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IMPRESO 21 Askeland Chap PDF
IMPRESO 21 Askeland Chap PDF
213 Calculate the heat (in calories and joules) required to raise the temperature of 1 kg
of the following materials by 50C.
(a) lead
(b) nickel
(c) Si3N4
(d) 6,6nylon
Solution:
The heat is the specific heat times the weight times the temperature
change. Calories can be converted to joules by multiplying by 4.184.
10.038 cal /gK211000 g2150 K2 1900 cal 7,950 J
(a) cPb
(b) cNi
(c) csilicon nitride 10.17 cal /gK211000 g2150 K2 8,500 cal 35,564 J
(d) c6,6 nylon
214 Calculate the temperature of a 100-g sample of the following materials, (originally
at 25C) when 3000 calories are introduced.
(a) tungsten
Solution: (a) W:
(b) Ti:
(b) titanium
(c) Al2O3
or TW 962.5C
or TTi 265C
or Talumina 175C
or TPE 79.5C
225
226
215 An alumina insulator for an electrical device is also to serve as a heat sink. A 10C
temperature rise in an alumina insulator 1 cm 1 cm 0.02 cm is observed during
use. Determine the thickness of a high-density polyethylene insulator that would be
needed to provide the same performance as a heat sink. The density of alumina is
3.96 g/cm3.
Solution:
t 0.0375 cm
216 A 200-g sample of aluminum is heated to 400C and is then quenched into 2000 cm3
of water at 20C. Calculate the temperature of the water after the aluminum and
water reach equilibrium. Assume no temperature loss from the system.
Solution:
The amount of heat gained by the water equals the amount lost by the
aluminum. If the equilibrium temperature is Te:
10.215 cal /gK21400 Te 21200 g2 11.0 cal /gK21Te 20212000 g2
217 A 2-m-long soda-lime glass sheet is produced at 1400C. Determine its length after
it cools to 25C.
Solution:
/o /f / 2 0.02475 1.97525 m
218 A copper casting is to be produced having the final dimensions of 1 in. 12 in.
24 in. Determine the size of the pattern that must be used to make the mold into
which the liquid copper is poured during the manufacturing process.
Solution:
/ /o 0.01759/o
/ 24 10.0175921242 24.422 in.
/ 12 10.0175921122 12.211 in.
CHAPTER 21
Solution:
227
Both the copper and the epoxy expand when heated. The final length of
each material, assuming that they are not bonded to one another, would be:
/Cu 1100 cm2116.6 106 21250 252 100 100.3735 cm
The epoxy expands nearly 1 cm more than does the underlying copper. If
the copper and epoxy are well bonded, the epoxy coating will buckle,
debond, and perhaps even flake off.
We produce a 10-in.-long bimetallic composite material composed of a strip of
yellow brass bonded to a strip of Invar. Determine the length to which each material
would like to expand when the temperature increases from 20C to 150C. Draw a
sketch showing what will happen to the shape of the bimetallic strip.
If the two metals are not bonded to one another, the amount each would
like to expand is:
brass 10 1102118.9 106 21150 202 10.0246 in.
Invar
The brass expands more than the Invar; if the two are bonded together, the
bimetallic strip will bend, with the Invar on the inside radius of curvature
of the strip.
Brass
Solution:
Brass
Invar
2111
228
2117 A nickel engine part is coated with SiC to provide corrosion resistance at high temperatures. If no residual stresses are present in the part at 20C, determine the thermal
stresses that develop when the part is heated to 1000C during use. (See Table 143.)
Solution:
2118 Alumina fibers 2 cm long are incorporated into an aluminum matrix. Assuming
good bonding between the ceramic fibers and the aluminum, estimate the thermal
stresses acting on the fiber when the temperature of the composite increases 250C.
Are the stresses on the fiber tensile or compressive? (See Table 143.)
Solution:
The net difference in the expansion coefficients of the two materials is:
a aAl aalumina 125 6.72 106 18.3 106
The thermal stresses on the alumina are:
s E aT
156 106 psi2118.3 106 in./in.C21250C2 256,200 psi
The aluminum expands more than the alumina; thus the alumina fibers are
subjected to tensile stresses. The alumina has a tensile strength of only
about 30,000 psi (Table 143); consequently the fibers are expected to
crack.
2119 A 24-in.-long copper bar with a yield strength of 30,000 psi is heated to 120C and
immediately fastened securely to a rigid framework. Will the copper deform plastically during cooling to 25C? How much will the bar deform if it is released from
the framework after cooling?
Solution:
If room temperature is 25C, then the thermal stresses that develop in the
restrained copper as it cools is:
s EaT 118.1 106 psi2116.6 106 21120 252
s 28,544 psi
The thermal stresses are less than the yield strength; consequently, no
plastic deformation occurs in the copper as it cools. When the copper is
released from its restraint, the residual stresses will be relieved by elastic
deformation. The strain stored in the material by contraction will be:
e s E 28,544 18.1 106 0.001577 in./in.
The change in length of the copper bar is
/ 124 in.210.001577 in./in.2 0.0378 in.
CHAPTER 21
229
2120 Repeat problem 2119, but using a silicon carbide rod rather than a copper rod.
(See Table 143.)
Solution:
SiC has a modulus of 60 106 psi (Table 143). The thermal stresses are:
s EaT 160 106 psi214.3 106 21120 252
s 24,510 psi
The thermal stresses are less than the tensile strength of SiC (about 25,000
psi, Table 143). Thus the elastic strain stored in the SiC is:
e s E 24,510 60 106 0.0004085 in./in.
The change in length of the copper bar is
/ 124 in.210.0004085 in./in.2 0.0098 in.
2121 A 3-cm-plate of silicon carbide separates liquid aluminum (held at 700C) from a
water-cooled steel shell maintained at 20C. Calculate the heat Q transferred to the
steel per cm2 of silicon carbide each second.
Solution:
230
or:
Q 1908.39 cal /s213600 s/h2124 h /day2 78.5 106 cal /day
(b) The heat entering the room from outside is:
Q 10.00287 cal /cm # s # K218361 cm2 2140 252 0.6604 cm2
545.03 cal /s 47.09 106 cal /day
2123 We would like to build a heat-deflection plate that permits heat to be transferred rapidly
parallel to the sheet but very slowly perpendicular to the sheet. Consequently we incorporate 1 kg of copper wires, each 0.1 cm in diameter, into 5 kg of a polyimide polymer
matrix. Estimate the thermal conductivity parallel and perpendicular to the sheet.
Solution:
We can first calculate the volume fractions of the two constituents in the
composite. The volume of each material is:
VCu 1000 g 8.93 g /cm3 111.98 cm3
VPI 5000 g 1.14 g /cm3 4385.96 cm3
The heat required to raise the temperature of the water by 5C is:
Heat 11 cal /g # K211000 g2125 202 5000 cal
However, since 75% of the heat is lost by radiation, we must supply a
total of
Heat 4 5000 20,000 cal
The heat flux Q is cal per area per time; thus
Heat t KAT x
CHAPTER 21
231
2126 Determine the thermal shock parameter for hot-pressed silicon nitride, hot pressed
silicon carbide, and alumina and compare it with the thermal-shock resistance as
defined by the maximum quenching temperature difference. (See Table 143.)
Solution:
For Si3N4:
180,000 psi210.035 cal /cm # s # K2
145 106 psi213.3 106 cm /cm # K2
18.86 cal # cm /s
TSP sf K Ea
For SiC:
TSP sf K Ea
For alumina:
TSP sf K Ea
The maximum quenching difference for silicon nitride is 500C, for silicon carbide is 350C, and for alumina is 200C. The maximum quenching
difference correlates reasonably well with the thermal shock parameter.
2127 Gray cast iron has a higher thermal conductivity than ductile or malleable cast iron.
Review Chapter 12 and explain why this difference in conductivity might be
expected.
Solution: