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Tài liệu này được soạn ra nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn sinh viên có được tài liệu tóm
tắt, có hệ thống mà vẫn bám sát nội dung môn học. Tài liệu hy vọng sẽ khắc phục một số
nhược điểm của phần trình bày slide bài giảng và sách, đồng thời tiết kiệm công sức chép lại
bài mà vẫn đảm bảo cho các bạn sinh viên có thể tự ghi chép thêm theo cách hiểu của mình.
Nội dung kiến thức được lấy từ nguồn tham khảo chính là slide bài giảng của cô Phan
Thị Hoàng Anh, slide bài giảng của thầy Lê Vũ Hà và các sách “Hóa Hữu cơ”, “Bài tập
Hóa Hữu cơ” của thầy Phan Thanh Sơn Nam. Tài liệu này chỉ là tổng hợp, tóm tắt và sắp
xếp lại nội dung các nguồn trên nên vẫn có thể còn nhiều thiếu sót, hy vọng các thế hế sau
có thể tiếp tục bổ sung để tài liệu được hoàn thiện hơn.
Chúc các bạn thành công!
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2. DANH PHÁP:
2.1. Danh pháp cis - trans:
- Cùng phía: Cis.
- Khác phía: Trans.
2.2. Danh pháp Z - E (zusammen - entgegen):
- Là dạng danh pháp bao quát, gọi tên được cả những chất mà danh pháp cis - trans không
gọi được (các nhóm thế không giống nhau).
- Thứ tự ưu tiên nhóm thế dựa vào quy tắc Cahn - Ingold - Prelog.
- Đồng phân cis - trans và Z - E có thể không liên quan đến nhau.
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- Ví dụ: Trong các cặp công thức sau, cặp nào là đôi đối quang, cặp nào là cùng một chất?
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- Ví dụ: Chuyển công thức sau về công thức chiếu Fischer và xác định theo danh pháp R-S
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- Hợp chất hữu cơ có 2 nguyên tử C bất đối xứng không tương ứng nhau có 4 đồng phân
quang học với cấu hình tuyệt đối là R - R, R - S, S - R, S - S. Các cặp R - R và S -S, R - S
và S -R là các đôi đối quang.
- Trường hợp phân tử chứa đồng thời tổng số n nguyên tử C bất đối xứng và liên kết C = C
thì cũng có khả năng hình thành 2n đồng phân lập thể. Vậy, có thể kết luận 1 hợp chất hữu
cơ có n trung tâm lập thể thì có 2n đồng phân lập thể.
5.2. Đồng phân meso:
- Là đồng phân có ảnh trong gương trùng với chính nó dù có chứa nguyên tử C bất đối
xứng. Do đó, nó không có tính quang hoạt.
- Điều kiện: Tồn tại mặt phẳng đối xứng nội phân tử.
- Ví dụ: Xác định cấu hình tuyệt đối của tất cả các đồng phân quang học (nếu có) của các
chất sau bằng cách dùng công thức chiếu Fischer. Chỉ rõ đồng phân meso (nếu có)
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- Ví dụ: Xác định mối quan hệ của các cặp đồng phân sau
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2. Xác định các nguyên tử C bất đối xứng trong các hợp chất sau
3. Xác định bao nhiêu C bất đối xứng, bao nhiêu C không phải bất đối xứng
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4. Xác định cấu hình các C bđx trong hợp chất sau
5. Đồng phân nào có cấu hình R (tạo mùi đặc trưng của cam)?
6. Xác định cấu hình các C bđx trong hợp chất sau
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X có độ âm điện cao hơn C nên e liên kết bị Z có độ âm điện nhỏ hơn C nên e liên kết bị
hút về phía X hút về phía C
Các nhóm cho hiệu ứng -I: Các nhóm cho hiệu ứng +I:
- Nhóm mang điện tích dương: +NR3, +OR2 - Nhóm alkyl:
- Nguyên tử có độ âm điện cao hơn C: F, Cl, -CH3 < -CH2CH3 < -CH(CH3)2 < -C(CH3)3
Br, I, OH, SH, NH2,... - Kim loại: Li, Na, Mg...
- Nhóm không no: CH=CH2, -C≡CH,
-CH=O, -NO2, -SO2R,...
- Tỷ lệ với độ âm điện:
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Các nhóm cho hiệu ứng -C: Các nhóm cho hiệu ứng +C:
- Đa số là những nhóm không no: - Các nguyên tử, nhóm nguyên tử, ion âm có
cặp e không liên kết:
- Trong C=Z, hiệu ứng -C tỷ lệ độ âm điện, - Hiệu ứng +C của ion âm mạnh hơn của
điện tích của Z: nguyên tử trung hòa:
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- Hiệu ứng siêu liên hợp hầu như không thay đổi khi kéo dài hệ liên hợp .
*. Thông thường hiệu ứng liên hợp C > hiệu ứng siêu liên hợp H > hiệu ứng cảm ứng I.
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2. PHÂN LOẠI:
- Hiệu ứng không gian I: Nhóm thế kích thước lớn gây cản trở 1 nhóm chức, làm phản ứng
khó xảy ra.
- Hiệu ứng không gian II: Nhóm thế kích thước lớn làm hệ liên hợp bị biến đổi, trục của các
orbital p không còn song song khiến tính chất của hệ thay đổi.
- Hiệu ứng ortho: Tổng hòa nhiều hiệu ứng gây ảnh hưởng không theo quy tắc.
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3. TỪ ALDEHYL VÀ KETONE:
- Xúc tác: Zn/Hg + HCl hoặc H2N–NH2 + OH-.
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CHƯƠNG V: ALKENE
Bài 1: Tính chất hóa học của alkene
1. PHẢN ỨNG CỘNG HỢP ÁI ĐIỆN TỬ (AE):
- Phản ứng bắt đầu với sự tấn công của tác nhân ái điện tử E+ vào cặp e của liên kết.
- Sau đó là sự tấn công của tác nhân ái nhân Nu vào C còn lại.
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1. CH2=CH–CH3 + HCl
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2. CH2=CH–C6H5 + HCl
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3. CH2=CH–CF3 + HCl
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4. CH2=CH–N(+)(CH3)3 + HCl
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5. CH2=CH–CN + HCl
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6. CH2=CH–COOH + HCl
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7. CH2=CH–Cl + HCl
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Hai đồng phân được hình thành với xác xuất như
nhau => tạo thành hỗn hợp racemic
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CHƯƠNG V: ALKENE
Bài 2: Điều chế alkene
1. PHẢN ỨNG TÁCH NƯỚC TỪ RƯỢU:
- Xúc tác: Acid (H2SO4, H3PO4, Al2O3, H – zeolite).
- Mục tiêu: Xác định được sản phẩm alkene chính.
- Chú ý quan trọng: CÓ chuyển vị!!!!
1.1. Tách rượu bậc 1:
- Theo cơ chế E2, phản ứng khó khăn (nhiệt độ cao, acid mạnh).
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Quy luật chung: chuyển từ carbocation ít nhóm thế về carbocation nhiều nhóm thế hơn (trừ
trường hợp cuối !!!)
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- Chuyển vị CH3:
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CHƯƠNG V: ALKENE
GHI CHÚ CUỐI CHƯƠNG V
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- Alkene (R–CH=CH–R’): Thêm nhóm hút điện tử (–C=O, –COO, –CHO, –CN) sẽ làm
tăng tính ái diene nên thúc đẩy phản ứng.
- Alkadiene: Thêm nhóm hút điện tử hoặc án ngữ không gian nên giảm tốc độ phản ứng.
2.1. Lập thể phản ứng Diels – Alder:
- Nếu sản phẩm tạo ra có 1 C* thì trong sản phẩm sẽ tạo ra hỗn hợp racemic.
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- Các nhóm thế trong diene cũng sẽ giữ cấu hình tương đối của chúng trong sản phẩm.
- Phản ứng cộng theo kiểu syn nên phản ứng chỉ xảy ra khi diene ở cấu dạng s – cis.
Nếu cấu hình trans có thể chuyển về cis thì vẫn phản ứng được.
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CH3C ≡ CH + NaNH2
CH3C ≡ CNa + NH3
CH3C ≡ CH + Na
CH3C ≡ CNa + 1/2H2
CH3C ≡ CH + CH3MgBr
CH3C ≡ CMgBr + CH4
CH3C ≡ CH + NaOH
CH3C ≡ CNa + H2O : Không dùng kiềm mạnh để
chuyển R-C≡CH thành R-C≡C-
1.1. Tác nhân ái nhân CH3C ≡ CNa+:
- Tác dụng với RCH2X để tạo thành alkyne có mạch dài hơn.
- Phản ứng thế lưỡng phân tử.
- Chỉ áp dụng cho dẫn xuất bậc 1 (RCH2X).
- Xúc tác: NaNH2/NH3.
- Đối với dẫn xuất RX bậc 2 và 3 sẽ cho phản ứng tách loại:
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- Khả năng cộng hợp AE của liên kết ba yếu hơn liên kết đôi.
Vinyl borane
- Sau hai phản ứng, cộng H2O TRÁI quy tắc Markonikov.
- R trong BHR2 thường là siamyl (sec – isoamyl) để gây cản trở không gian, phản ứng dừng
ở vinyl borane.
- Vinyl borane bị thủy phân trong môi trường acid thành cis – alkene.
- Ví dụ: Viết sản phẩm
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1.2. Phương pháp hiện đại: Nhiệt phân (thermal decomposition) hoặc oxy hóa một phần
(partial combustion) methane
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- NH - 2e
-N= 0e
-O- 2e
-S- 2e
Lý do: ≠ (4n + 2) e
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*Chú ý:
- Tác nhân ái điện tử R–C+=O không chuyển vị.
- HCOCl không bền mà được thay bằng hỗn hợp CO + HCl để tổng hợp C6H5CHO.
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HÓA HỮU CƠ TÙNG PHONG NHÂN TRUNG
- Ví dụ: Liệt kê tất cả các tác chất có thể phản ứng với benzene để tạo thành sec -
butylbenzene
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- Ví dụ: Điều chế n - butylbenzene từ benzene
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Tên nhóm thế Cấu trúc Mức độ tăng hoạt Định hướng vào
Phenoxide -O-
-NR2
Amine -NHR
Mạnh
-NH2
Phenol -OH
Ether -OR ortho- và para-
Amide -NHCOR
Trung bình
Ester của phenol -OCOR
Alkyl -(CH2)nCH3
Phenyl -C6H5 Yếu
Vinyl -CH=CH2
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Tên nhóm thế Cấu trúc Mức độ giảm hoạt Định hướng vào
Trihalide -CF3, -CCl3
Nitro -NO2 Rất mạnh
Ammonium -N(+)HaR3-a
Sulfonic acid -SO3H
Mạnh
Cyano -C≡N
Acyl chloride -COCl meta-
Ester của benzoic acid -COOR
Carboxylic acid -COOH
Trung bình
Amide -CONH2
Aldehyde -CHO
Ketone -COR
Halomethyl -CH2X
Yếu ortho- và para-
Halide -X (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I)
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*. CHÚ Ý:
- Tác chất chứa những nhóm thế giảm hoạt mạnh hơn halogen gần như không tham gia phản
ứng alkyl hóa và acyl hóa Friedel – Crafts.
–> Chọn cặp tác chất (R và R’COCl) hoặc (R và R’Cl) phù hợp.
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4. ĐỊNH HƯỚNG VỊ TRỊ THẾ VÀO NHÂN THƠM CÓ TỪ HAI NHÓM THẾ:
- Vị trí thế sẽ được định hướng theo nhóm tăng hoạt mạnh nhất hoặc ít giảm hoạt nhất (nếu
không tìm thấy nhóm tăng hoạt).
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- Khi hai nhóm thế có sẵn trên nhân thơm ở vị trí meta với nhau, nhóm thế thứ 3 hầu như
không vào vị trí ortho của hai nhóm này (vì hiệu ứng không gian).
- Khi hai nhóm thế trên nhân thơm ở vị trí meta với nhau (một nhóm định hướng ortho/para,
một nhóm định hướng meta), nhóm thế thứ 3 ưu tiên vào vị trí ortho của nhóm giảm hoạt
mạnh.
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2. Biểu diễn Fischer sản phẩm (2 nhóm trên trục thẳng đứng là CH3, CH(CH3)2)
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HÓA HỮU CƠ TÙNG PHONG NHÂN TRUNG
3.Viết sản phẩm của phản ứng (biểu diễn tất cả các đồng phân lập thể tạo thành)
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4.
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5.
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6.
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7.
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8.
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KẾT LUẬN: Phản ứng SN2 xảy ra sự nghịch đảo cấu hình (cấu hình sản phẩm nghịch đảo
cấu hình alkyl halide ban đầu).
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HÓA HỮU CƠ TÙNG PHONG NHÂN TRUNG
- Ví dụ:
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1.2. Phản ứng SN1 – Hóa học lập thể:
KẾT LUẬN: Sau phản ứng SN1, thu được cả hai cấu hình ở C* đang xét (50:50 ở điều kiện
lý tưởng). Trong thực tế, tỷ lệ sản phẩm chứa C* có cấu hình nghịch đảo thường cao hơn.
- Ví dụ:
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CHÚ Ý: SN1 có thể đi kèm sự chuyển vị carbocation.
- Ví dụ:
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- Ví dụ: Xác định kiểu phản ứng thế ái nhân và viết sản phẩm
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- Nhóm alkyl cồng kềnh → Cản trở không gian cho Nü →Không thuận lợi cho SN2
C-X chứa nhiều nhóm alkyl
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HÓA HỮU CƠ TÙNG PHONG NHÂN TRUNG
- C-X có bậc cao → Carbocation bền hơn → Thuận lợi cho SN1
Nhiều nhóm methyl, benzyl, allyl
2.1.3. Tổng quan:
- C-X bậc 1 có khuynh hướng ưu tiên SN2 (Trừ trường hợp gắn nhóm thế quá cồng kềnh).
- C-X bậc 2 có thể tham gia cả SN1, SN2. Cơ chế nào chiếm ưu thế phụ thuộc cấu trúc cụ
thể, các yếu tố còn lại như tác nhân ái nhân, dung môi.
- C-X bậc 3 có khuynh hướng ưu tiên SN1, tuy nhiên DỄ BỊ TÁCH LOẠI TRONG KIỀM.
- Các dẫn xuất của allyl (CH2=CH-CH2-), benzyl (C6H5-CH2-) dễ tham gia cả SN1, SN2.
- Các dẫn xuất của phenyl (C6H5-) và vinyl (CH2=CH-) hầu như không tham gia SN ở điều
kiện thường.
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HÓA HỮU CƠ TÙNG PHONG NHÂN TRUNG
- Trong cùng chu kì, tính ái nhân giảm từ trái sang phải (tỉ lệ nghịch độ âm điện):
NH2- > HO- > F- , NH3 > H2O
- Tuy nhiên, trong dung môi phân cực có proton, trong cùng một phân nhóm chính, tính ái
nhân nghịch biến với tính base (tăng từ trên xuống): F- < Cl- < Br- < I-, HO- < HS-
2.2.2. Ảnh hưởng của Nü lên SN1:
- Giai đoạn quyết định tốc độ phản ứng không có sự tham gia của Nü → SN1 không phụ
thuộc vào Nü.
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HÓA HỮU CƠ TÙNG PHONG NHÂN TRUNG
- Ví dụ: Xác định kiểu phản ứng thế ái nhân của các phản ứng sau
- Ví dụ: Chọn cặp chất sẽ tham gia phản ứng SN2 tốt hơn
- Dung môi có proton (H2O, CH3OH,...) làm chậm phản ứng SN2.
- SN2 thường thuận lợi khi sử dụng dung môi phân cực không proton (HMPA, CH3CN,
DMF, DMSO,...).
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HÓA HỮU CƠ TÙNG PHONG NHÂN TRUNG
- Dung môi phân cực có proton (H2O, CH3OH, C2H5OH, ROH, RCOOH.. ) giúp ổn định cả
cation (R+) và anion (X-) tăng tốc phản ứng SN1.
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- Phản ứng tách loại E2 thường cho sản phẩm chính là alkene bền hơn hay alkene giữa mạch
(sản phẩm Zaitsev).
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- Tuy nhiên,
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- Hầu như luôn xảy ra cùng SN1 nên hiệu quả không cao.
- Ví dụ: Viết sản phẩm và xác định kiểu phản ứng tách loại
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Yếu tố E1 E2
- Dùng nhiệt độ cao
- RX bậc càng cao càng dễ tách
Base Dùng base yếu Dùng base mạnh
Dung môi Phân cực có proton Phân cực không có proton
Không chuyển vị (theo quy tắc
Lập thể Chú ý chuyển vị
Zaitsev nếu là base nhỏ)
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HÓA HỮU CƠ TÙNG PHONG NHÂN TRUNG
*. R là gốc phenyl thì phản ứng không xảy ra nếu không có các nhóm thế hỗ trợ trong vòng.
- Điều chế muối của rượu:
C2H5OH + Na →
C2H5OH + NaH →
- Điều chế muối của phenol: Có thể sử dụng hỗn hợp phenol và NaOH.
2. MỘT SỐ CHÚ Ý:
- Với R-X bậc 3, phản ứng tách loại chiếm ưu thế. Trong phản ứng Williamson, để hạn chế
phản ứng tách loại, nên chọn R-X bậc thấp (bậc 1 > bậc 2 > bậc 3).
- Ví dụ: Điều chế
a) Điều chế n-butyl propyl ether từ propylene và (CH3)2CuLi ..................................................
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- Ví dụ: Chọn tác chất phù hợp để điều chế các chất sau
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a) .................................................................................................................................................
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1. ................................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................
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- Kết luận:
+ Khi tổng hợp RMgX, R-X…: ...................................................................................
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+ Khi dùng RMgX làm tác nhân ái nhân, tác chất còn lại ...........................................
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+ Cách tổng hợp hợp chất cơ Mg của alkyne ...............................................................
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- Ví dụ: Phân tử alcohol nào sau đây có thể điều chế được từ ester và hợp chất Grignard
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.
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- Epoxide bất đối xứng: R- tấn công vào C ít bị án ngữ không gian nhất
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- Đối với mạch akyl trên HC thơm, chỉ xét phản ứng thế ở H của Cα/
- Cần phân biệt phản ứng cộng (Br2/CCl4), phản ứng thế SR (Br2/hʋ, t°) và phản ứng thế SE
(Br2/Fe).
- Ví dụ: Viết sản phẩm
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2. .....................................................................................................................................
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2. TỪ ALKENE:
2.1. Phản ứng cộng AE với X2:
- Không xảy ra chuyển vị.
- Cộng kiểu anti (trans).
- Cộng Br2 khi có mặt anion khác như Cl-, OH- (từ H2O), RO- (từ ROH): Theo quy tắc
Markovnikov, Br+ tấn công trước, tạo carbocation bền để anion đi vào.
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2.2. Phản ứng cộng AE với HX:
- Phải xem xét chuyển vị.
- Không chọn lọc lập thể vì tạo gốc carbocation trung gian.
- Theo quy tắc Markovnikov, nếu không xảy ra chuyển vị hoặc có nhóm hút điện tử.
- Ví dụ: Viết sản phẩm
1. CH2=CH-C6H5 + HCl → .......................................................................................................
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2. CH2=CH-CH2-C6H5 + HBr → ..............................................................................................
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3. CH2=CH-CF3 + HCl → .........................................................................................................
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4. CH2=CH-CH3 + HBr → ........................................................................................................
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2.3. Phản ứng cộng AR với HBr/H2O2:
- Không xem xét chuyển vị.
- Không chọn lọc lập thể vì tạo gốc tự do trung gian.
- Trái quy tắc Markovnikov.
- Ví dụ: Viết sản phẩm
1. CH2=CH-C6H5 + HBr →.......................................................................................................
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2. CH2=CH-C6H5 + HBr/H2O2 → .............................................................................................
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3. TỪ ALCOHOL:
3.1. Phản ứng thế SN với HX:
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3. Xác định các sản phẩm có thể hình thành từ các phản ứng tách loại sau
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5. Chọn tác chất phù hợp để điều chế các chất sau
a) ......................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
b) ......................................................................................................................................
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c) ......................................................................................................................................
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d) ......................................................................................................................................
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e) ......................................................................................................................................
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6. Tổng hợp các hợp chất sau bằng phản ứng thế SN2 alkyl halide
a) ......................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
b) ......................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
c) ......................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
d) ......................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
e) ......................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
f).......................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
7. Tổng hợp các chất sau từ nguyên liệu đầu benzene và bất kỳ tác nhân vô cơ và
rượu không chứa quá 3C (có 1 bước sử dụng tác nhân Grignard)
a) .................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
b) .................................................................................................................................................
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c) .................................................................................................................................................
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d) .................................................................................................................................................
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e) .................................................................................................................................................
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8. Tổng hợp các chất sau từ rượu không quá 4 C (có thể dùng thêm các chất vô cơ)
a) .................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
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b) .................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
c) .................................................................................................................................................
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d) .................................................................................................................................................
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e) .................................................................................................................................................
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9.
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10.
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11.
125
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126
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- Alcohol diol có xu hướng ether hóa nội phân tử nếu sản phẩm là vòng 5 hoặc 6 cạnh.
127
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128
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- [O] = CrO3/H2SO4 (H2CrO4), K2Cr2O7/H+, KMnO4/H: Phản ứng không dừng lại ở
aldehyde → Alcohol 1° bị oxi hóa thành acid tương ứng.
- Để điều chế aldehyde từ 1° alcohol PHẢI sử dụng pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC).
- PCC, PDC không ảnh hưởng liên kết đôi C=C.
129
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130
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3.3. Từ ester (RCOOR’) và acyl chloride (RCOCl) thành alcohol tương ứng
(RCH2OH):
- LiAlH4: Bảo toàn được liên kết đôi, liên kết ba, dễ dàng.
- NaBH4: Bảo toàn được liên kết đôi, liên kết ba, khó khăn hơn.
- Na/alcohol: Bảo toàn được liên kết đôi, liên kết ba.
- H2/xúc tác kim loại: Phản ứng với liên kết đôi, liên kết ba.
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131
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2. HCHO → ...............................................................................................................................
3. R’CHO →..............................................................................................................................
4. R’COR’’ → ...........................................................................................................................
5. R’NH2 → ...............................................................................................................................
6. R’COOR’’ → ........................................................................................................................
7. R’COOH → ...........................................................................................................................
8. R’-C≡CH → ..........................................................................................................................
9. CH2(O)CH2 → .......................................................................................................................
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- TH2: Dung môi phân cực mạnh thì thế nhiều lần.
1.2. Phản ứng nitro hóa, sulfo hóa không cần H2SO4 đặc:
- Nitro hóa tập trung vào vị trí ortho và para.
- Sulfo hóa ở nhiệt độ thấp (15 - 20oC) cho sản phẩm chủ yếu là ortho. Nâng nhiệt độ lên
cao (100oC), sản phẩm chuyển về para.
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CHÚ Ý: Khi viết phản ứng, phải điều chế ArO- hoặc sử dụng thêm kiềm trong phản ứng.
- Ví dụ: Hoàn thành phản ứng
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- Nếu vòng thơm chỉ gắn 1 nhóm OH thì khó bị oxy hóa.
135
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136
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137
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138
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a) ................................................................................................................................................
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b) ................................................................................................................................................
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b) ................................................................................................................................................
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c) ................................................................................................................................................
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d) ................................................................................................................................................
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e) ................................................................................................................................................
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f) ................................................................................................................................................
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g) ................................................................................................................................................
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h) ................................................................................................................................................
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i) .................................................................................................................................................
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j) .................................................................................................................................................
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k) ................................................................................................................................................
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o) ................................................................................................................................................
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p) ................................................................................................................................................
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q) ................................................................................................................................................
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l) .................................................................................................................................................
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m) ...............................................................................................................................................
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n) ................................................................................................................................................
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r) ................................................................................................................................................
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s) ................................................................................................................................................
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140
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3. Tìm 2 cách tổng hợp các hợp chất sau theo phương pháp Williamson, xác định
cách nào ưu thế hơn nếu có
a) ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
b) ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
4. Có thể tổng hợp chất sau theo phương pháp Williamson được không? Nếu có thì viết
phương trình.
141
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142
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143
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6.
144
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7.
145
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8.
146
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9.
147
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10.
148
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149
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- Được dùng để bảo vệ nhóm carbonyl (thường dùng ethylene glycol, propylene glycol).
- Ví dụ: Hoàn thành phản ứng
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150
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151
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152
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2. PHẢN ỨNG OXY HÓA VỚI TÁC NHÂN OXY HÓA MẠNH:
- Không xét phản ứng oxy hóa ketone.
- Aldehyde dễ bị oxy hóa hơn rượu bậc 1 nên [O] phản ứng được với alkene, alcohol cũng
oxy hóa aldehyde thành acid tương ứng.
- Ví dụ:
1. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
- Tùy trường hợp mà chỉ dùng một trong hai phương pháp:
+ Khi hợp chất carbonyl có nhóm thế không bền với base thì dùng [Zn(Hg)/HCl].
+ Khi hợp chất carbonyl có nhóm thế không bền với acid thì dùng N2H4.
- Ví dụ:
....................................................................................................................................................
1. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
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153
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2. ................................................................................................................................................
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3.2. Phản ứng khử thành alcohol:
- Có thể điều chế rượu tương ứng từ aldehyde và ketone bằng các hợp chất hydride như
LiAlH4 và NaBH4:
+ NaBH4 khử yếu hơn LiAlH4, thường dùng khử aldehyde, ketone, acyl halide.
+ LiAlH4 thường dùng khử carboxylic acid, ester, amide (không khử được bằng NaBH4).
- Ví dụ:
....................................................................................................................................................
1. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
- Aldehyde và ketone cũng bị khử về rượu bằng H2/xúc tác kim loại.
154
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- Phosphonium ylide tổng hợp từ phản ứng thế SN2 giữa triphenylphosphine và alkyl halide.
- Ví dụ:
....................................................................................................................................................
1. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................................
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155
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5.1. Phản ứng aldol hóa của hai phân tử carbonyl như nhau – Ngưng tụ aldol:
- Sản phẩm aldol dễ bị tách nước dưới điều kiện phản ứng (base) và ngay cả trong môi
trường acid.
- Sản phẩm cuối cùng sẽ là hợp chất carbonyl không no có C=C liên hợp với C=O.
- Ví dụ:
....................................................................................................................................................
1. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................................
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4. ................................................................................................................................................
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5. ................................................................................................................................................
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5.2. Phản ứng aldol hóa của hai phân tử carbonyl khác nhau – Chéo hóa aldol:
- Nếu cả hai phân tử carbonyl cùng có Cα-H thì có ít nhất 4 sản phẩm nên phải kiểm soát
bằng một base mạnh.
- Nếu một trong hai phân tử không có Cα-H thì có 2 sản phẩm, ưu tiên sản phẩm aldol hóa
chéo bằng các kỹ thuật thực nghiệm.
- Để tăng độ chọn lọc:
+ Dùng carbonyl không có Cα-H.
+ Dùng base mạnh xử lý trước rồi mới tiến hành chéo hóa.
- Ví dụ:
....................................................................................................................................................
1. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
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4. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
5.3. Phản ứng aldol hóa nội phân tử:
- 1,5 hoặc 1,7-diketone → Ưu tiên hình thành vòng 6 cạnh.
157
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- Ví dụ:
1. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................................
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4. ................................................................................................................................................
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5. ................................................................................................................................................
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6. ................................................................................................................................................
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159
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- Trong môi trường base, nhiều H tại Cα bị thay thế nếu halogen dư.
- Ví dụ:
....................................................................................................................................................
1. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
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4. ................................................................................................................................................
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160
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161
HÓA HỮU CƠ TÙNG PHONG NHÂN TRUNG
- Ví dụ: Hoành thành phản ứng với các loại xúc tác trên
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
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3.2. Dehydro hóa:
- Xúc tác: Cu/200 – 300oC.
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163
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165
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167
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2. Tổng hợp alkene sau bằng phương pháp Wittig (nếu có 2 cách, thì cách nào ưu thế hơn)
....................................................................................................................................................
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3. Tổng hợp các hợp chất sau từ hợp chất carbonyl, amine hay rượu tương ứng
....................................................................................................................................................
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6. Viết sản phẩm từ phản ứng aldol hóa nội phân tử các hợp chất dicarbonyl sau, theo sau là
phản ứng dehydrate hóa
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7. Các hợp chất sau được tổng hợp từ phản ứng aldol hóa hoặc ngưng tụ aldol của các hợp
chất carbonyl nào
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8.
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10.
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11.
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12.
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13.
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CHÚ Ý: PCl3, PBr3 có thể tham gia thế nhóm –OH nên phải có thêm bước cộng nước.
- Thường sử dụng hỗn hợp (P + Br2) hoặc (PBr3 + Br2) để chuyển Cα-H thành Cα-Br.
- Dễ dàng chuyển hóa thành những nhóm thế khác như -OH, -NH2, -CN bên cạnh -COOH.
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3. TỪ ALCOHOL BẬC 1:
- Dùng chất oxy hóa mạnh để oxy hóa alcohol bậc 1 lên thẳng acid, không dừng lại ở
aldehyde.
- Dùng PCC oxy hóa êm dịu đến aldehyde thì phải thêm một bước oxy hóa nữa.
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4. TỪ ALDEHYDE:
- Aldehyde rất không bền, dễ bị oxy hóa thành acid khi có mặt tác nhân oxy hóa.
5. TỪ ALKYLBENZENE:
- Cα phải có ít nhất 1 H (hoặc nối đôi, nối ba, –C=O).
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3. CỦA ESTER:
3.1. Phản ứng thủy phân:
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4. CỦA AMIDE: Amide rất khó bị thế bởi tác nhân ái nhân.
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2. Tổng hợp các thuốc giảm đau sau từ phenol và các hợp chất vô cơ, hữu cơ khác
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3.
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4.
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5.
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6.
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- Ví dụ: Điều chế hợp chất sau từ toluene và những hchc có số C < 3
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- Ví dụ:
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6.3. Với amine bậc 3:
- Alkylamines bậc 3 → không phản ứng.
- Arylamine bậc 3 → Nitrozoarylamine (SE).
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- Không dùng nếu hợp chất nitro ban đầu có nhóm chức dễ bị hydro hóa như C=C, C=O.
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- Phản ứng có thể cho nhiều sản phẩm khác nhau tùy điều kiện phản ứng.
- Có tính chọn lọc cho nhóm –NO2.
- Không khử các nhóm C=C, C=O.
- Điều chế amine có bậc tương ứng bậc amide ban đầu.
- Tác nhân: LiAlH4.
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- Phản ứng chỉ xảy ra với vòng thơm được hoạt hóa bởi các nhóm cho điện tử mạnh –OH,
OR, NH2, NHR, NR2,…
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2.
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6. Tổng hợp các hợp chất sau từ benzene, rượu không quá 3C và các tác nhân khác
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8. Xác định tác chất để tổng hợp các chất sau thông qua phản ứng ghép đôi azo
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10.
11.
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12.
216
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13.
217
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14.
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15.
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16.
220