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<36634124820016

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Bayer. Staatsbibliothek

VOCABULARY

OF THE

ENGIJTUK

ELOIKOB

on

OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE WAKUAFI- NATION

IN THE INTERIOR OF EQUATORIAL AFRICA.

COMPILED

BT

THE REV0 Dr. J. L. KRAPF,

MISSIONARY OF THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY IN EAST -AFRICA.

T0BINGEN,
PRINTED BT LUD. FRIED. FUES.
1854.

[eibliotheca!
BEGlA
Imofacensis

PREFACE.

ffVom the commencement of the Missionary sta

tion at Rabbai Mpia my mind was frequently actuated
by a strong desire, to obtain some knowledge in
respect to the nation and language existing between
the black people of western Africa and the brown
complexioned tribes of the eastern regions which the
Missionaries have visited at various points (exg. in
Unikani, Usambara, Teita, Jagga and Ukambani),
but prevented partly by my more immediate avoca
tions and engagements at Rabbai Mpia, partly and
particularly for want of a well qualified native who
could be of use to me in my researches, I was com
pelled to postpone this desirable object.

It happened

however in July last, that I met on the island of

Mombas with a slave of Wakuafi extraction, who
with the permission of his Suahili master was com
pliant to stay at my cottage at Rabbai, and to assist
me in my linguistic labours, especially in the com
pilation of this Vocabulary, which, imperfect as it is,
I with this do publickly present to the Honoured So
ciety which has hitherto so generously and perseveringly patronised and assisted their Missionaries in the
1 *

4
arduous work of evangelising the benighted regions
of eastern Africa.
The name of the native, by whose help my lin
guistic and geographical informations have been ob
tained, is Merduti, who several years ago had been
purchased by a wealthy Muhamedan in the vicinity of
the Pangani river, and carried by sea to the island
of Mombas, where he, like other unfortunate country
men of his, was doomed to perpetual slavery. The
gentile name of Merduti was Lemasegnot. His father's
name was Engobore, an Mkuafi of the tribe Enganglima, who having married a woman in the Interior
near Oldoinio eibor (white mountain, montblanc), and
having obtained by her his son Lemasegnot, resolved
upon emigrating from the Interior, in order to reside
at a place called Muasuni situated on the upper course
of the Pangani river in the vicinity of the kingdom
of Usambara. The reason which had induced Engo
bore to join the nomadic settlement of the Wakuafi
tribe Barrabuyu at Muasuni was-because his own tribe
Enganglima had during his stay in the Interior been
nearly annihilated by the wild Masai who, though they
are congenial in language and customs to the Wakuafi,
yet are mortal enemies of the latter to the common
benefit and preservation of all the weaker tribes resi
ding around the dreadful Wakuafi.

Supposed, the

equally savage Masai had not checked the progress

of the Wakuafi , who had been for many years the
terror of the agricultural tribes of Jagga, Ukambani,

Teita, Usambiira, and of the sea-coast, the intercourse

of these weaker tribes with the Interior would in all
probability have been entirely cut off by those Wakuafi who

infested the

countries

adjacent to

the

sea- coast.
The Enganglima tribe which occupied the vast
territory situated between Usambara, Teita and Ukambani, after having at first received a mortal blow from
their bethren the Masai, and afterwards from the united
forces of the Wakamba, Wanika, Wasuahili and Wateila, has in consequence of this disastrous catastrophe
either disappeared, or retreated to the territory of
other Wakuafi in order to escape utter destruction.
For the same reason Engobore and his family joined
the mighty tribe Barrabuyu which the Masai had never
been able to dislodge from the banks of the Pangani,
or Lufu as the river is termed on its upper course.
At Muasuni Lemasegnot spent his boyhood, until
he at the age of about 12 years was kidnapped by
an Mnika of the Wadigo tribe, who seized the boy
whilst he was playing and rambling in the field toge
ther with some other Wakuafi lads.
The merciless Mdigo having caught hold of young
Lemasegnot, put him on his shoulders and went off
with his captive toward the mountains of Usambara.
The unfortunate mother who happened to be close to
the spot on which the lad was apprehended, instantly
ran after the kidnapper, to rescue her son from wicked
bands, but that monster, aided by a fellow-thief over

powered the poor woman and captured her too

whereupon both captives were conveyed to the coast
of the Pangani river, where the mother was sold to
the island of Pemba (commonly called by the Arabs
gesiret el-chotra), whilst her son was bought by a
native of Mombas.
Having given some explanation regarding the
person which assisted me in my study of the language
of the Wakuafi, I may proceed to give a brief de
scription of the country and of the customs of this savage
nation, which appears to occupy the territorial extent
of about 6 degrees of Lat. (from the second degree
North to the 4th deg. South from the Equator) and
of 7 or 8 deg. of Long.
The name Wakuafi (or Waquafi)" which is only
used by the Suahilis and other tribes residing near the
sea -coast, is very likely a corruption of the term
by which they call themselves, viz. Loikob or Eloikob
(sing. oloikoban or oloikobani, a Mkuafi, plur. Loikob
or Eloikob, the Wakuafi) a term which the Wakamha in the Interior have changed into Mukabi in
the Singular, and Akabi in the Plural, whilst the Sua
hilis on the coast changed it into Mkuafi (sing.) and
Wakuafi (plur.).

If I could prevail with myself for

favouring the mode of speculating upon the derivation

of proper names, I would direct the student to arabic
verbs like akaba pone venit, successit (hence akibon
proles, posteritas, liberi)" or wakafa permansit eodem
loco" or wakaba gradatim facto progressu incessit""

I might also point to the Nouns akabon rivus aut locus

unde aqua in conceptaculum fluit" or akabaton (Hebr.
akof, Ethiop. akab) juga, diflicilesque clivi montium.
Let the reader rather

abstain from the fallacious

system of etymologizing Proper Names. If however any

derivation of the term ,,Loikob" must needs be addu
ced, I would advert to the noun eng6bu which signi
fies land, country" and which, when used in an ab
breviated form, is converted into the monosyllabic word
k6bu (cfr. Vocabul. under the word thist<') exg. enna
kob this land'' instead of engob enna, as the speaker
might also express himself. Loi or eloi (in the sing.
oloi) is a kind of article. Consequently Loikob or Eloikob (sing. oloikoban) would mean" those who are of,
or in the country, to whom it belongs, the possessors
of it, or those who have been there from the begin
ning, in short, aborigines. This derivation is supported
by the tradition of the Wakuafi, as I shall mention
presently.
It is customary with these savages, to have their
young people at a certain age instructed by the ciders
in the tales and traditions of former generations. The
elders willingly perform their duty of initiating a lad
on condition that his father will present to them a bullock
on which they may pamper themselves after the com
pletion of the quasi-academical Kikuafi career. In con
formity with this custom Lemasegnot's father paid the
usual fee, and the boy listened attentively to the many
stories which the elders narrated to him, but of which

he has afterwards forgotten the greater part. However

he well remembered the fellowing story to which the
dialogue appended to this Vocabulary, refers.
At the remotest antiquity there was one man resi
ding on Oldoinio eibor (white mountain) who was
superior to any human being, and whom the Engai
(heaven, supreme being, god) had placed on the moun
tain. This strange personage, whose beginning and
end is quite mysterious and whose whole appearance
impresses the Wakuafi mind with the idea of a demi
god, is called Neiterkob (or Neiterukob) *). The intelli
gence of this strange person residing on Oldoinio eibor
reached a man named Enjemasi Enauner, who with his
wife Sambu lived on mount Sambu which is situated to
the Southwest of Oldoinio eibor, and is a high mount,
but does not attain at the height of the Oldoinio eibor,
and has no white matter (snow) on its top. Lemasegnot couW not tell me by whom the news of Nei
terkob was conveyed to Enjemasi Enauner. However
be this as it may, Enjemasi went to the white moun
tain with his wife who by the intercession of Nei
terkob got fruitful and gave birth to a number of
children.

*) In behalf of those who are fond of etymologising Proper

Names I may remark that the Arabic word /JlJ
5 / / nitor. pulchritudo.
Sc./
J
or J*^~* wilium, victoria. donnm, may be adduced as explicative
of the term Neiterkob splendor, help or gift of the land (engob).

Neiterkob also taught Enjeraasi Enauner the taming;

of wild cows which he saw in the forest. Thus the
pastoral life and habit was implanted by Neiterkob
into the ancestors of the Wakuafi.

Neiterkop having

at once disappeared on Oldoinio eibor, Enjemasi re

turned to mount Sambu. Whether he left a part of his
family on Oldoinio eibor, my informant could not tell
me, but he positively stated, that the Wakuafi up to
the present day consider the white mountain their pri
mitive home and head-quarter in consequence of Enje
masi having- met there with Neiterkob, who by his
intercession with the Engai procured for him children
and cattle.

He furthermore stated, that the mount

Sambu is now in the possession of the Masai whose

main tribes reside in that direction, stretching to the
eastern frontiers of Uniamesi, whilst the main strength
of the Wakuafi is concentrated around the Oldoinio
eibor in a country called Kaputei, whence these sava
ges proceed to the North, North-East, West and South,
following the course of grassy plains, where there are
rivers, lakes and wells, without which nomadic tribes
cannot exist.
The term Enjemasi Enauner refers, if I can rely
on my informant, to the pointed stick which this person
carried always about him, and with which he made
a hole or deepening into the ground whereever he
touched it.
Regarding Oldoinio eibor it is necessary to re
mark,

that by this term is meant the Kirenia or

iO

Endurkenia , or simply Kenia, as the Wakamba call it

in their respective dialect. Kirenia or Endurkenia is
the term given to the mount by the people of Kikiiyu
in whose territory the mount is situated.

Lemasegnot

expressly distinguished the Oldoinio eibor from the

white mountain in Jagga , i. e. from the Kilimanjaro
which lies in the country of Jagga. He positively stated
that it is not the Kilimanjaro, but the Oldoinio eibor
where the Wakuafi resort to in order to obtain the
intercession of Neiterkob for getting rain, cattle,
health etc. from the Engai.
In describing the habits of the widely scattered
Wakuafi nation I would first allude to its interesting
language which bears strong evidence of its being
related to the Semitic Idiom, at least as far as the
lexicographical part is concerned. A considerable
number of words is without constraint referable to the
Arabic, Ethiopic and even to the Amharic and Hebrew.
Besides the Arabic which is met with in the Kikuafi
language, appears to be of a very primitive kind. Per
haps we have in this language a residue of the Arabic
which the cushitic tribes carried into Africa on their
migrations from the East.

At all events it appears to

me a matter of great note to find that in the terra in

cognita of equatorial Africa we do not meet with a
linguistic idiom entirely new, but rather with one which
must be classified with the Semitic, or more precisely
with the cushitic -semitic family of languages.
If this view should obtain corroboration from

further discoveries, the linguistic map of Africa may

be constructed and divided in this manner. I. Se
mitic-Arabic spoken in northern Africa; II. CushiticArabic spoken in Abessinia and the equatorial regions;
III. Jfigro - Cushitic linguages in Western Africa ;
IV. Orphno-Cushitic languages spoken by the brown
nations scattered, from the sources of the white river
down to the Cape of good Hope *).
The Loikob or Wakuali are a set of tall and
athletic people of engaging features - hence slaves,
especially females are greatly liked by the Suahilis
and Arabs. They resemble in a high degree the Somali
on the East -African coast North from the Equator.
When Merduti (or Lemasegnot) stayed on the Somalicoast of Barawa and Marka some years ago, he was
always considered by the Somali as one of their own
nation, until they found that he could not speak their
language.
The habits of the Wakuafi are pastoral and No
madic. They entertain such an aversion to agriculture,
that even Wakuafi slaves cannot be induced by the
Suahili on the coast, to take the hoe and till the ground.
Lemasegnot himself boasted of having defied his Master
at Mombas, who in the beginning endeavoured to
inure him to agricultural habits.

The slave declared,

*)'What the Author lias called Nilotic Languages" in his Voca

bulary of 6 East- African Languages, he now terms Orphno-Cushitic
stock of Languages spoken by the brown euuiplexioned tribes of all
South - Africa.

12

that he would perform all other business, but never

work in a plantation with a hoe in his hand, that he
would rather die than yield this point.

The Master

was compelled to give way, and since then employed

him in domestic business and in trading to the Wanika
country. The same I was told with respect to other
Wakuafi slaves. They are faithful and attached to their
masters, but these must not demand from them labours,
to which they have not been inured from their child
hood.

If they do , the choleric and haughty nature of

the Wakuafi will vent itself in a fierce manner, pride,

anger, and contempt of all other nations being charac
teristics of the Wakuafi. What, say they, have the Suahilis, Wakamba, Wasambara, Wajagga (and all other
nations they know) but trouble in getting their food
by digging the ground or by trading with elephants'
tusks which they cannot eat-whereas we Loikob have
our food always at hand. Our cows give us milk and
butter, and from our bullocks, sheep and goats we
supply ourselves with meat in abundance, whilst we
have little trouble in keeping them, but may pass away
our time in talking, eating, hunting and in warlike ex
peditions. In the vicinity of such agricultural tribes
with which the Wakuafi are on friendly terms (exg.
near Usambara and Kikuyu), they are acquainted with
millet, turkish corn, bananas etc., but only the women
and children do enjoy these delicates whilst the warfaring people utterly reject them on the plea, that their
bowels cannot bear these dainty bits, and that in ge

13

neral their bodies are weakened by this miserable kind

of food. To fowls and fish they are as averse as the
Galla, Wakamba and Wateita *). Nor do they eat the
meat of the buffalo, elephant, rhinoceros and in general
of game, being content with the meat of cattle of which
they have an abundance. When being in want of it
themselves, they fetch it by force from the Galla or
from other neighbouring tribes under the specious pre
text, that no other nation should be possessed of cattle,
as this by Neiterukob had been given to the Wakuafi alone.
Residing in open plains of large extent, and being
compelled by their flocks (the only subsistence of their
life), to maintain their ground against all other nations,
the Wakuafi are forced into a warlike spirit and life,
which keeps them in constant readiness for defence
and attack.

Only by keeping the agricultural tribes

and all other nations (which are more or less inha

biting mountains and elevated country) in awe of their
name, the Wakuafi can secure their existence. Hence
they live together in large towns , in which every fa
mily has its separate hamlet with an adjoining field used
as a pasture -ground.
The avenues to the centre of their towns are pre
cluded by an inclosure of thorns and by pits dug for

*) Many Wakamba and Wateita eat fowls , but never fish , this
being considered a kind of serpent. The Galla consider fowl as a
kind of vulture and hence reject its meat.

14

the purpose of keeping off wild beasts and human

enemies. The el-morfin, or young men of between 20
and 25 years of age are constantly on the look-out,
and ready for attack.

They form a kind of standing

army, and constitute the main strength of the Kikuafi

Republicks. A part of them guards the grazing cattle,
whilst an other portion protects the women, children
and aged persons who stay at home. An other division
roves about in the woods in quest of game, or serves
as outpost and invading force. At the helm of the
Republic are the Elkijaro or Elkimirisho, the aged men
who control and guide the ElmorSn particulary by the
instrumentality of the Oleibon or the chief sorcerer who
plans war or peace. He must be a man distinguished
by wisdom, eloquence, and wealth, but especially by the
faculty of divination practised with looking into the en
trails of cattle and with cooking certain roots. He is
the olkibroni or chief, but his dignity is not hereditary,
unless his son be distinguished by bravery and all the
other virtues which were conspicuous in his father's
career. The Oleibon is also the physician who boils
roots for the sick. There are many Leibonok, but he
who surpasses all of them, is the Olkibroni. In point of
age the Wakuafi observe the following gradation.
1) Engera little children
2) Leiok boys
3) Elmoran or elkeiteau from 17 to 20 or 25 years
af age. These have not yet married wives, nor
obtained cattle of their own. They remain still

15

at their fathers house, and are the warriors of

their nation.
4) Ekieko, who marry and have cattle of their own.
5) Esabuki older than the Ekieko.
6) The Elkijaro or Elkimirisho, the aged persons
who carry no other weapons about them, but
sticks or bows -whereas the younger persons
despise the bow, and carry the spear, the long
shield and the club which they throw at con
siderable distance with great effect.
The spear is only used for attack. Behind the
shield they hide themselves until they have approached
the enemy enough in order to carry the point with the
spear. It is this long shield of which the Wakamba and
others are so much afraid-because their arrows are of
little use against the shielded Wakuafi, who also stand
in no great fear of the muskets of the Suahili.

The

Wakuafi throw, themselves upon the ground, until the

musketeers have wasted their balls and powder, when
they rise and attack them with their spears. In war
they do not yield until the battle is decidedly won or
lost. They fight for several days, regardless of food
and rest. On this account the agricultural tribes seldom
venture to meet them in an open and pitched battle. If
Lemasegnot be correct in his report, it would seem
that the Wakuafi do not emasculate their enemies, as
the Galla and others do after having killed their adver
saries. They give no quarter except to very little chil
dren and women whom they enslave. Their own dead

16

they do not bury neither on the battle field, nor at

home, but they throw them into the field and cover
them with grass, wood and stones.

Their houses or

huts they cover with skins and (before the rainy-season

sets in) with mud mixed up with cows-dung, which is
laid over a flat roof of sticks. After four or five months
they leave their town and emigrate to an other quar
ter, where they find grass and water, carrying their
utensils on the back of donkeys which are numerous
and large. The Wakuafi do not use their asses for
riding but only for carrying loads of wood, ivory etc.
it being a disgrace to an Mkuafi to carry a load on
his back or head.

Only women and poor people are

wont to carry loads. It is also on this account why they

despise the Suahilis and other tribes whose males
carry loads. They construct a kind of bedstead (senda)
from sticks on which, having put it on the donkeys
back, they lay the load or their children etc.
Females are given in marriage when full grown
and marriageable. All women cover their breasts and
body with a coat of leather reaching down the knees.
The Wakuafi marry many females, and obtain fretmently
4 or 6 children from one wife. Every wife has her
own number of cattle, which she or her children have
to guard, and upon which she lives, this is to say,
she gets the legs, neck and head of the slaugthered
animal, whereas the best portions are to be handed
over to the males. The bride is bought from her father
for a number of cattle , presented by the bridegroom.

17

The cattle of every family has its peculiar marks and

figures by which it is distinguished among the herds of
the whole tribe. These marks are often very curiously
devised, and we may ask, why the Wakuafi did not go
a step further in inventing an alphabet of their own?
But alas! they stayed half way. Cow-eating did not
induce them to go beyond cow-writing.

A sad in

stance of human folly and blindness. However they

have at least a name with which the art of writing can
be expressed. When the Muhamedan Suahili is writing
on paper before the Wakuafi, they will say es?r,"
i. e. he makes marks.
In respect to the religious ideas of the Wakuafi
it would seem that they do not go beyond the faint
notion of a Supreme Being which they call Engai,
which properly means heaven." The Engai is in
duced by the Neiterukob to grant or refuse the requests
of man. Neiterukob is the mediator between god and
men, just as the koma or shade of a deceased man in
the notion of the Wanika is the intercessor with the
Mulungu, heaven" or Supreme Being." Wherefore
the Wakuafi always address first the Neiterukob, and
through him the Engai. This is a curious circum
stance and an important one.

It is important, as it

shows the superiority of the Kikuafi mind over the

other East -African tribes which admit a plurality of
mediators with the Mulungu, whilst the Wakuafi have
only one Being as their go-between in regard to god
and men.
2

18

It is important because it may throw some light

upon the religious ideas of the ancient Cushites for
it cannot be supposed, that the Wakuafi received this
idea after the Christian or Muhamedan era. It must
be traced to the remotest antiquity. To Neiterukob the
prayer for rain, bullocks and health etc. is addressed,
under the promise that if the Engai fulfilles the prayer,
the petitioner will slaughter a bullock and distribute the
meat among the people.
The idea of evil spirits seems not to have great
hold of the Kikuafi mind, but I rather suppose, that
my informant was too young, when he left his country,
as to be able to give information on this subject. As
prognostication and magic is practised by the Oleibon,
it is not probable, that the belief in evil spirits should
be wanting. Besides the dread of evil spirits is in
separable from man in his fallen nature hence we find
it with all East-African nations. It is the irremovable
attendant of man's bad conscience as long as he is
not reconciled but estranged and set at variance with
the living god.
The Wakuafi bury their dead without a funeral
lamentation, and without the dancing and drumming
which is so common among the agricultural tribes. In
general the Wakuafi do not seem to be fond of music,
having no drums nor other musical instruments, the
warhorn which calls them to battle , being the only
instrument they seem to possess in this respect. Also
in cases of sickness they do not use drums for the

19

expulsion of the evil spirit a custom to which most

of the other tribes are exceedingly attached.
The aged people are respected by the younger
generation, and it is customary, that the young ones
do rise before an old man. Totona papa sit down
o' father," they use to say to him, whereupon he
replies endot5n endai" sit you also down.
The Wakuafi have no festival, or great day, as
for instance is the case with the Wanika on the coast
who rest from agricultural labour every fourth day.
The Wakuafi make no distinction of days. If this be
true, we may account for it by considering their
pastoral and nomadic life and habits.

They have no

hard business to perform, and consequently they do

not feel the necessity of resting from labour at a stated
period. However this and other matters require per
sonal observation during a long stay among them.
The Wakuafi are all circumcised but very late in boy
hood, and the operation is not performed so skilfully
as with the Suahilis and other tribes of eastern
Africa.
Toward beggars, strangers, blind or otherwise
suffering people of their own, they evince much kind
ness by inviting them to participate of their milk and
meat.

Blind people who have no friends, are led

forward by means of sticks they hold in their hands.

But towards an Olmagnati, i. e. a stranger of an other
tribe who does not understand their language, they
are suspicious and ready for attack, until they know
2*

the reason of his coming. The Suahili Carawans there

fore on their approaching a Kikuafi town must act
with great caution. They must endeavour to persuade
a woman, or any other person in the woods, to proceed
to the elders and inform them of their arrival and
of their request for trade. The elders having been
apprised come out of town, to greet the traders. This
done they elders go and fetch a bullock as a pre
sent, which implies the sign of the permission for
trade being granted to the strangers.
The Wakuafi do neither buy nor sell slaves, but
they employ poor people who have no cattle and no
friends and relations of their own. These men are
then placed in a subordinate condition, as they must
carry loads and perform other business which a free
and independent Mkuafi will never do. In such a
state of subordination and servitude are the Wandurobo and Elkonono, who appear to be the fragments
of former tribes which probably were annihilated by
the Wakuafi or some other superior- powers. The
Wakuafi call them in their own language Eldorobo
(sing. Oldorobui), which term the Suahilis changed
into Wandurobo and the Wakamba into Andulobo (the
Robo people). The term is very likely identical with
the Arabic el-madarubu, one who is beaten, conquered
or subjected. It has no doubt the same meaning as
the Kisuahili word Washinsiu homines victi, subjecti; for instance the Suahili say, the Wanika are
the Washinsi of Mombas, or the Wasegua are the

Washinsi wa Usambara; the people of India are the

Washinsi wa Wasungu (of the Europeans).
The Elkonono are the blacksmiths of the Wa
kuafi their business is to make spears, swords, kni
ves etc. for the Wakuafi, whilst the Wandurobo must
hunt elephants,

and deliver up the ivory to their

Wakuafi masters. The Ariangulo and Dahalo are in

the same subordinate position to the Galla on the coast
of Malindi. The Elkonono and Wandurobo are poor
people eating any thing they may obtain; they eat the
meat of the elephant and of all other game. They cover
their huts with dry grass, not with skins as the Wa
kuafi do, who therefore boast of their own superior
houses. These poor people speak the language of the
Wakuafi, but it appears, they have also a language
of their own the knowledge of which would undoub
tedly enrich the treasury of African philology.
Lions, elephants, buffaloes, rhinocerosses. leo
pards, giraffes, jackals, zebras, monkeys, hyenas, hogs,
crocodiles, hippopotamuses, ginea-fowels. and various
kinds of antilopes are the principal subjects of game
in the Wakuafi country.
That the Wakuafi in hunting take the lion, buf
falo and rhinoceros at the tail, whilst a party stabs
the beast with their lances, is no doubt an exagge
ration of Lemasegnot, who is not free from extolling
his nation on all occasions, diminishing their vices and
exaggerating their virtues. If we may believe him,
the wild horse seems also to exist in the Wakuafi

22

country. Lemasegnot described it as large as the arabic

horses he had seen at Sansibar. Its hair is of a reddish
colour the neck and face is black. The animal neighs
exactly like a horse, and wallows in the sand to wash
itself, as Lemasegnot expressed himself.

It runs exe-

ceedingly quick, and it is fond of open places, but not

of thick woods.
Whether it is correct, what he mentioned with
regard to thirsty Wakuafi who put themselves under
the udder of a cow and milk her paps into their mouth,
I shall not attempt to believe nor to reject. I mention
only what the African tells me as Herodotus, the
father of history would express himself.
The Wakuafi are fond of honey-water which they
set in fermentation for about 10 days.

It is called

olmarua, which forcibly reminds me of the Amharic

word mar, honey, which the christian Abessinians as
well as the Abessinian Galla mix up with water and
a bitter plant, in order to prepare the strong hydromel
of which Ihey are so passionately fond. But it appears
the Olmarua of the Wakuafi does not match the
Abessinian

Tadj

in point

of intoxicating

power.

This is probably owing to the want of the bitter

plant gesho which makes this beverage so strong in
Abessinia.
The Wakuafi get their honey chiefly from pits
which are dug by hogs into the hills made by the
thermites. After the hog has left the pit, the bees enter
into it to the pleasure of the Wakuafi who will fetch

23

in due time (he sweet treasure deposited by the assi

duous insect. The Wakuafi mix up the honey with
milk, or enjoy it together with meat, which they
know to prepare in a variety of ways. Butter and
ghee they use more for salving their body than for
food.

In melting they put in it an odoriferous shrub

which gives it a smell more agreable to their taste.

To the nutritious fare of milk, meat and honey etc.
the Wakuafi ascribe the tallness and strength which
distinguishes the bodily frame of their nation.
Calabashes, leather - bags, pots and baskets are
the principal utensils found in a Kikuafi cottage all
which things are carried away by asses when the
people emigrate to an other quarter where they con
struct an enganassa, i. e. a town.

For the purpose

of pounding tobacco and other things, they tie a skin

together like an open bag, and in this leather-mortar,
as it were, they stamp with a piece of wood any
thing they wish to reduce to powder.

Their snuff

boxes they prepare from the stone of the Mkoma-fruit,

the kernel of which is taken out with great care. To
the skins with which they cover their body they give
a red calour by the application of the bark of a tree
which is boiled. From the bark of an other tree they
procure a yellow colour.
Earthquakes are not seldom in the Wakuafi co
untry (engob eikirikiro the earth trembles).

Like the

Suahilis, they ascribe the cause of an earthquake to

a cow, supporting the earth, turning now and then

24

her horns and striking the earth so that it trembles.

This belief is no doubt of Indian origin.
The Wakuafi take great offence at the Suahilis
turning their backside toward heaven by bowing their
forheads to the ground in prayer. Why do you, say
they, turn your backside toward god?

Lashumban

ejiihllon, i. e. the Wadzumba or Suahili bow down, to

show god their backside. Furthermore they are offended
at the Muhamedans, great aversion to dogs of which
the Wakuafi are very fond.

When the Wakuafi see

a book, they take it for esetan or witchcraft, and

would burn it instantly, unless some explanation of
the matter were given by the Suahili Muhamedan
traders.
The Wakuafi have from their intercourse with
the Suahili got into the habit of manifesting a great
desire for white and blue beads, brasswire and clo
thes, for which they exchange their ivory. The Sua
hilis go to the Wakuafi and Masai -country in large
carawans of 500600 armed men. Nothwithstandig
their muskets, they have often been destroyed by the
Wakuafi or Masai. The latter reside to the South
and Southwest of the Wakuafi they are their rela
tions in language and habits but generally they are
on hostile terms with each other to the advantage of
the other East- African tribes.
What an immense quantity of wool and cotton
might be produced in this extended territory, and how
easily might these and other articles be transported

25

in the level plains, where in lieu of human shoul

ders camels, donkeys, bullocks and waggons might,
be used in carrying merchandise. There is no
doubt, the Wakuafi and Masai country could pro
vide more than half England with wool and cot
ton, if the proper kind of sheep and of cotton were
introduced. The Wakuafi in slaughtering an animal
cut the neck from above not from below, which they
consider disgraceful in the habit of the Suahili, who
must do it out of the sight of the Wakuafi. The Wakuafi
sleep on bedsteads made with a stratum of sticks over
which they put a skin.

This is also the Kikamba and

Kinika fashion.
Lemasegnot mentioned in addition to the moun
tains Oldoinio eibor and Sambu, a mountain called
Oldoinio erobi, which means a cold and whet moun
tain." It lies to the Southwest of Jagga. At some
distance from this mountain there is a place, which
the Wakuafi do not pass without sandals of leather
for there is the esseret, or lime-stone which wounds
the feed.

At the rainy season the esseret is dis

solved, and smoke rises to the sky from that region.

The Wakuafi use the lime for making while figures
on their shields. Lemasegnot remembered still the
place where his mother carried him on her back on
the return -route from Oldoinio eibor to Barrabuyu.
Further to the East of the lime-region is a tree-less
sandy plain of several hours in extent, where a saltcrust is found on the surface of the sand, and where

26

the Wakuafi likewise put on their sandals.

There

they collect the salt they use in their meals. At the

rainy season the plain is full of water and no salt is
obtained- hence it must be collected at the dry sea
son, when the salt-crust is met with everywhere, and
when it revives very soon at the place where the
salt has been taken off. The buffaloes and other ani
mals which lick the salt are fond of this plain.

At

some distance from the Oldoinio erdbi is found the

olltaria or ruddle which the Wakuafi use for making
figures on their shields in addition to the white marks
made with the esseret.
What kind of mineral may be the Olkabate and
Embordi of which my informant made mention, 1 cannot
tell. He stated, that on the foot of a mountain (the
name of which he had forgotten) at the rainy season
was found some very white, glittering, but heavy
matter which the Wakuafi call Olkabate, and which
they polish by rubbing it on a stone, as the matter
is very hard , and its rough excrescences or edges
cannot be cut off with a knife. When polished, it is
appended to the neck and worn as a favourite orna
ment.

Toward evening it causes coldness to the body,

hence they put it aside. In sunshine it produces heat.

It is as big as a dollar.
The Emboroi is a transparent matter of very red
colour; it is hard and heavy and is picked up on the
foot of a mountain. Whether this is carnelian, I can
not say.

27

The olkisheremboa, oJgisholei and oljobolisho are

fruits growing in the woods. The Wakuafi eat them.
What may be their botanical names, I cannot tell.
The olemuran is an odoriferous shrub.
The Wakuafi have a kind of sheep with very
long horns. This kind of sheep is called olmeregesh.
They have also bullocks with very long horns. But
generally their cows are of the humped species.
Children born with natural deformities are not
strangled and destroyed (as the Wanika use to do)
but are suffered to live as long as the Engai grants
them their existence.

The Wakuafi only say, that if

there be wickedness in them, they should perish them

selves, if there be none, they should prolong their
life -time.
When an accused Mkuafi is to take an oath (miirnske) the Oleibon boils some roots which he mixes
with meat and puts into the mouth of the oath-taking
person. In case of guiltiness the meat will in the
Wakuafi opinion, stick to man's throat and move neither
backward nor forward, so that he must die.
Lastly, I may add to this account. some reports
which I have gathered from Suahili traders who tra
velled to the Interior of the Wakuafi country in quest
of ivory.

In 1852 on my voyage from Zanzibar to

thePangani river I had two Suahilis on board, who were

on the point of joining a carawan which was to pro
ceed to the Wakuafi country. One of those men related,
that he had been twice in the Wakuafi country, that

the traders sometimes stay 8 or 10, yea 18 months

in the country.

They start in November from the

Pangani-coast whence they proceed to the East and

then to the Northwest of Usambara, Daluni, Mbaramo,
thence to Pare, Arusha, Dogo and Mageioni, at which
latter place the carawan is devided.

A party takes

a more South -Western route, whilst an other party

starts to North, North-West and North-East. The party
going in a South- Western direction from Mageioni
proceeds to Kisongo, Eti, Ngaruka, Nierobi, Ngoroddo,
Malambo, Saleki, Mtemmi, Ndasekera, Lagnadakiri,
Masimani, Sero, Ngoroini, Nderserreani, Kidiaweni,
Ukonono, at which place the traders stop and erect
a kind of fortified camp, within which they reside
until they have obtained the amount of ivory which
they intend to carry to the coast. Ukonono lies near
to the tribe Mau, which inhabits an immense forest in
which elephants abound. The Wamau people are Wandurobo whose duty is to hunt elephants for the Masai
and Wakuafi.

The Wamau bring the ivory into the

Suahili camp at Ukonono.

The party which starts at

Mageioni in a northern direction, goes to Sigrari,

Doinio erok (black mountain) Matumbatu, Gelai, a
mountain where there is a lake called WasignTru from
which rises a river called Ngarregn ru (red water
from the red soil of its channel), which flows through
the wooded country of the Wamau, where many other
rivers arise, running to the North.

From the lake

WasignTru the traders proceed to Mosiro, Soloita.

29

after which they arrive on the great lake Neiwasha

(or Lewasha), which, my informant told me, is only
3 days' journey from Kikiiyu, where the Masai buy
their tobacco, as they do not cultivate it themselves.
The traders reach the Neiwasha in two months *) after
leaving the coast. The lake has salt-water, but there
is sweet water to the left, i. e. to the West, where
there is the country of the Wamau, which the traders

*) A journey of two months is equal to a distance of 240 hours.

But in the Latitude ofMomhas the Natives perform in 10 or 12 days
a journey which would in other quarters require the time of one
month. The reason is hecause the want of food and water, and the
constant apprehension from lurking enemies urges the travellers to
march with all speed. Mr. Cooley in his pamphlet Inner-Africa laid
open" is entirely mistaken if he thinks the Missionaries travelling
distance to be only 12 or 16 english miles per day. In general, the
learned geographer's views and arguments brought forward against
the Missionaries are extremely weak and unsatisfactory and make
the impression upon my mind , that the knowledge of African geo
graphy is to emanate from the study -room rather than from the re
ports of travellers having been on the spot. The Missionaries asper
sed by Mr. Cooley think it improper and have no time to quarrel
with theorists a priori. They can wait until subsequent travellers a
posteriori will verify their statements. It the mean time the Missio
naries have the satisfaction to find that the geographical Society at
Paris has acknowledged their discoveries by sending them the great
silver - medal , which the Missionaries do value not so much on its
own account, but because it testifies to the importance of their dis
coveries as well as to their truthful character attacked by Mr. Coo
ley, who however has long ago received a very able, impartial and
dispassionate reply from the Editor of the Church-Missionary Intelli
gencer (1852), who generally inserts the Missionaries journals to his
valuable paper.


reach on both routes.

30

On the North-East of the lake

is a mountainous country of 6 days' journey in extent.

In the vicinity of the Neiwasha are hot pits, in which
meat may be boiled in a few minutes, but the meat
cannot be eaten on account of the bitter smell which
is produced by the Magaddi, a bitter kind of soil which
is at the bottom of the pits. There rises much smoke
from the pits especially in the morning and evening.
The smoke causes giddiness of the head.

There are

stones resembling broken bottles. Also flints are

found in abundance. To the North-East of the Nei
washa are the tribes Sukku, Sodeki, Walumbua, Nganassa, Ndoizo, Lekipia, whence there is a journey of
24 days to Barawa on the Somali - coast.

To the

West of the lake are the tribes Kamrita, Lodek, Logosowa, Kirotto, Mariti, Kalkures in the vicinity of
Uniamesi.

The people of Logosowa wear the skins

of serpents as ornaments around their necks.

These

are agricultural tribes. Near the Walumbua are the

Arramkani, Nandi, Kafirondo, Guasingishu, Njamossi.
The principal seat of the Masai is the country Serengeddi near Kamritta and Ngoroini, whence you go to
Uniamesi. The Masai and Wakuafi language is spoken
all over this vast tract of countries.
To this account I may add an other received
lately from a native of the island of Wasin, who had
been at Kikuyu and in many parts of the Masai and
Wakuafi country.

He stated, that the lake Neiwasha

was quite different and distant from the lake in Unia

31

mesi, which lake he called Maniara. The Neiwasha is 5

or 6 days from Kikuyu.

The Wakuafi residing in

that quarter are the tribes Modoni, Tigerei, Kiwia,

Koppe Koppe, Elburgineji.

The lake has salt-water

which causes looseness of the bowels. There is neither

grass, nor wood around the lake, but barren sand.
The lake extends to Habeshi (Abessinia).

To the

East of the lake is the fire-mountain Mosiro. At day

time only smoke is seen, but fire is issued at night.
The mountain is not very high. There are two other
mountains called Kikoka and Muge. These mountains
are not so high as the Oldoinio eibor.
Derendingen in Wfirtemberg in February 1854.

L. Krapf.

NB. The student would do well if he would first look over the
grammatical remarks appended to the Vocabulary. I may further
observe, that I did not carry the comparisons with the Arabic etc.
through the whole Alphabet, but only through a few letters. I trust,
oriental scholars ex professo will not Be displeased at this proceeding,
as I would not by my own exertions encroach too much and too
rashly upon their own judgment and diligence of research.

Abide, v. n. = to sit, dwell ton; nanu aton I abide or sit;

ie iton thou abidest; elle eton he abides; iok kiton we
abide; endai kiton you abide; kullo eton they abide;
nanu maton I do not abide. Imperat. totona abide thou,
plur. end&lon abide ye; miton do not abide, plur. endai
mitonini do ye not abide. Preterit nanu atotona I
abode; nanu ituaton I did not abide. Cfr. arab. \Xi substitit, commoratus fuit, habitavit; Hebr. Njri. Kajeti olashumbai eton where abides the Suahili-man? resp. elle
eton olmaniara he abides in town.
Able, to be able = can, v. dim; nanu aidim I am able, I can;
maidim I cannot. Pret. nanu aidima I was able, I could.
Cfr. arab. JSic magni momenti fuit. Elle eidim eitobir
kunna toki he is able to do this matter or business.
Abound, v. n. bore, exg. engarre ebor6 the water abounds.
Cfr. arab.^j IV. superior fuit, or

vicit aliquem, ex-

celluit.
3

34

Above, prep. keber; exg. keber oldoim'o above or on the

mountain; keber aji above or on the house. Keber oljanni
above or on the tree. Cfr.^/iexcessit, magnus fuit;jjp
magnitudo, major potiorque pars.
of = above.

Hence elevation

Abroad, adv. aulo; exg. eshomo aulo he went abroad lit. out
5 /
side of town where there is open field. Cfr. arab. ^c.
Abyss,
superior
s. engumoddo,
pars.
pl. cngumoddon; eti engumoddo enne
there is an abyss here.
Accept, v. a. ea; nanu ai6a or aya I accept or take ie iea thou
acceptest; elle eea he accepts. Imperat. iawa accept
thou (or engo). Preterit. aiewa (or aiawa) I accepted;
elle eewa (or eawa) emseitani he accepted the (blue)
beads. Pass. eawaki he was accepted. Cfr. arab.
mansionem capere, hospitio excipere.
Accomplish, v. a. = perform, do, act; tobir; nanu aitobir I
accomplish; exg. nanu aitobir kunna tokitin I accomplish
these matters or works. Imp. endobira accomplish thou,
pl. endobtran endai; endobira entokitinono accomplish
thy works. Pret. aitobira I accomplished. Cfr. arab.
rfja disposuit in ordinem. But it may be more adequate,
J'
iii
to compare^jo sectatus fuit, disposuit, instituit, rexit.
The stronger dental sound t is frequently changed into
the more soft d, as in other languages.
Account, v. a. = reckon, number, ken; aiken I account or
count; Imp. engenna count thou; Pret. aikenna I accounted. Cfr. arab. 6./ perscrutatus fuit, perquisivit; cfr.
Ethiop. kanana to be even, level.

38

According,
enna according
prep. kamtoO'ke);
this, like
cfr.this.
arab. L5^sicuti, prout; kam

Accurately,
or
endokitinang
well. adv.
Subad
=
osubadeia;
or
exactly,
subba hemeans
well.
made
osubadeia,
good,
our works
fine."
exg.
accurately
Cfr.
eitobira
arab.

/ //
./ / /
Ioa*5 firmiter tenuit, or OoA comedendum dedit cremorem Iactis OoJ\ cremor lactis. Cfr. also the Ethiop. sabeha, amharic saba, pinguis fuit.
Acquaint, v. a. = tell, hki; allki I tell him acquaint him with.
Imp. toliki exg. toliki olmoruo tell or acquaint the man.
Pret. atolikio or atolikie I told him. Pass. tolikioki exg.
ollomon etolikioki the word was told. Miliki do not tell,
acquaint him. Cfr. Ethiopic laaka and Amharic laka to
send, pass. talaka to be sent, Ethiop. to minister, to serve,
convey message.
Act, s. action, s. = work, endoki, pl. endokitin; endokiai my
Act, v.
act,
a., work.
vid. accomplish, v. a. tobir; aitobir I act, maitobir I
Acute,doadj.
not einiaa
act. or eiruwa, lit. it is burning; engima eiriiwa

the (ire is acute, burning. Cfr. 3 movit se vel ultro

citroque commotus fuit de vaporibus in desertis meridiei
tempore apparentibus. Cfr. also
restinctus fuit
Add, ardor
v. a. pon;
sitis. apon I add; Imp. toponn; Pret. atopona I have
Adulterate,
added. v. = commit adultery, etuburoie endangile, lit. he
stole a wife (cfr. rob, v. a.).
Advantageous, adj. sidei, lit. it is good; eisho endoki sidei he
gave him something advantageous, lit. something which
3*

is good.

36
/ /
5x /
Cfr. arab. Ojj auctus fuit; Ouf^ res acces-

soria, augmentum.
Adversary, s. olmagnati, pl. elmagnati; lit. a stranger, or one
who is not of the same tribe or nation. Such an one is
an enemy in the sight of the Wakuafi who forthwith are
about to destroy him. Perhaps the word refers to the
Arabic ^jS^c clypeus, scutum, from
texit. Cfr.
Hebr. ]va shield. The long and large shield is one of the
chief weapons of the Wakuafi. Consequently if they
descry a shielded stranger, they cannot but suppose that
he must have entered their country in a hostile intention,
and therefore they will attack him instantly, unless his
peaceable sentiments have previously become manifest
in any way, and in due time. The Wakuafi say, why
does the stranger come to us with his weapons, if ho be
not actuated by a hostile disposition and purpose? He
does not require them, if he be our friend but appea
ring with his shield and other weapons he must be our
enemy at heart he is an olmagnati.
Adverse, adj. to be ; ar; nanu ar, lit. I beat, hence I oppose,
contest, I am adverse; mayau nar nol dugnani I desire
not to be adverse to, or to contest with the man; etarate
they are adverse to each other. Cfr. jc malum intulit
alicui, and

exarsit ira, aestuavit.

Advise, v. a. aisho ollomon or olbai lit. I give him word, i. e.

counsel.
Affirm, v. a. aitobir naleng lit. I make it wholly, truly, i. e. I
verify it.
Afraid, to be ure; nanu aure I am afraid; ie mre thou art
afraid; elle eure he is ; kiure we are aurisho I am

37

constantly afraid, I am of a timid habit. Cfr. Hebr. "nj;

Arab.

timidus, pavidus fuit.

After, conj. This conj. is expressed by circumlocution, exg.

papa eshomo, engerai nerignio lit. the father went, and
the boy returned, i. e. after the father was gone, the boy
returned; etutumo engishu egniena, nello Oldoinio eibor,
lit. he received his cows, and went to the white moun
tain, i. e. having received his cows he went etc.; nello
pro na ello and he went Qia and, ello went).
Afterwards, adv. pei; exg. enno pei lotu go, afterwards come;
Against,
cnno,to pei
be embugn
masham,
go, lit.
afterward
I dislike,seize
I amit.against it; sham
to love, like.
Agree, v. a. sham, lit. to love; asham I like, I agree to it; atashama I agreed. Imp. lashama, pl. endasham. To agree
together, to harmonize is expressed by the word shiale.
In regard to sham cfr. Arab.

Hebr.

Ethiop.

samea, Amharic samma to hear, listen, obey, understand.

But it is perhaps more suitable to refer to the Arab.
jjb
eum olfecit,
esset, etodoratu
ad cumexploravit
propius accessit.
et observavit quid penes

Air, s. engijabbe, pl. engijabben lit. wind.

Alarm,
beats
loud
s. engiituk
or
voice.
makes
kitok,
Cfr.
alarm;
lit.
Hebr.
great
eilebbelep
tnb
voice,
to he
cry;
cry,causes
edar
roar engutuk
arlarm
hence
by
he

Tab lion.
All, adj. poki; eldugnagnak poki eyollo all men know it; enAlmighty,
gera poki
adj. etuata
Engai oreidim
etuatan
enddkitin
all children
poki,died.
lit. god can, is

mighty over all things.

38

Alone, adj. obeng; nanu allo obeng I wenl alone; ie illo obeng
thou ; elle ello obeng he went alone; iok kipo obeng
we went alone; kuldo epo obeng they ; obeng alone;
oldbeng possessor.
Although, conj. pe; peyau enanga, nanu maisho although he
demands a cloth, I shall not give it to him; peyau pro pe
eyau (_yaa to demand). Pelotu (pro pe elotu) tala,
maisho engajiai, although he comes now, I shall not give
him my house.
Altogether, adv. poki tanabo weji.
Always, adv. 1) engollong poki, lit. every sun = every day;
oldugnagni elotu engangnang engollong poki the man
comes to our town every day = always; engang small
town, olmaniara large town; enganassa a large cattletown of temporary moment; 2) anakc, elotu anake he
comes always.
Am, v. I am ara; thou art ira; he is era; wc are kira; they are
era; ira nto ie, or ainio ira ie what art thou? what coun
tryman art thou? ainio irara endai? what are you? nanu
ara Oloikobani I am an Mkuafi; nanu kira Loikob we are
Wakuafi; kuldo- era Lashumban they are Suahilis.
Amend, v. a. tobir osubadeia to make well (vid. accomplish).
Ancients,
whichword
The
s. are
eldugnagnak
endarasin
origin or endarasin,
isbeginning
formed lit.
oforenda
people
from(that)
the
thatbeginning.
and
origin
rasm
==

origin. Cfr. Hebr. 5en and Arab.

Animal, s. oljangnito, pl. eljangnit; eljangnit lendim the ani

mals of the forest; endim forest, la or Ie of (pro la
endim).
Angry, adj. to be goro; agord I am angry; etagorre he was
angry. Cfr. Amharic kora to scorn. In Kinika koro

39

anger; kitagorote we were angry at eacli other; eldugnagnak etagoreshe nanu the people provoked me.
Announce, v. a. vid. acquaint v. a.
Anoint, v. a. pik, lit. to put into; nanu apik elata osessin-lai I
put butter into my body, i. e. I anoint my body. Imperat.
tipika. Cfr. Hebr. pn^, Arab. oaO firmiter ceu visco
adhaerere fecit. Cfr. also iJLjis texit, operuit, imposuit
rem rei. Amharic tabaka to lay close to the body.
Annually, adv. kil ari or tolik ari; olari, pl. elarin year, lit.
heat. Exg. peim olari, esha engai, when the heat passes
off, heaven will give or make rain. Cfr. J accendit
;>
5 i
v
solis, auster,
inflammavit,
flamma. Hebr.
henceIts.
Jy aestus, ardor ignis,

Answer,
Ianswered
return,
v. a. atorignio
rignio
him, lit.
ollomon
I retumed
returned
or olbai
word
nanuto alorignioko
to
return
him. word;
ollomon
arignioI

Anus, s. olkurum, pl. elkurum (or oldulli, pl. eldulli). Cfr.

r9/J
titur Golius
caput 2026.
ossis femoris quo id in acetabulo coxae verAppoint, v. a. = to place, shum; ashum I place; atiishuma I
placed; cfr. Hebr. WO or D"1^ constituit, arab. pL*, im
posuit; Ethiop. saema, amharic shoma.
Approach, v. a. gniku; agniku I approach; ategnikua or ategnikaka I approached.

Cfr. arab. So amovit celeriter,

festinare jussit.
Arm, s. = hand engeina, pl. engeinak or engeik pit engiti kiti.
Arrive, v. a. beiki or beiti, lit. reach; abeiki I reach, arrive;
atabeikia olmaniarra I reached the town; cfr. jb in

gressus fuit; Ov Per noctem facf> noctu invasit, facil

ut pernoctet vel commoretur.
Arrow, s. emborowei, pl. emborowan.

Cfr. (_j j asciando

aplavit; dolavit sagittas. Mj} assula, pars decidua ligni,

asciati vel praesecti.
Artist, s. olkononi, pl. elkononok. This term implies the name
of a tribe subjected to the Wakuafi. The elkonono or
elkononok are to supply the Wakuafi with their imple
ments of war. They are the blacksmiths of the Wakuafi.
In like manner the Wandurobo tribes are in a state of
dependency from the Wakuafi (vid. Preface). Sing.
oldorobui, pl. eldorobo. Cfr. Arab. ^jrO
5 s / 3 malis subs y c
actus victus, obsequens. Cfr. also ij^jcw percussus,
verberatus.
As, conj. kam; large as this kitok kam elle. Arab. L*5"'sicut.
//
Ascend, v. a. nanu ailebaka?
Ashamed, to be lukurue; oloikambai etukiirue the Mkamba
felt ashamed; etukuruate. Cfr. Arab. ^Js contudit caput
fuste; fricuit dentes prae poenitentia; rediit ad id quod
justum esset.
Ashes, s. enguron, pl. id. Cfr.?
asciavit lignum, immisso
candente lapide calefecit aquam.
Aside, to lay shfim tenne or tende, lit. to put or place here
or there; atushuma tenallo I laid it on that side.
Ask, v. a. = interrogate, bar (or par); nanu aibarie I ask
him; embarie engerai ask the chield.^j verax fuit, factis
aut verbis domuit. Hebr. *na separate, select, examine;
Amhar. barra; Eth. bareha. Cfr. also _} transivit, examinavit, exemplum cepit, rogavit ut explicaret somnium.
Orj-^- probavit, exploravit, interrogavit.

Ass, s. osikiria, pl. isikirian or isrikon; iau enne osikiria obo

bring here one ass; osikiria wolamue male ass; isikiria
ill
56 Ii
olendoi, pl. olendon female ass. Cfr.
implevit teSj\
i i c
valde rubra (capra). Cfr. also On J lividos, caeruleos
habens oculos. Cfr. also

asinus; enguraru (pl. en-

gurarun) a young ass.

Assasinate,
or stabbed
v. a. =
esudoie
he killed
etara,
clandestinely.
lit. he hid himself
Cfr. cXo
and ex
struck
ad-

verso venit alicui, cooperuit se. Or perhaps from otj*

strangulavit aliquem, per diem ac noctem incessit.
Assist, v. a. nanu aritoki(?) I assist; nanu ataretoko (?) I have
assisted; nanu alaritoki engishu airita I shall or I go to
assist him to feed.
Assure, v. a. airoro edede I speak truth, or ajoki (or ajo)
engiituk sidei, lit. I utter (speak) a good mouth or
speech (cfr. speak ro, rori or roro). In regard to edede
(truth) cfr. Arab. Oo
S5 . extendit vocem; OJOj
5 / 5 potentia , robur, vis. Cfr. also lVAXc
s / numerus census (quod
computatum ac certum est).
Astray, to go to perish, min; nanu aimin I go astray; aimina engoitoi I went astray from the road. Cfr. jj^c .
commoratus fuit;

profectus fuit ad locum. ^yo

defatigavit aliquem iter, destituit robore.

Attempt, v. a. aignor, lit. I look; aignoru I searched; aignorua
Authority,
I tried.s. Cfr.
to have
jAj luxit,
gol;
lucem
oleibon
petiit.or olkibroni egdl the

chief has authority or power, is powerful; etagollo he

was powerful; egolisho he has great authority or power,

exg. engai egolisbo god has great power. Cf. ^Jb>. magnus
ctilluslris fait. Amharic, to be resplendent, to shine (Gala).
Avoid, v. a. bal (or pal), lit. to leave, let alone; nanu apal I
leave it, atapalla I left; tapalla, minibiign, let it alone, do
not take it. Cfr. Arab. ^Jb madefecit, noluit, detrectavit.
Hebr. r.ja .
Awake, v. a. nana atobiuo I awoke; atobiuo tata anio toto I
awoke just now and I rose. Imperat. inio get up, nanu
ainio I stand up; ainio toto I rise from sitting, from my
seat. Cfr. ?'
Li reversus fuit, fugit ab aliquo loco.
Awl, s. olditu, pl. elditun.
6/
Axe, s. hatchet, s. endollu, pl. endolluan or endolluak; Jo
immisit aliquid??
Back, s. engoriong; aterie or ataddie engoriongnai I fell on
Backside,
my back.
s. olkurum; bone of the backside olodo lolkurum
Backwards
(vid. anus).
, adv. olkurum ; etorignie olkurum he returned
backward; torignioiu engurfimei return backward unto
Bad, me,
adj. torono;
lit. into emme
my back.
(not) sidei (good), not good. oldugnani clle torono, emme sidei or subbad this man is bad,
he is not good; eldugnanak kullo torok, emme sidan or
subbad these men are bad, not good; he was or became
bad etariie.
Badness, s. endoron, endoroniai my budness.

contami-

nata fuit sordibus vestis. joj spurcitia, sordes.

Bag, s. of leather olbenne, pl. elbenniak.
Bake , v. a. tobir ekari to make a thick paste called sima in
Kisuahili. This is the quasi-bread in East -Africa, where

43

ultima
our bread
crassiorque
is unknown.
pars liquoris,
Cfr. S^cfaex
amurca
vini. cujuslibet rci;

Banana fruit, s. olkinaki, pl. elkinaken.

Band, s. engenne, pl. engenda.
Banish, v. a. mir to drive away; amir I banish; atimira I drove
away. Imp. timira, pl. endunir; oleibon etimira or eitauo
engangnenie the chief drove him away from his town.
carpsit, praecidit, turbata fuit inter eos amicitia; mir
amirisho
means also
I amin aKikuafi
selling to
man,sell"
a sales
nanu
man,
amir
merchant.
I sell; nanu
jnLc

in this sense signifies originally" prospexit suis de

commeatu iisque attulit aliunde commeatum.
Bank, s. emerdi, pl. emerdin (side of a river). Cfr. or+c
longa via; or

sterilis arenarum tumulus; o^c locus

ad quem reditur.
Bare, adj. to lay bare = to uncover, bollu, pret. tabolluo.
Imperat. tabollu. Cfr. ^Jb experiundo probavit, manifeBark,stum
s. engaboboki
fecit.
oljetta bark of a tree, pl. engabobok.

Bark, v. a. oldia ear or edar engutukcnie, lit. the dog beats

his mouth, i. e. cries, barks. Cfr.^c or
vocem edidit.
Bathe, v. a. nanu aiikuo I wash, exg. osessinlai my body; atiiBattle,kues. Ienjore
washed.
(war,
Imp.host),
tukueu.
pl. enjoriak and enjorian; euo
s ii
enjore kitok there came a great army or war. Cfr. i^Sj^pugnam
ausus est,
praeit.
audaxCfr.
strenuusque
also j^y?*fuit;
injustitia
(^J^ tyrannis;
qui aliis inad

justus.

44

Battle, v. a. Loikob eara or c tarate na Loikanban the Wakuafi

battled or fought with the Wakamba.
Be, v. a. to be, nanu ara I am ; ira thou art, era he is, kira we
are, era they are; nanu ara kitok I am great; ata I have,
cxg. nanu ata engaji I have a house; endarasin elle dugnani torond, tata eta subbad or sidei formerly this man
was wicked, now he is become, or he is good; nanu aidipa ata botor I have finished to become grown up, i. e.
I am fully grown up, I am a fully grown up person.
Bead, s. white bead siririmi, pl. esiririmi; emsetani black
beads. Cfr. *id- in paries et minutatim concidit. In
regard to emsetani.
IJ
Cfr. y\LJ
5 ./ ci vasa cupri.
Bear, v. a. 1) = to carry, ea (to take) nanu a ea or aya I
carry; aiawa or ayawa I carried. Imp. iau carry thou
(take); eawaki he was carried; yeyo eawa endiitua kitok
the mother carried a large bag (load); 2) = bring forth
aisho I give birth, aitoishe I gave birth 0 be distinti /
I I
guished aisho I give). Cfr.
nidum slruxit, or (j&Vc
5c/
vitam duxit, (jjuu^c vita.
Beard, s. olmuniei, pl. elmunien. Cir.Xk* maceravit depsendam pellem; ^yLc
5 / pellis primo gradu concinnata.
Beat, v. a. ar; nanu **ar I beat; atara I have beaten. Imp. tara,
'. i
plur. endar; miar beat not; etaraki he was beaten. jvVc
percussit homines, ictusque inflixit.
Beautiful, adj. sidei (good).
Bed, s. oljonni, lit. hide, skin (on which the Wakuafi and other
Africans sleep), plur. eljonnin or eljonnito.

Cfr.

texit; j^a^. tegumentum; (j^j^ canistrum parvum corio

tectum.

45

Bet-stead, s. eruat, pl. cruatan (made of thin sticks laid across

S 4 i'
and covered with a skin). &s6i\c lignum transversa/ 3
I
rium tecti
ex adverso posuit rem alteri. Cf. also
(Ja/J stragulum densum e lana vel pilis camelinis
9 t >
confectum. {jaJjC in latum extensus, per transversum
jactus.
Bee, s. olotoroki, pl. lotoro.
Beg, v. a. monu; amonu I beg, pray; atomonu I begged,
prayed. Imp. tomonu, pl. endomonu; fut. alamonu Engai
I shall beg or pray heaven. Wou, matomonu engai come
let us pray heaven (god).
tentavit, expectavit, opi / s
tavit. Or cfr.
fidit, nixus fuit, fidem habuit, se potestati et tutelae alicujus tradidit. Hebr. fa. Amharic
lamana.
Beggar,
Begone! in
Behalf,
s.enno,
my
emonisho
behalfpl. enjom
hekollomonlai
who
go ye
makes
away.
orit kolbailai
his business
in my
to word
beg. or

matter (ollomon, olbai).

Behead, v. a. dugn olukunia to cut the head; nanu adugn I
cut ; Imp. tiidugno; etudugnoki it was cut.
Behind, adv. vid. backwards.
Believe, v. a. sham or nior I like, love, vid. agree.
52/
J
Bell, s. olpiri, pl. elpirin. Cfr. j^j, pl.
annulus ferreus
vel aeneus qui trajicitur per nares cameli, ut alligetur illi
habena. Some Wakuafi tribes in the Interior have
camels.
Belly, s. angoshoke.
Beloved, adj. eshami, lit. he is loved; eshamaki he was loved.
5/
Below, prep. abori. Cfr. uf acus, prominentiores ct acumi

46

natae rerum extremitates. Cfr. also A} fodit foveam,

abdidit. Hebr.
.
Bend, v. a. 1dk; nanu aldk emborowei I bend the bow. Imp.
tolua, pl. endolok; Pret. atolua. Cfr. \JQp percussit, cfr.
also

trusit impulitque dense in unum coivit exer-

citus, compressus fuit, and lSC^5 percussit, humi prostravit.

Betrothed, to be nanu alaignor esiangiki I go to see a
woman.
Better, adj. sidei eim, lit. it is good, it surpasses, excels, exg.
olalemlai sidei, eim olino my knife is better than thine,
lit. my knife is good, it excels thine; or olalemlino mibeiki olalemlai thy knife does not reach or attain unto
mine, i. e. my is better; engishuainei sidan eim engishulinono my cows are good, they excel thy cows, i. e. mine
are better than thine. Cfr. pass v. a. im, pret. ima.
Between, prep. engiterala? erishata.
Beware, v. engnorai osubadeia, pl. endai engnoran, lit. look well.
Bewitch, v. a. exg. oleibon eyau nepik iok esetan, lit. the sor
cerer desires to put witchcraft unto us, he wishes to be
witch us; pik to put, pret; tipika to have put (cfr. anoint
v. a.). The oleibon digs for roots boils them and pre
pares medicinal and magical potions. He foretells the
good or bad issue of war. He is the great man or chief
of the Wakuafi. Cfr.

lac propinavit paravit rem,

s / /,
lateres
effected
arbore quacunque;
formavit
by witchcraft
e luto.
setan,
etc./j-aj)
pl.The
esetan
lac
word
et
anyevidently
liquor
thing effluens
destructive
refers ex
to

5 / c /
MJ3ftft. Hebr. itsto Satanas; esakiitisho etedia the sor
cerer bewitched.

47

Beyond, adv. endallo, lit. the other side; eima endallo olkeju
he passed beyond (to that side) of the brook.
Bill, s. engiituk endaritiki the mouth of a bird.
Rind, v. a. en; Sen I bind, atene I bound. Imp. tena, pl. enden
endai bind ye; mien do not bind, mienieni do ye not
s/
bind; clenaki he was bound, or eidipaki eten. Cfr. y.c
/. '
obvcnit, habena tenuit, rclinuit. Or yVc assecutus fuit
oculo eoque maligniore petivit, factus fuit speculator alicui.
Bird, s. endaritiki, pl. endaritik; enguen, pl. engueni.
Birth, s. lo give birth vid. bear, bring forth; atoiwoki or aitoishoki 1 was born.
Bite, v. a. on to bite; aon I bite, exg. kolala with the tooth.
Imp. tonio bite thou, mion bite thou not; atonio I have
bitten. Perhaps related to ^Jj retinuit, moram traxit;
olasurai etonio oldugnani the serpent has bitten the man.
Blabber, s. eta cnguikui, pl. enguikuin?
Blacken,
made
he
mountain;
erokmade
v.athe
a.
black
black
tobir
cloth
eldoiniok
man;
the
erok
black;
stone
cldugnanak
ororok
eitobira
narok;
or stones;
black
esoit
eitobira
orok
mountains;
oldoinio
erok,
black
enanga
pl.men;
erok
esoiton
oldugnani
narok
aengarri
black
orok
he

i /cs
narok black water; engob narok black earth. Cfr. 0>'rft-'
5 o./
w
Bladder
tas of
oculi,
the urine
temporum,
olkullet.
pollicis-parum
Cfr. oit fovea
carnosus.
magna; cavi-

Blaspheme, v. a. vid. despise, m6r; am6r I despise. Imp. lamoro; pret atamoro; mayau namor ot dugnani I will not
despise
amara etthe
ingrala
man.dixit.
^r-j*
Hebr.transivit
rnw andad aliquem, tetigit,

48

Bleed, v. a. aitau oserge I take off blood; atauo I took off.

Imp. endau, pl. endautu.
Blind, adj. meta (he has not) engoniek (eyes); etadaniate en
goniek he is destitute of, has lost the eyes; nanu adang
' ' i' confodit,
engoniek I deprive him of eyes. Cfr. yxis
laesit obtrectando.
Blood, s. oserge, pl. isergen. Cfr. y^cs-jy*
5 / // (Hebr. Vnto) vitis,
vinum aurei coloris, res qua tingitur, color rubicundus;
5/3
5 c S
blood-vessel egnon, pl. egnonion. Cfr. ft ' gj
lagena, phiala, urceus vas etc.
Blow,akut
v. a.engima
eti engijabbe
I blowthere
the fire.
is wind,
Imp.thetiikuta,
wind blows;
pl. endukut
v. a.
Blunt,sharpness.
engima.
adj. olalemlai immisit,
meta engutuk
injecit. my knife has no moulh,

Boast, v. a. nanu arole I am strong, or say that I am strong

pro ara ole; elle erole or era ole he is strong; iok kira
lewa; we are strong; kullo era lewa; nanu atolamba I
was proud; iok kiatolambu; nanu awuassalwas sufficient
to myself. Imp. tauwassayu; miwassa do not boast; nanu
ata toki or endokitin I have things. Cfr.

altus, ex-

celsus fuit, se extulit. Cfr.^cj innuit, indicium fecit ad

aliquid faciendum.
Body, s. osessin, pl. esessin.
Boil, s. oldiituei or olduduei, pl. eldututan.
Boil, v. a. yir; nanu ayir engarre I boil water. Imp. teyira,
pl. endeyir; ateyira I have boiled. Cfr.^j caluit, ferbuit;
v. a. the water boils engarre eitokitok; eidipa eitokitoka
it has already boiled.

49

Bold, adj. oleignoni, pl. leignok, lit. virilis, male, hence brave;
oldugnani oleignoni a brave or bold man; pl. eldugnanak
loignok.
Bone,
Book, s.s. oloito,
setan, pl.
pl. loiton
esetan,
or lit.
loik.witchcraft. The Wakuafi and
most Africans believe, that our books contain nothing
Born,butadj.
witchcraft.
vid. bear; yeyo or gnotonie etoishe engerai the
mother has given birth to the child.
Both, adj. ware, are; eldugnanak ware both men; endokitin
are both things (two things).
Bottom , s. vid. abyss.
Bow, v. a. guruma, vid. incline.
Bowels, s. meneri, pl. menerin; jnVJLc
5. // locus lucis, signum, via
Box, recta??
Boy,
v.s. a.( child)
etara engiok
engerai,
he beat
pl. engera;
the ear. engerai botor a boy

grown up; nakerai o thou boy! pl. nakera o ye boys;

engerai kitti engaioni a little male child; engerai kitti
Bread,endito
s. ekari,
a little
pl. female
ekarim (thick
child. paste of boiled flour of which
the African bread, if we may call it, consists). Cfr. sJLc
w
ultima crassiorque pars liquoris cujusque, aquae etc.
Break,
faex
v. vini.
a. pukus. Imp. tupukussa (pl. endiipukus) mipukus

do not break; Praet. atupukussa. (jxuo subegit adversarium; or / &5o solvit vincula cameli.
Breakfeast, v. a. mad or mat kulle tadekegnia to eat or rather
drink milk in the morning (the breakfeast of the Wakuafi
being chiefly of milk). Cfr. v_^Cc extendi!, aquam e puteo
hausit sine trochlea. Cfr. drink v. a.
4

50

Breast, s. olgo, pl. elgon; female breast olkinna, pl. elki. Cfr.
aer, interior pars; cfr.

tabuit morbo pectoris.

Or perhaps the word is related to the Hebr. njs or i>

elevation. The word olkinna refers probably to the verb
yj' erectus stetit,
mons parvus or 3^5 projectura,
superior pars.
Bring,
Breathe,
Bride,
v.s. v.
a.
esiangiki.
aitau
a. yang,
I bring
ayang
out.I breathe,
Imp. endau,
pret.pl.atoneang.
endautu; mindau

bring not out; aitauo I brought out; but au or iau take

thou; aya I take; mia take not.
5n
Broad, adj. dabash; engaji dabash a broad house (ja*J<-> virorum multitudo.
Brook, s. olkeju otti, pl. elkejek.
Brother, s. olalashc, pl. lalashen; olalashelai my brother. Cfr.
prehendit linguam alicujus; or tyj<$ propulit.
Bubble, s. olabura, pl. elabfiran.
Buffalo, s. olosowan, pl. losowan.
Bug, s. elashe, pl. elashen. Cfr. Mj punxit Scorpio, raomordit serpens.
Build, v. a. tobir engaji to make a house.
Bull, s. olkiteng (gelded bull), pl. elkitegni; engiteng a cow,
5 /
pl. engishu cows, vid. (jUo carnosus , adiposus vir,
camelus.
Burn, v. a. tipika engima to put fire into; atipika engima en
gaji I set the house on fire; tipika engima olkujita set the
grass on fire; engaji etama engima the house eats fire,
it burns; v. a. the fire burns engima engibuboto.
Bury, v. a. tur (vid. dig) atur, pret. atiituro engob, lit. I dug
the soil or ground.

51

Business, s. endoki (thing), pl. endokitin; endokiai my busi

ness; endobira endokitin e papalino or e mignielino, do
the business of thy father. Cfr. \Jio
si/ diligenter contudit;
5
tjio subtile negotium.
Butter, s. egnorgno, pl. egnorgnon.
Buy, v. a. aigniagnu I buy. Imp. igniagnu, pl. igniagniito endai buy ye; aigniagnua I bought.
Calabash, s. oloti, exg. embuta oloti fill the calabash (endurdu,
pl. endurdun).
Calf, s. olashe, pl. elashon (scil. la engiteng of the cow). Cfr.
iyj) lambit pabulum et extremis labris carpsit pecus;
or

peperit eum mater sua.

Call, v. a. bot; aibot I call; aiboto I called; emboto call him;

alaibot I shall go to call; aibotoki I was called. Cfr.
i^lAl inquisivit in rem.
Calm, to be aitashe I am calm, lit. I stand still I am quiet;
eitasho oldaulai my heart is quiet. Imp. endasho, pl. endashon; v. a. aitashua. Cfr. (jjuJs ad silentium redegit;
iii
cfr. also jug humiliavit et demisit se.
Can, v. vid. able; dim; aidim I can; maidim I cannot; aidima I
could; ituaidim I could not; alaidim I shall can, be able;
malaidim I shall not can; alaidim alotu I shall be able to
come; malaidim malotu I shall not be able to come; oldugnani meidim eitobira endoki noi the man cannot do
V ' magnus fuit, magni momenti
this business. Cfr. *Jac
Canalfuit
, s.res.
engoitoi la engarre or lengarre , lit. a road for the

water. ijoL^ deflexit; (J<a^. incessus.

4*

52

Cane, . sugar-cane, s. olkikuawa, pl. elkikuawan.

Care, v. nanu aignora I look.
Carry, v. a. vid. bear v. a.
Cassada, s. olmanga, pl. elmangan. The Cassada root is cal
led manga in the Kikamba language; manga means Arabia and India. Cfr. jjLc
c / dactyli duo vel tres eohaerentes.
Confectio pilulave ex foliis cannabinis in ebrietatem
Castrate,
ducens.
v. a. dugn olderege (pl. elder6ge) to cut the testicles

(vid. cut, v. a.}.

Cfr. &?jO panniculus gossipiumve

quod in vulvam camelae immittitur.

Cat, s. engedas endarre, lit. tbe drinker or milker of the goats,
as the cats from want of other food suck the goats' udder
Catch,at night.
v. a. bfign, to seize, hold; aibugn I hold; aibugna I
held. Imp. embugna; mimbugn do not seize.
Cattle, s. engishu cows.

Cfr. (w*^A.3 rubicaper juvencus.

Cfr. also (j&qru excitavit, concregavit, dispersos cameCause,

los,s. eduxit.
olbai, pl. elbaan (word, matter) ainio peindas from
what cause or why hast thou done this? ainio peillo why
Cease,
didst
v. thou
a. thego?
rain etaguarre engai; eibor it is white,
clear; mesha tata it does not rain now; etasha engai it
Certainly,
rained.adv. edede (truly), osubadeia (well, exactly).
Chase, v. a. nanu aignoru oljangnit I. look or seek for an
animal.
Chest, s. vid. breast.
Cheek, s. endakulla, pl. endakul.
Chew, v. a. vid. ruminate.

53

Child, s. engerai, pl. engera; engerai kitti a little chili

Choose,
(vid.v.boy).
a. shillu; ashillu I choose. Pret. ateshillu I have

chosen; imp. teshillu; pass. ateshillaki. Cfr. ^Jbi profectus fuit, sustulit rem, advocavit aliquem; ^jbi elevavit,
sustulit, agilis fuit, abstulit.
Cicatrice, v. a. olmoko eshiio, engiporoi the wound healed,
became a scar.
Circumcised man olbarnoti, pl. elbarnot.
Circumcise,
rata; pass.
v. a.etumarataki.
mrat; nanu Cfr.
amrat.
O^cImp.
glabrum
tiimr&t;
reddidit;
pret. atumisjjo

City, evulsit
neravit.
s. engang,
e corpore
pl. engangnite;
pilos, evulsit
engang
capillos
kitti
et unguibus
a little town;
vul-

olmaniara, pl. elmaniaran large town, capital; enganassa,

pl. enganas means a city being about to rise into impor5 >. / /
ill
So i
tance. Cfr. bjA-i-c locus lucis; jj^z* texit, collegit;
doiiius parva tuto exstructa; (jjuJo. maturuit, homoge5 /c /
neum facit. ^jiXk^J genus.
Claw, s. oloibosso, pl. loibossok.
Clay, s. osorto, pl. sorton. h>J$ stercus liquidum et tenua
Clean, v. a. kign, to clean, purify; alakign I shall clean; atekinia I have cleaned. Imp. tekinia osubadeia clean well;
nangai tekinia oldaulai o god clean my heart.
Clean, v. a. to be clean, bor; nanu aibor. Imp. embora; oldau
lai eibor, meta toki my heart is clean has nothing Chad).
Cfr. u&3 cudit, collegit in unum recteque composuit*;
reparavit, exornavit domum. Cfr. also \jj valde rubuit,

tinxit colore. Cfr. also ^5 texit rem, albus fuit. In refe6/

rence to bor, cfr. \ verax et Justus fuit. Amharic barra
or bareha to be bright, shining. Cfr. f^j purus est,
Cleave,
innoxius.
v. a. r6k; arek oljetta I cleave wood; aterea I cleft.

Cfr. \Jfj\
4.1 tenuis fuit, tenuem effecit.
Cleft, s. fissure, olbag, pl. elbag.
Cloth, s. enanga, plur. enangan. Cfr. jJLc
/ / / firmam reddidit;
instruxit fune.
Clothe, v. a. shdb, to wear cloth; aishobbo I wore; olaikambai
meishob enanga the Mkamba wears no cloth. Imp. en/ / /
jobbo; etueishob he did not wear. Cfr. <^jac circumClothe,
give
dedit,
v. me
a.cinxit,
sho
a cloth,
enanga
Iigavit.orto enjo
give enanga
a cloth; give
enjokime,
nanupl.enanga
enjon

Cock,enanga
s. engugu
give sieki
ye. edar engutuk, lit. the crying fowl beats

the mouth = cries or crows. Cfr. v_juuo

5. ' magna voce
clamans.
Cold, adj. nanu ata engijabbe I have cold or wind = feel cold;
aikirikir pengijabbe I tremble from cold; engarre erobi
the water is cold; Oldoinio eirobi the cold mountain. The
mount Oldoinio eirobi which lies in the Masai country,
is probably covered with hoar-frost not with snow.
Collect, v. a. apik or ashum eweji nabo I put a thing into
one place.
Come, v. a. nanu aieuo I came, ie iiio thou eamest; elle euo
he came; iok kieto we came; endai kieto you came; kullo
eto they came; nanu allotu lata I come now; eto they

55

came; ie illotu tata thou comest; eto they came; elle ellotu
lata he comes now; iok kiponu tata we come now; endai
kiponu lata you come now; kuldo eponu tata they come
now; nanu allo I go, ie illo thou goest; elle ello he goes;
nanu ashom I go out, I depart; ateshomo I went out, de
parted; nanu ajign I go in, enter; atejigna I entered.
Cfr. {J/*i se recepit, congregatus fuit.
Command, v. a. aipaia I send; aipaie I sent. Imp. embdi do
send, mimbaia do not send; alaipaia I shall send; nanu
aliki I say, order; atoliki I have said, ordered. Cfr. s\j
reduxit ad aliquem, direxit; g\j expandit, distendit, abiit.
Compare, v. a. aignSra I see, compare.
Completely, adv. poki (all); osubadeia exactly.
Comply, v. ashani olbailegnie I love his word, I comply with it,
pl. olbaanlegnie.
Comprehend, v. a. understand ayollo; atayollo I understood.
Imp. tayollo, pl. endayollon.
Comrad, s. araba or oldjore vid. associate, friend.
Conceal, v. a. aisudo I conceal; aisudoie I concealed. Imp.
Conclude,
isudoi,v. pl.
finish,
esudon
nanuendai,
aidip, vid.
I conclude;
assassinate,
ie indip,
v. a. elle eidip,
iok kindip. Imp. endipa, pl. id. aidipa I finished. Cfr.
a; /
<s /
i^jO rexit incessit, imposuit;
abrupit, abstinuit;
///
t^jjCc recessit.
Confound, v. a. ashul I mix together; atushula I confounded;
etushulate they mixed one with the other. Cfr. ^JL- coxit,
percussit.
Congregation,
Consequently, adv.
s. engishada.
kolbai elle or elde by this or that word or
matter

56

Considerable, adj. kitok great, pl. kitoa.

Considerately, adv. akitti (orderly); iroro akitti speak considerately. Cfr. Jbj brevis et crispus.
Console, v. a. ajoki (calm) or atolikio endasho or tigirai arraba
I said stand still, be quiet or keep silence o friend.
Consume, v. a. etama poki he ate all. Cfr.

edit, cibum

Content,
sumsit,
adj. cibavit.
nanu aimo I am content, lit. I am satiated; aimoto

I was satiated; etuaimu 1 am not content. Cfr.

com

Converse,
munis v.
fuitairoro
res; omnibus
I converse,
dedit,
speak;
indutusatejo
fuit.I said; atiaka I
spoke; atolikio I told him; matam lomon let us eat words
Conversation,
= converse.
s. ollomon, pl. lomon; perhaps related to the
Amharic lemana, petition, entreaty; lamana to ask, beg,
Convert,
Cook,pray,
v. a.v. request.
nanu
a. change
ayir endaa
aibellekenia.
I cook food, vid. boil v. a.; ayollo

ayir endaa I know to cook.

Copper (-wire) osuyai, pl. suyan.
Cord, s. engenne, pl. engenda.
Corn, s. turkish corn on the field olgnagnariki (a knot-), pl.
gnagnarik; when in the house olbaik, pl. elbaik; maize
endidignui, pl. endidignu.
Correct oneself, to grow better, v. nanu asei, pret. aseia.
Cotton (or something like it), anguyam.
Cost,these
thou
v. emoaja,
desire,
things demand
cost?
how much?
ainio
for these
iyau
emoaja
kuna
things?
kuna
tokitin?
tokitin
what
what
doest
do

Cough, v. airokirok I cough.

57

Counsel, v. a. aliki olbai, I say a word; atolikio olbailai I told

him my word.
Count, v. a. aiken I count, aikenna I counted (vid. account).
Country, s. engob, pl. engoban; engob enna(lhis) or enna kob
this country. Hence probably loikob (sing. oloikobani)
the Wakuafi, dwellers of the country, those who are in
the country, aborigines; loikob = loie la engob (sing.
oito) children of the land.
Courageous, adj. oleignoni (virilis).
Covenant, s. ollomon obo.
Cover, v. a. 1) apukur I cover; alupukuro I covered; alapukur
I shall cover. Imp. tupukur; mipukur do not cover it.
PI. endiipukur cover ye; painio peitiipukur why hast thou
not covered? painio peipukur why doest thou not cover?
2) apisigne, pret. atipisigna, imp. tipisigna lay a cover
Cow,upon
s. engiteng,
it. Cfr. pl.
Joengishu;
diluculo endauo
fuit or fecit.
(pl. endauon) a cow

which has not yet given birth.

5c/
Cfr. SJOo multitado

pecorum.
Coward, to be nanu aure I am afraid; elle eure he is
Crafty,
Create,
vid.adj.
v.afraid.
a.gnen;
eitobiroldugnani
he makes;
gnfin
engai
the eitobira
man is crafiy,
engob clever.
na elkek,

na elepoi (esiikuta, pl. esiikutan salt-sea) god made the

earth and trees and the waters; engarre means water in
Creep,
general;
v. a. eserpep
elepoi many
it creeps;
waters,
olasurai
rivers.eserpep the serpent

creeps.

Cfr. (Jm latibulum vel casam ingressus est,

Crime,
^Jj>
s. olbai
pastum
toron.
abiit, ingressus fuit in latibulum sub terra.

58

Crocodile, s. olmakau, p|. elmakau. Cfr. A5>^o sibilus.

Cross, v. aim I pass; aima I passed. Imp. ima pass thou, pl.
im pass ye. Cfr. translate, cfr. J petivit, contendit aliquo praecessit, praeivit, sumsit pro duce.
Cry, v. adar engutuk, pret. ataddra , imp. tadara, pl. endadar.
Cudgel,
Cup,
s. oloti,
s. osobua,
pl. lotidn.
pl. esobuan. Cfr.

percussit scutica.

Custom, s. engoitoi (way)?

Cut, v. a. adugn I cut; atadugno I have cut. Imp. tudugno, pl.
endiidugn; nanu atudugnoko engirigno I cut a piece of
Dance,
meat
v. for
a. aragnl
him. dance; ataragnia I danced. Imp. taragnia,

pl. endaragne; alaragne I shall dance. Cfr. ^ vociferatus fuit; clamorem edidit (which is the principal thing
Danger,
in an
s. miim,
orientalenne
dance).
eti eweji aureisho do not pass by, there
Darkness,
is a place
s. kewarie
of fear, or
danger.
engewarie, pl. engewarien. Cfr.

j\S~ immisit Deus tenebras in diei lucem.

Daughter, s. 1) endito kitti a little girl, pl. endoie; 2) esiangiki virgin in a marriageable state; 3) endangile married
woman.
Day, s. (day-light) embarkiji; one day engollong nabo; to-day,
tata; ellotu tata he comes to-day. Cfr. Kji-S
// / fulsit, splen5c/
\J
duit; <J>j4 splendor, nubes fulgurans.
Deaf, adj. meningn or meningnisho he hears not.
Deal, v. a. eitobir osingira (pl. esingiran) he establishes a
///
5c /
market, trade. Cfr.
multus et abundans fuit; ^jb^
multitudo, abundantia rei.

59

Dearth, s. olameu kitok eti engob there is great dearth in the

land. Cfr. |Lc diduxit corium, divulgatum fuit malum
5 l
5 J/
inter homines; ^Lc infortunium; ^Lc terra depressa.
Death, s. vid. die, v.
Debt, s. esile, pl. esilen. Cfr. \ A erravit, pondus nimis leve
5 / /
///
habuit pecunia; A) A defectus. Cfr. also N ic semovit;
J iC defectus.
Deceive, v. a. alej I deceive; pret. ateleja ; imp. teleja; fut. alalej. Cfr. o) pertinax fuit in litigando, praetendit ac voluit
Decide,
Deceiver,
vindicare
v. s.a. elejisho.
finish,
sibi rem.
aidip, aidipa, vid. conclude, v. a.

a; /
Decrepit, s. (old man) 6ds, pl. oios. Cfr. ic rara, eximia fuit
res, in honore fuit, gravis fuit. icJ honoratus.
ii
*
J\ defuit, egenus vir fuit; destituit eum res.

Or cfr.

Deep, adj. elakda (far, distant). Cfr. VjlQj obviam habuit, ab/cS
jecit; S\jiSf id quod abjicitur, abjectus.
Deliver, v. a. save, v. a. eishiiio or ekasha; engai eisunie? god
saved him; aitau I bring out, deliver out; pret. aitauo,
ituaitau I have not delivered; imp. endau, pl. endautu;
pass.
or vitaetauaki.
donavit;Cfr.IV.^j&lc
/ j&lcj
vitam
effecit
duxit,
ut vitam
in vitadueeret.
conservavit

Deny, v. a. angn I deny; pret. atania I denied or refused; etejo

emme nanu he said it is not I.
Deride, v. a. aiguranni, pret. aigurannie I laughed at him. Imp.
enguranie. Cfr. IJ^- moluit grana, levigavit.
Descend, v. a. adoio, pret. atadoie.

60

Desire, v. a. ayau I desire, want, request; pret. atayauo; imp.

tayauo; nanu asham I love.
Despise, v. a. amor. Pret. atamoro, ituamor I have not; imp.
tamoro, pl. endamor; minior do not despise; painio peimor papalino why doest thou despise thy father. Cfr.
Destroy,
blaspheme
v. a. arv.I a.beat; atara I have beaten (destroyed) engangnang our town. Imp. endar beat, destroy; miar
Devil,destroy
s. emoda
not.fool,
Cfr.madman;
beat. malmali arrant knave; oloiriroa
Dew,insania.
s. engoilelio.

Diarrhoea, s. I have nanu ardt; pret. ataroto. Cfr. Oj*

laxavit, solvit (utrem), debilitavit.
Die, nagnak
itue
not;
v. a. he
elle
nanu
warre
died
mee(ma)
afc not;
I etuata
die,dgnei
heelle
ordies
etuatan
ee
natua
not;
or awho
atua
two
he Idies
died?
men
died;
nanu
died.
etua
resp.
mae
heeldugdied,
I die

*/
a./
Dig, v. a. atur I dig. Imp. tuturoj^j* resecuit removit; or j0>
disgregavit, dispersit.
Diminish,
Imp. v.toro.
a. apukus, vid. break, v. a.; nanu adr I divide (vid.)

Dinner, s. endaa embarkiji (lit. food of the day). Cfr. Voo

....
55 '
Disagree,
Dirt,
Dip,
Disapprove,
v.
conjecit
s. a.
osorto,
tlpik.
v. v.
ituasham
in mayau
pl.
Imp.
ignem;
sorton
tipika.
(vid.
I aJoo
do(cfr.
not
agree,
copia
clay).
like v.(vid.
opum.
a.). desire), nanu atania

I refused. Cfr. yVc Iaesit oculum, excitavit bellum,

nocuit oculo.

6i

Discord, s. endjore, pl. endjoren (war), vid. battle.

Disgrace, s. enganiti; eta he is in disgrace.
Discover, v. a. abolu; pret. atabolua; imp. tabolu.
Oi
Dish, s. pot emodi, pl. emodio. Cfr. tXc mensura quaedam
aridorum. Oco
s / trahendo extendit.
Dishonour, v. a. em&r, vid. despise.
Dismiss, v. a. amir (drive away); apik bo I put out (vid. banish).
Dissolve, v. a. (open) abolu; etaboluaki, pass. (or alenuaki)
atabolua, imp. tabollu.
Distant, adj. elakoa.
Distinctly, adv. ed51 poki he sees all. Cfr. Jo
c i monstravit,
indicavit.
Distinguish, v. a. bolu olbai, lit. to dissolve a matter.
Distress, s. osinna, pl. esinnan; osinnalai my distress; nanu
atum osinna I get, obtain distress, atutumo I got dist.
Cfr. VJ^ arctatus, angustus fuit, arctavit.
Distrust, v. a. masham I love not.
Disunite, v. a. aor I divide.
Dive, v. a. nanu aimug, pret. aimugo. Cfr. >o ejecit, profectus
fuit, succulentus fuit, quum intraret aqua.
Divide, v. a. aor I divide. Pret. atoro, imp. toro, pl. endor;
alaor I shall divide; papa etoro endokiti egniena the fa
ther divided their things.
Divine service, s. he performed eitobira endoki engai.
Do, v. a. aitobir. Pret. aitobira, imp. endobira, pl. endobir.
i, i
Dog, s. oldia, pl. eldiein. Cfr. cO trusit, impulitve vehementer;
c/
C
co vox inarticulata qua monetur caespitans, ne cadat.
Cfr. o-Vj) quietus, stabilis, obsequens fuit, perhaps obsequens canis.

62

Doing, s. endoki, pl. endokitin, vide business.

Door, s. kutukaji, pl. enkutukajin.
Doubt, v. aibiitukugnio Iidoubt.
Drag, v. a. aiyeta I drag. Pret. ateyeteie, imp. teyfitei, plur.
Dream,
Drink,endeyetei.
v.v.a.a.amat
aidededa?
I drink.
posuit,
Pret.immisit,
atamata,properavit.
imp. tamata, pl. enda-

mat. Cfr. (jXc lente et sugendo bibit, suxit.

Drown, v. a. tipika engarre, put into the water.
Drum, s. oldam, pl. eldami.
Dry, to be engob etemite, the ground is dry, meti engarre
has no water, egSl is strong; oljanni etoio the tree has
Dumb,
Dung-hill,
gotadj.
dry.
s.meta
emodioi,
engutuk
pl. modiok
he has no
(olale,
mouth.
pl. Ialen cow-stable);

engik el dugnagnak excrements of men. Cfr. ^jO^o pars

Each
Each,
Dwell,
Dust,aquae
other
s.adj.
v.enderit,
a.kil;
ningnie,
effluens
atonkilpl.
I oldugnani
sitepl.
id;lacu
vid.
ninje;
olderit
abide.
aquatorio
each
loikob
whirlwind
or etarate
quae
everylifting
corrumpitur.
man.
ninjeupthedust.
Wakuafi

Early,fought
Ear,
s. adv.
engiok,
tadekegnia.
or beat
pl. engioki.
each other.

Earring, s. engulale, pl. enguldlen.

Earth, s. engdb, pl. engoban; kunna kob these lands; enna
kob this earth.
Earthquake, engob ekirikiro the earth trembles.
East, sun-rise, s. engollong, opp. etadoie.

63

Easy, adj. emme erdshi not heavy. Cfr. {jhji parum pluviae
et sparsim emisit coelum adspersus, conspersus fuit.
Eat, v. a. ania endaa I eat food; ata'ma I have eaten; tama eat
thou, pl. endam endai, eat ye; minia do not eat; miniania
do not ye eat; ituania I have not eaten; alania I shall eat;
matam let us eat; mikinia let us not eat; j**!? edit, cibum
sumsit.
Egg, s. olmSsor, pl. elmosor

sorpsit gustandi ergo rem;

av's nau'is gratae nomen. Cfr. also

lutum

rubrum, masiron = intestinum continens chylum.

Eight, adj. isi6t.
Either, or, ao ao.
Elder, s. vid. decrepit.
Elbow, s. endakulle, pl. endakullen.
Elephant, s. oldome, pl. eldomian.
Eloquent,
Elevate, v. adj.
a. anap,
eta engiituk
pret. atanapa
kitok. (I lift up, impose exg. a load).
Imp. tanapua. Cfr.

semet extulit; Ljj

Til i elatus, edi-

Eloquent,
Emasculate,
tus fuit.
adj.v. eta
a. adugn
engiitukelderege,
kitok. pret. atadugno. The Wa-

kuafi and Masai do not emasculate their enemies? Cfr.

&s.jvJ gradus, capsula, panniculus gossipiumve convolutuin, quod in vulvain camelae immittitur; adugn enjabbo
'
2.1
I circumcise. Cfr. i_^2*. castravit, testiculos evulsit; i_*^>
uter aquarius cujus una pars cum altera consuta est, i. e.
Emigrate,
duplicato
v. a. corio
aidur constans.
olmaniara; pret. aidura, imp. endura, pl.

enduran.

Cfr. jo cum copia emisit lac, fluxit; cfr. Ao

propulit, abripuit, prodiit.

64

Empty, adj. meti toki there is nothing in it. meta he has not.
Empty, v. a. aibuko I pour out; aibukoie I poured out. Imp.
embfikoi, pl. endai embukoi. Cfr. Jb multum pluviae
fudit; cfr. V^TV-l insilivit immisit scyphum in arenam eumque movit aquae eliciendae ergo.
Encourage, v. a. atipika ollomon oldau la papalai I put the
word into the heart of my father I encouraged him.
End,
Endure,
v. a.v. vid.
aitashe
conclude.
I keep quiet, stand still; pret. aitasho; imp.
endasho; pl. endashSton.
Enemy, s. olmagnati, pl. elmagnati (vid. adversary) oluwaru
So / i
ravenous beast, pl. eluwarak. Cfr. -WC corvus, corruptus, in quo nil boni; j^cJ pravus, de omni re; j\c
luscum fecit, perdidit. Cfr. Amharic arwie.
Engender, v. a. atoishe, vid. bear, bring forth, v. a.
Ensnare, v. a. nanu airinaka engenne I have complicated him
in the rope; eirinakaki he is entangled. Cfr. OUj\ turbavit, commovit.
Enter, v. a. ajign, pret. atejigna, imp. tejigna.
Entirely, adv. poki, naleng, osubadeia.
Entreat, v. a. amonu, pret. atomonu osubadeia I entreat, entrea
ted much, vid. beg, ask, v. a.
Entrust, v. a. aisho oldugnani toki atolikio engnorai osubadeia
I gave the man a thing and told him, look well to it.
Equal, adj. erisiosio he is ; nanu na ie kirisiosio I and thou
are equal On size); era he is vid. am. Cfr. <frjuu valet,
aequalem reddidit.

or

aequalis.

Ere, adv. oldugnani eshomo, nanu ituadollo the man departed,

I saw him not, i. e. ere I saw the man he was gone.

65

Erect, v. a. vid. elevate.

Err, v. a. nanu Bias (ie ias, elle eas, iok kias) olbai toron I do
something bad; nanu atasa I did ; imp. endas do;
mindas do not; etasaki it was done. Cfr. J commovit
/ J6
ii
J
Error,agitavit.
s. olbai^jj}
or ollomon
contraxit;
toron
i^ffC
(lit.retulit,
bad word
patiens
or fuit;
matter).
usus Cfr.
est.
/ /
* i
{_Sf^
animus,
sectatio.alicui
intellectus
Cfr.similis
iJs^(v_*^5).
fuit
corinetagendo;
medulla t^Jfyi
rei, cor,
spes,
ingenium,
indoles

a.
Escape, v. a. akufit I go quickly; pret. atakueta. Cfr. ^jfS or
\jCT"propinquis gressibus celeriter incessit.
nspy, v. a. aignor I see, espy.
Eunuch,
Evaporate,
s. meta
v. a. olemuran
elderege. (pl. lemfiran) megnu the odour is
gone, smells no more; olemuran is an odoriferous shrub
/ //
5c/
(cfr. smell egnu). Cfr.
lenis, mollis fuit; ^j^c
Evening,
emollitum
s. engollong
corium,edoie
plantae
the sun
nomen.
set; engollong emutua the
is gone down; emuto it is evening. It must be distin
guished from emutoa, pl. mutuan, teat or nipple of the
male breast.
Ever, adv. vid. always.
Every- where, adv. ewejitin poki (all places).
Examine, v. a. Cfr. to search.
Example , s. kam enna like this.
, Exasperate, v. vid. angry, agorro I am angry; atagorre I
was ; etagorrote they were. Imp. tagarroiu (vid. angry).
Exhort, v. a. atolikio olbai, lit. I told him word.
5

Experience, v. aignor I see, aignoraie I saw, alaignora I shall

see. Imp. engnCrai, pl. vid.
Extend, v. a, aririo, pret. atoririo. Imp. toririo, exg. engeina
Extinguish,
inno
motitavit
thyv. hand.
caudam.
a. akutCfr.
engima
f Jj, Icommovit
put out the
vel fire.
convertit
Imp. oculos,
tukuta.

Extirpate,
Cfr. tjolj*
v. a. diruit,
agnosildissolvit.
oljetta I slit the tree. Imp. tagnosila.
iii
iii
Cfr. ^y3 mutavit rejecitque plumas avis, abjecit. ^^Aaj
privavit cuspide eduxit.
Extort,
Extol,toru,
v.v.a.a.pl.
vid.
aoru;
endoru
elevate.
atoruo
or endorutu;
I extorted;matorutu
alaoru Ilet
shall
us strip
; Imp.
him

Eye, completely.
s. engognu, Cfr.
pl. engoniek.
j\jsz cepit, abstulit, uno oculo privavit.
Eye, s. sickness engognu eya (aches).
Fable, s. ollomon lendarSsin (word of old).
Face, s. engommdm, pl. engommon. Cfr. /. / / multa et ex5 ii
' '
pansa fuit; p(^> potior pars; quod ad summam oram
Fade,
Faint,mensurae
v.
v. a.a. anaure
etadoito.
vasI impletum
am tired; est.
atanaure I was tired; nanu ashal

fecit;
I slacken,
kitanauratin
relax; pret.
we are
atashalla.
tired. Cfr.^Vj
Cfr. JIm
luxit,
sustulit,
fugit, deab-

horruit; Amharic nawara to be shameful.

Fall, v.
dadoito
a. adoie;
fall atadoie
ye; nanu
I fell.
aturori
Imp. Itadoi;
fell. midoio
Cfr. (Jo
fall not;
circumen-

venit fraude; insidiatus fuit lupus.

False, adj. emme edede not in truth; eta eledjare, pl. eledjaren,

he has lie, is a liar. Cfr. -ccic flexit, prominuit; -qnc

5/ c
J
\l
protuberantia; iyjstc modus fascia obvolvendi caput.
Family, s. eldugnagnak lengaji the men of the house.
Far, adv. elakoa; eti endallo it is there on that side.
Farewell, adv. totona or tauwena osubadeia, dwell or sit well,
Fasten,
Farmer,
in happiness.
v.s. a.oldugnani
Sen engiitukai
etur engob
I tie, the
shutman
my digs
mouth
the(vid.
ground.
bind).

Fat, adj. nanu abir I am fat; atobiro I was fat; engiteng etobiro the cow became fat; engtshu etobiron the cows be/ /
5/ /
came fat. Cfr. 8^3 convaluit, album habuit corpus. g^i
pinguedo. Cfr. Ethiop. beerai and Amharic berrie bullock.
Fatigued, vid. faint, v.
Father, s. l)olpapa, pl. elpapan; papalai my father; 2)menie,
menielai my father; menielino thy father; menielegnie his
father; menielang our father; menieligni your father;
children
papa
is more
address
an their
honorary
fathertitle.
with Cfr.
the word dixit
menie;baba;
ol-

IAj papa.
Favour, v. a. asham I love.
Favourite, s. arraba; oljore f>id. friend).
Fear, v. a. aure or aurisho, vid. afraid.
Feather, s. engobiro, pl. engobir. Cfr.^j^. conjunctio plurium partium separatarum ut ex his unum fiat.
Feed, v. a. aisho endaa I give food.
Fellow, s. vid. friend ; a'yau narubare i. e. I wish to fellow thee.
Fence, v. a. aitobira olale I made a fence.
Festival, s. engollong kitok, lit. great day; the Wakuafi seem
to have no great day, but to consider all days alike
5*

68

whilst the agricultural tribes lay their work aside on

every fourth day.
Fever, s. amdi I am sick; atamoia I was sick. Cfr. <_^c cor
rupts fuit.
Few, adj. kutti; eldugnagnak kutti etuo a few men came. Cfr.
X> abiit, contractus fuit; guo vilis, quisquam; V*jo
Field,omnis,
s. plantation
totus. engurma, pl. engiirman; endim, pl. endimi
// /
5/ /i
forest, woods; ^q>- resecuit, edit dactylos; *-J^> fru~
Fill,
Find,v.
gum
v.a.a.aibut,
reliquiae
1) ashia
pret.inI aibuta,
campo
get, obtain;
imp.
post embuta.
messem.
pret. atashia I got, imper.

enshi'a, plur. enshiau, pass. eshiaki or eshiakaki. Cfr.

$ /

voluit, impulit; 2) atum I receive, imp. tutumo, pl.

ai
endutum endai receive you. Cfr. y6 rem attrahendo
cum altera conjunxit, ad se collegit; x!> reparavit, comportavit. Cfr.

ad completum finem pervenit.

Fine, adj. sidei good.

Finger, s. olkimojino, pl. elkimojik.
Finish, v. a. aidip; pret. aidipa, imp. endipa (vid. conclude).
Fire, s. engima, pl. engiman; endobira engima make a fire;
eweji eti engima fire-place; akodee eweji neti engima
where is the fire-place?
Firm, adj. egol it is strong (vid. authority).
First,
Fish, s.
adj.osingiri,
abo. plur. esingiri. The Wakuafi like the Galla,
Wakamba and other East-African nations do not eat fish.
Cfr.^.su^ flavit naribus.
Five, s. imiet; eldugnagnak imiet 5 men.

69

Flame, v. a. engima engibuboto the fire flames.

Flat, to be, erisiosio, vid. equal.
Flesh, s. engiri, plur. engirin; the Wakuafi in slaugthering an
animal make the cut above the neck, now below it. The
place of the neck where they make the cut, is called
embiding. Cfr. f^cxi paravit cibum, edulium proposuil.
Flour, s. muddu, pl. muddun.
Flow, v. a. engarre eim the water passes, runs.
Flute, s. the Wakuafi seem to have no kind of musical instru
ments. They dislike any noise, and like silence.
Fly, s. objognani, pl. elojSgnan.
Fly, v. a. aipin I fly; atapirio I flew. Imp. embirio do fly; endaritik etapirio the bird flew; aisidng I jump; akuet I run
St' ' avis.
quick. Cfr. Amharic barara to fly, cfr. Arab. if^j
Foam, s. olabuia, pl. elaburan.
Follow,
Foliage, v.s. nanu
embenne,
arubare
pl. embennek.
I follow, I go together-elle erubare
he follows; aturubare I followed. Imp. turubare, plur.
endurubare; maturubare let us follow or go together.
Food, s. endaa, pl. endaan. Cfr. (_p<Ju terra madida, pin
guedo, humor, pabulum, pec. recens, Iiberalitas.
Fool, s. olduruei, pl. eldiiruan; nanu ara diiruei I am a fool;
ie ira duruei thou art a fool; iok kira diirua or duruan we
are fools; kuldo era diirua they are fools.

Cfr. Jo

gyrum egit, pass. vertigine capitis correptus fuit. jJ^y-*

vertigo capitis.
Foot, 8. engeju, pl. engejek.
Foot, sole endap engeju, pl. endappa engejek.
Ford, s. elagnata, pl. elagnatan, vid. bank.
Foreigner, s. olomdni or emonisho, lit. a beggar, one who

70

has any concern by word or otherwise. Strangers of

Foreknown
Forest,
their
s. endim,
own
eyolloki
arepl.well
endimi
endarasin.
treated
(woodsj.
by the Wakuafi.

Forget, v. a. atorkine, pret. atorkino or atorkinote.

Cfr.

nigro notavit partem rationum, ne porro eorum ratio

Forgive,
habeatur.
v. a. apal; pret. atapalla (I left it), imp. tapalla, pl.
endapal let it alone (vid. avoid.).
Fork, s. olditu, pl. elditun.
Fornicator, s. essidj, pl. id. Cfr.

irritavit inter se; in ma-

trimonium duxit, nupsit.

Fortune, good
Fountain,
s. eudoto
endoki
engarresidei.
(hole of water), pl. eudoton. Cfr.
//
5 /c S
(__jOj emisit; BUoji locus depressior inter monies, vallis, alveus fluvii.
Four, oton.
Free, adj. s. emme osinga not slave. The Wakuafi do neither
buy nor sell people. Cfr. ^0J>
5 c aetliiopum gens. The
^&5*f were so^ as slaves DY lne Arabs. Hence Sanjibar
or Zanzibar the land of the Zendj, Blacks, Slaves. There
Fresh,
Frequently,
is adj.
a tribe
ejon;
adv.
of anake.
endaa
Zendj near
ejon fresh
the river
food.Lufidji.

Friend, s. oljore, pl. eljoren; arraba, pl. arraban, vid. associate; oljorelai or arrabalai my friend. Cfr. 5A^.
/ vicinus,
adjutor, consors in mercatura;

(Hebr. l*p to bail)

V
/ / /
alacer fuit, verba fecit pro aliquo, arrham dedit; ^JjJ
constrinxit, adstrictus, firiniter nexus fuit, neccssitudo.

71

Frighten, v. a. aiture; fut. alaiture, imp. endure mindure do not

frighten; aure I fear; elle dugnani eiture nanu this man
frightens me. Cfr. AH circumivit aestuavit; | Ja super
s'
J
From,concitavit.
venit
prep.exkd;loco
ewojiai
aliis from
inopinato;
me?
Ja propulit, irritavit,

Fruit, s. engulului, pl. enguliilu, a certain fruit of red colour.

Fry, v. a. pej, alapej. Imp. tapejo engiri fry meat, pl. endapej; pfO disrupit, perfodit hasta. Cfr. Amharic badja to
be ready, abadja to prepare. Cfr.

\j mutavit, vertit

aliquid.
Full, to be eti kitok, kummok, poki there is great- much,
all; oldoroto eiputa engarre the lake is full of water;
wolabba eiputa the moon is full. Cfr. (J^UU abundavit?
Fully, adv. poki.
Furniture, s. endokitin (things).
Further, adv. enjn lata give now.
Future, adj. endoki peyau nellotu a thing that will come; eldugnagniik peyau neponu future men, = men who
will come.
Ctain, v. a. ashia or atum I get (vid. find.). Cfr.

to seek,

desire; Amh. sha. Cfr. also \

appetivit, cupivit.
Call, s. olodua, pl. eloduan; edfia it is bitter; endokinoi nadua
3i
ii
the thing is bitter. Cfr. fo aegrotus fuit (_J*0 male
5 ii
"J
habuit tU*0 cortex colocynthidis.
Galla, s. osikirieshi, pl. esikirieshi; a name of contempt which
the Wakuafi have given to the Galla. It means properly
a sheep with a short tail. This being the principal thing of
the Galla, the Wakuafi nicknamed them by this term,

72

considering themselves superior to the Galla, as they

Gallop,
Gape,truly
v.v.a. a.
are.
anak
isikiria
engutuk
ekueta
I open
osubadeia
wide the
the mouth;
ass gallops.
pret. atagna.

Cfr. ^yii locutus fuit intelligibili sermone tJO sonuit,

vociferatus est. Cfr. also Ethiop. nakeha and Amhar.
Gate,nakka
s. vid.todoor.
awake.
Gather, v. a. eawa poki (he took all); pick up-atudiimua.
General, s. oleignoni or olmoruo kitok eauwa endjore the
great man (chief) brought war (scil. into the country).
Get, v. a. aishia I get, or atum; pret. atutumo, imp. enshia or
tiitumo, pass. aishiaki, vid. find.
Giddy, to be eliikunia erignio, lit. the head turns.
Giraffe,
incessit
s. olmeaut,
superbipl.modo.
elmeaut. Cfr. Jclc
I*' extendit, protendit,

Girdle, s. engitati, pl. engitatin.

Girl, s. endito, pl. endoiak; esiangiki, pl. esiangikin a marria
geable young woman.
Give, v. a. aisho I give; aidipa aisho I hade already given.
Imp. enjo give; enjoki nanu give me; enjo elle give him;
enjo iok give us; aishoki I was given; agnai naisho who
gives? Perhaps referable to <_j& assatam dedit carnem,
Glide,meat
v. a.being
ashirdida
almost
I glide,
the only
slip.thing
Cfr. which
Oj& fugit,
a Mkuafi
fugax
canvagagive.

tusque fuit.
Glister, v. a. eriiwa (it burns); engollong eim6r the sun glisters, sparkle's. Cfr.

t-fj^ ^uoc' v'detur. Cfr.

Amharic amara or amara to be pleasant, beautiful, shining.

Glutton, s. essumash; eaulu, plur. eaulun. Cfr. JVC,
ii
1V^r
1 c a'

feminas
Arab.
multosjJo,
habuit
visitat
Hebr.
alendos,
, crassus.
sba voravit.
avideCfr.
cupivit.
also baleha,
Cfr. JHc Amh.
qui uiuttum
balla,

Gnashdit,
lala
voravit.

one's
I gnash.
teeth
Cfr.
Cfr.
also
nanu
\u anidl
praebuit,
kolala
intulit,
; pret.affecit,
ataniala
comeko-

Gnat, s. olojogndni kitti, pl. olojognan kitti. It is particularly

troublesome at night. Cfr. u)jJ^>- embryo foetus adhuc
5. / /
*
Gnaw,utero
v. a.tectus;
nanu aong
(jU^I gnaw;
nox tenebrosa.
pret. otonio; oldia etonio the

dog gnawed.
habena tenuit, retinuit.
Goat, s. endarre, plur. endarren, goat in general; olkinne, plur.
likineji a male goat; enginne, pl. enginnejin female goat.
Go, v. a. nanu allo I go, ie illo, elle ello, iok kipo endai kipo,
kuldo epo. Pret. dshomd he went out; imp. enno go thou,
pl. enjom go ye; mabeiti or mabe let us go; ashom I go
out, pret. ashdmo.
God, s. engai, pl. engain, lit. heaven; eiire engai he fears god.
Good, adj. subbad; sidei; emme tordn; eldugnagnak sidan the
people are good.
Governor, chief, oleibon (chief sorcerer), olkibroni.
Grandfather, s. olmoruo kitok.

Cfr.

and

vir, vel in

genere homo (f^e virilis fuit).

Grandmother,
Grass,
s. olkujita,
kokopl.(-Iai
elkujitan
my).(much and large grass); engiijita, pl. engujit (little and small).
Gratis, adj. pesho; sotoake; aisho sotoake I give in peace or
for peace's sake = gratis.
comites excepit.

Cfr. \J*Xi solvit vultum,

Grave, s. enguwoddo (pit, abyss).

Graze, v. a. engishu epuania olkujita (he cows go to eat grass.
Great, adj. kitok.
Greatness, s. engitok.
Green, adj. 1) eniori (green or blue of colour), olkujita eniori
5 / *s
green grass; enanga naniori green cloth. Cfr. ty*j) florens nitensque facie, pulcher; 2) ejon unripe elgnagnariki ejon unripe turkish corn; 3) eshal green (in opp. to
dryness.) oljanni eshal a green tree (being in sap), pl.
ilkek eshal.
Greet, v. a. airorok; pret. airordko I paid my respect in the.
morning, greeted; imp. enno irorok oleibon go and greet
the chief.
Grief, s. osinna, pl. sinnan; nanu ata osinna I have grief, I am
grieved or distressed, exg. nana mata papa, mala yeyo,
mata toki, I have no father, no mother, nothing all. Cfr.
tristis fuit; (j>^^ tristitia.
Grind, v. a. aidogn, pret. aidogno; imp. endogno olkombau, pl.
elkombaun grind the tobacco; emuddu eidogni tata the
flour is now being ground; emuddu eidognoki it has been
ground.
Grow, v. a. etabiiloa it grew. Cfr. ^jb maduit, seminavit convaluit, evasit; fructus habuit.
Grown-up, bodor; oldugnani bodor a grown-up person. Cfr.
5 c
Iuna, maturae aetatis et plenae formae juvenis.
Grumble, v. a. 1) akur, atakura, imp. endiikur to be angry;
2) airoro kitti I speak a little.
Guard, v. a. arip, pret. atoripo aji I guarded the house; imp.
toripo, totona engnorai engaji sit and guard (or look to)
the house; aignor. Cfr. ^jp dominus fuit praefuitque;
possedit, educavit multum propinqus fuit.

75

Guide, v. a. nanu atiaka or atolikio or atadolla engoitoi I sho

wed him the road I told him.
Gun,
Gum,Imp.
Is.s.shoot;
indiol,
jaw,
tarananu
enirt.
pl.
or tosho
indiolin;
atara (miar
or nanu
atosho
orarmiosh
indiol
or aosh
indiol
I fired
indiol
doa gun,
not
I fire
fire).
musket.
a gun,

Habitation, s. eweji natonie nanu a place where I dwell; enjoki

the men.
eweji natonie eldugnagnak give me an habitation for
Hair, s. olbabit, pl. elbabit.
Halt, v. a. ara gnojinne I halt (aya engeju I ache in the leg};
ata subbad or aishuo now I am well.
Hand, s. engeina, pl. engeik or engeinak.
Handle, s. enjetta olalem handle of a knife (lit. wood). Cfr.
Amharic endjiet wood.
Hang, v. ashum I put; pret. atiishuma I have put.
Happiness,
Happen, v. a.s. etuo
endokitin
it came.
sidan good things; enno pengutuk
sidei go in happiness, lit. in a good mouth.
Happy, adj. eta endokitin sidan, or eta engommom sidei he
has good things, he has a good (serene) face.
Hark, hearken, v. a. amngn, I hark, hear. Imp. tognigno; alaningn I shall hark.
Harmless, adj. nanu ituas endokitin torono I have not done bad
things (serr^an vid. peace).
Hasten, v. aisarsar or aiserser I make quick. Pret. aisaresara,
lit.
vocem edidit, perpetuo edit vir, commotus fuit^y** exacuit, sciens penetravit.
Hatchet, s. endollo, pl. endolluan.
Hate, v. arate I quarrel, fight; pret. atarate; matarate let us fight.

76

Have, v. a. nanu ata toki I have a thing; ie iata thou hast; elle
eta he has; iok kiata we have; endai kiata you have;
kuldo eata they have; inata I have not, ie miata thou hast
not; elle media; iok mekiata, endai ; kuldo meata they
have not, exg. meata enanga they have no cloth.
He, pron. elle.
Head, s. elliikunia, pl. ellukunian. Cfr. ^ru) inclinavit ad
aliquem, dixit alicui, modulatus fuit. yoni) phthongus,
modulatio.
Healthy, adj. nanu agdl, mdmui I am strong, I am not sick.
Heap, s. of clay olkiu, pl. elkiiin. The wild swine digs holes
into it, and afterwards the bees deposit honey therein.
Hear, v. a. fining, pret. atoningo.
Heart, s. oldau, pl. eldau.
Heaven, s. engai.
Heavy, adj. eiroishi; enna toki neiroishi this thing is heavy.
Hedge, s. oldle, pl. lalen.
He-goat, s. vid. goat.
Heir, s. nanu aya ungishu papalai I take the cows of my father.
Help, v. a. ataretoko I have holpen vid. assist; nanu aretdki I
help; alairetoki I shall. Cfr. OlJp ferruminavit.
Hen, s. engugu sieki, pl. engiigu siek.
Hence, adv. kolebai (prop. ko olbai).
Herdsman, s. asuj or asudj engishu I follow or drive cattle.
Here, adv. enne; tushuma tenne put it here; tushuma ende put
it there; tushuma tende put it there fos off.
Hero, s. oleignoni (brave), pl. oleignon.
Hew, v. a. adugn, pret. atiidugno, imp. tiidogno.
Hide, v. a. aisudo, pret. aisudoie, imp. isiidoi, pl. esuddn endai ;
aisudori I hide myself; ainio peisudori ie why doest thou
hide thyself?

77

High, adj. eado; oljetta eado a high tree. Cfr. j^^fUO incrassuit, multa fuit, fortis amplus fuit.
Hill, s. oldoinio oddi. Cfr. (_juJ<paucus (little mountain).
Hinder,
Hippopotamos,
Him, pron.
v. a.elle;
a"ngn,
s.etara
olkimang,
pret.
elleatania,
hepl.beat
elkiniang.
I refused.
him.

His, pron. poss. enie, legnie; engajienie his house, papa legnie
his father.
Hit,
Hither,
History,
v. a.adv.
s.agnor
olbai?
enne;
I hitwou
withenne
the arrow;
come hither;
imp. tagnoro.
wou enne ewejTai

come hither to me (my place).

Hoarse, adj. nanu agor olgolai I am hoarse; etagoro olgolenie
he was hoarse or obstructed in his throat, meidim eiroro
he cannot speak.
Hole, s. eudoto, pl. eudoton.
Hollow, adj. eta 6ud6to it has a hole.
Home', s. engaji (house), pl. engajijik (aji inside, within).
Honest, adj. eta ldmon sidan.
*
Honey, s. eneisho, pl. eneishon.
Honey water olmarua, pl. elmaruan (beverage of the Wakuafi).
Cfr. (J!j<
s / facilis concoctu, cfr. Amharic mar.
Horn, s. esekekoa, pl. esekekdan (horn of cattle); olalai lol
dome tooth of an elephant; oromet, plur. rometta lol
dome ivory.
Hot, adj. eta engima it has fire, is hot; eriiwa.
House, s. engaji, pl. engajijik (aji inside).
House door kutukaji engaji.
How? mo what? n)[6 arraba what, my friend? ainio how,
why? ainio peinjo neja why or how hast thou said or
spoken so, in this manner? (nanu ajo I say) iteja? what

78

didst thou say? ainia itadiia what or how hast thou seen?
ainio iyau how likest or desirest thou? how much
omoaja? emoaja eldugnagnak oetuo, oemina otuata how
many men came, perished, died? emoaja endokitin naimina how many things perished? emoaja engishu naimina
how many cows perieshed.
CI
IIi
Hump, s. of a cow eruk engiteng. Cfr. ^Jj^--,
carne
obductum os; Oyc mons parvus.

Hundred, ip?
Hunger, s. blameu (pl- lameu) kiata olameu we have hunger.
Hunt, v. a. aignoru oljangnito.
Hurt, v. sr (I beat).
5 c f.
Husband, s. olmoruo-lai my husband, pl. elmoruSk. Cfr. Ulj*
homo, vir.
Hyena,
Hut, s. s.
engaji.
1) olotonnu,
kitti.
pl. elotonnak; 2) olgnojinne, pl. elgnojinan (the lame one).
I pron. nanu; I myself nanu osessin-Iai (I my body). Cfr.
5 /
c i
{jms* sensus , facultas sentiendi ((j*^).
Idle, adj. olmunjati, pl. elmunjaten, vid. although.
If conj. kama or kana, p6 ; mayollo kama tata ellotu I do
not know if he comes now; papa kama ellotu, aliki or
ajoki when or if the father comes, I tell him, or papa
pellotu ajoki; peitum engishu imiet if thou gettest 5 cows;
papa pellotu, ajoki or alaliki engutuk sidei if the father
comes, I shall tell him something good; peillo olmaniara,
toliko oleibon if thou goest to town, tell the chief; peining indiol peari, wou if thou hearest the musket fired,
then come; ie peiar engerai, nanu allotu ar ie if thou
beatest the boy, I shall beat thee; kuldo peponu if they

79

i come or when they come; peikiponu when we come

(cfr. while conj.); kana ituellotu, aipaya oldugnani ello
olmaniara if he is not come, I wel send a man to town.
Immerse,
Ill-treate, v.
v. a.
a. apik
aitobirabori
olbaiengarre
torono. I put under water; nanu
aimug I dive, pret. aimugd.
Immortal, adj. nanu inae I am immortal, I do not die; ie mie,
elle ma; iok mikie; kuldo ma; itua I did not; etua he
Immoveable,
Impose,
change,
did not.
v. a.alter.
adj.
1) etuebellekegni;
anap (vid. elevate,
mebellekegne
lift up),hetipika
does put;
not1

2) cheat, alej I cheat, vid. deceive; miledj do not impose.

Impossible, adj. meidim endokinoi he cannot this matter.
Imprison, v. a. vid. bind, v. a. oleibon atena ol dugnani the
chief tied the man.
Imprudent, adj. emme gnen (not clever); meta engutuk sidei
fhe has no good mouth).
In,
Incline,
prep.v.ainio
a. Gonati
bow,
aji bend)
what isnanu
thereagiiruma;
in?
imp. tugurumaiu,
..
. .. .
Incorporeal,
pl. endugurumaiu.
adj. meta osessin.

Increase,
Indeed, adv.
v. a.edede
vid. add.
truly;. osubadeia, well.
Indecent, adj. meta engirok.
Inflame,
Inform,
Information,
v.v. a.a.s.atolikio
apik
olbai,
engima.
ollomon
lomon I told
(word)
words.
iteja arraba? what news
.

Inherit,
a friend?
v. a. nanu atutumo engishu na ndokitin e papa or la
. papa or yeyo I took, received the cows and things of
the father or mother.

80

Injure, v. a. ataruesha I injured; I was injured nanu atarue.

Cfr. ^Jji terruit.
Insincere, adj. oldaulegnie eteride his heart was curved, had
knots. Cfr. o

propulit, praeteriit, cessit.

Inquire, v. a. aignuru, pret. aignorua, imp. engnoru; alaignoru

I shall inquire; aignor I see, but aignoru I inquire,
search, examine.
Insipid, adj. endoki noi memelok this thing is not sweet; edua
ni
it is bitter (emel&k it is sweet); oiJlc suxit Iactem
matrem pullus, blan'ditus fuit; amorem ostendit, laevis et
lenis Fuit, blandus fuit.
Instantly, adv. isaresara (make quick).
Instead, eweji e papa instead of the father; ewejiai in stead
Instruct,
of me.
v. a. atolikio I told him.
Insult, v. a. vid. despise.
Intend , v. a. ayau (I desire).
Intelligent, adj. gnen.
Interpret, v. a. aliki I say.
Intestine, s. engoshoke, pl. engoshoa.
Into, vid. in.
Iron,
Intoxicated,
s. esegnengei,
adj. vid. pl.
tipsy
esegnengen.
amera I am .
Irrational, adj. oldurei (fool), pl. olduran.
Itch, s. olwewedoi, pl. elwewfido.
Itch, v. a.
Jackal,
s. nanu
oldia aoj,
la osero
pret. or
#tojo,
losero
imp.dog
tojoiu.
of the wilderness, pl.
eldian losero.
Joint, s. endakulle, pl. endakullen.
Joke, v. a. aiguran I Joke, pret. aigurannie, imp. enguranie;
eguranisho jester.

$i

Joy, v.a. akuenni I laugh, pret. atakuennia; kuldo etakuenniata

they laughed.
Jump, v. a. aisi&ng, pret. aisiogna, imp. isidgna.
Just, adj. etejo engutuk sidei.
Keep, v. a. vid. guard, v. a.
Kettle, s. emodi, pl. modiok vid. dish.
Kill, v. a. ar I beat, malar let us beat, kill him; nanu ar6m I
kill by stabbing; pret. atargma, imp. taremo, pl. endarem;
alarem I shall, mirem do not kill, pl. mekirem.
Kind, s. kam-like, kam enna like this of this kind.
Kindle, v.a. akut engima I kindle a fire; makutl kindle not ;
imp. tiikuta, pl. endiikut.
King, s. oleibon, pl. eleibonok; olkibroni, pl. elkiborSk vid. chief.
Kiss, v. a. anak, atanaka, imp. tanaka, lit. to suck out.
Kitchen, s. enjoki eweji nanu ayerie endaa give a place where
I may cook food; akodee ewejino iyerisho ie where is
thy place where thou cookest.
Knave, s. an arrant knave, olkeleki, pl. likelekin; osongoroi,
pl. songuron. Cfr. <Jj)fj vacillavit, inquietus fuit.
Knead, v. a. ashor muddu, pret. atoshora (lit. to touch).
Knee, s. engugnu, pl. engiignun.
Kneel, v. a. apukus engiignun, pret. atupukusa; nanu aijululo
I bow down to show the backside as the Muhamedans
do in praying; lashumban ejuliilon.
Knife, s. olalem, pl. lalem, or laleman; a small knife engallem,
Knock,
pl. v.engal6min;
a. aosh, pret.
wolalem
atoshokitok
kutukaji
sword
I knocked
(vid.). at the door,

imp. tosho, miosh do not. Cfr. (j&c quaesivit, percussit, turbavit suo loco.
Know, v. a. ayollo, pret. atayollo, imp. tayollo, pl. endayollon;
mayollo I do not know.
6

82

Labour, v. a. aitobir, pret. aitobira endokitin or endokinon.

Labourer, s. etobirisho endokinon.
Lace, s. engennc rongai a thin rope or string, pl. engennak
rongan.
Lacerate, v. a. oluwaru kitok etekija engiteng the lion has
the cow; nanu akij I lacerate.
Lake, s. olduroto.
Lamb, s. engerai enger, pl. engera enger.
Lame, adj. nanu ara gnojinne, pl. gnojinnin.
Lance, s. embere, pl. emberean.
Land, s. engob, pl. engoban; oloikobani (pl. loikob) eta enna
Landlord,
kob orolobeng
engob enna,
(pl. lobegne)
the Mkuafipossessor;
possesses olobeng
this land.engiiruma the possessor of the plantation.
Language, s. engutuk; iyau nijo engiitukang willt thou speak
our language? nanu ayau najo engutuk eloikob I wish to
Languish,
Lap, speak
s. engubbesin
v.Kikuafi;
a. nanuiok
pl.anaura
id.
kiyauCvid.
nikijofatigued),
engutuk we
pret.
wish
atanaure.
to speak.

Last, adj. night enna kewarie, or kewarie naim, or eima;

last day engollong neidip.
Laugh, v. a. akuenni, imp. takuennia.
Law, s. ollomon sidei la engob.
Lax, to be 1) engenne eilitilito the rope is ; 2) oldugnani eshal the man is weak.
Lay, v. a. ashum, pret. atushuma, imp. tushuma, pl. endushum;
tushuma tenne lay it there.
Lead, v. a. tadiia engoitoi show the road; agnei neitadua engoitoi oloikobani who showed the road to the Mkuafi?
Leaf, s.adj.
Lean,
embennek.
asas, pret. atasasa or nanu ara tasad I am lean,
imp. tasasaiu.

83

Learn,
learn
v. a.theelle
Kikuafi
eyaulanguage.
neiyollo engutuk eloikob he wishes to
Least, adv. engitti minjo do not give in the least.
Leather, s. enjonni, pl. enjonniton.
Leave, v. a. ap5l, pret. atapalla, imp. tapalla, pl. endapal.
Leg, s. engeju, pl. engejek.
Lengthen, v. a. aitobir eado, pl. eadon.
Leopard, s. oluwaru lesher, pl. eluwarak esher. Cfr. 5SJSXc/
nonien hyaenae.
Lessen, v. a. aitobir dorob I make short.
Lest, engnorai midoie look lest you fall, lit. see, fall not.
Letter, s. ollomon?
Level, adj. erisiosio it is.
Lewd, s. endangile essij a lewd woman.
Liar, s. eta elejare he has lie.
Liberate,
Lick, v. a.v. emej,
a. atenu,
pret.
pret.
atamftjo,
atenua (to
imp.open
tamejo,
to let pl.
loose),
enda'mej.
imp. tenu.

Lie, s.
v. elejare,
etejo elejare
pl. elejaren.
he spoke lie.
Light,
Lightening,
Lift,
Life, v.s.adj.
a.egol
tipika
meroshi
s.heengai
is
engeber
strong,
not
eimer,
heavy;
orepiu
keber
pret.
emme
he eimera;
to
is alive.
put
eroshi.
above.
eimeraki poki there

is lightening on all side; meimer there is no .

Like, v. a. asham I like, imp. tashama.
Likeness, s. kam enna like this ; erisiosio equal.
Likewise, adv. kama enna; neja; papalai etejo neja my father
Limestone,
said likewise.
s. essfiret, pl. essereta or esseratan. There is a
place in the Kikuafi country, where lime is found.
6*

84

Lion, s. oluwaru kitok (oluwaru a ravenous beast), pl. eluwarak kitoa.

Lip, s. enjonni engiituk (skin of the mouth).
Little, adj. adv. engitti, kitti; enjoki engarre kitti or enjoki
engitti arre give me a little water; enjoki engitti anga or
enanga kitti give me a little cloth; engitti toki something
little; endokinoi something great.
Liver, s. emuegnua, pl. muegnuak.
Load,
Living, s.adj.
endiitua,
epiu; etue
plur.heendutuan
died not.(a bag containing a load).
Nanu ashum endiitua engeber ellukuniai I impose or put
Locust,
Lodge,
thev.s.load
a.
olmati,
tipika
abovepl.
engaji.
orelmati.
upon my head, or engoriong back.

Loin, s. engiji, pl. engijin.

Long,
Look, adj.
v. a.eado;
asham
aignor,
endoki
naleng
fut. alaignor,
nado;
or osubadeia.
oldugnani
pret. aignora,
eado. imp. engnorai,

pl. endai engnoran; mignor do not look; but aignoru I

Lord,
Loose,
seek,
s.v.olmoruo
a.aignorua
alenu,
(-lai
pret.
I sought
my),
atenua,
pl. elmoruak.
pass. atenuaki.

Lose,
Loudly,v. adv.
a. aitura
etadara
(I throw
engiituk
away),
kitokpret.
he cried
aturaie,
loudly.
imp. endura,
Love,pl.v.enduran;
a. 1) asham
mindura
I love,
do not.
atashama I loved; imp. tashama
love thou; pl. endasham ashami I am loved Oid. agree),
mashami I am not loved, atashamakil was loved; 2) anior
I love, pret. atoniora aniori I am loved, atonioraki I was
Louse,
loved;
s. ellashe,
3) ayau
plur.
I desire.
ellashen (not to be confounded with

85

olashe
seek forcalf);
the lice.
v. a. aignoru ellashen, imper. engnoru
Low, adj. abori; engob eta abori low country.
Lungs, s. olkipiei , pl. elkipian.
Lurk, v. aniu, fut. alaniu, pret. ataniua I waited, imp. taniu,
pl. endaniu; taniu or taniuaki pcngoitoi expect me or
wait for me on the road, taniu nanu abori oldoinio wait
for me below the mountain.
mad, adj. eta oleiriroa, pl. leiriroan.
Maid,few
s. endito
maids.kitti, plur. endoiak kutitti, but endoiak kutti a
Maintain , v. a. aisho endaa I give food.
Make, v. a. vid. do, accomplish.
Male, adj. oleioni, pl. leiok.
Malice, s. endoki torono; endoron.
Man, s. oldugnani, pl. eldugnagnak; oldani, pl. eldana an un
known man, whom the Wakuafi do not know among
themselves. Cfr. _y3o ignobilis, vilis.
Manifest, adj. endokinoi etuesudori, etipikaki bo the matter is
not hidden, it is laid open.
Manure, s. emodio, pl. emodiok.
Many, adj. kummok; eldugnagnak kummok.
Mark, v. a. nanu asir I make a mark, I write, pret. atesira
engishu I have made a mark on the cows, by which the
cattle of eveny Mkuafi is known among the whole tribe.
jiVas effigiavit, pinxit.
Market, s. osingira, plur. osingiran; kigniagna or engigniagna
Marry,
marketting.
v. a. ayau isiangiki, I desire a woman.
Marsh, s. osordo (pl- esordon) la engarre.
Master, s. olmoruo, papa.

86

May, v. aidim I can, pret. aidima, imp. endima.

Meadow, ... eweji eti engujitta.
Meal, s. endaa, pl. endaan.
Means, s. endokitin, engoitoi.
Mediate, v. a. reconcile, nanu aishiakie eldugnagnak I recon
cile the men, nanu atiaka or airorie eldugnagnak, eshiate
or etushalate I tell or speak to the people, that they may
agree with each other, become reconciled.
Medicine, s. endasim; endobira nanu endasim make to me
medicine, supply me with it; esetan, pl. esetani means
witchcraft or medicine to kill a person but endasim
signifies physick for curing sickness.
Meet, v. a. kitaduaite pengoitoi we met each other on the road.
Melt, v. a. ayir vid. cook; melted butter egnorno.
Member, s. endakulle, pl. endakullen.
Mend, v. a. arip, exg. enanga; imp. tiripa, pl. endirip alarip I
shall, pass. etiripaki.
Men, s. eldugnagnak, sing. oldugnani.
Merchandize, s. endoki engigniagna matter of marketing.
Merchant, s. nanu aigniagnu, amirisho I buy and I sell; egniagnisho na emirisho.
Merely, adv. tap alla tata let it now alone.
Messenger, s. oldugnani epayaki the men who was sent.
Middle, s. kiterata engaji in the middle of the house.
Midnight engiterata kewarie.
Mild, adj. epuiyapui (sofQ; enanga epuiyapui a soft cloth.
Milk, s. kulle pl. id.
Milk, leboki
engiteng
v. a. nanu
engiteng
elebbi
a!6b the
tata
engiteng;
cow
the cow
was
imp.
milked.
is now
talebo,
being
fut. alaleb,
milked; pass.
eta-

Mill, s.
to enjoki
grind the
esoittobacco.
aidognie olkombau give me the little stone

Miller, s. oldugnani eidognisho.

Mind, s. oldau, pl. eldau.
Mind, v. a. nanu ayau I desire vid. do not mind tapalla,
meta toki bear in mind tiishuma oldaulino.
Mingle, v. a. ashul; imp. tushula, mishfil do not, pass. etushulaki; etushulate to mingle one with mother; agnai natuMire,
Miscarry,
shula
s. osordo,
v.kulle
a. endangile
na
pl. engarre?
esordon.
eibiruo
whoengerai
mingledthemilk
wife
andmiscarried
water?

the child; imp. embiruo. Cfr.

absolvit, missum fecit.

Miserable, adj. olomoni, pl. lomonok (beggar); meta toki, eta

Misery,
Miss,osinna.
v. s.a. osinna,
ituaishakpl.I isinnan
have not(vid.
obtained
grief).or itualum; aishia or

atum I obtain (or aishak) vid. get. v. a.

Mistake, v. a. Yid. err, v. a.
Mistress, s. koko kitok, pl. engokon kitua.
Misunderstand, v. a. nanu ituaningn I did not hear nanu
maningn I hear not.
Mock,
Mohammedan,
v. a. vid.s. laugh.
olashumbai, pl. lashfimban to turn era olaMolest,
shumbai.
v. a. oldugnani etipika nanu osinna the man put me
into trouble or distress.
Moist, adj. engob eti engarre in the ground there is water.
Month, s. wolabba, pl. labban. Cfr.
vitque, properavit.

ingressus est abi-

More, adv. oldugnani elle subbad, eim elde this man is good,
he excels that, i. e. this man is better than that man; adv.
eim poki he excels all = he is the best.
Morning, s. tadekenia; morning star enokira tadekenia. Cfr.

88

Jjj percussit, perfodit; cfr. <^iJyJ\ jXjiile noraen

slellae et in sidere corvi (avis).
Morrow, s. teiserre after to teiserre nollong.
Mortar, s. iau enjonni paidognisho nanu elbaik bring the skin
with which or in which I stamp -turkish corn (nanu aidogno penjonni). The Wakuafi tie a skin together on
two ends, in which they stamp grain etc.
Moth, s. olkurdo, pl. elkurdon. Cfr. oJ vermibus corruptum
fuit; Ojj ricinus, insectum equos et camelos infestans.
Mother, yeyo (lai my), pl. yeyon.
Mountain,
Mount, v. a.s. vid.
oldoinio
ascend.
(a large one), pl. eldoinian or doiniak;
endoinio signifies a small mountain; oldoinio eibor the
white mountain.
Mouse, s. endero, pl. enderon.
Mouth, s. engutuk, pl. engutuak, or engutiikie.
Move, v. a. aipongn, pret. aiponia, imp. embonia.
Mow,
Much, v.
adv.
a. adugn
kummdk;
engujit
veryI much
cut grass.
kummok naleng; how much?

vid. how? Cfr. ^Ui congregavit, cepit, in superiore

Murder,
rei parte
v. a. fuit.
vid. kill; v. a. nanu atara oldugnani etua I beat
the man he died.
Murderer, s. earisho.
Murmur, v. a. vid. grumble.
Must,pron.
My,
v. heposs.
mustmy
go.house engaji-ai; my father papa-Iai; my
fathers papa-lainei.
Wail, s. of wood enjettan kutitti; of the finger oloibossoi,
pl. loibossok.
Naked, adj. meta enanga he has no cloth.

89

Name, s. engarna, pl. engarnan; engarne papalai or lapapalai

the name of my father; kejia engarneino what is thy
name? resp. engarnai Krafu, my name is Krapf; aisho
engarna I name; kejia engarnegnie how you call this?
or kejia endokinoi how you call this thing? prop. kaji ia
what sayest thou; nanu ajo I say.
Native, s. engerai engdb a child of the land.
Near, adj. etana, atenikua he is near, he approached; tegniku come near.
Navel, s. osororua, pl. sororfian. Cfr.^jo constrinxit crumena; f jo funiculus.
Neck, s. emurd, pl. murdon. Cfr. Ou'jjo collum.
Needle, s. olditu, pl. ilditun.
Neglect, v. a. etapalla he left; etorkine he forgot; arkino I
New,forget;
adj. likai
pass.
(anetorkinote
other), pl.
forgotten
kulikai; (vid.
engaji
forget).
likai an other

house; eldugnagnak kulikai other men. Cfr. Vji^J occurrit, accessit ad aliquem; ^JQ) id quod abjicitur, occurrens alteri.
Night, s. kewarie, plur. kewarien. Cfr. N*&Cftp) magna
nubes; j^jj* potiore parte elapsa fuit nox.
Nine, adj. sal.
Nip, v. a. (with the fingers) aput, imp. tupfito. Cfr..
secuit,
praecidit, abrupit.
Nobleman, s. oldugnani kitok, pl. eldugnagnak kitok or kituak.
Noise, s. adar engutuk I make a noise; ainio peidar why makest thou a noise? etadara he made a noise.
Nostril, s. eudoto engume, pl. eudoton engumesin.
Not, adv. emme sidei not good; mindobir do not do it; millo

90

do not go; nanu mayau naitobir I will not do it; meidim

eitobir he cannot do.
Nothing, meti there is not; meti engarre hatta engitti there is
no water, not even a little or bit = there is no water
at all.
Notice, s. ollomon, olbai; v. a. atolikio I told him.
Nought, vid. nothing.
Nourish, v. a. aisho endaa I give food.
Now, adv. tata.
Nucleus, s. endiani olmorokoet, plur. cndian clmorokoiti the
stone or kernel of the Mkoma-fruit of which the Wakuafi
make snuff-boxes.
Number, v. a. aiken, pret. aikenna, imp. engenna; kipuaken
we number count it.
Oath, s. mumake; oloikobani enia mumake the Mkuafi eats an
oath = takes an oath or eipussua; olleibon aisho or
etipika esetan engutuk the chief gave or put the magical
potion into the mouth. The Wakuafi mix up the medicine
of the oath with a piece of meat, which in case of a
person being guilty , is believed to stick to the throat,
and neither go backward nor forwards, so that the per
son must die.
Obedient, adj. eningnisho nanu he hears me, is obedient
unto me.
Object, s. endoki nabo one thing, pl. endokitin; oldokinoi obo
one thing or object, which one sees but does not yet
fully know or distinguish-whether man or animal, and of
what kind or nation.
Oblique , adj. engaji eture esundai nabo (plur. esundan) the
house bends to one side.
Observe, v. a. atadiia I have seen; ituadol I have not seen;
ataduaki I was seen.

91

Ocean, s. esukuta kitok, pl. esukutan.

Odd, s. endoki kitok, pl. endokitin kitua.
Offend, v. etiaka or etasa elba torok he said or did bad things.
Offended, etagorre he was irritated.
Often, adv. enake.
// /
?. /' >
Oil, s. ilata, pl. ilatan. Cfr. ^JijLc miscuit collegit &du: misOmit,
Old, eos,
old
cella
adj.
v. a.man
engaji
duarum
kios).
etapalla
olmoru
endarasin
rerum
he e6s;
omitted;
exold

oxygala
house
woman
vid. leave,
et(endarasin
koko
butyro.
v. a.eas that
(aios,
origin);
ios,

Once, adv. engollong nabo.

One,
On, prep.
obo vid.
or nabo;
above. engaji nabo one house; oldugnani obo
one man.
One-eyed, eta engogno nabo.
Only, adv. obeng (alone); tapalla let it alone.
Open, v. a. nanu abol, pret. atabolu, imp. tabolu, pass. etaboloki; nanu aidalania I lay open.
Opposite, adj.iok kignorate we faced each other; kuldo egnoOppress,
rate v.
they.
a. (deprive, extort) aoru; nanu ayau naoru I well
deprive him, rob him; alaoru, fut; pret. atorua or atoruo,
Or
Order,
imp.
ors.
toru,
akitti.
au.pl. endoruat endai, pass. etoruoki.

Origin, s. endarasin (enda rasin).

Other,
Ornament,
adj. likai,
s. endokitin
pl. kulikai;
sidan.
olalem likai an other knife; eldugnagnak kulikai other men; iau esoiton kulikai bring
Overcome,
other stones.
v. a. amir I drive away, expel vid. banish.

92

Our, pron. poss. ang; engajiang our house; engajijikang

our houses; oldugnanilang our man; eldugnagnaklang
our men; engishuang our cows; esoitolang our stone;
esoitolang our stones.
Out, he came out eshom or cshom aulo opp. atejigna bo he
went into.
Outside, kioni engaji outside of the house; aulo outside
very far.
Ox, s. olkiteng, plur. elkitengni (castrated ox) oleignoni not
castrated ox.
Pain,elle
v. ea,
a. I iok
feelkia,
painkuldo
in myea.body nanu aya osessinlai ie, ia,
Paint,tree
v. a.which
etipika
yields
neibuko
a redhecolour).
put red colour (the bark of a
Pan, s. emodi, pl. modiok, to be distinguished from emodioi,
pl. emodiok excrements of cows.
Pap, s. male pap embutuk, pl. embutuki.
Pardon,
my
etapalla
bad
v. a. things.
ellomon
eitauo he
lainei
tooktorok
away;myetapalla
father he
pardoned
left. Papalai
or left

Pass, v. a. aim, pret. aima.

Pasturage, s. eweji eti engujit.
Path, engoitoi
s. engoitoi
dabash
rongai,
broad
pl. engoiton
way. rongan (thin path=small);
Patient,
atigira,
adj. nanu
imp. tigirai,
agira I pl.
am endigirata;
patient, lit. endasho
I keep silence;
stand still.
pret.
Paw, s. vid. claw.
Pay, v. a. aisho I give.
Peace, s. osotoa or serre, serreani; engob eta osotoa or engob serre or serreani the land is quiet, in peace; eldugnagnak serrean or serreani, the people are in peace, are
peaceable, not to be feared; iok serrean; oleibon eitobira

93

engob serrean or serre the chief made the country pea

Pebble,
Penetrate,
Peasants,
Peel, ceable,
v. s.
a. s.esoit
v.
aking,
etur
safe.
a. ajign,
kitli,
engob.
pret.pl.
imp.
atikinia
esoiton
tejigna.
(exg.
kutitti.
enjonni), imp. tikinia.

People, s. eldugnagnak (sing. oldugnani), eldana (sing. oldani).

Pepper, s. oseketet, pl. esekelet; red pepper eseketet nedo.
Perfect, v. a. aidip, pret. aidipa, imp. endipa, pl. id.
Perhaps, adv. mayollo kam ellotu perhaps he comes, lit. I do
not know whether he comes.
Perish, v. a. aimin perish, pret. aimina, imp. imina, plur. imin;
mimin perish not; mayau naimin I do not like to perish;
nanu apognori engoitoi (pret. atapognori) to go astray
from the right road.
Perishable, adj. endoki naimin or naimina.
Permit,
Persecute,
v. a.v. alolikio.
a. amir engob I banish from the country vid.
banish; atemira he banished.
Physic, s. vid. medicine.
Physician, s. oleiboni, pl. leibonok.
Piece, s. small piece of meat engitti kirigno; nanu adugn engirigno I cut a piece of meat.
Pierce, v. a. arem, pret. ataremo, imp. tar6mo (with a lance).
5/c/
5
Pig, s. olbitir, plur. elbitiron; S^Xj (asina) or j-ft*3^ Per"
Pilfer,spicax
v. nanu
canis.
aburo I steal, take away; atuburoie or atuburishe or atuburoishe I have stolen; imp. tuburoi steal, pl.
enduburoisho, pass. etuburoishoki stolen; aburo I take
away*, steal one or two times, but abiirisho means it is
my business or trade to steal.
Pillar, s. egnappe, pl. gnappan (engaji of a house).

94

Pious, adj. nanu aure engai I fear gdd.

Pit, s. engumoddo, pl. engumoddon; olkerrenget, pl. elkerrenget (pit dug for catching elephants and other wild
Pity, v.
beasts).
a. aisho endokitin subbadi or sidSn, I give good things.
Place, s. eweji, pl. ewejitin.
Plain, adj. 1) eibor, meti ilkek, exg. engob neibor, mcli ilkek,
meti oldoinio the land is clear, without trees, without a
mountain; 2) ituesudo not hidden, but manifest.
Plait, v. a. nanu arid elbabit I tie the hair in locks. Pret. alerida, imp. lerida elbabit. Cfr.

omminuit in gros-

siores partes; cfr. Vip constrinxit nodum; O^i-^ recle

concinnavit.
Plan, s. ollomon, v. a. ajo I say.
Plant,ground
v. a. tipika
-plant engob
it.
elbaik put the turkish corn into the
Plaster,
wound.
v. a. tipika endassim olmoko put physick into the
Play, v. a. nanu aiguran, pret. aigurannei.
Please, v. a. akuennie I make him laugh, i. e. I give him joy.
Pleased, to be nanu akuenni or agnida I laugh at I re
joice pret. atakuennia, atigniade; imp. takuenniayu or
tignidayu; nanu paisho papalai elle alem, eshami ekuenni
or egnidi if I give my father this knife, he will love it,
he will laugh or rejoice.
Pledge, s. esille, pl. esillen (aisho).
Plunderer, s. olaburon (thief).
Pocket, s. embenne, pl. embenniak; a large pocket olbenne,
pl. elbenniak.
.
Poison, s. endoki earisho, edua.
Pole, s. egnudi (long stick), pl. egnudisin, osoboa, pl. soboan

95

travelling stick; oloikuma club, female privity = embollish.

Polish,
imp.
v. a.endiitunio.
aitutugn, pret. atutunio olalem I polished the knife,
Pool, s. eweji eti osordo.
Poor, adj. meta toki; olomoni; eta osinna.
Possession, s. endoki; engob.
Possessor, s. olobeng; eti olobeng the possessor is here; nanu
olobeng ati I the possessor am there; eti lobeng engishu
the possessors of the cows are there; nanu ati olobeng
engishu; iok kiti lobeng engishu; olobeng is to be distin
guished from obeng alone, nanu obeng I alone; kietu iok
obeng we alone came.
Possible, adj. eidimaki it is practicable.
Patatoe, sweet olmurungu, pl. elmuriingon.
Potter, s. eitobir emodi, pl. modiok he makes pans; engira,
pl. engiran great ladle.
Pound, v. a. aiddgn, pret. aidogno, imp. endogno.
Pour out, v. a. aibuko, pret. aidipa aibukd, imp. embukoi, pass.
Powder,
eibukori.
s. engulukok (sand); enderit (dust), pl. enderito.
Power, s. vid. authority.
Pray, v. a. nanu amonu I pray, pret. atamonu, fut. alamonu.
Pregnant, adj. endangile emena the woman is nanu amena
I am pregnant, or atiitumo engerai.
Prepare, v. a. tiishuma (lay).
Present, v. a. aisho, ayaki I carry for him.
Present, s. endoki subbad or sidei.
Press, v. agor, pret. atagoro (exg. olgoss).
Pressure, s. osinna.
Presume, v. a. ayollo.

96

Price, s. emoaja how much, or many? kimoaja iok how many

are we?
Prince, s. olkibroni, pl. elkibSrok.
Principle, s. enddki kitok.
Prisoner,
Privity,
s. s.
female
oldugnani
1)etenaki.
engnalli, pl. engnallian; 2) embollish,
pl. embollishan; 2) oloikuma (club), pl. loikuman; male
privity enjabbo, pl. enjabbon.
Proceed, v. a. eiio, egnoa, eshom he came, goes out; nanu
aignoa I proceed, come out; kajignoa ie? resp. aignoa
enda kob; whence doest thou proceed? from that country
yonder; kajignoagna endai whence do ye proceed? resp.
olmaniara; eshomo endaji he went out and went into that
Proclaim,
housev.(=
nanuengaji
aliki enda).
I tell, pret. atoliki; nakerai tolikioki or
Procure,
tolikiv.nanu;
a. atum,
nanuI atiaka
get, vid.
it told him; ajo or ajokil tell him.
Prohibit, v. a. etania he refused; etiaka millo; he said, do not go.
Prolong, v. a. vid. lengthen.
Promise, v. a. atejo or atiaka engutuk sidei or ellomon sidan.
Prophet,
Proper, adj.
s. oldugnani
sidei.
epayaki or etorikoki Engai; 1) nanu
aipaie I send, imp. embai; 2) nanu arik I send, pret. atoriko.
Prosper, v. a. aisho endokitin sidan; v. a. atutumo sidan.
Prostitute, s. cssidj pl. id.
Protect, v. a. aignora Caignor I look), pret. aidipa aignora.
Provisions, s. endaan, sing. endaa.
Proud, s. vid. boast, v. (ewassa.)
Prudence, s. egnen.
Prudent, adj. gnen; nanu ara gnen I am clever.
Pull out, v. nanu ayet, pret. aiyeta, imp. tayfitei; agnosil, imp.
tagnosila; I slit, rift.

97

Punish, v. a. apik osinna I molest him, give him trouble; ayau

naitas osinna I will distress him.
Purchase, v. a. nanu aigniagnu, pret. aigniagnua, imp. igniagnu
ie do thou buy it; pass egniagnuaki.
Pure, adj. meta toki; eibor.
Purge, v. a. aitobir engob neibor I clear the ground clean.
Purify,
Pursue, v.v.a.a.vid.
asuj,
clean,
pret.v.atasuja,
a.
fut. alaisuj (to run after one
who escaped).
Put,
Purse,
v. s.a. vid.
ashom
pocket.
I put, place, constitute; imp. tushuma (vid.
appoint v. a.); apik, imp. tipika.
Quarrel, s. (war) endjore; meti endjore, serreani there is no
quarrel, it is peace.
Quarrel, v. a. ar, arare, arate (fight) nanu airo I speak loudly,
Quench,
Question,
I cry.
v. v.a. a.atara
aiparie
engima,
I ask,imp.
inquire;
endar engima
ashom aiparie
quench Ithe
go fire.
out

to ask him, imp. embarie ask or question him; aidipa ai

Quickly,
parieadv.
I have
imp. already
saresaraquestioned
osubadeia;him.
nanu aisaresar I hasten,
Quiet,pret.
to be
aisaresara
vid. I patient;
have. aitashe or aitasho I stand still,
imp. endasho, pl. endashoton.
Rafter, s. (spar of a roof) olomi, pl. lom;
collegit.
Rag, s. engitti anga, pl. engitti angan.
Rain,engai
drizzling;
s. engai
the rain
esha
mesha
has
heaven
tata
ceased.
it does
rains;notengai
rain any
eitipitip
more;
it etaguare
rains by

Raise, v. a. nanu aitauo I put away, or outside; imp. endau,

pl. endautu.
Raven, s. olkiirug, pl. elkiiron.
7

98

Ravish, v. a. eteleja endangilen.

Razor, s. olmoronia, pl. clmoronian (ayau naberni I will shave).
Reach, v. atum I reach, pret. atutumo; ajign I enter; atejigna.
Reach, adj. nanu asham I am ready, I wish; endaa etenikoa
the food is ready (near); atenikoa ayau nallo I am near
or ready, I wish to go.
Really,v.adv.
Reap,
a. nanu
edede.apukus elbaik I break, i. e. reap the turReason,
kish s.corn.
olbai; tiakaki engutukino tell me thy reason; for
this reason kolebai.
Rebel, v. a. meningnisho he does not hear.
Receive, v. a. 1) nanu aya I take, ayawa I took; 2) atum I
get, vid.; 3) asham I love, exg. olomoni or oldani a
stranger.
Recollect, v. a. ayollo.
Recommend, v. a. aisho (I give), pass. aishoki.
Reconcile, v. a. nanu aishiakie, vid. mediate, v.
Reconciled,
Recover, v. v.a. a.nanu
eshiate
aishiio
vid. olmoko I recovered from the
wound (exg. engea Kisuah. mbuba).
Red, adj. eniokie; osoit eniokie a red stone enanga naniokie a
Redden,
Redeem,
Refuse,
Refuge,
redv.s.
v.
cloth.
v.a.eweji
a.a.atania
aitobira
aigniagnu,
naisudorie
I prohibited;
eniokie
purchase,
a Iplace
make
nanuwhere
v.red.
amitiki,
a. vid.
I hide
pret.myself.
alomitioko

endokinoi I refuse, pret. refused him this matter, imp.

tomitiki or tomitioko (Kisuah. nime-m-nima kitu hiki).
Reject, v. a. aitfira, pret. aituraie, imp. endurai Onrow away).
Rejoice, v. a. nanu ategnide I laughed, rejoiced; nanu atashama.
Relinquish, v. a. nanu apal, imp. tapalla vid. leave, v. a.

99

Remedy, s. endassim; v. a. eshuo pendassim he cured him by

medicine (or ko endassim).
Remote, adj. elakoa.
Remove, v. a. nanu aitau, pret. atauo, imp. endau.
Report, s. olbai, pl. elbaan.
Request, v. a. nanu ayau, vid. desire.
Resemble, v. a. kam elle or enna (like this).
Residence, s. akodee eweji natonie oleiboni? where is the
Rest,ofv.the
a. chief?
ayang, pret. ayagna or atotona; ayau nayang I
will rest.
Resting-place,
we rested. kitcjigna eweji kiyang we arrived at the place
Restore, v. a. nanu arign, pret. atorignio.
Return, v. a. nanu arignio, pret. atorigniou, imp. torigniou.
Reward, v. a. asho endokitin sidan.
Rib, s. olmarai, pl. elmaraen.
Rich, adj. eta engishu kummok (he has many cows).
Ride,
Riches,v. s.nanu
endokitin
anap osikiriei
(things).I load the ass; imp. tanapa, pret.
atanapa.
Right, adj. erisiosio.
Rightly, adv. edede.
Right hand, engeina enda tenne?
Righteous,
Ring,
v. a. adarisho
adj. ata lomon
olpirir,
sidan.
plur. elpiriri; v. a. the bell rings
Ripen,
olpirir
v. a. eshir.
eo (ejon unripe); engiri eo the meat is ripe,
done; eo endaa the food is ripe; elbaik eoto the turkish
Rise, corn
v. a. isengollong
ripe.
ellotu the sun comes or rises nanu apiu
I rise from sleep; oldugnani etua etopiuo the man died
7*

100

and rose again; eshomo he rose and went off; enno, pl.
enjom rise thou, rise ye; eitashe ello he rose and went;
eldugnagnak poki etashaton all men stoop up, rose.
River, s. muipo, pl. muipon (a great river); olkeju, pi. elkejek
or elkejan (small river).
River-horse, s. olkimang, pl. elkiniang or likiniang.
Road, s. engoitoi, pl. engoiton.
Roar, v. a. oluwaru kitok eshir the lion roars; pret. eshira; inRoast,
Rob, diol
v.v.a.a.
eshira
aburo;
abej the
engiri
pret.
gunatuburoie
I roared.
roast meat;
or atuburdishe,
pret. atapejo.
imp. tuburoi,

pl. endiiburoi, pass. etuburoiki or etuburoyoki. Cfr. pil

Robber,
fer,s. s.olaburoni,
etuburishoki.
pl. laburon or laburkok; oldugnani ebu
Rock,
Rod, risho
s.s.osoboa,
osoit
stealing
kitok,
pl. man.
osoboan.
pl. esoit or esoiton kitoa.

Roll,
Rot,
Rope,v.s.a.engenne,
egnu
overturn,
torono
pl.nanu
engenda
it smells
aibellekegne,
orbadly,
engendan.
pret.
vid. change.
etogniio; endo-

kinoi nalili the thing smells badly; etamaki olkurdo it is

eaten by a worm.
Round -about -way, engoitoi ekordillo.
Row, s. to set in rows white beads nanu aruk siririmi; imp.
tiiruko, plur. endurfik. Cfr. (Js^ adscendit;

subtilis

fuit, adpendit rem collo.

Rub, v. a. tipika osessinlino elata rub thy body with butter.
Rude, adj. ejon (unripe); rude man oldugnani meta engiituk sidei.
Ruler, s. vid. prince or king, s.
Rule, s. ollomon.

101

Ruminate, V. chew, intal; pret. ataniala, imp. tanial, plur.

endanial, pass. etanialaki.
Run, v. a. 1) akuel I go quick, gallop, pret. atakueta; 2) aisartsir, vid. quickly, imp. isaresara.
Sabbath, s. engollong kitok (great day).
Sabre, s. oltflem kitok, pl. laleman kitua.
Safe, adj. serre, serreani (vid. peace); meti toki engob.
Salt,
Sale, s.s. emuniandet.
vid. sell, v. There
a.
is a large tree-less and sandy place
in the Wakuafi country, on which salt is obtained. It
lies in crusts on the surface of the sand. At the rainy
season no salt is found. Buffaloes and other wild animals
are very fond of that salted plain.
Salvation,
Salvator, saviour,
s. vid. save,
s. etauisho;
v. a. engai eitduo oldugnani endokitin
torok god delivers man from bad things; engai eishiuo
Salute,
Sand,ors.v.eisunie
engiilukok,
a. airorok
or ekasha.
Ipl.greet
engiilukSn.
him, vid. greet, v. a.

Satisfied,
not
adj.
; imp.
nanuimo.
aimu I am ; pret. aimo; ituaimu I was
Save, v. a. nanu aitau I take or bring out, I deliver; pret. aitado, ituailau I have not saved; imp. endau, pl. endautu,
pass. aitauoki I was saved. Cfr. salvator.
Saviour, s. vid. salvator.
Scar, s. engipoioi, plur. engipdron (^xg. olmoko). Cfr. cica
Scarceley,
Scatter,
trice,
v. a.adv.
v. a.
1)engitti
aisardak,
(little);
exg.kosinna
elbaik, with
pret. trouble.
aisardaka; 2) ai-

tiira I throw away, pret. aituraie, imp. endurei, pl. enduScattered,

ran; etiirasho
engishu esardakaki.
a scatterer.
,

102

Science, s. egnen (egnen -nci my), lit. cleverness.

Scold, v. a. aitur6 I frighten; pret. aituria, imp. endure, plur.
enduren, etur6sho, pass. etureshoki.
Scorn, v. a. vid. despise; emorisho scorner; pass. elamorftki.
Scourge (of leather), engitati, pl. engitatin.
Scrape, v. a. aigorigor, pret. aigorigoro, imp. engorigoro,
pass. eigorigoroki.
Sea, s. esukuta, pl. sukfitan.
Search, v. a. 1) nanu aignoru, pret. aignorua; ituaignoru I did
not search, imp. engnoru (mignoru do not search), plur.
egnorutu, pass. eignoruaki he was searched, part. egnorisho or egnorusho a seacher; 2) ayau I desire; atayafio
I desired (ituayau I did not ), imp. tayau do desire,
miyau do not ; pl. endayau desire ye, pl. miyauu do
Second,
ye not
adj.desire.
are or ware; endokitin are two things; eldugnagnak are two men.
Secure, adj. serre, serreani; aitobira engob serre he secured
the country, made it secure or safe.
Seduce, v. a. aiminie I destroy (aimin I perish); imp. iminie.
See, v. a. adol; pret. atadua I have seen, ituadol I saw not
(nanu madol I do not see), imp. tadiia, pl. endadol (cfr.
look, observe); aignor I look upon, aignoraie I looked
upon, imp. engnorai, pl. angnorai, but adol means I see,
observe.
Seek, vid. search, v. a.
Seem, v. a. etaduaki (or egnoraki it is looked upon) it is seen.
Seethe, v. a. engarre etokitok, the water boils, pret. eitokitoka;
v. a. ayir I boil, pret. atayira, vid. cook, pass. eteyiraki.
Seize, v. a. aibugne, pret. aibugna, imp. embfigna, pl. embugnatan, pass. eibugnaki.
Seldom, adv. engitti; emme kummok (not much).

103

Select, v. a. nanu ashillu, pret. aleshillu, imp. teshillu, pass.

Self, pron.
eteshillaki.
nanu oldau-lai I myself (lit. I my heart) elle ningnie
he himself; eiio papa ningnie the father himself come;
Sell, pl.
v. a.ninje
amirthemselves.
I sell, pret. atimira, pass. etimiraki; emirisho
Send,a v.seller.
a. 1) aipaya I send (lit. I employ for sending), pret.
aipaie I have sent, imp. embaie, plur. embai endai, pass.
epayaki; 2) nanu arik I send, pret. atoriko, imp. toriko
(neg. mirik do not), plur. endorik or endorikon send ye,
Separate,
pass. v.etorikoki.
a. aor (lit. divide vid.), pret. atoro, imp. toro, pl.
endor, pass. etoroki.
Serpent, s. olasurai, pl. elasuran.
Serve,
Servant,v. s.a.oldugnani
eitobir endokitin
etobirisho. he performs works; imp.
endobira, pl. endobir, pret. aitobira, etobirisho.
Set, v. a. Imp. tiishuma, ashum I set, pret. atiishuma vid. ap
point, pass. etushiimaki.
Seven, adj. nabshana; engishu nabshana 7 cows.
Sew, v. a. arip, pret. atiripa, imp. tiripa, pass. enanga etiripaki the cloth has been sewed, but eripi it is being or in
a state of being sewed.
Shadow, s. oloip, pl. loipi loljetta shadow of trees.
Shake, v. a. nanu aigusiigus, exg. oljetta eigusiigus the tree
shakes, pret. aigusugusa, imp. engusugusa (?).
Shame, s. enganiti, pl. enganitin; eta .
Shame, v. a. akiirue I feel ashamed; pret. atukiirua, imp. tukuruayu; etukuruate they felt ashamed among themlves.
Sharp, adj. esijo, exg. endaa esijo; kulle esijo, better esamis
sour milk; eriiwa.

104

Shave, v. a. abarn, pret. atabarno, imp. tabarno, pl. endabaru,

pass. atabarnoki.
Sheath,
Shed, v. s.a. endjeshur
(pour out)pl.aibuko,
id.
pret. atubukoie, imp. embukoi,
pl. embukot.
Sheep, s. enger (plur. engerra) female sheep; olkfir a male
sheep, plur. elkeri or likeran ([castrated sheep); olmereShield,
gesh
s. elogno,
(pl. elmeregesh)
pl. lognftn.a sheep with long horns.
Shine, v. a. eibor it is white; eimfir it glitters; eiwang it spark
Ship, les;
s. oljanni
olabbakitok
eibor;(the
enanga
largeortree),
engollong
pl. eljannito
eimer or
kitua
eiwang.
(this
Shoot,
Shoe,iss.the
v.(of
a.idea
leather)
etara
of indiol;
theenamka,
Wakuafi
oljagnito
pl.regarding
enamkan.
etarakia ship.
indiol the animal

Shootwas
up, shot.
v. a. etubuloa vid. grow, v. a.; enjanni a little tree
Short,(oljanni
adj. dorob;
a largeenjetta
tree), dorob
etubuloa
a small
(oljetta
anda dry
shorttree).
dry tree
Shorten,
Shoulder,
(pl. v.
enjettan
s. a.oldabash,
aitobir
dorobi).
dorob
pl. eldabashi.
I make short.

Show, v. a. atadiia I saw; aitadolla I showed; adol I see; alaitadol I shall show; imp. endadolla engoitoi oldugnani
Shudder,
Shrink,
Shut,
Sick, show
v.adj.
v.a.v.a.
nanu
the
vid.
a.atasassa
aikirikira
man
close,
amoitheIconclude
was
am
way.
(I tremble),
sick;
or become
v. oldugnani
a. imp.
lean,
engirikirayu.
emoi
meagre.
euo a sick

man came; eldugnagnak omdi etuo sick men came; nanu

amoi aiuo 1 came sick.

105

Sickness, s. nanu aya osessinlai I suffer in my body, vid. acke

(iok kia osessin-lang).
Side, s. esundai small wall (osundai, pl. esiindan large wall);
on every side ewejitin poki (all places).
Silence, s. keep sil. imp. tigirai; nanu agira I keep silence,
pret. atigire or atigirau.
Silent, adj. oldugnani egira or mero (meiro) the man is silent,
or does not speak.
Silver, s. setta, pl. esettan (silver or dollar called setta by the
Wakuafi- slaves residing on the coast).
Sin, s. olbai torono, plur. elbaan torok, endoron; v. a. eitobira
endoki torono or endokitin torok.
Sing, v. arang, pret. ataranisho, imp. tarania, plur. enddr&ng.
Cfr. ^ clamorem edidit.
Single,
single
adj. ornanu
alone.
obeng I alone; nanu aiuo obeng I came
Sink, v. a. aimug abori engarre I sink under water; pret. aimugo, imp. imugo; nanu atadoie I fell, vid. fall; imp. tadoie.
Sinner,
imp.s. endas
oldugnani
olbaietasa
toron,olbai
miastoron;
donanu
not sin.
aitas olbai toron;
Sip, v.nobu,
a. agnobu
pl. endognobu.
CI drink a little), pret. atognobua, imp. togSister, s. enganashi (endangile), pl. enganashian Cendangilen).
Sit, v. a. (vid. abide) aton, atotona, imp. totona, pl. endoton,
mitonini
wena or do
atauwena
not sit; he
kipuaton
sat a long
we go
time,
to sit
he (cfr.
tarried).
tarry, ataSix, adj. ille.
Skilled,
Skin, s. oljonni
adj. gnen;
(pl.eta
eljonnito)
engutuk asidei;
largeeyollo
skin enjonni,
endoki. pl. enjonnito (or enjonnuak) small skin; v. a. ayign I flay, pret.
ateyigna , pass. ateyignaki.
Slaugther, v. a. adugn engerl slaugther a sheep; imp. tudugno,

106

atadugno I have, pl. cndudugn, pass. enger etudugnoki

Slave,the
s. sheep
osinga,was.
pl. esi'ngan; osinga-Iai my, pl. esingan-lainei
Sleep,my
v. slaves.
a. l)nanu airiira; nanu ayau nairure I wish to sleep,
pret. airiira or airurayu I have slept, imp. irurayu sleep
thou; miriira sleep not; ituairura I have not slept; alairura I go to sleep, shall sleep; inire tata sleep now;
2) nanu aper I lie down, bend myself to sleep, pret. alapero, imp. taperayu.
Slip, v. a. (vid. glide) nanu aishirtit, pret. ashirtita, imp. ashirtitayu; mishirtitayu do not slip (vid. glide).
Slippery, adj. engob eshal the ground is.
Small, adj. otti; kitti, pl. kutitti; oldugnani otti a small man;
eldugnagnak otti; nanu arolti I am small = ara otti;
engajijik kutitti small houses, huts esoit kitti a small
stone, pl. esoiton kutitti.
Smear, v. a. nanu anil, pret. atignila osessinlai I smeared my
body (cfr. anoint), pass. etignilaki.
Smell, v. a. egnu torono it smells badly, erobil sidei it smells good.
Smile, v. a. (vid. laugh v. a.) akuenni, pret. atakuennia akitti
I laughed orderly.
Smoke, s. embiiruo, pl. embiiruan; v. a. engima eta emburuo
the fire smokes.
Smooth, adj. epuiapui; enanga epuiapui.
Snot, s. olkuluk (or oljomma), pl. elkuluk.
Snuff, s. engishuki; v. a. nanu ainus olkombau I snuff tobacco,
pret. ainfisa, imp. enusa, pl. id.
So, adv. neja; endobira neja make it so, or kam enna like this;
ajo nanu na I speak so, thus .
Softly, adv. rongai; etejo kolgoss rongai he spoke with a soft
voice = softly; nanu aterid olgoss I am hoarse.

107

Soldier, s. oldugnani lendjore (man of war ).

Son,
Solve,
Some,
Solo,engitti
s.adj.
adj.
v.1)a.obeng,
obo
engaioni,
aito
nanu
obo;
(pl.
aennu;
vid.
engutti
engitti
plur.
alone
pret.
engaiok,
endoie)
aand
little;
atenua,
single.
girl
something
a boy
pass.
of 12
ofetenuaki.
years;
10
endoki
or 2)
12nabo.
oleioni,
years;

pl. Ieiok, of 12 17 years of age; 2) olmoranni, pl.

elmoran 18 years of age; endito, pl. endoie or endoiak,
marriageable virgin.
Son in law baker.
Song, s. osingolio, pl. isingolion.
Soon, adv. imp. isaresara (vid. quickly).
Sorcerer, s. oloisakutoni, pl. leisakutok.
Sorrow, s. osinna, pl. sinnan.
Sort, s. vid. kind.
Soul, s. oldau, pl. eldauan.
Sound, s. olgoss, pl. elgosson (lit. avula, glottis).
Sour, adj. esijo (kulle esammis sour milk).
Source,
Space, s.s.eweji,
engogno
pl. ewejitin.
engarre.

Speak, v. a. 1) nanu airo or airori; 2) ajo (I say); 3) aliki

I tell; pret. airoro I spoke, imp. iroro speak, pl. eiroron;
miro speak not; airorie speak to or with him; nanu airorie engutuk enna I speak to him this word = this is my
Spear,
word
s. embere,
to him. pl. emberean.
Speech, s. ollomon, pl. lomon ( Iainei my speeches words).
Speechless meta engutuk; meidim eiroro.
Spirit, vid. soul.
Spit, v. a. nanu anotu engamlak I throw off spittle.
Spittle, s. engamlak, pl. engamlan.
Splendour, s. eibor it is white, shining.

108

Split, v. a. drek enjetta I split wood; pret. aterfta.

Spot, s. eweji, pl. ewejitin.
Spotted, adj. esir esir; enanga nesir esir a spotted cloth.
Spout | nanu aj^r jump^ pret aipirio , imp. embirio.
Spring )
Sprinkle, v. a. vid. shed, v. a.
Spurious, adj. (mixed) etushuldte.
Squeeze, v. a. exg. a boil nanu airon oldiitutai, pl. eldiitutan, pret. aironia.
Squint, v. aitartikun, pret. aiturukiinia; ainio peinturukun why
doest thou look at me only with one eye? resp. why?
does one eye not satisfy thee?
Staff, s. osoboa, pl. sobdan (cfr. club).
Stalk, s.v. cfr.
Stamp,
a. 1)
cane.
aidogn I pulverize (cfr. grind); 2) asir I mark,
make a sign (exg. on a bullock, or on a shield, nanu asir
Star,
Stand,elogno),
s.v.enokira
a. aitdshe,
pret.
or engokira,
pret.'aitasho,
ateslra. pl. enokir
imp. endasho,
or engokir.
pl. enddshoton;

Standminddshe
= small do
postnotofstand
a hut (to
egnobor,
stand still,
the large
to waitone
in egnappe,
general).
vid. pillar.
Start, v. a. ashom (aulo), pret. ashomo.
Starve, v. a. ata olameu I starve.
State, s. olbai, ollomon.
Steal, v. a. (vid. rob and pilfer).
Stem, s. egn6bor (pl. gnobori) oljetta.
Step, s. endap, pl. endSpan (prop. palm); endap engeju palm
or sole of the foot; endap engeina palm of the hand.
Stick, v. apik (I put), arSm (I stab), ebiignate to seize each
other, to come to hand -strokes.

109

Stir, v. a. aisangul osordo I stir up clay; atasangulo-he stirred

up; imp. isangulo.
Stink, v. a. egnu torono, vid. smell.
Stock or stump of a tree (out) engummur oljanni.
Stomach, s. engoshoke, pl. engoshoa.
Stone, s. osoit, pl. esoiton (large stone); small stone esoit, pl.
Stoop,esoito
v. a. (kutitti).
agiirume, pret. atugiirume, imp. tugurumayu, pl.
endugurumate.
Stop, v. a. etotona, etauwena, he sat; etapalla (he left).
Storm, s. engijappe kitok, pl. engijappen kitoa.
Stormy, adj. etaraki engijappe kitok (beaten by strong wind).
Straight,
Story, s. ollomon
adj. to belendSrasin.
nanu atoriori I am straight up right;
oldaulai etoriori (neg. etueriori is not straight).
Straw,
Strain, s.v. olkujitta,
a. vid. squeeze.
plur. elkujittan straw of large size; enguStrange
jitta,country,
pl. engujit
engob
or engujitin
nalakoa (far
of small
country),
kind. plur. engoban
elakdan.
Strangle,
Strength,
Stretch
Stranger,
out,
v.
s.s. Ia.
v.
ollomoni,
have
agor,
a. nanu
imp.
agol,
emonisho.
arerio,
tagoro.
vid.
pret.
authority.
atarerio, exg. osessin-lai,

imp. tarerioyu.
Strike, v. a. nanu ar, vid. beat v. a.
Strip, v. a. Imp. toru, pret. atorua, aoru I strip, deprive, plun
Stripe,
der;
v. a.cfr.ajut,
sweep,
pret. v.atujuto,
a.
imp. tujuto (wipe off); aigorg5ro I polished, vid. polish, exg. engorgoro olalem polish
String,
thes.knife.
engenne, pl. engenda.

no

Strong, adj. agol I am strong; pret. atagollo, imp. tagollo, fut.

alagol.
Strumpet, s. esanjai, pl. esanjan.
Stupid, adj. vid. fool, olduruei, pl. eldiiruan.
Subdue, v. a. aidim (vid. able adj.), pret. aidima ituaidim I did
not subdue.
Subject, s. endoki, pl. endokitin.
Succeed, v. a. adubaki I follow him or after him; pret. aladubaka, imp. tudubaki. The son succeed the father engerai
eya eweji or engob e papalegnie (the child takes the
Such,
Suck,place
adj.
v. a.kam
orengerai
land
elleoflike
enak
histhis.
father.
olkinna the child sucks the breast;

Suckle,
pret.
v. a.
etanaka.
eisho olkinna engerai she gives the breast to the
Suffer,child.
v. a. ainoi (I ache), pret. atamoia I suffered, imp. lamoyaiu.
Suffice, v. a. minjo, tapalla give no more, let it alone; cidiparre nanu it suffices me.
Suit, v. a. erisiosio (it is equal); v. a. endobir erisiosio.
Sultry, adj. engollong eriiwa the sun it hot.
Sum up, v. a. engenna poki, lit. count all, vid. count, number, v. a.
Sun,
Summer,
s. engollong;
s. wolari vid.
the annually.
sun sets engollong edoio or emiitua
tata. Cfr. rise, v. a.
Supper, s. endaa engollong etomitua.
Suppose, v. a. ajo nanu I suppose; pret. atejo (I said).
Supplicate, v. amonu I beg (vid.); asei, pret. ataseia, imp. laseiai, pl. endasei endai. Cfr. correct one'self.
Swallow, v. a. aijo (or ania I eat); pret. atoijoie, pass. etoijoki;
oluwaru lesher etoijoie engugu steki the leopard has
swallowed a hen.

Hi

Swear, v. a. (cfr. oath, S.) aipussua I swore.

Sweat, s. nanu ata enginengnielet I have .
Sweep,
(cfr.
v. a.
strip,
aor deprive
engaji I aoru,
sweeppret.
the house;
aorua, pret.
imp. atoro
toru). I swept
Sweet, adj. emelok; it is sweet.
Sweeten,
sweet,
v. he
a. engarre
put honey
emelok,
into it etipika
he made
eneisho,
it sweet.
the water is
Swell, v. a. osessin-lai eteija my body swells.
Swing, v. a. nanu ailitilito, imp. ilitilito.
Swine, s. olbitir, pl. elbitiro.
Sword,
knife);
s. wolalem
sheath
kitok,
vid. pl. lalfiman kitda large knife (vid.
Tail, s. olkidognoi, plur. elkidogno, wag the tail eigusugus
olkidognoi.
Take, v. a. afa or aya I take; ieiea (iya), elle ea (eya); plur.
kia (kiya), endai kia, kuldo ea; pret. (carried) I took
aiawa (eawa he took); imp. endau (bring forth); plur.
endautu (bring ye forth); neg. mia do not take; mindautu
do ye not bring forth, mindau do thou not bring forth;
pass. cawaki (token); aitau I bring forth, aitauo I brought
forth; engo take. Cfr. Amh. enka from naka touch.
Tale, s. olbai lendarasin.
Talk, v. a. airoro I speak.
Talker, s. eta engiituk sidei.
Tarry, v. a. nanu auwen (I sit long), pret. atauwena (or atauwana), imp. taiiw6na (miwen do not tarry), pl. endauwen
or endauwfinat (miwenini do ye not tarry); eldugnagnak
etauwenan or etauwenat the men tarried, were tarrying
or sitting long time (cfr. sit or abide).
Taste, v. a. arap kolgnejeb I taste or lick with the tongue;
pret. atarapa, imp. tarapa, pass. etarapaki.
Teach, v. a. nanu ajoki or atolikio olmusungui (plur. elmu

112

siingon) engiituk eloikdb I said or told the European

the language of the WakuaC.
Tear, v. a. 1) akij, imp. tikija, pret. atikija; 2) aoniu, I tear a
piece, pret. atoniua.
Teeth, s. lala (sing. olalai obo one tooth); v. a. lala engerai
eponu the teeth of the child came out or forth; olalai
etagnosile one tooth came forth.
Tell-tale, s. osunguroi, pl. esiinguron (liars).
Temple, s. engaji engai (god's house).
Ten, adj. tomon.
Tenacious,
Tend, v. a. adj.
nanuebiignate
arita engishu
(to seize
I tend
eachcattle;
other).v. a. eignora he
looks, turns.
Terrify,
Testify, v.v. a.a. atadua
nanu aiture
ollomon-lenie
I frighten;orimp.
pl. Iomon-leniena
endure.
I saw
That, his
pron.
matter
elde or
(elle
matters.
this), pl. kuldo those, nielddn those there
(at a greater distance).
Their, pron. legnifina.
Then,
There, adv.
adv. engollong
niende, ende;
enna eti
thisende
day.he is there; nanu ati enne
I am here; iok kiti enne we are here; kuldo eti ende
Therefore,
they are
conj.
there;
kolbai
agnai
enna
nati(for
enne
thiswho
matter);
is here?
or penna toki
or penna olbai in this thing or matter; plur. pekullolbaan
Thence,
for these
adv. eweji
matters.
ende or enda weji (from the place there);
They,aignoa
pron. enne
kulloI (these),
went outkuldo
from (those);
here or ninje
this. they themsel
ves; ningni he himself; loikob etuo ninje the Wakuafi
came themselves; asham ninje I love them, yea them.

H3

Thick,dugnagnak
adj. epir (he
opir is(fat)
big),bigoldugnani
men.
epir a thick man; olThief, s. olaburon, pl. laburok.
Thing, s. endoki, pl. endokitin; enna toki this thing; endokitin
Think,
Thirst,
This,
kunna
pron.
v.
s.,a.v.these
elle,
nanu
a. ayau
things;
enna;
ajo namad
nejaoldugnani
endoki
I think
engarre
enna
(say)
elleI or
wish
this
so.cnna
man
to toki
drink
(orthis
elle
water.
thing.
dug-

nani); enna kob this land or engob enna; engaji enna or

enna aji this house; engarre enna or enna arre this wa
ter; oljetta elle or elle jetta this tree; eldugnagnak kullo
(those kuldo) these men; engajijik kunna these houses;
esoiton kullo these stones; engiteng enna this cow; engishu kunna these cows; engarriak kunna these waters;
Thistle
on or
thisthorn
side olkiku,
esundaipl.enna.
elkikun.
ThrashingThou, pron. stick,
ie.
s. egniidi narie endidignu (stick to beat
Thread,
maize);
s. embito,
nanu pl.
fir Iembiton,
beat, arielit.I sinews
beat a thing.
which the Wakuafi
Threaten,
Three,
use
those
urn;
inv.3sewing
a.
engajijik
stones.
aitfirg
their
(Iunifrighten).
leather-dresses.
three houses; kuldo esoito okuni

Throat, s. olgos, pl. elgosson.

Throw away v. a.; aitura, pret. aituraie, imp. endurei, plur.
endflrei endai; kuldo eturaite they threw away, pass.
Thus,etureioki.
adv. kam elle like this; endobira neja make it thus.
Thy, pron. inno, lino nono, linono; engajinno thy house,
pl.
eldugnagnak
engajijik inno
linonothythyhouses;
men; oldugnani
engiteng inno
lino thy cow;
man;
8

H4

engishu nono thy cows; oldoinio lino thy mountain; eldoinuan linono papalino or mignielino thy father.
Tickle, v. a. nanu amun, pret. atiimuno, imp. tiimuno; mimun
do not tickle.
Tie, v. a. vid. bind, v. a.
Time, s. this time lata.
Tipsy, adj. amera I am tipsy; emera he is tipsy; aidipa aimera I
was tipsy; ituamera I was not tipsy; imp. temerayu be
thou tipsy, pl. endemerai be ye tipsy; eldugnagnak etemere or etemerate the men were tipsy; emeran they
are tipsy; atemera I was tipsy, but atimira I drove away,
I banished, vid. banish, v. a.
Tired, nanu anaura I am tired; atanaura I was tired.
Tobacco, s. olkombau, pl. elkombaun.
Toe, s. (of hands of legs) olkimojino, pl. elkimojik.
Together, pokirare; kipo iok pokirare we go together.
Tongue, s. olgnejeb, pl. elgnejebi.
Tooth, s. olalai, pl. Ialan.
Torture, v. a. apik osinna pesho I trouble him for nothing.
Total, adj. poki.
Touch,
mimbugn
v. a. aibugn
do not(Itouch.
seize), pret. aibugna, imp. embugna;
Town, s. olmaniara, pl. elmaniaran (a large town); cfr. city, s.
Trace, s: vid. step.
Trade, s. egniagnu emirisho endokitin he buys and sells things.
Train, v. vid. drag, v. a. ayeta.
Transgress, v. a. etejo or eitobira olbai torono he speaks or
does a bad thing.
Transient, adj. endokitin naim things which pass away.
Translate, v. a. etiishula engutuk olashumban na engiituk eloikob he mixed up the Suahili language with that of the
Wakuafi, he mixed or changed from one into the other.

115

Translate = cross (vid.) a river nanu alang miiipo I cross a

river; pret. atalagna, imp. talagna, pl. endalang.
Transpose, v. a. tipika eweji likai put it to an other place.
Travel,
Travail, v.v.a.a.nanu
endangile
alilita Ieyau
walkneisho.
about; nanu atelilite or alilitayu
engob nalakoa I travelled to a distant country; imp. tililitayu, pl. endililita.
Traveller,
Tread,
v. a.s. nanu
oldugnani
aroro,ello
pret.
or atororo,
elilita. imp. tororo, pl. endororo, pass. etororaki.
Treasure, s. endoki sidei; endokitin sidan.
Tree, s. oljanni a green tree (of large size); oljetta a dry
tree; oljanni, pl. iljannito; oljetta, pl. ilkek; enjanni tree
of small size, shrub.
Trespass,
Tremble, v. a.a. apognori
nanu aikirikira.
ollomon; pret. atapognori, imp. tapognori; atapognori engoitoi or ollomon lengai I missed
the way or word of god.
Tribe, s. engob; engang; oldugnani la engob; oldugnani elle
la engob eloikob or lashumban this man is of the tribe
or land of the Wakuafi or Suahilis.
Trot, v. a. allo akitti I go orderly, slowly.
Trouble, v. a. atipika osinna, I put him into distress, trouble.
Trousers, s. enanga engejek (cloth of the legs).
Truly, adv. edede; emme elejare not falsehood.
Trumpet, s. (horn) esekekua, pl. esekekuan; beat the tukuta
esekekua.
Trunk, s. oljetta etoio (dry tree).
Truth,
Try, v. s.a. edede;
aignor,emme
pret. aignoraie,
elejare. imp. engnorai, pl. engnorai
endai; mignora do not try or look; kignoraite or kitadua
we have seen or tried , pass. egnoraki.
8*

116

Turn, v. a. nanu aibellekegne, prct. aibellekenia, imp. embellekenia, miinbellekegn do not, pass. ebellekegniaki.
Tutor, s. egnor engerai he looks or watches the child etonni
engaji he guards the house.
Twelve, adj.
Twenty,
adj. t5mon
tekitam.
warre Oomon 10, warre 2).
Two arre, warre.
Udder,
teat,
s. eniawa
pap. engiteng (cow's udder), pl. eniawan; olkinna
Unanimously, adv. koldau obo.
Uncircumcised, adj. oldugnani ituamrataki (nanu amrat I cir
cumcise v. a. vid.).
Uncle, s. olalashe la papa or yeyo.
Unclean, adj. meibor (he is not clean); elili or egnu he
smells badly.
Under, prep. abori vid. below; abori engarre under water.
Understand, v. a. ayollo, pret. atayollo; or atognigno I heard;
ituayollo I have not understood; mayollo I do not under
stand or know.
Understanding, s. egnen-nei my understandig.
Undoubtedly, adv. edede (verily, truly).
Uneven, adj. merisiosio.
Unhappy, adj. emme subbad (not good); magnida I do not
rejoice agnida I rejoice, am glad; pret. ategnide I was
glad, happy; imp. tegnidayu be glad.
Unintentionally, adv. ituayau I did not desire, I had no intention.
Unite, v. a. aitobir endoki nabo I make one thing.
Unknown, adj. etueyolloki.
Unpaid, adj. etueshori (not given) or etueshoki.
Unprofitable, adj. emme sidei; torono.
Unripe, adj. ejon; engululu najon unripe fruit.
Unsafe, adj. emme subbad; emme serreani (engob eaurisho
the land is in fear).

117

Unsearchable, adj. etuegnoruni?

Unusual, adj. mekiyollo (we do not know).
Urine,pret.
s. engiilak,
atoluta, imp.
plur. toluta
engulan,
(milut
to do
urine,
not to
piss).
piss, nanu alut;
Use, v. adugnie olalem I use the knife, lit. I cut with the knife.
Useful, adj. sidei.
Useless, adj. emme sidei.
Utensils of the house, endokitin lengaji.
"Vagabond, s. elelita (he goes about).
Vagina, s. einbollish, pl. embollishan (vid. privity).
Vain, adj. pesho (gratis); meta toki,
Valiant, adj. oleignoni, pl. oleignok.
Valley, s. engob neibor, meti oldoinio the land is clear withont
mountain.
Vanish, v. a. aim I vanish; nanu aiimna I vanished (dr. tran
sient, pass).
Various, adj. likai likai (an other, other).
Vanquish, v. a. dim, pret. aidima, imp. endima, plur. endai
endima, pass. eidimaki.
Veil, v. a. apukur (vid. cover v. a.).
Vice, s. olbai torono, pl. elbaan torok.
Village, s. engang (kitti), pl. engangnite (ainei my).
Vinegar, s. endoki eisijo (sour matter).
Viper, s. olasfirai, pl. elasuran (vid. serpent).
Virgin, s. endito, pl. endoiak.
Visit, v. a. atadua, aigndra.
Vituperate, v. a. aiture (I frighten) vid.
Vulture, s. olkilil, plur. elkilili or elkililin; of a large kind
emodonni, pl. modonni.
Wages, s. endoki, endokitin.
Wait, v. a. aitasho (I stand still), imp. endasho vid.
Walk, v. a. allo I go; ie illo thou goest; elle ello he goes; iok

H8

kipo we go; endai kipo you go; kuldo epo they go; nanu
alilita I walk about.
Wall, s. esundai, pl. esundan.
Want, v. a. ayau I desire (vid.), pret. atayauo, imp. tayauo;
iniyau do not want.
War, s. endjore, pl. endjorian (vid. battle) or endjoriak aitobira endjore I made war.
Warm, v. a. atadal I warm, pret. atadalla; apik engima I put
on the fire; abej I fry; teyira engarre engima boil the
Warn,
water.
v. a. aliki olbai I tell word; pret. atolikio, imp. toliki,
pl. endoliki (miliki do not tell, pl. milikini do not ye say),
Warrior,
pass.s. etolioki.
vid. soldier (egnda endjore he comes from the war).
Wash, v. a. 1) asul I wash (by beating the cloth on a stone),
pret. aisula; 2) auk, pret. atiiku; atukue I washed myself
= bathed; imp. lukuo enanga wash the cloth.
Waste, v. a. (vid. destroy, v. a.) ar6m, pret. ataremo, imp.
taremo; mirem do not waste.
Waste, s. emjoni, pl. mijiok (an abandoned town, without people).
Wath, v. a. ituairure I did not sleep.
Water, s. engarre, pl. engarriak; v. a. aisho engarre.
Water-closet, s. endim (woods); alaitau engik I go to the
water-closet (lit. I go to emit the excrements in the field).
Way, s. engoito, pl. engoiton.
Waylay, v. a. nanu atonie I waylay him (I sit for him ), pret.
atotonie, imp. totonie engoitoi wait for him on the road;
taniuaki wait for me.
Wax, s. (of bees) engorongo, pl. engorongon.
We, pron. iok; iok poki we all .
Weak, adj. magol (I am not strong); ata osinna.
Weaken, v. a. tipika osinna (put him into distress, trouble).

119

Weave, v. a. aitobir enanga (I make a cloth).

Weed, v. a. aitau engiijit I take out or off the weed.
Weep,
not;v. nanu
a. aishir,
aishirie
pret.I weep
aishira,
forimp.
him.enshira; minshir weep
Well,didadv.
well.osubbad; osubbudeia; sidei; aitobira osubbad I
Well, s. olduroto la engarre, pl. elduroton lake of water; oljorro la engarre, pl. eljorrfian la engarre, lit. a little dee
pening dug for catching water.
West, s. engollong edoio or emuto the sun goes down; engollong etadoie or emutuo the sun went down (engollong
ellotu the sun comes, rises); emuto it is evening.
Wet, adj. eta engarre; eshal; enanga eshal the cloth is wet;
v. a. tipika engarre put it into water.
What? nio? nio enna what is this? ainio? ainio iarie engerai
what doest thou beat the child? ainio ias what doest thou
do? ainio etarie engerai what did he beat the boy? ainio
etasa what have they done? ainio iyau? what willt thou?
When? kaji? kaji euo when does he come(cfr. if, when conj.)?
Whence? kaji egnoa whence does he come or start from? ie
kojignoa (pro kaji ignoa) whence doest thou come? kaji
itutumo whence hast thou got it?
Whereby? painio?
Wherefore? painio? vid. why?
Where to whither? kaji ello or eshomo where did he go to?
Whether
tata
I doornot
au
know
au;
whether
kam
he; comes
kana; mayollo
now. kam ellotu
Whet, v. a. aigorgor.
Whet-stone, s. osoit aigorgorie olalem (lit. a stone I whet
with it a knife).
While, conj. elle pellotu while or if he comes (vid. if, conj.);
nanu payau while or if I desire; ie peiyau kana miyau if

120

thou willt or not Tjrillt; iok pakiyau if or while we desire;

kuldo peyau, kana ineyau if they like or not like.
Which? nio what (vid.)? who agnai (vid.)?
Whip, v. a. atarie engitati I beat him with a piece of leather;
imp. tarie engitati.
Whip, s. engitati, pl. engitatin.
Whistle,
Whisper, v.v. a.a. aisul,
etiakapret.
olbaiaisula,
akitti he
imp.told
isula.
him the word softly.
White, adj. aibor, I am white; elle eibor he is white; iok kimbor; kuldo eibor.
Who? agnai? agnai naitobira who did it? agnai nashomo who
went out? agnai natejo who said? agnai kullo eldugnagnak who are these men?
Whose, adj. poki.
Whore,painio?
Why?
s. endangile
painionassij,
paindas
pl. or
endangilen
paindobiressij.
why doest thou
this? painio paiyar why beatest thou? painio paillo why
goest thou? painio pakinshir why do we weep? painio
Wicked,
Wide,
paishir
adj.
adj.dabash;
why
torono.
do Iwide
weep?
house
painio
engaji
peishir
dabash
why (broad),
does he weep?
plur.

engajijik dabashi .
Wife, s. endangile, pl. endangilen.
Wilderness, s. endim, pl. endimi; osero, pl. eseron.
Will, v. a. ayau or asham I will, I desire Oid.).
Will, s.? endobira endokitin ainei, mindobir engunono do my
things, do not yours.
Willingly, adv. ningnie esham he himself loves.
Wind, s. engijabbe, pl. engijabben.
Window, s. eudoto, pl. eudoton (hole).
Wing, s. engobiro, pl. engobir.
Wink, v. nanu aibot kongognu I call with the eye.

121

Winter,
wind,
s. engai
coldness).
eta engijabbe tata (lit. the heaven has now
Wipe, v. one's nose, nanu aitau olkiiluk, pl. elkulan.
Wise, adj. gnen; oldugnani gnen wise man.
Witchcraft, s. esetan, pl. esetani.
With, prep. na, ko, pe, e, la; pokirare na Engai with god or
pengai; aibot kongognu I call with the eye; ko menie or
Wither,
e orv. laa. menie
etemitewith,
engarre
fromthe
offwater
the father.
is dried up exhau
Witness,
Without,
Woe,sted;
Woman,
interj.
s.v.
pep.
agnai
endangile,
etadiia
oiaulo;
yeyii.
natemita
hemeti
pl.
hasendangilen;
toki.
engarre?
seen or observed.
olmoruolai my husband;

endangileai my wife; elmoruak lainei my husbands; en

Womb,
dangilen
s. emudogne
-ainei my
(engerai
wives.euo or ituellotu), pl. emidogni.
Wood, s. oljetta, pl. eljettan.
Word,
Wool, olbabita
s. olbai, lapl.enger,
elbaan;pl.ollomon,
elbabita la
pl. enger.
15mdn.
Work,
Workman,
s. endoki,
s. oldugnani
pl. endokitin;
etobirisho.
v. a. aitobira I have worked.
World, s. olkurdo,
Worm,
engob poki?
pl. elkurdon.
Worship, v. nanu amonu or asei engai, pret. atomonu or ataseia engai, imp. taseia or tomonu engai, pl. endomonu or
Wound,
endasei
s. olmoko,
engai. plur. elmokon; v. a. tipika olmoko; nanu
an5ng oloikuma I throw the club after one; pret. ataWrapnagna,
up or imp.
in, v.tanagna,
a. nanu fut.
anfinuk
alanang.
I wrap (en wrap in wrap)
together, pret. atuniinuko (exg. enanga) but aisalaj,

122

pret. aisalaja, imper. salaja, plur. ensalaj I unfold,

Wrath,
unwrap.
s. vid. anger, s. angry, atagorre.
Wretched,
Write, v. a. adj.
asir,meta
pret.toki;
atisira,
oldmtini.
imp. tisira, plur. endisir (lit. to
make signs or marks on the cows, to distinguish them
from other man's cattle).
Writer, s. oldugnani esirisho.
Wrong, s. ollomon torono.
Wroth, adj. vid. angry, adj.
Yam, s. olmuriingui kilok, pl. elmuriingun kitoa.
Yard, hedge, olale, plur. lalen; man's yard or male privity
enjabbo, pl. enjabbon.
Yawn, v. a. agna, pret. atagna engutuk, imp. tagna open
the mouth wide vid. gape.
Yea, adv. edede; nejatS yea well very well.
Yellow, adj. olbukoi (a tree of yellow bark).
Yes,
Yesterday,
adj. nejSta;
adv. edede.
gnolle day before yesterday endakollong or
Yet, adv.
Kikuafi.
tendollong.
etuellotu he is not yet come; yet is not expressed in

You, pron. endai.

Young,
Young man
adj.kitti,
olmoranni,
young child
pl. elmoran.
engeraikitti; oljanniotti young tree.
Young daugther or female, endito, pl. endoiak.
Your, pron. igni-ligni; engajigni your house; engobigni your
land; papaligni your father; likek-ligni your trees.
Zealously,
Zebra,
s. oloitiko,
adv. osubbadeia.
pl. loitikosh; osikiria osera, pl. isikirian osera.

A. TRANSLATION OP JOHN 1, 114.

V. 1. EndSrasin eta ollomon, na ollomon eta pokirare
Pengai, na ollomon eta Engai.
V. 2. Elde eta Pengai endarasin.
V. 3. Na endokitin poki etasaki pelde, na kama ningnie
meti, endoki nabo etuetobiraki.
V. 4. Ningnie eta pioto, na pioto eta embarkiji eldug
nagnak.
V. 5. Na embarkiji eibor kewarie, na kewarie etueibugn.
V. 6. Eta oldugnani etorikoki ko Engai, engarnegnie
ebotoki Yohannes.
V. 7. Elde eiio etadua etoliki olbai sidei embarkiji, eldugnagnak poki pengutukegnie endonior embarkiji.
V. 8. Meta eld6 embarkiji, etorikoki obSng, eauwa olbai
lembarkiji.
V. 9. Embarkiji edede etejigna enna kob, epik embarkiji
oldugnani poki.
V. 10. Elle eta kiterata engob, na engob eitobiraki pelle,
na engob etueyollo elle.
V. 11. Elle euo koldugnagnak legnie, na eldugnagnak
legnie etuesham elle.
V. 12. Na emoaja eldugnagnak oetashama, etagolote
eitobiraki engSra Lengai, oetoniora engarnegnie.
V. 13. Na kullo etueshdki koserge, etueshoki ko endoki
lengiri, na oldugnani etueyau, Engai ningnie etoishe ninje.
V. 14. Na ollomon etejigna osessin, etauwena ewejiang,
na iok kitadiia engitokegnie, kam engitok Ieng6rai etoishoki
obeng ko Papa, eibuta endoki sidei na edede.

124

B. FREE TRANSLATION OF GEN. 4.

Adam etoishe engera aire, eipoto obo engarnegnie Kaini,
na obo eipoto engarnegnie Abeli; na Kaini etiituro eng&b, na
Abeli etusuja engishu na engera kunna etomonu Engai, na
Engai etashama engiituk Abeli, etuesham engiituk Kaini na
Kaini etagorre olalashelegnie (saying), nejoki -mabeiti engiiruma. Akejign engiiruma, Kaini near olalashelegnie. Na Engai
euo nejoki, olalasheh'no akodeenejo Kaini, nanu mayollo, nanu
maignor olalashelai. Engai nejoki, ie itum osinna, ililita endim
oserge la olalashelino edar engiituk ewojiai , nanu atoningno.
Na Kaini eitobira enganassa, eipoto engarnegnie pengarna
lengeraiegnie.

C. DIALOGUES ON WAKUAFI STORIES.

Q. Arrabalai! resp. oi. Q. IyolloNeiterukdb? resp. ayollo.
Tomonu osubbadeia, tomonu Iomon sidan. Q. Iyollo Enjemasi
Enauner? resp. ayollo. Q. Kajegnoa? resp. egnoa oldoinio
Sambu. Q. Kajello? R. ello oldoinio eibor. Q. ainio elamono?
R. elamonu Neiterukob. Q. Eidipa etomonu kaji etorigne?
R. etorigne oldoinio Sambu ko endangilenic, elaton oldoinio
Sambu. Q. oljorelai, kajillo ie? R. nanu allo oldoinio eibor.
Q. ainio ilam5nu? R. alamonu Neiterukob engera, alamonu
engishu, alamonu endarre, alamonu oldaulai. Q. Itigire, miomonu? ainio ieas tata indipa tomonu Neiterukob? R. tata
amonu Engai. Engaiai enjoki oldaulai, enjoki engishu, enjoki
engarre. Neiterukob tomon Engai osubbadeia, tomon engera,
tomon engishu, tomon endarre. Nanu allo, padol kana Engai
aisho toki , adugn engishu , aisho eldugnagnak pesho. Q. Na
Neiterukob ainio enia? Q. enia endokitin Engai? Q. Agnai

125

natadua Neiterukob? R. Enjemasi Enauner etadua. Q. Ainio

eas ningnie? R. emonu Neiterukob. Q. ainio emonu? R. emonu
eldugnagnak. Emonu, endangilenie peisho eldugnagnak. Q. kajello tata? R. ello oldoinio Sainbu, elaton, etoishe eldugnagnak.
Elle papa la Loikob. Na Enjemasi Enauner eshoki engishu,
Engai esho engishu. Ningnie eos engishu enia olkujitta. Na
Loikob etiitumo engishu. Na Neiterukob eshoki engai engishu,
na Neiterukob esho Loikob, na engishu endokitin legniena.

D. SALUTATIONS.
I. ON THE PART OF MALE PERSONS.
a) Address to children.
Nakerai (o child), resp. uoi.
Subbai? resp. ibba.
Plural.
NakerS (o children), resp. oe.
Endai subba? resp. ibba.
b) To boys.
Oito resp. oi.
Subbai? resp.
Plural.
ibba.
Loie (boys), resp. oi.
Subba? resp. ibba.
c) To young men of 17 24 years.
Lamoranni, resp. oh.
Subbai? resp.
Plural.
ibba.
Lamoran resp. uo.
Endai subba? resp. ibba.

126

d) To men of age.
Lem6rud, resp. uoi.
Subbai? respHbba.
Plural.
Lemoruak, resp. oh!
Endai subbai, resp. ibba.
II. ON THE PART OF FEMALES.
a) Girls, virgins.
Naito, resp. 66.
Takuennia, resp. iko.
Plural.
Natoie, resp. 86.
Enda kuennia? resp. iko.
b) Elderly women.
Natangile, resp. eo.
Takuennia, resp. iko.
Plural.
Natangilen, resp. eo.
Endakuennia, resp. iko.
ON PARTING.
Papalai or yeyelai allo nanu my father or my mother I
go; or, nanu allo, teiserre kidolla, I go, to morrow we see
each other; or, papalai allo nanu, eta kewarie, alairura; my
father, I go, it is night, I shall go to sleep. Resp. enne iruri,
go and sleep.

APPENDIX.

ESSENCE OF GRAMMAR.
"l. REMARK.
The preceding Vocabulary will have shown the learner,
that the bulk of Kikuafi substantives commences either with
the syllable en, em or with o and ol exg. engob coun
try, oldugnani man; embere spear; osoit stone. This is of
some importance, in as much as it in part influences the ad
jective or suffix of the Noun, exg. enanga nabo one cloth, but
oldugnani obo one man; enangai my cloth, oldugnani-lai my
man, plur. enangan arre two clothes, eldugnagnak warre two
men; we have here an instance of the alliteral or euphonic
concord occurring in the Orphno-Cushitic family of lan
guages but in Kikuafi there is only an approximation to
this grammatical phenomenon which stands so prominent in
the Orphno-Hamitic Idiom. This remarkable phenomenon
shows at once, that the Kikuafi Language presents a link con
necting the Hamitic with the Semitic family of languages.
Whilst the Kikuafi on one side advances towards the Hamitic
family of tongues, it leans strongly toward the Semitic idiom
in prefixing a kind of article (o, or, ol, pl. el) to the greater
half of its Nouns, which as well as the verbs, are to a great
amount reducible to Semitic origin, which is rather very sin
gular and leads to the supposition, that the ancestors of the
Wakuafi rose from that division of Cushites, who afterwards
were called Ethiopians whose language has more or less pre
served its connexion with the Semitic idiom throughout all

ages and changes of their political existence. Cfr. the Amharic, Tigre, Gurague, Argobba and other dialects of the
present Abessinia. It is perhaps not too wide from the truth,
if we assert, that the Kikuafi Idiom presents the southern
most boundary of the Semitic- Cushitic family of tongues.
At all events we are now enabled to obtain some know
ledge of the idiom prevailing between the Western and
Eastern -African nations an idiom which leaves no doubt
of its Semitic (or rather Ethiopico- Semitic) origin. There
can therefore be no question, but that the opinion of the
Ancients, who believed the caput Nili to be among the Ethio
pians, is truly correct for the Wakuafi are in the pos
session of the very countries, which give rise to that famous
river*). It would be in vain, to speculate on the future
destination of the Kikuafi nation, but considering their geogra
phical position (situated as they are at the fountain-head of
the great rivers of central Africa) , reflecting on the strong
elements of power which they possess in themselves from
their habits and Semitic language, we can a priori imagine in
a measure, that they shall have to perform an important task
in the Interior of Africa, after they shall have been brought
under the influence of Christianity and christian civilisation.
At present they are the wildest and most terrible among the
African nations, exceeding even the Galla in barbarity and
warlike spirit. I would not deny, that the prophesy of Isaiah 18
might in its ultimate fulfilment best be explained with refe
rence to this nation. Certainly it may be applied to the Wa
kuafi more appropriately than to the Galla.
*) The real sources of the Nile appear to be traceable partly to
the water running from the snow-capped mount Kenia, and partly to
the woody and marshy land of the Wamau people about 2V2 or
3 degrees South from the Equator.

129

II. PLURAL OF NOUNS.

A striking difference of the Kikuafi language from the
Orphno-Hamitic family is presented in the formation of the
Plural of the Nouns. Here we are at once within the range of
Semitic languages. Although no definite rule can be laid down
yet the usus loquendi shows that there is generally an enlar
gement of the last syllable, or a transposition or insertion. II
is to be hoped, that a more advanced knowledge of this lan
guage will supply a few rules holding good for the generality of Nouns.
III. DECLENSION.
Nothing of the kind has until now come to our know
ledge. The connexion of the speech must show the case of
the Noun. A few particles however are found which denote
the Genitive or Dative cases, exg. oldia la osero or lasero
Jackal, lit. dog of the wilderness; oserge la olalashelin.0 the
blood of thy brother; atiitumo engishu la papa, elle elua I ob
tained the cows of the father, he died (after his death). Eweji
e papa in the place of the father, instead of ; atiitumo endokitin e papa I got the things of the father; engarna e papalino
the name of thy father.
IV. ADJECTIVES.
Genuine adjectives are very few. Most of them are like
in Galla, derived from Verbs. Oldoinio eibor the white moun
tain, lit. the mountain, it is white or which is white; endoki
neiroishi a heavy matter, lit. the thing it is heavy (eiroishi);
oldoinio erok or eirok the black mountain; enanga narok black
cloth. These instances at the same time refer to the remark I
regarding the euphonic concord. Original adjectives are
changed in the plural; oldugnani kitok a great man; eldug9

130

nagnak torok
kitoa bad
greatmen;
men;
engaji
oldugnani
kitli small
torono
house;
bad engajijik
man; cldugkutitti small houses huts.
V. PRONOUNS.
a) Personal pronouns.
I nanu; thou ie; he or she elle; we iok you endai;
they kullo.
b) Affixed Possessive Pronouns.
My ai or lai; thy inno, lino, plur. nono linono; his or her
enie or lenie, legnie; our ang or lang; your igni, ligni; their
legntena; engajiai my house; engajiinno or engajinno thy
house; engajienie his house; engajiang our house; engajigni
your house; engajiegniena-their house; papalai my father;
papah'no thy ; papalenie his father; papalang our ; papaligni your ; papalegniena their father.
Plural.
Endokitin ainei my things; endokitinnono thy things; endokitinegnie his things; endokitinang our things; endokitinigni
your things; endokitinegniena their things; eldugna'gnak lainei
my men; eldugnagnak linono thy men; eldugnagnak legnie
his men; eldugnagnak lang our men; eldugnagnak ligni your
men; eldugnagnak legniena their men.
c) Reciprocal or reflective Pronouns.
I myself nanu oldaulai or osessinlai, lit. I my heart or
body; he himself elle ningnie; they themselves kullo ninje.
d) Demonstrative Pronouns.
o) For things near at hand (this).
Elle and enna, pl. kullo and kunna. Cfr. instances p. 113.
|S) For remote things.
Enda; elde (thai), pl. kuldo, kunda.
The position of elle and enna must be well observed whether
it stands before the Noun or after it ; enna kob this land , or engob
enna; elle dugnani or oldugnani elle.

131

e) A Relative Pronoun has not yet come to our

knowledge.
Oldugnani esham the man who loves, lit. the man he
loves; endokitin naim or better neim things which pass, pas
sing,
f) transient
Interrogative
things, Pronoun
lit. things vid.Vocab.
they pass. who? what? how?

VI. ON THE VERB.

As the Kikuafi Noun in reference to its article and plu
ral-endings strongly leans toward the Semitic idiom, so does
the verb lean toward the idiom of the Orphno-Cushitic lan
guages by changing only the beginning of a verb without in
fluencing the termination of it at all. The endings of the va
rious persons are not changed, as in the Galla, Amharic,
Ethiopic and other Semitic languages. Nor is a feminine
and masculine form distinguished. All this goes to show, that
we are right in asserting: The Kikuafi. language leans on
the one hand toward the Hamitic, on the other toward the
Semitic idioms. It leans toward both and breaks through
both of them. In reference to the Noun it leans more toward
the Semitic, in regard to the Verb it inclines more toward
the Orphno - Hamitic idiom. In Lexicographical respect it
verges more toward the Semitic, and in Grammatical regard
more toward the Orphno-Cushitic." The former point is
proved by inspecting the Vocabulary, the latter by looking to
the Grammatical phenomena of the Kikuafi language. The
affixed possessive Pronoun and the conjugating of the Verb
resembles the Orphno-Hamitic process.
The root of the Verb, and consequently the Infinitive
form is best derived from the present tense of the active
form, and not from the Imperative as in the Orphno-Hamitic
Idiom is the case.
9*

132

We will
Shamgive
love, ato Paradigm.
love.

Positive. Present
Active.
Tense.
Negative.
Masham I love not;
Nanu asham I love;
misham thou lovest not;
ie isham thou lovest;
mesham he loves not;
elle esham he loves;
mekisham we love not;
iok kishain we love;
endai mekisham you love not;
endai kisham you love;
kullo mesham they love not.
kullo esham they love.
Of course the separable pronoun nana, ie etc. is not always requi
red, but omitted or applied according to circumstances, as in other
languages.
Preterit.
Nanu atashama I loved, have loved; Ituasham I have not loved;
ie itashama thou hast loved;
ituisham thou hast not ;
elle etashama he has ;
etuesham he has not ;
iok kitashama we have ;
itiikisham we have not ;
endai kitashama you have loved; endai itiikisham you have
not loved;
kullo etashama they have loved; kullo etuesham they have
not loved.
Preterit Plusquamperfect.
Negative.
Positive.
Nanu aidipa atashama I have Nanu ituaidip asham I had not
finished I have loved, i. e.
loved;
I have been loving, I have
already loved, I had loved;
ie indipa itashama thou hadst 1. ie ituindip isham thou hadst not 1.
elle eidipa etashama he had 1. elle itueidip esham he had not I.
iok kindipa kitashama we had iok itukindip kisham we had
loved;
not loved;

133

endai kindipa kitashama you endai itukindip kisham you had

had loved;
not loved;
kullo eidipa elashama they had kullo itueidip esham they had
loved;
Imperative not
Mood.
loved.
Sing. tashama love thou; negat. inisham love not; plur.
endasham love ye.
Future Tense.
Nanu alasham I shall love
| Malasham
Negative.
I shall not love;
I(lit.
go I asham
shall go,
I love);
I love; allo
ie ilasham thou willt love;
milasham thou willt not love;
elle elasham he shall love;
melasham he willt not love;
iok kilasham or kipuasham -;
mekilasham ;
endai kipuasham you love;
mekipuasham ;
kullo
they
Seeelasham
love.
the rerboralio
epuasham
I go , Vocabulary
pag. 73. .
mepuasham

Optative Mood.
Of this mood we have until now been able only to find
out the first person of the Plural matasham let us love.
Subjunctive Mood.
Nanu pasham if I love, when I love, whilst I love; ie peisham if thou lovest; elle pesham if he loves; iok pakisham if
we loves; endai pakisham if you loves; kullo pakesham ?
The forms petashama if he has loved; peituesham if he has
not loved etc.; are not yet fully ascertained.
Passive.
a) Present.
Ashami I am loved;
ishami thou art loved;

Negative.
Mashami I am not loved;
mishami thou art not loved;

134

eshami he is loved;
kishami we are loved;
endai kishami you are loved;
kullo eshami they are .

meshami he is not loved;

mekishami we ;
endai mekishami ;
meshami they are not loved.

b) Preterit.
Atashamaki I was loved ;
itashamaki
etashamaki thou
he ;

Negative.
Ituashamaki I was not loved;
ituishamaki ;
etueshamaki ;
itukishamaki ;

kitashamaki
;
endai kitash.
;
etueshamaki ;
kullo etash.
.
There seems to be also a Plusquamperfect in existence
in the passive; nanu aidipaki asham I had been loved. But we
leave this for the present.
Future Tense.
Alashami I shall be loved.
Imperative.
Je tashamaki be thou loved.
Auxiliary Verb.
Nanu ayau nasham I wish I want or desire to love;
ie iyau nisham thou ; elle eyau nesham he wishes to love;
iok kiyau nekisham we ; endai kiyau nekisham we ;
kullo eyau nesham . Nanu aidim aitobir endoki I can do
the work; maidim aitobir I cannot do .
Nanu mayau nasham
Negative.
I desire not to love; ie miyau
nisham thou; elle meyau nesham; iok mekiyau nekisham;
endaiNanu
mekiyau
ayaunekisham;
nashami Passive.
kullo
I wishmeyau
to benesham.
loved; nanu mayau

nashami I wish not to be .

135

I love him nanu asham elle; I love thee nanu asham ie;
I love myself nanu asham nanu or oldaulai (my heart); I love
them nanu asham kullo etc.
A Participial form seems also to exist:
Nanu amir I sell; nanu amirisho I am selling-, I am a sel
ler, sale'sman, merchant; elle emirisho he is selling, a seller;
oldugnani emirisho the man is a seller; eldugnagnak emirishon
selling men = sale'smen; oldugnani eidognisho the man is
grinding, he is a miller; m asham oldugnani elejisho I dislike
a man who cheats; masham eldugnagnak elejishon I dislike a
men who cheat.
The number of Conjugations or Derivations is not yet
fully ascertained:
Nanu ar I beat, but nanu arie I beat him; airoro I speak;
airorie I speak to him; nanu agol I am strong; nanu agolisho
I make strong; nanu aure I fear; nanu auresho I cause to
fear, I frighten.
This form requires further investigation.
Nanu ashfil I mingle, I mix; nanu atushula I have mixed;
kullo etushulate they mixed one with another. Here we have
an instance of a reciprocal form; eldugnagnak eshiate the
men were reconciled, agreed with each other.

Many Verbs are beset with difficulties regarding the be

ginning syllable, exg. nanu aitobir (not atobir) I make,
aitobira I made; aisho I give (not asho); aiken I count,
preterit. akenna I counted; aibor I am white; aibora I was
white (not abor); aidim I can, aidima I could (not adim);
aitau I take off, aitauo I took off. The Vocabulary will show
the Verbs in which this formation occurs. It appears that this
difficulty affects especially Verbs of Semitic origin whe

136

Iher the Verb begins with Alef or Ain and from which
Conjugation in Arabic or Ethiopic it may have been de
rived.
From the Vocabulary the learner will see, that the Impe
rative deserves his attention; aitobir I make, endobir make
thou. Here the harder Consonant is resolved into its corre
sponding softer one; aitasho, imp. endasho stand still. In
general, there exists some irregularity in the Imperative, exg.
aia or aya I take, pret. aiawa I took, imp. au or iau take thou.
All these and other difficulties which will be seen from the
Dictionary, go to show, that notwithstanding the apparent
regularity of the Verb, there is again a tendency toward the
Semitic Verb and the difficulties attending it. The facility of
the Orphno-Cushitic Verb is checked by the difficulty of the
Semitic form which is at the bottom.
The Kikuafi Verb goes some length with the Kisuahili,
whilst it carries in a measure the burden of the Semitic Verb.
However we must give our verdict with caution in considera
tion of our scanty knowledge of the Kikuafi at present.
As regards the Verbs I am," I have" see the Voca
bulary pag. 38 and 76.
Nanu ara olmusungfii I am an European; ie ira oloikobani thou art an Mkuafi; elle era oloishegulai he is an Msegua;
iok kira elmesekera we are Wasambara people; endai kira
elmasai (sing. olmasai or olmasani) you are Masai; kullo era
elmagnati these are unknown persons, strangers.
Nanu sidei or subbad I am good; nanu emme sidei I am
not good; ie sidei or subbad thou art good; ie emme sidei
thou art not good; elle sidei or subbad he is good; elle emme
sidei he is not good; iok sidan or subbadi we are good; iok
emme sidan we are not good; endai sidan or subbadi you are

137

good; endai emme sidan you are not good; kullo sidan or
subbadi they are good; kullo emme sidan they are not good.
Nanu ata subbad I was good; ie ita subbad thou wast good;
elle eta subbad he was good; iok kita subbadi we were good;
endai kita subbadi you were good; kullo eta subbadi they
were good.
Nanu ata enanga I have a cloth; nanu mala enanga I
have no cloth; ie iata enanga thou hast a cloth; ie miata thou
hast no cloth; elle eata enanga he has a cloth; elle meala
he has no cloth; iok kiata enanga we have a cloth; iok
mekiata we have no cloth; endai kiata enanga you have a
cloth; endai mekiata you have no cloth; kullo eata enanga
they have a cloth; kullo meala they have no cloth.

OTHER GRAMMATICAL MATERIALS.

NUMERALS.
One obo; two arre; three uni; four oton; five uni6t; six
ille; seven nabshana; eight isiet; nine sal; ten tomon; eleven
tomon obo; 12 tomon arre; 20 tekitam.
Engeraiai my child; engeraiino thy child; engeraienie his
child; engeraiang our child; engeraiigni your child; engeraiegniena their child; our children engeranei; thy children engeranono; his children engeraegnie; our children engeraang;
your children engeraigni; their children engeraegniena.
Endoki enna this thing; endoki enda that thing; endokitin kunna these things; endokitin kunda those things.
Ollomon nasham nanu, nello euo the thing which I love,
it or the very same came.

138

Oldugnani nasham nanu, eshoiiio, the man whom I love,

went out.
Endoki nasham nanu, eimina, the thing which I loved,
perished.
Enna toki agnai oldb6ng? who is the possessor of
this thing?
Enna aji agnai olobeng? who is the possessor of
this house?
Kullo or kunna engera agnai olobeng? who arc the pos
sessors of these boys?
Ainio enna? what is this? oldugnani era aignai who is
the man? ainio kunna tokitin what are these things? ainio ejo
what says he? ainio eas what does he? ainio etum what does
he get?
End oldugnani likai there came an other man; etuo
eldugnagnak kiilikai there came other men; endoki likai an
other thing; endokitin kulikai other things.
Engima akodee where is the fire? eldugnagnak akodee
where are the men? osoit akodee where is the stone?
Nanu ati I am there or here; ie ili thou art there; elle eti
he is there; iok kiti; endai kiti; kullo eti. Negative: mati, miti,
mikiti, mikiti, meti.
Oldugnani eti the man is there; osoit eti there is the
stone; meti engarre there is no water; meti oldugnani there is
no man; engima eti there is fire; meti engima there is no fire.
Engob kitok a great country; oldugnani torono a bad
man; eldugnagnak torok bad men; engoban kunna kitoa these
great countries; oleiboni etara engang the chief has beaten
the town.

139

Engiteng eyollo olobeng, na osikiriei eyollo eweji eaki

olobeng; Israeli meyollo; na eldugnagnak-Iainei meyollo kullo
elbaan or kullo lomon.
Engai emme osessin, elle oldau god is not body but spirit.
Eldugnagnak emu tomon there were 10 men.
Nanu aturubare eldugnagnak tomon I followed 10 men.
Osinga obo oleioni one male slave; isingan warre Ieiok
two male slaves.
Engaji nabo olkibroni one house of the king.
Esundai osoit a wall of stone; esundan osoiton walls
of stone; enturdii engarre calabash of water.
Oljanni eado. a long tree; likek eado long trees; osoit
sidei; esoiton sidan; good stone, good stones; eldugnagnak
warre torok osubbadeia two very bad men.
Engaji kitti, a small house; engajijik kutitti small houses.
Engishu kutitti imiet 5 small cows.
Nanu obeng I alone; ie obeng; elle obeng; iok kibeng;
endai kibeng; kullo obeng.
Engaji eitobiraki osubbadeia the house was well made.
Endokitin egniagnuaki bought things.
Oldaulai eibor my heart is white, I have a white or
clean heart.
Oldugnani gnen the man is clever; oldugnani eta engishu
kummok the man has many cows = he is rich.
Akodee engoitoi erisiosio where is the straight way?
Akodee oldugnani meta elejare where is the man
without lie?
Essukuta eiputa engarre the sea is full of water.

140

Eta engommon kama ollaburoni he has a thievish face.

Oldugnani era kama enna kerai or engerai enna a boy
like or boyish man.
Emme edede not truth, not true, untrue; lomon emme
edede or meta edede untrue words.
Engaji oleiboni the king's house.
Oleiboni loloikob aim oleibon loloikamban the Kikuafi
chief excels or exceeds the Kikamba chief, i. e. is grea
ter than .
Oldugnani kitok, aim nanu this man is great, he passes
me, exceeds me = he is greater than I; oldugnani aim iok
poki or aim eldugnagnak poki, the man exceeds us all or
exceeds all men he is the greatest.
Elmalaika egol, eim eldugnagnak; engai egol, eim eldug
nagnak na elmalaika poki the angels are strong, they pass
or excel men; god is strong, he passes, exceeds all men and
angels he is the greatest.
Isoiton imiet, ille, nabsana 5, 6, 7 stones.
Engaji enna agnai olobeng? who is the possessor of this
house, to whom does it belong? resp. enai it belongs to me.
Engiteng agnai olobeng to whom belongs the cow? resp.
enai to me.
Oldugnani agnai olobeng? to whom does the man be
long? respect. olalai he is mine, belongs to me; is thine
olino; he is his, belongs to him olignie; is ours olalang; is
yours oligni; is theirs olegniena.
Engerai enna agnai olobeng? whose is this boy? resp.
mine enai.

141

Engai eta lomdn sidan, ningnie papalang god has good

things, himself is our father.
Agnai nalasa olbai enna who has done this thing? agnai
neidim eitobira enna toki who can make this thing? agnai
naiaua engiteng? who brought the cow?
Endai paendai endashamate love ye one another; iok
paiok kitashamate we loved each other; kullo pa kullo etashamate they loved each other; kuldo pa kuldo etarate the fought
against each other.
Totona tenne sit there; etotonishe nanu tenne he seated
me there.
Nanu allo I go, I am going (Kisuah. nenda sangu); ie
enno go thou; ie illo thou goest; elle ello he goes; iok mabeiti
let us go; endai enjom go ye! kuldo epuo they may go! iok
kipo we go.
Oldugnani akedol olasurai, neauresho when the man saw
the serpent, he was afraid; nanu akadol, neaurisho when I
saw the serpent, I was afraid; kullo akedol when he or
they saw.
Ie oldugnani inio, tadekegnia, thou man (rise) get up, it
is day-time.
Ningnie esham osessinlegnie he himself loves himself
(his body); eldugnagnak esham esessinlegniena the men love
themselves.
Atadiia I have seen; atadolla I have shown; alaitadol I
shall show, exg. engoitoi (way).
Enjoki enjetta maisangulo ekari give me the wood for
stirring up the boiled paste (nanu aisangul I stir up, etasangulo I stirred up); enjoki endokinoi matara esengnengei give

142

me the thing (instrument) for beating the iron (give the

hammer); enjoki olalem matiidugno engiri give me the knife
for cutting the flesh (adiignie engiri); enjoki emborowei matagnoro oldome give me the arrow to shoot the elephant (nanu
atagnorol have hit agnorl hit); enjoki enanga mashobbo osessinlai give me a cloth to cover my body.
Nanu aipaie oldugnani eshomo egnoru engiteng I sent
a man he went, he searched the cow, i. e. I sent a man to go
in search for the cow.
Nanu atayau nalloti engajmo , ituaidim aiiio I desired to
come to thee, but I could not come.
Eweji erurate engera a sleeping place for children.
Eweji nalonie eldugnagnak kitoa a place where great
men sit (lit. where I seat great men).
Eweji kishumie endidignu a place for putting corn , lit.
where we put or matushuma.
Ayau naipaia, ituaidim I wished to send him, but I could
not; iok kiyau nikisham, itukindim, oldugnani torono we wish
to love him, but we could not, because he is a bad man.
Elle eyau niar engerai, etueidim, etapalla, he wishes to
beat the boy, but he could not, and left it.
Oldugnani nello ningnie let the man go himself; nanu
nallo let me go, may I go; ie nillo mayest thou go; iok kipuo
(kipo) let us go; endai enjom go ye; kullo epuo let they go.
Mallo let me not go; mello let him not go; millo go not
thou; iok mekipo; kullo mepo; endai mekipo. This form re
quires further enquiry.
Nanu aishiral wept; aishiraka I wept for him; nanu aishia
I got; aishiaka I got for him; kituaduaite we met each other
(kitadiia we saw).

143

Kitashama osessinlang we loved ourselves; ie isham

oscssinlino thou lovest thyself.
Aiiio I came; iuo thou ; elle eiio he came iok kiponu
(kiuo); endai kiponu; kullo (eiio) eponu they came; aidipa
aiiio I had came.
Allotu I come or shall come (allo I go) illotu , thou co
ngest; cllotu he comes; killotu (kiponu).
Atoa I died; ie itoa thou ; elle etoa he died; iok kitoata,
kullo etoata; Ida ie die thou (mie do not die), plur. endoata
endai die ye.
He died not elle etue; I died not ituai; thou ie ituie;
iok itukie; kullo etue.
I eat nanu ania; ie inia; elle enia; iok kinia; kullo enia;
neg. mania I do not eat etc.
Nanu atama I have eaten. The Wakuafi do not say atania, which means I have refused.
Nanu ituania I have not eaten; ie ituinia, etuenia; itukinia,
etuenia.
Imp. tama eat, pl. endam endai eat ye! minia do not eat,
miniania do ye not eat; etamate they ate each other; etamaki
it was eaten.
Enjoki engira aniaie or atamie endaa hring the ladle for
eating food (I eat with it food).
Amat I drink, imat, emat, kimat, emat; atamata I have
drunk; imp. tamata, imp. endai endamat.
Etuburoie endokinoi nello he robbed to or from me an
instrument and went away.
Aia or aya I take; aitau I bring out or forth give out;
itau; aiawa I look; aitauo I brough forth; au or iau take thou;

144

endau bring forth, endautu bring ye forth; mia take not; mindau do not bring forth.
Nanu aro I speak, ie iro; elle ero, kiro; ero; nanu airorie
I speak with or to him; airoro I have spoken; iroro thou hast
spoken; ituairo I have not spoken.
Oldoinio a large mountain; endoinio small mountain, hill;
oljanni a large tree; enjanni a small tree; osoit a large stone;
esoit a small stone.