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Chevron EverythingYouNeedToKnowAboutFuels v3 1a DESKTOP PDF
Chevron EverythingYouNeedToKnowAboutFuels v3 1a DESKTOP PDF
Contents
I. Introduction
2.Fuel specifications
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12
13
13
14
15
16
6.Commingling of fuels
17
7.Microbiological contamination
17
8.Biofuels
18
18
19
21
21
22
Reference in this brochure to any specific commercial product, process or service, or the use of any
trade, firm, or corporation name is for the information and convenience of the reader, and does not
constitute endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by Chevron Global Marine Products.
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25
I. Introduction
Through thermal plants, marine engines and gas turbines, the energy
obtained from fuel oil combustion is made available to fulfill our needs,
be it for transport purposes or for electrical power applications.
From the early 19th century until the third quarter of
the 20th century, steamships crossed the seven seas,
gradually eliminating sailing ships from commercial
shipping.
In the second half of the 20th century, the motor ship
started to dominate. The history of the diesel engine
began in 1892 with Rudolf Diesel and twenty years later,
the first four-stroke marine diesel engine ships were
operational.
Around 1930, two-stroke designs took a strong lead as
ships became larger and faster.
Between World War I and World War II, the share of
marine engine-driven ships increased to approximately
25percent of the overall ocean-going fleet tonnage.
Distillates
Crude Oil
GAS
NAPHTHA
KERO
LIGHT DIESEL*
HEAVY DIESEL*
Atmospheric
distillation
unit
Straight run stocks for marine fuel blending
Light diesel, heavy diesel, and straight run residue
Straight run marine gasoil and distillate marine
diesel (MDO)
Marine gasoil and distillate marine diesel oil (MDO)
are manufactured from kero, light, and heavy gasoil
fractions.
Straight run IFO 380 mm2/s (at 50C)
This grade is obtained by blending the atmospheric
residue fraction (typical viscosity of about 800 mm2/s
at50C) with a gasoil fraction.
Distillates
Crude Oil
LCO*
Atmospheric
distillation
unit
FCC*
Residue
HCO*
Vacuum
distillation
unit
Visbreaker
Residue
IFO-380
This grade is usually manufactured at the refinery and
contains visbroken residue, HCO and LC(G)O. These
three components influence the characteristics of the
visbroken IF-380.
Vacuum distillation reduces the residue yield to about
20% of the crude feed, unavoidably leading to a
concentration of the heaviest molecules in this fraction.
Visbreaking converts about 25% of its vacuum residue
feed into distillate fractions. This means that about 15%
of the original crude remains as visbroken residue. The
asphaltenes2, sulphur and metal content in visbroken
residue are 3 to 3.5 times higher than in atmospheric
residue. Visbreaking affects the molecular structure:
molecules are broken thermally, and this can deteriorate
the stability of the asphaltenes.
HCO (typical viscosity at 50C: 130 mm2/s) contains
approximately 60% aromatics, and is a high-density
fraction: the density at 15C is above 1 kg/l (typically
1.02). It is the bottom fraction of the FCC unit. The
catalytic process of this unit is based on an aluminum
silicate. Some mechanical deterioration of the catalyst
occurs in the FCC process, and the resulting catalyst
fines are removed from the HCO in the refinery. This
removal, however, is not 100% efficient and a certain
amount (ppm level) of cat fines remains in the HCO. From
there they end up in heavy fuel blended with HCO (see
also Chapter III-2).
2. Asphaltenes: residual fuel components that are insoluble in heptane
but soluble in toluene
Unit
Limit
Category ISO-F-
Test method
reference
DMX
DMA
DMZ
DMB
max.
5,500
6,000
6,000
11.00
min.
1,400
2,000
3,000
2,000
kg/m 3
max.
890.0
890.0
900.0
min.
45
40
40
35
ISO 4264
mass %
max.
1.00
1.50
1.50
2.00
min.
43.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
mg/kg
max.
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
IP 570
mg KOH/g
max.
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
ASTM D664
mass %
max.
0.10 e
g/m 3
max.
25
25
25
25f
ISO 12205
mass %
max.
0.30
0.30
0.30
ISO 10370
mass %
max.
0.30
ISO 10370
max.
16
ISO 3015
winter quality
max.
ISO 3016
summer quality
max.
ISO 3016
e,f,g
see 7.6
volume %
max.
0.30e
ISO 3733
mass %
max.
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
ISO 6245
max.
520
520
520
520 g
ISO 12156-1
mm 2/s
Density at 15C
Cetane index
Sulfurb
Flash point
Hydrogen sulfidec
Acid number
Total sediment by hot filtration
Oxidation stability
Cloud point
ISO 3104
see 7.4
ISO 10307-1
a 1 mm /s = 1 cSt.
b Notwithstanding the limits given, the purchaser shall define the maximum sulfur content in accordance with relevant statutory limitations.
See Annex C.
c Due to reasons stated in Annex D, the implementation date for compliance with the limit shall be 1 July 2012. Until such time, the specified
value is given for guidance. For distillate fuels the precision data are currently being developed.
d Purchasers should ensure that this pour point is suitable for the equipment on board, especially if the ship operates in cold climates.
e If the sample is not clear and bright, the total sediment by hot filtration and water tests shall be required, see 7.4 and 7.6.
f If the sample is not clear and bright, the test cannot be undertaken and hence the oxidation stability limit shall not apply.
g If the sample is not clear and bright, the test cannot be undertaken and hence the lubricity limit shall not apply.
h This requirement is applicable to fuels with a sulfur content below 500 mg/kg (0.050 mass %).
j Modified per approved correction to ISO 8217:2010.
k If the sample is dyed and not transparent, then the water limit and test method as given in 7.6 shall apply.
Unit
Limit RMA
10a
RMB
RMD
RME
30
80
180
RMG
180
380
500
RMK
700
380
500
700
Kinematic viscosity
at 50Cb
mm 2/s
max.
10.00 30.00 80.00 180.0 180.0 380.0 500.0 700.0 380.0 500.0 700.0
Density at 15C
kg/m 3
max.
max.
CCAI
850
860
860
860
mass % max.
Sulfurc
Test
method
reference
ISO 3104
991.0
1010.0
870
870
see 6.3 a)
see 7.2
ISO 8754
ISO 14596
Statutory requirements
min.
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
see 7.3
ISO 2719
Hydrogen sulfided
mg/kg
max.
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
IP 570
Acid numbere
mg
KOH/g
max.
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
ASTM D664
Total sediment
aged
mass % max.
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
see 7.5
ISO 10307-2
Carbon residue:
micro method
mass % max.
2.50
18.00
20.00
ISO 10370
Flash point
Pour point
(upper)f
winter
quality
max.
30
30
30
30
ISO 3016
summer
quality
max.
30
30
30
30
ISO 3016
0.30
0.50
0.50
Water
volume
max.
%
0.50
0.50
0.50
ISO 3733
Ash
0.100
0.150
ISO 6245
Vanadium
mg/kg
max.
50
150
150
150
350
450
see 7.7
IP 501,
IP 470 or
ISO 14597
Sodium
mg/kg
max.
50
100
100
50
100
100
see 7.8
IP 501
IP 470
Aluminium plus
silicon
mg/kg
max.
25
40
40
50
60
60
see 7.9
IP 501,
IP 470 or
ISO 10478
Used lubricating
oils (ULO):
calcium and zinc;
or calcium and
phosphorus
mg/kg
The fuel shall be free from ULO. A fuel shall be considered to contain ULO when
either one of the following conditions is met:
calcium > 30 and zinc > 15; or
calcium > 30 and phosphorus > 15
see 7.10
IP 501 or
IP 470
IP 500
a This category is based on a previously defined distillate DMC category that was described in ISO 8217:2005, Table 1. ISO 8217:2005 has
been withdrawn.
2
b 1 mm /s = 1 cSt.
c The purchaser shall define the maximum sulfur content in accordance with relevant statutory limitations. See 0.3 and Annex C.
d Due to reasons stated in Annex D, the implementation date for compliance with the limit shall be 1 July 2012. Until such time, the specified
value is given for guidance.
e See Annex H.
f Purchasers shall ensure that this pour point is suitable for the equipment on board, especially if the ship operates in cold climates.
Catalytic fines:
Heavy cycle oil is used worldwide in complex refining
as a blending component for heavy fuel. Mechanically
damaged catalyst particles (aluminum silicate) cannot
be removed completely in a cost-effective way, and are
found in blended heavy fuel. Fuel precleaning onboard
ships has a removal efficiency of approximately 80%
for catalytic fines. In order to avoid abrasive wear of
fuel pumps, injectors and cylinder liners the maximum
limit for Al+Si defined in ISO 8217:2010 is 60 mg/kg for
RMG and RMK category fuels.
CCAI:
The Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index (CCAI) is only
applicable to residual fuel oils and provides an indication
of the ignition delay of a fuel oil. The CCAI is calculated
from the density and viscosity of a residual fuel oil.
Some engine manufacturers specify CCAI limits for their
engines, depending on engine type and application.
Cetane index:
Cetane index is only applicable for gasoil and distillate
fuels. It is a measure for the ignition quality of the fuel
in a diesel engine. The higher the rpm of the engine, the
higher the required cetane index. The cetane index is
an approximate calculated value of the cetane number,
based on the density and the distillation of the fuel. The
cetane index is not applicable when cetane-improving
additives have been used.
Density:
The official unit is kg/m3 at 15C, while kg/l at 15C
is the most commonly used unit. Density is used to
calculate the quantity of fuel delivered. The density
gives an indication of the ignition quality of the fuel
within a certain product class. This is particularly the
case for the low-viscosity IFOs. The product density is
important for the onboard purification of the fuel; the
higher the density, the more critical it becomes (see
Chapter III-4 on fuel oil treatment).
Elements:
Vanadium and nickel are elements found in certain
heavy fuel oil molecules (asphaltenes). Upon
combustion, vanadium oxides are formed, and
some have critical melting temperatures. The most
critical are the double oxides/sulphates with sodium.
Some countries have implemented maximum Ni
concentrations for inland use of heavy fuel.
Flash point:
Flash point is the temperature at which the vapors of a
fuel ignite (under specified test conditions), when a test
flame is applied. The flash point for all fuels to be used in
bulk onboard vessels is set at PenskyMartens closedcup 60C minimum (SOLAS agreement). DMX, a special
low cloud point gasoil, may only be stored onboard in
drums because of its < 60C flash point.
Density:
The mass (weight in vacuum) of the liquid per unit volume
at 15C. Official unit: kg/m3 . Often used variant: kg/l.
The density limits in ISO 8217 are expressed in kg/m3 .
Specific gravity 60/60F: Specific gravity is the ratio
of the mass of a given volume of liquid at 60F to the
mass of an equal volume of pure water at the same
temperature. No unit.
Micro Carbon Residue (MCR):
MCR is the carbon residue test prescribed as of ISO
8217:2005. Formerly, the carbon residue test was
Conradson Carbon Residue. MCR is quicker and more
precise than CCR.
Total sediment by hot filtration & total sediment aged:
According to ISO 8217:2010 the total sediment by
hot filtration (ISO 10307-1) shall be measured on all
DMB category products that fail the visual inspection
requirement to be bright and clear.
Organic type sediment can occur in DMB marine diesel
and in intermediate fuel oils. The cause of the formation
of organic sediment is due to the thermal cracking of
the heaviest molecules of crude, generally in visbreaking operations. Asphaltenes, the heaviest molecules of
crude, can be made unstable by thermal cracking, and
must be carefully monitored by the refineries. Once
visbroken, the asphaltenes are more or less sensitive to
changes in the aromaticity of the total fuel matrix. This
must be taken into account for fuel blending when using
visbroken heavy fuel and gasoil (paraffinic) blending
stocks. The asphaltene sediment formation is a function
of time and temperature (excluding external influences),
and an unstable fuel will only reach its final sediment
formation after a certain storage time. The sediment
present in a sample of heavy fuel at a particular moment
is given by the total sediment by hot filtration test, but
there is no certainty that this figure corresponds to the
condition of the bulk of the fuel at that same time. The
total sediment aged test shows the total amount of sediment that can be formed under normal storage conditions, excluding external influences. The prescribed test
method is ISO 10307-2(IP 390+375 is equivalent). Either
of the standard procedures for ageing in ISO 10307-2
can be used : accelerated total sediment (TSA) or potential total sediment test (TSP).
The test method originally used in the industry for
determining the total sediment was the Shell Hot
Filtration Test. The test results can be existing sediment
or potential sediment, depending on the ageing
procedure. The results of this test are not equivalent to
those of ISO 10307-2, due to a difference in the solvent
used for the test. The Shell Hot Filtration Test with
ageing generally gives slightly higher results.
Viscosity:
Kinematic viscosity is the only accepted method,
expressed as mm2/s at a certain temperature (note:
1mm2/s = 1 cSt). SSU, SSF and RW1 (Saybolt Seconds
Universal, Saybolt Seconds Furol and Redwood No. 1)
are obsolete units.
Example: ALCAP
Fuel oils with densities above 991 kg/m3 at 15C are
available on the market and can be purified, for example,
with the ALCAP system, which allows fuel oil densities
up to 1010 kg/m3 at 15C. Fuel oil is continuously fed
to the separator. The oil flow is not interrupted when
sludge is discharged.
The ALCAP basically operates as a clarifier. Clean oil
is continuously discharged from the clean oil outlet.
Separated sludge and water accumulate at the
periphery of the bowl. Sludge (and water) is discharged
after a pre-set time. If separated water approaches the
disc stack (before the pre-set time interval between two
sludge discharges is reached), some droplets of water
start to escape with the cleaned oil. A water transducer,
installed in the clean oil outlet, immediately senses the
small increase of the water content in the clean oil. A
signal from the water transducer is transmitted to a
control unit and changes in water content are measured.
(Source: University
Illinois-Chicago, TRL)
7. Microbiological contamination
Plugging of filters on gasoil and marine distillate
fuel feed lines can be caused by microbiological
contamination (bacteria, fungi and yeast).
Microbiological contamination can always occur,
especially if temperature conditions are favorable
(between 15 and 40C, for the most common types),
and if non-dissolved water is present in the fuel.
NO WATER = NO MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION
Microbiological contamination ideally occurs in tropical
and sub-tropical regions due to high air humidity
combined with a high ambient temperature.
To avoid contamination, VOS, the Dutch organization
that supervises the quality of gasoil delivered in the
Netherlands, offers these points:
Good water-housekeeping is essential.
No water = no bacterial contamination.
Fuel-producing companies, dealers, and endusers have a common responsibility: Bacterial
contamination can occur in each link of the chain.
ash modifiers
Figure 9:
Conventional
lubricant
showing heavy fuel
contamination
Attachments
Attachment I: Crude oil refining
The purpose of crude oil refining is to convert crude and
other feedstocks into saleable products. The desired
products are mainly gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, gasoil
and diesel.
In order to obtain these products, crude oil is first
separated into fractions by distillation, then the
different fractions are further processed in order to
obtain the desired characteristics and optimum yield.
The different processes used in a modern refinery are:
1. Crude oil desalting
Water and inorganic salts are removed in an
electrostatic field. The main purpose of crude oil
desalting is to protect the refining process units against
corrosion.
2. Atmospheric distillation
Crude oil is a product with a very wide boiling range.
In an atmospheric distillation column the fractions
boiling below 360C are distilled off under reflux, and,
according to boiling range, recovered as naphtha,
kero, and gasoil type stocks. Atmospheric distillation is
limited to a maximum temperature of 360C, because
otherwise coking would start to occur, which is not
desirable at this stage of crude oil refining.
3. Vacuum distillation
In order to distill off a heavier cut without exceeding the
360C temperature limit, a second distillation is done
under reduced pressure: the vacuum distillation. The
distillate fraction of the vacuum distillation unit is the
feedstock for a catalytic cracking unit.
4. Catalytic cracking (for example, fluidized bed
catalytic cracking)
The main feedstock for a catalytic cracker is vacuum
gasoil. The cracking operation breaks large molecules
into smaller, lighter molecules. The process runs at high
temperatures, and in the presence of the appropriate
catalyst (crystalline aluminum silicate).
Sodium, mg/kg
1. IP 501 (ICP)
R = 1.0667x0.55
2. IP 470 (AAS)
R = 1.303x0.6
Where x is the average of the results being
compared
Sulphur, % (m/m)
1. ISO 8754
For values > 0.05 m/m % and 5.00 m/m %:
R = 0.0812(x + 0.15)
for values 0.03 m/m % and 0.05 m/m %:
R= 0.1781(x + 0.05)
Where x is the mean sulphur content
2. ISO 12185
For transparent middle distillates:
R = 0.5 kg/m3 or 0.0005 kg/l
For crude oils and other petroleum products:
R = 1.5 kg/m3 or 0.0015 kg/l
2. ISO 14596
For sulphur content in the range 0.100.99 m/m
%: R = 0.02
For sulphur content in the range 1.002.50 m/m
%: R = 0.04
H2S, mg/kg
IP 570
Procedure A
Distillate and residual fuels: R = 0.4459x0.55
Procedure B
Residual fuels: R = 0.5232x0.6
Distillate fuels: R = 0.2389x0.7
Where x is the average of the results
being compared
Kinematic viscosity, mm2/s
ISO 3104
Heavy fuels: at 50C: R = 0.074x
Distillate fuels : at 40C: R=0.0082(x+1)
Where x is the average of the results being
compared
Micro carbon residue, % (m/m)
ISO 10370
R = X2/3 0.2451
Where X is the average of the results being
compared
Oxidation stability, g/m3
ISO 12205
R = 10.6 (x/10)0.25
Where x is the average of the results being
compared
Pour Point, C
ISO 3016
R = 6.59C
References
Alfa Laval, Technical information, ALCAP, Cleaning
system for fuel oil.
Chevron Corporation , Diesel Fuels Technical Review.
CIMAC, Recommendations regarding fuel quality for
diesel engines, volume 21, 2006.
Dr. Gehring H, Van Geeteruyen C, New test methods for
HFO contamination of lube oils
Gary, J. H., Handwerk, G. E., Petroleum refining,
Technology and Economics, 2nd edition, Revised and
Expanded.
ISO 8217:2010, Petroleum products Fuels (class F)
Specifications of marine fuels.
ISO 8216:2010, Petroleum products Fuels (class F)
Classification.
For more information, please contact any Chevron Global Marine Products sales office:
Hong Kong
Chevron Hong Kong Ltd.
15/F., Tower B
Manulife Financial Centre
223-231 Wai Yip Street
Kwun Tong, Kowloon
Hong Kong
Edmond Chan: +852 2588 7723
Bruce Chan: +852 2582 6156
Water Ng: +852 2588 7722
gmphkb@chevron.com
Korea
Chevron Korea Inc.
Room 607, Mirabo Tower Building
228-1, Youngdap-Dong
Sungdong
Seoul 137-847
Korea
K.R Choi: +82 22 215 9259
gmpkorea@chevron.com
Panama
Chevron Products Antilles Ltd.
PO Box 0843-00358
La Boca Street
Panama, Republic of Panama
Maria Ng: +507 314 1494
mariang@chevron.com
Inquiries Deanne Hale:
+1 832 854 2988
gulfcbm@chevron.com
Singapore
Chevron Singapore Pte. Ltd.
Chevron House
30 Raffles Place #08-00
Singapore 048622
Carissa Wong: +65 6318 1539
Nicole Heng: +65 6318 1305
gmpsgb@chevron.com
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or their respective owners. IDU11557606/12 MS9918 (6/12)