (38 2.46)a 72b 14c 26,5 a 0, 05
2
HCOOH : 2a
E HCOOH : 2a E
m muoi 2.84a 110b 14c 36
b 0, 2
C H COOH : b
C2 H 3COOH : b
c 0, 4
26,5
2 3
5a
3b
0,5.
CH 2 : c
CO2
10, 6
CH 2 : c
HCOOK : 0,1
V ancol c c nh l glixerol nn mui s gm C2 H 3COOK : 0, 2

CH : 0, 4
2
Tin hnh ghp CH2, ta c 3 trng hp:

C2 H3COOK : 0, 2
m Y 0, 2.110 22 gam
Trng hp 1: Y
CH 2 : 0
C2 H3COOK : 0, 2
m Y 22 0, 2.14 24,8 gam ap an C.
Trng hp 2: Y
CH 2 : 0, 2
C2 H 3COOK : 0, 2
m Y 24,8 0, 2.14 27, 6 gam
Trng hp 3: Y
CH 2 : 0, 4
Tng t nh H, vi mt s bi tp, sau khi quy i bng TPH tch H2O, ta cn ghp este
to li hn hp u. V s mol H2O sau khi quy i ph thuc vo s mol ca este ban u nn ngc li, s
mol este ban u cng ph thuc vo s mol H2O sau khi quy i.
ghp cc thnh phn quy i, ta da vo s mol ca H2O v loi este.
ng vi 3 loi este (khng xt este ca axit a chc v ancol a chc), ta c 3 trng hp.
Trng hp 1: Este to bi axit n chc v ancol n chc.

Trang 19
1RCOOR + 1H2O 1RCOOH + 1ROH

Chuyn v, ta c:
1RCOOR
T cc h s, ta thu c:
V d 1:
1RCOOH + 1ROH 1H2O
n RCOOR' n RCOOH n R'OH n H2O
RCOOH : 0,3 RCOOH : 0,3 0, 2

RCOOH : 0,1
R'OH : 0,3
R'OH : 0,5 R'OH : 0,5 0, 2
H O : 0, 2
RCOOH R'OH H O : 0, 2
RCOOR' : 0, 2
2
2
Trng hp 2: Este to bi axit n chc v ancol a chc.

1(RCOO)nR + nH2O 1R(OH)n + nRCOOH
Chuyn v, ta c:
1(RCOO)nR
T cc h s, ta thu c:
V d 2:
1R(OH)n + nRCOOH nH2O
n RCOOH n H2O
n H2O
n (RCOO)n R' n R'(OH)n
RCOOH : 0, 4 3.0,1
RCOOH : 0,1
RCOOH : 0, 4
R'(OH)3 : 0,1
R'(OH)3 : 0, 2 R'(OH)3 : 0, 2 0,1
H O : 0,3
R'(OH) 3RCOOH 3H O : 0,1 (RCOO) R' : 0,1
2
3
2
3
Trng hp 3: Este to bi axit a chc v ancol n chc.

1R(COOR)n + nH2O 1R(COOH)n + nROH
Chuyn v, ta c:
1R(COOR)n
1R(COOH)n + nROH nH2O
n R'OH n H2O
T cc h s ca phn ng, ta thu c:

n H2O
n R ( COOR')n n R (COOH)n
n
V d 3:
R(COOH) 2 : 0,5
R(COOH) 2 : 0,5 0,3
R(COOH) 2 : 0, 2
X R'OH : 0, 7
R'OH : 0, 7 2.0,3
R'OH : 0,1
H O : 0, 6
R(COOH) 2R'OH 2H O : 0,3
R(COOR') : 0,3
2
2
2
2
Ghp este tuy n gin, nhng li d sai. V vy, cc bn cn phi nm vng c 3 trng hp trn.
Bi 12: Hn hp E cha este X (CnH2n-4Ox) v este Y (CmH2m-6Ox) vi X, Y u mch h v khng cha
nhm chc khc. un nng 18,48 gam E vi 240 ml dung dch NaOH 0,8M (va ), thu c hn hp cha
2 mui v a gam mt ancol Z duy nht. Dn ton b a gam Z qua bnh ng Na d, thy khi lng bnh
tng 7,104 gam. Mt khc t chy hon ton 18,48 gam E vi lng oxi va , thu c CO2 v H2O c
tng khi lng 52,656 gam. Phn trm khi lng ca Y c trong hn hp E l:
A. 28,68%
B. 27,53%
C. 28,48%
D. 24,46%
Li gii:
Trang 20
Goi so chc cua ancol Z la k , ta co :
n COO 0,192
M Z 7,104 0,192
76
38
Z la C3H 6 (OH) 2
k
0,192
2
X phn ng vi NaOH sinh ra 2 mui v X c 1 CC nn X c to t ancol Z v hai axit, trong

c mt axit A no v mt axit B c mt ni i C=C (A, B u mch h). Mt khc, hn hp E gm X v Y
phn ng vi NaOH ch sinh ra 2 mui m Y li c 2 CC nn Y c to t Z v 2 gc axit B.
T nhng suy lun trn, ta c thng tin s dng H TPH (trng hp ch c este)
C3 H8O 2 : 0, 096
C3 H 4 : 0, 096
H O : 0,192
2
HCOOH : a
E HCOOH : a
CH CH COOH : b
C2 H 3COOH : b
2
CH 2 : c
CH
:
c
T khi lng E, s mol COO, tng khi lng CO2 v H2O, ta lp c h
C3H 4 : 0, 096
m E 40.0, 096 46a 72b 14c 18, 48
a 0, 072
HCOOH : 0, 072
0,192
0,12
E
COO
m m 168.0, 096 62a 168b 62c 52, 656 c 0,192

C2 H 3COOH : 0,12
H 2O
CO2
CH 2 : 0,192
Z : 0, 096
X : A Z B : 0, 072
Tin hnh ghp este theo iu kin ca X v Y, ta c: E A : 0, 072

Y : B Z B : 0, 024
B : 0,12
Tin hnh ghp CH2: 0,192 = 0,096.2 = 0,072 + 0,12

Ta c hai trng hp:
X : C3H 5COO C3H 6 OOCCH 3 : 0, 072
X : C 2 H 3COO C5H10 OOCH : 0, 072
E
hoc E
Y : (C3H 5COO) 2 C3H 6 : 0, 024
Y : (C 2H 3COO) 2 C 5H10 : 0, 024
Tuy nhin, 2 trng hp ny l 2 trng hp ng phn ca nhau, do ch c mt kt qu duy nht:

%m Y
Nhn xt:
212.0, 024
.100% 27,53% ap an B.
18, 48
V hn hp E gm cc este nn ta ch cn da vo s mol ca cc gc axit ghp.
Bi 13: X, Y (MX < MY) l hai axit k tip nhau thuc cng dy ng ng axit fomic; Z l este hai chc to
bi X, Y v ancol T. t chy 12,52 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z, T (u mch h) cn dng 8,288 lit O2
(ktc) thu c 7,2 gam nc. Mt khc un nng 12,52 gam E cn dng 380 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M.
Bit iu kin thng, ancol T khng tc dng vi Cu(OH)2. Phn trm s mol ca X c trong hn hp E l
A. 60%
B. 75%
C. 50%

D. 70%
Trang 21
(Thy To Mnh c)
Li gii:
BTKL
n H2 O 0, 4
n CO2 0,39 n H2 O T la ancol no.
T khng tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 nn ancol nh nht tha mn T l propan1,3iol

S dng H TPH (trng hp tng qut), tin hnh quy i hn hp
HCOOH : 0,19
m 46.0,19 76a 14b 18c 12,52 a 0, 05
C H (OH) : a
E
3 6
2
E
n CO2 0,19 3a b 0,39
b 0, 05
CH 2 : b
c 0, 04
n H2O 0,19 4a b c 0, 4
H 2 O : c
HCOOH : 0,14
HCOOH : 0,19
C H (OH) : 0, 05
3 6
CH 3COOH : 0, 05
2
E
Tin hnh ghp CH2, ta c: E
CH 2 : 0, 05
C3H 6 (OH) 2 : 0, 05
H 2 O : 0, 04
H 2 O : 0, 04
X : HCOOH : 0,14 0, 02 0,12
HCOOH : 0,14
CH COOH : 0, 05
3
Y : CH 3COOH : 0, 05 0, 02 0, 03
E
Tin hnh ghp este, ta c:
C3H 6 (OH) 2 : 0, 05
T : C3H 6 (OH) 2 : 0, 05 0, 02 0, 03
H 2 O : 0, 04 (0, 02).2 Z : CH 3COO C3H 6 OOCH : 0, 02
%n X
0,12
.100% 60% ap an A.
0,12 0, 03 0, 03 0, 02
Bi 14: Hn hp X gm 2 axit cacboxylic no, n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Tin hnh phn
ng este ha hn hp Y cha cc cht trong X v glixerol thu c hn hp Z gm cc cht hu c (khng
cn cht no trong Y) v nc. Chng ct ton b lng nc trong Z th thu c 14,78 gam hn hp T, t
chy ton b T thu c 27,28 gam CO2. Nu cho ton b lng T trn qua bnh ng Na d th thot ra
1,008 lt H2 (ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca axit c khi lng phn t ln trong X l
A. 33,87%
B. 40,27%
C. 58,50%
D. 47,82%
Phn tch: - C th coi y l mt bin th ca bc ghp este.

- V Z khng cn cht no trong Y nn T l trng hp ancol este ca TPH.
Li gii:
S dng H TPH, tin hnh quy i:
HCOOH : a
H O : a
2
T
C3H 5 (OH)3 : b
CH 2 : c

Trang 22
T khi lng T v s mol CO2, ta lp c hai phng trnh:
28a 92b 14c 14, 78 (1)
a 3b c 0, 62 (2)
Ta cn lp thm mt phng trnh vi lng kh H2 thot ra.

Cc cht trong T ch cha hai nhm chc l COO (khng phn ng vi Na) v OH (c phn ng vi
Na).
Lng OH ny bng lng OH ca glixerol trong Y tr i lng OH phn ng, cng chnh l lng
COOH phn ng.
T cc phn tch trn, ta lp c phng trnh: n OH(T) 3b a 2n H2 0,09
(3)
Gii h (1), (2) v (3), ta c: a = 0,15 ; b = 0,08 ; c = 0,23

Tin hnh ghp CH2 vo axit:
CH3COOH : 0, 07
CH3COOH : 0,15
HCOOH : 0,15
X
CH 2 : 0, 23
CH 2 : 0, 08
C2 H5COOH : 0, 08
Phn trm khi lng axit c phn t khi ln hn:

%m
0, 08.74
.100% 58,50% ap an C.
0,15.46 0, 23.14
b) Bo ton s mol
Trong li gii ca Bi 13, tnh s mol hn hp u ta ghp este v tm s mol ca tng cht.
Cu hi t ra: iu ny c thc s cn thit?
lm r iu ny, ta cn phn tch li cc phng trnh thy phn ca este (khng xt ti este ca
axit a chc v ancol a chc).
Trng hp 1: Este to bi axit n chc v ancol n chc.
1RCOOR' 1H 2O 1RCOOH 1R'OH

Tng h s cc cht tham gia = 2 = Tng h s cc cht sn phm
Trng hp 2: Este to bi axit n chc v ancol a chc.
1(RCOO)n R' nH 2O 1R'(OH) n nRCOOH

Tng h s cc cht tham gia = n 1 = Tng h s cc cht sn phm
Trng hp 3: Este to bi axit a chc v ancol n chc.
1R(COOR')n nH 2O 1R(COOH) n nR'OH

Tng h s cc cht tham gia = n 1 = Tng h s cc cht sn phm
Trong c 3 trng hp, ta u thu c kt qu:

Trang 23
Tng s mol cht tham gia bng tng s mol cc cht sn phm
M ta bit rng, k thut Thy Phn Ha c bn cht quy i da trn phn ng thy phn ca este
Quy i hn hp bng Thy Phn Ha s bo ton s mol ca hn hp
Mnh gi y l quy tc Bo ton s mol (gi tt l BTSM).

Ch rng BTSM khng ng trong trng hp hn hp c este ca axit a chc v ancol a chc.
V d: 1R 3 (COO)6 R'2 6H 2O 3R(COOH) 2 2R'(OH)3
Tng h s cc cht tham gia = 7 5 = Tng h s cc cht sn phm.
Tuy nhin, thi hin ti khng cn nhc ti loi este ny nn cc bn c th thoi mi p dng
BTSM.
Quy tc ny cn m rng cho hn hp c cha peptit.
Trng hp 1: Phn ng thy phn hon ton

Phng trnh:
1A n (n 1)H 2O nA
(*)
Tng h s cc cht tham gia = n = H s cht sn phm

Quy i hn hp peptit v amino axit v nc s bo ton s mol.
Trng hp 2: Phn ng thy phn khng hon ton

d hnh dung, ta gi s phn ng gm 2 giai on (lu rng iu ny khng ng v mt ha
hc).
+) Thy phn hon ton hn hp thnh cc amino axit v nc
1X n (n 1)H 2O nX
Nh phn tch trng hp 1, s mol hn hp c bo ton.
+) Trng ngng cc amino axit thnh cc peptit nh hn peptit ban u.
mX X m (m 1)H 2O
o li hai v, ta c: X m (m 1)H 2O mX
y chnh l phng trnh (*). V vy s mol hn hp cng s c bo ton.
C hai giai on u bo ton s mol hn hp nn ton b phn ng s bo ton s mol hn hp.
Tm li, nu s dng TPH quy i hn hp peptit (quy i hon ton hoc khng hon ton), s
mol ca hn hp lun lun c bo ton.
BTSM p dng cho nhng bi ton s dng TPH c lin quan ti yu t s mol hn hp.
+) Vi cc bi ton xui: Ta s dng BTSM tnh nhanh s mol hn hp u.

Trang 24
HCOOH : 0,14
CH COOH : 0, 05
3
V d vi Bi 13. Sau khi gii h, ta c: E
C3 H 6 (OH) 2 : 0, 05
H 2 O : 0, 04
tnh nhanh %n X , ta lm nh sau:
S dng BTSM n E 0,14 0,03 0,03 0,04 0,12
Ghp este n X 0,14 0, 02 0,12 %n X
+) Vi cc bi ton ngc:
0,12
.100% 60%
0, 2
Ta s dng BTSM lp phng trnh vi s mol hn hp u.
Bi 15: X, Y l hai axit no, n chc, Z l ancol 2 chc, T l este 2 chc to t X, Y, Z. t chy 0,1 mol
hn hp E cha X, Y, Z, T cn dng 0,47 mol kh O2 thu c lng CO2 nhiu hn H2O l 10,84 gam. Mt
khc 0,1 mol E tc dng va vi 0,11 mol NaOH thu c dung dch G v mt ancol c t khi so vi H2
l 31. C cn G ri nung nng vi xt d c mt CaO thu c m gam hn hp kh. Gi tr ca m gn nht
vi:
A. 2,5
B. 3,5
C. 4,5
D. 5,5
Phn tch: Cc d kin kh ri rc vi nhau. y l dng bi pht huy sc mnh ca H TPH.

Li gii:
T s mol NaOH, s dng H TPH quy i hn hp v:
HCOOH : 0,11
C H (OH) : a
2 4
2
E
CH 2 : b
H 2 O : c
T s mol O2 phn ng, ta c: 2,5a 1,5b 0, 47 0,5.0,11 (1)
HCOOH : 0,11
C H (OH) : a
n CO2 0,11 2a b
2 4
2
O2
E
CH 2 : b
n H2O 0,11 3a b c
H 2 O : c
mCO2 mH2O 44(0,11 2a b) 18(0,11 3a b c) 10,84
(2)
Ta cn lp thm mt phng trnh vi 0,1 mol hn hp E.

Nu lm theo cch thng thng, ta cn ghp este tnh s mol X, Y, Z, T theo a, b, c v cng li.

Trang 25
X, Y : HCOOH : 0,11 c
HCOOH : 0,11
Z : C2 H 4 (OH) 2 : a c
C H (OH) : a
c c
2 4
2
2
E
E
n E (0,11 c) (a ) 0,11 a c
2 2
CH 2 : b
T : (HCOO) C H : c
2 2 4
H 2 O : c
2
CH : b
2
Tuy nhin nu p dng BTSM, ta c ngay: n E n HCOOH n C2H4 (OH)2 n H2O 0,11 a c
(3)
Vic ghp este tnh s mol ca E l ko cn thit.

T 3 phng trnh (1), (2) v (3), gii h ta c: a = 0,07 ; b = 0,16 ; c = 0,08
V ancol c c nh l etylen glicol nn ton b CH2 s i vo axit.
C2 H 4 (OH) 2 : 0, 07
H : 0,11
HCOOH : 0,11 NaOH
E
Kh 2
m kh 2.0,11 14.0,16 2, 46 gam ap an A.

CaO,t o
CH 2 : 0,16
CH 2 : 0,16
H O : 0, 08
2
Bi 16: A l hn hp cha mt axit n chc X, mt ancol hai chc Y v mt este hai chc Z (bit X, Y, Z
u no, mch h). t chy hon ton 0,09 mol A cn 11,088 lt kh O2 (ktc). Sau phn ng thy khi lng
ca CO2 ln hn khi lng ca H2O l 11,1 gam. Mt khc, 15,03 gam A tc dng va vi 0,15 mol
KOH. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan v mt ancol duy nht l etylen glycol.
Gi tr ca m gn nht vi:
A. 18,72
B. 20,40
C. 16,40
D. 12,45
Li gii:
S dng H TPH, tin hnh quy i (t n theo phn 1):
C 2 H 4 (OH) 2 : a
HCOOH : b
A
CH 2 : c
H 2O : d
T thng tin v O2, CO2 v H2O, ta lp c hai phng trnh:

n O2 2,5a 0,5b 1,5c 0, 495 (1)
m CO2 m H2O 34a 26b 26c 18d 11,1 (2)
p dng BTSM, ta c: n A a b d 0, 09 (3)

Chia t l theo khi lng hn hp v s mol KOH phn ng ca phn hai, ta c:
k.m A
62a 46b 14c 18d 15, 03
(4)
k.n KOH
b
0,15
Gii h 4 phng trnh (1), (2), (3) v (4), ta c: a = 0,07 ; b = 0,1 ; c = 0,18 ; d = 0,08
Trang 26
HCOOK : 0,1
V ancol c c nh l etylen glicol nn mui gm
CH 2 : 0,18
Ta c:
0,15 0,15
1,5 P2 1,5P1
b
0,1
m 1,5.(0,1.84 0,18.14) 16,38 gam ap an C.

Vi H v TPH, cc bn c th gii quyt c rt nhiu bi tp v hn hp Ancol Axit Este.
Tuy nhin H TPH ch p dng c vi cc bi bit r dy ng ng ca cc cht. Trong trng
hp khng bit r dy ng ng ca cc cht ban u, ta cn s dng thm cc k thut khc.
III. HIRO HO
n gin nht trong cc bi ton khng bit r dy ng ng ca cc cht ban u l dng bi khng
bit r s lin kt . Vi dng bi ny, ta cn s dng mt k thut c tn gi l Hiro Ha (HH).
Khi bt u tip cn vi ha hu c, ta c hc v phn ng hiro ha ankan to thnh anken.
Xt phn ng:
Ankan Anken H 2
Chuyn v, ta c:
Anken Ankan H 2
Ta c th quy i mt anken bt k thnh ankan v H2.
y l ngun gc tng ca HH. Da trn tng ny, ta c th quy i mt hp cht X bt k

thnh dng hiro ha hon ton ca X cng mt lng H2 tng ng.
V d:
C4H4 C4H10 3H2
C6H6 C6H14 4H2
C3H5OH C3H7OH 1H2
HC C COOH C2H5COOH 2H2
HCOOC3H3 HCOOC3H7 2H2
C2H3NH2 C2H5NH2 1H2
Ch : Vi anehit, dng hiro ha hon ton ca n l ancol no.
V d:
HC C CHO C3H7OH 3H2
(CHO)2 C2H4(OH)2 2H2
2. Cc bi ton minh ha
Qua 2 k thut H v TPH, cc bn hiu cch tch v ghp hn hp. Vi HH, mnh s b
qua phn K thut p dng.
Trc khi i vo cc bi ton minh ha, c 2 im cc bn cn phi lu .
+) Vi cc cht cng dy ng ng, ta gp chng li ghp H2.
V d: To li hn hp X gm mt anehit v hai hirocacon cng dy ng ng ng ng

Trang 27
C2 H 6 : 0,1
C2 H 6 .kCH 2 : 0,5
C2 H 2 : 0,1
C H : 0, 4
m 2
3 8
X
C3 H 7 OH : 0,3
vi 0,5n 0,3m 1, 6
C3H 4 : 0, 4
n 2
C3 H 7 OH : 0,3 H 1, 6
C H CHO : 0,3
2
2 3
H 2 : 1, 6
+) Ch iu kin ghp H2. Nu mch cacbon khng tha mn, ta khng c php ghp H2 vo cht.
CH 4 : 0,3
CH OH : 0, 4
3
V d: To li hn hp X gm mt axit, mt ancol v mt ankin. Bit X gm HCOOH : 0, 2
CH : 0, 7
2
H 2 : 0,5
Ta c: 0,7 = 0,3 + 0,4 = 0,3 + 0,2.2 C hai trng hp ghp CH2
C2 H 6 : 0,3
C H OH : 0, 4
2 5
X
0,5 0,3m Khong ton tai m Khong the ghep H 2

Trng hp 1:
HCOOH
:
0,
2
H 2 : 0,5
C2 H 6 : 0,3
C2 H 4 : 0,3
CH OH : 0, 4
m 1
3
0,5 0,3m 0, 2n
X CH 3OH : 0, 4
Trng hp 2: X
n 1
C2 H 5COOH : 0, 2
C2 H 3COOH : 0, 2
H 2 : 0,5
a) Bi ton hiro ha hon ton hn hp
Vi kiu bi ny, bi s cho s mol ca hn hp u qua thng tin hiro hon ton hn hp X
cn va a mol H2. y l mt dng m rng ca H.
Bi 17: Hn hp X gm axit n chc A v axit hai chc B u khng no, mch h, khng phn nhnh
(trong oxi chim 46% v khi lng). t chy hon ton m gam X ri dn ton b lng sn phm chy
vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng 28,928 gam. Mt khc, em m gam
hn hp X cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 16,848 gam mui. hidro ha hon ton m gam
X cn dng 3,4048 lt H2 (ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca A trong X gn nht vi:
A. 64%
B. 66%
C. 68%
D. 70%
Li gii:

Trang 28
HCOOH : a
(COOH) : b
2
S dng HH, tin hnh quy i: X
CH 2 : c
H 2 : 0,152
T phn trm khi lng ca oxi, ta c: 32a 64b 0, 46.(46a 90b 14c 2.0,152)
(1)
CO 2 : a 2b c
O2
44(a 2b c) 18(a b c 0,152) 28, 298 (2)

Phn ng chy: X
H 2 O : a b c 0,152
HCOONa : a
(COONa) : b
2
NaOH
m muoi 68a 134b 14c 2.0,152 16,848

Phn ng vi NaOH: X
CH 2 : c
H 2 : 0,152
T 3 phng trnh (1), (2) v (3), gii h ta c: a = 0,12 ; b = 0,032 ; c = 0,336
Tin hnh ghp hn hp u.
HCOOH : 0,12
(COOH) : 0, 032
A : C 2 H 3COOH : 0,12
2
X
X
B : C3H 4 (COOH) 2 : 0, 032
CH 2 : 0,336 0,12.2 0, 032.3
H 2 : 0,152 (0,12 0, 032)
%m A
Nhn xt:
0,12.72
.100% 67,5% ap an C.
0,12.72 0, 032.130
K thut p dng cho bi ny tng t so vi cc bi s dng H thng thng, ch khc l

hn hp quy i c s xut hin ca H2 v km theo bc ghp H2.
Bi 18: X, Y l hai hp cht hu c k tip thuc dy ng ng ca axit acrylic; Z l axit hai chc, mch
h. t chy 13,44 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z cn dng 0,29 mol O2, thu c 4,68 gam nc. Mt khc
hiro ha hon ton 13,44 gam E cn dng 0,05 mol H2 (xc tc Ni, t0), thu c hn hp F. Ly ton b F
tc dng vi 400 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, c cn dung dch sau phn ng, thu c hn hp rn T. Phn
trm khi lng ca mui c khi lng phn t nh nht trong hn hp T l
A. 18.86%
B. 17,57%
C. 16,42%
D. 15,84%
(Thy To Mnh c)
Phn tch:
- bi cho thng tin v hn hp u v c hn hp sau khi hiro ha, v vy ta phi cn thn

khi x l cc d kin.
- Cch tt nht l s dng H cho hn hp F v chuyn cc thng tin t E v F.
Li gii:

Trang 29
C2 H5COOH : a mF 13, 44 2.0, 05 13,54
0,05H 2
S dng H, tin hnh quy i: E
F (COOH)2 : b n O2 (F) 0, 29 0,5.0, 05 0,315
CH : c
2
n H2O(F) 0, 26 0, 05 0,31
74a 90b 14c 13,54

a 0, 05
S dng ngay 3 thng tin va ri, ta c h: 3,5a 0,5b 1,5c 0,315 b 0,1
3a b c 0,31
c 0, 06
Tin hnh ghp hn hp F:
C2 H 5COOH : 0, 05
C3H 7 COOH : 0, 04
F (COOH) 2 : 0,1
F C4 H 9COOH : 0, 01 Muoi can tnh la 0,04 C3H 7 COONa
CH : 0, 06
(COOH) : 0,1
2
2
Bo ton khi lng, ta c: mT mF mNaOH mH2O 13,54 40.0, 4 18.(0,05 0,1.2) 25,04
%m
0, 04.110
.100% 17,57% ap an B.
25, 04
Bi 19: Hn hp X cha mt ankin A v hai anehit mch h B, C (30 < MB < MC) khng phn nhnh. Tin
hnh phn ng hiro hon ton 6,88 gam hn hp X cn 0,24 mol H2 thu c hn hp Y. t chy hon
ton Y cn dng 12,544 lt O2 (ktc), hp th ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng Ca(OH)2 d th thy
khi lng dung dch gim 11,72 gam. Nu dn lng Y trn qua bnh ng Na d th thot ra 0,12 mol kh.
Phn trm khi lng ca C c trong X c th l
A. 15%
B. 20%
C. 25%
D. 30%
Li gii:
S dng H, tin hnh quy i:
C 2 H 6 : a
C H OH : b
CO 2 : 2a 2b 2c d
2 5
0,24H 2
O 2 : 3,5a 3b 2,5c 1,5d
X
Y
6,88g
7,36g C H (OH) : c
H 2 O : 3a 3b 3c d
2
2 4
CH 2 : d
T 3 d kin u, ta lp c 3 phng trnh:
mX 30a 46b 62c 14d 7,36
mdd giam 56(2a 2b 2c d) 18(3a 3b 3c d) 11, 72
n O2 3,5a 3b 2,5c 1,5d 0,56

Cn lp thm mt phng trnh vi s mol kh thot ra.
Ta c:
n OH b 2c n H2 0,5b c 0,5b c 0,12

Trang 30
Nh vy ta c 4 phng trnh. Tuy nhin, gii h ta c nghim l v m!

Ch rng ankan khng tan trong nc. Do khi cho Y vo bnh Na, phn kh thot ra s gm c
ankan.
Phng trnh ng phi l: a + 0,5b + c = 0,12
Gii h mi, ta c:
a = 0,06 ; b = 0,02 ; c = 0,05 ; d = 0,11
Tip theo ta ghp hn hp X. Ta c: 0,24 = 0,06.2 + 0,02 + 0,05.2 Ghp va ht H2.

C2 H 6 : 0, 06
C2 H 2 : 0, 06
C H OH : 0, 02
2
5
CH CHO : 0, 02
3
X C2 H 4 (OH) 2 : 0, 05
CH : 0,11
(CHO) 2 : 0, 05
2
CH 2 : 0,11
H 2 : 0, 24
V 0,11 = 0,05 + 0,06 = 0,05 + 0,02.3 nn ta c 2 trng hp.

Trng hp 1:
A : C3H 4 : 0, 06
X CH 3CHO (M 44) : 0, 02 B
CH (CHO) (M 72) : 0, 05 C
2
2
%m C
0, 05.72
.100% 52,33%
6,88
Trng hp 2:
%m C
Nhn xt:
A : C 2 H 2 : 0, 06
X C4 H 9CHO (M 86) : 0, 02 C
CH (CHO) (M 72) : 0, 05 B
2
2
0, 02.86
.100% 25% ap an C.
6,88
S c bn thc mc: Nu c hai anehit cng n chc hoc cng hai chc, php quy i trn
liu c cn chnh xc? Cu tr li rt n gin
+) Nu c hai anehit cng n chc, gii h ta c c = 0
+) Nu c hai anehit cng hai chc, gii h ta c b = 0
Bi 20: X, Y l hai axit cacboxylic u n chc, hn km nhau mt nguyn t cacbon; Z l ancol no, hai
chc; T l este mch h c to bi X, Y, Z. t chy 45,72 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z, T cn dng 2,41
mol O2, thu c 27,36 gam nc. Hidro ha hon ton 45,72 gam E cn dng 0,65 mol H2 (xc tc Ni, to)
thu c hn hp F. un nng ton b F cn dng 400 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, c cn dung dch sau phn
ng thu c hn hp M cha 41,9 gam mui. Phn trm khi lng ca T c trong hn hp E l
A. 51,44%
B. 52,23%
C. 42,87%
D. 51,97%
(Thy To Mnh c)

Trang 31
Li gii:
HCOOH : 0, 4
C H (OH) : a m F 0, 4.46 62a 14b 18c 45, 72 0, 65.2

2 4
2
0,65H 2
E
F
n O2 (F) 0,5.0, 4 2,5a 1,5b 2, 41 0, 65.0,5
CH 2 : b
n H2O(F) 0, 4 3a b c 1,52 0, 65
H 2 O : c
Tin hnh ghp hn hp E.
HCOONa : 0, 4
C 2 H 5COONa : 0,15
Axit
41,9
0,
4.68
1, 05
HCOOH : 0, 4
C3 H 7 COONa : 0, 25
CH 2 :
14
C H (OH) : 0, 24
2 4
2
0,65H 2
C2 H 4 (OH) 2 : 0, 24
F
E
CH 2 :1, 29
Ancol CH :1, 29 1, 05 0, 24 C3H 6 (OH) 2 : 0, 24
2
H 2 O : 0, 24
H 2 : 0, 65 (0,15 0, 25.2)
H 2 O : 0, 24
C2 H 3COONa : 0,15
C3 H 3COONa : 0, 25 T : C 2 H 3COO C3H 6 OOCC3H 3

E
C3 H 6 (OH) 2 : 0, 24
H O : 0, 24 T : 0,12
2
%m T
196.0,12
.100% 51, 44% Chon ap an A.
45, 72
b) Bi ton thiu thng tin v s mol H2

y l dng bi giu thng tin v s mol ca hn hp u, tc l khng cho s mol ca H2.
Dng bi ny c chia thnh 2 loi
+) Loi 1: phng trnh gii ra n H2.
+) Loi 2: Khng phng trnh gii ra n H2.
Nhng bi ton thuc loi 2 thng cn phi bin lun hoc s dng k thut c bit.
Trong mc ny mnh s ch cp ti mt s bi ton thuc loi 1.
Bi 21: Hn hp X cha mt este n chc v mt este hai chc u mch h, trong phn t mi este ch
cha mt loi nhm chc. un nng 24,7 gam X cn dng 0,275 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, thu c hn hp
Y cha cc ancol u no, n chc c tng khi lng 11,95 gam v hn hp Z cha hai mui, trong c a
gam mui A v b gam mui B (MA < MB). Mt khc t chy hon ton 0,08 mol X cn dng 0,54 mol O2,
thu c 6,48 gam nc. T l gn nht vi a : b l
A. 1,2
B. 0,6
C. 1,0
D. 0,5
(Thy To Mnh c)

Trang 32
Li gii:
S dng HH, tin hnh quy i X (t n theo 0,08 mol):
HCOOCH 3 : a
(COOCH ) : b n X a b 0, 08 (1)
3 2
X
n O2 2a 3,5b 1,5c 0,5d 0,54 (2)
CH 2 : c
n H2O 2a 3b c d 0,36 (3)

H 2 : d
Ta cn lp thm mt phng trnh theo phn 2.
t t l (24,7 gam X) : (0,08 mol X) l k, ta c:
m X k(60a 118b 14c 2d) 24, 7 60a 118b 14c 2d 24, 7
(4)
k(a
2b)
0,
275
a
2b
0,
275
COO
Gii h 4 phng trnh (1), (2), (3) v (4), ta c: a = 0,05 ; b = 0,03 ; c = 0,25 ; d = 0,08
CH3OH : 0,11
0, 275
11,95
a 2b 0,11 k
2,5 m Ancol
4, 78
4, 78 0,11.32
0,11
2,5
0, 09
CH 2 :
14
Ghp hn hp Z, ta c:
HCOONa : 0, 05
(COONa) : 0, 03
A : C 2 H 3COONa : 0, 05
2
Z
Z
B : C 2 H 2 (COONa) 2 : 0, 03
CH 3 : 0, 25 0, 09 0,16 0, 05.2 0, 03.2
H 2 : 0, 08 (0, 05 0, 03)
a 0, 05.94
0,98 ap an C.
b 0, 03.160
Bi 22: X, Y l hai axit cacboxylic u n chc, mch h (trong phn t X, Y cha khng qu 2 lin kt
v 50 < MX < MY); Z l este c to bi X, Y v etylen glicol. t chy 13,12 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z
cn dng 0,5 mol O2. Mt khc 0,36 mol E lm mt mu va dung dch cha 0,1 mol Br2. Nu un nng
13,12 gam E vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 1M (va ), c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c hn hp F
gm a gam mui A v b gam mui B (MA < MB). T l ca a : b gn nht vi gi tr no sau y
A. 2,9
B. 2,7
C. 2,6
D. 2,8
(Tn Thnh Hong Phan)
Li gii:
CH 3COOH : 0, 2
C H (OH) : a
2
2 4
S dng HH, tin hnh quy i (t n theo phn 13,12g): E H 2 O : 2a
CH : b
2
H 2 : c

Trang 33
cho gn, ta s gp ancol v nc li:
CH 3COOH : 0, 2
C H : a
(1)
m E 26a 14b 2c 1,12
E 2 2
n O2 2,5a 1,5b 0,5c 0,1 (2)

CH 2 : b
H 2 : c
Ta cn thm mt phng trnh th 3, chnh l t l s mol v s mol CC ca phn hai.

S dng BTSM, ta c: n E n CH3COOH n C2H2 k(0, 2 a) 0,36
Li c: n ( E ) kc 0,1
Chia v theo v hai phng trnh trn v trit tiu k, ta c:
0, 2 a 0,36
(3)
c
0,1
Tuy nhin nu gii h 3 phng trnh (1), (2) v (3), cc nghim thu c rt l!
Sai lm y l ta p dng sai BTSM. Vic gp ancol v nc li lm thay i bn cht s mol
ca hn hp. Nu s dng BTSM, ta phi p dng cho hn hp trc khi gp ancol v nc
n E k(0, 2 a 2a) k(0, 2 a) 0,36
0, 2 a 0,36
c
0,1
Tuy nhin, nu gii h mi, cc nghim thu c vn l!

Sai lm th hai l ta tnh sai s mol CC ca hn hp.
Ch rng s mol CC l kc ch khng phi l kc. Phng trnh ng phi l:
0, 2 a 0,36
c
0,1
Gii h mi, ta c: a = 0,02 ; b = 0,05 ; c = 0,05

Ancol c c nh l etylen glicol. T iu kin mi axit c khng qu 2 lin kt , ta ghp nh sau:
CH 3COOK : 0, 2
A : CH 3COOK : 0,15
a
0,15.98
F CH 2 : 0, 05

2, 673 ap an B.
B : C2 H 3COOK : 0, 05 b 0, 05.110
H : 0, 05
2
Nhn xt:
S dng thnh tho cc k thut quy i l iu khng h n gin. Mt bi ton tuy n gin
nhng c rt nhiu by cc bn c th mc phi nu khng nm vng bn cht ca cc k
thut.
Bi 23: Hn hp X cha mt amin no, n chc, mch h v hai hiro cacbon c cng s nguyn t cacbon.
t chy hon ton 0,24 mol X cn dng 0,9225 mol O2, sn phm chy gm CO2, H2O v N2 dn qua bnh
ng dung dch H2SO4 c d, thy khi lng bnh tng 12,69 gam, kh thot ra khi bnh c th tch l
13,776 lt (ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca hirocacbon c khi lng phn t ln l
A. 24,73%
B. 27,27%
C. 23,66%
D. 25,45%
(Thy To Mnh c)
Li gii:
Trang 34
S dng HH, tin hnh quy i:
CH3 NH 2 : a n X a b 0, 24
a 0, 09
n 2, 25a 3,5b 1,5c 0,5d 0,9225
C H : b
O2
b 0,15
X 2 6
CH 2 : c
n H2O 2,5a 3b c d 0, 705
c 0,18
H 2 : d
n n 1,5a 2b c 0, 615
d 0,15
N2
CO2
Tin hnh ghp hn hp X
CH 3 NH 2 : 0, 09
C3 H 7 NH 2 : 0, 09
C3H 7 NH 2 : 0, 09
C H : 0,15
2 6
X
C2 H 6 : 0,15
C 2 H 6 : 0, 075
CH
:
0,18
2
H : 0,15
C H : 0, 075
2
2 2
H 2 : 0,15
Hirocacbon c phn t khi ln l C2H6 %m
0, 075.30
.100% 23, 66% ap an C.
9,51
Bi 24: X, Y l hai este u n chc (MX < MY); Z l este hai chc (X, Y, Z u mch h). t chy 0,24
mol E cha X, Y, Z cn dng 1,52 mol O2 thu c 17,64 gam H2O. Mt khc, un nng 0,24 mol E vi
dung dch NaOH va , thu c hn hp F cha 2 ancol ng ng k tip v hn hp M cha 2 mui.
un nng ton b F vi H2SO4 c 1400C, thu c 9,44g hn hp T cha 3 ete. Ha hi 9,44g T th th
tch chim 2,688 lt (ktc). Bit rng hiu sut ete ha ca ancol theo khi lng phn t tng dn ln lt l
80% v 50%. Phn trm khi lng ca Y c trong hn hp E gn nht vi
A. 30%
B. 31%
C. 32%
D. 33%
Li gii:
T thng tin v ete, ta tnh c:
C2 H5OH : 0, 2
C 2 H 5OH : 0, 2 : 80% 0, 25
BT(O)
T
n COO 0,33
n CO2 1,37
C
H
OH
:
0,
04
C
H
OH
:
0,
04
:
50%
0,
08
3 7
3 7
X : RCOOC3H 7 : 0, 08
n X,Y n Z 0, 24 n X,Y 0,15
Y : RCOOC2 H 5 : 0, 07
Ta c h:
n X 2n Z 0,33
n Z 0, 09
Z : R(COOC H ) : 0, 09
2 5 2
S dng HH, tin hnh quy i hn hp:

X : HCOOC2 H5 : 0, 07
Y : HCOOC H : 0, 08
3 7
X : HC C COOC2 H 5 : 0, 07
Z : (COOC H ) : 0, 09
E
E Y : HC C COOC3H 7 : 0, 08
2 5 2
BT(C)

Z : (COOC H ) : 0, 09
CH 2 : 0,3
2 5 2
C C : 0,15
BT(H)
H 2 : 0,3

Trang 35
mY
Nhn xt:
0, 08.112
.100% 30,94% ap an B.
28,96
- Nu ch s dng HH v lp h, ta phi t ti 4 n l HCOOH, (COOH)2, CH2 v H2.

- y l v d minh ha cho cch s dng kt hp cc k thut quy i v cc k thut x l s
liu thng thng. Mt cht t duy s lm cho bi ton tr nn gn gng v n gin hn.
IV. ANKAN HO Tch nhm chc

Ankan Ha l k thut quy i mt cht hu c bt k thnh mt ankan v cc thnh phn tng ng.
Cc thnh phn ny bao gm cc nhm chc, H2 (nu c s dng HH) v CH2 (nu kt hp vi
H).
K thut ny c th p dng cho tt c cc hp cht hu c (tuy nhin khng nn p dng vi cc hp
cht c lin kt ion nh mui amoni).
Bn cht ca vic quy i mt cht hu c X bng Ankan Ha (AKH) gm 2 giai on:
+) Dng HH quy i X v dng no (nu X cha no).
+) Tch nhm phn t to thnh ankan.
Ch : Nhm phn t c tch phi l nhm c ha tr II.
Cc nhm m ta hc: O (ancol); CO (anehit/xeton), COO (axit/este); NH (amin).
Mc d vy, thng ta ch gp 2 nhm chc: COO ; NH v mt nhm c bit l C C
V cc nhm phn t c tch c ha tr II nn ta c kt qu sau:
S mol ca hn hp chnh l s mol ca ankan sau khi quy i
AKH p dng cho cc bi ton thiu thng tin v s lng nhm chc. Ngoi ra, cn c th dng n
ti u ha cho H.
2. Cc bi ton minh ha
Khng ging nh H TPH HH, rt kh s dng thnh tho AKH. Ty theo tnh hung c th
m ta c nhng cch quy i khc nhau. Cc trng hp ghp nhm chc cng rt a dng.
s dng AKH mt cch linh hot, cn c 3 yu t:
+) Kin thc: Hiu r bn cht bi ton.
+) Kinh nghim: Phn no on c ca bi.
+) T duy (yu t quan trng nht): Kh nng ng bin khi gp tnh hung mi.
cc bn lm quen vi cch s dng AKH, mnh s minh ha mt vi tnh hung c bn. Cc bi tp
nng cao s c trong phn bi ton tng hp v phn bi tp t luyn.
Bi 25: Hiro ha hon ton 85,8 gam cht bo X cn dng 0,2 mol H2 (xc tc Ni, to) thu c cht bo no
Y. un nng ton b Y cn dng 300 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Nu t chy hon ton 0,1 mol Y cn dng
a mol O2. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 8,25
B. 7,85
C. 7,50
D. 7,75
Trang 36
(Thy To Mnh c)
Li gii:
S dng AKH, tin hnh quy i:
CH 4 : a

Y COO : 0,3
X
CH 2 : b
H : 0, 2
2
X l trieste ca glixerol nn a n X n Y n COO : 3 0,3: 3 0,1

Bo ton khi lng cho X, ta c: b (85,8 0, 2.2 0,1.16 0,3.44) :14 5,1
CH 4 : 0,1
Y COO : 0,3 n O2 (Y) 0,1.2 5,1.1,5 7,85 ap an B.

0,1 mol
CH : 5,1
2
Bi 26: t chy hon ton 0,05 mol mt amino axit A (no, mch h, phn t cha 2 nhm COOH) bng
lng oxi va thu c 10,7g hn hp hi T. Th tch ca T bng th tch ca 11,2g oxi o cng iu kin
nhit , p sut. a T v ktc thu c V lt kh Z. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 3,36
B. 3,92
C. 4,48
D. 4,2
Li gii:
(COOH) 2 : 0, 05
CO 2 : 0,1 b
O2
T H 2O : 0,5a b 0, 05
S dng AKH, tin hnh quy i: A NH : a
CH : b
N : 0,5a
2
2
T khi lng T v s mol T, ta c h:
CO 2 : 0,15
23a 62b 5, 4 a 0,1
T H 2O : 0,15
a 2b 0, 2
b 0, 05
N : 0, 05
2
V Z ktc nn Z ch gm CO2 v N2 V 22, 4(0,15 0,05) 4, 48 ap an C.
Bi 27: Hn hp X gm hai amin thuc dy ng ng ca metylamin. Hn hp Y cha hai amino axit thuc
dy ng ng ca glyxin. Trn x mol X vi y mol Y thu c hn hp Z. t chy ton b Z cn dng 0,81
mol O2, sn phm chy gm CO2, H2O v N2 c dn qua bnh ng H2SO4 c d, thy khi lng bnh
tng 13,32 gam; ng thi thu c 14,336 lt hn hp kh (ktc). T l x : y
A. 1 : 1
B. 4 : 1
C. 3 : 1
D. 2 : 3
(Thy To Mnh c)
Li gii:
Trang 37
CH3 NH 2 : a n O2 2, 25a 1,5c 0,81

a 0, 2
Z COO : b
n H2O 2,5a c 0, 74
b 0,1
CH : c
c 0, 24
2
n CO2 n N2 1,5a b c 0, 64
Tin hnh ghp hn hp X. V bi hi t l mol gia amin v amino axit nn ch cn ghp nhm
chc.
CH 3 NH 2 : 0,1 x
CH 3 NH 2 : 0, 2
X
CH 2
Z COO : 0,1
Z
x : y 1:1 ap an A.
HOOCCH
NH
:
0,1
2
2
CH : 0, 24
2
Y CH
2
Bi 28: Hn hp X gm cc amin no v cc hirocacbon khng no (hiro chim 3/29 khi lng X, cc cht
trong X u mch h). Ly lng hirocacbon c trong 12,76 gam X tc dng vi nc Br2 th thy c 76,8
gam Br2 phn ng. Mt khc, t chy a mol X cn dng 11,76 lt O2 (ktc), thu c CO2, H2O v N2, trong
tng khi lng ca CO2 v N2 l 17,24 gam. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 0,08
B. 0,12
C. 0,16
D. 0,2
(V Minh Ngc)
Li gii:
CH 4 : x
CO 2 : x y
CH : y
2
O2 :2x 1,5y 0,25z 0,24

X
N 2 : 0,5z
12,76g
NH : z
H 2O
H 2 : 0, 48
T khi lng X v phn trm khi lng ca hiro, ta lp c 2 phng trnh:
16x 14y 15z 2.0, 48 12, 76
4x 2y z 2.0, 48 12, 76. 29

Chia t l s mol O2 v tng khi lng ca CO2, N2 theo phn 2, ta c phng trnh:
k.(mCO2 m N2 )
k.n O 2
44x 44y 14z

17, 24
2x 1,5y 0, 25z 0,5.0, 48 0,525
Gii h, ta c: x = 0,32 ; y = 0,4 ; z = 0,2

k
0,525
0,525 1
2x 1,5y 0, 25z 0,5.0, 48 1, 05 2

Trang 38
1
a k.x .0,32 0,16 ap an C.
2
Bi 29: X, Y (MX < MY) l hai axit cacboxylic n chc, mch h, ng ng k tip. Z l ancol no, mch
h, c s nguyn t cacbon vi X. t chy hon ton 0,4 mol hn hp E gm X, Y, Z (X v Y c s mol
bng nhau) cn va 31,808 lt O2 (ktc), thu c 58,08 gam CO2 v 18 gam H2O. Mt khc, cng 0,4
mol E tc dng vi Na d th thu c 6,272 lt H2 (ktc). trung ha 11,1 gam X cn dng dung dch
cha m gam KOH. Gi tr ca m gn nht vi gi tr no sau y:
A. 8,9
B. 7,5
C. 7,2
D. 8,6
Li gii:
CO 2 :1,32 BTNT(O)
O2 :1,42
n O(E) 0,8
Phn ng: E
H 2 O :1

C2 H 6 : 0, 4
COO : a
2n H2 a b 0,56 a 0, 24 BT(C)
BT(H)
E O : b
c 0, 28
d 0, 48
CH : c
n O(E) 2a b 0,8 b 0,32
2
H 2 : d
S mol ancol: n Z 0, 4 0, 24 0,16 S chc ancol: k Z
Tin hnh ghp:
0,32
2
0,16
C2 H 5COOH : 0, 24
X : HC C COOH : 0,12
C H (OH) : 0,16
2 4
2
n X n Y 0,12
E
E Y : C3H 3COOH : 0,12

CH 2 : 0, 28 0,16 0,12
Z : C3H 6 (OH) 2 : 0,16

H 2 : 0, 48 (2.0, 24)
11,1
.56 8,88 ap an A.
70
Bi 30: t chy hon ton 81,24 gam hn hp X gm 0,07 mol peptit A (cu to t 2 amino axit trong s
Gly, Ala, Val, Glu) v 2 este B, C mch h c cng s lin kt trong phn t (MB > MC ; B no; C n
chc) cn 78,288 lt kh O2, sau phn ng thu c CO2; H2O v 3,136 lt N2. Mt khc thy phn hon ton
lng X trn cn va 570 ml NaOH 2M, thu c dung dch T cha 4 mui v 0,29 mol hn hp 2 ancol
no Y v Z (MY = 2,875MZ < 150). Dn ton b lng ancol ny qua bnh ng Na d th thy khi lng
bnh tng 23,49 gam. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, th tch cc kh o ktc, T khng cha
HCOONa. Phn trm khi lng ca C trong X gn nht vi:
A. 5,0
B. 5,5
C. 6,0
D. 6,5

Trang 39
Li gii:
T iu kin v phn t khi ca 2 ancol, ta tm c Y l C3H5(OH)3, Z l CH3OH.
Y : C3H5 (OH)3 : a a b 0, 29
a 0, 25
Ta c:
Z : CH 3OH : b
m bnh tang (92 3)a (32 1)b 23, 49 b 0, 04
B no v 3 chc nn c 3 lin kt . M B, C c cng s lin kt nn C n chc v c 2 CC

B : C6 H14 : 0, 25
C : HC C CH : 0, 04
3
m X 16x 18y 14z 81, 24 0, 25.86 0, 04.40 1,14.44 0, 28.15

CH 4 : x
A
X H 2O : y
n O2 2x 1,5z 3, 495 0, 25.9,5 0, 04.4 0, 25.0, 28
BTSM(peptit )
x y 0, 07

COO :1,14
NH : 0, 28
CH 2 : z
Gii h trn, ta c: a = 0,28 ; b = 0,21 ; c = 0,22

Ta c: 0,22 = 0,07.2 + 0,04.2 C l C4H5COOCH3.
%m C
0, 04.112
.100% 5,51% ap an B.
81, 24

Trang 40
PHN HAI: CC BI TON TNG HP

Trong phn ny s c s xut hin ca nhng bi ton phc tp hn v nng cao hn so vi nhng
bi ton c minh ha phn mt, i hi phi c k thut tt v kh nng t duy linh hot.
Bi 31: Hn hp X gm mt axit cacboxylic T (hai chc, mch h), hai ancol n chc cng dy ng ng
v mt este hai chc to bi T vi hai ancol . t chy hon ton a gam X, thu c 8,36 gam CO2. Mt
khc, un nng a gam x vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thm tip 20
ml dung dch HCl 1M trung ha lng NaOH d, thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y, thu c m gam mui
khan v 0,05 mol hn hp hai ancol c phn t khi trung bnh nh hn 46. Gi tr ca m l
A. 7,09
B. 5,92
C. 6,53
D. 5,36
( thi THPT quc gia 2016)
Li gii:
HOOC COOH : (0,1 0, 02) : 2 0, 04

CH OH : 0, 05
3
BTNT(C)
X CH 2 : x
x 0,19 0, 04.2 0, 05 0, 06
H O
2
H2
V Mancol 46 n CH2 (ancol) 0,05 n CH2 (axit) 0,01 n CH2 (axit) 0,04
Axit : HOOC CH 2 COOH : 0, 04
Ancol CH 3OH : 0, 05
CH 2 : 0, 02
H O
2
H 2
R rng khng th ghp H2 vo HOOCCH2COOH
m muoi mCH2 (COONa )2 m NaCl 0, 04.148 0, 02.58,5 7, 09 gam ap an A.

Nhn xt:
- Nu nhn bi ton mt cch tng qut bng con mt quy i, ta nhn thy ngay: S cacbon
ca axit phi nh khng xy ra tnh hung axit khng no, nu khng s c nhiu p n.
Bi 32: t chy m gam hn hp X gm mt s ancol, axit v este (u no, n chc, mch h) cn dng
33,6 lt kh O2. Cho ton b sn phm i qua dung dch NaOH thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t 200 ml dung
dch HCl 2M vo Z thu c 2,24 lt kh CO2. Mt khc, un si n cn Z thu c 79,5 gam mui. Cho m
gam X tc dng vi NaOH va thu c 29,22 gam mui Y. Cho mui Y nung nng vi vi ti xt th
thu c hn hp kh (hi) T. T khi ca T so vi H2 gn nht vi?
A. 15,0
B. 15,5
C. 16,0
D. 16,5
(L Hng Vn)

Trang 41
Li gii:
Phn ng t chy:
0,4HCl
Na 2 CO3 CO 2 : 0,1
H 2 O NaOH
X O2
Z
to
Na 2 CO3 CO 2 H 2O
CO
NaHCO
2
3
1,5
0,75
V nho t t H nen H se phan ng het vi CO32 trc roi mi phan ng vi HCO3 e tao CO 2
n Na 2CO3 (Z) n H n CO2 0, 4 0,1 0,3

BTNT( Na )
BTNT(C)
n NaHCO3 (Z) 2.0, 75 2.0,3 0,9

n CO2 0,9 0,3 1, 2
HCOOCH 3
HCOOH
HCOOH
H 2O
S dng H, ta c: X
CH 3OH
CH 2
CH 2
Nhn xt: Lng H2O c quy i khng nh hng n lng O2 cn t X v lng CO2 sinh ra
HCOOH : a
a 0,3
n CO2 a b 1, 2
X CH 2 : b
H O
n O2 0,5a 1,5b 1,5 b 0,9
2
NaOH
NaOH
Phn ng thy phn v phn ng vi ti xt: X
Y : RCOONa
T : RH
CaO,t 0
0,3
0,3
Ta
c:
M RCOONa
29, 22
31, 4
97, 4 M RH M RCOONa 66 31, 4 d T
15, 7 ap an B.
H2
0,3
2
Bi 33: Hn hp E cha 3 este u mch h v khng phn nhnh (khng cha nhm chc khc). un nng
20,62 gam E cn dng 280 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c hn hp F cha 3 ancol u no v hn hp
mui. Ly ton b hn hp mui ny un nng vi vi ti xt thu c duy nht mt hirocacbon n gin
nht c th tch l 5,6 lt (ktc). Mt khc t chy 20,62 gam E cn dng 0,955 mol O2 (ktc). Phn trm
khi lng ca ancol c khi lng phn t nh nht trong hn hp F gn nht vi gi tr no sau y
A. 70%
B. 71%
C. 72%
D. 73%
(Thy To Mnh c)
Phn tch:
bi cho ti 5 d kin (!). Ta cn ngh ngay ti trng hp tng qut nht.

Trong tnh hung xu nht, E s c c 3 loi este:
+) Este n chc
+) Este hai chc to t ancol hai chc v axit n chc
+) Este hai chc to t axit hai chc v ancol n chc
gim bt n, ta nn gp hai loi este hai chc li thnh dng CTPT CnH2n-2O4.

Trang 42
Li gii:
Hirocacbon n gin nht l CH4.
sinh ra CH4, mui c mch cacbon khng phn nhnh phi l CH3COONa hoc CH2(COONa)2
CH 3COOCH 3 : a
E C 4 H 6 O 4 : b
CH : c
2
T ba thng tin th (thng tin khng lin quan ti loi este), ta lp c h:

m E 74a 118b 14c 20, 62
a 0,18
n O2 3,5a 3,5b 1,5c 0,955 b 0, 05
c 0,1
n COO a 2b 0, 28
CH 3COONa : x
n CH x y 0, 25
4
y 0, 03
Ta c h:
CH 2 (COONa) 2 : y n COO x 2y 0, 28
Nh vy, trong 0,05 mol este hai chc s c 0,03 mol este c dng CH 2 (COOR) 2 v 0,02 mol este c
dng (CH3COO)2 R'
Tin hnh ghp hn hp E:
CH 3COOCH 3 : 0,18
CH 3COOCH 3 : 0,18
CH (COOCH ) : 0, 03
2
3 2
E
CH 3OOC CH 2 COOC2 H 5 : 0, 03
(CH
COO)
C
H
:
0,
02
3
2
2
4
(CH COO) C H : 0, 02
3
2 2 4
BTNT(C)
CH
0,
03
2
CH 3OH : 0, 21
32.0, 21
E
F C2 H 5OH : 0, 03 %m
.100% 71.95% ap an C.
32.0, 21 46.0, 03 62.0, 02
C H (OH) : 0, 02
2
2 4
NaOH
Li gii: - Mt bi ton rt hay v th v, i hi s linh hot khi quy i. Khng c nhiu bi ton ch s
dng H m li phc tp v lt lo nh vy.
Bi 34: X, Y (MX < MY) l hai axit n chc, khng no; Z l mt ancol no, ba chc ; X, Y, Z u mch h.
Thc hin phn ng este ha m gam hn hp X, Y, Z (gi s hiu sut phn ng este ha t 100%), sn
phm thu c ch c nc v m1 gam mt este thun chc T. t chy ht 36,84g hn hp H gm m gam
hn hp X, Y, Z v m1 gam este T, thu c 20,52g H2O. Mt khc lng H trn tc dng va vi dung
dch NaOH, thu c dung dch N cha 35,28g mui. Bit 36,84g H lm mt mu va 0,48 mol Br2; este
T cha 7 lin kt . Hiu khi lng gia T v Y c gi tr gn nht vi
A. 6,8g
B. 12g
C. 8g

D. 6,5g
Trang 43

Li gii:
Trc ht ta cn phn tch cu to ca este T.
Este c: 7 3COO 4CC
Ta c: 4 2.2 1.0 1.2 2.1
Tuy nhin v c hai gc axit u khng no nn T c to t 1 gc axit c 2 v 2 gc axit c 1
T thng tin v phn ng este ha, ta c:
A(Axit 1) : 2a
B(Axit 2) : a
H
Z(Ancol) : a
T(Este) : a
S dng H TPH, tin hnh quy i:
CH 2 CH COOH : 4a
CH C COOH : 2a
H C3H 5 (OH)3 : 2a
H O : 3a
2
CH 2 : b
T thng tin v s mol Br2, ta c: 4a + 2.2a = 0,48 a = 0,06

T thng tin v khi lng hoc lng nc sinh ra t phn ng t chy, ta tnh c: b = 0,24
bi cho khi lng mui, v vy ta s ghp CH2 cho mui:
A : CH 2 CH COONa : 0, 24
A : C 2 H 3COONa : 0, 24
N B : CH C COONa : 0,12
N
B : C3H 3COONa : 0,12
CH : x
BTKL
x 0,12
2
Lng CH2 cn li ca ancol: 0,24 0,12 = 0,12 Z l 0,12 C4H7(OH)3

Y : C3H 3COOH : a 0, 06
T : (C2 H 3COO) 2 (C3H 3COO)C 4 H 7 : a 0, 06

mT mY 0,06.(280 84) 11,76 ap an C
Nhn xt:
bi tha mt d kin, c th b 36,84g H hoc 20,52 g H2O.
Bi 35: Hn hp E gm este X n chc v axit cacboxylic Y hai chc (u mch h, khng no c mt lin
kt i C=C trong phn t). t chy hon ton mt lng E thu c 0,43 mol kh CO2 v 0,32 mol hi
nc. Mt khc, thy phn hon ton 46,6 gam E trong 200 gam dung dch NaOH 12% ri c cn dung dch
thu c phn hi Z c cha cht hu c T. Dn ton b Z vo bnh ng Na, sau phn ng khi lng bnh
tng 188,85 gam ng thi thot ra 6,16 lt kh H2 (ktc). Bit t khi ca T so vi H2 l 16. Phn trm khi
lng ca Y trong hn hp E c gi tr gn nht vi
A. 46,3%
B. 43,5%
C. 41,3%

D. 48%
Trang 44
Phn tch:
V bi khng ni phn ng va nn t thng tin v NaOH hoc H2 thot ra, ta khng th

tm c s mol ca cc este. Ta ch c th khai thc chng thng qua bo ton khi lng
Li gii:
Ta c: MT = 16.2 = 32 T l CH3OH
S dng bo ton khi lng, ta c:
m Z m bnh tang m H2 188,85 2.
6,16
189, 4
22, 4
mH2O (dd NaOH) 200.(1 0,12) 176
Tip tc s dng bo ton khi lng, ta c:
mT mH2O (sinh ra) 189, 4 176 13, 4

C2 H 3COOCH 3 : a
S dng H, tin hnh quy i (t n theo phn 2): E C2 H 2 (COOH) 2 : b

46,6g
CH : c
2
T khi lng E, ta c ngay phng trnh: 86a + 116b + 14c = 46,6
(1)
Phn ng thy phn:

C2 H3COOCH3 : a
CH 3OH : a
NaOH
E C2 H 2 (COOH) 2 : b
m T m H2O (sinh ra) 32a 36b 13, 4

H
O
:
2b
2
CH : c
2
Chia t l s mol CO2 v s mol H2O theo phn 1, ta c:
k.n CO2
k.n H2O
(2)
4a 4b c 0, 43
(3)
3a 2b c 0,32
Gii h 3 phng trnh (1), (2) v (3), ta c: a = 0,25 ; b = 0,15 ; c = 0,55

Tin hnh ghp CH2
C4 H 6 O 2 : 0, 25
X : C5 H8O 2 : 0, 25
0,15.144
E C4 H 4 O 4 : 0,15
%m Y
.100% 46,35%
Y
:
C
H
O
:
0,15
46,
6
6
8
4
CH : 0,55 0, 25 0,15.2
2
ap an A.
Bi 36: Hn hp A gm hai ancol X, Y v axit cacboxylic Z (X,Y, Z u mch h). t chy hon ton m
gam hn hp A thu c 48,4 gam CO2 v 15,3 gam H2O. Mt khc, un nng m gam hn hp A c mt
H2SO4 c lm xc tc thu c hn hp B gm cc cht hu c hai chc (thun chc) v nc. t chy
hon ton lng cht B trn cn 24,08 lt kh O2 (ktc). Nu ly ton b lng ancol c trong A em t
chy th cn dng va V lt O2 (ktc). Bit cc phn ng hon ton v cc ancol n chc, Y c nhiu hn
X mt nguyn t cacbon. Gi tr V gn nht vi:
A. 22,1
B. 24,6
C. 26,8

D. 28,2
Trang 45
Li gii:
S dng HH, tin hnh quy i hn hp:
CH 3OH : 2a
a 0,15
(COOH) : a n CO2 4a b 1,1
2
A
n H2O 5a b c 0,85
b 0,5
CH 2 : b
c 0, 4
n O2 (A) n O2 (B) 3,5a 1,5b 0,5c 1, 075
H 2 : c
CH 3OH : 0,3
(COOH) : 0,15
0,5
3
2
0,15
A
C ti a 4 trng hp ghp CH2
CH 2 : 0,5
H 2 : 0, 4
Tt nhin ta khng nn xt c 4 trng hp m cn c mt cht bin lun trc.

V s mol H2 khng chia trn cho s mol ca axit nn phi c H2 i vo ancol. Suy ra phi c t nht
mt ancol c t nht 3 cacbon. Kt hp vi iu kin hai ancol c s C lin tip, ta c:
n CH2 (Axit ) 0,15
n CH2 (Ancol) 0,3 n CH 2 (Axit ) 0, 2
n CH2 (Axit) 0
Trng hp 1: n CH2 (Axit ) 0,15
CH 3OH : 0,3
C2 H 5OH : 0, 25
Ancol
CH 2 : 0,35
C H OH : 0, 05
A CH 2 (COOH) 2 : 0,15 A 3 7
n ( A ) 0, 05.2 0,1 0, 4 Khong the ghep.
CH
(COOH)
:
0,15
2
CH : 0,5
2
2
H 2 : 0, 4
H 2 : 0, 4
Trng hp 2: n CH2 (Axit ) 0

V ta loi trng hp 1 nn trng hp ny chc chn ng. Ta ch cn xc nh thnh phn ancol.
V Z ch c 2 cacbon nn Z l (COOH)2. Ton b H2 s i vo ancol.
CH 3OH : 0,3
Ancol CH 2 : 0,5
VO2 (Ancol) 22, 4.(1,5.0,3 1,5.0,5 0,5.0, 4) 22, 4 lt ap an A.
H : 0, 4
2
Nu bi hi thng tin v mt trong hai ancol, ta ghp nh sau.
C2 H 5OH : 0,1
CH 3OH : 0,3
C2 H 5OH : 0,1
CH : 0,5
2
C3 H 7 OH : 0, 2
C3H 3OH : 0, 2
(COOH)
:
0,15
(COOH)
:
0,15
2
2
(COOH) : 0,15
2
H 2 : 0, 4
H 2 : 0, 4

Trang 46
Nhn xt:
Mt v d hay v cch s dng t duy bin lun trong HH. Nu ch p dng quy i m
khng c s t duy, ta s mt kh nhiu thi gian (c ti 4 trng hp c th xy ra).
Bi 37: X, Y (MX < MY) l hai axit cacboxylic hai chc; Z l ancol n chc; T l este thun chc to bi X
v Z; bit X, Y, Z, T u no v mch h. Cho 25,08g hn hp H gm X (3x mol), Y (x mol), Z, T tc dng
vi dung dch NaOH (dng d 10% so vi lng phn ng), c cn dung dch sau phn ng c rn khan N
v 7,36g ancol Z. t chy ht N cn 0,33 mol O2, thu c 3,204g H2O. Bit Z chim 40% s mol hn hp.
Cho cc nhn nh sau:
(1) Y chim khong 23,29% v khi lng hn hp.
(2) Y v T l ng phn ca nhau.
(3) Thc hin phn ng tch nc Z th thu c ti a 2 anken.
(4) Hiu khi lng ca Y v Z l 0,32g.
S nhn nh ng l:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
(Thy V Nguyn)
Li gii:
Trc ht ta dng H quy i N:
(COONa) 2 : a
n O2 0,5a 1,5b 0,33 a 0,18

N NaOH : 0, 2a
0,1a
0,178
b 0,16
H
O
CH : b
2
2
Tip theo ta s dng TPH quy i H.
V bi c iu kin rng buc s mol ca cc cht trong hn hp u nn ta ghi li H tin x l.
(COOH) 2 : 0,18
X : 3x
CH : 0,16
Y : x
H
2
25,08g Z : z
Z : m 7,36g
T(XZ2 ) : t
H 2 O : 2t
Ta s da vo s quy i ny gii ra cc n x, z, t v tm ra X, Y, Z, T.
Bo ton khi lng cho H, ta c: mH2O 0,72 t 0,02
Bo ton s mol gc axit, ta c: (3x x) t 0,18 x 0,04
T iu kin v s mol ca Z, ta c: n Z 0, 4n H z 0, 4(4x z t) z 0,12
Bo ton s mol ancol, ta c:
n Ancol z 2t 0,16 M Z
7,36
46 Z : C 2 H 5OH
0,16
Tin hnh ghp CH2 vo mui, ta c:

Trang 47
X : (COOH) 2 : 0,12
Y : C H (COOH) : 0, 04
X : 3x t 0,14 0,16CH 2 (COOH) 2 : 0,14
4 8
2
0,18 (COOH) 2
H
Y : x 0, 04
C4 H8 (COOH) 2 : 0, 04
Z : C 2 H 5OH : 0,12
T : (COOC 2 H 5 ) 2 : 0, 02
Nh vy ta xc nh c hn hp H. Vic tip theo l tr li cc cu hi.
%m Y
146.0,04
.100% 23, 29% 1 ung
25,08
Y, T co cung CTPT la C6 H10O4 2 ung

Tach nc Z thu c mot anken duy nhat la CH 2 CH 2 3 sai
mY m Z 146.0,04 46.0,12 0,32 4 ung
Co 3 nhan nh ung ap an C.
Bi 38: X, Y l hai cht hu c k tip thuc dy ng ng ancol anlylic; Z l axit no hai chc; T l este to
bi X, Y, Z. t chy 34,24 gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z, T (u mch h) cn dng 21,728 lt O2(ktc) thu
c 15,12 gam nc. Mt khc 34,24 gam E lm mt mu va dung dch cha 0,18 mol Br2. Nu un
nng 0,6 mol E vi 80 gam dung dch KOH 59,5%. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, lm lnh phn hi thu
c cht lng A. Cho A i qua bnh ng Na d thy khi lng bnh tng m gam. Gi s cc phn ng xy
ra hon ton. Gi tr m gn nht vi?
A. 59 gam
B. 60 gam
C. 61 gam
D. 62 gam
(Thy To Mnh c)
Li gii:
S dng H TPH, tin hnh quy i E:
C3H 5OH : 0,18
m 58.0,18 90a 14b 18c 34, 24 a 0, 26
(COOH) : a
E
2
E
n O2 4.0,18 0,5a 1,5b 0,97
b 0, 08
CH 2 : b
c 0, 04
n H2O 3.0,18 a b c 0,84

H 2 O : c
V 0,08 < 0,26 nn axit c c nh l (COOH)2

S dng BTSM, ta c: n E 0,18 0, 26 0,04 0, 4 P2 1,5P1
C3 H 5OH : 0, 27
C3 H 5OH : 0, 27
CH : 0,12
KOH : 0,85 2.0,39 KOH d
2
1,5E
A CH 2 : 0,12
(COOH) 2 : 0,39 H 2 O :1,8
H O :1,8 0,39.2 0, 06 2,52
2
H 2 O : 0, 06
m bnh tang 0, 27.(58 1) 0,12.14 2,52.(18 1) 59,91 gam ap an B.

Trang 48
Mt s bi ton cho thng tin tng phn ri rc ca hn hp qua khi lng bnh tng khi cho ancol
vo Na d, khi lng kh thu c khi nung vi vi ti xt d, Lc ny, lp h vi H ta cn s
dng k thut lin kt khi lng kt ni cc thng tin.
Bi 39: Hn hp X cha ba este mch h; trong c hai este n chc v mt este hai chc, khng no. t
chy hon ton 29,04 gam X cn dng 1,59 mol O2, thu c 20,52 gam nc. Mt khc hiro ha hon ton
29,04 gam X vi lng H2 va ( xc tc Ni, to) thu c hn hp Y. un nng ton b Y vi dung dch
NaOH va , thu c hn hp Z cha hai ancol v hn hp T cha hai mui ca hai axit k tip trong dy
ng ng. Dn ton b Z qua bnh ng Na d, thy khi lng bnh tng 13,41 gam. Nung nng hon ton
T vi vi ti xt thu c hn hp kh c khi lng l 6,96 gam. Phn trm khi lng ca D trong hn hp
X l:
A. 57,0%
B. 53,3%
C. 48,9%
D. 49,6%
Li gii:
HCOOCH 3 : a
(HCOO) C H : b
2 2 4
CH 2 : c
H 2 : d
T 3 thng tin v khi lng, O2 v nc, ta lp c 3 phng trnh:
m X 60a 118b 14c 2d 29, 04
n O2 2a 3,5b 1,5c 0,5d 1,59
n H2O 2a 3b c d 1,14
Cn 2 thng tin ta cha s dng. Tuy nhin ta li khng th dng chng mt cch ring l. Lm th
no kt ni chng li?
Xt ton b qu trnh phn ng:
CH 3OH : a
Na
m bnh tang 31a 60b m CH2 (ancol)

C H (OH) : b
2 4
2
H2
NaOH
E
Y
HCOONa : a 2b
NaOH
H 2 : a 2b m kh 2(a 2b) m CH 2 (axit)
CaO,t o
CH 2 : c
Cng khi lng bnh tng v khi lng kh, ta c:
m bnh tang m kh 31a 60b 2(a 2b) (m CH2 (ancol) m CH2 (axit) ) 13, 41 6,96
CH 2 (E)
33a 64b 14c 20,37

Gii h 4 phng trnh trn, ta c: a = 0,15 ; b = 0,09 ; c = 0,69 ; d = 0,12
Bo ton khi lng cho ancol, ta c:

Trang 49
CH 3OH : 0,15
C2 H5OH : 0,15
Z C2 H 4 (OH) 2 : 0, 09
Z
C3H 6 (OH) 2 : 0, 09
13, 41 0,15.31 0, 09.60

CH 2 :
0, 24 0,15 0, 09
14
Tin hnh ghp hn hp E.
Ta c: n HCOONa a 2b 0,33 n CH2 (axit) 0,69 0, 24 0, 45
CH 3COOC 2 H 5 : 0,12
CH 3COOC 2 H 5 : 0,15
CH 3COOC 2 H 5 : 0, 03
CH 3COOC 2 H 5 : 0,12
(CH COO) C H : 0, 09
H 2 : 0, 03
3
2 3 6
E
E
E C 2 H 3COOC 2 H 5 : 0, 03
CH 2 : 0, 45 0,33 0,12
(CH 3COO) 2 C3H 6 : 0, 09
C H COOC H OOCCH : 0, 09
3 6
3
2 3
H 2 : 0,12 (0, 09 0, 03)
H : 0, 09
CH 2 : 0,12 0, 09 0, 03
%m este (M max)
0, 09.172
.100% 53,3% ap an B.
29, 04
Bi 40: X, Y l hai este n chc, Z l este hai chc (X, Y, Z u mch h). t chy hon ton hn hp P
cha X,Y, Z th cn dng 24,304 lt O2 (ktc), sau phn ng thu c CO2 v 14,22 gam H2O. Hiro ha
hon ton P cn va 1,792 lt H2 (ktc) thu c hn hp E. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch NaOH va ,
c cn dung dch thu c hn hp F cha 2 ancol ng ng k tip v hn hp T cha hai mui (c hai
mui u c mch cacbon khng phn nhnh). Dn ton b F qua bnh ng Na d thy khi lng bnh
tng 10,78 gam. Nung nng T vi xt d c mt CaO th sau phn ng thu c hn hp 2 kh c t khi so
50
vi He l
. Tng s nguyn t trong P l:
9
A. 44
B. 47
C. 50
D. 53
(Anh Phc B)
Li gii:
S dng H, tin hnh quy i E:
HCOOCH 3 : a
n O2 2a 3,5b 1,5c 1, 085 0,5.0, 08 1
P E CH 3OOC COOCH 3 : b
n H2O 2a 3b c 0, 79 0, 08 2
CH : c
2
0,8H 2
Na
CH3OH : a 2b
m bnh tang 31(a 2b) m CH2 (ancol)
HCOONa : a
NaOH
NaOH
E

H 2 : a b m kh 2(a b) m CH2 (axit)

CaO,t o
(COONa)
:
b
2
CH : c
2

Trang 50
Cng khi lng bnh tng v khi lng kh, ta c:

m bnh tang m kh 31(a 2b) 2(a b) (m CH2 (ancol) m CH 2 (axit) ) 10, 78
4.50
(a b)
9
CH 2 (E)
33a 64b 14c 10, 78
200
(a b) 97a 376b 126c 97, 02 (3)
9
HCOOCH 3 : 0, 08
a 0, 08
T 1 , 2 , 3 b 0,1 E Z : CH 3OOC COOCH 3 : 0,1

c 0, 41
CH 2 : 0, 41
Ta c: n F a 2b 0, 28 M F
CH3OH : 0,13 2n Z 0, 2
10, 78 0, 28
39,5 F
0, 28
C2 H5OH : 0,15 2n Z 0, 2
Z co dang CH3OOC R COOC2H5

Tin hnh ghp hn hp E v P theo iu kin T ch gm 2 mui:
HCOOCH 3 : 0, 03
C2 H 5COOCH 3 : 0, 03
HCOOC H : 0, 05
2 5
E
E C 2 H 5COOC 2 H 5 : 0, 05
Z : CH 3OOC COOC 2 H 5 : 0,1
CH OOC CH COOC H : 0,1
2
2 5
3
CH 2 : 0, 26 0, 08.2 0,1
C2 H 3COOCH 3 : 0, 03
E
P C2 H 3COOC 2 H 5 : 0, 05
Tong so nguyen t trong P la 47
CH OOC CH COOC H : 0,1
2
2 5
3
0,08H 2
ap an B.
Nh ni trong phn HH, c mt s bi ton m ta khng phng trnh gii theo h thng
thng. Vi loi bi ny, ta cn s dng h phng trnh c n s nguyn
Bi 41: Cho X, Y l hai axit cacboxylic n chc mnh h (MX < MY); T l este hai chc to bi X, Y v
mt ancol no mch h Z. t chy hon ton 6,88 gam hn hp E gm X, Y, T bng mt lng va O2,
thu c 5,6 lt CO2 (ktc) v 3,24 gam nc. Mt khc 6,88 gam E tc dng va vi dung dch
AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 12,96 gam Ag. Khi lng rn khan thu c khi cho cng lng E trn tc dng
vi 150 ml dung dch KOH 1M l
A. 10,54 gam
B. 14,04 gam
C. 12,78 gam
D. 13,66 gam
Li gii:
T lng Ag sinh ra t phn ng trng bc Trong E co 0,06 HCOOR

Trang 51
HCOOH : a
C H (OH) : b
2
2 4
Nu s dng HH theo cch thng thng, ta quy i hn hp thnh: E H 2 O : 2b
CH : c
2
H 2 : d
Tuy nhin, ch vi 3 thng tin v khi lng, CO2 v H2O, ta khng th gii c 4 n trn
Vn nm ch: S mol H2 bng mt s nguyn ln s mol ca HCOOH
X : HCOOH : 0, 06
Y : HCOOH : a
H : ka (k N)
V vy c th gii c h, ta phi s dng HH theo cch khc: E 2
C 2 H 4 (OH) 2 : b
H 2 O : 2b
CH 2 : c
T khi lng, CO2 v nc, ta lp c h:
mE (46 2k)a 26b 18c 4,12
n CO2 a 2b c 0,19
n H2O (1 k)a b c 0,12

H ny vn c 4 n, nhng v k
nn ta s cho k chy t 0, 1, 2,
X : HCOOH : 0, 06
Y : HCOOH : 0, 05
Vi k = 0, ta gii ra c: a = 0,05 ; b = 0,07 ; c = 0 E

C 2 H 4 (OH) 2 : 0, 07
H 2 O : 0,14
Tuy gii ra nghim p nhng rt tic trng hp ny khng tha v ta phi c CH2 ghp vo Y.
Vi k = 1, ta gii ra c: a = 0,05 ; b = 0,02 ; c = 0,1

X : HCOOH : 0, 06
Y : HCOOH : 0, 05
X : HCOOH : 0, 06
Y : C H COOH : 0, 05
H 2 : 0, 05
2 3
E
E
C 2 H 4 (OH) 2 : 0, 02
C2 H 4 (OH) 2 : 0, 02
H 2 O : 0, 04
H 2 O : 0, 04
CH 2 : 0,1 0, 05.2
BTKL
m ran 0, 06.46 0, 05.72 0,15.56 0,11.18 12, 78 gam Chon ap an C.

Trang 52
Bi 42: X, Y (MX < MY) l hai peptit, mch h u c to bi glyxin, alanin v valin, Z l mt este a
chc, mch h, khng no cha mt lin kt C=C. un nng hon ton 20,78 gam hn hp E gm X, Y, Z
trong dung dch NaOH (va ), thu c 1,36 gam hn hp ancol F. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu
c 28,52g mui khan T. t chy hon ton T thu c 13,25g Na2CO3. Mt khc, t chy ht 20,78g
hn hp E cn va 1,14 mol O2. Bit X, Y, Z c cng s nguyn t cacbon. Phn trm v khi lng ca
ancol c phn t khi ln nht trong F gn nht vi gi tr no sau y?
A. 46%
B. 40%
C. 52%
D. 43%
Li gii:
Ta c: n NaOH 2n Na2CO3 2.0,125 0, 25
S dng bo ton khi lng, ta c:
m H2O(E NaOH) m E m NaOH mancol m muoi 20, 78 0, 25.40 1,36 28,52 0,9
n X,Y n H2O(E NaOH)
0,9
0, 05
18
S dng AKH v php bin i peptit v gc axit, tin hnh quy i E

CH 4 : a

Z H 2 : a
COO : ka
m E (14 44k)a 57b 14c 19,88
E
H 2 O : 0, 05 n NaOH ka b 0, 25
X, Y C H ON : b n 1,5a 2, 25b 1,5c 1,14
2 3
O2
CH 2 : c
V CX = CY = CZ nn phi c iu kin:
(k 1)a 2b c
a 0, 05
Vi k = 2, ta gii ra c: a = 0,015 ; b = 0,22 ; c = 0,415

Kim tra iu kin, ta c:
(k 1)a 2b c 180
a 0, 05
13
Vi k = 3, ta gii ra c: a = 0,01 ; b = 0,22 ; c = 0,42

Kim tra iu kin, ta c:
(k 1)a 2b c
15
a 0, 05
V bi ch hi ancol nn ta khng cn quan tm ti X, Y.

Nu ni i ca Z nm phn axit, ta c:
CH3OH : 0, 03
F
1 Khong the ghep.
BTKL
CH
:
x
2
35
Trang 53
Vy ni i ca Z nm gc ancol
CH 3OH : 0, 03
C3H 5OH : 0, 03
C3H 5OH : 0, 01
F H 2 : 0, 01
F CH 3OH : 0, 01 F C 2 H 5OH : 0, 01
CH : 0, 01
CH OH : 0, 01
BTKL
x 0, 03
2
3
CH 2 : x
Ancol c phn t khi ln nht l C3H5OH

%m C3H5OH
0, 01.58
.100% 42, 65% ap an D.
1,36
Bi 43: Hn hp P gm axit X no, mch h, khng phn nhnh, este Y mch h v lysin. tc dng hon
ton vi P cn dng 400 gam dung dch NaOH 10%. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, thu c phn rn Z
cha 3 mui v phn hi T ch cha mt ancol. Dn T qua bnh ng Na d th thy khi lng bnh tng
367,36 gam v thu c 43,96 gam mui. t chy hon ton Z thu c sn phm chy gm Na2CO3, CO2,
N2 v 19,8 gam H2O. Mt khc, t chy ht hn hp P ban u cn dng 50,848 lt kh O2 (ktc). S
cng thc cu to tha mn X l:
A. 2
B. 6
C. 9
D. 11
(Anh Phan Thanh Tng)
Li gii:
Trc ht, ta x l thng tin v este Y:
m bnh tang a(R 16n) 17b 17.20 367,36
R(OH) n : a
T H 2O (X, Y NaOH) : b m muoi a(R 39n) 43,96

H O (dd NaOH): 20mol n
2
NaOH an b 1
R 40 R 80
23an 17b 16,6 an 0,84
aR 11,2
C6 H8 (OH) 6 : 0,14
n
6
n
3
an b 1
b 0,16
Ta xc nh c gc ancol, vic cn li l xc nh gc axit (ch thng tin Z cha 3 mui)

O2
Y: (Cx H y COO)6 C6 H8 : 0,14
0,14.(6x 6
6y 8
) 2,27
4
12x 3y 16,43 Axit tao Y la HCOOH.
V X c mch khng phn nhnh nn X l axit n chc hoc axit 2 chc.

Trng hp 1: X n chc
(HCOO)6 C6 H8 : 0,14
HCOONa : 0,84
HCOOH : a
HCOONa : a
P
Z
C6 H14 N 2 O 2 : b
C6 H13 N 2 O 2 Na : b
CH 2 : c
CH 2 : c
T thng tin v O2, NaOH, H2O(Z), ta lp c h

Trang 54
n NaOH 0,84 a b 1
X : C3H 7COOH : 0,12
a 0,12
C6H14 N 2O 2 : 0, 04
n O2 9,5.0,14. 0,5a 8,5b 1,5c 2, 27 b 0, 04
c 0,36 0,12.3 Y : (HCOO) C H : 0,14
6 6 8
n H2O(Z) 0,5.0,84 0,5a 6,5b c 1,1
C3H 7 COOH co 2 cau tao: CH3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH va CH 3 CH COOH

|
CH3
Trng hp 2: X hai chc
(HCOO)6 C6 H8 : 0,14
HCOONa : 0,84
(COOH) : a
(COONa) 2 : a
2
P
Z
C6 H14 N 2 O 2 : b
C6 H13 N 2 O 2 Na : b
CH 2 : c
CH 2 : c
T thng tin v O2, NaOH, H2O(Z), ta lp c h
n NaOH 0,14 2a b 0,16

X : C4 H8 (COOH) 2 : 0, 04
a 0, 04
C6 H14 N 2O 2 : 0, 08
n O2 9,5.0,14 0,5a 8,5b 1,5c 2, 27 b 0, 08
c 0,16 0, 04.4 Y : (HCOO) C H : 0,14
6 6 8
n H2O(Z) 0,5.0,14 6,5b c 1,1
X (C4H8 (COOH)2 ) co 9 cau tao:

1
Mach thang:
C C C C
Mach nhanh:
C C C
|
Co cac cau tao: 1;1 , 1;2 , 1;3 , 1;4 , 2;2 , 2;3 .
Co cac cau tao: 1;1 , 1;2 , 1;3 .
C
X co tat ca 11 cau tao thoa man ap an D.
Bi 44: Hn hp X gm hai este c cng s nhm chc (u mch h, c tng s lin kt bng 5). t
chy hon ton m gam hn hp X cn dng 38,08 lt kh O2 (ktc). Mt khc, m gam X tc dng va vi
300 ml dung dch NaOH 2M, thu c hn hp mui v 0,4 mol hai ancol no, n chc, mch h. Cho
lng mui trn tc dng hon ton vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d, thu c 86,4g Ag. S cu to tha mn
este khng no trong X l:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
(V Minh Ngc)
Li gii:
1
n NaOH n Ancol n n NaOH

Co mot trong hai este co dang RCOOR'COOR''
2
Hai este khong the la este cua phenol

Trang 55
V hai este c tng s lin kt bng 5 nn mt este no v mt este c mt ni i C=C

Ta c h:
A: RCOOR'COOR'' : a n NaOH 2a 2b 0,6 a 0, 2
2b
0,
4
B: R(COOR') 2 : b
b 0,1
Ancol
Nhan xet: R(COOR)2 khong the trang bac.
n Ag
nA
Nhn xt: R(COOR) 2 khng th trng bc.
0,8
4 A co dang HCOO CH CH R1 COO R 2
0, 2
S dng H, tin hnh quy i X (nn dng H vi CTPT):
C4 H 3O 4 CH 3 : 0, 2
n O2 1,7
X CH 3OOC COOCH 3 : 0,1
x 0,3
CH : x
2
C5 H 5O 4 CH 3 : 0, 2
A : C4 H 3O 4 CH 3 : 0, 2
A
C4 H 3O 4 C 2 H 5 : 0, 2
X
hoac X CH 3OOC COOCH 3 : 0,1
B : CH 3OOC COOCH 3 : 0,1
B : CH : 0,3
CH 2 : 0,1
Trng hp 1: C4 H3O4 CH3 Co 1 cau tao thoa man: HCOO CH CH COOCH3
Trng hp 2: C4 H3O4 C2 H5 Co 1 cau tao thoa man: HCOO CH CH COOC2H5
Trng hp 3: C5 H5O4 CH3 Co 2 cau tao thoa man:
HCOO CH CH CH 2 COO CH3
HCOO CH C COO CH 3
|
CH3
A c 4 cu to tha mn p n C
Bi 45: X,Y l hai este u n chc; Z l este hai chc (X, Y, Z u mch h, khng no cha mt lin kt
i C=C v khng cha nhm chc khc). t chy m gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z (s mol Y ln hn s
mol Z) bng oxi va thu c 40,04 gam CO2 v 12,24 gam H2O. un nng m gam E vi dung dch
NaOH, c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 3 ancol u no v hn hp F cha 3 cht rn trong c 2
cht hu c (bit rng s lin kt ca mi cht khng ln hn 2). t chy hn hp rn F ch thu c
14,94 gam H2O v 66,78 gam Na2CO3. Phn trm khi lng ca Y (MX<MY) trong m gam E gn nht vi
A. 24%
B. 24,5%
C. 25%
D. 25,5%
(Thy Trng t)
Phn tch:
Cc thng tin ca bi ton rt ri rc vi nhau. Liu c cch s dng H lin kt cc d

kin ny li?

Trang 56
Li gii:
Trc ht ta cn bin lun cu to ca X, Y, Z:
V cc ancol u no nn cc lin kt C=C ca X, Y, Z nm gc axit.
Nu Z to t axit hai chc th axit ny c 3 , tri vi gi thit 2 mui u c khng qu 2
E to t ancol no, 2 chc v hai axit n chc, trong mt axit no v mt axit c mt ni i C=C
CH 2 CH COOCH 3 : a
n CO2 4a 6b c 0,91 1
E CH 2 CH COO C 2 H 4 OOCH : b
CH : c
n H2O 3a 4b c 0, 68 2
2
Ly (1) (2), ta c: a + 2b = 0,23 (3)
Mt khc y cng chnh l s mol gc axit ca E, v vy ta c:
RCOONa : 0, 23 O2 ,t o Na 2 CO3 : 0, 63 BTNT( Na )

F
n NaOH 1, 03
H 2 O : 0,83
NaOH
Bo ton 2 nguyn t C v H, ta c: n C(F) n H(F) 0,63
V F c nC = nH nn F gm 2 mui HCOONa v C2H3COONa (C3H3O2Na)
0, 63 0, 23
0, 2
C2 H3COONa :
Ta c: F
2
HCOONa : 0, 23 0, 2 0, 03
V ch mnh Z c gc HCOONa nn b = nHCOONa = 0,03
T (3) a 0, 23 2b 0, 23 0,03.2 0,17
T (2) c = 0,68 3a 4b = 0,68 3.0,17 4.0,03 = 0,05
Bc cui cng, ta tin hnh ghp:
X Y : C 2 H 3COOCH 3 : 0,17
E Z : C 2 H 3COO C 2 H 4 OOCH : 0, 03
CH : 0, 05
2
V nY > nZ nn ta cn ghp mt lng CH2 ln hn 0,03 vo C2H3COOCH3

Nu ta ghp 0,03 CH2 vo Z, lng CH2 ch cn 0,02 < 0,03. Nh phn tch, ko th c nY > nZ
X : C2 H 3COOCH 3 : 0,12
Ton b 0,05 CH2 i vo C2H3COOCH3 E Y : C2 H 3COOC 2 H 5 : 0, 05

Z : C H COO C H OOCH : 0, 03
2 3
2 4
%m Y
100.0, 05
.100% 25, 46% ap an D.
86.0,17 144.0, 03 14.0, 05

Trang 57
PHN BA: BI TP T LUYN

Hy vn dng nhng th m bn hc c t hai phn trc th sc vi cc bi tp t luyn. y
l nhng bi tp hay c tng hp t nhiu ngun v c kh tng dn. c bit nhng bi cui cng l
mn qu mnh gi tng n cc bn. Tuy khng nhiu nhng y l nhng bi tp rt c trng cho 4 k
thut H TPH HH AKH. D thi c l 50 cu/90 pht hay 40 cu/50 pht th mnh tin rng
nhng bi tp ny, hay ni rng ra l ti liu ny, s c ch cho cc bn trong k thi THPTQG 2017 sp ti.
Bi
46:
Hn
hp
X
gm
(CH3COO)3C3H5,
CH3COOCH2CH(OOCCH3)CH2OH,
CH3COOCH2CHOHCH2OH, CH2OHCHOHCH2OH v CH3COOH, trong CH3COOH chim 10% tng s
mol hn hp. un nng m gam hn hp X vi dung dch NaOH va , thu c dung dch cha 20,5 gam
natri axetat v 0,604m gam glixetol. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X cn dng V lt O2 (ktc). Gi
tr ca V gn nht l
A. 28,68%
B. 27,53%
C. 28,48%
D. 24,46%
Bi 47: Hn hp kh X gm hai amin k tip thuc dy ng ng ca metylamin. Hn hp kh Y gm mt

ankan v mt ankin c cng s nguyn t cacbon. t chy 9,26 gam hn hp Z cha X, Y c t l mol
tng ng 1 : 2 bng lng oxi va , sn phm chy gm CO2, H2O v N2 c dn qua bnh cha dung
dch H2SO4 c (dng d), thy khi lng bnh tng 12,42 gam; ng kh thot ra khi bnh c th tch l
13,216 lt (ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca amin c khi lng phn t nh trong hn hp Z l.
A. 6,7%
B. 20,1%
C. 13,4%
D. 26,8%
(Thy To Mnh c)
Bi 48: t chy hon ton 50ml hn hp kh X gm trimetylamin v 2 hirocacbon ng ng k tip bng

mt lng oxi va , thu c 375 ml hn hp Y gm kh v hi. Dn ton b Y i qua dung dch H2SO4
c (d). Th tch kh cn li l 175 ml. Cc th tch kh v hi o cng iu kin. Hai hirocacbon l:
A. C2H4 v C3H6
B. C3H6 v C4H8
C. C2H6 v C3H8
D. C3H8 v C4H10
( i hc khi B 2012)
Bi 50: X l este no, n chc, Y l axit cacboxylic n chc, khng no cha mt lin kt i C=C; Z l este
hai chc to bi axit Y v ancol no T (X, Y, Z u mch h,). t chy a gam hn hp E cha X, Y, Z (s
mol Y bng s mol Z) cn dng 7,504 lt O2 (ktc), thu c tng khi lng CO2 v H2O l 19,74 gam. Mt
khc, a gam E lm mt mu ti a dung dch cha 22,4g Br2. Khi lng ca X trong E l:
A. 6,6
B. 7,6
C. 8,6
D. 9,6
Bi 51: Hn hp X gm 2 este khng no, n chc, mch h (gc axit hn km nhau mt nguyn t cacbon)
v mt este hai chc, mch h. Hiro ho hon ton 31,72 gam hn hp X cn dng 0,26 mol H2 (Ni, t0). t
chy hon ton 31,72 gam hn hp X cn dng 1,43 mol O2. x phng ho hon ton 31,72 gam hn hp
X cn dng 0,42 mol NaOH, thu c hn hp mui v hn hp T gm 2 ancol ng ng k tip. Cho T
Trang 58
vo bnh ng Na d thy khi lng bnh tng thm 14,14 gam. Phn trm khi lng ca este n chc c
phn t khi ln hn gn nht vi:
A. 27%
B. 28%
C. 29%
D. 30%
(Thy Hong Chung)
Bi 52: X, Y l hai hidrocacbon ng ng lin tip; Z l anehit; T l axit cacboxylic; X, Y, Z, T u mch

h v Z, T n chc. Hidro ha ht a gam hn hp E gm X, Y, Z, T cn dng ng 0,95 mol H2 thu c
24,58 gam hn hp F. t chy ht F cn dng 1,78 mol O2. Mt khc, cho F tc dng ht vi Na (d) sau
phn ng thu c 3,92 lt kh H2 (ktc) v 23,1 gam mui. Bit s mol T bng 1/6 s mol hn hp E v
MX < MY. Cho a gam hn hp E tc dng ht vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 th c m gam kt ta.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 156,84
B. 176,24
C. 174,54
D. 108
Bi 53: X, Y, Z l ba este mch h (MX < MY < MZ); X n chc, c 1 lin kt C=C, Y v Z hai chc; Y
c to t axit n chc, Z c to t axit a chc. t chy ht 28,08g hn hp H gm X, Y, Z cn va
1,5 mol O2. un nng cng lng H trn trong 175g dung dch NaOH 8%, kt thc phn ng thu c
dung dch A cha 4 cht tan (khng cha mui ca axit fomic) v 12,92g hn hp B ch cha 2 ancol. Cho B
tc dng ht vi kali d thy thot ra 0,16 mol H2. Bit 28,08g H lm mt mu va ht 0,2 mol Br2 v 2
ancol trong B c cng s nguyn t cacbon. Nng phn trm ca cht tan c phn t khi ln nht trong
A l
A. 4,67%
B. 4,99 %
C. 5,05%
D. 5,11%
(Thy V Nguyn)
Bi 54: X, Y, Z (MX < MY < MZ) l ba este no, mch h, thun chc. Thy phn hon ton 68,8g hn hp H
gm X, Y, Z trong 800 ml dung dch KOH 2,4M, c cn dung dch sau phn ng c rn T (cha 4 cht;
trong cc cht hu c u mch thng) ; hn hp N cha 3 ancol khng l ng phn ca nhau v c cng
s nguyn t cacbon. t chy ht N thu c tng khi lng CO2 v H2O l 89,76g. Nung nng hon ton
T vi CaO, sn phm thu c ch c 9,12g hn hp kh M (H2, CH4) v 132,48g mt mui cacbonat. Bit s
mol M bng 23 ln s mol mui c phn t khi ln nht trong T v Z ch to thnh t mt axit v mt ancol.
T l khi lng ca Z so vi Y c gi tr l
A. 4,6897
B. 4,6383
C. 0,2156
D. 1,1596
Bi 55: X l axit cacboxylic n chc; Y l axit cacboxylic hai chc; Z l ancol n chc; T l ancol 2 chc;
H l este thun chc to bi X v T; G l este thun chc to bi Y v Z; bit X, Y, Z, T, H, G u no v
mch h. Co 10,32 gam hn hp E gm X (x mol), Y (2x mol), Z, T, H, G tc dng vi dung dch NaOH
(dng d 20% so vi lng phn ng), c cn dung dch sau phn ng c rn khan F (trong F c t l s
mol mui ca axit n chc vi mui ca axit a chc l 5 : 3) v hn hp 2 ancol Z, T. Cho hn hp 2 ancol
Z, T qua bnh ng Na d, thy khi lng bnh tng 5,17 gam v thot ra 1,232 lt kh H2 (ktc). t chy
Trang 59
ht F cn dng 0,16 mol O2, thu c 2,088g H2O. Bit Z chim 30% s mol hn hp. Phn trm khi lng
ca T trong E l
A. 7,36%
B. 9,45%
C. 8,67%
D. 6,46%
( thi th BeeClass ln 2 2016)
Bi 56: Cho hn hp X gm 2 ancol no, n chc ng ng k tip v hn hp Y gm hai axit cacboxylic

c mch cacbon khng phn nhnh, c cng s lin kt ; tt c u mch h. Trn X v Y theo t l mol 3:2
thu c m gam hn hp Z. Tin hnh phn ng este ha m gam Z, sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp T
cha nc v 7,89 gam cc cht hu c. Chia T lm 3 phn bng nhau
- Phn 1: Phn ng ti a vi 0,035 mol NaOH
- Phn 2: Dn qua bnh ng Na d th c 0,616 lt H2 thot ra (ktc).
- Phn 3: t chy hon ton, thu c 3,74 gam CO2.
Phn trm khi lng ca ancol c phn t khi ln trong Z c th l
A. 17,36%
B. 7,11%
C. 8,19%
D. 26,33%
Bi 57: X v Y l 2 amin mch h, thuc cng dy ng ng, c t khi so vi He l 15,6. Hn hp E gm

X, Y, Glyxin, Valin v Lysin. Ha hi hon ton 385,188g E thu c th tch ng bng th tch ca
182,34g C2H6 (o cng iu kin). Chia lng E trn thnh 3 phn:
- Phn 1: t chy hon ton cn va 67,256 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c hn hp kh v hi T. Dn T qua
bnh ng nc vi trong d th thy khi lng dung dch tng 0,642g (N2 b hp th khng ng k).
- Phn 2: Tc dng va vi 260ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M, thu c 4,168g hn hp mui.
- Phn 3: Tc dng vi dung dch HCl d, thu c hn hp mui F.
Hiu khi lng mui ca Lys v mui ca Gly trong F gn nht vi:
A. 2,3g
B. 4,6g
C. 6,9g
D. 13,8g
(V Minh Ngc Qu tng c bit ngy 20/11)
Bi 58: Hiro ha hon ton hn hp E (hiro chim 3,767% v khi lng) cha 4 cht hu c cn va
0,39 mol H2, thu c 35,82g hn hp F gm hai axit X, Y mch h (X n chc, Y hai chc), ancol Z mch
h, este T hai chc to bi axit Y v ancol Z (trong M Y M Z , nT n X ). Chia F thnh hai phn:
- Phn 1: em ha hi hon ton thu c th tch ng bng th tch ca 6,72 gam nit (o dng iu
kin). t chy hon ton lng F ny cn dng 18,592 lt O2 (ktc).
- Phn 2: em thy phn hon ton trong dung dch NaOH d thu c hn hp mui M. Nung nng M
vi NaOH d (c xc tc CaO), thu c 2,24 lt hn hp kh (ktc) v 18,02g mui v c.
Phn trm khi lng ca este trong hn hp E c th l
A. 35,68%
B. 36,18%
C. 36,47%

D. 36,99%
Trang 60
Bi 59: Hn hp X gm (CHO)2; (COOH)2; OCH-COOH; OCH-CC-CHO; HOOC-CC-COOH; OCHCC-COOH. Hn hp Y gm cc axit cacboxylic n chc, mch h. Cho m gam X tc dng vi NaHCO3
d, thu c 13,44 lt kh (ktc). Mt khc m gam X lm mt mu va 500 ml dung dch nc Br2 1,6M.
Hiro ha hon ton m/3 gam Y ri cho tc dng vi dung dch KOH d, thu c hn hp mui T. t
chy hon ton T trong O2 d ri cho ton b sn phm chy tc dng vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d th khi
lng dung dch gim 51,25g. Trn m gam X vi m/3 gam Y, thu c hn hp Z. t chy hon ton Z cn
va 26,88 lt O2 (ktc), thu c nc v 81,4g CO2. Cho lng Z trn tc dng ht vi dung dch
AgNO3/NH3 d, thu c a gam kt ta. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Gi tr nh nht c th ca a
gn nht vi
A. 85 gam
B. 95 gam
C. 115 gam
D. 120 gam

Bi 60: Hn hp E gm 3 peptit mch h c t l mol l 1:2:3, c tng s lin kt peptit nh hn 10; c to
thnh t 3 amino axit no, mch h c tng s nhm chc nh hn 9 (khng cha nhm chc khc NH2 v
COOH). Thy phn hon ton m gam E cn va 150ml dung dch NaOH 2M, thu c hn hp mui F
c cha mui ca lysin (chim 3/61 khi lng ca F). t chy hon ton F ri cho ton b sn phm chy
vo bnh ng nc vi trong d th thy khi lng dung dch gim 33,32g v thot ra 2,464 lt kh duy nht
(ktc). Bit E c tng s nguyn t nguyn t O gp i tng s nguyn t N v cc peptit u c phn ng
mu biure. Phn trm khi lng ca peptit c t nguyn t O nht trong E khng th l
A. 33,31%
B. 38,01%
C. 41,63%
D. 45,25%

Trang 61

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LI M U

Bookgol, ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2016

Tc gi: V Minh Ngc fb.com/NgocRichard99

Gii thiu k thut C s quy i ................................................................................................... 4

K thut p dng Cc bi ton minh ha....................................................................................... 4

Tch CH2 ......................................................................................................................................... 4

Ghp CH2 ........................................................................................................................................ 7

II. THU PHN HO ............................................................................................................................ 12

Gii thiu k thut C s quy i ................................................................................................. 12

K thut p dng Cc bi ton minh ha..................................................................................... 12

Tch H2O Ghp este ................................................................................................................... 12

Bo ton s mol ........................................................................................................................ 23

III. HIRO HO ...................................................................................................................................... 27

Gii thiu k thut C s quy i ................................................................................................. 27

Cc bi ton minh ha..................................................................................................................... 27

Bi ton hiro ha hon ton hn hp..................................................................................... 28

Bi ton thiu thng tin v s mol H2 ........................................................................................... 32

IV. ANKAN HO Tch nhm chc..................................................................................................... 36

Gii thiu k thut C s quy i ................................................................................................. 36

Cc bi ton minh ha..................................................................................................................... 36

PHN HAI: CC BI TON TNG HP ................................................................................................ 41

Tc gi: V Minh Ngc fb.com/NgocRichard99

PHN MT: CC K THUT QUY I HN HP HU C PHC TP

C6H5CH(CH3)2 C6H6 + 3CH2

C2H5NH2 CH3NH2 + 1CH2

(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COOH NH2CH2COOH + 3CH2

2. K thut p dng Cc bi ton minh ha

V d 2: Quy i hn hp Y gm cc ankin, cc anehit no, hai chc v cc este n chc c mt lin

Tc gi: V Minh Ngc fb.com/NgocRichard99

X C2 H 2 : b mol 46a 26b 14c 28

(Nh ni, s mol ny khng bao gm s mol CH2).

T 3 phng trnh (1), (2) v (3), gii h ta c: a = 0,2; b = 0,4; c = 0,6

H phng trnh cn gii ch gm cc phng trnh thun nht nn d bm my. y l u

S phn ng: X MOH

n NaOH d 0,18 0,1 0,08 mol

Tc gi: V Minh Ngc fb.com/NgocRichard99

Muoi gom 0,1 (HCOONa 1CH2 ) 0,1 CH3COONa Axit la CH3COOH ap an B.

Phng trnh theo n x gn hn phng trnh theo n n v d gii hn (d bm my hn).

V d 2: To li hn hp 2 axit c s C cch nhau 2 n v gm 0,1 C2H3COOH v 0,14 CH2

C 2 H 3COOH : 0,1 C2 H 3COOH 2CH 2 : 0,07 C 4 H 7COOH : 0,07

C H COOH : 0,1 C H COOH : 0,08

V d 4: To li hn hp 1 ancol, 1 axit gm 0,5 C2H5OH, 0,3 HCOOH v 1,3 CH2

vi 0,5m 0,3n 1,3

Nu gp mt phng trnh phc tp hn, bn nn dng chc nng TABLE ca my tnh x l.

Cch tt nht luyn tp k thut ghp l p dng n vo cc bi tp.

Tc gi: V Minh Ngc fb.com/NgocRichard99

S dng H, tin hnh quy i: E HCOOH : b

T d kin khi lng hn hp, ta c: 72a 46b 14c 23,02 1

mCO2 mH2 O 44(2,5a 0,5b c) 18(1,5a 0,5b c) 22,04 3

T (1), (2) v (3), gii h ta c: a = 0,05; b = 0,41; c = 0,04

i khi bi c mt s iu kin rng buc vi cc cht, ta nn quy i hp l ngay t u trnh

Bi ny c iu kin MA > 62, v vy ta khng nn quy i v C2H4(OH)2.

T (1), (2) v (3), gii h ta c: a = 0,21; b = 1,29; c = 0,24

V B ha tan c Cu(OH)2 nn B c 2 nhm OH k nhau. C 5 cu to tha mn B:

Tc gi: V Minh Ngc fb.com/NgocRichard99

m E1 0,11.32 0, 43.12 0,32.2 9,32

Phn ng thy phn:

S dng phng php tng gim khi lng, ta c:

T (1) v (2), gii h ta c: a = 0,05; b = 0,03

Este X l C5H8O2, axit Y l C6H8O4 %m Y

T (1), (2) v (3), gii h ta c: a = 0,25; b = 0,15; c = 0,55

Tc gi: V Minh Ngc fb.com/NgocRichard99

Vi li gii s dng H, ta khng cn quan tm t l gia 2 phn.