Infinitive dan Gerund

A. Infinitive
1. Infinitive as the Subject of a Clause (followed by the verbs below)
Example: To follow his advice seemed logical.

be

seem

appear

2. Infinitive after certain Expressions (without 'to')

Example: I would rather stay at home.

had better

would rather

would sooner

why not

why schould I/you/ [not]

3. Infinitive after certain Verbs (without to)

Example: We must stay at home.

can

must

dare (also with to)

need (also with to)

do

shall

help (also with to)

should

let

will

may

4. Infinitive after certain Verbs (with to)

Example: He refused to pay the bill.

afford

condescend

have

plan

agree

consent

prepare

aim

dare (also without

to)
decide

pretend

help (also without

to)
hesitate

proceed

hope

appear

arrange

promise

attempt

demand

learn

refuse

be determined

deserve

long

resolve

beg

determine

manage

seem

care

endeavour

mean

stop

choose

expect

claim

fail

vow

guarantee

want

swear

tend

need (also
without to)
neglect

threaten

happen

offer

trouble

ought

undertake

used

volunteer

wish

would love

would hate

would prefer

would like

5. Infinitive after certain Verbs with Interrogative (how, if, what, where, whether)
Example: We didn't remember where to meet.

ask

find out

remember

advise + Object

forget

see

consider

know

show

decide

understand

teach

explain

wonder

tell + object

learn

6. Infinitive after certain Verbs with an Object (without 'to')

Example: We heard him scream.

let

make

7. Infinitive after certain Verbs with an Object (with 'to')

Example: She got me to wash the dishes.

advise

forbid

permit

warn

allow

force

persuade

would hate

ask

get

recommend

would like

beg

help

remind

would love

cause

invite

teach

would prefer

enable

expect

tell

mean

encourage

order

want

8. Infinitive after certain Adjectives

Example: It was impossible to go back.

amazed

sad

funny

crazy

amazing

selfish

generous

delighted

angry

silly

glad

difficult

astonished

sorry

happy

easy

astonishing

strange

hard

honest

awkward

stupid

rude

horrified

brave

surprised

nice

impossible

careless

wicked

odd

kind

clever

wise

pointless

ridiculous

cowardly

disappointed

relieved

extraordinary

disgusted

9. Infinitive after certain Nouns

Example: There was no need to get angry.

effort

determination

longing

resolution

agreement

expectation

need

aim

failure

neglect

tendency

appearance

guarantee

offer

hesitation

arrangement

threat

plan

attempt

try

preparation

promise

hope
trouble

choice

procedure

refusal

decision

claim

B. Gerund
Gerund merupakan bentuk ing dari kata kerja.

1. As the subject of a clause

Example: Cycling is good for your health.

2. Adjectives (with Prepositions) followed by the Gerund

Example: I am interested in visiting the museum.

afraid of

tired of

excited about

angry about / at

worried about

famous for

disappointed
about
sick of

bad at

worth

fond of

sorry about

busy

impressed by

glad about

near

clever at

interested in

good at

proud of

crazy about

keen on

like

3. Prpositions followed by the Gerund

Example: Instead of studying for her exams, she went out every night.

about (in 'how/what about')

in

after

in spite of

apart from

instead of

because of

on

before

without

by

permit

suggest

postpone

understand

allow permit

waste time /
money
appreciate

practise

postpone

avoid

reject

practise

can't help

resist

waste time /
money
delay

reject

can't stand

risk

deny

resist

consider

stop

dislike

risk

keep

enjoy

stop

mention

escape

suggest

mind

go (in go
swimming)
imagine

fancy

understand

miss

involve

finish

4. Verbs followed by the Gerund

Example: I enjoy cooking.

admit

advise

5. Verbs with Prepositions followed by the Gerund

Example: I'm looking forward to seeing you again soon.

accuse of

complain about

insist on

succeed in

adjust to

concentrate on

keep on

suspect of

agree with

congratulate on

look forward to

take part in

apologize for

consist of

object to

talk about / of

approve of

cope with

pay for

thank for

ask about

decide against

prevent sb. from

think of

ask for

decide for

protect from

use for

begin by

depend on

put off

warn against

believe in

die of

rely on

worry about

be used to

dream about / of

spend money on

forgive for

blame for

escape from

spend time on

give up

care for

feel like

carry on

6. Nouns / Nouns with Prepositions followed by the Gerund

Example: There's no point in waiting any longer.

advantage of

interest in

trouble in

doubt about

alternative of

opportunity of

use

experience in

chance of

place for

way of

fun

choice between

pleasure in

waste of money

hope of

danger of

point in

waste of time

idea of

difficulty in

possibility of

reason for

trouble

problem

Words followed either by Infinitive or Ing-Form

1. Words with the same meaning
Example: I started to read. / I started reading.

attempt

hate

begin

intend

bother

love

cannot bear

prefer

cease

start

continue

2. Words with the same meaning but different use

Word
advise

Infinitive - with an object

I advise you to go by bus.

Gerund without an object

I advise going by bus.

allow / permit He allowed her to take the car. He allowed taking the car.
forbid

She forbids us to smoke.

She forbids smoking.

3. Words with a different meaning

Word

Infinitive meaning

forget / remember with regard to the future

go on

regret

stop

Gerund meaning
with regard to the past

Remember to switch off the lights.

Do you remember switching off the lights?

start something new

continue with the same action

Go on to read.

Go on reading.

with regard to the future

with regard to the past

I regret to say that.

I regret saying that.

interrupt another action

terminate

try

I stopped to smoke.

I stopped smoking.

do something complicated

do it and see what happens

Try to solve this riddle.

Try talking to him.

Infinitive or Present Participle

Gerund and present participle are not exactly the same. As this chapter is about when to use the infinitive and when to
use the ing-form, however, we have also listed words here that can be used either with the infinitive or the present
participle.

Words

Infinitive meaning

Gerund meaning

feel

Emphasises that the action is completed.

Action can be completed, but not necessarily.

hear

Example: I saw him go up the stairs.

Example: I saw him going up the stairs.

go

expresses a purpose

in connection with activities

come

Example: She is coming to show us the pictures.

Example: Lets go shopping / dancing.

see